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23573742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelymitra%20macrophylla | Thelymitra macrophylla | Thelymitra macrophylla, commonly called the large-leafed sun orchid or scented sun orchid, is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae, and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single thick, broad, leathery leaf and up to twenty five relatively large dark blue to purplish flowers with white, toothbrush-like tufts.
Description
Thelymitra macrophylla is a tuberous herbaceous perennial with a single thick, leathery, strap-like leaf long and wide. Between two and twenty-five dark blue to purplish flowers, wide are borne on a flowering stem tall. The sepals and petals are long and wide. The column is white to pale blue or pinkish, long and wide. The lobe on the top of the anther is long, wide and dark brown with a yellow tip. The side lobes have toothbrush-like tufts of white hairs. The flowers are strongly scented, insect pollinated and open in sunny weather. Flowering occurs from August to October.
Taxonomy and naming
Thelymitra macrophylla was first formally described in 1840 by John Lindley from a specimen collected by James Drummond and the description was published in A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony. The specific epithet (macrophylla) is derived from the Ancient Greek words makros meaning "long" and phyllon meaning "leaf".
Distribution and habitat
The large-leafed sun orchid is widespread and common between Perth and Albany, growing in jarrah forest and wandoo woodland.
Conservation
Thelymitra macrophylla is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
References
External links
macrophylla
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of Western Australia
Plants described in 1840 |
6900271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Klawans | Stuart Klawans | Stuart Klawans has been the film critic for The Nation since 1988. He also writes a column on the visual arts for The New York Daily News.
Education
He obtained his degree from Yale University.
Awards and honors
He won the 2007 National Magazine Award for Reviews and Criticism and he received a 2003 Guggenheim Fellowship to work on a critical study of Preston Sturges. His 1998 book Film Follies: The Cinema Out of Order was a finalist in the Criticism category for the National Book Critics Circle Award.
Appearances
Klawans appears in the 2009 documentary For the Love of Movies: The Story of American Film Criticism describing the importance and impact of two deceased film critics, Manny Farber and Vincent Canby. His work has appeared in The New York Times.
Books
Film Follies: The Cinema Out of Order
Left in the Dark: Film Reviews and Essays, 1988-2001
Family
Klawans is the son of the late Yoletta Klawans, a first grade teacher, and the late Jack Klawans, a manager of a chain of women's clothing stores. Klawans is married to Bali Miller, a private advisor in modern and contemporary art in New York. He lives in New York City.
References
External links
Stuart Klawans on The Daily Beast
Stuart Klawans on New York Film Critics Choice
American film critics
Living people
The Nation (U.S. magazine) people
Yale University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
20466192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Parkinson | Bob Parkinson | Robert Parkinson (27 April 1873 – after 1901) was an English footballer. His regular position was as a forward. He was born in Preston, Lancashire. He played for Preston Ramblers, Preston Athletic, Fleetwood Rangers, Rotherham Town, Luton Town, Blackpool, Warmley, Nottingham Forest, Newton Heath, Watford and Swindon Town.
Blackpool
Parkinson was a member of the Blackpool line-up for their first-ever match in the Football League, on 5 September 1896. He played up front alongside his namesake, Jack Parkinson. He went on to make a further seven league appearances in the 1896–97 season, scoring one goal – in a 4–2 defeat at Woolwich Arsenal on 19 December.
Parkinson's final appearance for the club occurred on 23 January, in a 3–1 home defeat by Small Heath. Shortly after this, he joined Nottingham Forest.
References
General
MUFCInfo.com profile
Specific
1873 births
Year of death missing
Footballers from Preston, Lancashire
English footballers
Association football forwards
Fleetwood Rangers F.C. players
Rotherham Town F.C. (1878) players
Luton Town F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Warmley F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
English Football League players |
23573746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner%20Tiso | Wagner Tiso | Wagner Tiso Veiga (born 12 December 1945) is a musician, arranger, conductor, pianist and composer from Brazil.
Born in Três Pontas, Tiso learned music theory with Paulo Moura and specialised in keyboards. In 1970, he joined Som Imaginário, working with Milton Nascimento. Tiso and Nascimento were then together in Clube da Esquina, who toured internationally. The group also included Beto Guedes, Toninho Horta and Flávio Venturini. He has also worked on several soundtracks.
References
External links
Official site
1945 births
Living people
People from Minas Gerais
Brazilian composers
Brazilian pianists
Musicians from Minas Gerais
21st-century pianists |
6900274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday%20Sport | Everyday Sport | Everyday Sport is Sport England's physical activity campaign.
It was developed following work done in Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Finland and Canada which has shown that a social marketing campaign is a very useful tool in the overall drive to get more people playing sport, alongside development of the infrastructure of community sport.
Everyday Sport was launched as a pilot in the North East of England in May 2004, the campaign was then rolled out to the rest of the country in September 2005.
See also
Sport England
Sport in England
External links
Everyday Sport official website
Sport in England |
23573764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Better%20Know%20It | You Better Know It | "You Better Know It" is a 1959 single by recorded and written by Jackie Wilson who collaborated with Brunswick Records staff songwriter Norm Henry. Although the single made the Top 40, it was not as successful as Jackie Wilson's previous entries, peaking at number thirty-seven. On the R&B chart, the single was Jackie Wilson's, second number one, where it stayed for one week.
"You Better Know It" was used in the 1959 film Go Johnny Go, which starred Jackie Wilson and Alan Freed.
References
Jackie Wilson songs
1959 songs
1959 singles
Songs written for films |
23573772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Anthony%20Abbot%20Tempted%20by%20a%20Heap%20of%20Gold | Saint Anthony Abbot Tempted by a Heap of Gold | Saint Anthony Abbot Tempted by a Heap of Gold is a painting by the 15th-century Sienese painter known as the Master of the Osservanza, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Completed circa 1435 in tempera and gold on panel, it is one of his cycle of eight works representing scenes from Saint Anthony's life.
St. Anthony lived during the third century and for a period survived as a wandering hermit in the Egyptian wilderness. Depictions often show him surrounded by debased creatures who gather to lure him into sin by offering the devil disguised in various ways, such as a woman or an object of wealth. In this instance, the gathering animals entice him with a pot of gold. At some stage early in the painting's history, the pot, which had been shown on the ground near the rabbit, was scraped out, removing the cause of the saint's gesture.
Typical of 15th-century Italian art, the figures in this composition are small in relation to the full canvas; their importance is indicated moreover by their proximity to the foreground. The painting appears relatively 'flat' to modern eyes. Depth of field is indicated by the path, which winds beyond the saint in the foreground, before forking to the right into the higher and more distant background.
The painting was owned by Prince Léon Ouroussoff of Vienna until acquired by the American banker Philip Lehman in 1924.
Notes
External links
Robert Lehman Collection at the MMoA
1430s paintings
Paintings in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Italian paintings
Paintings of Anthony the Great
Deer in art
Rabbits and hares in art |
6900275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos%20bullhead%20shark | Galapagos bullhead shark | The Galapagos bullhead shark, Heterodontus quoyi, is a bullhead shark of the family Heterodontidae found in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean between latitudes 0° to 10°S, at depths between 3 and 40 m. It can reach a length of 1.07 m.
The reproduction of this bullhead shark is oviparous.
References
External links
Heterodontidae
Fish described in 1840 |
23573773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello%20%28Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k%29 | Othello (Dvořák) | The concert overture Othello (), Op. 93, B. 174, was written by Antonín Dvořák in 1892 as the third part of a trilogy of overtures called "Nature, Life and Love". The first two parts of the trilogy are In Nature's Realm, Op. 91 ("Nature") and the Carnival Overture, Op. 92 ("Life").
The overture is scored for two flutes (Flute I doubling piccolo), two oboes, English horn, two clarinets in A, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, bass drum, cymbals, harp and strings.
References
External links
Overture, Othello, Op. 93 by Richard Freed, The Kennedy Center
Compositions by Antonín Dvořák
Concert overtures
1892 compositions
Music based on works by William Shakespeare |
23573775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelymitra%20rubra | Thelymitra rubra | Thelymitra rubra, commonly called the salmon sun orchid or pink sun orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to southeastern Australia. It has a single thin, grass-like leaf and up to five salmon pink flowers with broad, toothed arms on the sides of the column. It is similar to T. carnea but the flowers are larger and the column arms are a different shape.
Description
Thelymitra rubra is a tuberous, perennial herb with a single thin, channelled, green or purplish thread-like to linear leaf long and wide. There are up to five salmon pink flowers wide and are borne on a thin, wiry flowering stem tall. The flowers are sometimes other shades of pink, rarely cream-coloured or very pale pink. The sepals and petals are long and wide. The column is cream-coloured to pinkish with a black, red or orange band near the top and is long and about wide. The lobe on the top of the anther is short and brownish with a toothed tip. The side arms on the column are broad and yellow with finger-like edges. The flowers open on sunny days but are sometimes self-pollinating. Flowering occurs from September to November.
Taxonomy and naming
Thelymitra rubra was first formally described in 1882 by Robert Fitzgerald and the description was published in The Gardeners' Chronicle. The specific epithet (rubra) is a Latin word meaning "red".
Distribution and habitat
The salmon sun orchid grows in forest, heath and coastal scrub. It occurs in southern New South Wales, south-eastern South Australia and in Tasmania but is widespread and common in all but the north-west of Victoria. Tasmanian specimens usually have a few hair-like strands on the sides of the column.
References
External links
rubra
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of New South Wales
Orchids of South Australia
Orchids of Victoria (Australia)
Orchids of Tasmania
Plants described in 1882 |
6900276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20Bradley%20%28footballer%29 | Warren Bradley (footballer) | Warren Bradley (20 June 1933 – 6 June 2007) was an English footballer who played for Manchester United and England.
Bradley was born in Hyde, Cheshire, and educated at Hyde Grammar School, where he played for Bolton Wanderers youth and B teams for eight years. He then attended Hatfield College at the University of Durham, and appeared for Durham City before joining Northern League side Bishop Auckland, one of the leading amateur clubs in the country, in 1955.
In February 1958, many of the players and staff of Manchester United were killed or injured in the Munich air crash. To fulfil their immediate fixture commitments, they needed to find several good players at short notice, and turned to Bishop Auckland for help. Three England amateur internationals, including Bradley, were loaned to United's reserve team while the club tried to rebuild. After a few months, having recovered from his injuries received in the crash, United's manager Matt Busby returned to work and was impressed by Bradley. He was signed as a part-time professional in November 1958, taking a job as a teacher in Stretford, and made his first-team debut for United against his old club, Bolton Wanderers.
In May 1959, Bradley was selected by England manager Walter Winterbottom, and became the first and only player to play for both the professional and amateur England teams in the same season. He played just three games for the full England team, including a tour of Mexico and the United States, and scored twice. However, his career at Manchester United never progressed any further, and he was transferred to Bury in 1962 for £2,500. He left Bury after a couple of seasons, and after brief spells with Northwich Victoria, Macclesfield Town and Bangor City, he retired in 1966.
After his retirement from football he had a long career as a headteacher, latterly at Deane School in Bolton, and worked with the Manchester United ex-players association.
Honours
Bishop Auckland
FA Amateur Cup: 1956, 1957
References
External links
Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk
Obituary at www.bigsoccer.com
1933 births
2007 deaths
People from Hyde, Greater Manchester
English footballers
England international footballers
England amateur international footballers
Association football wingers
Durham City A.F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Bishop Auckland F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Bangor City F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Schoolteachers from Greater Manchester
Alumni of Hatfield College, Durham |
23573791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabile%20%28disambiguation%29 | Cantabile (disambiguation) | Cantabile is a musical term meaning literally "singable" or "songlike".
Cantabile may also refer to:
Cantabile (group), a British a cappella vocal quartet
Cantabile (symphonic suite), a work by Frederik Magle
Liuto cantabile, a ten-stringed mandocello
Cantabile, a collection of poems by Henrik, Prince Consort of Denmark |
23573794 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Am%20a%20Werewolf%20Cub | I Am a Werewolf Cub | I am a werewolf cub () is a 1972 Swedish children's novel by Gunnel Linde illustrated by Hans Arnold. It was translated to English by Joan Tate.
Plot introduction
Ulf was bitten in his leg when stealing apples. He read the Book of Werewolves and understands he turns into a werewolf at full moon. His family notices that the previously timid Ulf is now talking back and sneaks out at night.
References
1972 Swedish novels
Swedish fantasy novels
Swedish horror fiction
Werewolf novels
Swedish-language novels
1972 children's books |
6900285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Skies%20Over%20Europe | Red Skies Over Europe | Red Skies Over Europe is a 2004 action video game developed by Polish studio Interactive Vision and published by Akella. The game is set in the Eastern Front conflict between the Axis Powers Luftwaffe and the Soviet Air Force in World War II. The player can fly in aircraft such as the MiG-3, Yak-9, IL-2, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Junkers Ju 87. There are 40 missions in the game.
References
2004 video games
Combat flight simulators
Video games developed in Poland
Video games set in the Soviet Union
Windows games
Windows-only games
World War II video games
Akella games |
23573802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie%20%28British%20TV%20series%29 | Katie (British TV series) | Katie Price: My Crazy Life is a reality TV show depicting the life of Katie Price, a model and television personality.
Scenario
Reality TV show that documents the life of model and television personality Katie Price.
Series overview
Katie is a reality TV show depicting the life of Katie Price, a model and television personality.
Reception
The show hit it off with high ratings - pulling in almost 5.5 million viewers across all platforms - original broadcasts, YouTube, TV repeats and online - the highest Sky Living has ever reached.
Broadcast
The first three seasons of the show were broadcast on British television channel ITV2. Its first season, consisting of 6 episodes, aired from 27 August to 1 October 2009. Its first episode garnered 1.8 million viewers. The show's second season consisted of 8 episodes airing from 11 February to 1 April achieving an average of 2.3 million viewers; the 3-part wedding special Katie and Alex: For Better for Worse eventually followed on 14 July until 28 July 2010. The third season, the last with ITV2, was broadcast from 23 September until 11 November 2010.
Her 2-year contract with Sky Living saw a change for the show's fourth season in channel and name. This season is currently broadcast on Sky Living and is simply titled Katie to reflect the start of her new coalition with Sky. This was the first season to be broadcast in HD. The fourth season started on 22 March. The fifth and final series aired from 5 June to 10 August 2012.
The sixth season aired in late 2017, it is still going as of 19 August 2017 on Quest Red
References
2009 British television series debuts
2000s British reality television series
2010s British reality television series
English-language television shows
ITV reality television shows
Katie Price
Sky Living original programming
Television series by ITV Studios
British television series revived after cancellation |
6900290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashio-class%20submarine | Hayashio-class submarine | The Hayashio-class submarine was the successor design to the , and the predecessor of the .
Boats
Submarine classes |
6900298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Dellegatto | Paul Dellegatto | Paul N. Dellegatto (born August 3, 1960 in Natick, Massachusetts) is an American meteorologist and television weather forecaster. He is the chief meteorologist at WTVT in Tampa, Florida. Before coming to WTVT, he became a Meteorologist for WGME-TV in Portland, Maine in 1984. He then went on to become the Chief Meteorologist at WXII-TV in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He has been with WTVT since 1990, and took over for Roy Leep as the chief meteorologist in November 1997 (he previously served as morning meteorologist until 1997).
He is AMS Certified and one of the five (5) meteorologists that are certified broadcast meteorologists of the WTVT weather department. The only other certified broadcast meteorologists outside of WTVT in the market are Mike Clay, Josh Linker, Brian McClure, and Juli Marquez of Bay News 9, Tammie Souza of WTSP, and Steve Jerve and Leigh Spann of WFLA. Dick Fletcher of WTSP also held the seal prior to his passing in 2008.
On April 30, 2020, Dellegatto became the subject of a viral video when his golden retriever Brody crashed in the middle of a weather report filmed at Dellegatto's home.
External links
Official WTVT bio
WTVT Weather History (includes information about Dellegatto)
References
Living people
People from Natick, Massachusetts
Television anchors from Tampa, Florida
American television meteorologists
1960 births
Natick High School alumni |
23573805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP-5%20gas%20mask | GP-5 gas mask | The GP-5 gas mask was historically used by the USSR for NBC protection. The mask has become a popular item in popular culture since and referenced widely in video games and films, as it is very cheap because it is the most produced gas mask ever. The GP-5 is a simple gas mask with protection around the entire head, and a single metal ringed filter for breathing. It was designed to protect against the ingress of toxic, radioactive substances and bacterial (biological) agents into the respiratory system, eyes and face of a person. It was produced in the period from 1961 to 1989 (although there were FPC GP-5's produced in 1990). Taking into account the identified shortcomings in the operation of the civilian gas mask GP-5, it was modernized, which was called the modernized civilian gas mask model 5 - GP-5M. Gas masks GP-5 were produced three times more than the population of the Soviet Union. It was in impressive quantities in almost all industries and in civil defense shelters, sometimes it is still used as a training RPE in life safety classes , although now it is mostly replaced by the GP-7 and other soviet-era gas masks.
History
The GP-5 gas mask kit () is a Soviet-made gas mask kit, which contains a single-filter ShM-62 or Shm-62U gas mask. It was issued to the Soviet population starting in 1962; production ended in 1990. It is a lightweight mask, weighing 1.09 kg (2.42 lbs). It can operate in all weather and withstand temperatures from to . The ShM-62 or comes with sealed glass eye pieces. The GP-5 kit was originally made to protect the wearer from radioactive fallout during the Cold War and were distributed to most fallout shelters. They have been tested in Poland to determine if they have NBC protective capabilities. It was concluded that the mask will last in an NBC situation for 24 hours. They are a favorite of gas mask collectors because they are common and have the "old" circular eyepieces like masks used in World War II and the "helmet" type masks.
The GP-5 kit is widely available on the army surplus market, usually very cheaply ($5 to $23), and are often used as a part of Halloween or fancy dress costumes, including cosplay.
A variation of the GP-5 gas mask is the GP-5m, which features a circular piece of metal that contains a thin piece of plastic on the inside, which acts as a voice diaphragm ('voicemitter'), as well as circular earholes. The military version of the ShM-62, [The ShM-41] uses a near-identical facepiece but with an elongated filter housing and a hose which connects to a "Coffee can"-type filter. The filter remains supported in the mask's haversack while the mask is being worn. The ShM-62 and the ShM-41 were issued respectively to the civilian population and armed forces of the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies, among which they were given differing designations. The East German Armed Forces designated the military version the SchM-41M. Although it is unrelated to the GP-5 family of masks, a similar variant of the Russian "helmet-style" design with small eyepieces and a voicemitter for those with specific needs relating to the use of optical equipment (i.e. officers - binoculars) was known as the SchMS.
Cancer, Mesothelioma and Asbestosis Link
There has been some debate as to whether or not the filters are dangerous for containing asbestos. In October 2013, Dixon Information found out that the cotton layer of the filter contains 7.5 percent asbestos.
Supposedly, if the masks were made after 1972 they use activated charcoal, however filters dating throughout the 1980s have tested positive for asbestos.
The filter case contains lead which slowly degrades into the filter, along with many other chemicals used in the manufacturing process. Because of this it is not recommended to use the mask with the accompanying filter, as it may expose the user to hazardous materials such as asbestos and can cause possible inhalation of charchoal.
Construction
The front part of the GP-5 provides the supply of air purified in the filter-absorbing box to the respiratory organs and protects the eyes and face from the ingress of toxic, radioactive substances and bacterial (biological) agents, as well as dust, smoke and fog. The front part consists of a rubber body (helmet-mask) with fairings and a spectacle assembly with flat round glasses, a valve box with inhalation and exhalation valves. It is completed with one-sided films that prevent fogging of glasses of the spectacle unit, it can also be equipped with insulating cuffs that prevent freezing of glasses of the spectacle unit at low temperatures.
The rubber of the front parts was produced in 5 sizes: 0 (0y), 1 (1y), 2 (2y), 3 (3y), 4 (4y). The Russian letter "y" [which translates to the letter U] in a circle next to the number indicating the size of the helmet-mask means that this mask has thinner rubber, which is typical for later batches. The size is indicated by a number on the chin of the helmet mask. To select the required height of the helmet-mask, you need to measure the head along a closed line passing through the top of the head, cheeks and chin. Measurements are rounded to 0.5 cm. With a measurement value of up to 63 cm - 0 height, from 63.5 to 65.5 cm - 1 height, from 66 to 68 cm - 2 height, from 68.5 to 70.5 cm - 3 height, from 71 cm and more - 4 height. On the rubber, helmet-masks are also cast one under the other markings: the first letter of the city of production and the year followed by dots indicating the quarter of the year, and the mold number (for example: T86 ... F625).
The valve box of the front part serves to distribute the flows of inhaled and exhaled air. Inside the valve box there are inhalation and two exhalation valves (main and additional). It has a standard 40/4 thread and does not initially have a corrugated tube.
The filtering-absorbing box (FPK) of the GP-5 civilian gas mask has the shape of a cylinder. The FPC body is made of aluminium. In its lower half there is an antiaerosol filter, and in the upper half there is an absorber ( activated carbon ). On the lid of the box there is a screwed neck with a standard 40/4 thread for attaching the FPC to the front of the gas mask, and in the bottom there is a round hole through which the inhaled air enters.
The gas mask bag is used to store and carry the gas mask. The gas mask bag is equipped with a shoulder strap with movable buckles for carrying the gas mask over the shoulder and a strap for attaching the gas mask to the body. The bag has two pockets: flat with a partition for placing boxes with anti-fogging films and membranes and folding a waist band or IPP (individual dressing bag), and the other for an individual anti-chemical package IPP-8 .
Accessories
The GP-5 was issued in a basic fabric bag with two straps which were designed to be easily slung over a shoulder or hung from the waist. The issued bag also contained a decontamination kit (typically either IPP-1 or IPP-8 model), bandages, a first aid kit, and anti-fogging lenses. Online, there is an additional Gost to NATO filter thread adaptor which is not officially part of the Gp-5 kit issued by the Soviet union , but many buyers claim works.
Variants
The low-cost and ease of manufacturing of the GP-5 kit led to its adoption by a number of states, both for military and industrial use. In East Germany, the GP-5 was imported in numbers throughout the 1980s, with 1.8 million being imported between 1981 and 1988. The ShM-62 had a couple of variants made by the Soviet Union as the GP-5m, which is also known as the PMG-2. This variant was the equivalent of a standard ShM-62 mask, but with an added voice diaphragm.
Equipment/ Kit
the exhale valve part of ShM-62, ShM-62U or ShMP (similar to the two previous ones, but cast from black rubber), ShM-66MU (for modifying the GP-5M gas mask, it can be made of gray or black rubber) - 1 piece;
filtering-absorbing box (FPK) GP-5 - 1 piece
Gas mask Sack- 1 bag
single-sided anti-fogging films - 1 cartridge with the letters “NP” embossed on the lid contains 6 pieces;
1 instruction manual
Spare membranes for the exhale valve (only for SHM-66MU) - 1 box with the letter "M" embossed on the lid contains 6 pieces
Specifications and maintenance
The mass of the gas mask as a whole is no more than 900 grams.
The mass of the filter-absorbing box is no more than 250 grams.
The mass of the front part of ShM-62 is 400-430 grams, ShM-62U is 370-400 grams.
The area of the field of view is not less than 42%.
The overall dimensions of the gas mask when placed in a bag are 120x120x270 mm.
Overall dimensions of the filter-absorbing box: diameter - 112.5 mm; height with cap — 80 mm.
The resistance of the FPC to a constant air flow at a flow rate of 30 l / min is not more than 19 mm of water column (186.2 Pa).
The resistance of the front part to a constant air flow at a flow rate of 30 l / min: on inspiration - no more than 2 mm of water column (19.6 Pa); on exhalation - no more than 10 mm of water column (98 Pa).
The resistance of the gas mask to a constant air flow at a flow rate of 30 l / min: on inspiration - no more than 21 mm of water column (205.8 Pa); on exhalation - no more than 10 mm of water column (98 Pa).
FPC must be sealed at an overpressure of 100 mm Hg. When checking in a water bath for 8-10 seconds, no air bubbles should separate from the surface of the box;
The front part must be airtight at a vacuum of 120 mm of water column and must not give a drop in the liquid level along one knee of the pressure gauge by more than 18 mm for 1 minute.
FPC protective action time for hazardous chemicals at an air flow rate of 30 l/min.
Hydrocyanic at a concentration of 5.0 mg / dm 3 - at least 18 minutes.
Cyanogen at a concentration of 5.0 mg / dm 3 - at least 18 minutes.
Packaging and storage
Civilian gas masks GP-5 were packed, transported and stored in their original packaging - wooden boxes, which where sealed by the manufacturer. Each box contained 40 sets of gas masks, the sizes and numbers in said crate were the following : Size 0 - 5 pcs., Size 1 - 12 pcs., Size 2 - 15 pcs., Size 3 - 7 pcs., Size 4 - 1 pcs. Each box contained a manual for the correct operation and use of the gas mask. In box No. 1 of each batch of gas masks, a form for the batch was inserted.
Additional information
The GP-5 does not provide protection against ammonia and its derivatives, organic vapors and gases with a boiling point of less than 65 ° C (such as: methane , ethane , acetylene , ethylene oxide , isobutane , etc.), carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides .
Modifications
Taking into account the shortcomings of the civilian gas mask GP-5, its modification, GP-5M, was developed. The front part of the gas mask underwent modernization, which received the new name ShM-66MU. The front part of the ShM-66MU received an intercom and slots in the body of the helmet-mask for the ears.
Application
Before use, the civilian gas mask GP-5 must be checked for serviceability and tightness. When inspecting the front part, you should make sure that the height of the helmet-mask corresponds to the required one. Then determine its integrity by paying attention to the glasses of the spectacle assembly. After that, check the valve box, the condition of the valves. They must not be warped, clogged or torn. There should be no dents, rust, punctures on the filter-absorbing box, and no damage in the neck. Attention is drawn to the fact that the "grains" of the absorber are not poured into the box. The assembly of the GP-5 civilian gas mask is carried out as follows: the front part is taken in the left hand by the valve box, the filter-absorbing box is screwed all the way with the screwed neck into the branch pipe of the valve box of the front part with the right hand. Before putting on the new front part of the gas mask, it is necessary to wipe it outside and inside with a clean cloth slightly moistened with water, and blow out the exhalation valves. If any damage is found in the gas mask, they are eliminated, if it is impossible to do this, the gas mask is replaced with a serviceable one. The checked gas mask is assembled in a bag: down is a filter-absorbing box, on top - the front part, which is not bent, only the head and side parts are slightly turned up so as to protect the glass of the spectacle assembly.
A gas mask issued for use can be in 3 positions:
"travelling" position
"ready" position
"combat" position.
To bring the civilian gas mask GP-5 into the stowed position, it is necessary to put on a bag with a gas mask over the right shoulder so that it is on the left side, and the clasp is away from you, adjust the shoulder strap with the buckles so that the upper edge of the bag is at the level of the waist belt , check the reliability of the gas mask, fold the gas mask into the gas mask bag. If necessary, the gas mask can be attached to the belt with a ribbon. The gas mask is transferred to the “ready” position according to the signals “Air Raid” and “Threat of Radioactive Contamination”, that is, with an immediate threat of a nuclear, chemical or bacteriological (biological) attack. In this case, it is necessary to move the gas mask forward, unfasten the valve of the gas mask bag, fasten the gas mask to the body with a braid.
The mask tightly clings to the skin and scalp of the head, and so may be uncomfortable for those with all but the shortest of hair. The mask also will not create an airtight seal around the face if the individual wearing it has facial hair.
See also
PMK gas mask
Gp-4u
IP-5
GP-9
GP-7
PPM-88
PDF-2D
References
Military personal equipment
Military equipment of Russia
Gas masks of the Soviet Union
Protective gear
Military equipment introduced in the 1960s |
6900300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland%20Corridor | Heartland Corridor | The Heartland Corridor is a public-private partnership between the Norfolk Southern Railway (NS) and the Federal Highway Administration and three U.S. states to improve railroad freight operations.
The $150 million plan was developed to facilitate more efficient travel on NS rail lines between the Norfolk, Virginia port region and two Midwest destinations—Chicago, Illinois and Columbus, Ohio. One of the project goals was to increase clearances in tunnels to permit the operation of double-stack intermodal trains, increasing the capacity of rail lines, shortening rail journeys and reducing tractor-trailer traffic. New shipping terminals for intermodal connections are also planned for key locations.
Construction began in 2007, and the route opened for double stack service on September 9, 2010.
The project involved raising clearances in 28 tunnels and 24 other overhead obstacles. A total of around of tunnels were modified. When completed, the new routing was expected to reduce travel times from port facilities in Virginia to Chicago to three days, improving on the previous four-day travel time and to reduce the distance traveled by .
In June 2010, NS announced that it had reached an agreement with Ohio to extend a leg of the Heartland Corridor southwesterly from Columbus to Cincinnati, which is located on the Ohio River near the border where Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana converge. The $6.1 million cost will be funded with federal economic stimulus funds and the Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments, plus money from NS.
See also
National Gateway – railroad improvement project by CSX Transportation
Norfolk Southern Crescent Corridor – proposed railroad project running between Louisiana and New Jersey
Virginia Port Authority operator of three major port terminals on the harbor of Hampton Roads
Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program (CREATE)
References
External links
NS Photos of Heartland Corridor Tunnel Expansion Projects
Norfolk Southern Railway
Rail freight transportation in the United States
Rail infrastructure in Illinois
Transportation planning
Rail infrastructure in Virginia |
20466203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle%20Creek%20%28Oregon%29 | Eagle Creek (Oregon) | Eagle Creek may refer to any of a number of places in the U.S. state of Oregon:
Rivers of Oregon |
6900303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence | No-Big-Silence (often abbreviated as "NBS"), originally known as Aggressor, is an Industrial metal/rock band from Estonia.
History
Early years as Aggressor (1989–1995)
The beginnings of Aggressor date back to 1989 when Villem Tarvas, Marek Piliste, Kristo Kotkas and Marko Atso started playing together as an unnamed band. At the start of 1990 they released their first demo album named Indestructible – the music on this recording was influenced by German thrash metal band Kreator. Their first big performance was on 17 April 1990, and a year later they put together a 4 track demo which resulted in the recording of their first album, Procreate the Petrifactions at the end of 1992. Later on they played several shows in Moscow and in 1994 they released their second album Of Long Duration Anguish. The band was first introduced to a wider audience in the summer of 1995 at the Rock Summer festival in Estonia, where Aggressor headlined the B-stage – the crowd gave them a warm welcome.
Change of style and renaming to No-Big-Silence (1995–1996)
In 1994 bass guitarist Cram (Marek Piliste) sung a cover version of Corrosia Metalla's "Russian Vodka" for the album Of Long Duration Anguish. This later resulted in the idea of changing the band's name and style.
In 1995 the band went to studio (still as Aggressor) and were suggested a name-change. In 1995 they wrote lyrics to a song titled "No-Big-Silence 99" (a street in the USA where a mass murder was committed) – so the album was titled 99 and band renamed to "No-Big-Silence".
Success (1996–present)
After the 1995 Rock Summer festival, No-Big-Silence has successfully performed at larger festivals as well as at smaller clubs in Estonia, the Baltic States, Russia and Scandinavia. No-Big-Silence is valued as a live-act with an impressive show, esteemed by world class bands such as Metallica, Iron Maiden, Rammstein, HIM, Motörhead, Waltari, etc., who have chosen NBS to be their supporting act.
The chairman of the concert agency Baltic Development Group, Peeter Rebane, the local promoter for Metallica, Iron Maiden and Rammstein, comments: "In our opinion, No-Big-Silence is the most professional industrial band in the Baltics. Besides, they are a great live-act."
Their second release Successful, Bitch & Beautiful was already the album of current hit-songs such as "On the Hunt" and "Vamp-o-Drama". In 2001 the album was sold in Scandinavia, Germany, Italy and other European countries through the Finnish label Cyberware Productions. The homepage of Cyberware states that this album of No-Big-Silence is a magnificent masterpiece and regards it as one of the label's strongest releases today. According to Cyberware, the bonus video "Star DeLuxe" on the western version of the album gives a good overview of the band's glamorous live-show and enthusiastic fanbase. The Scandinavian music magazine Prospective Magazine thinks that Successful, Bitch & Beautiful is a "must listen to"-album. The review in the same magazines gives No-Big-Silence 8 out of 10 points. Johan Carlsson, a reviewer for the Swedish Release Magazine distinguishes the even and uniform quality of the album. "Metal riffs melded with electronic sounds on top of rock song structures make an interesting mixture, and the vocals fit perfectly." He continues: "It is nice to see an Estonian band, but don't buy it because of that. Buy it because it is good."
Musical style
The music of NBS has been variously described as sounding very much like Marilyn Manson and at times even Rammstein or Nine Inch Nails.
The band's style saw small changes throughout their albums apart from their first two, Procreate the Petrifactions and Of Long Duration Anguish, which are death metal. "99", recorded in 1995, featured a more thrash metal sound, but at the time of the album's release the band had taken on an industrial sound which was reflected in the supposed following album "new race" which was never released until 2003 under the compilation title Unreleased.
Successful, Bitch & Beautiful can be considered their softest album as it contains a mix of metal, rock and electronic. Unreleased is their heaviest and most electronic album and War in Wonderland is one of the darker and most "metal" of the band's albums.
Starstealer, released in 2009, shows the band turning darker and heavier. The artwork of the album shows a darker side of the band and the music bears much darker sound and a small hint of thrash metal from the old days.
"No-Big-Silence, unlike most of the hard rock bands, that get their inspiration from mysticism, concentrates on expressing the twists and turns of human psychology in the language of pop music. It is a great achievement in itself – to sound tough and delicate at the same time."
– Marko Mägi from Eesti Ekspress weekly
Band members
As Aggressor
Villem Tarvas – vocals, guitar (1989–1995)
Marek Piliste – bass (1989–1995)
Kristo Kotkas – guitar (1989–1995)
Marko Atso – drums (1989–1995)
As No-Big-Silence
Marek Piliste (a.k.a. Cram) – lead vocals (1995–present)
Villem Tarvas (a.k.a. Willem) – bass, guitar, backing vocals (1995–present)
Kristo Kotkas (a.k.a. Kristo K) – guitar, keyboards and programming (1995–present)
Rainer Mere – drums (2008–present)
Former members
Marko Atso – drums (1995–2000)
Kristo Rajasaare (a.k.a. Kristo R) – drums (2000–2008)
Raimo Jussila – bass (1994–1996)
Discography
As Aggressor
1990: Indestructible (demo)
1993: Procreate the Petrifactions
1994: Of Long Duration Anguish
2004: Procreate the Petrifactions 2004 (re-release with 4 bonus tracks)
Singles
1994: Path of the lost god
As No-Big-Silence
produced 1995 but released as late as 1997: 99
2000: Successful, Bitch & Beautiful
2003: Unreleased (late internet-only release of tracks recorded between 1996–1999)
2004: Kuidas kuningas kuu peale kippus (with Kosmikud)
2006: War in Wonderland
2007: Suurte Masinate Muusika (with Tiit Kikas) (live DVD of their concert at Leigo Järvemuusika in 2005)
2009: Starstealer
Singles
1996: Come
1997: New Race
1999: Vamp-O-Drama
2000: On The Hunt
2001: Star Deluxe
2001: The Fail
2006: Robot Super Lover Boy
2009: Chain Me
2011: Это не любовь (This Is Not Love) (Kino cover)
2011: üks imelik masin (A strange machine) (Gunnar Graps cover)
2013: The Falling
2013: Kõnetraat (Speaker cable) (Ummamuudu cover)
2014: Supersonic Night
2016: A Question of Time (Depeche Mode cover)
External links
No-Big-Silence at Estonian Metal
Aggressor at Estonian Metal
Official MySpace
Silencers – official fanclub
Silencers blog
Estonian industrial music groups
Techno music groups
Estonian musical groups
Musical groups established in 1989 |
23573818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20backlash | White backlash | White backlash, also known as white rage, is the negative response of some white people to the racial progress of other ethnic groups in rights and opportunities and their growing cultural parity, political self-determination, or dominance.
As explored by George Yancy, it can also refer to some white Americans' particularly visceral negative reaction to the examination of their own white privilege. Typically involving deliberate racism and threats of violence, this type of backlash is considered more extreme than Robin DiAngelo's concept of white fragility, defensiveness or denial.
It is typically discussed in the United States with regard to the advancement of African Americans in American society, but it has also been discussed in the context of other countries, including the United Kingdom and, in regard to apartheid, South Africa.
Sociology
White anxiety regarding immigration and demographic change are commonly reported as major causes of white backlash. The political scientist Ashley Jardina has explored those societal changes as a cause for white backlash and suggested that "many whites in the United States are starting to feel like their place at the top of the pyramid is no longer guaranteed and that the United States no longer looks like a 'white nation' which is dominated by white Anglo-Saxon Protestant culture."
In 2018, research at the University of California, Riverside, showed a perception of the "growth of the Latino population" made white Americans "feel the extant racial hierarchy is under attack, which in turn unleashed a white backlash." Similarly, a study from the European Journal of Social Psychology showed that informing "white British participants" that immigrant populations were rapidly rising "increases the likelihood they will support anti-immigrant political candidates."
Kevin Drum stated that with "the nonwhite share of the population" in the United States increasing from 25% in 1990 to 40% in 2019, the demographic shift may have produced a "short-term white backlash in recent years."
Regions
United States
One early example of a white backlash occurred when Hiram Rhodes Revels became the first African-American to be elected to the US Senate in 1870. The resulting backlash helped to derail Reconstruction, which had attempted to build an interracial democracy. Similarly, the 1898 White Declaration of Independence and the associated insurrection were reactions to the electoral successes of black politicians in Wilmington, North Carolina.
Among the highest-profile examples of a white backlash in the United States was after the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Many Democrats in Congress, as well as President Lyndon B. Johnson himself, feared that such a backlash could develop in response to the legislation, and Martin Luther King Jr. popularized the "white backlash" phrase and concept to warn of that possibility. The backlash that they had warned about occurred and was based on the argument that whites' immigrant descendants did not receive the benefits that were given to African Americans in the Civil Rights Act. After signing the Civil Rights Act, Johnson grew concerned that the white backlash would cost him the 1964 general election later that year. Specifically, Johnson feared that his opponent, Barry Goldwater, would harness the backlash by highlighting the black riots that were engulfing the country.
A significant white backlash also resulted from the election of Barack Obama as the first black US President in 2008. As a result, the term is often used to refer specifically to the backlash triggered by Obama's election, with many seeing the election of Donald Trump as president in 2016 as an example of "whitelash". The term is a portmanteau of "white" and "backlash" and was coined by the CNN contributor Van Jones to describe one of the reasons he thought let Trump win the election.
The Stop the Steal movement and the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, occurring in the wake of the 2020 US presidential election, have been interpreted as a reemergence of the Lost Cause idea and a manifestation of white backlash. The historian Joseph Ellis has suggested that many who ignore the role that race played in Donald Trump's 2016 presidential victory are following an example set by Lost Cause propagandists, who attributed the American Civil War to a clash over constitutional issues while downplaying the role of slavery.
South Africa
In 1975, it was reported that the government was being slow to approve desegregating communities out of fears of an Afrikaner backlash. In 1981, The New York Times reported that P. W. Botha's cabinet colleagues, "sensitive to the danger of a white backlash," was publicly listing statistics that proved it was spending far more money per capita on education for white children than for black children.
In 1990, as apartheid was being phased out, Jeane Kirkpatrick wrote that President F. W. de Klerk "knows full well that several opinion polls show a strong white backlash against his policies." By the late 1990s, there were fears of a white Afrikaner backlash unless Nelson Mandela's ANC government permitted Orania, Northern Cape, to become an independent Volkstaat. By then, a former State President, P. W. Botha warned of an Afrikaner backlash to threats against the Afrikaans language.
In 2017, John Campbell proposed that "perhaps inevitably, there is a white, especially Afrikaner, backlash" at the removal of Afrikaner or Dutch placenames or colonial statues and the Afrikaans language with English at "historically white universities."
See also
Affirmative action bake sale
Angry white male
Birtherism
Culture war
Dog-whistle politics
Ethnocultural politics in the United States
Flaggers (movement)
Grievance politics
Karen (slang)
Obamagate
Race-baiting
Race card
Right-wing populism in the United States
Southern strategy
Trumpism
Racial views of Donald Trump
Wedge issue
White defensiveness
White identity politics
References
Notes
Further reading
Race-related controversies
White nationalism in the United States
White nationalism in South Africa
White privilege
Intersectionality
Political sociology
Right-wing populism in the United States
New Right (United States)
Sociological terminology
Majority–minority relations
Criticism of multiculturalism
Cognitive inertia
Affirmative action in the United States
American political neologisms
Trump administration controversies
Opposition to affirmative action
Race-related controversies in the United States
2010s controversies
2020s controversies
Reactionary |
23573826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVOX | SVOX | SVOX is an embedded speech technology company founded in 2000 and headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland. SVOX was acquired by Nuance Communications in 2011. The company's products included Automated Speech Recognition (ASR), Text-to-Speech (TTS) and Speech Dialog systems, with customers mostly being manufacturers and system integrators in automotive and mobile device industries.
History
SVOX was started in 2000 by researchers at Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich) and first focused exclusively on Speech Output (TTS) solutions for automotive industry.
In 2002, Siemens Mobile Acceleration (today's smac|partners GmbH) invested into SVOX.
Later, as the market for Personal Navigation Devices and smartphones developed, the company started to supply those markets as well. In 2008, SVOX released Pico, a small-footprint TTS system optimized for mobile phones.
In parallel, SVOX has branched into Speech Recognition and Speech Dialog. As part of that process, the company acquired Professional Speech Processing Group of Siemens AG in early 2009.
In 2009, SVOX made headlines with news that Google had chosen to include the company's Pico TTS solution into the 1.6 release of Android platform.
In June 2011, Nuance Communications acquired SVOX.
Products
SVOX products include Automated Speech Recognition (ASR), Text-to-Speech (TTS) and Speech Dialog systems. Typical uses include:
destination entry and voice directions in turn-by-turn navigation systems;
voice dialing and caller ID announcement in mobile phones and in-car telematics systems;
Point of Interest (POI) output and traffic information in navigation systems (PND and in-car).
The company's speech products are especially popular with German carmakers such as Audi, Porsche, BMW, Daimler, and VW and are often found in premium cars.
See also
Comparison of speech synthesizers
References
External links
Official Company Website (now redirected to Nuance)
smac|partners GmbH
Software companies of Switzerland
Private equity firms |
6900304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baussenque%20Wars | Baussenque Wars | The Baussenque Wars (from French Guerres Baussenques, meaning "wars of Baux") were a series of armed conflicts (1144–1162) between the House of Barcelona, then ruling in Provence, and the House of Baux. They are held up in Provence as the idealistic resistance by one of her native families against Catalan "occupation." In reality, they were the first of many successful expansions of Catalan power and influence in the Mediterranean world.
Causes
Three major factors played into the eruption of this conflict: the competition between the counts of Toulouse and those of Barcelona for influence in the region of Provence, the succession crisis of the first ruling dynasty of the county of Provence, and the ambitions of the Baux family.
Due to a lack of success in the Reconquista on their southern frontier, the Catalans turned towards the Mediterranean littoral and northwards. They coveted the region between the Cévennes and the Rhône, then under the control of Toulouse. In 1112, the count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer III, married the heiress of Provence, Douce, who was the daughter of Countess Gerberga of Provence, Gévaudan, Carlat, and part of Rodez. The marriage was probably taken at the urging of the church, which was then in conflict with house of Toulouse. In 1076, its count, Raymond IV, was excommunicated but he still lent his support to Aicard, the deposed archbishop of Arles (since 1080). With the count away on the First Crusade, the church took the opportunity to seize the balance of power in the region. This marriage effectively put Provence under Catalan control.
In 1125, Raymond's heir, Alfonso Jordan, signed a treaty that recognized his family's traditional claim to the title of "Margrave of Provence" and defined the march of Provence as the region north of the lower Durance and on the right of the Rhône, including the castles of Beaucaire, Vallabrègues, and Argence. The region between the Durance, the Rhône, the Alps, and the sea was that of the county and belonged to the house of Barcelona. Avignon, Pont de Sorgues, Caumont, and Le Thor remained undivided.
Internally, Provence was racked by uncertainties over the rights of succession. Douce and Ramon Berenguer signed all charters jointly until her death in 1127, after which he alone appears as count in all charters until his death in 1131. At that time, Douce's younger sister Stephanie was married to Raymond of Baux, who promptly laid claim to the inheritance of her mother, even though Provence had peacefully passed into the hands of her nephew, Berenguer Ramon I.
Opening moves
As a result of these crises, le Midi was divided into two factions. Berenguer Ramon was supported by his elder brother, Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona, and the viscounts of Carcassonne, Béziers and Nîmes. The other supporters of Stephanie and Raymond included Toulouse, the county of Foix, Arles (until 1150), and even the Republic of Genoa, who carried out an attack on Melgueil in 1144 during which Berenguer Ramon died. He was succeeded in his claim by his young son Ramon Berenguer II.
According to the historian and Arles-native Louis Mathieu Anibert, his city appointed a consulate to prepare for war (1131):
At the opening of the conflict, Raymond of Baux made an appeal to Conrad III, who was technically the King of Burgundy, though this title meant more in theory than in practice, Provence being legally a fief of the Burgundian kingdom. Raymond begged for his sovereign's recognition of the rights of Stephanie as heir to the possessions of Gerberga. By an act of 4 August 1145, Conrad validated the right of Stephanie and Raymond to their titles and granted them the power of coining money at Arles and at Trinquetaille. The latter was a great aid to their aspirations.
War
The conflict itself, which had been ongoing since the succession of Berenguer Ramon, accelerated after his death. The rest of the war can be seen as three successive armed conflicts. The first began in 1144, with Berenguer Ramon's war with Genoa, and continued until an accord was signed in 1150. The second lasted a short while (1155 – 1156). The third and final war was most short-lived, lasting less than a year. It saw the house of Barcelona victorious in permanently laying to rest the claims of the House of Baux in spite of the latter having enjoyed the royal approval of Conrad and subsequently of his nephew.
Despite Conrad's proclamation, the war gained pace in 1147, generally in favour of Barcelona, for the count of Toulouse was away on the Second Crusade. In view of his impotence, with only the backing of Arles, Raymond of Baux entered into negotiations and made submission to the house of Barcelona. He left for Spain, where he died before the peace could be concluded. Stephanie's four sons — Hugh, William, Bertrand, and Gilbert — were recompensed for relinquishing their rights to the counties of Gerberga and a treaty was signed at Arles in 1150.
The truce did not last and Stephanie and her sons renewed the conflict in 1155 in alliance with the count of Toulouse. Hugh achieved a diplomatic victory with his confirmation by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, but like that of Conrad years earlier, it meant nothing to the Catalans. This second war, too, did not go well for the house of Baux. In 1156, they were forced to relinquish the castle of Castillon and other fortified places. They did retain Baux itself and its outer defences, like the castle of Trinquetaille.
In August 1161, Ramon Berenguer travelled to Turin with his uncle, the count of Barcelona, to obtain the confirmation of his countship in Provence from the emperor. There he met Richeza of Poland, the daughter of the exiled Polish high duke, Ladislaus II. He married her on 17 November and on the return journey, his uncle died. In 1162, open war erupted again. Baux was razed and its environs ravaged. Ramon Berenguer was recognised as victor by the chancelleries of the Empire, but Hugh made a last attempt to salvage victory by reminding the emperor of the two chrysobull-attended letters issued on his behalf, one of Conrad the other of Frederick himself. Barbarossa wisely kept silent about his reasons for a change of heart.
In 1166, Ramon Berenguer renewed the war with Genoa which his father had waged. He died besieging Nice in that year.
Notes
External links
Les guerres Baussenques.
There is a part in the movie "The Old Guard (2020)" in which there is a reference to this war
County of Barcelona
Medieval Occitania
Wars involving France
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe
Civil wars of the Middle Ages
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe
12th century in Europe
1140s conflicts
1150s conflicts
1160s conflicts |
23573834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merir | Merir | Merir or Melieli is a small outlying island of the Palau group, in the western Pacific Ocean. The island measures 0.90 km2 and is uninhabited. There is an abandoned village in the north-west of the island which previously hosted a radio station. It is very long and narrow, stretching approximately 2.4 kilometers from north to south, but only approximately 667 meters at its widest.
The island itself is covered with trees but it is surrounded by a beach around which is a lagoon. Outside this, the whole is surrounded by a coral reef and the open ocean.
Together with the islands of Sonsorol and Fanna, which are 110 km to the north-west, and the island of Pulo Anna 50 km away, Merir forms the state of Sonsorol in the republic of Palau.
The first recorded sighting of Merir by the Europeans was by the Spanish missionary expedition commanded by Sargento Mayor Francisco Padilla on board of the patache Santísima Trinidad in November 1710.
Gallery
References
External links
Islands of Palau
Sonsorol |
20466208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit | Satellit | "Satellit" (), known in English as "Satellite", is a soft rock song written by Swedish composer and singer Ted Gärdestad and lyricist Kenneth Gärdestad. Originally performed by Ted, the song was performed in its native language as the entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1979, finishing in 17th place.
Background
Ted Gärdestad produced his first four albums together with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus of ABBA, which featured backing vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and were released on the record label Polar. Ted, along with his elder brother and lyricist Kenneth, had previously competed in Melodifestivalen, the Swedish pre-selections, three times before winning; in 1973 with "Oh, vilken härlig dag", finishing in fourth place, in 1975 with "Rockin' 'n' Reelin'", finishing in seventh place, and in 1977 when he and brother Kenneth wrote Lena Andersson's entry "Det bästa som finns", which finished in eighth place.
Song production
The midtempo rock track, originally composed with English lyrics, has a chorus that starts with "I feel like a satellite, high in the sky, and now I understand how small the world really is" and the verses include phrases like "just like the earth and the moon we're attracted to each other" and "when the sun sets I really need your warmth". The song, arranged and produced by guitarist Janne Schaffer, features a guitar and bass riff influenced by Toto's 1978 hit "Hold the Line".
During a recording session in Los Angeles, California for Gärdestad's 1978 studio album Blue Virgin Isles, four of the band members, Jeff Porcaro, Steve Porcaro, David Hungate and Steve Lukather were present in the session when Janne Schaffer heard the quartet experiment with the riffs that would evolve into "Hold the Line". Schaffer was inspired by the session, which led to his arrangement for Gärdestad's song "Satellit". Due to the perceived similarities between "Satellit" and "Hold the Line", Gärdestad's song caused disputes over the qualification for the Eurovision Song Contest. In February 1979, during an Aftonbladet interview with Jeff Porcaro, Porcaro denied the notion of Gärdestad's song being a rip-off of "Hold the Line": "No, it's not a rip-off, Ted did not steal our song. Those piano triplets and that bass and guitar line go back to the 1950s and the fact that we both have happened to use variations on the same theme in our songs right now is purely coincidental.
Both the English language and the Swedish language versions of "Satellit" were recorded at Polar Studios, Stockholm in 1979. The English-language version of the track, "Satellite", was included on subsequent editions of the album, which was issued in both Europe, Australasia and Japan.
Personnel
Personnel per liner notes of 1979 Epic Records reissue of Blue Virgin Isles.
Ted Gärdestad – lead vocals, backing vocals, producer
Stefan Nilsson – piano, keyboards
Janne Schaffer – guitars, producer, arranger
Mike Watson – bass guitar
Roger Palm – drums, percussions
Malando Gassama – percussions
Lars Samuelsson – string arrangement
Rose-Marie Gröning – backing vocals
Liza Öhman – backing vocals
Diana Nunez – backing vocals
Lennart Sjöholm – backing vocals
Peter Lundblad – backing vocals
Eurovision performance
The song was performed as entry number fifteen on the night, following ' Xandra with "Colorado" and preceding 's Anita Skorgan with "Oliver". At the close of voting, it had received 8 points, placing it 17th in a field of 19, making it Sweden's second lowest placing in the contest at that point in time. Despite this the song counts as one of Gärdestad's signature tunes, the Swedish version of the song was a Top 10 hit on the singles chart and it also spent two weeks on the Svensktoppen radio chart.
Aftermath
Gärdestad returned to Melodifestivalen the following year with "Låt solen värma dig" ("Let The Sun Warm You"), sung as a duet with then girlfriend Annica Boller. The song finished fifth in the pre-selections and "Satellit" was succeeded as Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest at the 1980 contest by Tomas Ledin with "Just nu!". An English language solo version of "Låt solen värma dig", entitled "Let The Sun Shine Through", was included on Gärdestad's second international album I'd Rather Write a Symphony and a Swedish solo version on 1981's Stormvarning.
Charts
Sources
Citations
Eurovision songs of 1979
Melodifestivalen songs of 1979
Eurovision songs of Sweden
Ted Gärdestad songs
Swedish-language songs
1979 songs
Polar Music singles
1979 singles
Songs about outer space
Songs written by Ted Gärdestad |
23573838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven%27s%20Will%20%28manga%29 | Heaven's Will (manga) | is a shōjo manga series written by Satoru Takamiya. The manga was serialized in Japan in the manga magazine ChuChu from January 2006 to April 2006.
Heaven's Will is published in English by VIZ Media.
Plot
Mikuzu Sudou has a very special talent—she can see ghosts. And because of this predisposition she's become a magnet for all sorts of unwelcome monsters. Luckily for her she's just met Seto, a friendly cross dressing young exorcist. Mikuzu needs protection from all the creepy phantoms bugging her, and Seto needs to practice his exorcism skills. Consequently, the pair decides to team up and help each other. In return, Mikuzu promises to bake a cake every time a monster gets zapped!
Characters
These are the three main characters of Heaven's Will.
Mikuzu Sudou is a young girl with the power to see ghosts and spirits known as "Oni". She is very afraid of both these spirits and of men. When she meets Seto, he promises to protect her from the spirits for a large fee. Mikuzu, being very poor, compromises with Seto and instead bakes him a cake every day instead. Seto refers to her as a "Kenki", one who can see oni. Mikuzu is also the only one who meets Seto's younger sister, "Seto", which results in Seto possibly starting to hate her. She has a terrible impression of Kagari and once treated him like a dog. She does whatever she can to make sure Seto doesn't get money to keep him from getting a sex change and giving his body to his little sister.
Seto Ashiya (whose real name is unknown) is a cross dressing, cake loving exorcist boy. He protects Mikuzu from Oni by exorcising them with his fan. It is revealed that Seto had a little twin sister who died years ago while protecting him from an Oni. It is also revealed that "Seto" is not his real name, but in reality his little sister's. His goal is to get enough money to get a sex change so that he can bring his sister's soul out of the fan and into his body, killing him, much to Mikuzu's dismay. Seto helps Mikuzu get over her fear of men little by little as he is a boy who looks like a girl. His companion is a vampire who can turn into a wolf, named Kagari. He has a very bright personality and loves food.
Kagari is a handsome vampire who can turn into a black wolf. He is taken care of by his companion Seto Ashiya, who gives Kagari his blood to eat. Kagari refused to live with humans because they die first, until he met Seto, who promised that before he died, he would exorcize him. Kagari disapproves of Seto's plan to give his body to Seto's little sister, but doesn't object to it. He can play the piano but doesn't say who it was that taught him, claiming "he's dead now." He acts cold towards Mikuzu, only showing her a true smile at the end of the book. He claims that even though he doesn't like Mikuzu, he doesn't mind being around her. He only allows Seto to treat him like a dog and use him as he wills.
Reception
References
Further reading
External links
2006 manga
Shōjo manga
Supernatural anime and manga
Viz Media manga
Shogakukan manga |
23573839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrixspermum%20calceolus | Thrixspermum calceolus | Thrixspermum calceolus, commonly called the small shoe-carrying thrixspermum, is a species of orchid native to Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Malaysia and Sumatra. They can be found as epiphytes or lithophytes in lower evergreen and semideciduous montane forests. The orchids are climbing or creeping with their roots found along the length stems. White flowers with fragrant can be found in summer. There are often 2 to 3 flowers per node.
References
calceolus
Orchids of Asia |
23573842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C18H24O2 | C18H24O2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C18H24O2}}
The molecular formula C18H24O2 may refer to:
Alfatradiol
Bolandione
Dienolone
ent-Estradiol
Estradiol
17α-Estradiol
19-Nor-5-androstenedione |
23573860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Coundley | Aaron Coundley | Aaron Coundley (born is 18 October 1989, Caerphilly) is a Welsh rugby union player. A prop forward, he currently plays his club rugby for Newport Gwent Dragons having progressed through the Dragons academy. He made his debut for the Dragons 11 October 2008 against Glasgow Warriors.
Coundley has represented the Wales national rugby union team at Under 16, 18's and Under 20 level. He previously played for Blackwood RFC, Cross Keys RFC and Ebbw Vale RFC.
References
External links
Newport Gwent Dragons profile
Rugby union players from Caerphilly
Welsh rugby union players
Dragons RFC players
Newport RFC players
Living people
1989 births
Rugby union props |
20466209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20F.%20Martin | William F. Martin | William Martin (born February 16, 1957 in Bethesda, Maryland) is an American botanist and microbiologist, currently Head of the Institut für Molekulare Evolution, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf.
Born in Bethesda, Maryland, Martin was educated at Richland College, Dallas, Texas, and Texas A&M University. After working as a carpenter in Dallas, Martin moved to Hannover, Germany, and obtained his university Diploma from Technische Universität Hannover in 1985. Martin's PhD is from Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Cologne, where he did postdoctoral research, followed by further postdoctoral work at Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, where he obtained his Habilitation in 1992. In 1999, Martin became full (C4) professor at Universität Düsseldorf.
Martin is a distinguished and sometimes controversial contributor to the field of molecular evolution and the origin of life. He is known particularly for his work on the evolution of the Calvin cycle and plastids including chloroplasts, and, more generally, for contributions to understanding the origin and evolution of eukaryotic cells. Martin is co-author, with Miklos Mueller of Rockefeller University, of the 1998 paper The Hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote. A wealth of subsequent research papers include contributions, independently and with Michael J. Russell of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, to understanding the geochemical origins of cells and their biochemical pathways. Martin's work is well cited (nearly 30,000 times) and he has an h-index of 95.
Awards
1990: Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Preis of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
1997: Technology Transfer Prize, Industrie und Handelskammer Braunschweig
1998: Miescher-Ishida Prize of the International Society of Endocytobiology
2017: Spiridion Brusina Medal of the Croatian Society of Natural Sciences.
2018: Preis der Klüh Stiftung
Honours
2000-2007 Foreign Associate, CIAR Programme in Evolutionary Biology
2001- Faculty 1000 Member for Plant Genomes and Evolution
2006- Elected Fellow, American Academy for Microbiology
2006-2009 Julius von Haast Fellow of the New Zealand Ministry for Research, Science and Technology
2008 Elected Member of the Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften
Selected publications
Madeline C. Weiss, Filipa L. Sousa, Natalia Mrnjavac, Sinje Neukirchen, Mayo Roettger, Shijulal Nelson-Sathi & William F. Martin: The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor, Nature Microbiology (2016)
References
External links
Molecular Evolution
Evolutionary biologists
Protistologists
Texas A&M University alumni
Technical University of Braunschweig alumni
University of Hanover alumni
People from Bethesda, Maryland
1957 births
Living people
21st-century American biologists
Richland College alumni |
23573863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezno | Bezno | Bezno () is a market town in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants.
History
The first written mention of Bezno is from 1088. On 11 March 2008 the municipality restored the status of the market town.
Gallery
References
Market towns in the Czech Republic
Populated places in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%A1%20Hl%C3%ADna | Bílá Hlína | Bílá Hlína is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Etymology
The name means "white clay" and is derived from the white clay soil where the village was founded.
History
Bílá Hlína was founded in 1712 and belongs to the youngest villages in the region.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADtouchov | Bítouchov | Bítouchov is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Dalešice and Dolánky are administrative parts of Bítouchov.
Notable people
Voitre Marek (1919–1999), Czech-Australian artist
Gallery
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shichij%C5%8D | Shichijō | literally means seventh street in Japanese.
, a numbered east–west street in Heian-kyō, present-day Kyoto, Japan
Shichijō Station, a train station on the Keihan Main Line in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto
, a Japanese kuge family descended from the |
20466235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20C.%20Pugh | Isaac C. Pugh | Isaac Campbell Pugh (November 23, 1805 – November 19, 1874) was a United States volunteer soldier who was a veteran of the Black Hawk War, the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War; rising to the rank of Brevet brigadier general.
Early life
Pugh was born in Christian County, Kentucky. He moved to Macon County, Illinois and became a private and served during the Black Hawk War. In 1846 he became a captain in the 4th Illinois Volunteer Regiment during the Mexican War and was mustered out of the volunteer service the following year.
Civil War
Fort Donelson
Pugh's most notable military service came during the American Civil War. He volunteered and became the captain of Company A of the 8th Illinois Infantry Regiment when it was mustered in on 23 April 1861. When the 8th was demobilized three months later, he formed the 41st Illinois Volunteer Regiment which he commanded as colonel, and would chiefly be associated with for the rest of the war. Pugh led the regiment into action at the Battle of Fort Donelson fighting as part of John McArthur's brigade on the extreme right of the Union line.
Shiloh
After Fort Donelson the 41st Illinois was assigned to the 1st Brigade in Stephen A. Hurlbut's 4th Division of the Army of the Tennessee. Shortly after the fighting began at the Battle of Shiloh, the 1st Brigade's commander Col. Nelson G. Williams was severely wounded and command of the brigade was turned over to Pugh. Colonel Pugh ably led the brigade through the two days of fighting at Shiloh in the vicinity of "Bloody Pond".
Vicksburg and Jackson
After Shiloh, General Jacob G. Lauman was transferred to command the brigade and Pugh returned to command of his regiment. He led his unit in the subsequent Siege of Corinth and the Battle of Hatchie's Bridge. When General Lauman was elevated to command of the 4th Division, Pugh again assumed command of the 1st Brigade. Pugh's brigade and the rest of the division were assigned to the XVI Corps during the Siege of Vicksburg and the following expedition against Jackson, Mississippi. During the Jackson Expedition, General Lauman ordered Pugh to make an attack against Brig. Gen. Daniel W. Adams' entrenched brigade. This attack resulted in heavy casualties for Pugh's brigade and Lauman was subsequently relieved of command.
Furlough and Atlanta Campaign
Pugh continued in brigade command until October 1863 when the veteran officers and soldiers of the 41st Illinois were granted a furlough while the new recruits in the regiment fought in the Red River Campaign and at Tupelo. Pugh returned to active duty with the veterans of the regiment in 1864. Instead of reuniting the entire regiment in Mississippi, Pugh commanded the so-called "Veterans Battalion" of the 41st Illinois and was sent to Georgia to join William T. Sherman's campaign against Atlanta. Pugh's Veteran Battalion was assigned to railroad guard duty near Marietta, Georgia. Pugh briefly commanded the 2nd Brigade, 4th Division in the XVII Corps which was composed of regiments primarily on guard duty in Georgia. He was mustered out of the volunteer service with the rest of his regiment on August 20, 1864.
Command History
1st Brigade, 4th Division, Army of the Tennessee (6–7 April 1862)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XIII Corps (1 Nov-18 Dec 1862)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XVII Corps (18 Dec 1862-20 Jan 1863)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XVI Corps (20 Jan-28 July 1863)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XIII Corps (28 July-17 Aug 1863)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XVII Corps (17 Aug-24 Oct 1863)
2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XVIII Corps (4–19 July 1864)
Later life
Pugh returned to his home in Decatur, Illinois and served as a clerk and postmaster there before his death on November 19, 1874. He is buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Decatur.
See also
List of American Civil War brevet generals
Notes
References
Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
1805 births
1874 deaths
American people of the Black Hawk War
People from Decatur, Illinois
People from Christian County, Kentucky
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Union Army colonels
United States Army officers |
23573875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore%C4%8D | Boreč | Boreč is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Žebice is an administrative part of Boreč.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%C5%88 | Boseň | Boseň is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages and hamlets of Mužský, Zápudov and Zásadka are administrative parts of Boseň.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradlec | Bradlec | Bradlec is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has a population of about 1,300.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhtelecom | Kazakhtelecom | Kazakhtelecom JSC (, Qazaqtelekom; ) is the largest telecommunication company in Kazakhstan.
Shareholders
51.00% - AO Samruk-Kazyna JSC - fund of national wealth
16.90% - Bodam B.V. (Amsterdam, Netherland)
14.60% - Bank of New York
9.60% - Deran Services Limited
3.00% - Optimus Ltd
0.70% - shares traded on KASE
4.20% - other shareholders
KazakhTelecom subsidiaries
K-Cell
51% Fintur Holdings B.V.
58.55% TeliaSonera
41.45% Turkcell
49% KazakhTelecom JSC
Altel
100% KazakhTelecom JSC
Neo-Kazakhstan
51% KazakhTelecom JSC
49% AsiaNet Kazakhstan LLP
See also
List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region#Kazakhstan
References
External links
KazakhTelecom - Official site in Kazakh, Russian and English
Communications in Kazakhstan
Companies based in Astana
Telecommunications companies established in 1994
Companies of Kazakhstan
1994 establishments in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstani brands
Companies listed on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange |
17334025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy%20Arnold%20discography | Eddy Arnold discography | The following is a complete discography of all albums released by the late American country music artist Eddy Arnold from 1955 to 2005.
Studio albums
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s–2000s
Gospel albums
Holiday albums
Compilation albums
Singles
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s–2000s
Other singles
Collaborations
Gospel singles
Christmas singles
Guest singles
Charted B-sides
Music videos
Notes
A^ "Soul Deep" also peaked at number 28 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and at number 23 on the RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks chart in Canada.
References
External links
Official Website
Country music discographies
Discographies of American artists |
20466245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Age%20of%20the%20Earth | The Age of the Earth | The Age of the Earth () is a 1980 avant-garde film directed by Glauber Rocha.
Cast
Maurício do Valle as John Brahms
Jece Valadão as Indigenous Christ
Antonio Pitanga as Black Christ
Tarcísio Meira as Military Christ
Geraldo Del Rey as Guerilla Christ
Ana Maria Magalhães as Aurora Madalena
Norma Bengell as Amazonas' Queen
Carlos Petrovich as the Devil
Mário Gusmão as Babalawo
Danuza Leão
Paloma Rocha
Production
Rocha started the film in 1975 and planned to shoot it in Los Angeles, and subsequently proposed it in Paris, Rome, Mexico and Venezuela, but was unable to obtain financial support. It was finally shot in Bahia, Distrito Federal, and Rio de Janeiro.
Reception
It was Rocha's last film and the one that caused the most controversy. Because it was produced by Embrafilme, a state company, during the Brazilian military dictatorship, it was boycotted by critics and "crucified at the 1980 Venice Film Festival", where it was nominated for the Golden Lion.
References
External links
1980s avant-garde and experimental films
1980 drama films
1980 films
Brazilian avant-garde and experimental films
Brazilian drama films
Films directed by Glauber Rocha
Films shot in Brasília
Films shot in Rio de Janeiro (city)
1980s Portuguese-language films |
23573898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bran%C5%BEe%C5%BE | Branžež | Branžež is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Nová Ves are Zakopaná are administrative parts of Branžež.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
17334033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical%20victory | Tactical victory | In military tactics, a tactical victory may refer to a victory that results in the completion of a tactical objective as part of an operation or a result in which the losses of the "defeated" outweigh those of the "victor" although the victorious force failed to meet its original objectives.
Concepts
Large-scale planning of goals may be called "strategy" and are conducted at the "strategic level of war." Lower-level operations that fulfil the strategic planning are conducted at the "operational level of war." The lowest level of planning which fulfills operational goals and strategy is called the "tactical level of war".
Based on planning
A tactical mission is one in which the operational area that aims to complete the goals of the assigned mission or task given by "tactical control." Therefore, a tactical victory is the successful completion of that mission. Tactical missions contribute to the success or failure of the whole operation. Tactics include the handling of assets such as soldiers, vehicles, weapons, and munitions and tactics might be as simple as the combat maneuvering of an individual soldier in a skirmish with an enemy soldier. The definition of tactical victory may become blurred in large-scale tactical maneuvering of troops in division-sized formations or the operational goals of company-sized units to exercise control of important positions, as they contribute in different ways to the success or the failure of operations and strategy.
Nations may have differing strategic objectives for a conflict, and their individual combat units may be made to believe in still-different objectives. Survival, on an individual or a unit level, may become an important objective in battle, and the different objectives allow both sides to maintain morale by declarations of victory to justify the costs of combat. Many battles involving multiple units include elements of tactical success by both opposing forces. The individual tactical victories may not cause the force to be successful in that battle or in the larger goals of the conflict.
Based on losses
The term is then applied to a simple tally of the numbers of losses of each side, but that may be complicated by the value attached to certain assets lost. An example of a naval tactical victory dependent on losses would be the Battle of the Coral Sea. The battle was considered a strategic victory for the Allies because they stopped a Japanese invasion. However, the latter lost fewer valuable ships; the Allies lost one aircraft carrier, one destroyer, and one oil tanker, but the Japanese lost one light carrier and one destroyer and so are considered to have won a tactical victory.
Another example of a tactical victory is the Battle off Samar in which American escort carriers, destroyers, and destroyer escorts prevented the Japanese Center Force (of 23 ships, including the battleship Yamato) from destroying the offloading of American transports in Leyte Gulf. During the battle, American ships sank 3 heavy cruisers (combined tonnage of 44,894 tons), damaged 3 heavy cruisers and 1 destroyer; shot down 52 aircraft, and killed more than 2,000 Japanese sailors (more than half of the rescued sailors were lost in the following days after they had been rescued from ships that would later sink from air strikes and surface action). Their American counterparts, however, had 2 escort carriers, 2 destroyers, 1 destroyer escort all sunk (with a combined tonnage of 22,350 tons); 6 escort carriers, 1 destroyer, and 2 destroyer escorts damaged; lost 23 aircraft; and 1,583 sailors killed.
See also
Decisive victory
Strategic victory
Pyrrhic victory
Notes
References
Military strategy |
23573899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodce | Brodce | Brodce () is a market town in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants.
Brodce is located south of Mladá Boleslav and northeast of Prague.
History
The first written mention of Brodce is from 1130.
Gallery
References
Market towns in the Czech Republic |
23573902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99ezina%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Březina (Mladá Boleslav District) | Březina is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Honsob is an administrative part of Březina.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99ezno%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Březno (Mladá Boleslav District) | Březno is a market town in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants.
Administration
The village of Dolánky is an administrative part of Březno.
History
The first written mention of Březno is from 1255.
References
Market towns in the Czech Republic
Populated places in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%20Istanbul%20bombings | 2003 Istanbul bombings | The 2003 Istanbul bombings were a series of suicide attacks carried out with trucks fitted with bombs detonated at four different locations in Istanbul, Turkey on November 15 and 20, 2003.
On November 15, two truck bombs were detonated, one in front of the Bet Israel Synagogue in Şişli at around 9:30 a.m. local time (UTC+2.00) and another in front of the Neve Shalom Synagogue in Beyoğlu at around 9:34 a.m. As a result of these bombings, 28 people died, included the attackers, and more than 300 people were wounded. Five days after the first attacks, on November 20, two different attacks were perpetrated against the British Consulate General at around 10:55 a.m. and the HSBC General Headquarters in Beşiktaş at around 11:00 a.m., again using truck bombs. In the second round of attacks, 31 people lost their lives and more than 450 were injured. In total, 59 people died, including the four suicide bombers, and more than 750 were wounded in the bombings.
Investigations launched in the wake of the attacks determined that Al Qaeda had orchestrated the bombings. The criminal case that began with 69 defendants and, with additions, included 76 defendants in February 2004 regarding the attacks concluded in April 2007 with the sentencing of 49 defendants, of whom seven were sentenced to life in prison, to various periods of incarceration. Some of the figures allegedly from the upper echelons of the militant organization fled to Iraq after the attacks and died there, while a portion were captured by security forces. After a retrial held because the Court of Cassation reversed some of the verdicts delivered in the initial trial, 16 defendants were not sentenced to prison.
First bombings and aftermath
The first attacks were carried out on November 15, 2003 against two synagogues in Istanbul, Turkey. At approximately 9:30 a.m. local time (UTC+2.00), a bomb-laden truck that had parked in front of the Bet Israel Synagogue on Nakiye Elgün Street in Şişli was detonated. Many of the worshippers praying at the synagogue that Saturday, a day considered sacred by Jews, and those near the temple lost their lives, and the area surrounding the synagogue was badly damaged.
Approximately four minutes after the first explosion, at around 9:34 a.m., a second attack occurred with the detonation of another bomb-laden truck passing by the Neve Shalom Synagogue on Büyük Hendek Avenue in Beyoğlu. Prayers were being held in three separate rooms of the synagogue, and a child's bar mitzvah ceremony was being held with 400 people in attendance. Because the walls of the synagogue had been fortified after previous attacks, the internal walls of the structure were not badly damaged, but the external wall and surrounding shops and buildings were damaged, and passers-by were killed by the blast. A hole approximately three meters wide and two meters deep appeared at the spot where the bomb exploded.
Teams from the Istanbul Metropolitan Fire Department, Health Department, Directorate of Road Maintenance, and Directorate of Cemeteries; the Istanbul Gas Distribution and Trade; and the Istanbul Water and Sewage Administration arrived at the scenes of both attacks. Search-and-rescue teams dug survivors out from beneath the debris resulting from the explosions and sent them to nearby health institutions. A team from ZAKA coming from Israel that comprised seven people who were experts in search-and-rescue and identification participated in the work after the explosions.
An Islamic militant group, IBDA-C, claimed responsibility for the blasts, but it was later determined that the attacks had been carried out by Al Qaeda.
Second bombings and aftermath
Five days later, on November 20, as US President George W. Bush was in the United Kingdom meeting with Prime Minister Tony Blair, two more truck bombs exploded. The first attack occurred at around 10:55 a.m. (UTC+2.00) with the detonation of a bomb, comprising 700 kilograms of ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and compressed fuel oil, in a truck that had parked in front of the HSBC Bank AS building on Büyükdere Avenue in the Levent neighborhood of Beşiktaş. There were fatalities and injuries inside and near the building, and after the explosion, the first six aboveground stories of the building became unusable and the front side of the building was badly damaged. Inside the building, an elevator that had been in motion at the time of the bombing collapsed. Body parts were flung from the site of the explosion, some even being found as far as 400 meters away at a petrol station.
Approximately five minutes later, at around 11:00 a.m., another bomb-laden truck drove through security and detonated in front of the British Consulate on Meşrutiyet Avenue in Istanbul's Beyoğlu district. Deaths and injuries were immediately reported from the explosion, and the outer wall of the consulate's front garden collapsed onto cars driving by in the street, and a fire burned in the garden itself. Buildings nearby the consulate, including the entrance to the Çiçek Passage market, and cars on the street were also badly damaged.
After the attack perpetrated against the HSBC building, police cordoned off the area and began collecting evidence. Electrical and gas lines were shut off, and metro services were stopped. The wounded and other personnel were evacuated from the rear entrance of the building. The fire department, civil defense, provincial health directorate, police, and consulate officials dispatched to the area began search-and-rescue operations. Police also cordoned off the area surrounding the consulate. Within a day, Interior Minister Abdülkadir Aksu, Istanbul Governor Muammer Güler, and Istanbul Provincial Security Director Celalettin Cerrah participated in the investigations. Shortly after the two attacks, a warning of an additional bombing at the Galleria Shopping Center in Bakırköy began to spread; the Akmerkez, Galleria, and Carousel shopping centers were evacuated, although the warnings ended up being baseless.
The bombers appeared to have waited for the traffic lights in front of the HSBC headquarters on the Büyükdere Avenue in Levent to turn red to maximize the effects. Police say that the bombers may have timed the attacks to coincide with Bush's visit to the UK.
Casualties
First attacks
On the day the attacks were carried out, the Istanbul Provincial Health Directorate issued a statement at 4:00 p.m. that 20 people had died and 257 were injured in the bombings. A few hours later, Health Minister Recep Akdağ announced that the number of deaths was 20 and that 302 people had referred to various hospitals because of the bomb attacks. Interior Minister Abdülkadir Aksu, however, stated that the identified number of injured people was 277. Later the evening of the attack, a statement issued by the Istanbul Security Directorate increased the number of casualties to 23, it shortly thereafter brought the number back down to 20. The following day, Istanbul Provincial Health Director Erman Tuncer reported, again, that 23 people had died and that about 71 people, of whom four were in critical condition, continued to received medical attention at various hospitals. The number of casualties rose to 24 on November 17 when the body of a woman was found at the scene of the bombing and later to 25 when a victim receiving treatment at a hospital succumbed to their injuries. In a statement he made on November 19, Istanbul Governor Muammer Güler announced that 25 people had died and approximately 300 people were injured as a result of the attacks. On November 28, Istanbul Deputy Security Director Halil Yılmaz reported, in a press release riddled with inaccuracies, that 23 people had died from the first bombings but later corrected the mistakes in a statement to the press and changed the number of casualties to 27. This number rose to 28 on February 9, 2004 when Celal Dilsiz, a patient who had been receiving care in a hospital for almost three months, died from his injuries.
The funeral ceremonies for six Jews who died in the attacks—Yoel Ülçer Kohen, Berta Özdoğan, Yona Romano, Annette Rubinstein, Anna Rubinstein, and Avram Varol—were held at the Ulus Ashkenazi Jewish Cemetery. The six people were laid to rest in the front section of the mausoleum where 23 people killed in the 1986 attack on the Neve Shalom Synagogue were buried.
Second attacks
A statement issued by the Office of the Istanbul Governor Public Order Operations Center on the day of the second attacks reported that 27 people had died—11 in the attack in front of the HSBC General Directorate and 16 at the British Consulate—and more than 450 people were injured in the bombings. According to a written statement on November 24 from the Istanbul Provincial Health Directorate, 432 people had been treated and discharged from the hospital and 30 people, of whom six were in intensive care, were still receiving treatment. On November 28, Istanbul Deputy Security Director Halil Yılmaz reported that 28 people had died in the second attacks, shortly thereafter later raising this figure to 30. Two months later, on January 13, 2004, the number of casualties in the second two attacks rose to 31, when Sefer Gündoğdu, a 35-year-old father of three, passed away at around 5:00 p.m. at Şişli Etfal Hospital after undergoing a series of surgeries.
Famous Turkish actor and singer Kerem Yılmazer died in the HSBC bombing as he was going to the NTV building, where worked as a voice actor on the Life Style program at the TV channel. Yılmazer's wife Göksel Kortay, the famous Turkish actress, was on a live program on TV8 when the news of the bombings broke. The 58-year-old British consul general and career diplomat Roger Short also perished in the attack.
Damage
Istanbul Governor Muammer Güler, in a statement on November 19, announced that inspections of 58 buildings in Beyoğlu after the synagogue attacks revealed nine buildings that were severely damaged, three that were moderately damaged, and eight that were somewhat damaged, amounting to damages of TL 37 billion (equivalent to approximately US$25 million in November 2003). In Şişli, of the 52 buildings examined, none were severely damaged, seven were moderately damaged, and 12 were somewhat damaged, with damages totaling TL 33 billion (about US$22.5 million in November 2003). There was a total of TL 110 billion (approximately US$75 million in November 2003) in damages and 33 cars—15 in Beyoğlu and 18 in Şişli—were made unusable due to the first bombings.
A total of 113 buildings were damaged in the second round of attacks. Beyloğlu Municipal Mayor Kadir Topbaş announced that 38 buildings, of which 25 were considered historic, were damaged in Beyloğlu. Beşiktaş Municipal Mayor Yusuf Namoğlu reported that 75 buildings were damaged in Levent, including a historic school building in the nearby Zincirlikuyu quarter.
Reactions
Various nations condemned the attacks and offered their condolences, including the US and Germany.
Responsibility
Initially, a militant Turkish Islamic group, the Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front took responsibility.
Turkey charged 74 people with involvement in the bombings, including Syrians Loai al-Saqa and Hamid Obysi, and a Turk, Harun Ilhan. Ilhan admitted that he and two other suspected ringleaders — Habib Akdaş and Gurcan Bac — were responsible; Ilhan referred to himself as ‘an al-Qaeda warrior'. Akdas fled to Iraq, where he was reportedly involved in a kidnapping, and was later killed by coalition forces in Fallujah. Bac's location remains undetermined. Other reporting indicates that Bac was suspected of preparing the bombs with Fevzi Yitiz, and that Akdas and Ibrahim Kus participated in a meeting with bin Laden in 2002. Al-Saqa had already been tried in absentia in Jordan for his part, along with al-Qaeda in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, in the failed poison gas attack in 2002. On February 16, 2007, Al-Saqa and Ilhan were convicted and sentenced to 67 consecutive life sentences, one for every victim for the bombing plus additional terms for terrorism and conspiracy, as were five other Turkish men convicted of organising the bombing: Fevzi Yitiz (for helping to build the truck bombs) and Yusuf Polat, Baki Yigit, Osman Eken and Adnan Ersoz. Seyit Ertul was sentenced to 18 years' imprisonment for leading an al-Qaeda cell, and Obysi was sentenced to 12 years and 6 months for al-Qaeda membership, forgery and bomb-making. Of the other individuals who were charged, 29 were sentenced to 6 years and 3 months for aiding and abetting al-Qaeda, 10 were sentenced to 3 years and 9 months membership in al-Qaeda, and 26 were acquitted.
A Turkish intelligence official who was part of the investigation said: "They planned and carried out the attack independently after receiving the blessing of bin Laden."
However, in 2010, Turkish investigators accused three of the highest-ranking military leaders at the time of the bombing of orchestrating the attacks in the hopes of destabilising the government and prompting a military coup. Gen Çetin Dogan, head of the 1st Army and then deputy chief of the military staff, Gen Ibrahim Fırtına, ex-air force chief, and former naval commander Admiral Özden Örnek, along with 35 other ex-military personnel were arrested and questioned concerning their roles in Operation Sledgehammer, of which the bombings were reportedly a part.
See also
1999 Istanbul bombings
2008 Istanbul bombings
List of terrorist incidents, 2003
References
External links
Istanbul rocked by double bombing (BBC)
New Sefer Torah for the Istanbul Community—November 2006
Suicide bombings in 2003
Mass murder in 2003
Istanbul
Istanbul
Terrorist incidents in Istanbul
Jewish Turkish history
Antisemitism in Turkey
21st-century attacks on synagogues and Jewish communal organizations
2003 Istanbul bombings
Istanbul 2003
HSBC
Istanbul
Turkey
Turkey–United Kingdom relations
Jews and Judaism in Istanbul
2003
Al-Qaeda attacks
Attacks on bank buildings
November 2003 events in Turkey
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2003
Building bombings in Turkey
Attacks in Turkey in 2003 |
23573910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99ezovice | Březovice | Březovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. The village of Víska with valuable examples of folk architecture is protected as a village monument reservation.
Administrative parts
The village of Víska is an administrative part of Lobodice.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovno | Bukovno | Bukovno is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Líny is an administrative part of Bukovno.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage%20Cool%20Kids | Teenage Cool Kids | Teenage Cool Kids were an American indie rock group from Denton, Texas.
History
Teenage Cool Kids was established in summer 2006 by Andrew Savage, later joined by Daniel Zeigler whom Savage met while attending the University of North Texas in Denton.
The band's earlier material, from the self-released demo and "Remember Me as a Silhouette" 7", was lo-fi, poppy and often compared to early '90s indie rock. The band's first full length was Queer Salutations, released in 2007. Shortly after the release of Queer Salutations, the band embarked on its first tour. The band adhere to a DIY methodology, keeping all recording, songwriting, booking and visual art within the band.
Teenage Cool Kids spent much of 2008 touring the United States and recording their next album. In 2009, the band was issued a cease and desist by Chicago hip-hop duo The Cool Kids over alleged trade mark infringement. The dispute ended with a settlement initiated by the Cool Kids. The dispute delayed the band's second LP release by several months, but in June 2009 Foreign Lands was released by Protagonist Music.
The group officially disbanded in 2011, shortly after the release of their final album, Denton After Sunset. Savage had previously formed Parquet Courts with his brother, Max, in 2010.
Discography
Albums
Queer Salutations, 2007, Protagonist
Foreign Lands, 2009, Protagonist
Denton After Sunset, 2011, Dull Tools
Singles
Remember Me As a Silhouette, 2007, C&C Music Factory
Speaking in Tongues b/w Crucial Talk, 2009, Copper Lung
Poison Sermons, 2009, Leroy St. Records
See also
Musicians from Denton, Texas
Parquet Courts
References
External links
Teenage Cool Kids on Last.fm
Indie rock musical groups from Texas
Musical groups from Denton, Texas |
17334094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation%20poverty | Reservation poverty | Reservations in the United States, known as Indian reservations, are sovereign Native American territories that are managed by a tribal government in cooperation with the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs, a branch of the Department of the Interior, located in Washington, DC. There are 334 reservations in the United States today. As of 2008, almost a third of Native Americans in the United States live on reservations, totaling approximately 700,000 individuals. About half of all Native Americans living on reservations are concentrated on the ten largest reservations.
Reservations vary drastically in their size, population, political economy, culture and traditions. Despite such variation, all reservations share similar histories of colonization, and face similar contemporary challenges. One of these challenges is poverty. In 2010, the poverty rate on US reservations was 28.4 percent, compared with 22 percent among all Native Americans (on and off reservations). The U.S. poverty rate among all groups is much lower, at 12.7 percent as of 2016. In addition to poverty rates, reservations are hindered by education levels significantly lower than the national average. Poor healthcare services, low employment, substandard housing, and deficient economic infrastructure are also persistent problems.
Background
The official poverty rate on reservations is 28.4 percent, compared with 12.7 nationally. About 36 percent of families with children are below the poverty line on reservations, compared with 9.2 percent of families nationally. These figures are absolute poverty rates as determined by the US Census. In 2010, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children was $22,113. Some reservations in Washington, California, Wisconsin, Michigan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Arizona, and New Mexico fare worse, with more than 60 percent of residents living in poverty.
Income levels on some reservations are extremely low. Five of the lowest per capita incomes in the country are found on reservations. Allen, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Reservation, has a low per capita income in the country, at $1,539 per year. The Lummi Nation gives their members zero per capita, even though they have a thriving Casino on their Reservation; the Silver Reef Casino, located 20 minutes from the Canadian Boarder. Overall, the per capita income of American Indians on Reservations is half that of all Americans. The median income on reservations is $14,097, compared to $41,994 nationally.
Poverty rates on the ten largest reservations
Figures from the 2000 census.
Extreme poverty
The extreme poverty rate of a population is the percentage of families earning less than half of the poverty threshold. For a family of four in 2010, the extreme poverty threshold was approximately $11,000 or less than $3,000 per person. On large reservations, the extreme poverty rate is as much as six times the national rate. On average, the extreme poverty rate on the largest reservations is almost four times the national rate. A breakdown is provided in the following table.
Extreme poverty rates on the ten largest reservations
Figures from the 2000 census.
Changes over time
Historic data on poverty on reservations is extremely limited because of the tumultuous history of gathering data in these areas. American Indians were not included in census counts until 1840. Reservation-specific data was only produced following 1870.
In the 1970s, poverty on reservations decreased by as much as 20 percent on many reservations. In the 1980s, however, these gains were lost, and rates rose to levels comparable to those in the 2000. Through 2016, though, rates again rose, and rates in 2000 were very close to those in 1969. Explanations for these fluctuations suggest a need for further research, and careful consideration of how data was gathered, to ensure that figures reflect true changes in poverty rates rather than changes in reporting.
Changes in poverty rates on largest reservations
Historical data not available for Uintah and Ouray and Tohono O'odham Reservations.
Figures from Trosper (1996).
Historical factors
Early development
Following the American Revolution, the United States' strategy for native relations was to purchase Native American land by treaties. The United States also sought to assimilate Native Americans. The reservation system was created following the expansion of the United States into tribal lands. White settlers were considered unable to live alongside native peoples, and so various treaties continually limited the lands Native people were "allowed" to inhabit. This effort started under the presidency of Andrew Jackson with the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which created the first reservations. As forced relocation progressed, many tribes lost access to tribal traditional lifeways, which centered around community living and hunting and gathering.
During this violent period, tribes were often forced to move to geographic areas unfamiliar to them, most commonly from Eastern states to Western states. Reservations were created on lands that were deemed worthless to white settlers. Reservations were placed on lands considered resource deficient, unfit for agriculture or cultivation, and which were isolated from urban centers and transportation networks. Mainstream political discourse of this era favored removing tribes from areas populated by or desirable to the white population. During the nineteenth century, many Native American nations resisted forced migration by mounting upheavals which often turned bloody. Known as the American Indian Wars, these battles between American settlers or the United States government and Native Americans culminated in the Massacre at Wounded Knee of 1890, during which US military forces killed more than 150 Lakota men, women, and children.
Dawes Act era
As the white population began moving West, into the land formerly assigned to tribes, government policy underwent a transformation. In 1887, the Dawes Act was passed. The Dawes Act represented a shift in federal policy towards American Indians. This legislation divided tribal lands into individual parcels to be assigned to individual tribal members. The net result was more land available for non-native settlers, and less land held by American Indians. Policies starting with and following the Dawes act attempted to eliminate native lifeways, cultures, and communities. Political leaders asserted that forcing American Indians to hold private property would assimilate them into American culture. To facilitate assimilation, they were given food, housing, and clothing. The explicit aim of these policies were to forcibly eliminate traditional cultures, and "kill the Indian, save the man".
During this era, Native American children were removed from the home and sent to boarding schools, where they were given Western clothes, food, and education. They were allowed little to no communication with families, and siblings were often separated. Boarding school students were prohibited from practicing tribal traditional lifeways and from speaking indigenous languages. In several instances when students were caught maintaining Native culture or language, students were physically abused.
Forced assimilation took away the livelihoods of many Native people, without providing anything in its place. Tribal members were prohibited from making a living through hunting, fishing, and arts. Furthermore, native people who provided educational, religious, medical, and culinary services to their communities were replaced with non-native, government and Church-sponsored individuals. In the early twentieth century, tribes were further hindered by the Indian Reorganization Act, which imposed particular forms of governance and organization for tribal leadership. Traditional systems of social and political organization were replaced by forced constitutional forms and acted as a tool for further assimilation.
Forced assimilation policies explicitly aimed to forcibly strip Native people of their history, identities and their livelihoods. Because the land on which reservations were created tended to be barren, resource deficient land, there was little chance of developing economically viable agricultural enterprises. Prohibition of tribal traditional lifeways combined with the remote locations of the reservations created very few opportunities for economic solvency within reservations and for very few opportunities for economic interaction with white settlements.
Contemporary policy
In the last half-century, the principle guiding federal Native American policy became self-determination. The logic of this principle is to let tribes set their own policies, set their own visions, and determine their own futures. It was largely inspired by American Indian activists since the 1970s. Self-determination recognizes reservations as sovereign nations within US boundaries, meaning they are able to make and enforce their own laws and regulations, are independent from states' laws and regulations, and must abide by most federal laws.
Almost all boarding schools were eliminated and replaced with a combination of federally and locally managed day schools. Assistance programs aimed at forcing cultural change on tribal members were replaced with general assistance programs comparable to those available to the general population. However, by the time these changes occurred, traditional cultures had been severely and violently reduced, local economies had not been developed, families had been broken apart, and the stage for persistent poverty was set. Self-determination represented an important ideological shift in government policy, but did not change conditions of poverty and limited opportunities.
Concentration Effects
The history of the reservation system has resulted in concentrated poverty. Regardless of urbanicity, areas of concentrated poverty tend to have higher crime rates, underperforming schools, poor housing, poor health conditions, limited private services, and few job opportunities. In addition, residents of these areas must contend with a geographic separation from areas of opportunity. Sociologist Gary Sandefur has called reservations the "first underclass areas" because of their concentrated poverty, high unemployment, and low educational attainment levels. Sociologist Loïc Wacquant has described reservations as areas of "socio-spatial seclusion," where residents are corralled and isolated, and that the reservations were created to immobilize native peoples.
Employment
The official unemployment rate on reservations as of the 2000 census was 14 percent, but there is much variation. Reservations nearer urban centers, especially on the East Coast, tend to have employment rates similar to or higher than the national average. On many large, rural reservations, though, a majority of adults are unemployed or out of the workforce. On reservations in California, Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Florida, Washington, New Mexico, Nebraska, Montana, and Alaska, reservation unemployment rates are above 25 percent. On some California reservations, the number exceeds 75 percent.
Out of the adult population without jobs, unemployment rates only include those who are both able to work and are actively looking for work. On reservations, a much larger portion is out of the labor force entirely, meaning they either are unable to work or are not actively looking for employment. Because of the severity of the lack of employment opportunities, many residents are not actively seeking work. People tend to hear of job opportunities through informal networks, rather than through conventional postings and applications. As such, an individual might be desiring employment, but not take the proactive steps needed to be defined as "looking for work." Some researchers have suggested that asking reservation residents if they seek job opportunities when they occur would be a more accurate measure of unemployment than asking if they had applied for work recently.
Unemployment Rates on the Ten Largest Reservations
Figures from the 2000 census.
There are very few jobs available on the reservation. Schools are the biggest employer, followed by various public service positions with the postal service, commodity and provisions office, and tribal police forces. Troublesomely, the lack of quality educational systems and job opportunities has created a reservation workforce that lacks the training and education demanded by many professions. Because reservation residents have not had the opportunity to receive formal training and credentialing, they are often not eligible for what few jobs are available. Even tribal leadership and administrative positions are occasionally staffed by individuals from off the reservation, or from other reservations, because of required levels of training or experience.
Rural areas tend to lack jobs with promotion opportunities, and rural residents often must migrate to cities for employment and advancement opportunity. However, reservation residents rarely are able to meet the educational and requirements of jobs off the reservation, and in addition, often encounter discrimination from employers who are hesitant to hire reservation natives.
The lack of formally educated, experienced workers and entrepreneurs also opens reservations up to exploitation from outside firms looking to capitalize on the resources of reservation land. Although this land is often incredibly isolated geographically and absent of natural resources or productive potential, some areas do hold potential for development. Such development, though, requires a substantial amount be invested at the onset to build necessary infrastructure. Tribes are at a disadvantage, not having the resources or specialists needed. As such, they contract development out to firms off the reservation, who keep a great majority of the profits.
Although the tribe usually receives a nominal amount of profits, they lose the rights to their land and the potential for truly sovereign development. The rule of native lands by non-natives off the reservation is particularly prevalent on many large reservations in the Midwest and Rocky Mountain regions. Although the land provides opportunity for ranching, few reservation residents possess the capital required to raise cattle. Instead, they lease the land to non-native ranchers for minimal amounts. As the reservation residents do not have alternative ways of making money on the reservation, ranchers can drive the lease rates down to mere dollars a year.
Education
The boarding school system had the doubly negative effect of inadequately educating a generation of reservation youth while simultaneously fostering a resentment of formal education. Through the boarding school era, Westernized education was synonymous with cultural destruction. Even since the abolition of boarding schools, levels of formal educational attainment have remained very low. Overall, just over half of the adults on reservations have a high school diploma. Reservation residents' high school graduation rate is half that of all American Indians in the United States. On the Gila River Reservation in Arizona, which has one of the lowest educational attainment levels in the country, barely one third of adults possess this credential.
On reservations, more individuals have less than a ninth grade education than have a college diploma. More than 10 percent lack any high school education. It is not uncommon on reservations in California and New Mexico to have more than half the population with less than a ninth grade education. In North Dakota, Nevada, California, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming, many reservations have over three quarters of their population without high school degrees. This is compared to 12 percent nationwide.
Banking institutions
There are few commercial banks or lending institutions located on reservations. Reservations are generally seen as very high-risk areas to place financial institutions, because of the lack of potential investors and overall dearth of economic activity. As of 2008, there were only six banks and seven credit unions operated by American Indians on reservations. Without formal financial institutions, many reservation residents are unable to save or invest what income they do have, and do not have access to loans for homes, cars, or businesses.
Due to the lack of commercial establishments, non-cash transactions are common on some reservations. Although a bartering system can function within the reservation community, it inhibits economic interaction with those off the reservation or on other reservations, meaning, non-cash economies serve to further isolate reservation residents from the national or global economy.
Geographic isolation
For employment, education, and financial opportunity, many reservation residents are expected to leave the reservation. However, reservations were placed intentionally far from urban centers, and many of the roads serving these areas are substandard. Many key roads were never designed or built for vehicular traffic. According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, only 15% of the nearly 28,000 miles of reservation roads are in acceptable conditions and pass current safety regulations.
Furthermore, almost a quarter of reservation households do not have access to a vehicle. However, barely one percent of reservation residents rely on any kind of public transportation. Although the federal government has made funds available to improve transportation on reservations, local transportation authorities have not taken advantage of these monies. These local authorities often lack the human capital needed to engineer and carry out improvements. The lack of safe roads and adequate transportation further isolates reservation communities and strengthens the neighborhood effects of concentrated poverty.
Problematic behaviors
The rate of violent crime on reservations is more than twice the national average. Although not heavily studied, gang violence is a problem on the Navajo and Pine Ridge Reservations. The extent to such activity on other reservations is a topic for future inquiry, although almost one fourth of a national sample of reservation residents report gang activity in their communities.
The use of drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes on reservations is also higher than national averages. This is especially true among youth, with the rate of youth drug use among reservation populations more than twice that of the general population. The suicide rate among reservation residents is twice that of the general population, suggesting the troubling psychological impact of living in areas of extreme and concentrated poverty. In fact, among youth ages 15–24, suicide is the leading cause of death on reservations.
Government assistance
Types of assistance
Reservation residents are eligible for all federal social assistance programs, including Temporary Aid for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and food stamp programs. In addition, Food Distribution on Indian Reservations (FDPIR), often called "commodities," provides in-kind handouts of food. This program is the result of treaties established in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that included provisions that the government would provide food and shelter for tribal members. Each reservation has a commodities office, from which monthly food supplies are given out.
Unfortunately, this food tends to be nonperishable, heavy on simple starches, and nutritionally deficient, thus contributing to high rates of obesity and diabetes on reservations. Public assistance does not effectively reduce poverty on the reservation. Although it may keep many families from being completely unable to survive, it does not build economies, reinstitute cultural institutions, or create a source of pride for reservation residents.
Percent receiving aid
The percent of reservation residents eligible for government aid tends to be much higher than that of the general population. On the ten largest reservations, the percent of residents receiving cash assistance ranges from four to fifteen times the national average. In addition, a higher portion of reservation residents are eligible for Supplemental Security Income. On average, ten percent of the population on the largest reservations are eligible for SSI benefits, compared with eight percent of all Americans. The percentage of reservation residents eligible for social security benefits is comparable to that of the national population.
Problems with existing data
Relatively little current, valid data exists about today's reservations. Annual demographic surveys generally do not have a large enough reservation-based sample to present data. Researchers gathering data on American Indians rarely differentiate between reservation residents and non-reservation residents, even though there are huge differences in lifestyles and often much tension between the groups. Furthermore, the rural nature of many reservations, the lack of available contact information and telephone numbers, protective rules by tribal councils, and a distrust of outsiders present data collection challenges. Lastly, an overwhelming majority of research focuses on the Pine Ridge and Navajo Reservations, suggesting a need for more comparative analyses of conditions on individual reservations.
Government Assistance on the Ten Largest Reservations
Figures from the 2000 census.
Local reform efforts
The federal government allows tribes some authority in creating their own versions of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) with federal monies. Such programs must abide by federal regulations, such as the 60-month limitation, but may incorporate aspects of culture and tradition into the requirements for aid. Economist Elizabeth Zahrt Geib stressed the potential for tribes to define work for purposes of welfare distribution to include traditional tasks and arts more in line with native lifestyles before the reservation system was created.
The Tanana Chiefs Conference of Alaska and the Lac du Flambeau Bank of Lake Superior Chippewa of Wisconsin have already included hunting and fishing as work activities for purposes of welfare distribution. In addition, locally controlled welfare programs usually mean much easier application processes and increased accessibility to offices, allowing a greater number of eligible individuals to become recipients.
The amount of money made available to tribes is calculated from the amount that individual states made available to reservation residents in years prior. Unfortunately, many states did not educate reservation residents on procedures for applying for aid, meaning that the number of receiving individuals was less than the number of eligible individuals, and limiting the amount currently made available.
Anti-poverty programs
Across the country, individuals and organizations both on and off reservations are fighting to reduce the poverty discussed above. Most efforts have focused on gaming casinos, tribal economic entrepreneurship, and cultural revival.
Environmental protection efforts
Reservations in relatively close proximity to urban areas have become sites for waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs), adding environmental degradation to the landscape of poverty. Living in proximity to high levels of pollution or industrial facilities has been linked to serious short-term and long-term health impacts. In what is perhaps the most negative use of Native American lands, the federal government has used reservations for nuclear testing and nuclear waste disposal. Uranium mining, uranium conversion and enrichment, and nuclear weapons testing have all occurred on reservation lands in the past century. After creating the Nevada Test Site on Western Shoshone lands in Nevada, the federal government tested over one thousand atomic weapons on Western Shoshone land between the 1950-90s. The Western Shoshone people call themselves the "most bombed nation on the planet." Similar activities happened on Paiute Shoshone lands as well.
For Native American nations, environmental justice on reservations is more than the enforcement of equitable protection of human health and natural resources, it is also a matter of tribal sovereignty, self determination, and redistribution of power. The field of environmental justice (EJ) focuses on measuring and mitigating patterns of disproportionate exposure to environmental pollutants and health hazards, has been a useful ally for Native nations in the fight against environmental degradation on reservations. Over the past several decades, EJ communities, researchers and activists have used varied methodology to measure the disparate siting and long-term health effects of locally unwanted land uses, waste treatment facilities, and other noxious point sources of pollution in relation to communities of color and other socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Native governments on reservations have used their legal "Treatment as State" status with the Federal government to mount EJ claims with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in several cases to successfully legally push back against pollution and environmental degradation on their lands . However, many Native activists argue that a seat at the table "does not ensure a comparable serving of the environmental protection pie"
Influence of casinos
Indian gaming casinos are often considered a potential solution to reservation poverty. Because reservations are exempt from many federal and state regulations, including those prohibiting gambling, tribes are able to operate commercial casinos on reservations. These casinos can provide jobs on the reservation, attract tourists, and bring in money for tribes to fund education, health, and social service programs. The Ojibwe of Minnesota have built two schools, the Choctaw of Oklahoma have built a new hospital, and the Pueblo of New Mexico have rebuilt their water system, all using casino profits. Other tribes fund child and elder care programs, health services, fire and police protection, and housing development with gambling earnings.
Casinos also provide much-needed job opportunities on reservations. In 1989, average levels of unemployment on reservations was above 30 percent. In the next decade, that rate dropped to 13 percent on reservations with casinos, while remaining stagnant on reservations without casinos.
Casinos' impact on overall economic conditions, however, is limited. Through the 1990s, the number of reservation residents eligible for public assistance programs increased across most reservations. Although the rate of increase was slightly less on reservations that had casinos, the casinos were unable to reverse trends of worsening poverty. There are a number of factors explaining why casinos have done little to change living conditions on many reservations, despite the income they bring in. First, a relatively small number of casinos bring in the majority of casino income. In the 1990s, ten casinos brought in more than half the earned money, and 20 percent of casinos brought in more than 80 percent of earnings.
Those that are most financially successful tend to be small reservations with relatively few inhabitants located near metropolitan areas that do not have as high poverty rates as larger, more rural reservations, which hold a much greater portion of the nations' reservation inhabitants. Many of the reservations facing the most dire poverty also are the most geographically isolated, meaning outside tourists rarely travel to the casinos. Instead, they are visited by reservation residents. Depending on the profit distribution plan of the tribe, this can result in a redistribution of income from many to a few, and a fractionalization of the reservation population between those who spend at casinos and those who earn from them.
When reservation residents spend portions of their sometimes very sparse incomes gambling, casinos can serve to exacerbate rather than relieve conditions of poverty. This is especially true when a casino's income is sent off the reservation, as is frequently the case when tribal governments must rely on outside investors to build casinos. These non-native investors often take substantial portions of the profits for years following construction to repay their initial contributions. Beyond initial investments, some casinos rely on outside management companies for day-to-day operations. Currently, fifteen percent of casino revenues go to such management firms.
Beyond limited economic efficacy, casinos have faced criticism on cultural grounds. Some tribal leaders have raised concerns that gambling goes against cultural beliefs and values, and is not a solid cultural foundation for native economic development. Without culturally sensitive investment in education and job creation, they assert, conditions of poverty will not change.
Economic development
Some have suggested that private enterprise originating on the reservation is the key to poverty alleviation. Once a critical mass of business exists, jobs will be created. By keeping the circulation of money on the reservation, economies will grow. Currently, there are 236,691 businesses in the US owned by American Indians and Alaskan Natives, most located off reservations. Although 1.5 percent of the population identifies as American Indian or Alaskan Native, these businesses represent less than one percent of all businesses in the nation. Native-owned businesses tend to be very small, with only 10 percent of them having any employees, and only 162 having more than 100 employees. However, trends suggest the number of natively owned businesses is growing. The number has risen 18 percent in the past decade, and native-business profits rose nearly 30 percent.
Some Native entrepreneurs have brought economic development to their reservations. Small businesses thrive on reservations throughout the country. For example, the Native American Natural Foods Company of Kyle, South Dakota, on Pine Ridge produces energy bars using buffalo meat and cranberries that are sold in gourmet grocery stores throughout the country. They serve as a model for other reservation-based businesses. An artists' cooperative on the Siletz Reservation in Oregon sells Native artwork and is staffed by young reservation residents, providing the artists with business and the employees with important work experience.
In some areas, reservation residents have developed professional networks to share resources as they develop businesses. For example, four tribes in Oregon created the Oregon Native American Business and Entrepreneurial Network, which offers training to assist tribal members start, fund, and operate business ventures. The organization has assisted more than 10,000 individuals since its founding in 1993. Unfortunately, for every successful business, there are many that are not able to sustain themselves, and many more ideas without the resources needed to implement them.
Alaska Native Corporations
The federal government has taken an active role in fostering business on native lands through the creation of Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs). These corporations, created by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, were created to settle land disputes with Alaska Natives. Rather than creating reservations, the government divided Alaskan lands into corporations, each of which owns a segment of land on which tribal members reside. In addition to owning tribal lands, these corporations have a business relationship with the government, who can contract with them for any number of tasks.
Alaskan corporations have held federal contracts to deal with defense, sexual harassment regulation, and more. Such contracts have not brought substantial money or economic activity to Alaska. Frequently, large, non-natively owned corporations in the continental United States will subcontract with the Alaskan Native Corporations. Due to the circumstances of their creation, contracts with ANCs are free from much of the regulation conventional contractors face, such as requirements for competitive bidding and spending caps. As such, the subcontractors are able to avoid regulation, while only passing on a very small portion of funds to the native shareholders of the Alaskan Native Corporation. In practice, the Alaskan Native Corporation system has done little to reduce poverty among Alaska's natives despite its effort to provide tribes with opportunities for economic activity.
Business challenges on reservations
There are many challenges facing business leaders on reservations. As discussed above, the substandard educational system leaves many aspiring entrepreneurs without necessary skills to fulfill their visions. The concentration of poverty and geographic isolation of many reservations severely limits the human capital from which business owners may draw to develop their business plans. The lack of disposable income of residents, furthermore, leaves reservation businesses with a limited customer base, while the shortcomings of telecommunications technologies can prevent expansion beyond reservation borders. In addition to material challenges facing economic development, some have criticized the ideological view of business ownership and development as solutions to reservation poverty. These critics have stated that conventional capitalist business plans run counter to many Native traditions, which stress community and interdependence rather than individualism and competition.
It is often noted that the reservation system needs change. Some have asserted that the entire system needs to be eliminated, but disagree on what should take its place. Anthropologist Shuichi Nagata has stated that both the reservations and modern American cities clash with traditional Native lifestyles. What is needed, he writes, is something separate from either that combines the cultural richness of reservations with the opportunity of contemporary urban centers.
See also
Modern social statistics of Native Americans
Native Americans and reservation inequality
Alcohol and Native Americans
Methamphetamine and Native Americans
Native American disease and epidemics
Impact of Native American gaming
Administration:
Native American reservation politics
Native American gambling enterprises
Former Indian Reservations in Oklahoma
General:
Native American self-determination
Tribal disenrollment
Tribal sovereignty
New World Syndrome
References
Native American topics
Native American health
Poverty in the United States
American Indian reservations |
17334095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallabi%20Limestone | Wallabi Limestone | Wallabi Limestone is the name given to the dense calcretised, limestone platform that underlies the Wallabi Group of the Houtman Abrolhos, an archipelago off the coast of Western Australia. This platform, which arises abruptly from a flat shelf, is about 40 metres thick, and is of marine biogenic origin, having originated as a coral reef. It reached its maximum size during the Eemian Stage (about 125,000 years ago), when sea levels were higher than at present. The subsequent fall in sea level resulted in the reef becoming emergent in places, thus forming the basement of the group's "central platform" islands, namely West Wallabi Island, East Wallabi Island and North Island.
References
See also
List of types of limestone
Limestone formations
Geologic formations of Australia
Geology of Western Australia
Houtman Abrolhos
Pleistocene Australia |
20466247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3n%20Garc%C3%ADa%20Abril | Antón García Abril | Antón García Abril OAXS (19 May 1933 – 17 March 2021) was a Spanish composer and musician.
Biography
Between 1974 and 2003, he was the head of the department of Compositions and Musical Forms (Composición y Formas Musicales) of the Madrid Royal Conservatory, and in 1982 he was elected a member of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid. In 1994, he was awarded Spain's Premio Nacional de Música for composition, and in 2008, he was also named a member of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Carlos in Valencia.
He died on 17 March 2021, at the age of 87 from COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.
Works
García Abril has composed as many orchestral works as he has chamber and vocal pieces, and he has composed music for films and television series such as El hombre y la Tierra, Fortunata y Jacinta, Anillos de oro, Segunda enseñanza, Brigada Central, Ramón y Cajal, La ciudad no es para mí and Compuesta y sin novio.
In 1966, he composed the soundtrack for the film Texas, Adios, a Spaghetti Western starring Franco Nero. Also, in 1969, he worked alongside Rafael Romero Marchent, a film director from Madrid, on the soundtrack of the movie Awkward Hands, another Spaghetti Western. He also composed the music for Amando de Ossorio's Blind Dead series of films, being Tombs of the Blind Dead (1972), Return of the Blind Dead (1973), The Ghost Galleon (1974) and Night of the Seagulls (1975).
Compositions
1969. Twelve songs to texts by Rafael Alberti (for voice and orchestra)
1972. Hemeroscopium (for orchestra)
1976. Concierto aguediano (for guitar and orchestra)
1985. Evocaciones (for solo guitar)
1986. Concierto mudéjar (for guitar and orchestra)
1987. Vademecum (a collection of 12 pieces for the guitar)
1992. Divinas palabras (opera after Ramón del Valle-Inclán, premiered 1997 with Plácido Domingo)
1994. Concierto (for piano and orchestra)
1996. Nocturnos de la Antequeruela (for piano and orchestra)
1999. Concierto de las tierras altas (for cello and orchestra)
2001. Concierto de la Malvarrosa (for flute, piano and strings)
2007. Alba de los caminos (for piano and string quintet)
2012. Cantos de Ordesa, Concerto for viola and orchestra
Music for films and television
Between 1956 and 1994, Antón García Abril created more than 150 compositions for movies and television. He has provided soundtracks for the films:
1962. La muerte silba un blues
1964. La chica del trébol
1965 La corrida (Documentary short)
1965 Un vampiro para dos
1965 El tímido
1965 El cálido verano del Sr. Rodríguez
1966. La ciudad no es para mí
1966. Texas, Adios
1967. Maneater of Hydra
1967. The Cobra
1967. Sor Citroën
1969. Awkward Hands
1971. The Werewolf vs. The Vampire Woman
1972. Tombs of the Blind Dead
1972. Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo
1972. Pancho Villa
1973. Curse of the Devil
1973. Return of the Blind Dead
1974. The Loreley's Grasp
1974. The Ghost Galleon
1975. A Long Return
1975. Night of the Seagulls
1984. Los santos inocentes
1987. Monsignor Quixote
He also created the soundtracks of the television series:
1974. El hombre y la Tierra
1980. Fortunata y Jacinta
1983. Anillos de oro
1986. Segunda enseñanza
1972. Los camioneros
Honours
Knight Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise (Kingdom of Spain, 16 December 2005).
References
External links
1933 births
2021 deaths
People from Teruel
Academics of the Madrid Royal Conservatory
Madrid Royal Conservatory alumni
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
Spanish film score composers
Male film score composers
Recipients of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain |
20466253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen | Jurchen | Jurchen may refer to:
Jurchen people, Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until the 17th century
Haixi Jurchens, a grouping of the Jurchens as identified by the Chinese of the Ming Dynasty
Jianzhou Jurchens, a grouping of the Jurchens as identified by the Chinese of the Ming Dynasty
Wild Jurchens, a grouping of the Jurchens as identified by the Chinese of the Ming Dynasty
Jurchen script, writing system of Jurchen people
Jurchen language, extinct language spoken by Jurchen people
Jin dynasty (1115–1234), also known as the Jurchen Dynasty
Language and nationality disambiguation pages |
17334108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbors%3A%20The%20Destruction%20of%20the%20Jewish%20Community%20in%20Jedwabne%2C%20Poland | Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland | Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland is a 2000 book by Princeton University historian Jan T. Gross exploring the July 1941 Jedwabne massacre committed against Polish Jews by their non-Jewish neighbors in the village of Jedwabne in Nazi-occupied Poland.
The book was first published in Polish as Sąsiedzi: Historia zagłady żydowskiego miasteczka (lit. Neighbors: The History of Destruction of a Jewish Town). An English translation was published in 2001.
Background
In 1988 Polish filmmaker Agnieszka Arnold went to Jedwabne with a film-crew and produced two documentaries based on interviews with the local villagers. Gdzie mój starszy syn Kain (1999, “Where Is My Older Son Cain”) was inspired by an ongoing debate in the Polish print media. The second one, Sąsiedzi (2001, “Neighbors”), was aired by the Polish TVP II Channel.
Gross has said that watching Arnold's films inspired him to write his book. With her approval, he used her transcriptions of interviews, in addition to other materials, and her second film title for the title of his book. Arnold was unhappy about the effects of the book on the Jedwabne people.
Content and impact
The book describes the perpetration of the massacre by Polish civilians (a fact first noted by Szymon Datner in 1966), refuting a common notion that the perpetrators were the German occupation forces. The debate that ensued in the media prompted the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) to open a forensic investigation, which confirmed parts of Gross's findings. The IPN's report stated that "[depositions] made by witnesses confirm complicity of both Germans and Polish inhabitants of the town," and that "residents of Jedwabne and its environs, of Polish nationality, committed these acts." However, it concluded that Gross's estimate of 1,600 victims "seems highly unlikely," giving a plausible range of 250 to 340 victims. Other historians have suggested anything from 600 to close to 1,000 victims.
At the time of the book's publication, the Nazi plan to exterminate Europe's Jewry was well known, but the fact that ordinary Poles in Jedwabne committed such atrocities less so. The publication resulted in much controversy, and a vigorous debate in Poland and abroad. It has led to further forensic study, and discussions of the history of Polish-Jewish relations. According to Geneviève Zubrzycki, "Neighbors created such a rupture in the national narrative of the war that one could speak of Poland “before” and “after” its publication (…) Neighbors provoked... the questioning of a key story of the nation, shaking its identity to its core."
Neighbors provoked an intensive two-year debate in Poland on Polish-Jewish relations. In response to Neighbors, the Polish Parliament ordered an investigation of the Jedwabne pogrom, the IPN investigation. From May 2000 onward, Jedwabne became a frequent topic of discussion in the Polish media. A list compiled by the Polish daily Rzeczpospolita counted over 130 articles in Polish on the pogrom. The Catholic periodical Wiez published a collection of 34 articles on the Jedwabne pogrom, Thou shalt not kill: Poles on Jedwabne, available in English. In 2003 an extensive collection of articles from the Polish debate, in English translation, was compiled by Joanna Michlic and Professor Antony Polonsky of Brandeis University and published under the title The Neighbors Respond.
Neighbors sparked a controversy in Poland. Some readers refused to accept it as a factual account of the Jedwabne pogrom. While Polish historians praised Gross for drawing attention to a topic that had received insufficient attention for a half-century, Marek Jan Chodakiewicz and Tomasz Strzembosz criticized Neighbors for including accounts they considered uncorroborated, and for editorial decisions they believed Gross had made, such as favoring testimonies that presented the Poles in the worst possible light when there were conflicting accounts.
Neighbors inspired among Poles "a new curiosity in Polish Jewish history," including for the Polish film director and screenwriter Władysław Pasikowski. The book and its related controversy inspired his dramatic film Aftermath (2012 Pokłosie), which he wrote and directed.
Reception
Polish edition
As noted by Joshua D. Zimmerman in his book about contested Polish history, Neighbors inspired a wide-ranging debate in Poland on its release in 2000. While the mainstream Polish press expressed consensus regarding the basic accuracy of Gross's findings, specific details and questions about Gross's methodology were debated by Polish scholars.
According to Jaroslaw Anders, although the book has been criticized in Poland, it has also generated acknowledgment from leading Polish figures such as Józef Cardinal Glemp, who described it as "incontestable", and from Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski, who asked Poles to "seek forgiveness for what our compatriots have done." Polish News Service is said to have reported that other Polish publications such as Nasz Dziennik, Głos, Mysl Polska, and Niedziela accused the book of being a "part of international campaign aimed at damaging the image of Poland and preparing ground for restitution of Jewish property."
Tomasz Strzembosz criticized the fact that the often contradictory testimonies on which the book was based were extracted from Polish witnesses in pre-trial beatings conducted by the Security Office (UB) in 1949 as well as selection (and exclusion) of specific testimonies.
Stanisław Musiał, who had been a leading figure in advocating a Catholic-Jewish dialogue and Polish-Jewish reconciliation, wrote that Gross' book had shattered the myth that Poles were solely victims who "themselves never wronged anyone."<ref>Joshua D. Zimmerman. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uHJyoGiep2gC&pg=PA11&dq=musial+wrote&sig=Y1z7ZVbXN_6-43DZgpKC82EywxE Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its Aftermath.], Rutgers University Press, 2003.</ref> Agnieszka Magdziak-Miszewska, a former deputy editor-in-chief of the Polish Catholic magazine Znak and Polish consul-general, wrote "I am convinced that Neighbors is a book which had to be written and which is needed. Facing up to the painful truth of Jedwabne is, in my conviction, the most serious test that we Poles have had to confront in the last decade."
According to Joanna B. Michlic, "Gross and his supporters referred to the Polish version of the notion of Judeo-communism (see żydokomuna) as an antisemitic cliché, whereas Gross's opponents, to varying degrees, treated it as an actual historical fact. In the latter group, Judeo-communism served the purpose of rationalizing and explaining the participation of ethnic Poles in killing their Jewish neighbors and, thus, in minimizing the criminal nature of the murder." In the introduction to The Neighbors Respond, Antony Polonsky and Joanna B. Michlic state about the that the harshest critics of Gross, such as Tomasz Strzembosz: "Many of those who have espoused what Andrzejowski describes as a "defensive open" stance in the controversy came to adopt quite extreme positions, as has been the case with Tomasz Strzembosz. They seem to have great difficulty abandoning the self-image of the Poles as heroes and victims and use strongly apologetic arguments."
Gross defended the conclusions he drew from his use of testimonials, and insisted that he differentiated between types of testimony. He pointed out that Neighbors contained "an extensive justification why depositions produced during a trial conducted in Stalinist Poland, extracted by abusive secret police interrogators, are credible in this case."
English editionNeighbors was a 2001 National Book Critics Circle Award Finalist and a 2001 National Book Award Finalist.The National Book Foundation. The National Book Awards Winners & Finalists, Since 1950 The publication of Neighbors was credited with launching a debate about the Polish role in the Holocaust.John Connelly, " Poles and Jews in the Second World War: the Revisions of Jan T. Gross" Contemporary European History. Cambridge: Nov 2002. Vol. 11, Issue 4. Bernard Wasserstein described the book as having "played a productive role in refreshing Polish collective memory of this aspect of World War 2."
Alexander B. Rossino, a research historian at the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., wrote: "while Neighbors contributed to an ongoing re-examination of the history of the Holocaust in Poland, Gross' failure to examine German documentary sources fundamentally flawed his depiction of the events. The result was a skewed history that did not investigate SS operations in the region or German interaction with the Polish population."
'
Dariusz Stola writing in Holocaust and Genocide Studies states that the book "deserves careful reading and serious critique" and that "if Neighbors were simply poorly researched and written, as some of Gross's critics charge, it would not have been so influential. However, this does not mean the book is flawless." Stola writes that the available evidence is far from sufficient to confirm exact number of victims and a number of eyewitness accounts raise doubts. The postwar accounts of some Jewish survivors, which were contradicted later; and records from the 1949-53 interrogations and trials of the Polish perpetrators by the communist "Security Office", which were often obtained by use of torture, have limited value and can be open to interpretations. Likewise the context of the crime—the unfolding Nazi Holocaust is missing largely from the publication. Stola questions Gross' assumption about lack of Jewish collaboration with the Soviets and the unorganised, spontaneous, "grassroots" nature of the pogrom.
In other mediaNeighbors and its surrounding controversy inspired Władysław Pasikowski's dramatic 2012 film Aftermath (Pokłosie), which he wrote and directed. Pasikowski said, "The film isn't an adaptation of the book, which is documented and factual, but the film did grow out of it, since it was the source of my knowledge and shame."
Further reading
Antony Polonsky and Joanna Michlic (eds), The Neighbors Respond (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004)
Marek Chodakiewicz, The Massacre in Jedwabne July 10, 1941. Before, During and After (Boulder CO: East European Monographs, 2005)
Israel Bartal, Antony Polonsky, Scott Ury, (eds.) Jews and their Neighbours in Eastern Europe since 1750'' (Oxford: Littman, 2012).
References
2000 non-fiction books
Antisemitism in Poland
History books about the Holocaust
Controversies in Poland
Books about Jewish Polish history
Jedwabne pogrom |
6900318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation | Building insulation | Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for thermal management. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.
Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important climate change mitigation tactic, especially in geographies where energy production is carbon-intensive. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs.
Thermal insulation
The definition of thermal insulation
Thermal insulation usually refers to the use of appropriate insulation materials and design adaptations for buildings to slow the transfer of heat through the enclosure to reduce heat loss and gain. The transfer of heat is caused by the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors. Heat may be transferred either by conduction, convection, or radiation. The rate of transmission is closely related to the propagating medium. Heat is lost or gained by transmission through the ceilings, walls, floors, windows, and doors. This heat reduction and acquisition are usually unwelcome. It not only increases the load on the HVAC system resulting in more energy wastes but also reduces the thermal comfort of people in the building. Thermal insulation in buildings is an important factor in achieving thermal comfort for its occupants. Insulation reduces unwanted heat loss or gain and can decrease the energy demands of heating and cooling systems. It does not necessarily deal with issues of adequate ventilation and may or may not affect the level of sound insulation. In a narrow sense, insulation can just refer to the insulation materials employed to slow heat loss, such as: cellulose, glass wool, rock wool, polystyrene, urethane foam, vermiculite, perlite, wood fiber, plant fiber (cannabis, flax, cotton, cork, etc.), recycled cotton denim, plant straw, animal fiber (sheep's wool), cement, and earth or soil, reflective insulation (also known as radiant barrier) but it can also involve a range of designs and techniques to address the main modes of heat transfer - conduction, radiation, and convection materials.
Most of the materials in the above list only retain a large amount of air or other gases between the molecules of the material. The gas conducts heat much less than the solids. These materials can form gas cavities, which can be used to insulate heat with low heat transfer efficiency. This situation also occurs in the fur of animals and birds feathers, animal hair can employ the low thermal conductivity of small pockets of gas, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing heat loss.
The effectiveness of reflective insulation (radiant barrier) is commonly evaluated by the reflectivity (emittance) of the surface with airspace facing to the heat source.
The effectiveness of bulk insulation is commonly evaluated by its R-value, of which there are two - metric (SI) (in units of K⋅W−1⋅m2) and US customary (in units of °F·ft2·h/BTU), the former being 0.176 times the latter, or the reciprocal quantity the thermal conductivity or U value W.K−1⋅m−2.
For example, in the US the insulation standard for attics, is recommended to be at least R-38 US units, (equivalent to R-6.7 or a U value of 0.15 in SI units) . The equivalent standard in the UK are technically comparable, the approved document L would normally require an average U value over the roof area of 0.11 to 0.18 depending on the age of the property and the type of roof construction. Newer buildings have to meet a higher standard than those built under previous versions of the regulations.
It is important to realise a single R-value or U-value does not take into account the quality of construction or local environmental factors for each building. Construction quality issues can include inadequate vapor barriers and problems with draft-proofing. In addition, the properties and density of the insulation material itself are critical. Most countries have some regime of either inspections or certification of approved installers to make sure that good standards are maintained.
The history of thermal insulation
The history of thermal insulation is not so long compared with other materials, but human beings have been aware of the importance of insulation for a long time. In the prehistoric time, human beings began their activity of making shelters against wild animals and heavy weather, human beings started their exploration of thermal insulation. Prehistoric peoples built their dwellings by using the materials of animal skins, fur, and plant materials like reed, flax, and straw, these materials were first used as clothing materials, because their dwellings were temporary, they were more likely to use the materials they used in clothing, which were easy to obtain and process. The materials of animal furs and plant products can hold a large amount of air between molecules which can create an air cavity to reduce the heat exchange.
Later, human beings' long life span and development of agriculture determined that they needed a fixed place of residence, earth-sheltered houses, stone houses, and cave dwellings began to emerge. The high density of these materials can cause a time lag effect in thermal transfer, which can make the inside temperature change slowly. This effect keep inside of the buildings warm in winter and cool in summer, also because of the materials like earth or stone is easy to get, this design is really popular in many places like Russia, Iceland, Greenland.
Organic materials were the first available to build a shelter for people to protect themselves from bad weather conditions and to help keep them warm. But organic materials like animal and plant fiber cannot exist for a long time, so these natural materials cannot satisfy people's long-term need for thermal insulation. So, people began to search for substitutes which are more durable. In the 19th century, people were no longer satisfied with using natural materials for thermal insulation, they processed the organic materials and produced the first insulated panels. At the same time, more and more artificial materials start to emerge, and a large range of artificial thermal insulation materials were developed, e.g. rock wool, fiberglass, foam glass, and hollow bricks.
The significance of thermal insulation
Thermal insulation can play a significant role in buildings, great demands of thermal comfort result in a large amount of energy consumed for full-heating for all rooms. Around 40% of energy consumption can be attributed to the building, mainly consumed by heating or cooling. Sufficient thermal insulation is the fundamental task that ensures a healthy indoor environment and against structure damages. It is also a key factor in dealing with high energy consumption, it can reduce the heat flow through the building envelope. Good thermal insulation can also bring the following benefits to the building:
1. Preventing building damage caused by the formation of moisture on the inside of the building envelope. Thermal insulation makes sure that the temperatures of room surface don't fall below a critical level, which avoids condensation and the formation of mould. According to the Building Damage reports, 12.7% and 14% of building damages were caused by mould problems. If there is no sufficient thermal insulation in the building, high relative humidity inside the building will lead to condensation and finally result in mould problems.
2. Producing a comfortable thermal environment for people living in the building. Good thermal insulation allows sufficiently high temperatures inside the building during the winter, and it also achieves the same level of thermal comfort by offering relatively low air temperature in the summer.
3. Reducing unwanted heating or cooling energy input. Thermal insulation reduces the heat exchange through the building envelope, which allows the heating and cooling machines to achieve the same indoor air temperature with less energy input.
Planning and examples
How much insulation a house should have depends on building design, climate, energy costs, budget, and personal preference. Regional climates make for different requirements. Building codes often set minimum standards for fire safety and energy efficiency, which can be voluntarily exceeded within the context of sustainable architecture for green certifications such as LEED.
The insulation strategy of a building needs to be based on a careful consideration of the mode of energy transfer and the direction and intensity in which it moves. This may alter throughout the day and from season to season. It is important to choose an appropriate design, the correct combination of materials, and building techniques to suit the particular situation.
United States
The thermal insulation requirements in the USA follow the ASHRAE 90.1 which is the U.S. energy standard for all commercial and some residential buildings. ASHRAE 90.1 standard considers multiple perspectives such as prescriptive, building envelope types and energy cost budget. And the standard has some mandatory thermal insulation requirements. All thermal insulation requirements in ASHRAE 90.1 are divided by the climate zone, it means that the amount of insulation needed for a building is determined by which climate zone the building locates. The thermal insulation requirements are shown as R-value and continuous insulation R-value as the second index. The requirements for different types of walls (wood framed walls, steel framed walls, and mass walls) are shown in the table.
To determine whether you should add insulation, you first need to find out how much insulation you already have in your home and where. A qualified home energy auditor will include an insulation check as a routine part of a whole-house energy audit. However, you can sometimes perform a self-assessment in certain areas of the home, such as attics. Here, a visual inspection, along with use of a ruler, can give you a sense of whether you may benefit from additional insulation.
An initial estimate of insulation needs in the United States can be determined by the US Department of Energy's ZIP code insulation calculator.
Russia
In Russia, the availability of abundant and cheap gas has led to poorly insulated, overheated, and inefficient consumption of energy. The Russian Center for Energy Efficiency found that Russian buildings are either over- or under-heated, and often consume up to 50 percent more heat and hot water than needed. 53 percent of all carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Russia are produced through heating and generating electricity for buildings. However, greenhouse gas emissions from the former Soviet Bloc are still below their 1990 levels.
Energy codes in Russia start to establish in 1955, norms and rules first mentioned the performance of the building envelope and heat losses, and they formed norms to regulate the energy characteristics of the building envelope. And the most recent version of Russia energy code (SP 50.13330.2012) was published in 2003. The energy codes of Russia were established by experts of government institutes or nongovernmental organization like ABOK. The energy code of Russia have been revised several times since 1955, the 1995 versions reduced energy depletion per square meter for heating by 20%, and the 2000 version reduced by 40%. The code also has a mandatory requirement on thermal insulation of buildings accompany with some voluntary provisions, mainly focused on heat loss from the building shell.
Australia
The thermal insulation requirements of Australia follow the climate of the building location, the table below is the minimum insulation requirements based on climate, which is determined by the Building Code of Australia (BCA). The building in Australia applies insulation in roofs, ceilings, external walls, and various components of the building (such as Veranda roofs in the hot climate, Bulkhead, Floors). Bulkheads (wall section between ceilings which are in different heights) should have the same insulated level as the ceilings since they suffer the same temperature levels. And the external walls of Australia's building should be insulated to decrease all kinds of heat transfer. Besides the walls and ceilings, the Australia energy code also requires insulation for floors (not all floors). Raised timber floors must have around 400mm soil clearance below the lowest timbers to provide sufficient space for insulation, and concrete slab such as suspended slabs and slab-on-ground should be insulated in the same way.
China
China has various climatic characters, which are divided by geographical areas. As a result, there are five climate zones in China to identify the building design include thermal insulation. (The very cold zone, cold zone, hot summer and cold winter zone, hot summer and warm winter zone and cold winter zone).
Germany
Germany established its requirements of building energy efficiency in 1977, and the first energy code-the Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) which based on the building performance was introduced in 2002. And the 2009 version of the Energy Saving Ordinance increased the minimum R-values of the thermal insulation of the building shell and introduced requirements for air-tightness tests. The Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) 2013 clarified the requirement of thermal insulation of the ceiling. And it mentioned that if the ceiling was not fulfilled, thermal insulation will be needed in accessible ceilings over upper floor's heated rooms. [U-Value must be under 0.24 Watts/(m2•K)]
Netherlands
The building decree (Bouwbesluit) of the Netherlands makes a clear distinction between home renovation or newly built houses. New builds count as completely new homes, but also new additions and extensions are considered to be new builds. Furthermore, renovations whereby at least 25% of the surface of the integral building is changed or enlarged is also considered to be a new build. Therefore, during thorough renovations, there's a chance that the new construction must meet the new building requirement for insulation of the Netherlands. If the renovation is of a smaller nature, the renovation directive applies. Examples of renovation are post-insulation of a cavity wall and post-insulation of a sloping roof against the roof boarding or under the tiles. Note that every renovation must meet the minimum Rc value of 1.3 W / mK. If the current insulation has a higher insulation value (the legally obtained level), then this value counts as a lower limit.
New Zealand
Insulation requirements for new houses and small buildings in New Zealand are set out in the Building Code and standard NZS 4128:2009.
Zones 1 and 2 include most of the North Island, including Waiheke Island and Great Barrier Island. Zone 3 includes the Taupo District, Ruapehu District, and the Rangitikei District north of 39°50' latitude south (i.e. north of and including Mangaweka) in the North Island, the South Island, Stewart Island, and the Chatham Islands.
United Kingdom
Insulation requirements are specified in the Building regulations and in England and Wales the technical content is published as Approved Documents
Document L defines thermal requirements, and while setting minimum standards can allow for the U values for elements such as roofs and walls to be traded off against other factors such as the type of heating system in a whole building energy use assessment.
Scotland and Northern Ireland have similar systems but the detail technical standards are not identical.
The standards have been revised several times in recent years, requiring more efficient use of energy as the UK moves towards a low-carbon economy.
Technologies and strategies in different climates
Cold climates
Strategies in cold climate
In cold conditions, the main aim is to reduce heat flow out of the building. The components of the building envelope—windows, doors, roofs, floors/foundations, walls, and air infiltration barriers—are all important sources of heat loss; in an otherwise well insulated home, windows will then become an important source of heat transfer. The resistance to conducted heat loss for standard single glazing corresponds to an R-value of about 0.17 m2⋅K⋅W−1 or more than twice that for typical double glazing (compared to 2–4 m2⋅K⋅W−1 for glass wool batts). Losses can be reduced by good weatherisation, bulk insulation, and minimising the amount of non-insulative (particularly non-solar facing) glazing. Indoor thermal radiation can also be a disadvantage with spectrally selective (low-e, low-emissivity) glazing. Some insulated glazing systems can double to triple R values.
Technologies in cold climate.
The vacuum panels and aerogel wall surface insulation are two technologies that can enhance the energy performance and thermal insulating effectiveness of the residential buildings and commercial buildings in cold climate regions such as New England and Boston. In the past time, the price of thermal insulation materials that displayed high insulated performance was very expensive. With the development of material industry and the booming of science technologies, more and more insulation materials and insulated technologies have emerged during the 20th century, which gives us various options for building insulation. Especially in the cold climate areas, a large amount of thermal insulation is needed to deal with the heat losses caused by cold weather (infiltration, ventilation, and radiation). There are two technologies that are worth discussing:
Exterior insulation system (EIFS) based on Vacuum insulation panels (VIP).
VIPs are noted for their ultra-high thermal resistance, their ability of thermal resistance is four to eight times more than conventional foam insulation materials which lead to a thinner thickness of thermal insulation to the building shell compared with traditional materials. The VIPs are usually composed of core panels and metallic enclosures. The common materials that used to produce Core panels are fumed and precipitated silica, open-cell polyurethane (PU), and different types of fiberglass. And the core panel is covered by the metallic enclosure to create a vacuum environment, the metallic enclosure can make sure that the core panel is kept in the vacuum environment. Although this material has a high thermal performance, it still maintains a high price in the last twenty years.
Aerogel exterior and interior wall surface insulation.
Aerogel was first discovered by Samuel Stephens Kistle in 1931. It is a kind of gel that the liquid part is replaced by gas, it actually is composed of 99% of air. This material has a relatively high R-value of around R-10 per inch which is considerably higher compared with conventional plastic foam insulation materials. But the difficulties in processing and low productivity limit the development of Aerogels, the cost price of this material still remains at a high level. Only two companies in the United States offer the commercial Aerogel product.
Hot climates
Strategies in hot climate
In hot conditions, the greatest source of heat energy is solar radiation. This can enter buildings directly through windows or it can heat the building shell to a higher temperature than the ambient, increasing the heat transfer through the building envelope. The Solar Heat Gain Co-efficient (SHGC) (a measure of solar heat transmittance) of standard single glazing can be around 78-85%. Solar gain can be reduced by adequate shading from the sun, light coloured roofing, spectrally selective (heat-reflective) paints and coatings and, various types of insulation for the rest of the envelope. Specially coated glazing can reduce SHGC to around 10%. Radiant barriers are highly
effective for attic spaces in hot climates. In this application, they are much more effective in hot climates than cold climates. For downward heat flow, convection is weak and radiation dominates heat transfer across an air space. Radiant barriers must face an adequate air-gap to be effective.
If refrigerative air-conditioning is employed in a hot, humid climate, then it is particularly important to seal the building envelope. Dehumidification of humid air infiltration can waste significant energy. On the other hand, some building designs are based on effective cross-ventilation instead of refrigerative air-conditioning to provide convective cooling from prevailing breezes.
Technologies in hot climate
In hot dry climate regions like Egypt and Africa, thermal comfort in the summer is the main question, nearly half of energy consumption in urban area is depleted by air conditioning systems to satisfy peoples' demand for thermal comfort, many developing countries in hot dry climate region suffer a shortage of electricity in the summer due to the increasing use of cooling machines. A new technology called Cool Roof has been introduced to ameliorate this situation. In the past, architects used thermal mass materials to improve thermal comfort, the heavy thermal insulation could cause the time-lag effect which might slow down the speed of heat transfer during the daytime and keep the indoor temperature in a certain range (Hot and dry climate regions usually have a large temperature difference between the day and night).
The cool roof is low-cost technology based on solar reflectance and thermal emittance, which uses reflective materials and light colors to reflect the solar radiation. The solar reflectance and the thermal emittance are two key factors that determine the thermal performance of the roof, and they can also improve the effectiveness of the thermal insulation since around 30% solar radiation is reflected back to the sky. The shape of the roof is also under consideration, the curved roof can receive less solar energy compared with conventional shapes. Meanwhile, the drawback of this technology is obvious that the high reflectivity will cause visual discomfort. On the other hand, the high reflectivity and thermal emittance of the roof will increase the heating load of the building.
Orientation - passive solar design
Optimal placement of building elements (e.g. windows, doors, heaters) can play a significant role in insulation by considering the impact of solar radiation on the building and the prevailing breezes. Reflective laminates can help reduce passive solar heat in pole barns, garages, and metal buildings.
Construction
See insulated glass and quadruple glazing for discussion of windows.
Building envelope
The thermal envelope defines the conditioned or living space in a house. The attic or basement may or may not be included in this area. Reducing airflow from inside to outside can help to reduce convective heat transfer significantly.
Ensuring low convective heat transfer also requires attention to building construction (weatherization) and the correct installation of insulative materials.
The less natural airflow into a building, the more mechanical ventilation will be required to support human comfort. High humidity can be a significant issue associated with lack of airflow, causing condensation, rotting construction materials, and encouraging microbial growth such as mould and bacteria. Moisture can also drastically reduce the effectiveness of insulation by creating a thermal bridge (see below). Air exchange systems can be actively or passively incorporated to address these problems.
Thermal bridge
Thermal bridges are points in the building envelope that allow heat conduction to occur. Since heat flows through the path of least resistance, thermal bridges can contribute to poor energy performance. A thermal bridge is created when materials create a continuous path across a temperature difference, in which the heat flow is not interrupted by thermal insulation. Common building materials that are poor insulators include glass and metal.
A building design may have limited capacity for insulation in some areas of the structure. A common construction design is based on stud walls, in which thermal bridges are common in wood or steel studs and joists, which are typically fastened with metal. Notable areas that most commonly lack sufficient insulation are the corners of buildings, and areas where insulation has been removed or displaced to make room for system infrastructure, such as electrical boxes (outlets and light switches), plumbing, fire alarm equipment, etc.
Thermal bridges can also be created by uncoordinated construction, for example by closing off parts of external walls before they are fully insulated.
The existence of inaccessible voids within the wall cavity which are devoid of insulation can be a source of thermal bridging.
Some forms of insulation transfer heat more readily when wet, and can therefore also form a thermal bridge in this state.
The heat conduction can be minimized by any of the following: reducing the cross sectional area of the bridges, increasing the bridge length, or decreasing the number of thermal bridges.
One method of reducing thermal bridge effects is the installation of an insulation board (e.g. foam board EPS XPS, wood fibre board, etc.) over the exterior outside wall. Another method is using insulated lumber framing for a thermal break inside the wall.
Installation
Insulating buildings during construction is much easier than retrofitting, as generally the insulation is hidden, and parts of the building need to be deconstructed to reach them.
Depending on the country there are different regulations as to which type of insulation is the best alternative for buildings, considering energy efficiency and environmental factors. Geographical location also affects the type of insulation needed as colder climates will need a bigger investment than warmer ones on installation costs.
Materials
There are essentially two types of building insulation - bulk insulation and reflective insulation. Most buildings use a combination of both types to make up a total building insulation system. The type of insulation used is matched to create maximum resistance to each of the three forms of building heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation.
The classification of thermal insulation materials
According to three ways of heat exchange，most thermal insulation we used in our building can be divided into two categories: Conductive and convective insulators and radiant heat barriers. And there are more detailed classifications to distinguish between different materials. Many thermal insulation materials work by creating tiny air cavity between molecules, this air cavity can largely reduce the heat exchange through the materials. But there are two exceptions which don't use air cavity as their functional element to prevent heat transfer. One is reflective thermal insulation, which creates a great airspace by forming a radiation barrier by attaching metal foil on one side or both sides, this thermal insulation mainly reduces the radiation heat transfer. Although the polished metal foil attached on the materials can only prevent the radiation heat transfer, its effect to stop heat transfer can be dramatic. Another thermal insulation that doesn't apply air cavity is vacuum insulation, the vacuum-insulated panels can stop all kinds of convection and conduction and it can also largely mitigate the radiation heat transfer. But the effectiveness of vacuum insulation is also limited by the edge of the material, since the edge of the vacuum panel can form a thermal bridge which leads to a reduction of the effectiveness of the vacuum insulation. The effectiveness of the vacuum insulation is also related to the area of the vacuum panels.
Conductive and convective insulators
Bulk insulators block conductive heat transfer and convective flow either into or out of a building. Air is a very poor conductor of heat and therefore makes a good insulator. Insulation to resist conductive heat transfer uses air spaces between fibers, inside foam or plastic bubbles and in building cavities like the attic. This is beneficial in an actively cooled or heated building, but can be a liability in a passively cooled building; adequate provisions for cooling by ventilation or radiation are needed.
Fibrous insulation materials
Fibrous materials are made by tiny diameter fibers which evenly distribute the airspace. The commonly used materials are silica, glass, rock wool, and slag wool. Glass fiber and mineral wool are two insulation materials that are most widely used in this type.
Cellular insulation materials
Cellular insulation is composed of small cells which are separated from each other. The commonly cellular materials are glass and foamed plastic like polystyrene, polyolefin, and polyurethane.
Radiant heat barriers
Radiant barriers work in conjunction with an air space to reduce radiant heat transfer across the air space. Radiant or reflective insulation reflects heat instead of either absorbing it or letting it pass through. Radiant barriers are often seen used in reducing downward heat flow, because upward heat flow tends to be dominated by convection. This means that for attics, ceilings, and roofs, they are most effective in hot climates.
They also have a role in reducing heat losses in cool climates. However, much greater insulation can be achieved through the addition of bulk insulators (see above).
Some radiant barriers are spectrally selective and will preferentially reduce the flow of infra-red radiation in comparison to other wavelengths. For instance, low-emissivity (low-e) windows will transmit light and short-wave infra-red energy into a building but reflect the long-wave infra-red radiation generated by interior furnishings. Similarly, special heat-reflective paints are able to reflect more heat than visible light, or vice versa.
Thermal emissivity values probably best reflect the effectiveness of radiant barriers. Some manufacturers quote an 'equivalent' R-value for these products but these figures can be difficult to interpret, or even misleading, since R-value testing measures total heat loss in a laboratory setting and does not control the type of heat loss responsible for the net result (radiation, conduction, convection).
A film of dirt or moisture can alter the emissivity and hence the performance of radiant barriers.
Eco-friendly insulation
Eco-friendly insulation is a term used for insulating products with limited environmental impact. The commonly accepted approach to determine whether or not an insulation products, but in fact any product or service is eco-friendly is by doing a life-cycle assessment (LCA). A number of studies compared the environmental impact of insulation materials in their application. The comparison shows that most important is the insulation value of the product meeting the technical requirements for the application. Only in a second order step, a differentiation between materials becomes relevant. The report commissioned by the Belgian government to VITO is a good example of such a study. A valuable way to graphically represent such results is by a spider diagram.
See also
Thermal insulation
R-value (insulation) - includes a list of insulations with R-values
External wall insulation
Thermal mass
Materials
Building insulation materials
Window insulation film
Wool insulation
Mineral wool
Packing (firestopping)
Greensulate
Insulated glazing
Quadruple glazing
Design
Cool roof
Green roof
Passive house
Zero heating building
Zero energy building
Solar architecture
Superinsulation
Low-energy building
Passive solar design
Passive solar building design
Construction
Building construction
Building Envelope
Building performance
Deep energy retrofit
Weatherization
Other
Condensation
Draught excluder
HVAC
Ventilation
References
External links
Tips for Selecting Roof Insulation
Best Practice Guide Air Sealing & Insulation Retrofits for Single Family Homes
Sustainable building
Insulators
Thermal protection
Energy conservation
Heat transfer
Building materials |
17334130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman%20G.%20Yuncker | Truman G. Yuncker | Truman George Yuncker (March 20, 1891 – January 8, 1964) was a taxonomic botanist best known for his work in the family Piperaceae. Yuncker first taught at Manual High School in Indianapolis, Indiana. After service in World War I, he received his doctorate from the University of Illinois in 1919. Soon after, he became a faculty member at DePauw University and became head of the botany and bacteriology department in 1921 and held that post until retirement in 1956. During his tenure he described 839 new species, 211 new varieties and 25 new formae in the Piperaceae. He wrote the treatment of that family in almost every regional flora published during his lifetime. His early studies were on the genus Cuscuta, in which he described 67 new species and 39 new varieties.
Footnotes
External links
1891 births
1964 deaths
American botanists
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
DePauw University faculty |
17334190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricularia%20macrocheilos | Utricularia macrocheilos | Utricularia macrocheilos is a small annual carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. It is endemic to western tropical Africa, where it is only known from the mountain ranges of Guinea and Sierra Leone. U. macrocheilos grows as a terrestrial plant among wet rocks at medium altitudes. It flowers between August and January. A specimen of U. macrocheilos was originally included in the description of U. prehensilis by François Pellegrin in 1914 and also in John Hutchinson and Nicol Alexander Dalzell's 1931 description of U. micropetala. Peter Taylor recognized these specimens as a different taxon in a 1963 review of African species and treated it as a variety of U. micropetala. After further discussions with other botanists and review of the specimens, he elevated the variety to the species level in 1986 as U. macrocheilos. Compared to U. micropetala, U. macrocheilos has much longer corolla lips and less acute fruiting calyx lobe apices. Taylor notes, however, that the vegetative body of the plants and the seeds appear to be identical.
See also
List of Utricularia species
References
Carnivorous plants of Africa
Flora of Guinea
Flora of Sierra Leone
macrocheilos |
20466255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wasat%20%28Bahraini%20newspaper%29 | Al-Wasat (Bahraini newspaper) | Al-Wasat (), also Alwasat, was an Arabic-language daily newspaper in Manama, Bahrain. Al-Wasat was generally regarded as the only independent newspaper in Bahrain. The newspaper ran for 15 years, during which is provided reporting unique to Bahrain.
The government of Bahrain forcibly closed the newspaper on 4 June 2017, in a move which Amnesty International termed an "all-out campaign to end independent reporting".
History and profile
Al-Wasat was established in 2002. The newspaper was established after the early reforms adopted by King Hamad bin Isa. Allowing a key oppositional figure to establish this newspaper was seen as a key event in the opening up of society. Before Al-Wasat was established, Bahrain had only two Arabic newspapers, Akhbar Al Khaleej and Al Ayam, both of which were viewed as extremely pro-government. Its founders are Mansoor Al-Jamri and leading personalities from the Bahraini private sector. Al-Jamri was the editor-in-chief. He was temporarily forced out of his position between 3 April 2011 until 4 August 2011 during a government crackdown on journalists and the press during the Arab Spring.
Al-Wasat was the most popular newspaper in Bahrain and was generally regarded as the only daily that does not take a loyalist stand to the Bahraini government. It was the first Bahraini newspaper to reflect opposing viewpoints.
The paper was ranked as the top newspaper in terms of circulation and impact in the kingdom of Bahrain by the Pan-Arab Research Center in its survey in 2012. The paper was ranked of the top of index of credibility by the "Media Credibility Index" issued by Next Century Foundation in London on 5 May 2012. The paper's online version was the 15th most visited website for 2010 in the MENA region.
Awards
Mansoor Al-Jamri is recipient of the CPJ International Press Freedom Awards in 2011 and the International Media Peace Award 2012.
In addition, the newspaper won several awards, including a European Award on 8 December 2011, MENA photojournalism award, UNICEF regional award for electronic media on 28 September 2011, the 15th strongest MENA newspaper on the Internet according to Forbes Middle East on 27 October 2010, Arab Journalism Award on 13 May 2010, Bahrain's electronic media, and Award on 13 March 2009.
Al Wasat was ranked top of the "Media Credibility Index" issued by the Next Century Foundation in May 2012. The paper was identified by the Pan-Arab Research Centre (PARC) in 2012 as the most widely read newspaper in Bahrain. Its editor-in-chief, Mansoor Al-Jamri also received the International Media Peace Award in London on 5 May 2012.
Controversy
On 15 March 2011, the newspaper's printing office was attacked by mobs carrying knives and clubs. This came after recent 2011 Bahraini protests as some pro-government supporters attacked Al Wasat'''s oppositional views on recent events. The attack happened in the early hours of Tuesday morning after days of harassment of staff and journalists by some pro-government supporters.
Following a talk show on Bahrain television on 2 April 2011, which allegedly accused fabrications by the newspaper in its reporting of 2011 protests in Bahrain, Al-Wasat was suspended for one day and put under investigation by Bahrain's Information Affairs Authority. Al Wasat newspaper was accused of using old footage and articles when reporting on current events following the Bahraini protests. The Associated Press reported on 3 April that Al Wasat did not publish, following a message on state TV that the Information Ministry had ordered the paper to shut down. According to the state-run Bahrain News Agency, government officials again accused Al-Wasat of "unethical" coverage.
The day after the suspension, the board of directors of the paper announced they had accepted the resignation of Mansoor Al-Jamri as editor in chief, and Nouwehed as managing editor and head of local news (Aqeel Mirza). The new editor in chief would be Obaidaly AlObaidaly, a columnist for the paper. The newspaper restarted on 4 April 2011.
Al Jamri spoke to the Financial Times following these events and contended that allegations against his newspaper were part of a "sustained campaign" against this specific publication. He explained that there is a possibility of a double agent that was planted in the newspaper to spread fabrications. Bahrain's Information Affairs Authority filed a legal case based on Bahrain's law regarding press, printing and publishing. The General Prosecution summoned Mansoor Al Jamri, managing editor Walid Nouwehed and head of local news Aqeel Mirza for questioning. They were charged with publishing fabricated stories which "harmed public safety and national interests". Prosecutor General Ali bin Fadhl Al Bouainain indicated that they would stand trial when investigations have been completed.
Al Jamri explained in an interview with Al-Hurra Satellite that on 3 April 2011, an official ordered the newspaper's board to dismiss the editor-in-chief and key staff, two non-Bahraini staff were forcibly deported on 4 April 2011 and a detailed a series of official intimidation to the newspaper.
Karim Fakhrawi, one of the founders of Al Wasat, was detained on 3 April 2011 and according to the BICI report he died under torture on 12 April 2011.
The public announcement indicated that Fakhrawi died of kidney failure, but according to the Committee to Protect Journalists, pictures showed bruises on his body.
On 4 August 2011, the board of directors reinstated Mansoor Al-Jamri back as editor-in-chief of the newspaper. The investors' general meeting held on 7 August 2011 reaffirmed the strategic direction of Al Wasat'' newspaper.
In June 2017 the newspaper was banned by the Bahraini government on accusations that it "sows division".
References
2002 establishments in Bahrain
2017 disestablishments in Bahrain
Arabic-language newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Bahrain
Mass media in Manama
Newspapers established in 2002
Publications disestablished in 2017
Censorship in Bahrain
Banned newspapers |
20466263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Mahon | Craig Mahon | Craig Derek Mahon (born 21 June 1989) is an Irish footballer who is a player/coach for National League North side Curzon Ashton.
Craig Mahon signed a one-year professional contract with Wigan Athletic in June 2008. Mahon's footballing education took place at the Dublin-based club Lourdes Celtic, from there he signed as trainee YT in 06/07 at Wigan where he then progressed through the ranks.
Craig signed for Accrington Stanley on loan in 2008/09. Mahon was spotted by Stanley bosses putting in an impressive performance in the reserves game against Everton. He made his debut for Stanley on 29 November 2008 in a League Two match against Bury at the Crown Ground, which ended in a 2–1 defeat for Stanley.
He has also represented the Republic of Ireland at youth level, making his debut for the under-18 side on 7 February 2007 in a 0–0 draw against Netherlands. He appeared for the under-19 team later in the year, playing in a 2–1 defeat against Chile.
Football runs in the family for Craig, he is the nephew of Alan Mahon formerly of (Tranmere Rovers) and cousin of Andy Reid (Nottingham Forest).
In the summer of 2009, he was released by Wigan Athletic and went on to have a short spell with Salford City scoring eight goals in 24 appearances with the club.
After trials at Football League Clubs Bury and Rochdale, Mahon signed for Conference North side Vauxhall Motors on 4 September 2010. He signed a further 12-month deal on 26 July 2011.
Vauxhall Motors secured the services of Mahon on a further 12-month deal on 27 July 2012.
Craig was voted the Vauxhall Motors Player of the Season for the 2012/13 season. He signed for neighbours Chester on 23 May 2013, allowing him the chance to play football in the Conference Premier. He remained at Chester for 8 years, which included loan spells with AFC Fylde and Ashton United.
On 7 November 2014, Mahon became the father of twins. The following day Mahon was back on the pitch playing for Chester against Football League side Southend United F.C. in the FA Cup First Round. Mahon had further cause for celebration by scoring the winning goal in the 51st minute, the match ending 2–1 to Chester as they pulled off a surprise victory against higher-ranked opponents.
On 12 September 2017 Craig broke the all-time appearance record for Chester FC, with 160 appearances for the club. He went on to make 215 appearances for the club.
In January 2020 Mahon signed for Altrincham. He was part of the Altrincham team that were promoted to The Vanarama National League on the 1st August 2020 beating Boston United 1-0 in the play-off final.
Craig signed for National League North side Curzon Ashton in September 2020. He signed a further 12 month contract as a player/coach in August 2021. In October 2021 he took the role of Interim Manager for three games, whilst the club recruited a new manager.
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
Association footballers from County Dublin
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland youth international footballers
Association football forwards
English Football League players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Accrington Stanley F.C. players
Salford City F.C. players
Burscough F.C. players
Vauxhall Motors F.C. players
Chester F.C. players
AFC Fylde players
Ashton United F.C. players
players
Altrincham F.C. players |
20466289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine%20Willcox | Elaine Willcox | Elaine Willcox is an English television reporter. Currently employed by ITV Granada. MOTHER OF MILLIONAIRE CHILD HARRY BARUS WILLCOX LYNCH ,
Personal life
Willcox was born in Berlin, after her father was stationed in the city as part of the Royal Engineers, she was brought up in Newcastle where she stayed to complete a degree in English and History.
She now lives in North West England. Elaine lives with her husband.
Media career
Elaine was part of a team which won a BAFTA in 2007 for covering the impact of the Morecambe Bay cockling disaster for ITV Granada. This, to date, is the only occasion where a BAFTA has gone to a regional news programme.
In September 2007 she joined GMTV as North West England Correspondent, after three years, she returned to ITV Granada as a reporter for regional news programme Granada Reports.
References
External links
BAFTA win
GMTV presenters and reporters
ITV regional newsreaders and journalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
17334193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20San%20Jose%20Stealth%20season | 2005 San Jose Stealth season | The San Jose Stealth are a lacrosse team based in San Jose, California playing in the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The 2005 season was the 2nd in franchise history.
The Stealth finished 2nd in the West in 2004, but did not fare so well in 2005. They started with a 3-2 record, beating division rivals Calgary, Colorado, and Arizona, but then lost 10 of their last 11 games to finish 4-12 and last place overall.
Regular season
Conference standings
Game log
Reference:
Player stats
Reference:
Runners (Top 10)
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; LB = Loose Balls; PIM = Penalty minutes
Goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; MIN = Minutes; W = Wins; L = Losses; GA = Goals against; Sv% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average
Awards
Transactions
Trades
Roster
Reference:
See also
2005 NLL season
References
San Jose
San Jose Stealth |
23573915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20Rows | Chester Rows | Chester Rows are a set of structures in each of the four main streets of Chester, in the United Kingdom, consisting of a series of covered walkways on the first floor behind which are entrances to shops and other premises. At street level is another set of shops and other premises, many of which are entered by going down a few steps. .
Dating from the medieval era, the Rows may have been built on top of rubble remaining from the ruins of Roman buildings, but their origin is still subject to speculation. In some places the continuity of the Rows has been blocked by enclosure or by new buildings, but in others modern buildings have retained the Rows in their designs. Undercrofts or "crypts" were constructed beneath the buildings in the Rows. The undercrofts were in stone while most of the buildings in the Rows were in timber.
Today about 20 of the stone undercrofts still exist, but at the level of the Rows very little medieval fabric remains. Many of the buildings containing portions of the Rows are listed and some are recorded in the English Heritage Archive. The premises on the street and Row levels are used for a variety of purposes; most are shops, but there are also offices, restaurants, cafés, and meeting rooms. Chester Rows are one of the city's main tourist attractions.
Description
At street level the shops and other premises are similar to those found in other towns and cities, although many of the premises are entered by going down a few steps. On the first floor level are more shops and other premises, set back from the street, in front of which is a continuous walkway. The storey above this overlaps the walkway, which makes it a covered walkway, and this constitutes what is known as the "Row". On the street side of the walkways are railings and an area which was used as shelves or stalls for the display of goods. The floors above the level of the Rows are used for commercial or domestic purposes, or for storage. The Rows are present, to a greater or lesser degree, in all the streets radiating from Chester Cross, namely Watergate Street, Northgate Street, Eastgate Street and Upper Bridge Street. They are continuous on both sides of Upper Bridge Street, along most of Watergate and Eastgate Street, but only for a short stretch along the east side of Northgate Street. Originally there were also Rows in Lower Bridge Street but these were blocked during the 17th and 18th centuries.
As the ground floor buildings are usually lower than the street level, they are sometime known as "crypts". However, as the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner points out, this is not a strictly accurate description because the level of the floors of the buildings is a half-storey rather than a full-storey level below the street.
Origins
Rows were built in the four main streets leading from Chester Cross, each of which originated during the settlement's early development. In the Roman period the main street, now Watergate Street and Eastgate Street, lay on an east–west axis. It was joined at what is now Chester Cross by the main road from the south, present-day Bridge Street. During the Saxon period a road to the north was added, now called Northgate Street. Dendrochronological evidence shows that the Rows go back as far as the 13th century, but it is unlikely that they originated before 1200. The first record of the Rows appears in 1293, although it is uncertain whether it refers to a Row as it would be recognised today. The "earliest unambiguous instance" of the use of the term for an elevated walkway is in 1356.
Because the Chester Rows are unique and their precise origins are unknown, they have been the subject of speculation. Chester has suffered from a series of fires. In 1278 the fire was so severe that almost the entire town within the walls was destroyed. It has been suggested that following this fire, the owners were ordered to make their ground floors fireproof, leading to the stone-lined undercrofts. From this, the suggestion has been made that there was "a general undertaking by the citizens of Chester ... to improve the commercial potential of their property by providing two-level access for customers".
Daniel Defoe, writing around 1724 in A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain, describes the Rows of Chester as “long galleries, up one pair of stairs, which run along the side of the streets, before all the houses, though joined to them, and is pretended, they are to keep the people dry in walking along. This they do effectually, but then they...make the shops themselves dark, and the way in them is dark, dirty, and uneven.”
The 19th-century writer George Borrow makes the following claim in his book Wild Wales, published in 1862: "All the best shops in Chester are to be found in the rows. These rows, which you ascend by stairs up narrow passages, were originally built for the security of the wares of the principal merchants against the Welsh. Should the mountaineers break into the town, as they frequently did, they might rifle some of the common shops, where their booty would be slight, but those which contained the most costly articles would be beyond their reach; for at the first alarm the doors of the passages, up which the stairs led, would be closed, and all access to the upper streets cut off, from the open arches of which missiles of all kinds, kept ready for such occasions, could be discharged upon the intruders, who would soon be glad to beat a retreat."
Another theory links the Rows with the debris left from the Roman occupation of Chester. The rubble from the Roman buildings which had fallen into ruin was piled up alongside the streets. One theory suggests that in the medieval period buildings were constructed along the top of this debris. The buildings were set back from the street, a footpath passed in front of them, and wheeled vehicles passed along the street below. In time, the properties were improved and, possibly during the 13th century, cellars or undercrofts were excavated in the debris beneath them. When the buildings were further improved, upper stories were built which overlapped the lower storey, providing a covered walkway. Stalls or shelves were added on the street side of the walkway for the display of goods, and so the system of Rows was developed. In a few places, for example at the corner of Eastgate Street and Northgate Street, another building was constructed between the walkway and the street. It is thought that, apart from a relatively small number of later buildings, the system of the Rows had reached its full extent by about 1350.
Medieval period
During the medieval period the Rows gave access to living accommodation. The doorway led into a hall, which was usually at right angles to the street. In some cases the front portion of the hall was used as a separate shop, and in other cases the whole hall was the shop. In the storey above the hall was the solar, a room providing private accommodation for the residents. In some cases, where the hall was larger, there were several shops on its frontage. Below the Rows, at street level, were crypts or undercrofts. Many of these were stone-lined with ribbed vaults, and they were used for storage or for selling more valuable goods. Behind the hall, on the level of the Rows, was more domestic accommodation. Normally the kitchen was a separate building in the yard behind the house. The back yard was also used for cesspits and for the disposal of rubbish.
Subsequent development
Although many of the Rows are still continuous, in some areas they have been blocked. In Lower Bridge Street there was originally a continuous Row; the first building to break the sequence was at the north end of the street, the public house now known as The Falcon. In the 17th century this was the town house of the Grosvenor family. It was rebuilt in 1626, maintaining its section of the Row. However, in 1643, during the Civil War siege of Chester, Sir Richard Grosvenor moved his family there from his country estate at Eaton Hall. In order to increase the size of the house he gained permission to enclose the Row. This set the fashion for other houses in Lower Bridge Street to enclose their sections of the Row. Later, completely new houses were constructed which did not incorporate the Row. One of these was Bridge House, built by Lady Calveley in 1676; it was the first house in Chester to be designed in neoclassical style. In 1699 John Mather, a lawyer, gained permission to build a new house at 51 Lower Bridge Street, which also resulted in the loss of part of the Row. In 1728 Roger Ormes, rather than building a new house, enclosed the Row at his home, Tudor House, making it into an additional room.
During the Georgian era more sections of the Rows were blocked, especially by commercial development on the north side of Watergate Street. In 1808 Thomas Harrison designed the Commercial Coffee Room in Northgate Street in neoclassical style, with an arcade at the ground-floor level, rather than continuing the Row on the first floor. In 1859–60 Chester Bank was built in Eastgate Street, again obliterating its part of the Row. However other architects continued the tradition of maintaining the Rows in their designs; examples include the Georgian Booth Mansion of 1700 in Watergate Street, T. M. Penson's Gothic Revival Crypt Chambers of 1858 in Eastgate Street, and buildings in modern style constructed in Watergate Street in the 1960s.
Today
About 20 stone undercrofts still exist, some of them vaulted, dating from the 13th or early 14th century. One of the finest is Cowper House at No. 12 Bridge Street, with an undercroft of six bays built in sandstone rubble. It has plain rib-vaulting on plain corbels; the ribs are single-chamfered.
On the other side of Bridge Street, at No. 15, is another undercroft, this one having two double-chamfered arches. The Falcon, in Lower Bridge Street, has an undercroft which formerly had three bays but which has now been divided into two chambers. At No. 11 Watergate Street is a two-naved undercroft with four bays. Also in Watergate Street are undercrofts at Nos. 23 and 37, the latter having 5½ bays. Crypt Chambers, at No. 28 Eastgate Street, has a four-bay undercroft.
At the Row level, the medieval building was usually built in timber, and few examples remain. One which does remain is the building known as Three Old Arches. Consisting of three arches, the frontage of this shop is stone and is probably the earliest identified shopfront in England. The building also retains its undercroft and hall, the latter also built in stone.
According to the records in the English Heritage Archive, 14 buildings incorporate sections of Chester Rows. The records in the National Heritage List for England show that at least 95 of the buildings containing sections of the Rows are listed; 9 of these are listed as Grade I, 20 as Grade II*, and 66 as Grade II. The National Heritage List for England records the uses made by the premises at street level and in the Rows. Most of these are shops, but other uses include offices, restaurants and cafés, and private dwellings. The building at No. 1 Bridge Street has shops at both street and Row levels. A department store occupies the street and Row levels (and the storey above) of Crypt Chambers. Bishop Lloyd's House in Watergate Street has a shop at the street level and above this there are meeting rooms, and the office of Chester Civic Trust. As of 2010, Booth Mansion, also in Watergate Street, contains a solicitors' office. The former St Michael's Church, which is now a heritage centre, includes part of Bridge Street Row in the lowest stage of its tower. A remaining example of a section of a Row with a building between the walkway and the street is No. 22 Eastgate Street.
Since 1995 access to the Rows has been improved by a pedestrianisation scheme, which affects all the streets containing Rows. Most vehicles are prohibited from using the area between 08:00 and 18:00, although unloading is allowed until 10:30 and from 16:30. Chester Rows are a major tourist attraction in the city because of their unique nature, their attractive appearance and the covered shopping they provide.
On 7 July 2010 it was announced that Chester Rows were being considered as an applicant for the new United Kingdom Tentative List for World Heritage status by the Department of Culture Media and Sport.
See also
Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire West and Chester
Loggia: a similar Italian architectural element
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Buildings and structures in Chester
History of Chester
Shopping arcades in England
Tourist attractions in Cheshire
Timber framed buildings in Cheshire
Retail formats |
17334206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique%20Bologna | Enrique Bologna | Enrique Alberto Bologna Gómez (born 13 February 1982 in Claypole, Buenos Aires), known as Enrique Bologna, is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for Banfield.
Career
Bologna began playing for Banfield in 2003, he spent 2008 on loan to Peruvian side Alianza Lima. He returned to Banfield in 2008 and was a non playing member of the squad that won the Apertura 2009 championship.
Honours
Banfield
Argentine Primera División: Apertura 2009
Primera B Nacional: 2013–14
Peñarol
Uruguayan Primera División: 2012–13
River Plate
Recopa Sudamericana: 2016
Copa Argentina: 2015–16
Supercopa Argentina: 2017
Copa Libertadores: 2018
See also
List of goalscoring goalkeepers
Notes
External links
1982 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Argentine expatriate footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires Province
Argentine people of Italian descent
Club Alianza Lima footballers
Club Atlético Banfield footballers
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata footballers
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
Peñarol players
Argentine Primera División players
Primera Nacional players
Uruguayan Primera División players
Peruvian Primera División players
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Peru
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Uruguay
Expatriate footballers in Peru
Expatriate footballers in Uruguay |
20466298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture%20%281965%20film%29 | Overture (1965 film) | Overture () is a 1965 Hungarian short documentary film written by János Vadász. It won the Short Film Palme d'Or at the 1965 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
Synopsis
After the opening title card, a white blur in the center of a black screen resolves to the shape of a chicken egg. We penetrate the shell, and watch, in time-lapse, the 21-day development of a chicken embryo, from a germ spot on the yolk to the emergence of the baby chick, compressed into under eight minutes, set to Beethoven's Egmont Overture.
Cultural influences
Film uses complete Beethoven's Ouverture to Egmont as soundtrack for image series featuring hatching bird, referencing rebellious nature of Egmont fighting for freedom despite all barriers. Beethoven's Egmont is a set of incidental music pieces for the 1787 play of the same name by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The film, nominated for Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) is described as "among the most ingenious pairings of music and image in the history of the festival."
References
External links
1965 films
1960s short documentary films
1965 documentary films
1965 short films
1960s Hungarian-language films
Hungarian short documentary films
Short Film Palme d'Or winners |
17334207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton%20Village | Carleton Village | Carleton Village is a neighbourhood in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is centered along Davenport Road, south of St. Clair Avenue West and surrounded on the other three sides by railway lines. The CNR/CPR mainline to the west, the CNR railway lines to the east, and the CPR east–west railway lines to the south.
The at grade crossing of two separate lines is referred to as the Davenport Junction. Metrolinx is working to eliminate this crossing to improve service and safety with a flyover to carry GO Train traffic. The separatio will also create green space for residents.
Character
The neighbourhood is an extremely mixed neighbourhood. The residential area is primarily single-family semi-detached homes, occupying the centre of the neighbourhood area. Along all of the rail lines are light industrial areas. Along St. Clair Avenue West is an area of commercial storefronts and service industries, tied together by the St. Clair Gardens Business Improvement Area. The 512 St. Clair streetcar provides transit access through the neighbourhood.
History
Carlton and Davenport villages
The first European settlement in the area was the village of Carlton, at the intersection of St. Clair Avenue and today's Old Weston Road. Carlton was established in the late 1840s around the carriage and wagon-making shop of William Bull and appears in the 1851 Browne's Map of the Township of York. It was named after governor Guy Carleton. The settlement was not large, consisting of approximately thirty buildings. Carlton railway station was opened in 1857 and Carlton Post Office opened in 1858. By 1865, it was listed as having 150 residents. A new Carlton & Weston Road railway station was built in 1885 on the east side of the CNR tracks. It was renamed West Toronto Station and additions were added in 1902 and 1912. It still stands.
Along Davenport at today's Perth Avenue, the settlement of Davenport developed. When the Northern Railway line was built, a Davenport Station was built. Davenport was also small, having only a population of 120 by 1875. The two villages grew steadily and more building lots were developed, all getting their water from wells. The neighbouring village of West Toronto Junction was incorporated in 1887. Rather than join the junction, villagers proposed forming a new merged village of 'Stanley', after Lord Stanley the Governor General of Canada at the time. The plan failed and Carlton and Davenport were later annexed into West Toronto Junction in 1889.
Connolly Street in the area was first laid out as Carlton Avenue and renamed when West Toronto was annexed by the City of Toronto in 1909 (likely to avoid confusion with Carlton Street).
At the centre of the neighbourhood is Wadsworth Park, named after long-serving Alderman and Controller William J. Wadsworth.
Most development dates from the era of the building of St. Clair Avenue after the annexation by Toronto.
Demographics
Carleton Village falls within the City of Toronto's "Weston-Pelham Park" neighborhood. According to the 2016 Neighborhood Profile, the median family income is $78,988 (5% below the City average of $82,859).
Census tract 0108.00 of the 2006 Canadian census overlaps exactly with Carleton Village. According to that census, the neighbourhood has 6,544 residents. The ten most common language spoken at home, after English, are:
Portuguese - 17.0%
Spanish - 5.7%
Italian - 4.4%
Cantonese - 2.5%
Vietnamese - 2.1%
Punjabi - 2.0%
Unspecified Chinese - 1.7%
Hindi - 0.5%
Korean - 0.5%
Tagalog - 0.4%
Education
Three public school boards operate within Carleton Village, the public secular Toronto District School Board (TDSB), and Conseil scolaire Viamonde (CSV), and the public separate Toronto Catholic District School Board. All three school boards operate a public elementary school within the neighbourhood. They include:
Blessed Pope Paul VI Catholic School (TCDSB)
Carleton Village Junior and Senior Sports Academy (TDSB)
École élémentaire Charles-Sauriol (CSV)
Previously, the TCDSB operated Brother Edmund Rice Catholic Secondary School from 1977 to 2001.
In 2001, the south building of the school at 2054 Davenport Road closed. Some efforts were made by the local community to preserve elements of the old building, and as of 2009, early plans to completely demolish the existing structure and erect a new home for the local police division have been significantly altered. The architecture of the 1913 building will be preserved in the new plan for the station, with a contemporary wing replacing the addition from the 1960s.
References
Notes
External links
Weston-Pellam Park neighbourhood profile
Toronto's BIAs: St. Clair Gardens
Neighbourhoods in Toronto |
20466343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Dunn%20%28soccer%29 | Jack Dunn (soccer) | Jack Dunn (born September 12, 1931) was a U.S. soccer inside right who was a four-time All-American, a member of the U.S. soccer team at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He was a four-time All-American and coached at the collegiate level.
Player
Dunn grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where he played for the Lighthouse Boys Club and was three-time All City at Northeast Public High School. He then attended Temple University, playing on the men's soccer team from 1951 to 1954. He was a 1951 Honorable Mention (third team) All-American, 1953 Second Team All-American and 1952 and 1954 First Team All-American. He graduated in 1955. He was inducted into the Temple Hall of Fame in 1975. In 1952, he was a member of the U.S. soccer team at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
He may have spent several years with Uhrik Truckers in the American Soccer League. He played for the Brooklyn German Hungarians for a time. He also played and coached for the Philadelphia United German-Hungarians winning the 1965 National Amateur Cup with them. He played on four professional championship teams.
He spent several years in the U.S. Army. He was discharged in 1958 and began working at Gulf Oil Company.
Coach
He later coached at both the amateur and collegiate levels. In 1958, he was hired by St. Joseph's College in Philadelphia. He coached the school's team until 1975, compiling a 120–57–23 record.
References
External links
Temple University Hall of Fame
Living people
Sportspeople from Philadelphia
American soccer coaches
American soccer players
American Soccer League (1933–1983) players
Lighthouse Boys Club players
Temple Owls men's soccer players
Footballers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Saint Joseph's Hawks men's soccer coaches
Olympic soccer players of the United States
Uhrik Truckers players
Soccer players from Philadelphia
Association football forwards
1931 births |
23573917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%20ICF%20Canoe%20Slalom%20World%20Championships | 1967 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships | The 1967 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Lipno nad Vltavou, Czechoslovakia under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 10th edition. The mixed C2 team event was not held after having been done so at the previous championships.
Medal summary
Men's
Canoe
Kayak
Mixed
Canoe
Women's
Kayak
Medals table
References
External links
International Canoe Federation
Icf Canoe Slalom World Championships, 1967
ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
International sports competitions hosted by Czechoslovakia
Icf Canoe Slalom World Championships, 1967 |
17334214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th%20Estonian%20Rifle%20Corps | 8th Estonian Rifle Corps | The 8th Estonian Rifle Corps (2nd formation) (, ) was a formation in the Soviet Army, created on 6 November 1942, during World War II.
An 8th Rifle Corps (but not made up of Estonian personnel) had been previously formed, taking part in the Soviet invasion of Poland as part of the 5th Army, and, on the outbreak of war on 22 June 1941, this first formation was part of the 26th Army in the Kiev Special Military District, consisting of the 99th, the 173rd, and the 72nd Mountain Rifle Divisions. The first formation of the 8th Rifle Corps was destroyed in the first three months of the German invasion and is not present on the Soviet order of battle after August 1941.
The 8th Estonian Rifle Corps was formed of mobilized ethnic Estonians, who were at first brought in Russia (where many of them died because of poor conditions); the battalions created in Estonia and incorporated former personnel of the Republic of Estonia's army. In the order of battle, the corps appears in the Stavka Reserves by 1 November 1942 and is subordinated to the Kalinin Front by 1 December 1942.
When 2nd formation was formed in 1942, the corps' structure consisted of the 7th and 249th Rifle Divisions stationed in Estonia, reinforced by volunteers from the Estonian Communist Party organisation. In an effort to increase overall formation experience, the battle-hardened 19th Guards Rifle Division later joined the 8th Rifle Corps. As a result, the corps was briefly re-designated as 8th Guards Rifle Corps. Throughout its entire existence, the rifle corps was commanded by Lieutenant General Lembit Pärn.
War service
The corps fought a total 916 days in the war, and at different times it was in service on the Kalinin, the Leningrad and the 2nd Baltic Front. For 344 days, parts of the corps were engaged with German forces, but no significant gains were made. For the next 123 days, the formation was engaging in the Battle of Velikiye Luki where 13,000 of the 27,000 men were killed or wounded. Then, 37 days were spent in the Battle of Narva, and the final 88 days were devoted to the Battle of Courland. During the Battle of Narva in 1944, the artillery of the rifle corps fired on the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian), consisting of Estonians fighting in the Waffen SS. The infantry of the corps was engaged in direct battle with the Estonians on the German side in the battles of Porkuni and Avinurme on 20 and 21 September 1944, where a detachment of the rifle corps murdered a number of wounded prisoners of war. On 22 September elements of the 7th Rifle Division, along with the 45th Estonian Tank Regiment and the 952nd SU Regiment (SU-76s), formed the forward detachment of the corps and entered Tallinn, for which all three units received the name of that city as a battle honor.
The corps appears to have spent the last of its World War II service in the 42nd Army.
Post-war
In total, 4100 settlements were captured by the 8th Estonian Rifle Corps. Of the whole rifle corps, one division, six regiments, and one battalion were decorated with an order. The 8th Estonian Rifle Corps was also given the honorific "Tallinn", and on 28 June 1945, the corps was renamed the 41st Guards Estonian Tallinn Rifle Corps. The two component divisions were also honored; the 7th became the 118th Guards Rifle Division and the 249th became the 122nd Guards Rifle Division. In 1946, both divisions were inactivated to provide personnel for other Soviet activities in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic.
According to the 23 June 1945 decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, demobilization of the Red Army started. The first 8th Rifle Corps fighters were demobilized on 16 July 1945. By the end of 1946, 16,550 men were demobilized. Of those, 3,425 (20.7%) started to work in the administrative or legal bodies of the Soviet occupation regime (Communist Party, Komsomol, trade unions etc.).
See also
Estonia in World War II
Citations and references
Cited sources and further reading
Боевой путь Эстонского стрелкового гвардейского корпуса / сост. В. Кюлаотс. — Таллин, 1945. — 251 стр.
И. Курчавов. Эстонская гвардия. — Таллин, 1946.
Эстонский национальный корпус Советской армии в Великой Отечественной войне, 1941—1945. — Таллин, 1949.
Ф. Паульман. Огонь и маневр: Артиллеристы эстонского стрелкового корпуса в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945. / вст. слово: К. Ару. — Таллин: Ээсти Раамат, 1968.
Pokrovsky, Gen. Col., Perecheni No.4: Headquarters of corps included in the structure of the active army during the years of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945, Military-Scientific Directorate of General Staff, Moscow, 1954
Галицкий К. Н. Годы суровых испытаний. 1941—1944 (записки командарма) — М.: Наука, 1973.
008
Military history of Estonia during World War II
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic |
20466358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Marcellae%20%28756%29 | Battle of Marcellae (756) | The battle of Marcellae (, ) took place in 756 between the armies of the First Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire at Markeli, near the town of Karnobat in south eastern Bulgaria. The result was a Byzantine victory.
Origins of the conflict
In 755, the long peace between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire came to an end. This was mainly because, after significant victories over the Arabs, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine V began to fortify his border with Bulgaria. To this aim he resettled heretics from Armenia and Syria in Thrace. Khan Kormisosh took those actions, and the construction of a new fortress along the border, as a breach of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Treaty of 716, signed by Tervel. The Bulgarian ruler sent envoys to ask for tribute for the new fortresses. After the refusal of the Byzantine Emperor, the Bulgarian army invaded Thrace. Looting everything on their way, the Bulgarians reached the outskirts of Constantinople, where they were engaged and defeated by Byzantine troops.
Battle
In the next year, Constantine V organized a large campaign against Bulgaria which was now ruled by a new khan, Vinekh. An army was sent with 500 ships which plundered the area around the Danube Delta. The Emperor himself, leading the main force, advanced into Thrace, and was engaged by the Bulgarians at the border castle of Marcellae. The details of the battle are unknown but it resulted in a victory for Constantine V. In order to stop the invasion, the Bulgarians sent hostages to Constantinople. However, three years later (759), Constantine invaded Bulgaria once more, but suffered a crushing defeat in the battle of the Rishki Pass.
Citations
References
Zlatarski, V. History of the Bulgarian state during the Middle Ages, vol. I, part 1, Sofia 1970, "Nauka i Izkustvo" (from „Books for Macedonia“, 29.11.2008)
750s conflicts
8th century in Bulgaria
750s in the Byzantine Empire
Battles involving the First Bulgarian Empire
Battles of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars in Thrace
Military history of Bulgaria
History of Burgas Province
756 |
23573919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctim%C4%9B%C5%99ice | Ctiměřice | Ctiměřice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
17334262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gealtacht%20Mael%20M%C3%B3rdha | Gealtacht Mael Mórdha | Gealtacht Mael Mórdha is the second full-length studio album by Irish celtic doom metal band Mael Mórdha.
Track listing
"Atlas of Sorrow" – 10:37
"Godless Commune of Sodom" – 6:01
"A Window of Madness" – 5:50
"Curse of the Bard" – 4:47
"The Struggle Eternal" – 7:22
"Gealtacht Mael Mórdha" – 5:23
"Minions of Manannan" – 4:32
Personnel
Roibéard Ó Bogail – Vocals, piano, whistle
Gerry Clince – Guitars
Anthony Lindsay – Guitars
Dave Murphy – Bass
Shane Cahill – Drums
External links
Gealtacht Mael Mórdha @ Encyclopaedia Metallum
Gealtacht Mael Mórdha @ metalstorm.ee
2007 albums
Mael Mórdha albums |
17334264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against%20the%20Current | Against the Current | Against the Current may refer to:
Film
Against the Current (film), a 2009 film starring Joseph Fiennes, Elizabeth Reaser and Justin Kirk
Print media
Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas, 1979 book
Against the Current (journal), the journal of the American socialist group Solidarity
Against the Current: How Albert Schweitzer Inspired a Young Man's Journey, 2014 book about Mark Huntington Higgins
Music
Against the Current (band), a band signed by Fueled By Ramen
Against the Current, also known as Contra La Corriente, a 1997 album by Marc Anthony
Boats Against the Current, a 1977 album by Eric Carmen
See also
Countercurrent (disambiguation) |
23573924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cachovice | Čachovice | Čachovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Struhy is an administrative part of Čachovice.
Notable people
František Čáp (1913–1972), film director
References
External links
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
20466365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promartes | Promartes | Promartes is a genus of mustelids, now extinct, which existed during the Miocene period.
Taxonomy
The genus was first described in 1942, by E. S. Riggs, who identified the sister genus Zodiolestes at the same time, and assigned to the family Mustelidae. It belongs to the subfamily Oligobuninae. Five species have been identified in the genus: Promartes darbyi, P. gemmarosae, P. lepidus, P. olcotti, andP. vantasselensis, three of which were originally identified as members of Oligobunis.
Notes
References
Prehistoric mustelids
Miocene mustelids
Prehistoric mammals of North America
Prehistoric carnivoran genera |
17334291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split%20Lip%20Rayfield%20%28album%29 | Split Lip Rayfield (album) | Split Lip Rayfield is the First studio album by the American Bluegrass band Split Lip Rayfield, released in 1998 (see 1998 in music).
Track listing
All songs written by Kirk Rundstrom except where noted.
"Coffee" – 2:07
"Outlaw" – 2:57
"Long Haul Weekend" (E H Ebner/B Spears/ J Rhodes) – 1:16
"Combine" (Rundstrom/Eaton/Mardis) – 3:02
"Barnburner" (Rundstrom/Eaton) – 2:26
"Blue Tick Hound" (Dermer/Rundstrom) – 1:22
"Sunshine" (Rundstrom/Eaton/Mardis) – 2:20
"Pinball Machine" (L L Irving) – 3:09
"Judas" – 1:58
"Cutie Pie" (Rundstrom/Eaton) – 2:43
"Flat Black Rag" (Rundstrom/Eaton) – 1:57
"Freckle Faced Liza Jane" (Trad.) – 2:11
"No Idea" – 2:11
"San Antone" – 2:43
"Tiger In My Tank" (J T Nesbitt Jr.) – 1:58
Personnel
Kirk Rundstrom - Guitar, Vocals
Jeff Eaton - Gas Tank Bass, Vocals, Kazoo
Eric Mardis - Banjo, Vocals
Additional personnel
Mandolin on "Coffee" and "Blue Tick Hound" by Craig "Big Country" Dermer
Bass Drum on "Pinball" by Colin Mahoney
References
1998 albums
Split Lip Rayfield albums
Bloodshot Records albums |
23573925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cist%C3%A1%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Čistá (Mladá Boleslav District) | Čistá is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
20466369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licinio%20Refice | Licinio Refice | Licinio Refice (Patrica, February 12, 1883 – Rio de Janeiro, September 11, 1954) was an Italian composer and priest. With Monsignor Lorenzo Perosi he represented the new direction taken by Italian church music in the twentieth century, and he left the popular song Ombra di nube (1935) as well as two completed operas.
His first opera Cecilia, about the legend of Saint Cecilia, created a sensation with its premiere in 1934 in Rome at the Teatro Reale dell'Opera, with Marcello Govoni as Opera Director; Claudia Muzio took the title role. His second opera, Margherita da Cortona, appeared in 1938. A third opera, Il Mago (1954), was left incomplete (within the first act).
Refice died in 1954 during morning rehearsals of Cecilia in Rio de Janeiro; Renata Tebaldi was singing the title role. For readers of Italian, more information about Refice is here.
Selected filmography
Cardinal Messias (1939)
Recordings of Cecilia
At least five recordings exist of Cecilia (role key: conductor/Cecilia/Cieca/Valeriano/Amachio/Tiburzio/Urbano).
Refice/Tebaldi/Ulisse/Misciano/Meletti/Panerai/Neri - 1953, live in Naples – House of Opera (casting inaccurate on their site)
de Fabritiis/Pedrini/Marini/Misciano/Meletti/Dadò/Clabassi - 1954, live in Milan – Melodram (taping year confused with broadcast year on their site)
Campori/Scotto/Cornell-G/Theyard/Fourié/Palmer-T/Kavrakos - 1976, live in New York, abridged – VAI
Paganini/Negri/Barzola/Geraldi/Falcone/Sorarrain/Schwarz-W - 2008, video, Buenos Aires – New Ornamenti
Fracassi/Gavazzeni/Tomingas/Veneziano/Cappitta/Cappitta/Ristori - 2013, live in Monte Carlo – Bongiovanni
External links
1883 births
1954 deaths
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
20th-century Italian male musicians
Catholic liturgical composers
People from the Province of Frosinone
People from Frosinone
Italian composers
Italian male composers |
23573926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrixspermum%20centipeda | Thrixspermum centipeda | Thrixspermum centipeda, commonly called the centipede thrixspermum, is a species of orchid widespread across southern China, the Himalayas, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.
References
centipeda
Orchids of Asia
Plants described in 1790 |
20466379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo%20Ricci | Edoardo Ricci | Edoardo Ricci (27 April 1928 – 28 November 2008) was an Italian Bishop for the Catholic Church.
Born in 1928, Ricci was ordained as a Priest at the age of 23 on 8 October 1950. He was appointed Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Miniato, Italy on 27 February 1987 by Pope John Paul II and ordained Bishop on 7 June that year. He retired as Bishop on 6 March 2004 after nearly 17 years. He died on 28 November 2008.
See also
Notes
1928 births
2008 deaths
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
21st-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops |
23573928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalovice%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Dalovice (Mladá Boleslav District) | Dalovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The municipal part of U Česany is an administrative part of Dalovice.
Notable people
Josef Ludl (1916–1998), footballer
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
20466417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20of%20View%20%28film%29 | Point of View (film) | Point of View is a 1965 American short documentary film. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
See also
List of American films of 1965
References
External links
1965 films
1960s short documentary films
American short documentary films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films |
20466460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermitsiaq | Sermitsiaq | Sermitsiaq may refer to:
Sermitsiaq (mountain), on Sermitsiaq Island
Sermitsiaq (newspaper), a Greenlandic newspaper
Sermitsiaq Island, in the Nuup Kangerlua fjord, Greenland
Sermitsiaq Glacier, in western Greenland |
23573930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A1%20Lhota%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Dlouhá Lhota (Mladá Boleslav District) | Dlouhá Lhota is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dob%C5%A1%C3%ADn | Dobšín | Dobšín is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Kamenice is an administrative part of Dobšín.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
20466493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabolcs%20Szegletes | Szabolcs Szegletes | Szabolcs Szegletes (born 19 July 1978) is a Hungarian footballer who played for BVSC Budapest as striker.
References
Futballévkönyv 1999 [Football Yearbook 1999], Volume I, pp. 78–82., Aréna 2000 kiadó, Budapest, 2000
1978 births
Living people
Hungarian footballers
Association football forwards
Budapesti VSC footballers
People from Veszprém
Sportspeople from Veszprém County |
20466500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Trinidad%20and%20Tobago%20relations | Barbados–Trinidad and Tobago relations | Barbados–Trinidad and Tobago relations refer to bilateral relations between Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados maintains non-resident representation to Port of Spain, and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago maintains non-resident representation to Bridgetown. Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago formally established diplomatic relations on Barbados' national date of independence 30 November 1966. Both countries are members of many shared organisations including: The Association of Caribbean States, the Commonwealth of Nations, CARICOM, CARIFORUM, and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States.
History
Early bilateral interactions occurred as both countries shared their colonial relationship as former parts of the British Empire. One of the first moves towards a more formal relationship between Barbados and Tobago began with an attempted move by Barbados to secure a British agreement for unification of Barbados and Tobago. The move however failed and Tobago continued on a path of administrative unification with Trinidad in 1889. Prior to this unification both Barbados and Tobago were parts of a British experiment of placing several neighboring British possessions in the Windward Islands under the administration of the Governor of Barbados. This formed the basis of the colony of Barbados and the Windward Islands. Barbados was involved in this colony from 1833 until 1885, while Tobago though was involved from 1833 until 1889. Upon the withdrawal of Barbados, the island lobbied the British government to amalgamate Tobago with Barbados but was unsuccessful and Tobago became a part of Trinidad instead.
While Barbados was the only island in the West Indies which never witnessed a change in colonial power since the founding settlement there in 1627, both Trinidad and Tobago witnessed a rocky beginning after being sought after in rotation by several colonial powers.
Relations between Barbados and Trinidad have also been historical important with large instances of Barbadians emigrating to Trinidad and Trinidadians immigrating to Barbados. A Trinidadian the Right Excellent Clement Osbourne Payne was made a national hero of Barbados by the Barbadian government for his contribution to the trade union movement in Barbados. Female Barbadian Gospel singer Sherryann Maughn was also born in Trinidad and Tobago and she came to Barbados at eleven (11) years old she's the first Trinidadian-Barbadian singer to come to Barbados and the second female Barbadian singer to arrive in Barbados at eleven (11) years old
Migration between both nations has traditionally been robust. In 1891 Trinidad's census showed a migration from Barbados of 13,890 Barbadians, while in 1946, figures showed over 12,350 persons in Trinidad & Tobago were born in Barbados.
Modern relations
Relations between Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago have mainly been cordial and cooperative, with an edge of wariness on both sides, due to a contentious decade long maritime boundary dispute. Outside of this, there have been little historical differences between the neighbouring countries. Both nations tend to support one another in International fora such as in the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICCt), financial support for other less developed members of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), policy support for the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), and in other areas. There have been more recent disagreements between two of the leaders of the two countries; Barbadian Prime Minister Owen Arthur and his Trinidadian counterpart Prime Minister Patrick Manning. The maritime boundary dispute was resolved in 2006 through binding arbitration at the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
In 2005, former Prime Minister of Barbados, the Rt. Hon. Owen Arthur quipped to the Barbados media that the Government of Barbados might contemplate political union of Tobago with Barbados as a single state. Orville London as Chief Secretary of the THA stated that they would "choose Trinidad every-time", thereby dampening the idea of any future discussions.
In 2014, Barbados' Ambassador to CARICOM, Robert Morris was accredited as the Barbados' official High Commissioner to the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.
Economic relations
Trinidadian companies are major financial stakeholders in a number of Barbadian businesses. This has brought about a tremulous outcry from the Barbadian public on an occasion. The outcry will usually go away after a short period of time. The problems were first brought to the fore by a 1999 Soca/Calypso hit-song by Mac Fingall titled "Barbados belong to Trinidad", the song which became a catch phrase, and served to emphasise a number of issues between the two countries sought to satirise the inter-relations but had a negative effect instead. Tensions continued to escalate in Barbados following the popularity of that song and a subsequent hostile take-over bid for the Life of Barbados Ltd. (LOB) insurance company by Trinidad-based Guardian Holdings Ltd. (GHL) Things started to take a turn for the worse once several Barbadian fishermen were arrested in the water between the two countries.
Barbados and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago signed an agreement to construct an undersea 177 mile oil or Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) pipeline which will stretch from Tobago to Barbados. The project is to be undertaken by the Eastern Caribbean Gas Pipeline Company Limited. It will see energy delivered directly from Trinidad and Tobago to the domestic Barbadian natural gas network and feeding into the power plants in Barbados.
Notes
References
External links
Trinidad-Barbados dispute over 1990 Maritime Treaty, 19 February 2004, Caribbean Net News
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Barbados
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Trinidad and Tobago
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
Trinidad and Tobago
Bilateral relations of Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago and the Commonwealth of Nations |
20466518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1bor%20Szil%C3%A1gyi | Gábor Szilágyi | Gábor Szilágyi (born 4 September 1981) is a Hungarian footballer who played for BVSC Budapest as striker.
References
Futballévkönyv 1999 [Football Yearbook 1999], Volume I, pp. 78–82., Aréna 2000 kiadó, Budapest, 2000
1981 births
Living people
Hungarian footballers
Hungary youth international footballers
Hungarian expatriate footballers
Association football forwards
Budapesti VSC footballers
FC Jokerit players
Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi players
FC KooTeePee players
Veikkausliiga players
Expatriate footballers in Finland
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Finland
Sportspeople from Eger |
17334297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20reservoirs%20by%20volume | List of reservoirs by volume | The classification of a reservoir by volume is not as straightforward as it may seem. As the name implies, water is held in reserve by a reservoir so it can serve a purpose. For example, in Thailand, reservoirs tend to store water from the wet season to prevent flooding, then release it during the dry season for farmers to grow rice. For this type of reservoir, almost the entire volume of the reservoir functions for the purpose it was built. Hydroelectric power generation, on the other hand, requires many dams to build up a large volume before operation can begin. For this type of reservoir only a small portion of the water held behind the dam is useful. Therefore, knowing the purpose for which a reservoir has been constructed, and knowing how much water can be used for that purpose, helps determine how much water is in possible reserve.
Terminology
The following terms are used in connection with the volume of reservoirs:
Nominal Volume or Capacity is the total volume of all water held behind a dam at the maximum level possible.
Initial or Design Volume refers to the possible volume within the reservoir after it first opens. Many rivers are high in silt that over time deposits behind a dam reducing capacity.
Active or Live volume equals the total capacity minus the dead pool volume. This is the volume that can serve some downstream purpose. For example, it is the volume available to make hydroelectric power or provide drinking water to a city.
Dead pool or Minimum volume refers to the amount of water left in a reservoir that cannot be used for the general purpose the reservoir was constructed. At this state, the reservoir is termed fully drawn down. For example, if built to supply water in the dry season, it is the water left behind when no more water can be extracted. Frequently, the effective minimum volume is greater if the water is needed for a purpose behind a dam.
Available capacity may require knowing the reservoir's primary purpose. If it is designed to prevent flooding, it may be the volume of water that can be retained before reaching maximum or top water.
Actual or Current when coupled with another term reflects the fact the level behind the dam is not constant.
Expanded versus artificial lakes
The list below largely ignores many natural lakes that have been augmented with the addition of a relatively minor dam. For example, a small dam, two hydroelectric plants, and locks on the outlet of Lake Superior make it possible to artificially control the lake level. Certainly, the great majority of the lake is natural. However, the control of water that can be held in reserve means a portion of the vast lake functions as a reservoir.
Recognition of lakes like Lake Superior greatly changes the list below. For example, the Francis H. Clergue Generating Station and Saint Marys Falls Hydropower Plant, which are both on the lake's outlet, operate with just 5.9 meters total head. This is short compared to other dams. However, when viewed against the 81,200 km2 area of the lake, even a small range in Lake Superior's water level means its active volume is greater than the largest nominal in the table below.
List
See also
List of reservoirs by surface area
List of conventional hydroelectric power stations
List of largest reservoirs in the United States
References
Lists of buildings and structures
Lists of bodies of water |
20466529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeats%20Country | Yeats Country | Yeats Country is a 1965 Irish short documentary film directed by Patrick Carey. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
References
External links
Watch Yeats Country at the Irish Film Institute
1965 films
1965 documentary films
1965 short films
1960s short documentary films
Irish short documentary films
W. B. Yeats
1960s English-language films |
17334301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20photography | Social photography | Social photography is a subcategory of photography focusing upon the technology, interaction and activities of individuals who take photographs. Digital cameras, photo sharing websites and the Internet have enabled new tools and methods of social networking while consumer trends such as flashpacking and adventure travel have led to a worldwide increase in socially connected photographers.
The proliferation of easy-to-use open source blogging methods, inexpensively-priced equipment and content management system applications has led to an increase in photography for social change and amateur photojournalism.
Some extensions of social photography include geotagging and online mapping, while online social networking destinations like Facebook have led to an increase in the popularity of technology employing the real-time transfer of images. Where Facebook allows for users to instantly upload a picture from their mobile phone to their profile, there have recently been a number of services sprouting up that allows users to create real time photo streams.
A wireless digital camera enables photographers to connect to cellular networks or other hotspots to share photos, print wirelessly and save photos directly to an image hosting website. Geographic areas serviced by outdoor WiFi networks permit extended applications for geocaching which can include the use of Global Positioning Systems and smartphones.
Some news networks and online broadcasters encourage viewers to send in photographs of live, breaking and current events, enabling citizen journalists and amateur photographers to participate in the news gathering process.
See also
Photojournalism
Social networking
Gallery Project
Travel journal
Image sharing
External links
Photographers and Photography Meetups
References
Photography by genre
Technology in society |
20466542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut%20Foot%20Sioux%20Trail | Cut Foot Sioux Trail | The Cut Foot Sioux Trail is a loop trail in the Chippewa National Forest of Minnesota, United States. It follows gravel and sand forestry roads that are now used for hiking, biking, cross-country skiing and horse back riding. The trail passes by several lakes.
The trail starts at the Cut Foot Sioux Visitor Information Center on Minnesota State Highway 46 in west-central Itasca County. The Center, on the Leech Lake Indian Reservation, offers interpretive programs and a fishing pier. From the Center the trail runs west through wooded country past several lakes, including Cut Foot Sioux Lake, then turns north and slopes gradually up to Farley Tower, an old lookout. Turning east, the trail runs along the Northern Divide, then drops down to the Bowstring river before heading south back to the Visitor center.
The trail connects with Simpson Creek Trail, a trail system through large red pines on a peninsula that extends into Lake Winnibigoshish, and passes through the Cut Foot Experimental Forest, used for studying pine forest management. Walkers may see eagles, osprey and loons on the lakes.
The Cut Foot Sioux Ranger Station, near Lake Winnibigoshish, is the oldest remaining ranger station building in the Forest Service's Eastern Region. A log cabin, it was built in 1904 and abandoned in 1918, but has been restored and is in good condition as of 2008.
US Forest Service Map
References
Hiking trails in Minnesota
Protected areas of Itasca County, Minnesota
National Recreation Trails in Minnesota
Chippewa National Forest |
17334339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre%20Dame-Siena%20College%20of%20Polomolok | Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok | Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok is a private, Catholic, non-stock basic and higher education institution run by the Congregation of the Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of Siena in Polomolok, South Cotabato, Philippines. It was founded by the (Siena Sisters) in 1957 and was named Notre Dame of Polomolok (NDP) but changed its name to Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok at the opening of its college department in 2004. Notre Dame-Siena College of Polomolok is a member of the Notre Dame Educational Association, a group of Notre Dame Schools in the Philippines under the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The college offers a complete basic education and selected college education programs as follows:
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (BSCS)
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT)
Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) major in Content Areas
Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED)
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) major in Business Management
Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship (BSE)
Bachelor in Technical and Vocational Education (BTVE)
ND-SCP is administered by the Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of Siena.
Presidents
2004-2005 ----- Sr. Lina G. Tuyac, OP, Ph.D.
2005-2008 ----- Sr. Anna Marie Gatmaytan, O.P., Ph.D.
2008-2011 ----- Sr. Mercedes R. Lalisan, O.P., Ph.D.
2011-2014 ----- Sr. Lina G. Tuyac, O.P., Ph.D.
2014-2019 ----- Sr. Gina M. Galang, O.P., Ph.D.
2019–present - Sr. Pinlyn B. Dahili, OP., Ph.D.
See also
Siena College of Quezon City
Siena College of Taytay, Rizal
External links
ND-SCP web site
High schools in the Philippines
Universities and colleges in South Cotabato
Notre Dame Educational Association |
17334342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore%20Herpin | Théodore Herpin | Théodore-Joseph-Dieudonné Herpin (27 August 1799 – 17 July 1865) was a French and Swiss neurologist who was a native of Lyon. He studied medicine at the Universities of Paris and Geneva, and spent most of his medical career at Geneva.
Herpin is remembered for his extensive contributions made in the study of epilepsy. He examined hundreds of epileptic patients, and noticed that all epileptic episodes, whether they be complete or incomplete, started the same way, and surmised that they originated in the same location in the brain. Herpin's primary focus of epileptic research was to instruct other physicians to be able to recognize and treat the condition in its early stages. His pioneer research predated John Hughlings Jackson's (1835-1911) similar findings of the disorder.
Herpin is also credited for his comprehensive description of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
Written works
Du pronostic et du traitement curatif de l’épilepsie (1852).
Des accès incomplets d’épilepsie, (published posthumously in 1867).
References
European Neurology Théodore Herpin: Neglected Contributions in the Understanding of Epilepsy
1799 births
1865 deaths
University of Paris alumni
University of Geneva alumni
French neurologists
Swiss neurologists
Physicians from Lyon |
20466549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolet%C3%A1%C5%99 | Proletář | Proletář was a publication issued in Brno, Moravia, which began publishing in 1910. Politically it adhered to the line of the Austrian Social Democracy. Proletář issued attacks against the Czechoslav Social Democratic Labour Party and the Czechoslav Trade Union Association. The magazine folded in 1914.
References
Defunct political magazines
Magazines established in 1910
Magazines disestablished in 1914
Socialist magazines
Social Democratic Party of Austria
Defunct magazines published in Czechoslovakia
Mass media in Brno |
17334365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anataboshi | Anataboshi | is the sixth opening theme song from the Japanese anime Kirarin Revolution. The song was released on April 30, 2008 and is performed by MilkyWay, a Japanese project group consisting of Morning Musume member Koharu Kusumi, Hello Pro Egg member Sayaka Kitahara, and Hello Pro Egg member You Kikkawa as their characters, Kirari Tsukishima, Noel Yukino, and Kobeni Hanasaki. The song was released as MilkyWay's first single.
Background and release
"Anataboshi" is the sixth opening theme song to Kirarin Revolution and is performed by Koharu Kusumi from Morning Musume, Sayaka Kitahara, and You Kikkawa from Hello Pro Egg, who play the characters Kirari Tsukishima, Noel Yukino, and Kobeni Hanasaki. The song was released as MilkyWay's debut single.
The single was released on April 30, 2008 under the Zetima label. "Sansan Gogo", the tenth ending theme song to Kirarin Revolution, was included as a B-side and is also performed by MilkyWay.
A video single, referred as a "Single V", was released on May 8, 2008.
Music video
The music video was directed by Hideo Kawatani and produced by Tetsushi Suehiro. The Starlight Headset and Starlight Tambourine featured in the music video were produced as toys by Takara Tomy. The Starlight Headset Mini and Starlight Tambourine Mini were also produced for toddler-sized children.
Reception
The CD single debuted at #3 in the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart and charted for 12 weeks. The video single charted at #22 on the Oricon Weekly DVD Charts.
Track listing
Single
DVD single
Charts
Single
DVD single
References
External links
Anataboshi (Japanese) entry on the Up-Front Works official website
2008 singles
2008 songs
Anime songs
Children's television theme songs
Hello! Project songs
Kirarin Revolution
Animated series theme songs
Zetima Records singles |
20466582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM%20U-22%20%28Austria-Hungary%29 | SM U-22 (Austria-Hungary) | SM U-22 or U-XXII was a or U-boat built for and operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or ) during the First World War. The design for U-22 was based on submarines of the Royal Danish Navy's Havmanden class (three of which had been built in Austria-Hungary), and was largely obsolete by the beginning of the war.
U-22 was just over long and was armed with two bow torpedo tubes, a deck gun, and a machine gun. The submarine was laid down in mid 1915 and launched in January 1917. The still unfinished U-boat sank in the harbor at Fiume in June but was raised, repaired, and relaunched in October. After her commissioning in November, U-22 patrolled off the Po River estuary and, later, in the northern Adriatic out of Trieste.
After undergoing months of repairs for her failed electric motor in mid 1918, U-22 returned to duty and patrolled off the Montenegrin coast out of Cattaro in August. At Cattaro at the end of World War I, U-22 was ceded to France as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920. U-22 had no wartime successes.
Design and construction
When it became apparent to the Austro-Hungarian Navy that the First World War would not be a short one, they moved to bolster their U-boat fleet by seizing the plans for the Danish Havmanden class submarines, three of which had been built at Whitehead & Co. in Fiume. Although the Austro-Hungarian Navy was not happy with the design, which was largely obsolete, it was the only design for which plans were available and which could be begun immediately in domestic shipyards. The Austro-Hungarian Navy unenthusiastically placed orders for U-22 and her three sister boats on 27 March 1915.
U-22 was one of two boats of the class to be built at the Hungarian UBAG yard in Fiume. Due to demands by the Hungarian government, subcontracts for the class were divided between Hungarian and Austrian firms, and this politically expedient solution worsened technical problems with the design, resulting in numerous modifications and delays for the class in general.
U-22 was an ocean-going submarine that displaced surfaced and submerged and was designed for a complement of 18. She was long with a beam of and a draft of . For propulsion, she featured a single shaft, a single diesel engine for surface running, and a single electric motor for submerged travel. She was capable of while surfaced and while submerged. Although there is no specific notation of a range for U-22, the Havmanden class, upon which the U-20 class was based, had a range of at , surfaced, and at submerged.
U-22 was armed with two torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes. She was also equipped with a deck gun and an machine gun.
U-22 was laid down at Fiume in mid 1915 and launched on 27 January 1917, the last of the four U-20-class boats to be launched. On 10 June, while not yet complete, the U-boat sank in the harbor at Fiume. Raised from her resting point at a depth of the following day, U-22 underwent four months of repairs. She was launched again on 6 October.
Service career
On 18 November 1917 the U-boat sailed for Pola, where she was commissioned as SM U-22 on 23 November under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Josef Holub. The 31-year-old Galician had been assigned to U-22 in February and had been in charge of sister boat from June 1916 until his assignment to U-22.
Holub led U-22 out on her first patrol when they departed Pola on 5 December for duty off the Po estuary. After returning to Pola on 10 December, Holub led U-22 on another Po estuary tour from 15 to 17 December. On 29 December, Holub was transferred to . His replacement was Linienschiffsleutnant Friedrich Sterz. It was the first U-boat command of the 25-year-old native of Pergine, Tyrolia (in present-day Italy).
On 3 January 1918, Sterz returned U-22 to the Po estuary for a third patrol there. While in the area, an enemy submarine was spotted but no attack could be made because of bad weather; the same bad weather forced U-22 to put in at Rovigno the following day. Setting out from Rovigno on 5 January, U-22 unsuccessfully attacked an Italian torpedo boat and two steamships. After a return to Rovigno on 6 January, Sterz steered his boat to the submarine base at Brioni. Ten days later, U-22 headed to Trieste, where she conducted patrols in the northern Adriatic. On 5 February, U-22 avoided being hit by seven bombs dropped by an enemy airplane. Departing the northern Adriatic in late April, U-22 was headed for Cattaro when her electric motor failed. After a quick stop at Cattaro, U-22 returned to Pola for three months of repairs.
After returning to service in August, U-22 operated out of Catttaro, patrolling off the Montenegrin coast over the next two months. On 17 October, the boat returned to Cattaro, where she remained until the war's end. She was ceded to France as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920. Like all of her sister boats, U-22 had no wartime successes.
Notes
References
Bibliography
U-20-class submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1917
1917 ships
World War I submarines of Austria-Hungary
Ships built in Fiume |
17334375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20L.%20Smith | Geoffrey L. Smith | Geoffrey Lilley Smith (born 1955) FRS FMedSci FRSB is a British virologist and medical research authority in the area of Vaccinia virus and the family of Poxviruses. Since 1 October 2011 he is Head of the Department of Pathology at the University of Cambridge and a Principal Research Fellow of the Wellcome Trust. Before that, he was Head of the Department of Virology at Imperial College London.
Education
Smith was educated at the Bootham School in York and completed his bachelor's degree at the University of Leeds in 1977. In 1981 he was awarded a PhD in Virology for research completed at the National Institute for Medical Research.
Career and research
Between 1981 and 1984, while he was working in the United States under the National Institutes of Health, Smith developed and pioneered the use of genetically engineered live vaccines. Between 1985 and 1989 he lectured at the University of Cambridge. During 2002 Smith sequenced a strain of Camelpox showing how close it was to human Smallpox.
Prior to 2002, he was based at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at the University of Oxford. Between 1988 and 1992 his work was funded by the Jenner Fellowship from The Lister Institute; he became a governor of the Institute in 2003.
Smith was editor-in-chief of the Journal of General Virology up until 2008 and chairs the World Health Organization's Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research. In 2009 Smith was elected as one of the founding members of the new European Academy of Microbiology and the following year was elected as a corresponding member of the . Until 2011 he was the Head of the Department of Virology at Imperial College London. As of 2011 Smith became president of the International Union of Microbiological Societies.
Andrew H. Wyllie had been the previous holder of the Head of the Department of Pathology at Cambridge until retirement in September 2011.
Publications
Awards and honours
In 2002, Smith was elected as a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. In 2003, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 2005 was awarded the Feldburg Foundation Prize for his work on poxviruses. Since 2010, he is a founding member of the European Academy of Microbiology. In 2011 he was elected as a fellow of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. In June 2012 Smith was awarded the 2012 GlaxoSmithKline International Member of the Year Award by the American Society for Microbiology.
Personal life
His maternal grandfather was Ralph Lilley Turner, director of the School of Oriental Studies and a philologist of Indian languages.
References
Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellows
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
British virologists
National Institute for Medical Research faculty
1955 births
Living people
Fellows of the Royal Society of Biology |
17334417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Miller%20%28film%20editor%29 | Jim Miller (film editor) | Jim Miller (born 1955) is an American film editor. Along with Paul Rubell, Miller was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Film Editing for the film Collateral (directed by Michael Mann – 2004).
A native of Chicago, Miller began his film career as an editor and then producer of television commercials and industrial films. He later moved to Los Angeles, where he began editing such television films as Alice in Wonderland and Two Fathers.
Miller's first screen credit was for The Breakfast Club (directed by John Hughes – 1985); he was the associate editor for the distinguished, veteran film editor Dede Allen. Miller's first three editing credits were also for films co-edited by Allen, commencing with The Milagro Beanfield War (directed by Robert Redford – 1988). Following Let It Ride (directed by Joe Pytka – 1989), he and Allen co-edited The Addams Family (1991), which was directed by Barry Sonnenfeld. Miller then worked (without Allen) as the editor for five more of Sonnenfeld's films, including Men in Black (1997) and Wild Wild West (1999).
In addition to their Academy Award nomination, Miller and Rubell's editing of Collateral was honored by nominations for the ACE Eddie Award, BAFTA Award for Best Editing, and the Satellite Award for Best Editing, which they won.
References
External links
American film editors
Living people
Artists from Chicago
1955 births |
Subsets and Splits