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44507754
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi%20Ramla%20F.C.
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Maccabi Ramla F.C.
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Maccabi Ramla () was an Israeli football club based in Ramla. The club played two seasons in Liga Alef, then the second tier of Israeli football league system.
History
The club was founded in December 1953 by Ya'akov (Jacques) Asa and Albert Kiyosso, the chairman of Maccabi Bulgaria organization and Maccabi Jaffa, who gave the greeting of Maccabi Jaffa for the newly formed club. The name of Maccabi was given to the club, as the founders were members of Maccabi Bulgaria, the only Jewish sports association in their country of origin, Bulgaria.
The club joined Liga Gimel at the 1954–55 season, in which they finished runners-up at the Central division and promoted to Liga Bet, which became the third tier of Israeli football following restructuring of the Israeli football league system.
After six seasons playing in Liga Bet, Maccabi won the South A division in the 1960–61 season and qualified for the Promotion play-offs, where they beat S.K. Nes Tziona in two legs, 2–0 and 2–1, and promoted to Liga Alef, then the second tier. In Liga Alef, the club narrowly avoided relegation in the 1961–62 season after twelfth-place finish. However, in the following season, Maccabi finished bottom and relegated to Liga Bet. The club suffered further relegation in the 1963–64 season, this time to Liga Gimel, after finished bottom of Liga Bet South B division. In the 1965–66 season, Maccabi won Liga Gimel Jaffa division, and after Promotion play-offs, returned to Liga Bet, where they played in most of their football seasons, with being relegated to Liga Gimel and bouncing back to Liga Bet on several occasions. The club folded in 1996.
Honours
Liga Bet:
Winners (1): 1960–61
Runners-up (1): 1959–60
Liga Gimel:
Winners (3): 1965–66, 1971–72, 1983–84
Runners-up (1):1954–55
References
"The Bulgarians from Ramla" achieved their goal – But Maccabi team is ready to continue (Page 3) Hadshot HaSport, 11 July 1961, archive.football.co.il
Ramla
Association football clubs established in 1953
Association football clubs established in 2020
Association football clubs disestablished in 1996
1953 establishments in Israel
2020 establishments in Israel
1996 disestablishments in Israel
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6907775
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Ward
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Fort Ward
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Fort Ward may refer to several former military installations in the United States including:
Fort Ward (Florida)
Fort Ward (Virginia)
Fort Ward (Washington)
Fort Ward may also refer to:
Fort Ward, Bainbridge Island, Washington, a town
Fort Ward Park, a former state park in Bainbridge Island, Washington, that came under municipal control in 2011
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44507758
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Urquidi%20Illanes
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Julia Urquidi Illanes
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Julia Urquidi Illanes (30 May 1926 – 10 March 2010) was a Bolivian writer.
Life
Urquidi was born in Cochabamba. She was famous as the first wife of Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa (1955-1964) and also the namesake of one of his most famous novels, Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter.
In 1983 she published her memories titled Lo que Varguitas no dijo ().
She died in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, aged 83.
References
1926 births
2010 deaths
People from Cochabamba
Bolivian women writers
Vargas Llosa family
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44507762
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul%20B%C3%A9chat
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Jean-Paul Béchat
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Jean-Paul Béchat (September 2, 1942 – November 22, 2014) was a French engineer. He was the CEO of Snecma then Safran until 2007.
Biography
Early life
Béchat was born in Montlhery, France. He held an engineering degree from the École Polytechnique and a Master of Science from Stanford University.
Career
Béchat started career at Snecma in 1965 as a production engineer, where he spent the main part of his career. At the company he later became Director of production during 1974-1978, managing director of Industrial Affairs between 1979-1981, then Assistant General Manager of the reactor power management subsidiary, Hispano-Suiza between 1982-1985. In 1986 he became General Manager then CEO of Messier-Hispano-Bugatti, later creating Messier-Dowty in 1994.
Béchat was CEO of Snecma SA From June 4, 1996 to March 2005. Béchat oversaw the merger of Snecma and the defense-electronics maker Sagem, in 2005, to form Safran, Europe’s second largest engine maker . He ran the company as CEO between 2005 and 2007.
Board Memberships
Chairman of AECMA since October 2001
Honorary Chairman and Member of the Board of ASD since May 2005
Independent Director at Alstom Power AG and Alstom Deutschland GmbH since May 14, 2001 until July 2013
Director of GIFAS since 2009
Board Member of the IMS International Metal Service until 2010
Board Member of Aéroports de Paris 2004-2005
Board Member of France Telecom SA 1998-2003
Independent Director of Alstom Finland Oy since July 9, 2004
Independent Director of Atos SE since 2009
Independent Non-Executive Director at Russian Helicopters JSC since 2011
Chairman of the Board and CEO of PowerJet
Member of the Advisory Board of Banque de France
Member of the Advisory Board of the General Board of Weaponry
Member of the Advisory Board of the MEDEF Executive Committee
Member of the Advisory Board and Director of SOGEPA
Director of Messier-Dowty International
Awards
Commander of the Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur
Officer of the National Order of Merit (France).
Commander of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite;
Honorary Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society;
Member of the Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France (AAAF);
Member of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA).
Gold medal of C.E.A.S. (Council of European Aerospace Societies)
Other Affiliations
Bechat also held the positions of a member of the UIMM, Board Member of the Musée de l'air et de l'espace, and member of the ASD council, in addition to having been a member of the Economic Council of Defense and the General Council of Armaments.
References
1942 births
2014 deaths
French chief executives
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Commanders of the National Order of Merit (France)
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Lycée Hoche alumni
École Polytechnique alumni
Stanford University alumni
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56566462
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best%20Selection%20%28Aimer%20album%29
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Best Selection (Aimer album)
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Best Selection is the title of two compilation albums released by Aimer on May 3, 2017. Each album was released in three versions: a regular CD edition, a limited CD + Blu-ray edition (Type-A), and a limited CD + DVD edition (Type-B).
Best Selection "blanc"
Best Selection "blanc" is a compilation of Aimer's soft ballads such as "Kataomoi", "Rokutosei no Yoru", and "Chouchou Musubi", and includes the new songs "March of Time" and "Kachou Fugetsu". The album peaked at #3 on Oricon's Weekly Album Chart on May 15, 2017 and charted for 87 weeks.
Track listing
Charts
Sales and certifications
Best Selection "noir"
In contrast to the "blanc" album, Best Selection "noir" compiles Aimer's heavier, rock-oriented tracks such as "RE:I AM", "Brave Shine", and "StarRingChild", and includes the new song "zero". The album peaked at #4 on Oricon's Weekly Album Chart on May 15, 2017 and charted for 66 weeks.
Track listing
Charts
Sales and certifications
References
External links
Best Selection "blanc" Aimer on Aimer-Web
Best Selection "blanc" Aimer on agehasprings
Best Selection "blanc" / Aimer on VGMdb
Best Selection "noir" Aimer on Aimer-Web
Best Selection "noir" Aimer on agehasprings
Best Selection "noir" / Aimer on VGMdb
Aimer albums
2017 albums
Japanese-language compilation albums
SME Records albums
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44507772
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%20for%20Educational%20Technology
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Council for Educational Technology
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The Council for Educational Technology (originally called the National Council for Educational Technology (NCET) but reformed as the Council for Educational Technology (CET) in 1972) was set up in 1967 by the Department of Education and Science in the UK. Initially it consisted of a large council of experts with a small administrative team whose purpose was to "advise educational services and industrial training organisations on the use of audio visual aids and media" but it quickly became more than this, developing projects, producing an academic journal BJET and advising government on setting up major computer aided learning programmes (NDPCAL and MEP). It was amalgamated with the Microelectronics Education Support Unit (MESU) in 1989 to form the National Council for Educational Technology (NCET which later was renamed the British Educational and Communication Technology Agency (Becta) in 1997).
Formation
The original Council (NCET) consisted of a chairman appointed by the Secretary of State for Education and Science after consultation with the Secretary of State for Scotland, 31 members appointed by the former and 4 members appointed by the latter. In addition, assessors from eight government departments and educational bodies attended meetings. In 1973, as a result of the recommendations of the Hudson Working Party the Council was a representative body, consisting of 59 people.
Directors
Professor Tony Becher 1967–1969
Tony Becher was the first Director appointed from the Nuffield Foundation
Geoffrey Hubbard 1969–1986
Geoffrey Hubbard was appointed as Director in June 1969. He was previously an engineer and then a civil servant at the Ministry of Technology. He successfully steered the Council through its sometimes difficult relationship with government. He retired in 1986 but continued his role as Chairman of the National Extension College.
Richard Fothergill 1987–1988
Richard Fothergill was appointed Director following his role as Director of the Microelectronics Education Programme.
The British Journal of Educational Technology
The British Journal of Educational Technology (BJET) was sponsored and funded by the Council. It published its first issue in January 1970 and Professor Norman Mackenzie was its first editor and the prime mover behind its creation. Although sponsored by the Council it always kept a strong, peer-reviewed, academic approach to its work – as it said in its "Auspices" at the front of each volume.
Whilst the British Journal of Educational Technology is supported by the Council for Educational Technology for the United Kingdom, it nevertheless reflects an independent, and not official view, of developments or opinions on educational technology.
BJET continued through the decades and is now published by Blackwell and continues to publish academic articles on educational technology. Importantly its back numbers chronicle much of the history of educational technology in the UK and elsewhere.
Developing NDPCAL
During the late 1960s computers were beginning to make an impact on education and John Duke, the Council's newly appointed assistant Director proposed a major initiative in computer-based learning. The Council set up a Working Party to investigate the potential role of the computer and to outline a programme of research and development. Following a feasibility study the Council set out the case for a 5-year programme in 'computer-based learning' in 1969. The Government, following much discussion amongst the interested departments and an intervening general election, announced the approval of Mrs Thatcher, Secretary of State for Education and Science to a 'National Development Programme in Computer Aided Learning' in a DES press release dated 23 May 1972.
Developing MEP
During the late 1970s, with the rapid rise in the use of microelectronics, the Prime Minister Jim Callaghan, is reported to have asked each government department to draw up an action plan to meet the challenge of new technologies and the DES asked CET to create plans for a new programme – the Microelectronics Education Programme. The Programme was aimed at primary and secondary schools in England, Northern Ireland and Wales. Although it was delayed by the change of government in 1979, Keith Joseph as Education Secretary finally approved it in 1980 and in March a four-year programme for schools, costing £9 million.
Publications
As well as BJET CET published a range of publications, many the result of projects it set up and funded. The following is a selection of these publications to give a flavour of the breadth and range of the Council's activity:
1972 Educational Technology: The Development, Application and Evaluation of Systems, Techniques and Aids to Improve the Process of Human Learning
1974 Copyright and education: a guide to the use of copyright material in educational institutions
1978 Deciding to Individualize Learning: A Study of the Process, Malcolm L. MacKenzie
1980 How to write a distance learning course, Roger Lewis and Glyn Jones
1981 The Kingdom of Sand: Essays to Salute a World in Process of Being Born, William Gosling
1984 Open Learning in Action: Case Studies, Roger Lewis
1986 The Magic of the Micro: a resource for children with learning difficulties, Mary Hope
References
External links
http://www.edtechhistory.org.uk/organisations/cet.html
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291467-8535
1967 establishments in England
1988 disestablishments in England
Education in England
Education in Wales
Education in Northern Ireland
Educational technology academic and professional associations
Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom
Department for Education
Governmental educational technology organizations
Information technology education
Information technology organisations based in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom educational programs
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26720865
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo%20%28video%20game%29
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Limbo (video game)
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Limbo is a puzzle-platform video game developed by independent studio Playdead and originally published by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox 360. The game was released in July 2010 on Xbox Live Arcade, and has since been ported by Playdead to several other systems, including the PlayStation 3, Linux and Microsoft Windows. Limbo is a 2D side-scroller, incorporating a physics system that governs environmental objects and the player character. The player guides an unnamed boy through dangerous environments and traps as he searches for his sister. The developer built the game's puzzles expecting the player to fail before finding the correct solution. Playdead called the style of play "trial and death", and used gruesome imagery for the boy's deaths to steer the player from unworkable solutions.
The game is presented in black-and-white tones, using lighting, film grain effects and minimal ambient sounds to create an eerie atmosphere often associated with the horror genre. Journalists praised the dark presentation, describing the work as comparable to film noir and German Expressionism. Based on its aesthetics, reviewers classified Limbo as an example of video games as an art form. Limbo received critical acclaim, but its minimal story polarised critics; some critics found the open-ended work to have deeper meaning that tied well with the game's mechanics, while others believed the lack of significant plot and abrupt ending detracted from the game. A common point of criticism from reviewers was that the high cost of the game relative to its short length might deter players from purchasing the title, but some reviews proposed that Limbo had an ideal length. The game has been listed among the greatest games of all time.
Limbo was the third-highest selling game on the Xbox Live Arcade service in 2010, generating around $7.5 million in revenue. It won several awards from industry groups after its release, and was named as one of the top games for 2010 by several publications. Playdead's next title, Inside, was released in 2016, and revisited many of the same themes presented in Limbo.
Gameplay
The player controls the boy throughout the game. As is typical of most two-dimensional platform games, the boy can run left or right, jump, climb onto short ledges or up and down ladders and ropes, and push or pull objects. Limbo is presented through dark, greyscale graphics and with minimalist ambient sounds, creating an eerie, haunting environment. The dark visuals also serve to conceal numerous lethal surprises, including such environmental and physical hazards as deadly bear traps on the forest floor, or lethal monsters hiding in the shadows. Among the hazards are glowing worms, which attach themselves to the boy's head and force him to travel in only one direction until they are killed.
The game's second half features mechanical puzzles and traps using machinery, electromagnets, and gravity. Many of these traps are not apparent until triggered, often killing the boy. The player is able to restart at the last encountered checkpoint, with no limits placed on how many times this can occur. Some traps can be avoided and used later in the game; one bear trap is used to clamp onto an animal's carcass, hung from the end of a rope, tearing the carcass off the rope and allowing the branch and rope to retract upwards and allow the boy to climb onto a ledge otherwise out of reach. As the player will likely encounter numerous deaths before they solve each puzzle and complete the game, the developers call Limbo a "trial and death" game. Some deaths are animated with images of the boy's dismemberment or beheading, although an optional gore filter on some platforms blacks out the screen instead of showing these deaths. Game achievements (optional in-game goals) include finding hidden insect eggs and completing the game with five or fewer deaths.
Plot
The primary character in Limbo is a nameless boy, who awakens in the middle of a forest on the "edge of hell" (the game's title is taken from the Latin limbus, meaning "edge"), where he encounters a giant spider who tries to kill him. After using a trap to cut off the sharp points on half of the spider's legs, it retreats further into the forest, and the boy is allowed to pass. However, he is later caught in webs and spun into a cocoon. After breaking free from the threads that attached him to the roof, he is forced to hop, and eventually gets them off. Later, while seeking his missing sister, he encounters only a few human characters who either attack him, run away, or are dead/dying. At one point during his journey, he encounters a female character, who he thinks might be his sister, but is prevented from reaching her. The forest eventually gives way to a crumbling city environment. On completion of the final puzzle, the boy is thrown through a pane of glass and back into the forest. After he wakes up and recovers from the pain and shock, he walks a short distance until he again encounters a girl, who, upon his approach, stands up, startled. At this point, the screen cuts to black, abruptly ending the game.
Development
According to Playdead co-founder Dino Patti and lead designer Jeppe Carlsen, Playdead's game director, Arnt Jensen, conceived Limbo around 2004. At that time, as a concept artist at IO Interactive, Jensen became dissatisfied with the increasingly corporate nature of the company. He had sketched a "mood image" of a "secret place" to get ideas, and the result, similar to the backgrounds of the final game, inspired Jensen to expand on it. Jensen initially tried on his own to program the game in Visual Basic around 2004, but found he needed more help and proceeded to create an art style trailer by 2006. He had only intended to use the trailer as a means to recruit a programmer to help him, but the video attracted substantial interest in the project from across the Internet, eventually leading him to meet with Patti, who was also dissatisfied with his job. Their collaboration led to the founding of Playdead. Although Patti helped in the first few months with programming, he realised that the project was much larger than the two of them could handle, and Patti developed the business around the game's expanded development.
Initial development was funded personally by Jensen and Patti along with Danish government grants, including funding from the Nordic Game Program, while large investors were sought later in the development cycle. Jensen and Patti did not want to commit to major publishers, preferring to retain full creative control in developing the title. Jensen originally planned to release Limbo as a free Microsoft Windows title, but by this point, Jensen and Patti decided to make the game a retail title.
Playdead chose to ignore outside advice from investors and critics during development, such as to add multiplayer play and adjustable difficulty levels, and to extend the game's length. According to Patti, Playdead felt these changes would break the integrity of Jensen's original vision. Patti also felt that the investors "tried to control the company with no usable knowledge or respect", citing that after Microsoft raised concerns about the death of the boy, "one of the investors suggested we make him appear older by giving him a moustache." Numerous iterations of the game took place during a -year development cycle, including changes Jensen had demanded to polish the title, some elements being added two months prior to the game's release. Patti stated that they "trashed 70%" of the content they had developed, due to it not fitting in well with the context of the game. The core development team size was about 8 developers, expanding to 16 at various stages with freelancers. Playdead developed the design tools for Limbo in Visual Studio; Patti commented they would likely seek third-party applications for their next project given the challenges in creating their own technology. Patti later revealed they had opted to use the Unity engine for their next project, citing the development of their custom engine for Limbo as a "double product, doing both engine and game", and that their Limbo engine is limited to monochromatic visuals.
Limbo was released on 21 July 2010 on the Xbox Live Arcade service, as the first title in the yearly "Summer of Arcade" promotion. Although the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) had listed entries for Limbo for the PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows platforms, Playdead confirmed that this was a mistake on ESRB's part, and that they had no plans for the game on these systems. Patti later clarified that they had planned on Windows and PlayStation 3 versions alongside the Xbox 360 version initially, but after reviewing their options, decided to go with Xbox 360 exclusivity, in part that "Microsoft provided us with an excellent opportunity, which included a lot of support for the title which in the end would mean a better visibility for Limbo". According to producer Mads Wibroe, part of their decision not to release for the Windows platform was to avoid issues with software piracy, something they could control on the Xbox 360. Patti stated that staying exclusive with the Xbox platform was an assurance that they would be able to recoup their investment in the game's development. Sony Computer Entertainment executive Pete Smith stated later that while they had tried to vie with Microsoft for exclusivity for Limbo, Playdead refused to relinquish its intellectual property to Sony as part of the deal. Patti affirmed that Limbo would not be released for another console, but that their next game, already in development as of October 2010, may see wider release.
However, in June 2011, users found that a trailer for Limbo appeared on the Steam software service, which video game publications such as PC Gamer took as a preliminary sign that a Microsoft Windows version would be released. Similarly, a possible PlayStation 3 version was projected based on the title appearing on the Korea Media Rating Board in June 2011. On 30 June 2011, Playdead announced their ports of the game to the PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Network, and to Microsoft Windows via Steam, later set for 19 July and 2 August 2011, respectively. Patti clarified that their change of mind from their earlier Xbox 360-exclusive approach was because "we want as many people to play our games as possible". The release was set for nearly a year after the original availability of the Xbox 360 version, after the expiration of the Xbox 360 exclusivity rights for the game. Both the PlayStation 3 and Windows versions of the game have additional secret content, according to Patti; it is unknown if this content will be added in a patch to the Xbox 360 version. Playdead has since published a Mac OS X version of the game through the Mac App Store in December 2011, fulfilling their promise to release the title before the end of 2011; though they had wanted to also release the Mac Steam version by then, this version was ultimately delayed to mid January 2012. A Linux version of the game, based on a Wine-encapsulated package prepared by CodeWeavers, premiered in the Humble Indie Bundle V charitable sales event in May 2012. A native port for Linux was later released on 19 June 2014, with porter Ryan C. Gordon bringing over the Wwise audio middleware that previously prevented a native port from being possible. The PlayStation Vita version of the game was developed by Playdead with assistance from the UK studio Double Eleven, and was released in June 2013. The Vita version does not use the handheld's touchpad features; Patti stated that they "didn't feel it would suit Limbo at all" and wanted to provide the "original experience" of the game to Vita players. The Vita version has Cross-play support with the PlayStation 3 version, allowing the user to buy the game once to play on either platform. The iOS version of the game was announced shortly before its release in July 2013, and was designed to optimize the game for use on the touchscreen devices.
In April 2011, an Xbox 360 retail distribution of Limbo alongside other indie games Trials HD and 'Splosion Man was released. Playdead began selling a "Special Edition" physical copy of Limbo for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X, which included art cards, the game's soundtrack, and anaglyph stereoscopic glasses that work with a special version of the game to simulate three dimensions. The title was later ported to the Xbox One console and released in December 2014, with early adopters of the console getting the title for free; Microsoft's Phil Spencer called the title a "must have played" game that affected their decision to give the game to the majority of early adopters. The Xbox 360 version was added to the Xbox One backwards compatibility lists in November 2016. A PlayStation 4 version of the game was released in February 2015.
In September 2017, 505 Games published Limbo along with Playdead's following title, Inside, as dual-game retail package for Xbox One and PlayStation 4. A version of Limbo was released on the Nintendo Switch
on June 28, 2018.
Story, art and music direction
From the game's inception, Jensen set out three goals for the final Limbo product. The first goal was to create a specific mood and art style. Jensen wanted to create an aesthetic for the game without resorting to highly detailed three-dimensional models, and instead directed the art towards a minimalistic style to allow the development to focus its attention on the gameplay. Jensen's second goal was to only require two additional controls—jumping and grabbing—outside of the normal left-and-right movement controls, to keep the game easy to play. Finally, the finished game was to present no tutorial text to the player, requiring players to learn the game's mechanics on their own. The game was purposely developed to avoid revealing details of its content; the only tagline the company provided was, "Uncertain of his sister's fate, a boy enters Limbo." This was chosen so that players could interpret the game's meaning for themselves.
Some aspects of Limbo bore out from Jensen's own past, such as the forest areas that were similar to forests around the farm where he grew up, and the spider coming from Jensen's arachnophobia. Jensen drew inspiration from film genres, including works of film noir, to set the art style of the game; the team's graphic artist, Morten Bramsen, is credited with recreating that art style. Much of the game's flow was storyboarded very early in development, such as the boy's encounters with spiders and mind-controlling worms, as well as the overall transition from a forest to a city, then to an abstract environment. As development progressed, some of the original ideas became too difficult for the small team to complete. The storyline also changed; originally, the spider sequences were to be present near the end of the game, but were later moved to the first part. In retrospect, Jensen was aware that the first half of the game contained more scripted events and encounters, while the second half of the game was lonelier and puzzle-heavy; Jensen attributed this to his lack of oversight during the latter stages of development. Jensen purposely left the game with an open ending though with a specific interpretation only he knew, though noted after the game's release that some players, posting in forum boards, had suggested resolutions that were "scary close" to his ideas.
The game's audio was created by Martin Stig Andersen, a graduate from the Royal Academy of Music in Aarhus. Andersen's specialisation was in acousmatic music, non-traditional music created from generated sounds that have no apparent visual source. He was drawn to work with Jensen on the game after seeing the initial trailer, having been drawn in by the expressions of the boy character; Andersen compared the early visuals to his acousmatic music: "you have something recognizable and realistic, but at the same time it's abstract". Andersen sought to create acousmatic music exclusively incorporating the sound effects of the game's environments. Two examples he pointed to was the use of electricity noises while in the presence of a ruined neon "HOTEL" sign, and silencing the wind sound as the spider approached the boy in the forest. Andersen avoided the use of easily recognizable sounds, distorting them when needed as to allow players to interpret the sounds' meanings for themselves. Andersen constructed most of the game's sounds through a number of "grains" instead of longer sound loops, allowing him to adjust the playback to give better feedback to the player without sounding repetitious; one example he cites was the use of separate sounds for the boy's toe and heel when they make contact with the ground, giving a more realistic sound for movement. Many reviews for the game stated that there was no music in Limbo, but Andersen countered that his sound arrangements helped to evoke emotions; the acousmatic music was intended to leave room for interpretation by the player in the same manner as the game's art and story. Andersen noted that this helps with immersion within the game by making no attempt to control the emotional tone; "if [the players are] scared it will probably make them more scared when there's no music to take them by the hand and tell them how to feel". Due to fans' requests, Playdead released the game's soundtrack on iTunes Store on 11 July 2011.
Gameplay direction
The gameplay was the second element created for the game, following the graphics created by Jensen. The gameplay was created and refined using rudimentary graphic elements to establish the types of puzzles they wanted to have, but aware of how these elements would be presented to the player in the released version. Limbo was designed to avoid the pitfalls of major titles, where the same gameplay mechanic is used repeatedly. Carlsen, initially brought aboard as a programmer for the custom game engine, became the lead designer after Playdead found him to be capable at creating puzzles. Carlsen stated that the puzzles within Limbo were designed to "[keep] you guessing all the way through". Jensen also wanted to make the puzzles feel like a natural part of the environment, and to avoid the feeling that the player was simply moving from puzzle to puzzle through the course of the game. Carlsen identified examples of puzzles from other games that he wanted to avoid. He wanted to avoid simple puzzles that gave the player little satisfaction in its solution, such as a puzzle in Uncharted 2: Among Thieves that involved simply moving a sun-lit mirror to specific points in a room. In contrast, Carlsen wanted to avoid making the puzzle so complex with many separate parts that the player would resort to trial-and-error and eventually come out with the solution without thinking about why the solution worked; Carlsen used an example of a puzzle from the 2008 Prince of Persia game that had seven different mechanics that he never bothered to figure out himself. Carlsen designed Limbo puzzles to fall between these limits, demonstrating one puzzle that only has three elements: a switch panel, an electrified floor, and a chain; the goal—to use the chain to cross the electrified floor—is immediately obvious to the player, and then tasks the player to determine the right combination of moves and timing to complete it safely. They often had to strip away elements to make the puzzles more enjoyable and easier to figure out. The decision to provide little information to the player was an initial challenge in creating the game. From their initial pool of about 150 playtesters, several would have no idea of how to solve certain puzzles. To improve this, they created scenarios before troublesome spots that highlighted the appropriate actions; for example, when they found players did not think about pulling a boat onto shore to use as a platform to reach a higher ledge, they presented the player with a box-pulling puzzle earlier to demonstrate the pulling mechanics.
The team developed the game's puzzles by first assuming the player was "their own worst enemy", and made puzzles as devious as possible, but then scaled back their difficulty or added visual and audible aids as if the player was a friend. One example given by Carlsen is a puzzle involving a spider early in the game; the solution requires pushing a bear trap to snare the spider's legs in it. Early designs of this puzzle had the bear trap on the same screen as the spider, and Playdead found playtesters focused too much on the trap. The developers altered the puzzle to put the trap in a tree in an earlier off-screen section when facing the spider; the spider's actions would eventually cause this trap to drop to the ground and become a weapon against the spider. Carlsen stated that this arrangement created a situation where the player felt helpless when initially presented with the deadly spider, but then assisted the player through an audible cue when the trap had dropped, enabling the player to discover the solution.
One animator was dedicated full-time during three years of the game's development to work out the boy's animations, including animations that showed anticipation on the player's actions or events in the game, such as reaching out for a cart handle as the player moved the boy near it. Jensen felt this was important as the character was always at the center of the player's screen, and the most important element to watch. Playdead included gruesome death sequences to highlight incorrect solutions and discourage players from repeating their mistakes. While they expected players to run the boy into numerous deaths while trying solutions, Carlsen stated that their goal was to ensure death wasn't a penalty in the game, and made the death animations entertaining to keep the player interested. Carlsen noted several early puzzles were too complex for the game, but they would end up using a portion of these larger puzzles in the final release.
Reception
Limbo initial release on the Xbox 360 has received acclaim from video game critics and journalists; the subsequent release of the game for the PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows platforms received similar praise, holding Metacritic aggregate scores of 90/100 and 88/100, respectively, compared to the 90/100 earned by the Xbox 360 version. Some journalists compared Limbo to previous minimalist platform games such as Another World, Flashback, Heart of Darkness, Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee, Ico, Portal and Braid. Reviews consistently noted Limbo short length for its higher selling price: two to five hours of gameplay for 15 euros or 15 U.S. dollars. Reviewers asserted this length-to-price ratio was the largest drawback for the game, and would be a deterrent for potential buyers. Some journalists contended that the length of the game was ideal; The Daily Telegraph Tom Hoggins considered the short game to have a "perfectly formed running time", while Daemon Hatfield of IGN commented that "it's better for a game to leave us wanting more than to overstay its welcome". Numerous independent game developers, in an organised "Size Doesn't Matter" effort, commented on the critical response to Limbo length-to-price ratio. The independent developers questioned the need to quantify that ratio, and noted that it only seems to be used as a factor in judging video games and not other forms of entertainment such as films.
Limbo was generally praised for its puzzle design and the simplicity of its controls. Jake Gaskill of G4 TV was impressed by the complexity of the puzzles based on the two simple actions of jumping and grabbing onto objects, similar to LittleBigPlanet, with a variety of elements to assure "you're always facing something new and challenging" during the game. Game Informer Matt Miller commented that part of the success of Limbo is that "every one of these [puzzles] stands alone"; the game accomplishes this in Miller's opinion by varying the elements throughout the game, and preventing the player from getting too accustomed to similar solutions since "everything changes". GameSpy's Ryan Scott believed that the game empowered the player to work through solutions themselves, and its puzzle design, "with its elegant simplicity, offers up what feels like a world of meaningful possibilities". The frequency of death was not considered a distraction from the game; not only were the deaths seen as necessary as part of learning and overcoming each obstacle, but reviewers found the checkpoints where the player would restart to be plentiful throughout the game. Will Freeman of The Guardian praised the game but noted that beyond the "smoke and mirrors" of Limbo artwork, the game is "undermined by the title's lack of innovative gameplay", which he says has been seen in earlier platform games.
Presentation
Limbo graphical and audio presentation were considered by reviewers as exceptional and powerful elements of the game. The monochrome approach, coupled with film grain filter, focusing techniques and lighting, were compared to both film noir and dreamlike tableaus of silent films, allowing the visual elements of the game to carry much of the story's weight. Cian Hassett of PALGN likened the effect to watching the game through an old-fashioned film projector that creates "one of the most unsettling and eerily beautiful environments" in video gaming. Garrett Martin of the Boston Herald compared the art style and game design decisions to German Expressionism with "dreamlike levels that twist and spin in unexpected angles". The art style itself was praised as minimalistic, and considered reminiscent of the art of Lotte Reiniger, Edward Gorey, Fritz Lang, and Tim Burton. The use of misdirection in the visuals was also praised, such as by using silhouettes to avoid revealing the true nature of the characters or shadows, or by showing human figures across a chasm who disappear once the player crossed the chasm.
Reviewers found the sound effects within the game critical to the game's impact. Sam Machkovech, writing for The Atlantic, called the sound direction, "far more colorful and organic than the fuzzed-out looks would lead you to believe". Edge magazine's review noted that the few background noises "[do] little else than contribute towards Limbo’s tone", while the sound effects generated by moving the boy character "are given an eerie clarity without the presence of a conventional soundtrack to cover them".
IGN's Hatfield concluded his review by stating, "Very few games are as original, atmospheric, and consistently brilliant as Limbo". Chad Sapeiha of The Globe and Mail summarised his opinion of the game's atmosphere as an "intensely scary, oddly beautiful, and immediately arresting aesthetic." Limbo is said to be the first game to attempt a mix of the horror fiction genre with platform games. The game has been considered an art game through its visual and audio elements.
Plot
The game's story and its ending have been open to much interpretation; the ending was purposely left vague and unanswered by Playdead. It was compared to other open-ended books, films and video games, where the viewer is left to interpret what they have read or seen. Some reviews suggested that the game is a representation of the religious nature of Limbo or purgatory, as the boy character completes the journey only to end at the same place he started, repeating the same journey when the player starts a new game. Another interpretation suggested the game is the boy's journey through Hell to reach Heaven, or to find closure for his sister's death. Another theory considers that either the boy or his sister or both are dead. Some theories attempted to incorporate details from the game, such as the change in setting as the boy travels through the game suggesting the progression of man from child to adult to elder, or the similarities and differences between the final screen of the game where the boy meets a girl and the main menu where what could be human remains stand in their places.
The absence of direct narrative, such as through cutscenes or in-game text, was a mixed point for reviewers. John Teti of Eurogamer considered the game's base story to be metaphorical for a "story of a search for companionship", and that the few encounters with human characters served as "emotional touchstones" that drove the story forward; ultimately, Teti stated that these elements make Limbo "a game that has very few humans, but a surplus of humanity". Hatfield praised the simplicity of the game's story, commenting that, "with no text, no dialogue, and no explanation, it manages to communicate circumstance and causality to the player more simply than most games". Both Teti and Hatfield noted that some of the story elements were weaker in the second half of the game, when there are almost no human characters with whom the player comes into contact, but that the game ends with an unexpected revelation. GameSpot's Tom McShae found no issues with the game posing questions on "death versus life and reality versus dream", but purposely providing no answers for them, allowing the player to contemplate these on their own. McShae also considered that the brief but gruesome death scenes for the boy helped to create an "emotional immediacy that is difficult to forget". The New York Daily News Stu Horvath noted that Limbo "turns its lack of obvious narrative into one of the most compelling riddles in videogames".
Other reviews disliked the lack of story or its presentation within Limbo. Justin Haywald of 1UP.com was critical of the lacking narrative, feeling that the game failed to explain the purpose of the constructed traps or rationale for how the game's world worked, and that the final act left him "more confused than when [he] began". Haywald had contrasted Limbo to Braid, a similar platform game with minimalistic elements which communicates its metaphorical story to the player through in-game text. Roger Hargreaves of Metro stated that the game has "very little evidence that [Playdead] really knew where they were going with the game", citing the second half, when the player is traveling through a factory-type setting and where he felt the game became more like a typical two-dimensional platform game, and led to an anticlimactic ending; Hargreaves contrasted this to more gruesome elements of the first half, such as encountering corpses of children and having to use those as part of the puzzle-solving aspects.
Sales and accolades
Before its release, Limbo was awarded both the "Technical Excellence" and "Excellence in Visual Art" titles at the Independent Games Festival during the 2010 Game Developers Conference. At E3 2010—about a month before its release—Limbo won GameSpot's "Best Downloadable Game", and was nominated for several other "Best of Show" awards, including "Best Platformer" by IGN, "Most Original Game" by G4 TV, and "Best Puzzle Game" by GameSpot. The game was nominated as one of 32 finalists at the 2010 IndieCade festival for independent developers, ultimately winning the "Sound" award.
Following its release, Limbo was named "Game of the Year", "Best Indie Game", and "Best Visual Art" at the 2010 European Milthon Awards during the Paris Game Show in September 2010. Game Informer named Limbo their Game of the Month for August 2010. Limbo was awarded the "Best Indie Game" at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards. The game received the most nominations for the 11th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards, earning seven nominations including for the "Best Debut Game", "Innovation", and "Game of the Year" awards, and ultimately won for "Best Visual Art". The title won the "Adventure Game of the Year" and "Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design" Interactive Achievement Awards from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences and was nominated for "Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction" and "Outstanding Innovation in Gaming". The Academy also named Limbo as the winner of the 2010 Indie Game Challenge award in the "Professional" category, along with a $100,000 prize. The game was selected as the 2010 Annie Award for Best Animated Video Game. Limbo was named as one of ten games for the publicly voted 2011 "Game of the Year" BAFTA Video Game Awards. In addition, the game was nominated for the committee-determined BAFTA awards for "Artistic Achievement", "Use of Audio", "Gameplay" and "Best Game". The inclusion of the independently developed Limbo among other larger commercially backed games such as Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood and Call of Duty: Black Ops for such "Best Game" awards is considered an indication that the video game industry has started to give more recognition to these smaller titles.
Several publications, including Time, Wired and the Toronto Sun placed Limbo as one of the top ten video games of 2010. IGN named it the third best Xbox Live Arcade title of all time in two lists, published in 2010 and 2011, in both cases following Shadow Complex and Pac Man Championship Edition. The site also included the scene where the boy reach a neon hotel sign as one of 100 Unforgettable Video Game Moments. Limbo was spoofed by the comedy troupe Mega64 during the 2011 Game Developers Conference, and later by the CollegeHumor sister website, Dorkly.
Within two weeks of its release on Xbox Live Arcade, Limbo gained more than 244,000 players to the global leaderboards—a rough measure of full sales of the game—which was considered an "incredibly impressive feat" compared to previous Xbox Live Arcade titles, according to GamerBytes' Ryan Langley. Within a month of its release, more than 300,000 copies of the game were sold. By the end of August 2010, the number of players on the global leaderboard grew to 371,000, exceeding the number of players of other Summer of Arcade games released in 2009, and approaching the number of lifetime players of Braid, released two years earlier. Langley, who had expected Limbo sales to fall "due to the lack of repeatable content and being a strictly single player experience", considered that these figures had "beaten everyone’s expectations". Phil Spencer, the Vice-President of Microsoft Game Studios, stated in September 2010 that Limbo was "our number one Summer of Arcade game by a long stretch", and further posed that Limbo represents a shift in the type of game that gamers want out of online on-demand game services; "it's becoming less about iconic [intellectual property] that people know and it's becoming more diverse". Limbo was the third-highest selling Xbox Live Arcade title in 2010, selling 527,000 and generating about $7.5 million in revenue. In March 2011, Microsoft listed Limbo as the 11th-highest selling game to date on Xbox Live. Playdead stated that more than two million users on the Xbox 360 service played through the demo within the year of the game's release.
The developers announced that as of November 2011, they had sold over 1 million copies of the game across the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Microsoft Windows platforms. By June 2013, just prior to the iOS release, Playdead announced that total sales of Limbo across all platforms exceeded 3 million. The PlayStation 3 version was the top selling third-party downloadable game on the PlayStation Network service in 2011. The PlayStation 3 version was also voted "Best Indie Game" in the 2012 PSN Gamers' Choice Awards. The Mac OS X version of Limbo was awarded with Apple's Design Award in 2012.
Applications for grants from the Nordic Game Program, which had funded Limbo initial development, increased 50% in the second half of 2010, believed to be tied to the game's success. Playdead was able to buy itself back from its investors in August 2011 from the revenue made from sales of Limbo. Playdead's follow-up title, Inside, first released in June 2016, is visually and thematically similar to Limbo, and includes some elements that were cut from Limbo development.
References
External links
2010 video games
Android (operating system) games
Apple Design Awards recipients
Art games
Horror video games
Indie video games
IndieCade winners
IOS games
Linux games
Microsoft games
MacOS games
Monochrome video games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation Vita games
Puzzle-platform games
Side-scrolling video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Denmark
Video games set in forests
Video games with silhouette graphics
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Xbox One games
Limbo
Cinematic platform games
Double Eleven (company) games
Annie Award for Best Animated Video Game winners
Independent Games Festival winners
D.I.C.E. Award for Adventure Game of the Year winners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrthwl
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Gwrthwl
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Saint Gwrthwl is a Pre-Congregational Saint of Powys in Wales.
He was said to have been a hermit and to have founded a church in the village of Llanwrthwl.
The site of his church yielded artefacts form the Bronze Age and Roman Empire. The saint appears to have converted a pagan place of worship as there is indications of the site being used for religious purposes from about 2000 B.C.
He is remembered as 'The Confessor', and his Feast Day is commemorated on 2 March.
References
Medieval Welsh saints
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6907791
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito%20J.%20Lopez
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Vito J. Lopez
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Vito Joseph Lopez (June 5, 1941 – November 9, 2015) was an American politician from New York. He was a member of the New York State Assembly, and chairman of the Democratic Party of Kings County.
Personal life
Vito Lopez was born on June 5, 1941, in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, of an Italian American family; his last name Lopez derives from his grandfather, who was a native of Spain. He graduated from Brooklyn's James Madison High School, and received a BS in Business Administration from Long Island University (1964), and a Master of Social Work from Yeshiva University (1970), where he was trained in the community organizing program. Lopez had two children by his former wife, Joan.
Lopez was diagnosed with leukemia in 1993, and in 2010 was treated for a recurrence of cancer. He died on November 9, 2015, at Sloan Kettering Memorial Hospital at the age of 74.
Early career
Lopez began his career with the New York City Department of Social Services, at the Stanhope Street Senior Center in Bushwick, Brooklyn. Believing the neighborhood received little attention from City Hall and senior citizen programs there received even less in terms of program support, Lopez began organizing senior citizens there. His first attracted citywide attention by organizing in November 1981 an assembly of 100 senior citizens at Brooklyn Borough Hall to protest what they saw as the "serious neglect" shown to them in programs for decent housing, nursing homes and medical facilities.
Lopez began researching the programs for senior citizens available from local, state and federal funding sources in order to supplement the relatively meager services offered at the Stanhope Street Senior Center. This led his to conceive the idea of creating a not-for-profit that would enter into government contracts to provide services for senior citizens, which he planned would focus on Bushwick and the neighboring Italian-American community of Ridgewood, located in the borough of Queens.
In 1973, he founded Ridgewood Bushwick Senior Citizens Council (RBSCC), a non-profit organization to provide services to senior citizens in Bushwick and the adjoining (interborough) neighborhood of Ridgewood, Queens as well as surrounding areas. The first contract it won was to manage the Stanhope Street Senior Center. The Council aggressively pursued government funds and promoted itself as the primary contact for citizens looking for government assistance, even assistance not within the purview of the Council's contracts.
Over time as the Council increased in size and importance, Lopez used it to generate loyalty among constituents for which it provided services and to employ locals to create an administrative staff. These two groups allowed Lopez to gain his political positions beginning with his Assembly seat in 1984. While he resigned as Executive Director of the Council on winning the seat, he remained closely associated with it and used his political clout on its behalf. At the height of his political influence the Council "served as a de facto political machine for him and his allies ..."
According to the Daily News, by 2010 as Assemblyman Lopez had steered $430,000 in state grants to the Ridgewood-Bushwick Citizens Council. At that time, the Council had $100 million in state and city contracts to build affordable homes, provide meals to seniors and run after-school programs. The Daily News found that for the period 2007-2010 firms doing businesses with the Council (and their subcontractors) contributed $51,000 to election campaigns of Lopez or to the Kings County Democratic Committee of which Lopez was chairman.
Political career
Lopez was a member of the New York State Assembly (53rd D.) from 1985 to 2013, sitting in the 186th, 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th, 191st, 192nd, 193rd, 194th, 195th, 196th, 197th, 198th, 199th and 200th New York State Legislatures. His district comprised the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bushwick and Williamsburg.
From 2006-12, Lopez served as the chairman of the Kings County Democratic Party, having replaced former chairman Clarence Norman Jr. On August 28, 2012, Lopez announced that he would not seek re-election as Brooklyn Democratic leader due to allegations that he sexual harassed two of his staffers. Lopez was forced to step down after it was revealed that he settled a lawsuit by two of his female staffers who alleged that he had sexually harassed them. On May 17, 2013, Lopez also resigned from then his assembly seat effective at the end of the legislative session June 20, 2013. Several days later Lopez moved up his resignation date to May 20, 2013.
Political stances
Lopez was among the sponsors of a bill to expand the original 1982 Loft Law, "...which gave rights to illegal tenants and made their lofts subject to rent stabilization." The 2009 Loft Law Amendment, which went into effect June 2010, expanded these protections to lofts in manufacturing areas of Bushwick, Williamsburg, Greenpoint, and Long Island City.
While Lopez previously sponsored similar legislation, he did not support a 2009 bill, the Child Victims Act, sponsored by Assemblywoman Margaret Markey. This bill would have opened a one-year window to allow older victims of prior childhood sexual abuse the ability to file civil actions against their abusers.
He has sponsored a competing bill that provides no window, but would change current law to allow lawsuits against public institutions without requiring a 90-day notice of claim. The New York Times reported on June 9, 2009, that in an effort to reach a compromise with Lopez's bill, Markey amended her bill to specifically include all public institutions through the waiver of the current 90-day notice of claim requirement, and also limited the window to victims aged 53 or younger.
During an October 13, 2006, meeting with the Lambda Independent Democrats, a political club of gay Democrats in New York City, Lopez publicly declared his support for extending the right of civil marriage to same-sex couples for the first time in his political career. He also intimated that he would help to enact legislation that would recognize same-sex marriages, which the highest court in New York State had refused to recognize earlier that year.
Pork Barrel Politics
In 2018 Dan Doctoroff said that Lopez refused to support the Bloomberg administrator's rezoning of the Brooklyn waterfront unless the administration allocated a million dollars for a daycare center that Doctoroff thought Lopez's girlfriend was connected to. By Doctoroff's account, this happened the day before the city council vote; time was limited, and after midnight Doctoroff called the head of the agency that oversaw daycare centers, woke him up, and secured the million dollars for the center to meet Lopez's demand and pass the rezoning.
Investigations
According to multiple media account in September 2010, Lopez and the Ridgewood Bushwick Senior Citizens Council were the subject of several investigations, led by the US Attorney in Manhattan and in Brooklyn, and the New York City Department of Investigations.
Censure
On August 24, 2012, the New York State Assembly Standing Committee on Ethics and Guidance concluded an investigation, made in response to allegations brought forth by two young female staffers, and unanimously found that Vito Lopez had violated the Assembly’s sexual harassment/retaliation policy.
Based on recommendations from the committee, Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver removed him as chair of the Committee on Housing, stripped him of all seniority, reduced his staff allotment and forbade him from employing any interns or persons under the age of 21. Silver also censured and admonished him on behalf of the Assembly. He was reelected in November 2012 despite token opposition, but was stripped of his Democratic chairmanship and had his pay cut.
In mid-May 2013 the state’s Joint Commission on Public Ethics issued a report which described in detail the behavior alleged by multiple women, which prompted prominent Democrats, including Governor Andrew Cuomo and Speaker Silver, to call for his immediate resignation. In response Lopez, citing a report by special prosecutor Staten Island District Attorney Daniel M. Donovan Jr. that he would not bring criminal charges. On May 17, 2013, he announced he would resign from the Assembly at the end of his term in June 2013 and in the fall run for a seat on the New York City Council.
This announcement brought further calls from his immediate resignation, including by Assembly Minority leader Brian M. Kolb, and brought a vow by City Council Speaker Christine C. Quinn, a Democrat running for Mayor, that she would work to prevent his election. That afternoon Speaker Silver released a draft resolution to expel Lopez from the Assembly that he said would be voted on when the Assembly returns on May 20, 2013.
Resignation
Lopez resigned in May 2013 after a legislative ethics panel censured him. On June 11, 2013, Lopez was fined $330,000 who was accused of groping, intimidating and manipulating young female staffers in a 2012 scandal.
2013 New York City Council election
Lopez ran in the 2013 New York City Council elections to succeed Diana Reyna in the 34th district. He lost the Democratic primary to Antonio Reynoso. Lopez won 37% of the vote and Reynoso 49%.
References
External links
'Vito's Brooklyn Comeback Party', The Politicker, The New York Observer
'Bill Aims to Spur Housing for New York’s Poor', The New York Times
'Clarence Norman Successor Faces Questions', The New York Sun
'Brooklyn Democrat Vito Lopez emerges Assembly's top hog in handing out pork dollars' The New York Daily News
'Pfizer Offering Williamsburg Plant Site for Affordable Housing-So, Why's a State Assemblyman Trying to Seize It?' The New York Observer
'Democrats in Brooklyn: Vito Lopez Continues the Corruption' The Daily Gotham citing The New York Times, The New York Post, The New York Daily News, etc.
Julian E. Barnes,"The Two Faces of Bushwick; A Troubled Brooklyn Neighborhood Is Mending. But Its Leaders Are Feuding Over the Size of the Gains and What to Do Next" NY Times Online, The New York Times, February 27, 2000
David Freedlander, The Lion in Winter: Vito Lopez And The End Of County, City Hall, March 1, 2010
Marwell, Nicole P., Bargaining for Brooklyn: community organizations in the entrepreneurial city, University of Chicago Press, 2007
2015 deaths
1941 births
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Democrats
American politicians of Italian descent
American politicians of Spanish descent
Long Island University alumni
Yeshiva University alumni
Politicians from Brooklyn
21st-century American politicians
New York (state) politicians convicted of crimes
James Madison High School (Brooklyn) alumni
People from Bensonhurst, Brooklyn
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56566465
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin%20J%C3%A4ger
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Karin Jäger
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Karin Jäger (born 31 July 1961) is a German former cross-country skier. She competed at the 1980, 1984 and the 1988 Winter Olympics.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
World Championships
World Cup
Season standings
Individual podiums
1 podium
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
German female cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers of West Germany
Cross-country skiers at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1988 Winter Olympics
People from Korbach
Sportspeople from Kassel (region)
20th-century German women
21st-century German women
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44507798
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiada%2C%20Larissa
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Olympiada, Larissa
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Olympiada (, ) is a village and a community of the Elassona municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was a part of the municipality of Olympos. The 2011 census recorded 465 inhabitants in the village and 591 inhabitants in the community. The community of Olympiada covers an area of 12.904 km2.
Administrative division
The community of Olympiada consists of two settlements:
Olympiada
Sparmos
Population
According to the 2011 census, the population of the settlement of Olympiada was 465 people, an increase of almost 18% compared with the population of the previous census of 2001.
History
Olympiada was founded by Pontic refugees, who came from the former Russian province Kars Oblast in Eastern Anatolia during the 1923 population exchange. Christoforos Tsertikidis is said to be the leading founder of Olympiada, and is honored with a statue in the village square.
See also
List of settlements in the Larissa regional unit
References
Populated places in Larissa (regional unit)
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23582795
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymokury
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Dymokury
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Dymokury () is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Černá Hora and Svídnice are administrative parts of Dymokury.
Geography
Dymokury is located about northeast of Nymburk. It lies in the Central Elbe Table lowland within the Polabí region. Two streams, Pivovarský and Štítarský, flow through the municipality. The Štítarský Stream supplies the Pustý Pond.
History
The first written mention of Dymokury is from 1249, when it was a possession of a local noble Soběslav. In 1290, King Wenceslaus II ceded the estates to the Cistercian monks of the Sedlec Abbey near Kutná Hora. After changing owners several times, the fief was purchased by the noble House of Waldstein in 1573, their successors had a Renaissance castle erected from 1614 onwards.
Disseized by Emperor Ferdinand II after the 1620 Battle of White Mountain, Dymokury was acquired by Albrecht von Wallenstein, who nevertheless sold it to the Austrian Khuen von Belasi dynasty shortly afterwards. They resold it to Guillaume de Lamboy, Baron of Cortesheim. From 1673, the House of Colloredo held the manor, which also included the neighbouring town of Městec Králové. They had the castle again rebuilt in a Baroque style, finished in 1787. The last owners are the Counts of Czernin, who were expropriated and expelled after World War II, but regained its possession. The castle was restored after the Velvet Revolution of 1989.
Economy
The local economy mainly depends on agriculture. It is mainly a residential village and only a few residents work in Dymokury.
Sights
The landmark of Dymokury is the Church of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary. The first church in Dymokury was documented in the 14th century, it was destroyed during the Thirty Years' War. The current church was then built in the Baroque style in 1723–1725. It was probably designed by Jan Santini Aichel.
Notable people
Ottokar Czernin (1872–1932), nobleman, diplomat and politician
Count Otto von Czernin (1875–1962), nobleman and diplomat
References
External links
Villages in Nymburk District
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56566471
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts%20of%20Sayala
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Ghosts of Sayala
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Ghosts of Sayala (, translit. Afaryt el-Sayala) is a 2004 Egyptian TV series directed by Ismail Abd al-Hafez and written by drama writer Osama Anwar Okasha, the last one he wrote before he died. The show stars 23-year old Ahmed El-Fishawy, Abla Kamel, Hassan Hosny, Zeina, Mahmoud El-Hadini, Safia El Emari and others. It was aired for 37 episodes in one season produced and aired by EMPC.
Production
The opening song was performed by Hani Al-Abd.
In a 2018 interview, Ahmed El-Fishawy stated that his role in the show still his favorite role of his acting career.
The show had some problems during production and also with advertisers, which led to exclude it from the Ramadan season.
Synopsis
The story follows numerous simple people from the same poor and rural region of Sayala which is located in Bahary, Alexandria. Contrastingly, there is a completely different classy element; an old billionaire and his family based in Cairo. The old man learns that he has a son from a third wife from Sayala, which made him feel utterly ashamed of himself. As result, he decides to write his will giving his newly known son the big share of his money and assets, an action that made his family so distressed, as they don't even know they have another sibling from another wife, moreover, he comes from a much lower social class. And then, the events get more complicated when it's time to execute the will.
After getting the money, Maghaouri's life changes slowly into a luxurious style, also his family. On the other hand, Qesmat Hanem and her family couldn't bear the unexpected distribution of money and assets, and the suspicious appearance of Maghaouri, so they start battles legally and through other ways.
The first scene of the series is somehow an overall conception of the events and also the moral philosophy of the story, the scene set in a local cafe in Sayala, and then starts the monologue-wise conversation between an old man (A'am Asaliya) and a falsely claimed reporter, the old man spoke frankly and modestly about his long stay in the urban area, his views on the people and how poverty sometimes might create cooperative little communities and more strong beliefs and ethics, though, the evil always come from many ways. There are many scenes in almost every episode in the show which we can find portraits of these thoughts or even through a blunt dramatic dialogue.
Characters
Maghaouri's family
Maghaouri: Early 20s boy from a rural neighborhood in Bahary, Alexandria, his life revolves around his people and close friends, Maghaouri was the gang leader of a small group who call themselves the Ghosts of Sayala. Although, the acts of the gang was shown as harmful only for people who do evil acts. Maghaouri didn't finish his high school education and occasionally works in some illegal deals like smuggling. He lives within quite poor living standards, but he believes he has the gift of people who love him, which are feelings he misses because he didn't meet either of his parents.
Rezqa: Many aspects of Rizqa's unambiguous personality reveal in the first few episodes, as an independent widow who brought up her nephew Maghaouri, depending on working at her small stall, also most of the times she is totally conservative and frank, in many scenes we see that her bluntness gets people insulted or confused, however, there are other scenes show the tenderness of her character, as she still devoted to her dead husband even after several years, and also the love for Maghaouri.
Azima: Sister of Rezqa, she is attached most to her family and her life totally revolves around them, she doesn't play critical role when the events go on and she agrees with Rezqa most of the time.
Qadara or Edara: Daughter of Azima. She was engaged to Hamada Salim but their relationship went into some conflicts, and she saw that his family still oversee his life decisions. Edara is a cheerful young woman, and when the dramatic change happened, she was the most adaptive person to get along with the new high-class life.
El Sala: El-salah 'ala el-nabi Fath el-bab, Mahouri's nephew and close friend to him as they brought up together. El Sala is an early 30s normal guy who still can't find a regular job or gets married. He is kind of naive and fond of eating. When Maghaouri becomes a billionaire, they live together in the new villa.
El Hamouli's family
Saleh Al-Hamouli: A billionaire businessman who owns companies in several industries inside and outside Egypt. El Hamouli starts the conflict of the plot when he decides to write his will, giving Maghouri and Shaheera the lion’s share of his fortune. After this unexpected action, he disappears and goes on a vacation in Europe in an isolated area near a Mediterranean beach. He is shown in many episodes talking to an old Franco-Leabanese friend about his speculative thoughts on his long life, career, and family. He has married three times.
Qesmat Hanem: Wife of Saleh El Hamouli, a high class lady. She appears to be grim in many situations, some are serious as she goes with conflicts with Maghaouri’s. Qesmat Hanem has a powerful and respected personality. After the consequences of the fortune distribution occur, Qesmat believes that she was forced to enter a battle against the fraudulent allegations made by Maghaouri, and his lawyer, Saleh. She appeared in many scenes that tend to be dramatic and monologic.
Talaat: The Oldest son of EL Hamouli, he enters into different troubles through the series, as he was the most provoked member of the family after their father's distribution of fortune. Talaat believes that either his father went mad or the so-called Maghaouri is just a crook. He also goes into trouble with his wife. He occasionally appears to be fractious.
Shaheera: The daughter of Saleh El Hamouli from another wife, she lives with them much time but not all involved in their life. She enters into conflicts with them and leaves to stay in hotels in Alexandria nearby Maghaouri and with her friend. She is recently divorced and her husband shows up in a scene trying to attack her while Maghaouri was present. Shaheera's personality and thoughts tend to be more reasonable and progressive, also she shows huge love for her half-brother Maghaouri. Through the events, there is some chemistry of love between her and lawyer Mokhtar.
Mousheera: The youngest daughter of Saleh El Hamouli, a spoiled 19-year-old girl with no worries until she finds out that her to-become fiancée is cheating on her and does many unbearable things, and through the events, she feels more stressed and somehow feeling love for her half-brother Maghaouri.
Ezzat: Husband of Baheera, a kind of sharp businessman who is always ready to suggest ending solutions using unethical ways. He appointed a trusted small businessman who hired Al Tuliani to be his man in El Sayala after the consequences occur. Ezzat is strong in his decisions and has good relationships with his wife and her family.
Magdy: Son of Saleh.
Baheera: Daughter of Saleh.
People of Sayala
Asliya El Fakry: One of Sayala's old residents, he lost his son. His nickname "El Fakry" means the "unfortunate".
Mamdouh El-tuliani: He represents the evil character. Tuliani has been working in Libya for years to abate the sentence. After he comes back to Sayala, he starts to think of new ways to get money, illegally.
Ghareeb Al-qas: His uncle, Hanafi, is a respected old man in timber trade, but Ghareeb is infamous for his unethical lifestyle, especially when he befriends Tuliani’s gang. He is married to former local belly dancer Safaa.
Hamada Salim: Edara's fiancée for a period of time. His family has relatively better living standards compared to most neighbors.
Raaesa: Working widow and old friend and neighbor of Rezqa’s. She has two kids, her brother Youssef just comes back to Sayala after several years of work in Libya.
Other Characters
Dr. Mounes: Top lawyer and old friend of El Hamouli, he stands with his last wishes in life and executes his will, which included being aside of Maghaouri and aiding him with all things related to his new position as owner of many companies. Mounes backed Maghaouri in the legal cases issued by his other family, he appointed one of his best lawyers in Alexandria to direct Maghaouri. Dr. Mounes is a 50s years old man but he fell in love with Shaheera. His son is also a lawyer working on the case.
Mokhtar Abd El-sattar: Lawyer based in Alexandria working on behalf of Dr. Mounes, he gets into the life of Maghaouri deeply and provides him advice in nearly all situations, which leads to a strong relationship between the two, in conjunction with the romantic love between Maghouari and Mokhtar’s youngest sister, more events make him enters more in the consequences.
Abd El-Halim Barakat: Counselor and top lawyer based in Cairo, gets the case of Qesmat Hanem and her sons, he is renowned for being successful in complicated cases for large corporate and high-profile figures.
Cast
Abla Kamel: Rezqa
Ahmed El-Fishawy: Maghaouri
Safia El Emari: Qesmat Hanem
Mahmoud El-Hadini: Abd El-Halim Barakat
Farah (Fedra): Shaheera
Khairiah Ahmed: Azima
Ahmed Said Abdel Ghany: Talaat
Ashraf Zaki: Essam El-ouqr
Mohamed Kamel: Mamdouh El-tuliani
Shady Ali: El-salah 'ala al-naby
Ghareb Mahmoud: Attia
Soliman Eid: Sayed Animia
Hassan Hosny: Saleh Al-hamouli
Nashwa Mustafa: Raaesa
Zeina: Qadara
Diaa El Merghany: Ghareeb Al-qas
Randa El Behery: Moushira
Ahmed Sadek: Yousef
Bahaa Tharwat: Hamada Salem
Osama Abbas: Counselor Moens Abbas
See also
List of Egyptian television series
References
2000s drama television series
Arabic television series
Egyptian drama television series
Egyptian television soap operas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C5%99any
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Hořany
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Hořany is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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20479540
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Pomerania%20%281945%E2%80%93present%29
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History of Pomerania (1945–present)
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History of Pomerania (1945–present) covers the history of Pomerania during World War II aftermath, the Communist and since 1989 Democratic era.
After the post-war border changes, the German population that had not yet fled was expelled. The area east of the Oder, known as Farther Pomerania (), and the Szczecin (Stettin) area were resettled primarily with Poles. Some of the German cultural heritage was removed and some reconstructed. Most of Western Pomerania remained in East Germany and was later merged into Mecklenburg.
With the consolidation of Communism in East Germany and People's Republic of Poland, Pomerania became part of the communist Eastern Bloc. In the 1980s, the Solidarność movement in Poland that started in the city of Gdańsk and the Wende movement in East Germany forced the Communists out of power and led to the establishment of democracy in both the Polish and German parts of Pomerania.
The name Pomerania comes from Slavic po more, which means "land by the sea".
Post World War II
Soviet occupation
Soviet occupation of Pomerania had started just after the East Pomeranian Offensive, at the time of the northern campaigns of the Battle of Berlin by the Red Army and First Polish Army, in March and April 1945.
The Soviet's administrative installation basically followed the existing previous German administrative structures. Every-day life, however, was dictated according to Soviet decrees. Outside of civilian administration, this newly assembled local Soviet administration aimed to secure the hinterland regions, just beyond the frontline. In so doing, German property was referred to as "post-German". Items that could be carried were transported to the Soviet Union. This included largely domestic household furniture, instruments such as pianos, and textiles such as carpets. In some instances, the livestock and some machinery were sent to Russia as well. Most significantly, the industrial and manufacturing buildings and their shipyards were literally all deconstructed. Likewise, they too were simply transported to the Soviet Union.
Vast areas of Farther Pomerania were vacated as the ethnic German population had fled the advancing Red Army. This was primarily the case with the areas around the Netze (Noteć) and Oder rivers. For example, in the town of Arnswalde (now Choszczno) with a previous population of 14,000 only a few dozen German civilians remained. In other areas, a heterogeneous population remained, consisting of Pomeranians as well as stranded refugees from areas further east and evacuees from the industrial centers. For example, there were 330,000 Germans in the counties of Stolp, Schlawe, Köslin, and Belgard.
The ethnic German population was ordered to participate in the acquisition and transportation of Soviet war loot, and to live in assigned to them neighbourhoods of the towns. Some were also employed by the Soviet authorities in industry or its deconstruction, in agriculture, and in the clean-up of the wartime destruction, and were paid a low salary.
There were numerous examples of mistreatment of the ethnic German populations by the occupying Soviets including: manhunts, arrests and deportations for slave labor, holdups, forays, and often rapes.
Formation of Polish communist administration in Farther Pomerania
First Polish communist officials arrived in Farther Pomerania in April 1945. The provisional government of Poland on March 14 had created the Polish administrative district of Pomerania, which included Farther Pomerania and the northern Neumark. This was based on a decision of the Soviet state council for defense in February to place some eastern territories of Germany under Polish administration, and a subsequent order of the military council of the First Belorussian Front in early March requiring a solely Polish civilian administration in the territories that were handed over and also required the Soviet military to assist in the Polish administration's establishment.
The Polish plenipotentiary for the new Pomeranian district since April 11 was colonel Leonard Borkowicz. Subordinate to Borkowicz were forty county assignees (starosts). Borkowicz and the starosts had a very limited knowledge of the area they were to govern, and were sent in only with an official attestation of their position, sketches of the counties, 500 zlotys, and alcohol to use as valuta. Their primary objective was the preparation of the area for Polish settlement.
The Polish officials were regarded no more than auxiliary personnel by the Soviet military administration, which was in charge of most of industry, bakeries, most of the farmland, and fishery. The Polish administrators concentrated on reinstating electricity, gas, and water supply and on stockpiling groceries for the expected Polish settlers. Conflicts arose when they tried to charge the Soviets for power, gas, or water. Also they failed to have the Soviet authorities inhibit the forays of Red Army soldiers and officers. Overall Soviet attitude toward the Polish administrators ranged from providing aid to neglect.
Deportations of Germans before the Potsdam Agreement
In two weeks of June 1945, the Polish Army under the Soviet command deported 110,000 ethnic Germans from the areas adjacent to the eastern bank of the Oder river, and the counties of Stargard, Labes, Pyritz (Pyrzyce), and Arnswalde (now Choszczno), all in Farther Pomerania.
Many German civilians were deported to labor camps like Vorkuta in the Soviet Union, where a large number of them perished or were later reported missing.
Border shift and consequences
In the Potsdam Agreement, the allies decided to move the Polish-German border west to the Oder-Neisse line, pending a final peace conference with Germany. Since a peace conference never took place, the provisions of the Agreement effectively defined the new border. Most of the remaining German population was expelled. In case of Pomerania, the Free City of Danzig and most of the pre-war German province of Pomerania, including the city of Swinemünde (Swinoujscie), became Polish. In addition, a strip of land 20 km west of Stettin/Szczecin, and a small part of the Usedom island also became part of Poland in order to facilitate the growth of these cities. The remainder of Pomerania west of Stettin/Szczecin and the Oder River was joined with Mecklenburg and formed Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
In Potsdam, the border was defined as leaving the Oder river at a bridge some three kilometers west of Greifenhagen and from that point running north as a straight line to the church of Ahlbeck. On September 21, 1945, the Polish plenipotentiary Borkowicz and the Polish president of Szczecin, Piotr Zaremba, adjusted the border in the Treaty of Schwerin. The border now started at a point in the Bay of Pomerania 3 miles (5,5 kilometers) off the shore, from which it ran south through the Szczecin Lagoon and left Camminke on the East German and Papart on the Polish side.
In January 1951, the border was again adjusted. The potable water reservoir of Swinoujscie, which was on the German side since the Treaty of Schwerin, and the islands of the Oder River were assigned to Poland, and a small part of Usedom to East Germany. Also, the border within the Pomeranian Bay was extended to 6 miles.
Polish part of Pomerania - Szczecin Voivodship
The Soviet Army kept proving grounds and naval bases in Pomerania; the areas were excluded from Polish jurisdiction until 1992. Russia used the area to store nuclear warheads.
In the summer of 1945, the Soviets started to dissolve their administrative institutions in Pomerania. In 14 towns, the civilian administration was handed over to Polish officials.
In October, the counties of Stettin and Swinemünde were handed over to Polish administration. The areas on the Oder's left bank (Pölitz area) stayed under Soviet control until 1946. There, a provisional Soviet county was set up on order of marshal Zhukov, where 25,000 Germans had to completely deconstruct an industrial facility used to produce synthetic fuels. Also the Stettin port stayed directly under Soviet control, and was only handed over to Poland from February 1946 to September 1947, officially only in May 1954. The Oder waterway was handed over to Poland in September 1946. Farmland and estates were handed over until 1949 - in February 1946, half of the farmland was still Soviet property.
The Red Army started to increase the withdrawal of troops from the Polish part of Pomerania in the fall of 1945.
Polonization
With its eastern territories (the Kresy) annexed by the Soviet Union, Poland was effectively moved westwards and its area reduced by almost 20% (from 389,000 km² to 312,000 km²). With the establishment of the People's Republic of Poland followed sweeping changes in population, a "repatriation" of millions that resulted in what Geoffrey Hosking describes as "the biggest population exchange in European history." Germans, Ukrainians and others who were not perceived as Polish were shuffled out of the new boundaries, while the Poles east of the Curzon line were shuffled in. The picture of the new western and northern territories being recovered Piast territory was used to forge Polish settlers and "repatriates" arriving there into a coherent community loyal to the new regime.
Largely excepted from the expulsions of Germans were the "autochthons", close to three million ethnically Slavic inhabitants of Pomerania, the Kashubians and Slovincians, of whom however many did not identify with Polish nationality. The Polish government aimed to retain as many "autochthons" as possible for propaganda purposes, as their presence on former German soil was used to indicate the intrinsic "Polishness" of the area and justify its incorporation into the Polish state as "recovered" territories. "Verification" and "national rehabilitation" processes were set up to reveal a "dormant Polishness" and to determine which were redeemable as Polish citizens; few were actually expelled The "autochthons" not only disliked the subjective and often arbitrary verification process, but they also faced discrimination even after completing it, such as the Polonization of their names.
Treatment and expulsion of Germans after the Potsdam Agreement
The remaining Germans were to be expelled from the now Polish areas of Pomerania. The major staging area from which the Germans were deployed to post-war Germany was the Stettin-Scheune railway station. The station became notorious due to the frequent raids by armed gangs, composed of German, Polish and Russian deserters, who raped and looted those who were leaving. Germans were either transported by ship from Stettin to Lübeck or sent in trains to the British occupation zone.
In one month-long period, lasting from November 20 to December 21, 1945, 290,000 Germans were expelled; a subsequent, lengthier movement from February 1946 to October 1947 saw the expulsion of 760,000 more. Germans deported in the latter period, which has been named "Jaskolka" (swallow), were prioritized in five groups according to the risks they were perceived to represent or the value they offered, with those termed "obstructive" the first to go.
According to Piskorski, expellees were often not even allowed to carry household articles with them, and the few items they managed to take along were often robbed on the way. Piskorski notes that the Germans who were not yet expelled were legally "considered troublesome foreigners, temporarily residing in Poland" and were both disallowed communication devices like telephones or radios and restricted in their movements.
According to Werner Buchholz, during the Soviet capture of Farther Pomerania and the subsequent expulsions of Germans until 1950, 498,000 people from the part of the province east of the Oder-Neisse line died, making up for 26,4% of the former population. Of the 498,000 dead, 375,000 were civilians, and 123,000 were Wehrmacht soldiers. Low estimates give a million expellees from the then Polish part of the province in 1945 and the following years. Only 7,100 km2 remained with East Germany, about a fourth of the province's size before 1938 and a fifth of the size thereafter.
In 1949, the refugees from West Prussia and the Province of Pomerania established the non-profit Landsmannschaft Westpreußen and Landsmannschaft Pommern, respectively, to represent West Prussians and Pomeranians in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Removal of German population and heritage
The Recovered Territories after the assignment to Poland still hosted a substantial ethnic German population. This had to be changed quickly, as the territories' legal status was uncertain at the end of the war, and left room for different interpretations even after the Potsdam Agreement. The Polish administration set up a "Ministry for the Recovered Territories", headed by communist prime minister Władysław Gomułka. A "Bureau for Repatriation" was to supervise and organize the expulsions and resettlements.
The expulsion of the remaining Germans in the first post-war years presaged a broader campaign to remove the footprints of centuries of German history and culture. All German place names were replaced with Polish or Polonized medieval Slavic ones. If no Slavic name existed, then either the German name was translated or Polish assigned. The German language was banned, and many German monuments, graveyards, buildings etc. were demolished. Objects of art were moved to other parts of the country. Since Poles were predominantly Roman Catholic most Protestant churches were converted into Catholic ones. Official communist propaganda spread all-round anti-German sentiment, which was shared by many of the opposition as well as many in the Catholic Church.
A Polish law of May 1945 declared German property "abandoned". Only a decision of March 1946 declared it "state property" and prohibited further removal by the public. Many institutions in Central Poland ordered art, furniture, machines, bureau equipment, cars and construction material from the regional authorities. Over years, bricks were sent to Warsaw.
Resettlement
People from all over Poland moved in to replace the former German population in a process parallel to the expulsions. The settlers can be grouped according to their background:
settlers from Central Poland moving voluntarily (the majority) more than half a million in 1950.
Poles that had been freed from forced labor in Nazi Germany and Poles from other European countries, about 47,000 people.
so-called "repatriants": Poles expelled from the areas east of the new Polish-Soviet border were preferably settled in the new western territories, where they made up 26% of the population (up to two million)
non-Poles forcibly resettled during Operation Vistula in 1947. Large numbers of Ukrainians were forced to move from south-eastern Poland under a 1947 Polish government operation aimed at dispersing, and therefore assimilating, those Ukrainians who had not been expelled eastward already, throughout the newly acquired territories. Belarusians living around the area around Białystok were also pressured into relocating to the formerly German areas for the same reasons. This scattering of members of non-Polish ethnic groups throughout the country was an attempt by the Polish authorities to dissolve the unique ethnic identity of groups like the Ukrainians, Belarusians and Lemkos, and broke the proximity and communication necessary for strong communities to form. 53,000 people were forced to settle in the Szczecin Voivodship in 1947.
Jewish Holocaust-survivors, most of them "repatriates" from the East, creating Jewish cooperatives and institutions – the largest community was founded in Szczecin (Stettin). About 30,000 Jews from the Soviet Union settled in the Szczecin Voivodship, but most emigrated soon after. Most had left Poland by 1968 due to communist governmental antisemitic campaign, with the first mass flight of Jews from Poland taking place as a consequence of postwar anti-Jewish violence culminating in the Kielce pogrom in 1946.
since the 1950s, Greeks, Macedonians, and Romani people settled in the Szczecin Voivodship, with the Romani first sticking to their nomadic way of life.
Polish and Soviet newspapers and officials encouraged Poles to relocate to the west – "the land of opportunity". These new territories were described as a place where opulent villas abandoned by fleeing Germans. In fact, the areas were devastated by the war, most of the infrastructure largely destroyed, suffering high crime rates and looting by criminal gangs. It took years for civil order to be established.
The newly created society, first binational and multi-cultural, quickly became subject to homogenisation decreed by the state. This new Pomeranian society was tied to the Polish one, and failed to develop a local or regional identity.
Demography
In the fall of 1945, 230,000 Poles had settled in the Szczecin Voivodship, and more than 400,000 Germans remained.
In the spring of 1946, Polish and German population were about equal in number.
By the end of 1947, 900,000 Poles and 59,000 Germans lived in the Szczecin Voivodship.
German part of Pomerania
In May 1945, the armies of the Soviet Union and the western allies met east of Schwerin. Following the Potsdam Agreement, the western allies handed over the western part of Mecklenburg to the Soviets. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was established on July 9, 1945, per order Nr. 5 of Red Army marshal Zhukov, head of the Soviet administration (SMAD), as the Province of Mecklenburg and West Pomerania (sapadnoi Pomeranii).
The post-war period was characterized by the extreme difficulties arising from the need of housing and feeding the occupation forces as well as the refugees, while simultaneously state and private property was carried to the Soviet Union.
Furthermore, many of the towns had suffered severe war damages.
Demographic changes
During and after the war, the make-up of Mecklenburg and Vorpommern's population changed due to wartime losses and the influx of evacuees (mainly from the Berlin and Hamburg metropolitan areas that were subject to air raids) and people who fled and were expelled from the former eastern territories of Germany east of the Oder-Neisse line, which became the eastern border of Mecklenburg Vorpommern. After the war, the population had doubled with more than 40% of the population being refugees.
Before the war, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania had a population of 1,278,700, of whom many perished during the war and another share moved west in the course of the Red Army's advance. In October 1945, the authorities counted 820,000 refugees in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, of whom a number of 30,000 and 40,000 moved about without destination.
Before the war, the about 7,100 km² of Vorpommern that would remain German were inhabited by about half a million people. After the war, 85,000 of these were either dead, had fled or were imprisoned. In 1946, the influx of 305,000 refugees raised the population to 719,000.
In 1946, the refugees in Vorpommern made up for 42,4% of the population. In the Stralsund and Grimmen counties, half of the population were refugees. The towns of Stralsund and Greifswald had the lowest rates of refugees.
More than half of the refugees in Vorpommern were expellees from the former eastern parts of the Province of Pomerania, the other ones were from any other former eastern territory.
In 1947, some 1,426,000 refugees were counted in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 1 million of which was from post-war Poland. Most of them were settled in rural communities, but also the towns' population increased, most notably in Schwerin from 65,000 (1939) to 99,518 (January 1947), in Wismar from 29,463 to 44,173, and in Greifswald from 29,488 to 43,897.
In 1949, out of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern's population of 2,126,000, refugees accounted for 922,088. Yet, many people - both refugees and pre-war locals - moved towards the western allies' occupation zones, causing the number of inhabitants to decrease within the following decades.
Land reform
Following the land reform of 1945/46, all farms larger than 100 ha were seized by the administration. Two thirds of the seized farms, making up for 54% of the overall seized farmland, were distributed among the refugees, who had become the majority in many rural communities. The remaining large farms not distributed among the population were run by the administration as so-called "People-owned farm" (Volkseigenes Gut, VEG).
After the reform, one out of two refugees was assigned to an own small farm.
The new partitions of land were usually of a size of five hectares.
Administration
On June 5, 1946, a law enacted by the Soviets led to the constitution of a provisional German administration (Beratende Versammlung) under Soviet supervision on June 29, 1946. After the unfree elections of October 20, 1946, a Landtag replaced the Beratende Versammlung and worked out the constitution of January 16, 1947, for the Land Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
On March 1, 1947, the state's name was shortened to Land Mecklenburg following a Soviet order. Earlier attempts by local politicians like Otto Kortüm, mayor of Stralsund, to have the Pomeranian part of the new state organized in a separate administrative subdivision such as "Regierungsbezirk Stralsund, or to have a representative of the state's administration in Greifswald had all failed."
Parties
In April 1946,the social-democratic party (SPD) party was forced by the communists and the SMAD (Soviet administration) to merge with the communist party (KPD), resulting in the creation of the SED, which in the following years would act on Moscow's behalf.
Communist era
Polish part of Pomerania
The situation changed for the worse in 1948, when all countries of the Eastern Bloc had to adopt Soviet economic principles. Private shops were banned and most farmers were forced to join agricultural cooperatives, managed by local communists.
In 1953 Poland was forced to accept the end of war reparations, which previously were solely placed on East Germany, while West Germany enjoyed the benefits of the Marshall Plan. In 1956 Poland was on the verge of a Soviet invasion, but the crisis was solved and the Polish government's communism developed a more human face with Władysław Gomułka as the head of politburo. Poland developed the ports of Pomerania and restored the destroyed shipyards of Gdańsk, Gdynia and Szczecin.
These were organised as two harbour complexes: one of Szczecin port with Swinoujscie avanport and the other was Gdańsk-Gdynia set of ports. Gdańsk and Gdynia, along with the spa of Sopot located between them, became one metropolitan area called Tricity and populated by more than 1,000,000 inhabitants.
In 1970, after putting an end to the uncertain border issue with West Germany under Willy Brandt, the massive unrest in the coastal cities marked the end of Władysław Gomułka's rule. The new leader, Edward Gierek, wanted to modernize the country by the wide use of western credits. Although the policy failed, Poland became one of the main world players in the shipyard industry. Polish open sea fishing scientists discovered new species of fish for the fishing industry. Unfortunately, countries with direct access to the open seas declared 200 mile (370 km) economic zones that finally put the end to the Polish fishing industry. Shipyards also came under growing pressure from the subsidized Japanese and Korean enterprises.
During 1970, Poland built also the Northern Harbour in rebuilt Gdańsk, which allowed the country independent access to oil from OPEC countries. The new oil refinery had been built in Gdańsk, and an oil pipeline connected both with main Polish pipeline in Płock.
The West Pomeranian Voivodeship's rural countryside from 1945 until 1989 remained underdeveloped and often neglected, as the pre-1945 German structures of Prussian-style nobility leading and steering agricultural cultivation had been destroyed by expulsion and communism.
Reorganisation of Catholic Church in Polish Pomerania
According to the Prussian Concordat of 1929 Pope Pius XI assigned all of then German Pomerania either to the new Catholic Diocese of Berlin (est. on 13 August 1930) or to the new Territorial Prelature of Schneidemühl (), also comprising the Pomeranian districts of Bütow and Lauenburg in Pommern. Diocese and prelature became part of the new East German Ecclesiastical Province as suffragans of the prior exempt Diocese of Breslau simultaneously elevated to archdiocese.
After World War II Berlin's diocesan territory east of the Oder-Neiße line (East Brandenburg and central and Farther Pomerania) - with 33 parishes and chapels of ease - came under Polish control. Most of the Catholic parishioners and priests there had either fled the invading Soviet Red Army or were subsequently expelled by Polish authorities.
Cardinal August Hlond demanded the diocesan territory east of the new border for the creation of new Catholic dioceses, he appointed a diocesan administrator for Berlin's eastern diocesan territory seated in Gorzów Wielkopolski (Landsberg an der Warthe). Pope Pius XII refused to acknowledge these claims. But most of the churches and ecclesiastical premises of the Pomerania ecclesiastical province of the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union within now Polish Pomerania were taken by newly established Catholic congregations, since the Poles who had been transferred to the area via the Soviet demands of the Potsdam Agreement were predominantly Roman Catholic.
In 1951, when the Holy See - similar to West Germany - still asserted that Farther Pomerania would be returned to Germany at a near date, the Pope appointed Teodor Bensch (1903–1958), titular bishop of Tabuda, as auxiliary bishop responsible for the Polish part of the diocese of Berlin and the Prelature of Schneidemühl. His office was titled Apostolic Administration of Cammin, Lebus and the Prelature of Schneidemühl (). This name referred to the prelature and Catholic bishoprics such as Cammin and Lebus, which existed prior the Protestant Reformation.
On 27 June 1972, however, - in response to West Germany's change in Ostpolitik and the Treaty of Warsaw - Pope Paul VI redrew the diocesan boundaries along the post-war political borders. The Apostolic constitution Episcoporum Poloniae coetus disentangled the Polish Pomeranian diocesan area of Berlin, becoming the new westerly Diocese of Szczecin-Kamień and the easterly Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg).
East German part of Pomerania
The part of Pomerania west of the Oder Neisse line was attached to Mecklenburg by a SMAD order of 1946 to form the Land of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. This Land was renamed Mecklenburg in 1947, became a constituent state of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in 1949 and was dissolved by the GDR government in 1952, when the East Berlin government abandoned "states" in favour of districts (German: Bezirke). The area of Western Pomerania was split into the eastern Kreis districts of the newly established Bezirk administrative GDR subdivisions Bezirk Rostock and Bezirk Neubrandenburg, Gartz (Oder) joined Bezirk Frankfurt (Oder). The administrative changes also made the historical border between Mecklenburg and Pomerania vanish from the maps.
The Pomeranian counties had already undergone changes in 1950: Randow county, recreated in 1945, was dissolved, the southern parts with Gartz (Oder) joined Brandenburg. Thus, Western Pomerania lost the last link with the Oder river, the historical eastern border. Ueckermünde county was renamed Pasewalk county and 22 Brandenburgian communities were merged in. The Pomeranian town Damgarten was fused with the Mecklenburgian town Ribnitz to Ribnitz-Damgarten, thus Western Pomerania's historical western border (Recknitz river, flowing between Ribnitz and Damgarten) vanished from the administrative maps.
In 1952, another county reform made other parts of the historical Mecklenburgian and Pomeranian frontier vanish from the maps. The name "Pomerania" was now only used by the Pomeranian Evangelical Church, which had to change this name in "Evangelical Church Greifswald" in 1968.
Throughout the 1950s, small farms including those created in the previous land reform were forced to group to Socialist-style LPG units. In 1986, 90 LPGs ran close to 90% of the farmland, in addition there were the state estates (VEG, "Volkseigenes Gut"). An LPG had an average size of 4,700, a VEG 5,000 hectares. Agriculture was characterized by huge fields up to a hundred hectares, the use of large machines and an industrial way to work. Fertilizer was in many cases applied by planes.
In Aktion Rose, private property of housing was turned over to the state. From this stock, various state organizations ran the GDR's seaside resort, serving 75% of the East German Baltic coast tourists.
The East German policy of industrialization led to the establishment of a nuclear power plant in Lubmin near Greifswald, the Stralsund Volkswerft shipyard, and the Sassnitz ferry terminal directly linking Western Pomerania to the Soviet Union via Klaipeda. The Volkswerft was the main industry of Western Pomerania with 8,000 employees. One third of the Soviet fish trawlers were built in Stralsund. Another shipyard set up during the Communist era was the Peenewerft in Wolgast, where East German navy ships were built. In Greifswald, industry constructing electronic supplies for the shipyards was settled, employing 4,000 people.
Democratic era
Polish part of Pomerania
In 1980, Polish Pomeranian coastal cities, notably Gdańsk, became the place of birth for the anticommunist movement, Solidarity. Gdańsk become the capital for the Solidarity trade union. In 1989 it was found that the border treaty with the Communist German Democratic Republic had one mistake, concerning the naval border. Subsequently, a new treaty was signed.
German part of Pomerania
In October 1990, after the GDR regime was overthrown by the peaceful Wende revolution of 1989, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was reconstituted and joined the Federal Republic of Germany, with Vorpommern being a constituent region of the Bundesland with a special status, but not an administrative one. Since then, the region suffers from a population drain as mostly young people migrate to the West due to high unemployment rates.
Pomerania euroregion
The Pomerania euroregion was set up in 1995 as one of the euroregions, thought to connect regions divided between states of the European Union. The name EUROREGION POMERANIA is taken from the region of Pomerania, yet the euroregion is of a different shape than the historical region. It comprises German Western Pomerania and Uckermark, Polish Zachodniopomorskie, and Scania in Sweden.
Sources
Werner Buchholz et al., Pommern, Siedler, 1999/2002, , 576 pages; this book is part of the Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas series and primarily covers the history of the Duchy of Pomerania and Province of Pomerania from the 12th century to 1945, and Western Pomerania after 1945.
Jan Maria Piskorski et al. (Werner Buchholz, Jörg Hackmann, Alina Hutnikiewicz, Norbert Kersken, Hans-Werner Rautenberg, Wlodzimierz Stepinski, Zygmunt Szultka, Bogdan Wachowiak, Edward Wlodarczyk), Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, Zamek Ksiazat Pomorskich, 1999, . This book is a co-edition of several German and Polish experts on Pomeranian history and covers the history of Pomerania, except for Pomerelia, from the earliest appearance of humans in the area until the end of the second millennium. It is also available in a Polish version, .
References
9
Polish People's Republic
History of Poland (1989–present)
de:Geschichte Pommerns
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23582802
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C5%99%C3%A1tev
|
Hořátev
|
Hořátev is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.
History
The first written mention of Hořátev is from 1384.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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56566476
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsira%20High
|
Utsira High
|
Utsira High is a basement high and horst in the southwest of the Norwegian continental shelf. It lies east of the Viking Graben and west of the Stord and Egersund basins 190 km west of Stavanger. It was on the Balder oil field at the flank of the Utsira High that oil was first discovered in Norway in 1967.
The basement is of Utsira High is composed of granite that formed in Ordovician times. Parts of these granites contain saprolite and saprock that formed from weathering above sea level during the Early Mesozoic. before they became buried in Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous-aged sandstone. These weathered rocks may be unconventional petroleum reservoirs.
The strandflat at Bømlo island is considered a sedimentary rock-free equivalent to the Utsira High.
References
Basement highs
Geology of Norway
Geology of the North Sea
Petroleum in Norway
Unconformities
Horsts (geology)
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20479551
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommanney%20Bay
|
Ommanney Bay
|
Ommanney Bay is an Arctic waterway in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Parry Channel and is a large inlet on the west side of Prince of Wales Island. It was named after the Victorian Arctic explorer and Royal Navy officer Sir Erasmus Ommanney.
Geography
Smith Bay and Scott Bay are eastern arms of Ommanney Bay.
Bays of Qikiqtaaluk Region
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23582805
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrad%C4%8Dany%20%28Nymburk%20District%29
|
Hradčany (Nymburk District)
|
Hradčany is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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23582807
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary%20Clooney%20Sings%20the%20Music%20of%20Harold%20Arlen
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Rosemary Clooney Sings the Music of Harold Arlen
|
Rosemary Clooney Sings the Music of Harold Arlen is a 1983 album by Rosemary Clooney, of songs composed by Harold Arlen. The album was the first of five to feature guitarist Ed Bickert, and it also featured longtime Clooney collaborators Scott Hamilton, Warren Vaché Jr., and Jake Hanna. The album is also the only small-group album in her Concord discography not to feature either Nat Pierce or John Oddo on piano. Instead, Dave McKenna, who had a long-established solo career as a jazz pianist, joined Clooney for the album.
Track listing
"Hooray for Love" (Leo Robin) – 3:09
"Happiness is a Thing Called Joe" (Yip Harburg) – 4:32
"One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)" (Johnny Mercer) – 3:46
"Get Happy" (Ted Koehler) – 3:05
"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" (Harburg) – 3:23
"Out of This World" (Mercer) – 4:56
"My Shining Hour" (Mercer) – 3:48
"Let's Take the Long Way Home" (Mercer) – 3:31
"Stormy Weather" (Koehler) – 5:41
All music by Harold Arlen, lyricists indicated.
Personnel
Rosemary Clooney – vocals
Scott Hamilton – tenor saxophone
Warren Vaché Jr.
Dave McKenna – piano
Ed Bickert – guitar
Steve Wallace – bass
Jake Hanna – drums
References
1983 albums
Concord Records albums
Harold Arlen tribute albums
Rosemary Clooney albums
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23582809
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hradi%C5%A1tko%20%28Nymburk%20District%29
|
Hradištko (Nymburk District)
|
Hradištko (until 1969 Hradišťko) is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants. It includes the hamlet of Kersko, which is known as home and inspiration of writer Bohumil Hrabal.
Notable people
Bohumil Hrabal (1914–1997), writer; lived, worked and is buried here
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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26720872
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off%21
|
Off!
|
Off! (stylized as OFF!) is an American hardcore punk supergroup, formed in Los Angeles, California in late 2009 by Circle Jerks/Black Flag singer Keith Morris, Burning Brides frontman Dimitri Coats, Redd Kross bassist Steven Shane McDonald, and Rocket From The Crypt/Hot Snakes drummer Mario Rubalcaba. In 2021, it was announced that the line-up changed, with McDonald and Rubalcaba replaced by Autry Fulbright II and Justin Brown, respectively. The band are known for playing short, intense punk songs, with Pitchfork describing the band as "a vital blast of classic hardcore."
History
The idea to form the band came after Coats had worked as producer on a prospective Circle Jerks album which ultimately fell apart. During that time, Coats and Morris had written several songs together which they used to start Off!. The group made its live debut at the 2010 South By Southwest Music Festival in Austin, Texas. Off!'s first Los Angeles show featured an original art installation by Raymond Pettibon at a downtown warehouse space.
The first release by Off! was a 7" vinyl EP called 1st EP, which came out on October 13, 2010. That EP, along with three more EPs, were later released as a four 7" vinyl box set entitled First Four EPs on December 14, 2010. The collection contains sixteen songs, and featured artwork by Raymond Pettibon. The compilation is also regarded as the band's debut album.
In 2012, Off! released a full-length self-titled album. In April 2014, the band released their third album, Wasted Years. Each of their albums has featured cover art by Pettibon, and each is 16 tracks long.
Anthony Kiedis of the Red Hot Chili Peppers has been one of Morris' friends for over 30 years. Morris, at one point in the '80s, filled in for Kiedis at one of the band's shows. At every date on the Red Hot Chili Peppers' I'm with You World Tour, Kiedis wore an Off! hat to promote the band. He also sported the hat in some of the band's music videos. Off! have also opened a few shows for the band. On their relationship, Morris said: “I’ve known Anthony since the beginning of the Red Hot Chili Peppers. Anthony and Flea are my friends, and if I want to go out and play shows with some of my friends, I’m going to. I’ve been playing music for over 33 years, and I have some friends that are in extremely large bands. We could go out night after night and play to people who know who we are, and that’s all fan-fucking-tastic, but part of our job is to take it up a couple of notches. Those people may hate us, but maybe they’ll love us. There’s only one way to find out and that’s to do it.”
In 2019, the band announced a new feature film and accompanying soundtrack album called Watermelon. The film was scheduled to start shooting in early 2020. The film's Kickstarter, however, was ultimately unsuccessful, falling short of its $175,000 goal.
In July 2021, after over a year without any updates, the band announced via Facebook that the film was still in production but that the band has "a new rhythm section."The band at that same time released their first new song in seven years: a cover of Metallica's "Holier than Thou," which subsequently appeared on The Metallica Blacklist tribute album. A music video for the song was released, and featured appearances by David Yow of The Jesus Lizard, Angelo Moore of Fishbone, cosplayer/actress Chloe Dykstra, and writer/director/comedian Derrick Beckles, among others. The new music video also revealed the new members of the band to be Autry Fulbright II (...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead) on bass and Justin Brown (Thundercat) on drums. The band also announced that they are still working on a new album, and have signed with Fat Possum Records who along with their next album, will also release their back catalog.
Band members
Current members
Keith Morris – vocals (2009-present)
Dimitri Coats – guitar (2009-present)
Autry Fulbright II – bass (2021–present)
Justin Brown – drums (2021–present)
Past members
Steven Shane McDonald – bass (2009–2021)
Mario Rubalcaba – drums (2009–2021)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Off! (2012)
Wasted Years (2014)
Free LSD (2022)
Compilation albums
First Four EPs (2010)
Live albums
Live at 9:30 Club (limited edition vinyl release) (2013)
Live From the BBC (2015)
Singles
1st EP (2010)
"Compared to What" (2011)
Live at Generation Records (2011)
Sugar Daddy Live Split Series Vol. 3 (split with the Taylor's) (2012)
"Learn to Obey" (2014)
"War Above Los Angeles" (2022)
Compilation appearances
The Music of Grand Theft Auto V (2013)
Features the exclusive track "What's Next?"
The Metallica Blacklist (2021)
Features the exclusive track "Holier Than Thou"
Music videos
References
External links
Radio Interview - Keith Morris
Off! Interview with RocknRollDating (Keith Morris and Steven McDonald)
Hardcore punk groups from California
Supergroups (music)
Musical groups established in 2009
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Fat Possum Records artists
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23582810
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrub%C3%BD%20Jesen%C3%ADk%20%28Nymburk%20District%29
|
Hrubý Jeseník (Nymburk District)
|
Hrubý Jeseník is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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56566478
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan%20Veer%20Mehra
|
Karan Veer Mehra
|
Karan Veer Mehra is an Indian television actor. He began his career with the show, Remix in 2005. Currently he is seen in Hott studio's web series Couple of Mistakes, opposite Barkha SenGupta. He was also seen playing the lead role in Sony SAB TV, Biwi aur Main. Karan added Veer to his name on this instruction of his grandmother. Veer is the name of Karan's late grandfather. He was also seen in Bollywood movies such as Ragini MMS 2, Mere Dad Ki Maruti, Blood Money, Badmashiyaan and Amen.
Karan Veer Mehra also pleaded support to initiate Road Safety Awareness with Diageo.
Early life
Karan was born in Delhi. He studied in a boarding school in mussoorie : Wynberg Allen School till 10th. Post that he pursued his further studies in Delhi. He completed 11th and 12th in Delhi Public School (DPS). He did graduation in Advertising & Sales Promotion from Delhi College of Arts & Commerce (Delhi University).
Career
Web series
Karan recently appeared in a Web Series It's Not That Simple (2018) in as "Jayesh" aired on "Voot" along with Swara Bhaskar, Purab Kohli, Sumeet Vyas, Vivan Bhatena, Neha Chauhan, Manasi Rachh, Devika Vatsa, Rohan Shah, Jia Vaidya etc. Karan will also be seen as Ashwin in web series Couple of Mistakes opposite Barkha Bisht Sengupta.
In the year 2021, the character of Abhay, a suspicious spouse, will be played by Karan Veer Mehra in the TV show Ziddi Dil.
Filmography
Web series
Television
Sports enthusiast
Karan has been a big sports enthusiast. He was a part of Box Cricket League and ASFC (All Stars Football Club).
References
External links
Karan Veer Mehra on Twitter
Indian male television actors
Living people
Male actors in Hindi television
Male actors from Delhi
Year of birth missing (living people)
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23582812
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chleby%20%28Nymburk%20District%29
|
Chleby (Nymburk District)
|
Chleby is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Draho is an administrative part of Chleby.
History
The first written mention of Chleby is from 1292.
Sights
Chleby is known for the Chleby Zoo, one of the smallest zoos in the country.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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23582815
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%C5%A5%C3%A1nky
|
Choťánky
|
Choťánky is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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44507807
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Ilar
|
Saint Ilar
|
A Saint Ilar (; or ) is listed among the 6th-century saints of Wales and is the probable namesake of Llanilar in Ceredigion and its former hundred of Ilar. His feast day is variously given as 13, 14, or 15 January, but is no longer observed by either the Anglican or Catholic church in Wales.
Name and Identity
Although he has been consistently conflated with Saint Hilary of Poitiers and shares a similar saint's day (Hilary's being observed on the 13th), the Welsh saint is often listed separately as ("Hilary the Fisherman"). He is also given the epithets ("Hilary Whitefoot") and ("Hilary the Martyr"). The bishop of Poitiers, meanwhile, was a confessor and died peacefully.
Saint Hilary's own connection with Wales arose from confused accounts that he ordained Saint Cybi as a bishop, although the two were separated by two centuries. Baring-Gould suggests this may have arisen from a confusion between Hilary and Cybi's relative Saint Elian, and some of the dedications to either saint may have originally been in honor of him. Another Saint Hilary, the 5th-century Pope Hilarius, was credited in Welsh legend with ordaining Saint Elvis, who in turn baptized Saint David, the patron saint of Wales.
Life
Ilar is a very obscure saint and few details survive apart from his name. Surviving records name Saint Ilar as a Breton companion of Padarn and Cadfan's 6th-century mission to Wales. He may have come from Armorica. The parishes bearing his name are to the south of Tywyn (credited to Cadfan) but near some credited to Padarn. As a martyr, he may have been killed by the pagan Irish or Saxon invasions of the time.
Legacy
In addition to the parish church at Llanilar, the church at Trefilan in Ceredigion near Lampeter is also dedicated to Saint Ilar or Hilary, the name of the community having been corrupted from an original ( "Town of Ilar"). The Church in Wales also administers churches dedicated to Saint Hilary at Erbistock in Wrexham, Killay in Swansea, and the village of St Hilary near Cowbridge in the Vale of Glamorgan. Rees and others considered all of the churches of "Saint Hilary" possible remnants of dedications to Ilar. Despite a conflicting account in the Iolo Manuscripts and the Enwogion Cymru, Baring-Gould opined that the church at Cowbridge was certainly dedicated to the French saint.
The 15th-century poet Lewis Glyn Cothi mentions gwyl Ilar hael a'i loer hir ("the festival of generous Ilar with his long moon") in his work.
Saint Ilar, his holy well and legends, and his accidental replacement by the French bishop Hilary appear in Arthur Machen's 1907 short story "Levavi Oculos" and its reworked form as part of his 1922 novel The Secret Glory, about a schoolboy's encounter with the Holy Grail of Welsh and Arthurian legend.
See also
Saint Eleri, sometimes given as "Saint Ilar"
References
6th-century Welsh people
Medieval Welsh saints
6th-century Christian saints
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56566484
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia%20Thomas
|
Cornelia Thomas
|
Cornelia Thomas (born 28 June 1960) is a Swiss cross-country skier. She competed in two events at the 1980 Winter Olympics.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
World Cup
Season standings
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
Swiss female cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers of Switzerland
Cross-country skiers at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
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26720874
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar%20%28band%29
|
Interstellar (band)
|
Interstellar was a Canadian rock band based in Toronto, Ontario. The band released two albums of electronic music in the 2000s.
History
The band was formed in 1998 by Rob Boak (guitar, bass, keyboards) and Denis Dufour (guitar, bass, keyboards, vocals). The debut album, Late Night Tea, was released in 2000 on Mother Superior Records. Cam Lindsay of Exclaim! described the record as sounding like it had been recorded "at four in the morning", comparing it with Spiritualized and Tortoise.
Interstellar's second album ToSleepToDreamToWake was recorded over three years and issued in 2004 on Plan Eleven Records, charting across Canada and was aired on campus and community radio. The album contained a mixture of uptempo jazz, psychedelia and electro-pop, overlaid with electronic guitar and synthesizer instrumental work.
Rob Boak also played guitar/Moog in Mean Red Spiders and after Interstellar split up, recorded under the name Cinemascope, Dark Constellations and Infinity Projector.
Discography
Late Night Tea (2000), Mother Superior
ToSleepToDreamToWake (2004), Plan Eleven
References
Canadian rock music groups
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56566486
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe%20Galasso
|
Giuseppe Galasso
|
Giuseppe Galasso (19 November 1929 – 12 February 2018) was an Italian historian and politician. He has been a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1983 to 1994.
Early life and career
He was born in Naples in 1929: the son of a glass craftsman, he had lost his mother in 1941 and had done a little bit of everything, even the kitchen boy and the porter, to help run the family. He first took the master's qualification, in 1946, at the Pasquale Villari school, then the year after his high school diploma at Umberto high school, as a private owner".
Academic activity
Graduated in medieval history, and subsequently in literature at the Federico II University of Naples, in 1956 he won a scholarship, made available by the Italian Institute for Historical Studies, of which he would later become secretary.
In 1963 he obtained a free lecturer and taught at the universities of Salerno, Cagliari and Naples.
He has been Professor of Medieval and Modern History at the Frederick University since 1966. He was elected dean of the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy of the same university from 1972 to 1979. He was a professor of modern history at the Suor Orsola Benincasa University in Naples.
He has been president of the Neapolitan Society of Homeland History since 1980; member of the scientific council of the Higher School of Historical Studies of San Marino. He was president of the Venice Biennale from December 1978 to March 1983 and of the European Society of Culture from 1982 to 1988. From 1977 he was a member of the Accademia dei Lincei.
Politics
Member of the Italian Republican Party, he was a municipal councilor in Naples from 1970 to 1993, of which he was also Assessor for Public Education from 1970 to 1973. In 1975 he was appointed mayor of the city, but he gave up his position because he was unable to set up a government.
He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies for the Republican Party in the IX, X and XI legislatures (from 1983 to 1994).
Between 1983 and 1987 he was undersecretary of the Ministry of Cultural and Environmental Heritage (first and second Craxi government). In this office he was the author of a series of ministerial decrees that imposed restrictions on various landscape assets (so-called "galassini"): he subsequently gave this administrative complex a more solid legislative foundation than that offered by the previous Bottai law of 1 June 1939, no. 1089, promoting the law 8 August 1985, n. 431 for the protection of the landscape (known as the "Galasso law"). From 1988 to 1991 (De Mita government / sixth Andreotti government) he served as undersecretary of the Ministry for extraordinary intervention in the South.
Journalistic activity
Galasso also carried out an intense journalistic activity, as a columnist and protagonist of cultural debates: among many, that of April 2007 in the "Corriere della Sera" around the homologation of the Risorgimento - and then of the Rinascimento - as an ante -litteram, which he clearly rejected. He has collaborated with numerous national newspapers and periodicals: Il Mattino, Il Corriere della Sera, La Stampa, L'Espresso, among the main ones. He directed the magazine Comprendre, official organ of the Venetian Foundation "European Society of Culture".
References
1929 births
2018 deaths
Politicians from Naples
Italian Republican Party politicians
Deputies of Legislature IX of Italy
Deputies of Legislature X of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XI of Italy
Writers from Naples
20th-century Italian historians
University of Naples Federico II faculty
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23582818
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chot%C4%9B%C5%A1ice
|
Chotěšice
|
Chotěšice is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Břístev, Malá Strana, Nouzov and Nová Ves are administrative parts of Chotěšice.
Geography
Chotěšice is located about northeast of Nymburk and northeast of Prague. It lies in the Central Elbe Table lowland. The Smíchovský Stream flows through the municipality.
History
The first written mention of Chotěšice is in a deed of King Ottokar I of Bohemia from 1199.
Sights
The landmark of Chotěšice is the Church of the Sending of the Holy Apostles. It was first mentioned in the 14th century and rebuilt in the Renaissance style in 1599.
Gallery
References
External links
Villages in Nymburk District
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56566513
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen%20Bolton
|
Colleen Bolton
|
Colleen Bolton (born 19 March 1957) is an Australian cross-country skier. She competed in two events at the 1980 Winter Olympics.
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
Australian female cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers of Australia
Cross-country skiers at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
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23582822
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A1st%20%28Nymburk%20District%29
|
Chrást (Nymburk District)
|
Chrást (until 1947 Manderšejd-Chrást; ) is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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44507815
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Rogue%20Reporter
|
One Rogue Reporter
|
One Rogue Reporter is a 2014 satirical documentary directed by Rich Peppiatt and Tom Jenkinson and starring Hugh Grant, Steve Coogan and Owen Jones, among others.
The film follows the real-life story of Peppiatt as he quits his job as a tabloid newspaper reporter over ethical concerns, leaking his caustic resignation letter to The Guardian. After giving evidence to the Leveson Inquiry into press ethics, Peppiatt decides to conduct a number of comedy stunts on prominent UK media figures, such as editor of MailOnline Martin Clarke, Hugh Whittow of the Daily Express, Paul Dacre of the Daily Mail, Neville Thurlbeck and former editor of The Sun, Kelvin Mackenzie.
The film premiered at the Sheffield Doc/Fest in 2014.
The documentary evolved from a stand up comedy show, also called One Rogue Reporter, that Peppiatt performed at the 2012 Edinburgh Festival Fringe which he then toured the UK.
The film had its UK theatrical release on 7 November 2014 and was released digitally worldwide on 9 December 2014 by US based distributor FilmBuff. It was reviewed by a variety of different outlets, including The Independent and Little White Lies (magazine). On 12 January 2015 the film was nominated for Best Independent Feature at the National Film Awards.
Cast
Rich Peppiatt
Hugh Grant
Chris Bryant
Steve Coogan
John Bishop
Nick Davies
A.C. Grayling
Roy Greenslade
Owen Jones
Max Mosley
John Prescott
Joan Smith
Kate Smurthwaite
References
External links
One Rogue Reporter at the Internet Movie Database
2014 films
British mockumentary films
British satirical films
2010s British films
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56566524
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra%20Kustova
|
Aleksandra Kustova
|
Aleksandra Kustova (born 26 August 1998) is a Russian ski jumper.
She competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics.
References
External links
1998 births
Living people
Russian female ski jumpers
Ski jumpers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Ski jumpers at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Olympic ski jumpers of Russia
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23582826
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroustov
|
Chroustov
|
Chroustov is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
Chroustov is located about northeast of Nymburk and east of Prague.
Administrative parts
The village of Dvořiště is an administrative part of Chroustov.
Gallery
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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56566548
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy%20Haines
|
Betsy Haines
|
Betsy Haines (born November 5, 1960) is an American cross-country skier. She competed in the women's 5 kilometres at the 1980 Winter Olympics. Haines is a University of Vermont graduate (class of 1984), and competed on the school's Nordic ski team.
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
American female cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers of the United States
Cross-country skiers at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Skiers from Salt Lake City
University of Vermont alumni
Vermont Catamounts skiers
21st-century American women
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44507817
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8re%20og%20Romsdal%20Hospital%20Trust
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Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust
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Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust () is a health trust which covers Møre og Romsdal, Norway. The trust is owned by Central Norway Regional Health Authority and is headquartered in Ålesund. It operates four hospitals: Kristiansund Hospital, Molde Hospital, Ålesund Hospital and Volda Hospital. The agency was created on 1 July 2011 when Nordmøre og Romsdal Hospital Trust and Sunnmøre Hospital Trust were merged.
References
External links
Official website
Health trusts of Norway
Companies based in Ålesund
2011 establishments in Norway
Hospitals established in 2011
Companies established in 2011
Government agencies established in 2011
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23582830
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal%20Such%C3%A1nek
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Michal Suchánek
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Michal Suchánek (born 27 October 1987) is a Canadian actor, born in the former Czechoslovakia.
Biography
Suchánek debuted in his first role in The Nutcracker. His career accelerated after he signed with Evangelista in Vancouver, and he received many offers to do commercials which were broadcast in Canada and the U.S.
He has also appeared on TV movies and programs, such as Sleepwalkers, X-Files, Hope Island, Zalinda's Story, Dirty Little Secret, Noah, Unconditional Love (TV), Y2K, and Pelts. He appeared in HBO's Edison: The Wizard of Light for which he received an Emmy nomination.
He was nominated for a Young Artist Award in connection with his performance in Aftershock: Earthquake in New York, mini-series. His father, who holds a master's in performing arts, is his acting coach. a Canadian citizen, he divides his time between Los Angeles and Vancouver, British Columbia.
Filmography
The Andromeda Strain (2008) (TV) .... Lance Stone
Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007) .... Nick
Masters of Horror: Pelts (2006) .... Larry Jameson
Various Positions (2002) .... Tzvi Szchevisky
Big Brother Trouble (2000) .... Mitch Dobson
Y2K (1999) (TV) .... Donny Cromwell
Aftershock: Earthquake in New York (1999) (TV) .... Danny Thorell
Dudley Do-Right (1999) .... Ten Year Old Boy
A Murder on Shadow Mountain (1999) (TV) .... Kurt Traynor
Noah (1998) (TV) .... Benny Waters
Dirty Little Secret (1998) (TV) .... Charlie Ramer
Edison: The Wizard of Light (1998) (TV) .... Young Jack Maloney
References
External links
Male actors from Vancouver
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male voice actors
Living people
1987 births
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56566557
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashuganj%20Power%20Station
|
Ashuganj Power Station
|
Ashuganj Power Station is located near to the Titas Gas field and at the bank of river Meghna, Bangladesh. It consists of 1627 megawatt units. An agreement was signed in 1966 with a foreign construction company to establish a Thermal Power Plant in Ashuganj. It is owned and operated by Ashuganj Power Station Company Ltd.
Plant status
Installed Capacity
1876 MW
Present Capacity (Net Output)
1627 MW
On Going Projects :
Ashuganj 400MW CCPP (East)
Land Acquisition, Land Development and Protection for Patuakhali 1320 MW Super Thermal Power Plant Project.
Corporate Office
Navana Rahim Ardent (Level-8)
185, Shahid Syed Nazrul Islam Sarani
(Old 39, Kakrail, Bijoy Nagar)
Paltan, Dhaka
See also
Electricity sector in Bangladesh
List of power stations in Bangladesh
References
Energy in Bangladesh
Electric power in Bangladesh
Fossil fuel power stations in Bangladesh
Power stations in Bangladesh
Organisations based in Ashuganj
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23582832
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%ADkev
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Jíkev
|
Jíkev is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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23582833
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C11H16O
|
C11H16O
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:C11H16O}}
The molecular formula C11H16O may refer to:
Jasmone
Various aromatic alcohols with one benzene ring
Various aromatic ethers such as benzyl tert-butyl ether
Various aromatic alcohols or phenols such as pentamethylphenol.
Molecular formulas
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56566563
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakri%20Naruebodindra%20Medical%20Institute
|
Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute
|
The Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute (CNMI) () is a medical institute of the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University in Thailand. In addition to providing medical services to the general public, it is also one of the two main facilities for training students of the faculty.
History
The Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute was initiated from King Bhumibol's royal address regarding the construction of a medical facility for both treatment and education in the Samut Prakan Area. This is to increase the number of healthcare services provided for local residents, as most citizens in the area work in the secondary sector in factories and industrial plants. It would also provide medical services for provinces in the eastern region of Thailand including: Chonburi Province, Rayong Province, Chanthaburi Province, Trat Province, Chachoengsao Province, Prachinburi Province and Sa Kaeo Province. Furthermore, the majority of hospitals located in Samut Prakan are of the private sector, unaffordable to those with lower income.
With regards to the faculty, the increased numbers of patients and the extremely limited space of Ramathibodi Hospital in central Bangkok meant expansion was very difficult. Furthermore, Ramathibodi Hospital primarily handles tertiary care patients, meaning there was very little opportunity for medical students to have primary and secondary care exposure.
It was built in commemoration of King Bhumibol Adulyadej's 7th cycle (84th) birthday anniversary on 5 December 2011 to increase the outreach of medical services in Samut Prakan Province and neighbouring provinces as well as increasing opportunities for the medical treatment in the locality.
The Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute opened on 25 December 2017 by Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn. In 2020, it was used as an isolation facility for patients infected by COVID-19 admitted by the Faculty of Medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients were transferred here for medical care from the main Ramathibodi Hospital site in central Bangkok.
Medical education at the site was initiated in the 2021 academic year.
Infrastructure
Ramathibodi Chakri Naruebodindra Hospital (): hospital with a capacity of 400 beds
Community Building and Ramathibodi Museum
Queen Sirikit Learning and Research Centre
Student Dormitories
Recreation Building
Staff Dormitories
Prince Mahidol Adulyadej and Princess Srinagarindra Monument
Parking Building
See also
Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University
Ramathibodi Hospital
Mahidol University
Hospitals in Thailand
References
Article incorporates material from the Thai article.
Hospitals in Thailand
Mahidol University
Teaching hospitals in Thailand
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23582834
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99ice%20%28Nymburk%20District%29
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Jiřice (Nymburk District)
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Jiřice is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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23582837
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizbice
|
Jizbice
|
Jizbice is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Zavadilka is an administrative part of Jizbice.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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56566570
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IXLeeds
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IXLeeds
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IXLeeds is a Leeds-based internet exchange point (IXP) founded in 2008. It is the UK's only fully independent exchange outside London, and has 20 members.
The exchange was founded as a neutral not-for-profit by a group of telecommunications and internet service provider (ISP) professionals including Professor Adam Beaumont, founder and CEO of telecoms operator aql. Beaumont created the first carrier-neutral data centre in Leeds which allowed multiple operators to interconnect and facilitated the existence of the exchange. aql has provided free space and power for the exchange since its inception.
IXLeeds promotes cooperation between operators in the region to help improve digital infrastructure and support a solid internet exchange fabric.
It is located in one of aql's data centres in the historic Salem Chapel in Leeds.
See also
List of internet exchange points
References
External links
IXLeeds.net
Internet exchange points in the United Kingdom
Science and technology in West Yorkshire
Telecommunications in the United Kingdom
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23582840
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenn%C3%A9%20Zbo%C5%BE%C3%AD
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Kamenné Zboží
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Kamenné Zboží is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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56566571
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%20Guiping
|
Ren Guiping
|
Ren Guiping (born 2 April 1960) is a Chinese cross-country skier. She competed in two events at the 1980 Winter Olympics.
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
Chinese female cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers of China
Cross-country skiers at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
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56566578
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around%20Brazil
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Around Brazil
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Around Brazil is a solo piano album by Simon Nabatov. It was recorded in 2005 and released by ACT Music.
Recording and music
The album of solo piano performances by Nabatov was recorded in September 2005. All of the tracks were recorded at the Rainbow Studio in Oslo, except for "Partita de Março", which was recorded in Cologne. The album was produced by Siegfried Loch.
Nabatov plays prepared piano on "Depois que o Ilê passar". "Valsa de Pôrto Das Caixas" is a delicate waltz by Antônio Carlos Jobim. On "Partita de Março", the formal theme gradually emerges, "almost like the sculptor finding the form that is already present in the uncut stone." It quotes Jobim's "Waters of March" and Bach.
Release and reception
Around Brazil was released in Germany by ACT Music on 26 May 2006. It was the fifth in their Piano Works series. The Penguin Guide to Jazz described it as "a quite extraordinary essay in modern pianism [...] he takes each piece out into areas of creative improvisation that no one else would have thought of". They also highlighted the extreme separation of bass and treble in the recording. The MusicWeb reviewer wrote that, "If you care about good jazz – or good music of any kind – you need to buy this CD."
Track listing
"Desde que o samba é samba" (Caetano Veloso)
"Estrada do Sol" (Antônio Carlos Jobim)
"Partita de Março" (Simon Nabatov)
"Nenê" (Ernesto Nazareth)
"Eu vim da Bahia" (Gilberto Gil)
"Depois que o Ilê passar" (Miltao)
"Na Baixa do Sapateiro" (Ary Barroso)
"My Sertão" (Nabatov)
"Valsa de Pôrto Das Caixas" (Jobim)
"Qualquer coisa" (Veloso)
"Você é linda"(Veloso)
Personnel
Simon Nabatov – piano
References
2006 albums
ACT Music albums
Solo piano jazz albums
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6907795
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rider%20%28theater%29
|
Rider (theater)
|
In theater, dance, and live musical performances, a rider is a set of requests or demands that a performer sets as criteria for performance, which are typically fulfilled by the hosting venue. Types of riders include hospitality and technical.
Since the 2010s, inclusion riders, which provide for certain levels of diversity in casting and production staff, are used in the film and television industry.
Hospitality rider
The hospitality rider is a list of requests for the comfort of the artist on the day of the show. Common requests are:
Specific foods and beverages (typically water, but sometimes alcoholic beverages)
Fresh towels
Transportation and hotels
A runner (a person or persons hired to act as a personal shopper/driver for band and crew needs)
A number of complimentary ("comp") tickets or guest lists (free tickets for friends and family)
Security personnel and/or locking rooms
Access to a private bathroom and/or shower
Ice
Technical rider
A document which specifies the types of equipment to be used, the staff to be provided, and other arrangements directly relating to the performance.
Typical requests are:
Piano
Orchestras will often specify a make of piano (e.g., Steinway) and a standard of tuning for the instrument, should their program require one.
Sound
Sound reinforcement system, generally described in terms such as 'a professional quality 3 or 4 way active system', frequency response (e.g., 45 Hz-20 kHz) and power (either in wattage or dB SPL) are also common.
Mixing consoles—it is normal for engineers to specify a list of preferred consoles and also minimum requirements (such as number of channels) from other consoles as a backup. Requests for recording equipment or feeds for recording are sometimes included here.
Outboard gear—the number and quality of gates, compressors and effects units required.
Channel/input list—a list of the instruments being used, including preferred microphones and inserts.
Monitor requirements—often included alongside the channel list, detailing the number of monitor wedges and mixes required, a section similar to the front of house requirements detailing the need for monitor desk, graphic equalizers and other outboard equipment. If a monitor engineer is to be provided by the house it is generally requested here.
If the artist brings large amounts of equipment (such as the PA system) then power requirements are likely to be stated here.
Lighting
Depending on the size of the production this can vary between 'provide a front wash and x kW of back lighting' to specific lighting plots of equipment
The number and type of follow spotlights to be used
Number of lighting technicians
Power requirements
Truss weightings (when the lighting system is provided by the touring production.)
Backline
Some bands will not transport the full backline due to the expense of transport (generally if performing only a few times in each country/area) and may have the venue provide some to all of it. Larger items like amps, cabs and drums are more likely to be requested than guitars which many musicians treat more personally.
Risers—a riser is a raised area of stage, the size and positioning of risers for musicians (such as drummers, orchestra wind sections) are specified here.
Other
Crew—productions typically specify the number of local crew the venue should provide as well as any technical staff.
Unreasonable requests
On occasion, an artist's rider may be seen as unreasonable or excessive for a given performance. It is often the case that such riders were devised for larger or more complex performances. In situations like these, the stage manager would talk with the band manager about alternatives.
Some requests or requirements are used to avoid certain conditions and small venues (e.g., if an act is required to perform as a condition of grant money). Such clauses make it difficult to put on a show and/or limit production quality. An example could be a ballet choreographed for a 60 feet by 60 feet stage. Adapting to a smaller stage could require removal of vital parts of the performance. Another example is asking for an unnecessarily large power supply.
Some rider requirements are attempts to avoid specific problems from previous shows. Some venues cut corners to save expense, leaving the touring crew with inedible food, etc.
"Unreasonable requests" (if legal) can be contractual obligations. Failure to meet such terms can compel performance fees to be paid without a performance.
Notable rider requests
Van Halen requested in the technical rider that a bowl of M&M's be provided in their dressing room with the brown ones removed. Failure to do so would not only mean that the band would not perform, but the venue would still have to pay the full fee. The objective of this was not due to any excesses on the part of the band, but was a method to determine how much attention to detail the crew at a local venue paid to the requests specified in the rider. Should the bowl be absent, or if brown M&M's were present, it would give band members reason to suspect other, legitimate, technical and safety issues were also being performed poorly or were outright overlooked. David Lee Roth stated in his autobiography that this request was made as a result of faulty workmanship at a venue on an earlier tour which nearly cost the life of a member of Van Halen's road crew. He added that at Colorado State University-Pueblo, where he found brown M&M's, the management's failure to read weight requirements in the rider resulted in the band's equipment sinking through the floor and causing over $80,000 of damage.
Queen requested a mud wrestling ring and wrestlers outside the dressing room for post-performance entertainment.
Johnny Cash required an American flag on stage.
Paul McCartney requested a sweep of the venue by bomb-sniffing dogs before the show.
Elton John required that his dressing room be kept at " in summer and in winter."
Deadmau5 requested an inflatable pool toy at all of his performances for use during the show.
Laibach requested for a 1980s tour that the venue provide a deer head with antlers to use as a stage prop.
Lady Gaga requested for her performance at BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend that her dressing room be covered in Union Flag bunting, Pimm's and fish and chips with battered Mars bars to be served and, most unusually, her staff to speak in Cockney accents for the entire event.
Michael Bublé who is an avid ice hockey fan since childhood, requires "one local team hockey puck" in his dressing room as part of his rider contract to concert promoters in every city.
Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose gained attention by the extensive and sometimes bizarre requirements in his rider document, which include a cubic melon, seven types of cheese, six lamps, a rug and two bear shaped pots of honey. Until 2010, he also demanded his dressing room to be all black and decorated with red and white roses.
The Wonder Years singer Dan "Soupy" Campbell stated in a video interview with Rock Sound that they had put Hi-C Ecto Cooler on their rider as a joke, but once they got to an unnamed college in the UK, a woman on the staff apologized to the members of the band for not being able to locate the drink, due to it being discontinued, and so found the list of ingredients, compared them to modern juice drinks and found a near equivalent, before the band revealed to her that it was indeed a joke.
References
External links
A list of original concert riders at The Smoking Gun website
Stagecraft
Stage terminology
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23582842
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriraj%20Ginne
|
Sriraj Ginne
|
Sriraj Ginne () is a progressive story writer, play-wright and film script writer in Telugu. His stories have been translated into various Indian languages. Sriraj has given expression to various aspects of the realities of middle-class life in his stories. Through his impressive stories, he portrayed the genesis of anomalies of the converted society. The positive consciousness of living is easily visible in his work.
In these stories, Sriraj unfolds his time and many layers of society with sensitivity to the readers. He says that the complexity of life, stress, frustration, and the rapidly changing scenario in which withstand the pain of ecstatic mindset and living in a comfortable way with sensitivity. As a person of a middle class, Sriraj has made an honest and meaningful effort to write on different aspects of the mindset of that class on the changes in the person, society and group level in that class. The artistic disorder is a feature of his storytelling. His story-crafts follow his ideological vision and also express his sympathies. His stories hold a very special place in the contemporary Telugu story literature with regard to sensation and crafts.
Background
Sriraj the writer, who likes the style of the authors Ravi Sastri and Robert Browning, was born on 22 November, in Visakhapatnam (Malkapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India). Mrs. Seshamma and Sri Rajalingam are the parents of the writer. Wife Mrs. Satya Parvathi Devi is a home maker while three children (one boy and two girls) have settled in America. He studied B.Sc., in A.V.N. College, Diploma in Theater Arts (Play Direction) in Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. He currently resides in Visakhapatnam as a retired employee of BSNL (Central Government).
He has written the first story for the magazine in the days of high school. About sixty short stories and some poems have been published in leading weekly and monthly magazines and special editions. Some of these stories have been translated into Hindi, Kannada, Oriya, and English. Story collections have emerged: Okka kshanam (1983), Chukkala Seema (1985), Velugu Vaakitloki (2003), Ujala Ki Orr (Hindi Translation 2018), The Lost Case (Short Story).
For theatrical performance and All India Radio, he has written about 40 plays/playlets some of which are Lancham, Kaladharmam, Karmasakshi, Sandhyaragam, Athaniki Atoo Itoo, etc. The play Kaladharmam, won the best awards in many Parishats at the State / National level has been staged at All India Telugu Conference, Bangalore on 11 March 1990. He has written for Television scripts such as Sneha 13 episodes (ETV Telugu Channel), RagamMarinaPata (Doordarshan), Vaalupoddu (Saptagiri Channel)
As a film writer, he has written for films such as Kalikalam, Surigadu, Preminchu, Mamaa Kodalu, Akka Bagunnava, etc. Received 2002 Golden Nandi Award of Andhra Pradesh Government for Preminchu movie. Suragadu Cinema has been selected for the China Film Festival and Indian Panorama. Surigadu was remade into a Hindi movie "Santaan". Kalikalam movie on the basis of Kaladharmam has been reproduced into Indian languages : Tamil, Kannada, Oriya, Bengali and Marathi.
He has received the prestigious Literary Award ' Telugu Sahithi Puraskaram' for his play 'Kaladharmam' from Telugu University in the year 1990 and many awards such as Madras Kalasagar Awards, Vamsi Berkeley Award, South Indian Film Fans Association Awards.
Filmography
Sriraj is credited with scripts for 15 feature films, 'Kalikaalam', 'Surigadu' (ranked as the best at the Indian panorama 1993 and was selected for China Film Fest in the same year), 'Preminchu' which won AP Bangaru Nandi award in 2001, 'Rajeswari Kalyanam', 'Akka Baagunnava' and the likes. Not only that, the retakes of 'Santhan' in Hindi, 'Kalikaalam' in Tamil, Kannada, Maraathi, Bengali and Oriya and 'Surigadu' in Tamil and Hindi were hits at the box office.
Writer
Kalikaalam (Telugu) : 30 May 1991 - Story
Surigadu (Telugu) : 17 April 1992 - Dialogue, Story
Attaku Koduku Mamaku Alludu (Telugu) : 9 January 1993
Maama-Kodalu (Telugu) : 2 April 1993
Appalee Manasa (Marathi) : June 1993
Kumkuma Bhagya (Kannada) : Oct 1993
Santhaan (Hindi) : 12 November 1993 - Story
Watchman Vadivelu (Tamil) : 24 July 1994
Vennela (Telugu) : May 1994
Antee Choori Thontee Katte (Oriya) : Dec 1993
Kalikaal (Bengali) : 1993
Thapassu (Telugu) : 2 February 1995
Akka Bagunnava (Telugu) : Sep 1997
Speed Dancer (Telugu) : 17 June 1999
Rajeswari Kalyanam (Telugu) : 1995
Preminchu (Telugu) : 11 April 2001 - Story
Maaji Aayee (Marathi): 2008
Television
Sneha (13 Episode Serial) - ETV 29 August 1995 to 28 November 1995
Ragam marina Paata (Single Episode)
Mandakini (Single Episode)
Books
Lancham (Playlet)
Okka Kshanam (Compilation of Short stories)
Chukkalaseema (Short stories)
Kaaladharmam (Playlet)
Velugu Vakitloki (Anthology of Short Stories)
Happy Father's Day (Short story)
References
Navya Neerajana Weekly Jan ,26 2011 Article
External links
Felicitation in Visakhapatnam
Book Review in THE HINDU, Visakhapatnam 4 May 2004 Tuesday
Felicitation by Telecom Kala Sravanthi
1946 births
Living people
Telugu writers
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20479571
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Koppitz
|
Rudolf Koppitz
|
{{Infobox person
| name = Rudolf Koppitz
| image = KOPPITZ R.jpg
| caption = Rudolf Koppitz, self portrait, In the Bosom of Nature c. 1923.
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Skrbovice, Austrian Silesia
| death_date =
| death_place = Perchtoldsdorf, Austria
}}
Rudolf Koppitz (4 January 1884 in Skrbovice – 8 July 1936 in Perchtoldsdorf) was an Austrian photographer. He moved to Vienna and was a Photo-Secessionist whose work includes straight photography and modernist images. He was one of the leading representatives of art photography in Vienna between the world wars. Koppitz is best known for his works of the human figure including his iconic Bewegungsstudie, "Motion Study" and his use of the nude in natural settings.
Biography
Rudolf Koppitz was born into a rural Protestant family in Schreiberseifen, in the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia (in what is today Skrbovice, part of Široká Niva near Bruntál in the Czech Republic).
Koppitz began training for his career as a photographer in 1897 under Robert Rotter from Bruntál. Koppitz later continued his work in small commercial studios as a contract photographer but in 1912, he left professional life to go back to school to continue his studies at the Graphische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt, "Institute for Teaching and Research in Graphic Arts" in Vienna, Austria. Rudolf had been appointed assistant there by 1913.
His time at the Institute was interrupted by the First World War in which Koppitz his talents were put to use as a field and aerial reconnaissance photographer. The bulk of the body of work he produced during this time consisted of landscapes captured during his aerial reconnaissance work, his favorite of which was the study of water from the air and the geometric elements of flying machines that carried him into war. When Koppitz was not photographing for the Army he spent his time documenting the lives of soldiers and the communities of people he came into contact with. Photographs from this period are laden with dramatic sentiments due to Koppitz's use of light, the sun, clouds and mist to express the emotions of the people and the time.
Returning to the institute, Koppitz met Anna Arbeitlang who studied photography there. She had become an assistant in 1917, like Koppitz, in the year she was admitted to the Vienna Photographic Society. She went on to become assistant lecturer, and Rudolf a professor in 1919, a role in which he remained for twenty years. In 1920, Arbeitlang founded a studio in the fifth district of Vienna where from 1921 Rudolf Koppitz was a partner. They married in the summer of 1923 and the studio thenceforth traded under his name. They worked together on their artistic commissions, publications and projects. She was also Rudolf's assistant on his artistic work, his photo retoucher and collaborated with him in making his first nude studies, some of his 'self-portraits,' and was often his model. Both Rudolf and Anna produced Kunstphotographie (as Pictorialism was called in Austria) in the aesthetics of the Vienna Secession, Jugendstijl, and the Wiener Werkstätte.
In the year they married, Rudolf made, probably in collaboration with Anna, the nude self-portrait, In the Bosom of Nature, in which he is framed by tree trunks, rocks, snowy mountains. It is posed to convey a dreamlike harmony reminiscent of a symbolist painting and graphic art. In c.1925 Koppitz created his masterpiece, Bewegungsstudie, "Motion Study" in which he photographed dancers from the Vienna State Opera; the nude dancer, credited to be the Russian Claudia Issatschenko but is more likely, her daughter, ballet dancer and choreographer, Tatyana Issatschenko Gsovsky, with her head thrown dramatically back and flanked by three dark-robed women, lends Bewegungsstudie to the highly decorative and symbolist tradition of the Viennese Jugendstil.
Also in 1925 the couple had their only child, daughter Liselotte, portrayed with her mother in Rudolf's Madonna and Child image of that year. Julia Secklehner identifies it, and Koppitz's 'self-portrait' nude In the Bosom of Nature as adhering to the Körperkult ('cult of the body') and the naturist heimat sentiment in its alpine setting and heroic low-angle viewpoint.
In the 1930s their style shifted toward the Neue Sachlichkeit, anti-expressionist objectivity then predominant in photography of Central Europe. The FiFo ("Internationale Ausstellung des Deutschen Werkbundes – Film und Foto") came to Vienna after being shown in Stuttgart and decisively influenced the Koppitz couple's artistic development. The Neues Sehen (New Vision) led them to a more factual and documentary oriented photography of themes from rustic life; ethnographic records of the peasant archetype, eulogised as the archaic essence of Germanic peoples, at first mystical and quasi-theosophical, but progressively more chauvinist and nationalistic under the Austrian chancellor dictatorship initiated by Engelbert Dollfuss of 1933.
In 1936, the most comprehensive exhibition of Rudolf's work, a survey of 500 works of rustic subjects took place, entitled "Country and People", at the Museum of Art and Industry. Rudolf died that same year.
Anna continued operation of their studio and produced Nazi propaganda imagery for Minister of Agriculture R. Walther Darré. Whether Rudolf's sympathies accorded with the National Socialists is not known, however völkisch ideologies, those embedded in the couple's imagery, were instrumental to Nazism.
Work
Koppitz's work emphasises form, line, and the surface play of light and shadow. Early in his career, Koppitz was known for staging groups of subjects in the stylised, bas-relief style of the Vienna Secession, the most well known example of this being his Bewegungsstudie, "Motion Study".
Bewegungsstudie's languid nude, elaborately robed women and sensuality, in the context of its rigorous and artistic composition, evokes the sexual morbidity of Viennese artists like Gustav Klimt and Alphonse Mucha, as well as the Swiss symbolist painter Ferdinand Hodler and has made it notable It has become Koppitz's signature image and also his best-seller. Prints were purchased by, among others, the Toledo Museum of Art; the New York Camera Club notably Joseph Bing, head of that club's print committee; and the Englishman Stephen Tyng, who published it in a small portfolio of works from his collection.
His earliest works show evidence of influence by Gustav Klimt, Japanese art, Art Nouveau and Constructivism. Koppitz's work came of age during the inter-war period when most of Austria's photographers were supporters of art photography. Photographs from that time are full of symbolic meanings often capturing nude and clothed dancers as well as liberal use of the both male, many of which were of Koppitz himself, and female nudes placed in elements of nature and posed to give the impression of a Greek or Roman statue.
Although he did not possess a consistent style, Koppitz was a virtuoso of the dark room, seemingly determined to make the photograph as much of an art object as possible. His beautifully grainy, subtly tinted images align him with American Pictorialists like Edward Steichen and Clarence Smith. Koppitz's work, much of it using the gum bichromate process, reflected his links with modern artists such as Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele, and their involvement with the 'life reform' movement including; nudism, sun culture, and expressive dance popular in Central Europe from the early 1900s as well as agrarian romanticism. Koppitz's mastery of pictorial processes—pigment, carbon, gum, and bromoil process of transfer printing—gained the respect of his colleagues throughout the world and garnered mention in the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1929.
Koppitz's later photographs took a documentary turn and became more simple and direct in their subject matter and composition more in accord with New Objectivity, but remained emotionally affected. Over the course of 30 years of work, Koppitz's photography came full circle returning in his later years to where he started, working with a renewed focus on nature and documenting the lives and condition of rural peasants. Koppitz is perceived by some as a progressive modern artist while on the other hand he was one of the more conservative photographers in his time, belatedly adopting the prevailing Neues Sehen of the 1930s, but holding true to a number of traditions and always telling a story with his photographs.
See also
Iconography
References
Further reading
Baatz, W. (1997). Photography: An Illustrated Historical Overview. Hauppage: Baron's
Croni, E. (2015). Heimat Photography in Austria: A Politicized Vision of Peasants and Skiers. Salzburg: Fotohof
Hirsch, R. (2000). Seizing the Light: A History of Photography. New York: McGraw Hill
Newhall, B. (1982). The History of Photography. New York: The Museum of Modern Art
Richter, P. (1998). Nude Photography: Masterpieces from the Past 150 Years.'' New York: Prestel
External links
Rudolf Koppitz critique and biography
Photography Encyclopedia Rudolf Koppitz
Rudolf Koppitz: Viennese `Master of the Camera'
New York Times: Art in Review
Czech photographers
Austrian photographers
Austrian people of Czech descent
People from Austrian Silesia
People from Bruntál District
Artists from Vienna
1884 births
1936 deaths
Dance photographers
Pictorialists
Nude photography
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23582843
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C4%9B%C5%BEice%20%28Nymburk%20District%29
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Kněžice (Nymburk District)
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Kněžice is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Kněžice is located east of Nymburk and east of Prague.
Administrative parts
Villages of Dubečno and Osek are administrative parts of Kněžice.
History
The first written mention of Kněžice is from 1295.
Gallery
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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56566595
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald%20Cary%20Smith
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Archibald Cary Smith
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Archibald Cary Smith (September 4, 1837 December 8, 1911), professionally known as A. Cary Smith, was a naval architect and marine engineer. He studied marine painting for a short time and did some art work. He is known as the first American to develop the concept of designing a yacht on paper using calculations and comparisons. The method of drafting has since been followed in many educational institutions and universities for the teaching of yacht construction.
Smith designed the first iron yacht in America. In his 55-year career he designed many yachts. One of those was for the German Emperor who had previously bought on the market a yacht Smith designed and was so pleased with it that he then ordered a bigger version. Smith was associated with several yacht clubs and societies.
Biography
Smith was born at New York City on September 4, 1837. He was named after Archibald Cary, an ancestor. Smith's parents were Rev. Dr. E. Dunlap Smith and Jane B. Cary Smith. He had several siblings. Smith's family came to New York City from Philadelphia. He was educated at the University Grammar School of New York City. Smith's paternal grandfather was an ironmaster and had gone to sea as a sailor. Smith was inspired to travel because of his grandfather's adventures and became interested in sailing. In New York City near his father’s church at a street corner was a community water pump. As a young boy, he and his companion friends would dam the streets and then pump water into them to make a small pond. They then would float a homemade sailing craft on their street pond. This was his first experience as a naval architect.
Smith lived near the yard where the yacht America was being built. He spent his time at the yard watching its construction. He then went home and reproduced her in small models he would make of the yacht. He had a strong desire to build boats so was allowed to go to Pamrapo in New Jersey under the tutoring of Captain Bob Fish, a professional yacht skipper. From him he learned the practical side of yacht building and sailing. He later took one term of naval architecture under W.W. Bates, who was a shipwright and later Commissioner of Navigation.
Smith built Comment early in his career in 1860. It was an 18-foot sloop. The craft defeated all rivals for years in competition races and built a reputation. In time Smith became known as a skilled helmsman of yachts in New York. Later he abandoned yachts and took up marine painting under Mauritz de Haas for a short time. It was during this time he came up with ideas other than being an artist. Robert Center came to America from Europe in 1870 and sought Smith's aid in designing and building an iron yacht in America based on the design of the English cutter Mosquito. Center had with him a copy of Marrett's English book on how to design a yacht using a drawing on paper. Smith then studied the book and designed in 1870 the cutter Vindex that was built for Center. It was built by Reaney, Son & Archbold in Chester, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River in 1871.
The Vindex was the first American iron yacht. It was designed by Smith as a systematic drawing instead of using the rule-o-thumb method of working off a wooden model as was done up to that time. The experience designing the Vindex started Smith on his career of designing yachts on drawings using calculation, which became the new method of all yacht construction. From that time on in his career he designed every class of yachts and schooners using systematic calculated drawings. This new method was then taught at Cornell University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Naval Academy at Annapolis, and the Webb Academy at New York. After a 55-year career as a naval designer, Smith died in New York City on December 8, 1911.
Yachts designed
Smith as a naval architect and marine engineer designed several yachts and schooners. Among these were Comment (1860), Intrepid (1878), Mischief (1879), Norma (1879), Fortuna (1883), Priscilla (1885), Cinderella (1886), Iroquois (1886), Banshee (1887), and the Yampa (1887). He designed the steamers New York, that was the first steam pilot boat in the New York harbor; City of Lowell, Chester W. Chapin, Refuge and Free Lance that were used at Long Island Sound. He also designed and built the iron yacht Vindex.
Smith designed the schooner yacht Meteor III for the German Emperor in 1902, which came about from the previous yacht Yampa. Smith had originally designed and built Yampa for Chester W. Chapin, which in time came into the hands of the emperor. The Kaiser desired to have an additional similar yacht as the Yampa, however bigger and faster, so contacted Smith to design one.
Society memberships
Smith was associated with the Society of Naval Architects and Engineers. He was a board member of the Larchmont Yacht Club and New York Yacht Club. Smith was an active member of the Seawanhaka Yacht Club when it was renamed the Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club in 1882. He gave lectures at the Club on how to design and construct yachts because of his extensive experience. Examples of his lectures were "How to Build a Yacht" and "Construction of Keel Yachts."
References
Sources
External links
1837 births
1911 deaths
Engineers from New York (state)
American yacht designers
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6907803
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbins%20Reef%20Light
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Robbins Reef Light
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The Robbins Reef Light Station is a sparkplug lighthouse located off Constable Hook in Bayonne, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, along the west side of Main Channel, Upper New York Bay. The tower and integral keepers quarters were built in 1883. It replaced an octagonal granite tower built in 1839. The U.S. Coast Guard owned and operated the light station until the 2000s.
Position
The light is located on a small ridge of sand named Robyn's Rift by the Dutch settlers of the area. The reef is now called Robbins Reef. It is situated near the entrance to the Kill van Kull, a strait connecting New York Bay to Newark Bay. The channel is one of the most heavily used in the Port of New York and New Jersey, accessing Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal.
History
The name derives from the New Netherland era of the 17th century. In Dutch rob or robyn means seal, groups of which would sometimes lie on the reef at low tide. The structure is also called Kate's Light for Kate Walker who "manned" the station alone after the death of her husband Captain John Walker in 1886, until 1919. She rowed her children to school in Bayonne. Herman Westgate was the last keeper of the lighthouse before it was finally automated. In 2009 Robbins Reef was put up for sale under the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act. In 2011, the Noble Maritime Collection, a maritime museum on Staten Island, was granted stewardship of the light station by the U.S. General Services Administration. The octagonal structure near Robbins Reef Lighthouse is not the base of the original 1839 tower but rather a sewer outfall that was constructed around 1915.
Recent developments
In 2011, ownership was transferred to the Noble Maritime Collection based at Sailors' Snug Harbor in Staten Island, through the terms of the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act. Recently museum volunteers have been restoring the lighthouse, with the interior restoration nearly complete. Miller’s Launch, a local launch tug, and spill response team provides periodic transportation for the volunteers. Total renovations are expected to be complete in the early 2020s, at which time the lighthouse will offer tours and even serve as a bed and breakfast.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hudson County, New Jersey
Geography of New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary
References
External links
Noble Maritime Collection virtual tour of Robbins Reef Light Station
Robbins Reef Data for station ID 8530973, Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System NOAA.
Robbins Reef Light in NPS.
Kate Walker, Keeper of Robbins Reef Light, 1894–1919, National Lighthouse Museum, 2001.
Robbins Reef Lighthouse Lighthouses of the New Jersey Shore.
Mind the Light, Katie: The History of Thirty-three Female lighthouse Keepers, Mary Louise Clifford and J. Candace Clifford, 2006. ()
"3 Poems (from Robbins Reef Light)", Joel Lewis, Jacket Magazine 23, August, 2003.
Navesink Lighthouse and Robbins Reef Lighthouse: Lighting the Way Through New York Bay, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
Lighthouses completed in 1883
Bayonne, New Jersey
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Transportation buildings and structures in Hudson County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Hudson County, New Jersey
1883 establishments in New Jersey
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23582847
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C4%9B%C5%BEi%C4%8Dky
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Kněžičky
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Kněžičky is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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56566621
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle%20Hill%2C%20Englefield%20Green
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Castle Hill, Englefield Green
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Castle Hill (originally known as Elvill's) is a large late-18th-century or early-19th-century Grade II listed mansion in Englefield Green, Surrey. The estate totaled 33 acres in 2012, it had previously stood at 108 acres at the time of its 1863 sale. It was designed by Stiff Leadbetter for Sir John Elwill, 4th Baronet and built between 1758 and 1763. The estate was bought by the banker George C. Raphael in the late 19th century.
It was purchased by the Ugland Marine Insurance Company in the 1990s. It is presently owned by a foreign royal family.
In addition to the main house, the entrance gates, bothy, stable block, and dairy are all individually Grade II listed.
References
Buildings by Stiff Leadbetter
Country houses in Surrey
Gothic Revival architecture in Surrey
Grade II listed buildings in Surrey
Grade II listed houses
Houses completed in 1763
Borough of Runnymede
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56566624
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGSh-30
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RGSh-30
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Ukrainian company Precision Systems developed a miniaturized handheld version of AGS-17 called RGSh-30 "in order to create a grenade launcher that could respond to the needs of Ukrainian units and special forces operating in the Donbas" that can be carried like an assault rifle. RGSh-30 is designed to disable armored vehicles. RGSh-30 uses magazines with five 30mm VOG-17 grenades.
Precision Systems plans to develop versions using 20mm, 25mm, and 40mm grenades.
Users
See also
Neopup PAW-20
RGS-50M
AGS-40 Balkan
RGM-40 Kastet
GM-94
DP-64
MRG-1
Fort-600
References
Weapons of Ukraine
Grenade launchers
Automatic grenade launchers
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23582848
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolaje
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Kolaje
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Kolaje is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 90 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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56566630
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayananda%20Singh
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Jayananda Singh
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Moirangthem Jayananda Singh (born 1 March 1999) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a left back for the Techtro Swades United FC.
Career
Ahead of the fourth edition of the Indian Super League, Delhi Dynamos have bolstered their defence with the signing of the young and versatile defender, Jayananda Singh. The 18-year old who can play as a full-back or a centre-back has had stints with the AIFF Academy and DSK Shivajians. Coming through the ranks with the U-14 and U-16 sides whilst also leading them, the defender was a part of the side that won the U-16 SAFF Championships.
On 24 November 2020, Jayananda Singh was officially announced as a signing for Techtro Swades United FC. On his debut, he scored a goal for the club's first ever official game in Himachal Football League.
References
Living people
1999 births
People from Imphal
Footballers from Manipur
Indian footballers
Association football defenders
Fateh Hyderabad A.F.C. players
Odisha FC players
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6907817
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeb%20Mesfin
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Azeb Mesfin
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Azeb Mesfin Haile (Amharic and ; born 21 December 1966) is an Ethiopian politician who was the second First Lady of Ethiopia from 2001 to 2012. Azeb is the widow of Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi. She is the founder and patron of National Initiative for Mental Health of Ethiopia. In early 2009, she was appointed CEO of the Endowment Fund for the Rehabilitation of Tigray by its head Abadi Zemu.
Early life
Azeb was born in rapart and raised in Gadarif, Eastern Sudan. She is from her peasant farmer father Mesfin Haile and mother Konjit Gola. Her maternal grandfather, Gola Goshu was as an Italian Askari during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–1936). Following his action to the country, Gola was killed by Ethiopian patriots. By her early age, Azeb raised with her aunt Maniahlosh Gola who is the daughter of this "Fitawrari" who had this title by Italian invaders to mean commander of the vanguard; which was feudal era military title.
Azeb was married to Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi until his death in 2012. Together they had three children: Semhal, Marda and Senay Meles.
Career
She was elected in 2005 to the House of Peoples' Representatives (the lower House of the Ethiopian Parliament) representing her home woreda of Welkait and Humera, and serves as chair of its Social Affairs Standing Committee. Her role has at times been controversial, with some members of Ethiopian diaspora alleging that, during the period in which she was an executive at the parastatal Mega Corporation, she was involved in "the impropriety of mingling public, private and party-owned businesses."
However Azeb is also known for her work to teach rural Ethiopians about the issues of HIV/AIDS
Her appearance at a special ceremony to honor the First Ladies of Africa for their efforts against the spread of HIV/AIDS held by Georgetown University of Washington DC on 15 January 2007 was met by protests of exiled Ethiopians." The University was awarding its "John Thompson Legacy of a Dream Award" to the Organization of African First Ladies against HIV/AIDS for its leadership and service toward the ideals of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Mesfin was to accept the award on behalf of the organization along with the first ladies of Zambia and Rwanda.
She started the organization "Ethiopian Coalition of Women against HIV/AIDS" and continues to work closely with community leaders to ensure the rights of women, fight harmful traditional practices and HIV/AIDS. She said the award she received is not just for her organization but for the entire Ethiopian women declaring "the award is the result of the relentless struggle waged by Ethiopian women.
See also
First Lady of Ethiopia
References
1966 births
20th-century births
Living people
Members of the House of Peoples' Representatives
Spouses of prime ministers of Ethiopia
First Ladies of Ethiopia
Ethiopian businesspeople
Ethiopian Orthodox Christians
Ethiopian women's rights activists
People from Tigray Region
21st-century Ethiopian women politicians
21st-century Ethiopian politicians
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23582851
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosteln%C3%AD%20Lhota
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Kostelní Lhota
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Kostelní Lhota is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Notable people
Josef Musil (1932–2017), volleyball player
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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56566631
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shushi%20Carpet%20Museum
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Shushi Carpet Museum
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Shushi Carpet Museum () was founded by Vardan Astsatryan in 2011. The museum opened its doors to the public in 2013, when its location, Shusha (, Շուշի), was under the control of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh.
71 rugs and carpets from the Shushi Carpet Museum are on display in Yerevan at the National Museum-Institute of Architecture after Alexander Tamanyan.
History
The founding private collection included old carpets made by famous Armenian carpet weavers from different villages in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. The collection comprised old Armenian carpets found and bought by its founder, Vardan Astsatryan.
Until November 1, 2020, the museum had two buildings under its supervision. A fund was established in 2011 by donors from the United States. In 2012, a proper building was designated for displaying the carpets given by donors from Moscow, Russia.
The museum had carpets on display, as well as traditional Historical and cultural artifacts. These artifacts received expert evaluation, underwent restoration and then were put on display.
Until the end of October 2020, the museum consisted of about three hundred (300) carpets and flat weaves. This original collection had dated from the 17th century to the beginning of the 20th century. The majority of the collection presented traditional Karabakh carpet-weaving and Armenian carpet-weaving styles. In addition to the locally woven carpets, there were few rugs, carpets, and flat weaves from Turkman, Afghan and Persian in the museum's collection. There were also Russian cultural artifacts in the museum. During his visit to the museum in August 2013, the President of the Republic of Artsakh Bako Sahakyan stated that the carpet museum plays an important role in preserving our national traditions and values and also for the development of tourism.
On October 29, 2020, an explosion of a large rocket, amidst heavy shelling of the city of Shushi (Azerbaijani: Şuşa) by Azerbaijani Armed Forces during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, damaged the museum buildings. On November 1, 2020, the most valuable items of the collection (about 160 carpets and rugs) were evacuated to Yerevan (Armenia) to avoid further destruction. The remainder of the collection, consisting of 100–120 carpets as well as other cultural artifacts were left in Shusha.
Currently, the collection is on display in the National Museum-Institute of Architecture after Alexander Tamanyan and History Museum of Armenia, both in Yerevan.
Gallery
See also
Shusha Carpet Museum, the Azerbaijani institution which operated in the city from 1985 to 1992
References
Further reading
Tourist attractions in Azerbaijan
Museums in Azerbaijan
Textile museums
Museums in Shusha
Rugs and carpets
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20479578
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Sherrod
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Robert Sherrod
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Robert Lee Sherrod (February 8, 1909 – February 13, 1994) was an American journalist, editor and writer. He was a war correspondent for Time and Life magazines, covering combat from World War II to the Vietnam War. During World War II, embedded with the United States Marine Corps, he covered the battles at Attu (with the U.S. Army), Tarawa, Saipan, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. He also authored five books on World War II, including Tarawa: The Story of a Battle (1944) and the definitive History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II (1952). He was an editor of Time during World War II and later editor of The Saturday Evening Post, then vice-president of Curtis Publishing Company.
Early years and family
Robert Lee Sherrod was born on February 8, 1909 in Thomas County, Georgia. He graduated from The University of Georgia in 1929. He was married three times — to Elizabeth Hudson from 1936 until her death in 1958; to Margaret Carson, the prominent American publicist, from 1961 until 1972; and to Mary Gay Labrot Leonhardt from 1972 until her death in 1978. He had two sons, John and Robert L. Jr.
Journalism career
After Sherrod's college graduation, he worked for newspapers in the South until 1935, when he joined Time, Inc. In 1940, William Saroyan lists him among "contributing editors" at Time in the play, Love's Old Sweet Song.
During World War II, Sherrod covered the Pacific War for TIME and LIFE magazines — accompanying the Marines into battle at Attu (with the U.S. Army), Tarawa, Saipan, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. After witnessing the carnage at Tarawa, Sherrod was instrumental in advising President Roosevelt to air the controversial documentary With the Marines at Tarawa. Sherrod was one of only a few who were at Tarawa that the President knew personally and could trust to advise him on this matter from the point of view of the Marines on the ground.
In 1943, the Tarawa atoll of the Gilbert Islands was occupied by the Japanese. Sherrod accompanied the U.S. Marines from their landing on the shores until the battle was over. His book on the battle, Tarawa: The Story of a Battle, was published 1944, at which time he was an associate editor of TIME.
Sherrod was also with the Marines during the invasion of Iwo Jima. He wrote,"at the end of a fortnight's bloody fighting there is no longer any doubt that Iwo is the most difficult amphibious operation in U.S. history."
He later wrote the book On to Westward: The Battles of Saipan and Iwo Jima about his experiences on Saipan and Iwo Jima. Unfortunately, Sherrod also admitted to being responsible for spreading the rumor that Joe Rosenthal's famous photograph of the Marines' second flag raising on Mount Suribachi was "staged"; he later confessed that he was wrong and apologized.
He was later a war correspondent in Korea and in Vietnam.
Sherrod was the managing editor for the Saturday Evening Post from 1955 to 1962, then editor from 1962 to 1965. He was vice president of the Posts parent company, Curtis Publishing Company, from 1965 to 1966.
Death
Sherrod died in his home in Washington, D.C. from emphysema on February 13, 1994.
Works
In addition to his work as a war correspondent and editor, Sherrod authored five books on the military, including:
He also worked with NASA on a book about the Apollo missions:
See also
Richard Tregaskis, American war correspondent for the International News Service, with the Marines on Battle of Guadalcanal, author of Guadalcanal Diary.
WWII in HD: Lost Films, ( Voice by Rob Lowe) is a documentary to show World War II as it really was, in original, immersive colour.
Ray E. Boomhower's book Dispatches from the Pacific: The World War II Reporting of Robert L. Sherrod, will be published in August 2017 by Indiana University Press.
ReferencesNotesBibliography'
External links
Includes articles submitted by Sherrod as a war correspondent.
1909 births
1994 deaths
American editors
Deaths from emphysema
American war correspondents of World War II
University of Georgia alumni
Time (magazine) people
20th-century American writers
20th-century American male writers
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23582853
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostoml%C3%A1tky
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Kostomlátky
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Kostomlátky is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Doubrava is an administrative part of Kostomlátky.
Gallery
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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20479580
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenaventura%20Marc%C3%B3%20del%20Pont
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Buenaventura Marcó del Pont
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Buenaventura Marcó del Pont y Bory (1738–1818) was a Spanish businessman, and founder of the family of the same name.
He was born in Calella de Palafrugell, Gerona in Catalonia. Early in his life, he relocated to Vigo, in Galicia, where he lived since at least 1750, and where he soon became one of its most important businessmen by building a new salting installation for the processing and distribution of fish to his native land. The good result of his business attracted some other Catalan families to the area, such as the Buch, the Curbera, the Escofet or the Fábregas.
As one of the most important ship-owners in Spain, he obtained from King Charles III of Spain in 1773, the first concessions to allow trading between the port of Vigo and the new world. In 1779 he obtained permission to attack the British naval commerce and that of its allies such as portugueses, during the American Revolutionary War. The good fortune of his ships made him a fortune in such articles as salt, oil, leather and cloth among others. In 1817, as a regidor of Vigo, he ordered the reconstruction of the Concatedral de Santa María de Vigo, which had been destroyed during the Peninsular War. He personally donated the statue of the Cristo de la Victoria, which is still the most important religious icon of the city.
Marcó del Pont married Juana Ángel Díaz y Méndez, with whom he had four sons. Two of them became very famous during their lifetime: Francisco Casimiro was the last Royal Governor of Chile and Buenaventura Miguel represented his father's company in Buenos Aires, and his family became one of the most important and wealthy of the Argentine republic.
References
1728 births
1817 deaths
18th-century Spanish businesspeople
19th-century Spanish businesspeople
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56566651
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil%20Sah
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Anil Sah
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Anil Kumar Sah (born 17 November 1998) is a Nepalese cricketer. He made his List A debut for Nepal in the 2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Two tournament on 12 February 2018. He was one of the eleven cricketers to play in Nepal's first ever One Day International (ODI) match, against the Netherlands, in August 2018.
International career
In July 2018, he was named in Nepal's squad for their One Day International (ODI) series against the Netherlands. These were Nepal's first ODI matches since gaining ODI status during the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut for Nepal in the 2018 MCC Tri-Nation Series against the Marylebone Cricket Club on 29 July 2018. He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) on the same day, against the Netherlands. He made his ODI debut for Nepal against the Netherlands on 1 August 2018.
In August 2018, he was named in Nepal's squad for the 2018 Asia Cup Qualifier tournament. In October 2018, he was named in Nepal's squad in the Eastern sub-region group for the 2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 Asia Qualifier tournament.
References
External links
1998 births
Living people
Nepalese cricketers
Nepal One Day International cricketers
Nepal Twenty20 International cricketers
People from Bara District
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6907877
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20State%20Route%20341
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Georgia State Route 341
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State Route 341 (SR 341) is a north–south state highway located entirely within Walker County in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. It connects the unincorporated community of Davis Crossroads with Chattanooga Valley, via Chickamauga.
Route description
SR 341 begins at an intersection with SR 193 in Davis Crossroads, northwest of LaFayette. It travels to the northeast and curves to the north-northeast, along the West Chickamauga Creek valley, to the town of Chickamauga. The route then turns to the northwest. Just before entering Chattanooga Valley, it curves to a northerly routing. In Chattanooga Valley, SR 341 meets its northern terminus, another intersection with SR 193.
SR 341 is not part of the National Highway System, a system of roadways important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility.
History
Between 1960 and 1963, SR 341 was established along its current routing.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
341
Transportation in Walker County, Georgia
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20479601
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20House%20That%20Ananda%20Built
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The House That Ananda Built
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The House That Ananda Built is a 1968 Indian short documentary film directed by Fali Bilimoria. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
References
External links
Watch The House That Ananda Built on YouTube, posted by Films Division of India
1968 films
1968 documentary films
1968 short films
1960s short documentary films
Indian short documentary films
1960s English-language films
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26720882
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston%20McAnuff
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Winston McAnuff
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Winston McAnuff, also known under the stage name Electric Dread (born 1957) is a Jamaican singer and composer of reggae and dub music.
Life and career
McAnuff was born in Manchester Parish, Jamaica into a family of preachers. One of his great-grandfathers was Scottish. He started his musical career singing gospel in the church choir. He recorded his first album Pick Hits to Click in 1978. Two years later his second album What the man "a" deal wid was released. His best known song from this time is the single "Malcolm X" (about Malcolm X), which was also recorded by Earl Sixteen, and most successfully by Dennis Brown. It was originally recorded by McAnuff for Joe Gibbs but the producer decided not to release it, and he got Earl Sixteen to record it before the song was given to Dennis Brown who recorded it for his Visions of Dennis Brown album. The song was the subject of a legal dispute in 2013 between McAnuff and Greensleeves Records after the record label allegedly registered the song as co-written by Brown. A third studio album, Electric Dread, was released in 1986.
Although McAnuff had reasonable fame in Jamaica, none of his work was released elsewhere. It wasn't until 2002 that his work was released in Europe. In 2002 the French record label Makasound released the first two albums and a compilation album Diary of the Silent Years. The release of the albums revived McAnuff's career, notably in France.
In 2005 McAnuff released the album A Drop, which he recorded with the French keyboard player Camille Bazbaz. This record displays a mix of rock, funk, dub and punk rock. A year later, in 2006, a new album Paris Rockin''', which he recorded with Java and other French session musicians, was released. His last album, Nostradamus, was released in 2008. The album was a concept album about the predictions of Nostradamus.
In 2011, he took part in Les Échos Du Temps the latest album of Danakil, a French roots reggae band, on the track "Media" where both he and his son Matthew were featured. This is the last apparition of his son, murdered 22 August 2012 in a street fight.
In 2013 he released the album A New Day, a collaboration with French musician Fixi.
In 2014 he sings on two songs of the first album of The Celtic Social Club, a collective of Scottish, Breton, French and New Yorker musicians.
In 2017, he releases the album "Rabbi Son" with french producers Bost & Bim on their own label The Bombist.
McAnuff's nephew is professional footballer Jobi McAnuff.
Discography
Studio albumsPick Hits to Click (1978)What the Man "a" Deal Wid (1980) Electric Dread (1986)One Love (1995) – a rerelease of What the Man "a" Deal WidParis Rockin' (2006) Nostradamus (2008)Rabbi Son (2017)
Compilation albumsDiary of the Silent Years (2002) – compilation
Joint albumsA Drop (2005) – with Camille BazbazA Bang (2011) with The Bazbaz OrchestraGarden of Love EP (2013) – with FixiA New Day (2013) with FixiBig Brothers'' (2018) with Fixi
References
Jamaican male singers
Jamaican people of Scottish descent
Jamaican reggae singers
Jamaican Rastafarians
Jamaican songwriters
Dub musicians
Performers of Rastafarian music
Jamaican former Christians
Converts to the Rastafari movement
People from Manchester Parish
1957 births
Living people
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20479616
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Caux
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Robert Caux
|
Robert Caux is a musician, composer, sound designer and sound engineer based in Quebec City.
After studying baroque organ at Laval University, he became very well known on Quebec City's theatre scene by composing the soundtrack of an impressive number of plays.
He was closely associated with Robert Lepage for many years, as he composed the music from his plays Needles and Opium, The Dragons' Trilogy and Elsinore, for which he won 1995's Masque (Quebec's equivalent of a Tony Award) for original music.
He also composed the music of Lepage's second feature film, Le Polygraphe.
He's currently the head sound technician at Le Grand Théâtre de Québec, Quebec City.
References
Living people
Canadian composers
Canadian male composers
Université Laval alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
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20479640
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartbach
|
Hartbach
|
The Hartbach (also called Reichersberger Bach) is a river of Upper Austria, a small tributary of the Inn.
The Hartbach originates in the Senftenbach area. It flows from South to North to the Inn and merges with it east of Obernberg am Inn.
References
Rivers of Upper Austria
Rivers of Austria
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6907878
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorseddau%20Junction%20and%20Portmadoc%20Railway
|
Gorseddau Junction and Portmadoc Railway
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The Gorseddau Junction and Portmadoc Railway is a defunct Welsh tramway.
The GJ&PR was a narrow-gauge railway connecting the slate quarries of Cwm Pennant with the wharves at Porthmadog harbour. It was built in 1872, partly as a conversion of the earlier gauge Gorseddau Tramway, which in itself had incorporated the even earlier gauge Tremadoc Tramway. It opened to mineral and goods traffic in 1875.
Route and operation
The main line followed the route of the original Gorseddau Tramway from Porthmadog through Tremadoc, Penmorfa and Ynys-y-Pandy to Gorseddau quarry. On conversion, the line from Porthmadog to Braich-y-bib, just north of Ynys-y-Pandy, was regauged to . A new extension was added from Braich-y-bib. This led west along the Cwm Pennant before heading north to Cwm Trwsgl where inclines served the Prince of Wales and Dol-ifan-Gethin slate quarries and the Cwm Dywfor copper and lead mine. This branch added an additional 5 miles to the length of the railway, for a total length of 13 miles. At Porthmadog the last few hundred yards of the original Gorseddau route were abandoned and traffic was worked to the wharves over the Croesor Tramway. At around the same time the line from Braich-y-bib to Gorseddau quarry had been abandoned. The Prince of Wales quarry supplied most of the traffic for the railway during its existence.
Unlike its predecessor the GJ&PR had a single steam locomotive, a vertical boilered De Winton named Pert, although it continued to use horses as motive power for most of its existence. The locomotive is believed to have been disused after 1878, and to have been sold in 1896 to Glodd-fa'r-Glai Quarry which was connected to the Nantlle Railway.
Abandonment
By 1887 the railway had largely fallen into disuse as the mines and quarries it served failed, and by 1890 single wagons were being hand propelled to Porthmadog. The land the railway ran on was sold in 1897 by which time it had been dismantled. Between about 1903 and 1907, a short section of Gorseddau trackbed between the Cambrian Railways station in Porthmadog and the junction with the Croesor Tramway was again re-used to connect the Moel y Gest quarry tramway via the Croesor and the Festiniog to the wharves. Although the latter tramway closed in 1907 and was re-laid in 1919 as a standard-gauge siding of the Cambrian, this section survived until the early 1950s.
Ynys-y-Pandy Mill
The railway served the Ynys-y-Pandy Mill () a three-storey structure which processed slate from the Gorseddau Quarry. The mill was built in 1856-7 by Evan Jones of Garndolbenmaen and is believed to have been designed by James Brunlees. A curved ramp brought two branches of the railway into the mill on two different levels, one to the upper floor, the other to the middle floor. The building incorporated a diameter internal overshot water wheel. The mill produced flag-stones, dairy equipment, troughs, and urinals. The building was a venue for eisteddfodau until the roof was removed around 1906. The remains of the mill is Grade II* listed. The small waste tips at the site show that little slate was worked at the mill. In the 1980s the mill was bought by the Snowdonia National Park Authority and the stonework was repaired.
'Ynys y Pandy' is Welsh for 'Isle of Pandy' or 'Pandy Island'.
Further reading
References
External links
Surviving features and quarries served
Welsh Highland Railway
Early Welsh railway companies
Rail transport in Gwynedd
Industrial railways in Wales
Railway companies established in 1872
Railway companies disestablished in 1892
Railway lines opened in 1872
Narrow gauge railways in Gwynedd
2 ft gauge railways in Wales
Porthmadog
Dolbenmaen
Narrow gauge railways in Snowdonia
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6907917
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokka
|
Lokka
|
Lokka may refer to:
Alternate form of Loki
Lokka Tattur
Lokka Reservoir
Lokka massacre
|
20479642
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Revolving%20Door
|
The Revolving Door
|
The Revolving Door is a 1968 American short documentary film directed by Lee R. Bobker and produced by Vision Associates. The 28.5 minute film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
See also
Psychiatric Nursing
The Odds Against
References
External links
1968 films
1968 documentary films
1960s short documentary films
American short documentary films
Documentary films about incarceration in the United States
Films directed by Lee R. Bobker
1960s English-language films
1960s American films
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6907926
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Lisher
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Greg Lisher
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Greg Lisher (born 29 November 1963) is the lead guitar player for Camper Van Beethoven. He is also one of the founding members of the Camper Van Beethoven spin-off Indy prog rock group Monks of Doom.
He has also released three solo records. His first release, Handed Down the Wire was released in 2001 followed by the release of Trains Change in 2007. His latest release, the instrumental record Songs From the Imperial Garden was released in 2020.
Discography
with Camper Van Beethoven
Albums
II & III (1986)
Camper Van Beethoven (1986)
Vampire Can Mating Oven (1987)
Our Beloved Revolutionary Sweetheart (1988)
Key Lime Pie (1989)
Tusk (2002)
New Roman Times (2004)
La Costa Perdida (2013)
El Camino Real (2014)
Compilations and Special Releases
The Virgin Years (1993) (Camper Van Beethoven and Cracker)
Camper Vantiquities (1993) – rarities compilation
Cigarettes & Carrot Juice: The Santa Cruz Years (2002) – box set
In the Mouth of the Crocodile – Live in Seattle (2004) – live album
Discotheque CVB: Live In Chicago (2005) – live EP
Camper Van Beethoven Is Dead. Long Live Camper Van Beethoven (2000) – rarities
with Monks of Doom
Soundtrack to the Film "Breakfast on the Beach of Deception" (1987)
The Cosmodemonic Telegraph Company (1989)
Meridian (1991)
The Insect God (EP, 1992)
Forgery (1993)
What's Left For Kicks? (2004)
The Brönte Pin (2017)
Solo albums
Handed Down the Wire (2001)
Trains Change (2007)
Songs From the Imperial Garden (2020)
Other recordings (as guitarist )
Jonathan Segel – Storytelling (1989)
The Electric Chairmen – Toast (1996
Jonathan Segel – Edgy Not Antsy (2003)
With Victor Krummenacher
Victory Out in the Heat (1995)
Saint John's Mercy (1998)
The Cock Crows at Sunrise (2007)
Patriarch's Blues (2008)
Blue Pacific (2018)
Filthy thieving bastards A Melody of Retreads and Broken Quills (2001)
Camper van Chadbourne (1987)
External links
Greg Lisher collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive
Camper Van Beethoven (official website)
Monks of Doom (official website)
greglisher.com (official website)
Bandcamp
Facebook
Living people
1963 births
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
Camper Van Beethoven members
Monks of Doom members
Filthy Thieving Bastards members
20th-century American male musicians
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26720883
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-harvest%20losses%20%28vegetables%29
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Post-harvest losses (vegetables)
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Post-harvest losses of vegetables and fruit occur at all points in the value chain from production in the field to the food being placed on a plate for consumption. Post-harvest activities include harvesting, handling, storage, processing, packaging, transportation and marketing.
Losses of horticultural produce are a major problem in the post-harvest chain. They can be caused by a wide variety of factors, ranging from growing conditions to handling at retail level. Not only are losses clearly a waste of food, but they also represent a similar waste of human effort, farm inputs, livelihoods, investments, and scarce resources such as water. Post-harvest losses for horticultural produce are, however, difficult to measure. In some cases everything harvested by a farmer may end up being sold to consumers. In others, losses or waste may be considerable. Occasionally, losses may be 100%, for example when there is a price collapse and it would cost the farmer more to harvest and market the produce than to plough it back into the ground. Use of average loss figures is thus often misleading. There can be losses in quality, as measured both by the price obtained and the nutritional value, as well as in quantity.
On-farm causes of loss
There are numerous factors affecting post-harvest losses, from the soil in which the crop is grown to the handling of produce when it reaches the shop. Pre-harvest production practices may seriously affect post-harvest returns. Plants need a continuous supply of water for photosynthesis and transpiration. Damage can be caused by too much rain or irrigation, which can lead to decay; by too little water; and by irregular water supply, which can, for example, lead to growth cracks. Lack of plant food can affect the quality of fresh produce, causing stunted growth or discoloration of leaves, abnormal ripening and a range of other factors. Too much fertilizer can harm the development and post-harvest condition of produce. Good crop husbandry is important for reducing losses. Weeds compete with crops for nutrients and soil moisture. Decaying plant residues in the field are also a major loss factor.
Causes of loss after harvest
Fruits and vegetables are living parts of plant and contain 65 to 95 percent water. When food and water reserves are exhausted, produce dies and decays. Anything that increases the rate at which a product's food and water reserves are used up increases the likelihood of losses. Increase in normal physiological changes can be caused by high temperature, low atmospheric humidity and physical injury. Such injury often results from careless handling, causing internal bruising, splitting and skin breaks, thus rapidly increasing water loss.
Respiration is a continuing process in a plant and cannot be stopped without damage to the growing plant or harvested produce. It uses stored starch or sugar and stops when reserves of these are exhausted, leading to ageing. Respiration depends on a good air supply. When the air supply is restricted fermentation instead of respiration can occur. Poor ventilation of produce also leads to the accumulation of carbon dioxide. When the concentration of carbon dioxide increases it will quickly ruin produce.
Fresh produce continues to lose water after harvest. Water loss causes shrinkage and loss of weight. The rate at which water is lost varies according to the product. Leafy vegetables lose water quickly because they have a thin skin with many pores. Potatoes, on the other hand, have a thick skin with few pores. But whatever the product, to extend shelf or storage life the rate of water loss must be minimal. The most significant factor is the ratio of the surface area of the fruit or vegetable to its volume. The greater the ratio the more rapid will be the loss of water. The rate of loss is related to the difference between the water vapour pressure inside the produce and in the air. Produce must therefore be kept in a moist atmosphere.
Diseases caused by fungi and bacteria cause losses but virus diseases, common in growing crops, are not a major post-harvest problem. Deep penetration of decay makes infected produce unusable. This is often the result of infection of the produce in the field before harvest. Quality loss occurs when the disease affects only the surface. Skin blemishes may lower the sale price but do not render a fruit or vegetable inedible. Fungal and bacterial diseases are spread by microscopic spores, which are distributed in the air and soil and via decaying plant material. Infection after harvest can occur at any time. It is usually the result of harvesting or handling injuries.
Ripening occurs when a fruit is mature. Ripeness is followed by senescence and breakdown of the fruit. The category “fruit” refers also to products such as aubergine, sweet pepper and tomato. Non-climacteric fruit only ripen while still attached to the parent plant. Their eating quality suffers if they are harvested before fully ripe as their sugar and acid content does not increase further. Examples are citrus, grapes and pineapple. Early harvesting is often carried out for export shipments to minimise loss during transport, but a consequence of this is that the flavour suffers. Climacteric fruit are those that can be harvested when mature but before ripening has begun. These include banana, melon, papaya, and tomato. In commercial fruit marketing the rate of ripening is controlled artificially, thus enabling transport and distribution to be carefully planned. Ethylene gas is produced in most plant tissues and is important in starting off the ripening process. It can be used commercially for the ripening of climacteric fruits. However, natural ethylene produced by fruits can lead to in-storage losses. For example, ethylene destroys the green colour of plants. Leafy vegetables will be damaged if stored with ripening fruit. Ethylene production is increased when fruits are injured or decaying and this can cause early ripening of climacteric fruit during transport.
Damage in the marketing chain
Fruits and vegetables are very susceptible to mechanical injury. This can occur at any stage of the marketing chain and can result from poor harvesting practices such as the use of dirty cutting knives; unsuitable containers used at harvest time or during the marketing process, e.g. containers that can be easily squashed or have splintered wood, sharp edges or poor nailing; overpacking or underpacking of containers; and careless handling of containers. Resultant damage can include splitting of fruits, internal bruising, superficial grazing, and crushing of soft produce. Poor handling can thus result in development of entry points for moulds and bacteria, increased water loss, and an increased respiration rate.
Produce can be damaged when exposed to extremes of temperature. Levels of tolerance to low temperatures are importance when cool storage is envisaged. All produce will freeze at temperatures between 0 and -2 degrees Celsius. Although a few commodities are tolerant of slight freezing, bad temperature control in storage can lead to significant losses.
Some fruits and vegetables are also susceptible to contaminants introduced after harvest by use of contaminated field boxes; dirty water used for washing produce before packing; decaying, rejected produce lying around packing houses; and unhealthy produce contaminating healthy produce in the same packages.
Losses directly attributed to transport can be high, particularly in developing countries. Damage occurs as a result of careless handling of packed produce during loading and unloading; vibration (shaking) of the vehicle, especially on bad roads; and poor stowage, with packages often squeezed into the vehicle in order to maximise revenue for the transporters. Overheating leads to decay, and increases the rate of water loss. In transport it can result from using closed vehicles with no ventilation; stacking patterns that block the movement of air; and using vehicles that provide no protection from the sun. Breakdowns of vehicles can be a significant cause of losses in some countries, as perishable produce can be left exposed to the sun for a day or more while repairs are carried out.
At the retail marketing stage losses can be significant, particularly in poorer countries. Poor-quality markets often provide little protection for the produce against the elements, leading to rapid produce deterioration. Sorting of produce to separate the saleable from the unsaleable can result in high percentages being discarded, and there can be high weight loss from the trimming of leafy vegetables. Arrival of fresh supplies in a market may lead to some existing, older stock being discarded, or sold at very low prices.
Avoiding loss
Losses can be avoided by following good practices as indicated above. There is also a wide range of post-harvest technologies that can be adopted to improve losses throughout the process of pre-harvest, harvest, cooling, temporary storage, transport, handling, and market distribution. Recommended technologies vary depending on the type of loss experienced. In recent years, researchers have developed digital means to monitor, optimize, and make changes in the management, logistic, and post-harvest supply chain processes to improve quality and reduce food losses. This digital technology, known as "digital twin", involves developing a virtual prototype of fresh produce with its natural characteristics. By coupling input-sensed data with already existing mechanistic models, the actionable output of an entire shipment of fresh produce, including shelf life, thermal injury, microbial spoilage, weight loss, and overall product quality can be identified. Although still in its early stages of application in post-harvest technology, digital twin also helps identify when and where these changes occur in the entire food supply chain. However, all interventions must meet the principle of cost-effectiveness. In theory it should be possible to reduce losses substantially but in practice this may be prohibitively expensive. Especially for small farms, for which it is essential to reduce losses, it is difficult to afford expensive and work-intensive technologies.
Assessing losses
There are no reliable methods for evaluating post-harvest losses of fresh produce although techniques for this have been improving in recent years. Any assessment can only refer to a particular value chain on a particular occasion and, even then, it is difficult to account for quality loss or to differentiate between unavoidable moisture loss and losses due to poor post-harvest handling and other factors described above. Accurate records of losses at various stages of the marketing chain are rarely kept, particularly in tropical countries where losses can be highest, making reliable assessment of the potential cost-effectiveness of interventions at different stages of the chain virtually impossible. The lack of such information may lead to misplaced interventions by governments and donors.
See also
Food waste
Post-harvest losses (grains)
References
External links
Washington State University Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center, Postharvest Information Network Article Database
Horticulture
Crops
Harvest
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20479662
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Space%20to%20Grow
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A Space to Grow
|
A Space to Grow is a 1968 American short documentary film produced by Thomas P. Kelly Jr. about Upward Bound programs in Chicago. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
See also
List of American films of 1968
References
External links
Watch A Space to Grow at the Chicago Film Archives
A Space to Grow at the National Archives and Records Administration
1968 films
1968 short films
1968 documentary films
American short documentary films
1960s short documentary films
Documentary films about education in the United States
Documentary films about Chicago
1960s English-language films
1960s American films
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26720899
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine%20Valley
|
Rhine Valley
|
Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal) is the valley, or any section of it, of the river Rhine in Europe.
Particular valleys of the Rhine or any of its sections:
Alpine Rhine Valley
Chur Rhine Valley (or Grisonian Rhine Valley; , or sometimes Bündner Rheintal) between Reichenau and Sargans, East Switzerland
St. Gallen Rhine Valley (also: St. Gall Rhine Valley; , however commonly known as Rheintal) between Sargans and Lake Constance, East Switzerland
High Rhine Valley
Upper Rhine Valley (or Upper Rhine Plain, also known as Rhine Rift Valley; ), a rift valley between Basel and Bingen am Rhein, Germany
Middle Rhine Valley ()
Lower Rhine Valley
See also
Oberrheintal (translation: "Upper Rhine Valley", but not to be confused with the Upper Rhine Valley), a former district in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, part of the St. Gallen Rhine Valley
Unterrheintal (translation: "Lower Rhine Valley"), a former district in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, part of the St. Gallen Rhine Valley
Notes
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20479678
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Caso
|
Tony Caso
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Tony Caso (Anthony Caso) is an American 1980s pop/dance music recording artist and, later, actor.
Career
Tony Caso began recording in the early 1980s, as Tony Caso and Salvation. His first single, "I Want To Dance With You" (1981), was issued on Lam Records. A second single, 'Hot Blooded Woman', was also issued in 1981.
Tony joined the Bobby O label in New York, recording in One Two Three and Waterfont Home. He had a number of singles throughout the 1980s:
All The Love In My Heart - 1983 (O Records)
Take A Chance (On Me) - 1984 (O Records)
Dancing in Heaven - 1985 (Memo Records)
Motorcycle Madness - 1986 (Eurobeat Records)
Desperate & Dangerous - 1987 (Eurobeat Records)
Love Attack - 1987 (Eurobeat Records)
Run To Me - 1987 (Eurobeat Records)
In the mid 1980s Caso began moving from recording to acting. He has appeared in numerous commercials, television shows and movies including the Sopranos and Goodfellas.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male pop singers
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6907931
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20Chartered%20Pakistan
|
Standard Chartered Pakistan
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Standard Chartered Pakistan () is a Pakistani banking and financial services company in Pakistan and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of British multinational bank Standard Chartered.
It is Pakistan's oldest and largest foreign commercial bank. It employs over 9000 people in its 43 branches in Pakistan.
History
The history of Standard Chartered in Pakistan dates back to 1863, when the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China first established its operations in Karachi.
In 2006, Standard Chartered Bank acquired Pakistan's Union Bank. On 30 December 2006, Standard Chartered merged Union Bank with its own subsidiary, Standard Chartered Bank (Pakistan), to create Pakistan's sixth largest bank.
FinCEN
Standard Chartered was named in FinCEN leak, published by Buzzfeed News and the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). It had four suspicious transactions flagged.
See also
Banking in Pakistan
Union Bank (Pakistan)
References
External links
Standard Chartered Pakistan
Banks of Pakistan
Companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange
Standard Chartered
Pakistani subsidiaries of foreign companies
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20479680
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Albanian%20Friendship%20Society
|
Soviet–Albanian Friendship Society
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The Soviet–Albanian Friendship Society (Albanian: Shoqëria e miqësisë Shqipëri-Bashkimi Sovjetik, Russian: Общество советско-албанской дружбы) was an organization established in 1945 to facilitate cultural cooperation between the Soviet Union and Albania. From its founding until the Soviet-Yugoslav split in 1948 it had only limited influence in the country due to Yugoslavia's control over Albania's foreign policy. After the split the Society played an important role in promoting Soviet culture and norms in Albania through establishing courses for teaching Albanians the Russian language, introducing Soviet methods of work in industry and other fields, providing lectures, artistic performances and the distribution of Soviet materials and books in the Albanian language.
In August 1950 it had a membership of 50,000, which was raised to 154,000 by the next year. Tuk Jakova was President of the Society, succeeded by Bedri Spahiu in June 1951 who was in turn succeeded by Hysni Kapo on August 15, 1955. The Society became inactive on the Albanian side as a result of the Soviet–Albanian split, but in the Soviet Union itself it was gradually made more active in the 1980s as the Soviet Government sought to reestablish diplomatic relations with Albania, which was achieved in 1990.
References
Albania friendship associations
Soviet state institutions
Soviet Union friendship associations
Albania–Soviet Union relations
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20479691
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NH%2077
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NH 77
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NH 77 may refer to:
National Highway 77 (India)
New Hampshire Route 77, United States
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23582857
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boti%20Goa
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Boti Goa
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Boti Goa Tyrolien Orphée Demel (born March 3, 1989) is an Ivorian professional footballer who last played for Zhetysu in the Kazakhstan Premier League.
Career
Born in Dabou, Goa began his career with Club Omnisport Omness Dabou and joined in summer 2007 the Portuguese top club Benfica. He played one year in Benfica's youth team, scoring 15 goals in 26 matches. In October 2008, he went on trial to Girona FC, but subsequently signed with Armenian side Mika F.C. On 28 February, he was sold to Rosenborg BK.
In January 2012, the Norwegian media reported that Goa was arriving late from vacation for the second time in four months, and wondered if his time in Rosenborg had come to an end. It was later revealed that Goa was at the hospital after being involved in a car accident in Ivory Coast.
In June 2016, Goa left FC Zhetysu.
International career
Goa is former member of the Ivory Coast national under-20 football team.
Career statistics
Club
Notes
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
People from Dabou
Ivorian footballers
Ivorian expatriate footballers
Association football forwards
Eliteserien players
Armenian Premier League players
Kazakhstan Premier League players
S.L. Benfica footballers
FC Mika players
Rosenborg BK players
FC Zhetysu players
Expatriate footballers in Armenia
Expatriate footballers in Norway
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan
Ivorian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Ivorian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
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6907963
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drut%20%28river%29
|
Drut (river)
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The Drut, Druts or Druć (, ; , ) is a river in Belarus, a right tributary of Dnieper. It originates in the Orsha Upland in the Belarusian Ridge and flows through Vitebsk, Mogilev and Homiel provinces of Belarus. It is long, and has a drainage basin of .
The cities of Tolochin and Rogachev are located on the Drut.
The Chihirin Reservoir on the Drut river has an area of .
References
Rivers of Gomel Region
Rivers of Mogilev Region
Rivers of Vitebsk Region
Rivers of Belarus
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23582861
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1%C3%ADk
|
Košík
|
Košík is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Doubravany, Sovolusky and Tuchom are administrative part of Košík.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
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20479694
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Way%20Out%20of%20the%20Wilderness
|
A Way Out of the Wilderness
|
A Way Out of the Wilderness is a 1968 American short documentary film produced by Dan E. Weisburd. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short. The film was preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2011.
See also
List of American films of 1968
References
External links
Watch A Way Out of the Wilderness at the United States National Library of Medicine
1968 films
1960s short documentary films
1968 short films
1968 documentary films
American short documentary films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films
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26720918
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential%20%28Pet%20Shop%20Boys%20album%29
|
Essential (Pet Shop Boys album)
|
Essential is a 1998 compilation album by Pet Shop Boys, released as a limited edition in the United States by EMI/Capitol and in Japan by Toshiba/EMI. Produced for only six months, early promotional versions of the album had the title Early, as the tracks featured were part of Pet Shop Boys' early catalogue. The album contained remixes as well as album tracks and B-sides. The CD booklet contains an essay written by music journalist and Pet Shop Boys biographer Chris Heath.
While several of the selections had not been available on compact disc prior to its original release, as of 2018, it remains the only official CD appearance of the 7" version of "That's My Impression" (all other reissues and compilations using the "Disco" mix.)
Track listing
Certifications
References
Pet Shop Boys compilation albums
1998 compilation albums
|
20479715
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Vyborg%20Bay
|
Battle of Vyborg Bay
|
Battle of Vyborg Bay can refer to three battles:
Battle of Vyborg Bay (1790), between Russia and Sweden during the Russo-Swedish War (1788–90)
Battle of Vyborg (1918), when Vyborg was captured by the Whites from the Reds during the Finnish Civil War
Battle of Vyborg Bay (1944), between the Soviet Union and Finland during World War II
|
20479730
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian%20Institute%20for%20Social%20Research
|
Norwegian Institute for Social Research
|
The Norwegian Institute for Social Research (, ISF) is a private social science research institute based in Oslo, Norway.
It was founded in 1950 by Vilhelm Aubert, Arne Næss, Eirik Rinde, and Stein Rokkan. It publishes the journal Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning.
The institute is divided into five research fields, each with its own research director. They are Bernt Aardal (Political institutions, voting and public opinion), Erling Barth (Employment and working conditions), Mari Teigen (Gender and society), Bernard Enjolras (Civil society in transition) and Hilde Lidén (International migration, integration and ethnic relations). In total, the institute has 52 employees.
References
Official website
Research institutes in Norway
Education in Oslo
Independent research institutes
Social science institutes
Arne Næss
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26720922
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk%20%28name%29
|
Björk (name)
|
Björk, Björck, Biörck, or Bjork is a Swedish surname meaning birch.
It is also an Icelandic name given to girls, meaning birch, specifically the most common native tree of Iceland, Betula pubescens tortuosa (Arctic downy birch).
Notable people with the name include
Given name
Björk Guðmundsdóttir (born 1965), Icelandic singer
Hera Björk Þórhallsdóttir (born 1972), Icelandic singer
Surname
Alexander Björk (born 1990), Swedish professional golfer
Anders Björck (born 1944), Swedish politician
Anita Björk (1923–2012), Swedish actress
Arne Björk (1911–1996), Swedish dentist
Brant Bjork (born 1973), American musician
Carl-Johan Björk (born 1982), Swedish-born American football player
Cheng Yuk Han Bjork (born 1980), Chinese fencer
Fabian Biörck (1893–1977), Swedish gymnast
Fredrik Björck (born 1979), Swedish footballer
Gottfrid Björck (1893–1981), Swedish Army major general
Hildegard Björck (1847–1920), the first Swedish woman to complete an academic degree
Jakob Björck (1727/28–1793), Swedish portrait painter
Nils Björk (1898–1989), Swedish Army lieutenant general
Nina Björk (born 1967), Swedish feminist author
Oscar Björck (1860–1929), Swedish painter
Philip R. Bjork, American geologist
Robert A. Bjork (born 1939), American psychologist
Svante Björck, Swedish geologist
Thed Björk (born 1980), Swedish racing driver
Therese Björk (born 1981), Swedish footballer
Viking Björk (1918–2009), Swedish cardiac surgeon
See also
Björk (disambiguation)
Bjørk, Norwegian equivalent
Birk, Estonian given name and surname
Bajorek, Polish surname
Icelandic feminine given names
Swedish-language surnames
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23582864
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kounice
|
Kounice
|
Kounice () is a market town in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,600 inhabitants.
Geography
Kounice is located about southwest of Nymburk and east of Prague. It lies in the Central Elbe Table lowland within the Polabí region.
History
The first written mention of Kounice is from 1257.
References
Market towns in the Czech Republic
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6907994
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Castiglia
|
Jim Castiglia
|
James Vincent Castiglia (September 30, 1918 – December 26, 2007) was an American football fullback in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins and the Philadelphia Eagles. He also played for the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference. In 1941 he played his first season with the Eagles, carrying the ball 60 times for 183 yards.
In 1942 Castiglia left the NFL to play professional baseball in the major leagues. Castiglia played for the Philadelphia Athletics, and is recorded as a catcher, but was mostly used as a pinch-hitter, catching in just three games. He is one of many ballplayers who only appeared in the major leagues during World War II. Though he only played 16 games, he hit extremely well, going 7-for-18, a .389 batting average. He had two runs batted in and scored two runs. During his season, the 23-year-old rookie, a graduate of Georgetown University, stood 5'11" and weighed 200 lbs.
Following World War II, Castiglia returned to the NFL to play the 1945 and 1946 seasons with the Eagles. In 1947, he played two games with the Colts before moving to the Redskins. Castiglia retired from the NFL following the 1948 season.
Castiglia died December 26, 2007, in Rockville, Maryland. He is buried in Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Aspen Hill, Maryland.
References
External links
1918 births
2007 deaths
Burials at Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Silver Spring, Maryland)
Sportspeople from Passaic, New Jersey
Georgetown Hoyas football players
American football running backs
United States Army personnel of World War II
Philadelphia Eagles players
Baltimore Colts (1947–1950) players
Washington Redskins players
Major League Baseball catchers
Baseball players from New Jersey
Philadelphia Athletics players
Passaic High School alumni
Military personnel from New Jersey
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20479761
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Hustad
|
Jon Hustad
|
Jon Ottar Hustad (born 25 March 1968) is a Norwegian journalist, writer and lector in history.
Hustad was born in Bondalen, Ørsta. He currently (2009) works in Dag og Tid. He worked for Klassekampen from 2002 to 2003 and 2004 to 2007, and Morgenbladet from 2003 to 2004. His non-fiction books include Skolen som forsvann (2002), Hjørundfjorden (2005) and Varsleren (2006). He has a cand.philol. degree from 1997.
Bibliography
Hustad has written several non-fiction books:
Skolen som forsvann (2002)
14 menn og ei kvinne (2004)
Hjørundfjorden (2005)
Varsleren (2006)
Gjeldsslaven Europa (2012)
References
1968 births
Living people
Norwegian journalists
Norwegian non-fiction writers
|
23582866
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouty%20%28Nymburk%20District%29
|
Kouty (Nymburk District)
|
Kouty is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
|
20479765
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Highway%2077%20%28India%2C%20old%20numbering%29
|
National Highway 77 (India, old numbering)
|
National Highway 77 is a National Highway of India entirely within the state of Bihar that links Hajipur to Sonbarsa near India-Nepal border, and is long.
See also
National Highway
List of National Highways
National Highways Development Project
The National Highway has very important from commercial Point view as it connects North Bihar with South Bihar. It also important because it directly connects south Bihar with the International Border of Nepal.
References
77
National highways in India (old numbering)
|
23582868
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovanice
|
Kovanice
|
Kovanice is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Chvalovice is an administrative part of Kovanice.
History
The first written mention of Kovanice is from 1266.
References
Villages in Nymburk District
|
23582870
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Monson
|
Lord Monson
|
Lord Monson may refer to
Baron Monson, of Burton in the County of Lincolnshire, is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1728 for Sir John Monson, 5th Baronet.
William Monson, 1st Viscount Monson of Castlemaine in the Peerage of Ireland who lost his title as part of his punishment for his part in the regicide of Charles I.
|
6908019
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt.%20Petsound%27s%20Lonely%20Hearts%20Club%20Band
|
Sgt. Petsound's Lonely Hearts Club Band
|
Sgt. Petsound's Lonely Hearts Club Band is a track-for-track mash-up of The Beach Boys’ Pet Sounds with The Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band by Clayton Counts, posted on his blog. It was released under the pseudonym "The Beachles" and received favorable mentions in Entertainment Weekly and USA Today, as well as blogs around the world. Sometime around September 8, 2006, Counts received a cease and desist order from EMI's attorneys. Notably, the letter included a demand for Counts to hand over the IP addresses of everyone who downloaded or streamed the songs. Counts removed the songs, but refused to give up the IPs and fired back with a lengthy missive on his blog. The incident drew the attention of the Associated Press and Rolling Stone, and resulted in a letter-writing campaign and a boycott of EMI and Capitol Records on behalf of Counts.
Counts linked to the tracker site isoHunt as a place to still download the album after his cease and desist letter.
Track listing
"Wouldn't Sgt. Petsound Be Nice?"
"You Still Believe in My Friends"
"That's Not Lucy"
"Don't Talk (Get Better)"
"I'm Fixing It, Dayhole"
"She's Going Away for Awhile"
"Being for the Benefit of Sloop John B!"
"God Only Knows What I'd Be Within You"
"I Know There're Sixty-Four Answers"
"Today, Rita"
"I Just Wasn’t Made for Good Mornings"
"Sgt. Petsound's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprieve)"
"A Day in the Life of Caroline"
"Runout Groove"
References
External links
Beachles Update, Tiny Mix Tapes' interview with Clayton Counts
Bad Vibrations, CBC article
Mashup albums
The Beatles bootleg recordings
2006 remix albums
The Beatles remix albums
Unofficial remix albums
Musical tributes to the Beach Boys
The Beatles tribute albums
Sampling controversies
|
56566671
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20Galway%20Senior%20Hurling%20Championship
|
2018 Galway Senior Hurling Championship
|
The 2018 Galway Senior Hurling Championship was the 121st staging of the Galway Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment in 1887.
The winners St. Thomas' were presented with the Tom Callanan Cup having beaten Liam Mellows in the final on 18 November.
Liam Mellows were the reigning champions. Ballinderreen participated in the senior championship having been promoted from the intermediate competition in 2017.
Competition Format
Twenty four reams compete in the initial group stages of the championship – the top ranked twelve teams compete in the Senior A Group and the second ranked twelve teams compete in the Senior B Group. Eight teams from the Senior A Group and four teams from the Senior B Group progress to the knockout stage. The competition format is explained further in each of the championship rounds in the sections below.
Group Stage
Senior A
Senior A consists of 12 teams divided into two groups of 6. The top two teams from each group automatically qualify for the quarter finals. The third and fourth teams from each group play in the preliminary quarter finals. The bottom two teams from each group play-off with the losing team relegated to playing in the following year's Senior B Section.
Senior A - Group 1
{| class="wikitable"
!width=20|
! style="width:150px; text-align:left;"|Team
!width=20|
!width=20|
!width=20|
!width=20|
!width=30|
!width=40|
!width=20|
!width=20|
|- style="background:#98FB98;"
|1||align=left| St. Thomas' ||5||4||1||0||4-97||5-65||29||9
|- style="background:#98FB98;"
|2||align=left| Liam Mellows ||5||3||1||1||5-83||3-82||7||7
|- style="background:#ccf;"
|3||align=left| Tommy Larkin's ||5||1||4||0||4-73||5-78||2||6
|- style="background:#ccf;"
|4||align=left| Castlegar ||5||2||1||2||8-72||4-75||9||5
|-
|5||align=left| Craughwell ||5||1||0||4||7-68||6-83||-12||2
|-
|6||align=left| Kilnadeema-Leitrim ||5||0||1||4||3-73||7-96||-35||1
|}
Senior A - Group 2
{| class="wikitable"
!width=20|
! style="width:150px; text-align:left;"|Team
!width=20|
!width=20|
!width=20|
!width=20|
!width=30|
!width=35|
!width=20|
!width=20|
|- style="background:#98FB98;"
|1||align=left| Sarsfields ||5||3||1||1||3-74||6-68||-3||7
|- style="background:#98FB98;"
|2|| style="text-align:left;"| Loughrea ||5||3||0||2||5-76||4-76||3||6
|- style="background:#ccf;"
|3|| style="text-align:left;"| Gort ||5||3||0||2||3-95||3-79||16||6
|- style="background:#ccf;"
|4|| style="text-align:left;"| Cappataggle ||5||2||1||2||2-83||4-73||4||5
|-
|5|| style="text-align:left;"| Mullagh||5||2||0||3||5-71||2-90||-10||4
|-
|6|| style="text-align:left;"| Portumna ||5||1||0||4||3-78||2-91||-10||2
|}
Senior A - Relegation
Senior B
Senior B consists of 12 teams divided into two groups of 6. The winners of each group qualify for the 2018 preliminary quarter finals and compete in the following year's Senior A competition. The four second and third placed teams play-off with the two winners also qualifying for the 2018 preliminary quarter finals.
Senior B - Group 1
{| class="wikitable"
!width=20|
! style="width:150px; text-align:left;"|Team
!width=20|
!width=20|
!width=20|
!width=20|
!width=40|
!width=45|
!width=20|
!width=20|
|- style="background:#98FB98;"
|1|| style="text-align:left;"| Turloughmore ||5||5||0||0||4-93||5-61||29||10
|- style="background:#ccf;"
|2|| style="text-align:left;"| Clarinbridge ||5||4||0||1||7-82||2-81||19||8
|- style="background:#ccf;"
|3|| style="text-align:left;"| Killimordaly ||5||2||1||2||5-82||4-75||10||5
|-
|4|| style="text-align:left;"| Ballinderreen ||5||2||0||3||8-59||4-76||-5||4
|-
|5|| style="text-align:left;"| Ahascragh-Fohenagh ||5||1||0||4||5-63||8-84||-30||2
|-
|6|| style="text-align:left;"| Beagh ||5||0||1||4||6-81||12-83||-23||1
|}
Senior B - Group 2
{| class="wikitable"
!width=20|
! style="width:150px; text-align:left;"|Team
!width=20|
!width=20|
!width=20|
!width=20|
!width=30|
!width=40|
!width=20|
!width=20|
|- style="background:#98FB98;"
|1||align=left| Tynagh-Abbey/Duniry ||5||4||1||0||6-89||4-63||32||9
|- style="background:#ccf;"
|2||align=left| Athenry ||5||3||0||2||6-71||2-69||14||6
|- style="background:#ccf;"
|3||align=left| Padraig Pearse's ||5||3||0||2||4-74||1-65||18||6
|-
|4||align=left| Abbeyknockmoy ||5||1||2||2||6-79||8-77||-14||4
|-
|5||align=left| Ardrahan ||5||1||1||3||3-69||2-82||-10||3
|-
|6||align=left| Moycullen ||5||0||2||3||4-67||12-83||-40||2
|}
Senior B - Playoffs
The second team in Senior B Group 1 plays the third team in Senior B Group 2 and the third team in Senior B Group 1 plays the second team in Senior B Group 2. The two winning teams qualify for the 2018 senior preliminary quarter finals. The two losing teams are eliminated from this year's senior championship.
Senior B - Relegation
The losing team is relegated to the following year's intermediate championship.
Senior Knockout Stage
Senior Preliminary Quarter Finals
The four teams who finished third and fourth in the two Senior A Groups play the four Senior B teams who qualified (the two winners of the two Senior B Groups plus the two winners of the Senior B play-offs).
Senior Quarter Finals
The four teams who finished first and second in the two Senior A groups play the four winners of the senior preliminary quarter finals.
Senior Semi Finals
Senior Final
References
Galway Senior Hurling Championship
Galway Senior Hurling Championship
|
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