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23572106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte%20Albertino | Forte Albertino | The Forte Albertino (also Forte di Vinadio) is an alpine fortress in Vinadio, Piedmont, northern Italy, located outside the town in the Stura di Demonte Valley. It is now used as a museum.
History
Forte Albertino was commissioned in 1834 by Charles Albert of Savoy and, following a brief reprieve between 1837 and 1839, finished in 1847. The fort is placed strategically close to the French border and the Maddalena Pass, giving Italian troops control of who entered the country. An estimated 4,000 men helped erect the fort. Its walls have a length of about , with a total of internal paths on three levels: the Upper Front, the Attack Front, and the Lower Front. The Upper and Lower Fronts consist of casements while the Attack Front had a ravelin and was the only point of access for communication with the outside world. This included communication with the town, Porta Francia, and the Pass.
The fort was never properly outfitted for war and was used as a prison for captured Garibaldini during the Battle of Aspromonte. After the dawn of the 20th century, Forte Albertino became a barracks, then an artillery warehouse. It was later bombed by the Allies during World War II and abandoned. It has since then been renovated and is now used as a museum.
Permanent exhibitions
Montagna in Movimento: Multimedia installations allow visitors to see the development, natural and otherwise, that built up Alps civilizations. The strategic value of the fort's location as well as ongoing environmental conservation and biodiversity efforts are highlighted.
Messaggeri Alati: Located at Porta Neraissa, this exhibition details the history of the important military dovecote, which remained until 1944.
Vinadio Virtual Reality: Introduced in 2017, the virtual reality exhibit gives visitors two options of fort exploration: the Vollo libero sul forte, a flight simulator, and Giallo Forte, a spy game.
Mammamia che Forte!: This exhibition has offered a wide range of children's programming since its introduction in 2019.
References
Castles in Piedmont
Vauban fortifications in Italy
Museums in Piedmont
Military and war museums in Italy
Buildings and structures in the Province of Cuneo
History of Piedmont
Infrastructure completed in 1847 |
23572130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomi%20Taira | Tomi Taira | was a Japanese actress with a long history of performing in Okinawan theatre. She was mainly active as an actress, narrator, dialect coach and in other capacities in shows and films taking place in Okinawa and in projects otherwise representing the region, as well as working more directly and officially with the Okinawa Tourist Bureau in promoting the island prefecture.
Acting both on stage and in films for many years, her first notable role in films was that of the title role of Nabbie, the grandmother in the 1999 film Nabbie no koi.
Life and career
Tomi Taira was born on 5 November 1928. At the age of thirteen, after graduating from Ishigaki Elementary School, she joined the "Ōchō Kojirō Ichiza" ("Old Man Kojirō's Troupe"), where she met her future husband, Susumu Taira. Years later, in 1956, she joined the troupe "Tokiwa-za" led by Chōshū Makishi.
Taira Tomi frequently performed alongside her husband both on stage and in films, and the two were active together in other ventures. The two founded an Okinawan theatrical troupe, "Shio" (潮, lit. "The Tide") in 1971; among his many acting roles, Susumu played Tomi's chief love interest, Sun Ra, in Nabbie no koi.
After the release of Nabbie no koi, Taira narrated and acted in a number of Japanese television dramas, including Sushi Ōji! (lit. "Prince [of] Sushi"), along with films such as Nada Sōsō and a Japanese version of A Midsummer Night's Dream, entitled Manatsu no yo no yume.
She received a number of awards over the course of her career, including being named Best Supporting Actress at the 30th Japanese Television Drama Academy Awards for her performance in the 2001 television drama Churasan, and receiving the Tokyo Sports Film Award, for which one of the chief judges was Japanese director/screenwriter/actor Takeshi Kitano. In 1998, she was officially designated by Okinawa Prefecture a Protector of Intangible Cultural Properties, Ryukyuan Song and Drama (沖縄県指定無形文化財琉球歌劇保持者). She died on 6 December 2015 at the age of 87.
Filmography
Film
Paradise View (1985)
Umi sora sango no ii tsutae (1991)
Nabbie no koi (1999) - Nabbie
Hotel Hibiscus (2002)
Nada Sōsō (2006)
Koishikute (2007)
Ginmaku ban Sushi Ōji!: Nyūyōku e iku ("Sushi Ōji the Movie: Sushi Ōji Goes to New York!", 2008)
Manatsu no yo no yume (2009)
Television
Churasan (2001) - Kohagura Hana (Grandmother, "Oba")
Koi Seyo Otome (2002)
Shinri bunseki sôsakan Sakiyama Tomoko (2002)
Churasan 2 (2003)
Motto Koi Seyo Otome (2004)
Churasan 3 (2004)
Churasan 4 (2007)
Sushi Ōji (2007) - Martial arts master Purusu Riri
References
External links
Taira Tomi at JDorama.com
Taira Tomi at Japanese Movie Database (Japanese)
1928 births
2015 deaths
Japanese film actresses
Japanese stage actresses
People from Naha
Voice coaches |
23572140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangjin%20Bridge | Gwangjin Bridge | The Gwangjin Bridge crosses the Han River in South Korea and connects the districts of Gwangjin-gu and Gangdong-gu. The original bridge was completed in 1936, but because of deteriorating conditions, it was rebuilt and reopened in November 2003.
References
Bridges in Seoul
Bridges completed in 1936 |
23572153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie%2C%20North%20Park%20and%20Pacific%20Railroad%20and%20Telegraph%20Company | Laramie, North Park and Pacific Railroad and Telegraph Company | The Laramie, North Park and Pacific Railroad and Telegraph Company was a short lived railroad line in the U.S. state of Wyoming. In 1880, a group of Albany County businessmen proposed a rail line west from Laramie across the Medicine Bow Range. The railroad only made it to the Soda Lakes, southwest of Laramie, serving mining camps in the area for several years. The Union Pacific Railway soon gained control of the line. Most of the line was subsequently abandoned, but in 1900 successor Union Pacific Railroad bought the easternmost .
See also
List of defunct Wyoming railroads
References
Interstate Commerce Commission, 44 Val. Rep. 1 (1933), Valuation Docket No. 1060: Union Pacific Railroad Company
Defunct Wyoming railroads
Predecessors of the Union Pacific Railroad
Railway companies established in 1880
Railway companies disestablished in 1900
1880 establishments in Wyoming Territory
American companies disestablished in 1900 |
23572163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Expo%20Park | World Expo Park | World Expo Park was an amusement park built for Expo '88 in Brisbane, Australia. It was positioned on the corner of Melbourne and Glenelg Streets in South Brisbane, the former site of railway sidings for South Brisbane Station, and the current site of the Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre. The park was opened when the exposition opened on the 30 April 1988. Admission to the park was included in the price of the ticket to the World Expo.
World Expo Park contained three roller coasters, one indoor and two outdoor. The later was called the Titan, renamed as The Demon and operated at Wonderland Sydney before being relocated to Alabama as the Zoomerang. The other outdoor rollercoaster was known as the Centrifuge, a suspended coaster with swinging turns. The indoor rollercoaster was known as the Supernova. The amusement park was closed in 1989 due to its lack of popularity.
See also
List of amusement parks in Oceania
References
Defunct amusement parks in Australia
Buildings and structures in Brisbane
1988 establishments in Australia
1989 disestablishments in Australia
World's fair sites in Australia
Amusement parks in Queensland
Amusement parks opened in 1988
Amusement parks closed in 1989 |
23572164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur%20Grigoryan%20%28footballer%29 | Artur Grigoryan (footballer) | Artur Akopovich Grigoryan (; born 29 January 1985) is a Russian-Armenian former football player.
Club career
Grigoryan previously played for FC Metallurg Lipetsk in the Russian First Division.
External links
1985 births
People from Akhaltsikhe
Georgian people of Armenian descent
Armenian footballers
Footballers from Georgia (country)
Russian sportspeople of Armenian descent
Living people
Russian footballers
Association football forwards
Russian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Montenegro
Expatriate footballers in Belarus
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
FK Bokelj players
FC Metallurg Lipetsk players
FC Salyut Belgorod players
FC Dnepr Mogilev players
FC Dynamo Stavropol players
Belarusian Premier League players |
17329727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo%20Sharks | Buffalo Sharks | The Buffalo Sharks were a professional basketball team in the American Basketball Association based in Buffalo, New York. The team played two seasons as the Buffalo Rapids and Buffalo Silverbacks before suspending operations. This team is not to be confused with the Buffalo Stampede of the Premier Basketball League.
History
Buffalo Rapids (2005–06)
The Buffalo Rapids were founded by Gary Nice and began play in the fall of 2005 as part of the ABA's Connie Hawkins Division. It was the first professional basketball team to play in Buffalo, New York since the Buffalo Braves. The team's name was chosen by a fan voting, with "Rapids" finishing second to "Braves". Trademark restrictions prevented the franchise from adopting the Braves name, but the Rapids team colors were identical to those of the Buffalo Braves.
Dan Robbie and Todd Wier became co-owners of the franchise in December 2005 following the league's removal of Gary Nice.
Initial games were played at Burt Flickinger Center, but a financial dispute left the team searching for a new permanent home. They played most home games at Park School of Buffalo until February 2006. The final home game of the 2005–2006 season was played at Buffalo State Sports Arena, with the team later utilizing the venue for most 2006–2007 home games.
Buffalo Silverbacks (2006–07)
It was announced in May 2006 that the franchise had changed its name to the Buffalo Silverbacks. Controversy arose in August 2006 when the Buffalo News ran an article condemning the team's logo, which featured a silverback gorilla, as racist. The team responded by adopting a new team logo featuring a tiger in October 2006.
Another bit of controversy involved the Silverbacks announcing that DayShawn Wright had been signed to the team in September 2006. Soon after this announcement, Wright signed with the Minot SkyRockets of the CBA.
Head coach Richard Jacob resigned from the team in November 2006 to focus on his job at Medaille College. Trevor Ruffin, a player from the team's inaugural season and an assistant coach during their 2006–07 training camp, replaced him as head coach.
In 2007, Weir sold the team to Vincent Lesh. Lesh has been an entertainment promoter in Western New York for 25 years and is the owner of Concerts Plus. On November 11, 2007, the Silverbacks announced that they were suspending operations. On their official MySpace page, the team stated "If you did not already know, the Silverbacks are not playing this fall in the ABA. New ownership has decided to take this season off after taking over the team with 5 weeks before tip off."
Buffalo Sharks (2008)
Lesh re-branded the team as the Buffalo Sharks and reactivated them to begin play in November 2008. Richard Jacob was named the Head Coach and General Manager as he was for both the Rapids and Silverbacks. The Sharks were to play at Koessler Athletic Center on the campus of Canisius College. However, on 2008-09-18, Lesh announced his folding of the Sharks, his leaving of the ABA, and his purchase of the former Buffalo Dragons.
The ABA would later return to Buffalo with the Buffalo 716ers, set to begin play in 2013; that team has since moved to the Premier Basketball League.
The ABA would again return to Buffalo with the Buffalo Blue Hawks, who began play in 2016.
Standings
Game results
2005–2006
2006–2007
Roster and staff
2005–2006
Team Captain – Tim Winn
All-Star Selection – Tim Winn
All-ABA Selection – Tim Winn
Released
Staff
Owners – Gary Nice (11/05 – 12/05), Dan Robbie and Todd Wier (12/05 – 11/07)
General Manager – Richard Jacob
Head Coach – Richard Jacob
Assistant Coach – Tyrone Thomas
Player Assistant Coaches – Modie Cox and Tim Winn
Strength and Conditioning Coach – Bob Bateson
Account Executive – Bryan Perry
Game Day Operation Manager – Timothy M. Simko
Media Relations – Nadia Fezzani
2006–2007
All-Star Selection – Antoine Sims
ABA Community Service Award – Modie Cox
Released
Staff
Owners – Dan Robbie and Todd Wier
Head Coach – Trevor Ruffin
Player Assistant Coach – Modie Cox
Strength and Conditioning Coach – Bob Bateson
References
Defunct American Basketball Association (2000–present) teams
Sports in Buffalo, New York
2005 establishments in New York (state)
2008 disestablishments in New York (state) |
17329753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Micka%C3%ABl%20Raymond | Jean-Mickaël Raymond | Jean-Mickaël Raymond is a French amateur boxer. He qualified for the 2008 Olympics as a middleweight.
In addition to Georgios Gazis, Raymond defeated three unknowns. He was then stopped in the meaningless final by Darren Sutherland.
At the Olympics, Raymond lost his first bout 2:8 to Asian champion, Elshod Rasulov.
External links
2nd Qualifier
Living people
Olympic boxers of France
Middleweight boxers
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
French male boxers
Year of birth missing (living people) |
17329763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintra%20%28disambiguation%29 | Cintra (disambiguation) | Cintra is an international operator of toll roads and car parks.
Cintra may also refer to:
People
Given name
Cintra Wilson (21st century), American celebrity writer
Surname
Adriano Cintra (born 1972), Brazilian multi-instrumentist and producer
Luís Lindley Cintra (1925-1991), Portuguese linguist
Sebastião da Silveira Cintra (1882-1942), Brazilian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church
Sousa Cintra (21st century), Portuguese businessman
Places
Cintra Bay or the Gulf of Cintra on the coast of Western Sahara.
Cintra, Portugal, an alternate spelling for Sintra
Other uses
Cintra (ship), which wrecked on Porthminster Beach in 1893
Cintra (New Hope, Pennsylvania), a historic house in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Corporación Internacional de Transporte Aéreo, the former parent company for Aeroméxico, Mexicana de Aviación and Aeroperú
See also
Cintray, Eure, a commune in France
Cintray, Eure-et-Loir, a commune in France
Convention of Cintra, an 1808 treaty between France and the United Kingdom in the first stages of the Peninsula War
da Cintra, a surname
Sintra (disambiguation)
The Elves of Cintra, a novel by Terry Brooks |
23572193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Babar%20episodes | List of Babar episodes | This is a complete list of episodes from the original animated television show Babar, which was based on the famous book series for children, Babar the Elephant. The series aired from Sunday, April 2, 1989 to Wednesday, June 5, 1991 on CBC on their CBC Television block (seasons 1-3) and Global TV (seasons 4-5)
Series overview
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan=2| Season
! Episodes
! First aired
! Last aired
! Network
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#81D8D0"|
| [[List of Babar episodes#Season 1 (1989)|1]]
| 13
|
|
| rowspan=3| CBC Television
|-
| bgcolor="FF54C1"|
| [[List of Babar episodes#Season 2 (1989)|2]]
| 13
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="00BB00"|
| [[List of Babar episodes#Season 3 (1990)|3]]
| 13
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="FFFF00"|
| [[List of Babar episodes#Season 4 (1991)|4]]
| 13
|
|
| rowspan=2| Global TV
|-
| bgcolor="8D8DFF"|
| [[List of Babar episodes#Season 5 (1991)|5]]
| 13
|
|
|}
Episodes
Season 1 (1989)
Season 2 (1989)
Season 3 (1990)
Season 4 (1991)
Season 5 (1991)
References
Lists of Canadian children's animated television series episodes |
17329798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Noise%20from%20Winnetka | Big Noise from Winnetka | "Big Noise from Winnetka" is a jazz song co-written by composer and bass player Bob Haggart and drummer Ray Bauduc with lyrics by Gil Rodin and Bob Crosby, who were members of a sub-group of the Bob Crosby Orchestra called "The Bobcats". They also were the first to record it, in 1938. That recording is remarkable for its unusual duet feature: Haggart whistles the melody and plays the bass, while only Bauduc accompanies him on the drums. Halfway through the solo, Bauduc starts drumming on the strings of the double bass, while Haggart continues to play with his left hand, creating a percussive bass solo. The original version was just bass and drums (with the bass player whistling), but many other arrangements have been performed, including one by the Bob Crosby big band with the band's vocal group.
After the success of the initial recording, Haggart and Bauduc performed the song frequently for the rest of their careers, including in several films, most notably in 1941's Let's Make Music and 1943's Reveille with Beverly. The original recording was featured on the soundtrack of Raging Bull. Nick Nolte and Debra Winger danced to a version credited to Bob Crosby and the Bobcats in the 1982 film Cannery Row.
Composition
The song was a spontaneous composition, created at the Blackhawk in Chicago in 1938. When some of the band were late getting back from a break, Haggart and Bauduc started free improvising while they waited and "Big Noise" was the result. It was a joint composition, later formalized by arranger Haggart. Later, lyrics were written by Gil Rodin and Bob Crosby.
Winnetka is a North Shore suburb located approximately 16 miles (26 km) north of downtown Chicago.
Performances
1959: Jazz drummer Gene Krupa covered the song on his live album Big Noise from Winnetka.
1959: Jack Teagarden with drummer Ronnie Greb covered the song on his live album At the Roundtable.
1962: Kenny Ball, on his Midnight in Moscow album
1963: Jazz drummer Cozy Cole's version Bubbled Under in the American Billboard Charts at position 121.
1963: Eddy Mitchell sang a French version ("Quand une Fille me plaît") on his album Voici Eddy... c'était le soldat Mitchell.
1965: Chico Hamilton recorded his own version on the album The Dealer.
1966: Kenny Clare & Ronnie Stephenson, Drum Spectacular
1970: Scottish progressive rock band Clouds (60s rock band) performed a version on their album "Up Above Our Heads".
1974-1975 Spaghetti Head (Leslie George, William Hurdle) underground disco/house instrumental on Private Stock Records
1979: The song was covered by Bette Midler for her album Thighs and Whispers and released as a 12" single, the song lasting 6:56, and it peaked at No. 98 on the U.S. Dance Charts. The song was also performed in her concert film Divine Madness and is included on the soundtrack album (3:52). The song was included during her Las Vegas show, The Showgirl Must Go On (2008–2010).
1980: The song was featured in the field repertoire of the Bridgemen Drum & Bugle Corps (Bayonne, New Jersey). The Bridgemen missed winning that season's Drum Corps International world championship title by 0.55.
1984: The Australian teenage indie band the Lighthouse Keepers recorded a version of "Big Noise" featuring a C melody sax on their album Tales of the Unexpected.
1999: A cover of the opening few seconds of the song are sung by the character Phoebe Sparrow in episode 56 of the British TV series Goodnight Sweetheart, "Something Fishie".
2002: The Japanese jazz group Ego-Wrappin' covered the song on their album Night Food.
2005: Bassist Kyle Eastwood recorded an arrangement on his album Paris Blue.
2008: The Austin, Texas band Asylum Street Spankers covered the song on their album What? And Give Up Show Biz?.
2009: In the UK, the song has been used in advertisements for direct.gov.uk.
2013: Miss Florida did a baton routine to the song in the Miss America pageant.
2013: The song was featured in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade by the University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band.
2015: Christine Ebersole, a singer and actress, brought her show Big Noise from Winnetka back to the Chicago area. The show included the jazz song and stories from her life in Winnetka, Illinois.
In popular culture
According to an interview with Canadian animator Danny Antonucci, the theme song for his hit Cartoon Network show Ed, Edd n Eddy was inspired by "Big Noise" and includes a similar baseline and whistled melody.
References
External links
Audio of "Big Noise from Winnetka"
Bette Midler songs
Songs with music by Bob Haggart
1938 songs |
23572200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight%20Night%20%281985%20video%20game%29 | Fight Night (1985 video game) | Fight Night is a boxing video game developed by Sydney Development Corporation and published by Accolade in the United States and by U.S. Gold in the United Kingdom. It was initially released in 1985 for the Apple II, Atari 8-bit family, and Commodore 64. The game includes both a single player mode and multiplayer mode. It includes the ability to customize the player's boxer. In total, there are five boxers to beat.
The Atari 8-bit version was republished on cartridge by Atari Corporation in 1987, after the release of the Atari XEGS. It was followed by an Atari 7800 port in 1988.
Reception
Rick Teverbaugh reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "The game could have been much better. The graphics are good and it is possible to create your own characters and save them to disk for future use. My only question is why would you want to?"
Fight Night was Accolade's third best-selling Commodore game as of late 1987.
Antic described the Atari 8-bit version as "entertaining, frustrating and not just a bit silly (which is one of its strengths)". The magazine concluded that "Fight Night'''s primary function is to involve you and make you laugh, not to precisely mimic the action in a boxing ring. It de-brutalizes the sport, which is a point in its favor". Computer and Video Games'' rated the 7800 version 80% in 1989.
References
External links
Fight Night at Atari Mania
1985 video games
Accolade (company) games
Apple II games
Atari 7800 games
Atari 8-bit family games
Commodore 64 games
Fighting games
Video games developed in Canada
Multiplayer and single-player video games
U.S. Gold games |
23572211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata%20Steel%20United%20F.C. | Tata Steel United F.C. | Tata Steel United F.C. (formerly Tata Steel F.C, Corus Steel F.C, British Steel (Port Talbot) F.C.) is a football club from Port Talbot. They currently play in the South Wales Alliance League Second Division.
History
The club played in the South Wales Amateur League as British Steel (Port Talbot) before changing its name in 2003 to Corus Steel. The following year the club finished runners-up in Division 1 - and followed this up again with another second-place finish in 2005–06. In the 2008–09 season they improved on this, winning promotion to the Welsh Football League Division Three as champions. In 2010–11 the club finished as runner-up, winning promotion to the Welsh Football League Division Two.
In the 2011–12 season the club changed its name to Tata Steel F.C. following the purchase of the company by Tata Steel. The team finished second, again sealing promotion to Welsh Football League Division One, the second tier of the Welsh football league system. After two poor seasons (where they finished 14th in each season from 15 or 16 club divisions), at the end of the second season they were relegated to Division 2.
The club folded in 2016, but was reformed as Tata Steel United F.C. in 2016.
At the end of the 2018–19 season the club won promotion from the Port Talbot Football League Premier Division to the South Wales Alliance League through the play-offs.
See also
Jamshedpur FC, a football club in India which is also owned by Tata Steel
Honours
Welsh Football League Division Two – Runners-Up: 2011–12
Welsh Football League Division Three – Runners-Up: 2010–11
South Wales Amateur League Division One – Champions: 2008–09
South Wales Amateur League Division One – Runners-up: 2004–05; 2005–06
Port Talbot Football League Premier Division – Champions: 2018–19
References
External links
Tata Steel United F.C. official website
Association football clubs established in 1954
Football clubs in Wales
1954 establishments in Wales
Sport in Port Talbot
Welsh Football League clubs
South Wales Alliance League clubs
Port Talbot Football League clubs
South Wales Amateur League clubs
Works association football teams in Wales |
23572237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jairo%20Neira | Jairo Neira | Jairo Neira (born 1987) is a Chilean footballer and his position is midfielder.
References
BDFA profile
1987 births
Living people
Chilean footballers
C.D. Arturo Fernández Vial footballers
Universidad de Concepción footballers
Curicó Unido footballers
Association football midfielders
Chilean Primera División players
Primera B de Chile players
Expatriate footballers in Paraguay |
17329833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search%20cost | Search cost | Search costs are a facet of transaction costs or switching costs and include all the costs associated with the searching activity conducted by a prospective seller and buyer in a market. Rational consumers will continue to search for a better product or service until the marginal cost of searching exceeds the marginal benefit. Search theory is a branch of microeconomics that studies decisions of this type.
The costs of searching are divided into external and internal costs. External costs include the monetary costs of acquiring the information, and the opportunity cost of the time taken up in searching. External costs are not under the consumer's control, and all he or she can do is choose whether or not to incur them. Internal costs include the mental effort given over to undertaking the search, sorting the incoming information, and integrating it with what the consumer already knows. Internal costs are determined by the consumer's ability to undertake the search, and this in turn depends on intelligence, prior knowledge, education and training. These internal costs are the background to the study of bounded rationality.
There is an optimal value for search cost. A moderate amount of information maximises the likelihood of a purchase. Too much information to consumers may lead to negative effect. Too little information may not be enough to support consumers' purchasing decisions.
Search Cost Models
Numerous search cost models exist to depict the process of consumers searching for alternative goods and services.
Basic Price Search Model
The most basic search cost model serves as a foundation for subsequent models. Peter A. Diamond's Model of Price Adjustment illustrates that small search frictions have an important role in market structure, and a firm's capacity to deviate from Bertrand Competition.
Proposition of the model:
A unique nash equilibrium is: , where, s = Cost of obtaining price at quote with , CS = Consumer surplus and p = Price.
The model implies that search frictions can result in the perfectly competitive market price shifting to the monopoly price. However, Diamond's original model is rudimentary and ignores some empirical observations:
Agents in an economy only search once, whereas there is a continuous search for goods and services.
Few consumers search in equilibrium, which is inconsistent with empirical observation.
The model uses an alternative to the “law of one price”. The monopoly price is used as opposed to marginal cost, with no consideration for price dispersion in an equilibrium.
Heterogenous Search Model
Using Diamond's model as a base, a distinction is now made in the heterogenous search model. There are potential consumer heterogeneities for search costs being consistent with market observations (search costs can be 0 and negative). In 1989, Ingemar Stahl expanded on Diamond's model; the model has the same assumptions as Diamond's model with the additions of ‘shoppers’ (μ) having a range of search costs ().
Stahl's model addresses the three issues present in Diamond's basic price search model. Firstly, this model assumes that search costs are changing as ‘shoppers’ search costs change. Secondly, all searches are now assumed to be done in equilibrium with different qualities of searches being conducted by different consumers (refers to the changing fraction of ‘shopper’ and their changing search costs, as consumers search at different times). Finally, the model achieves price dispersion, which is consistent with empirical market observations.
Examples of Search Costs
Fuel Shortages
During the early and late 70s, The Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OAPEC, stopped all its exports to the US, South Africa, Portugal, and the Netherlands due to their support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War. Before the sanctions were imposed, the United States was receiving on average two thirds of its oil from OAPEC countries. This caused a big shortage of fuel. Motorists and business owners started having to spend more and more time looking for service stations with fuel in stock. Once a station was found motorists then had to wait in queues, sometimes as long as five miles, in order to fill up. In some areas odd-even rationing was even instated. This meant that on odd numbered days only vehicles with odd numbers as the last digit on their number plate would be allowed to buy fuel and vice versa for even numbers. Activities such as searching for fuel (the product) over time is called intertemporal search behaviour and is often associated with cross-sectional search behaviour. Motorists comparing fuel prices at different service stations at a given point in time is an example of cross-sectional search behaviour. These search behaviours result in a search cost to the consumer through the disutility gained in lost time. During stages of fuel shortages, such as those mentioned above, there is an overall increase in these search behaviours and thus an increase in search costs. Increasing search costs decreases the price elasticity of demand and thus suppliers increase prices.
Labour Markets
Job seeking activities such as finding vacant positions, gathering information about a firm, preparing a résumé and cover letter, preparing for an interview, and travelling to and from the job interview are examples of activities that incur a search cost from the individual. The larger this search cost is the more likely the chance that a worker will exit the market before initiating a search for a job. This is brought about by a combination of the low probability of finding a permanent job, as low as 19% in some studies/areas, and a low level of current capital. These factors also often cause agents to cease their searching activities after a number of failed attempts, even when the worker has cash on hand that covers the search costs multiple times. To maintain saving in excess of this minimum threshold value, the worker participates in temporary employment while conducting their search. This increases the staff turnover of the these companies. With increased technological integration of the advertisement and management of job opportunities as well as worker information and the provision of accessible and affordable public transport these effects can be treated.
Technology and Search Costs
With the rise in popularity and sophistication of computers and other electronic devices, the Internet was expected to eliminate search costs. For example, electronic commerce was predicted to cause disintermediation as search costs become low enough for end-consumers to incur them directly instead of employing retailers to do this for them. The reduction in marginal search costs of obtaining pricing information from electronic marketplaces through the implementation of the internet results in a downward pressure for the price of merchandise. Consumer's also have the ability to undertake comparisons of homogeneous products amongst competing electronic vendors, allowing them to purchase products which maximises their consumption utility. This is another factor contributing to the reduction in consumer search costs. The marginal search cost of obtaining quality information available to consumers has conjunctionally decreased, resulting in a decrease in price sensitivity. But using the Internet on a mobile phone can increase the cost of searching. The small screen size on a mobile phone can increase the cost of browsing information. For example, links that appear at the top of the screen are particularly likely to be clicked on the phone. That means ranking effects are higher on mobile phones suggesting higher search costs.
Electronic marketplaces have hindered the ability of electronic merchants to implement hidden costs such as transport and handling costs to obscure quoted prices. Commodity markets will evolve to display characteristics of the classical ideal of a Walrasian auctioneer as a result of electronic marketplaces as consumers have costless access to retailer pricing information and are fully informed. The competitive price taking equilibrium is a result of fully informed buyers as described within the classical market model. In oligopolistic markets, this equilibrium point represents Bertrand's zero profit equilibria. The effects of these Electronic marketplaces will translate to commodity markets by inciting price competition amongst retailers and shifting power to the consumers though the reduction in market power of the vendors.
Interestingly, studies have found that user search behaviour, and thus search costs, differ significantly depending on which device they use to access electronic marketplaces. Personal computer (PC) users are much less sensitive to product rank. That is, they add more products to their evaluation pool before deciding on a product. This suggests that the cognitive effort it takes to process information, and thus the search costs, are much higher when users access the internet through their mobile phones. PC users are also more likely to choose a product that is geographically further away from their location than mobile phone users. These differences are mainly due to the smaller screen sizes in mobile phones and their ability to overcome the geographic and time sensitivity limitations of PC computers.
Obfuscation and Search Costs
Price obfuscation is a strategy online retailers are implementing to derive further profits within electronic marketplaces and position themselves to regain market power. Obfuscation strategies within the classical search theory models represents consumers who are not fully informed simultaneously within the competitive a market through incremental increases in search costs, allowing firms to generate additional profits. Strategies include the development of products requiring additional purchases, or add-ons, which have large unadvertised mark ups. The use of a loss-leader approach is also implemented by online vendors to establish additional profits through the use of purposeful websites and advertisements designed to lure consumers into purchasing cheaper inferior goods and then to upgrade and purchase superior goods for higher prices.
Customers are negatively affected by obfuscation because of the price increases and direct costs it imposes on them. Although obfuscation is beneficial to firms, excessive obstruction of pricing information can lead to the collapse of a market. Interestingly, even firms who do not obfuscate their pricing benefit from the obfuscation conducted by other firms in the market. Since none of the consumers can compare prices, they still behave as if future search costs will be higher and thus the transparent company benefits.
See also
Analysis paralysis
Satisficing
Search theory
Perfect Competition
Price dispersion
Cost
References
Costs |
23572243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Courtney | Neil Courtney | Neil Courtney (born 13 September 1956) is an English former rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Bury RUFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Great Britain, and at club level for Higginshaw ARLFC (in Higginshaw, Oldham), St. Helens, Warrington (Heritage № 804) and Wigan (Heritage № 805), as a or , i.e. number 8 or 10, or, 11 or 12, during the era of contested scrums.
Background
Neil Courtney was born in Leigh, Lancashire, England.
Playing career
International honours
Neil Courtney won a cap for Great Britain (RL) while at Warrington in 1982 against Australia (interchange/substitute).
Challenge Cup Final appearances
Neil Courtney played left-, i.e. number 8, in Wigan's 28-24 victory over Hull F.C. in the 1985 Challenge Cup Final during the 1984–85 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 4 May 1985.
County Cup Final appearances
Neil Courtney played left-, i.e. number 8, in Warrington's 26-10 victory over Wigan in the 1980 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1980–81 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens, on Saturday 4 October 1980, played left- in the 16-0 victory over St. Helens in the 1982 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1982–83 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 23 October 1982, and played left- in Wigan's 18-26 defeat by St. Helens in the 1984 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1984–85 season at Central Park, Wigan on Sunday 28 October 1984.
John Player Trophy Final appearances
Neil Courtney played left-, i.e. number 8, in Warrington's 12-5 victory over Barrow in the 1980–81 John Player Trophy Final during the 1980–81 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 24 January 1981.
Club career
Neil Courtney signed for St. Helens on 21 November 1974, he made his début for St. Helens as an interchange/substitute in the 10-9 victory over York at Clarence Street, York on Sunday 6 April 1975, he made his starting début for St. Helens in the 22-31 defeat by Wales in the testimonial friendly at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Sunday 20 April 1975, he made his competitive starting début for St. Helens in the 15-29 defeat by Featherstone Rovers at Post Office Road, Featherstone on Sunday 5 October 1975, he played his last match for St. Helens in the 21-25 defeat by Salford at The Willows, Salford on Friday 7 September 1979, he made his début for Warrington on Wednesday 26 September 1979, and he played his last match for Warrington on Sunday 9 October 1983, he made his début for Wigan as an interchange/substitute in the 10-22 defeat by Fulham RLFC at Craven Cottage, Fulham on 19 February 1984, he scored his only try for Wigan in the 18-36 defeat by Leeds at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on 31 March 1985, and he played his last match for Wigan as an interchange/substitute in the 14-8 victory over New Zealand in the 1985 New Zealand tour of England and France match at Central Park, Wigan on 6 October 1985.
References
External links
!Great Britain Statistics at englandrl.co.uk (statistics currently missing due to not having appeared for both Great Britain, and England)
Statistics at wigan.rlfans.com
Statistics at wolvesplayers.thisiswarrington.co.uk
Profile at saints.org.uk
1956 births
Living people
English rugby league players
English rugby union players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Rugby league players from Leigh, Greater Manchester
Rugby league props
Rugby league second-rows
Rugby union players from Leigh, Greater Manchester
St Helens R.F.C. players
Warrington Wolves players
Wigan Warriors players |
23572264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemaka | Hemaka | Hemaka was an important official during the long reign of the First Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Den. Radiocarbon dating research undertaken during the 1950s suggested a date for Hemaka lifetime ca. 3100 BC.
One of Hemaka's titles was that of "seal-bearer of the king of Lower Egypt", effectively making him chancellor and second in power only to the king.
The tomb of Hemaka is larger than the king's own tomb, and for years was mistakenly thought of as belonging to Den. It was first excavated by Cecil Mallaby Firth in 1931 and work was continued under the supervision of Walter Bryan Emery starting in 1936.
This tomb, located in the northern part of Saqqara, contained many grave goods from this era, including numerous what appear to be gaming discs and a circular wooden box containing the earliest surviving piece of papyrus. The wealth of goods from this tomb as well as those of other officials from this time are thought to reflect the relative prosperity of Den's reign.
As seen from inscriptions on pottery seals, Hemaka was also responsible for maintaining one of the royal domains of king Den, a farm or vineyard for express use of the royal family and later to support the king's funerary cult. It seems likely that he began his service to the king in this position, succeeding to governing other domains until he rose to the position of chancellor.
See also
List of ancient Egyptians
References
31st-century BC Egyptian people
People of the First Dynasty of Egypt
Den (pharaoh) |
23572272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Lyons | Bill Lyons | William Allen Lyons (born April 26, 1958 in Alton, Illinois) is a former Major League Baseball infielder. He played in parts of two seasons in the majors, and , for the St. Louis Cardinals, primarily as a second baseman.
External links
Major League Baseball second basemen
St. Louis Cardinals players
Arkansas Travelers players
Louisville Redbirds players
Erie Cardinals players
Butte Copper Kings players
Southern Illinois Salukis baseball players
Springfield Redbirds players
Baseball players from Illinois
1958 births
Living people |
17329855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane%20Alma%20%281996%29 | Hurricane Alma (1996) | Hurricane Alma was the first of three consecutively named storms to make landfall on the Pacific coast of Mexico during a ten-day span in June, 1996. Alma was the third tropical cyclone, first named storm, and first hurricane for the 1996 Pacific hurricane season. It is believed by meteorologists that the storm originated out of an Atlantic tropical wave which crossed Central America in the middle of June. In warmer than average waters of the open Pacific, it gradually organized and it was first designated as a tropical depression on June 20 before quickly intensifying to a tropical storm. Early on June 22 the storm was upgraded to a hurricane and subsequently reached peak intensity of 969 mb, a Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Alma made landfall on Mexico's shoreline, but it soon moved back out over water and began to weaken. Alma had severe impact in Mexico. Twenty deaths were reported. Damage is unknown.
Meteorological history
The origins of Alma is believed to be related to the tropical wave which spawned Tropical Storm Arthur in the Atlantic. Satellite imagery and upper–air observations indicated that the disturbance crossed Central America during the middle of June, entering warming than average waters of the Pacific. Initially, the system was located within a sheared environment, although it did not hinder development. The convection soon became aligned with the low–level center and during the overnight on June 20 it was designated as a tropical depression. The depression intensified and it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Alma later that day. The wind shear relaxed it was upgraded to a hurricane at early on July 22 while tracking generally northwest.
A mid–level trough located near Baja California and a mid- to-upper-level low over the southwest Gulf of Mexico began to steer Alma northward towards the southwest coast of Mexico, prior to reaching a peak intensity of 969 mb at 1200 UTC on June 23. Before long, the steering flow collapsed and the hurricane drifted further towards land. Later that day it made landfall near Lazaro Cardenas, although Alma quickly moved back over open water and meandered for about 36 hours. This made the hurricane the first of three consecutive storms to make landfall on, the Pacific coast of Mexico during a ten-day span. It weakened to a tropical storm over land, before moving back to the open waters.
However, a small portion of the circulation of Alma was still over land, and thus it was severely disrupted by Mexico's high terrain. Alma was tracking slowly along a path roughly parallel to the coastline, it was further downgraded to a tropical depression on June 25. Alma remained weak and dissipated on June 27.
Alma was forecasted well, with errors well below long-term averages at the time. Despite this, tropical cyclone prediction models were a mixture of accurate and inaccurate, with the Aviation and GFDL models performing badly and the OFCI model performing well. The errors in dynamic models was attributed to a lack of data on upper-air conditions over the ocean southwest of the cyclone.
Preparations and Impact
In anticipation for the storm, hurricane warnings were placed into effect along of coastline between the resorts of Zihuatenejo and Manzanillo. Hundreds of people were evacuated prior to the passage of the hurricane. Also, the Mexican government sent troops to the area to help with disaster relief, and the Michoacán state government sent five truckloads of bedding and medicines. Prior to landfall, 14 inches of rain was expected.
In the Mexican states of Guerrero and Michoacán, the hurricane generated estimated wind gusts of up to , and dropped large amounts of rainfall peaking at of rainfall just east of where it had made landfall. Also, there were reports of swells up to along the coast. Three people died in Lazaro Cardenas when their house collapsed. Alma ripped roofs off of some houses, downed power lines and uprooted numerous trees, Flooding for Alma left thousands homeless. Heavy rainfall resulted in major flooding in Puebla, which killed 17 people. In all, 20 deaths were reported in Mexico. Damage is unknown, since the official report has no damage figures.
See also
Other tropical cyclones named Alma
List of Pacific hurricanes
References
External links
National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Report
Alma 1996
Alma 1996
Alma 1996 |
17329859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadath%20%28disambiguation%29 | Hadath (disambiguation) | Hadath or Al Hadath (a definite article in Arabic) may refer to:
Places
Turkey
Hadath, full name Al-Ḥadath al-Ḥamrā', also known as Adata in Greek, a medieval fortress town near the Taurus Mountains in Cilicia, (modern southeastern Turkey), which played an important role in the Byzantine–Arab Wars
Lebanon
Hadath, Mount Lebanon, a municipality in the Baabda District of the Mount Lebanon Governorate in Lebanon
Hadath, Beqaa, town in the Beqaa Governorate of Lebanon
Hadath El Jebbeh, a Lebanese town in the Bsharri District in the North Governorate of Lebanon
Religion
Hadath (West Syrian Diocese), an ancient diocese of the Syriac Orthodox Church in the Malatya region (present-day Turkey), attested between the eighth and eleventh centuries and based in town of Hadath above.
Hadath akbar, a form of major ritual impurity in Islam
Ḥadath aṣghar, a minor ritual impurity in Islam
Others
Al-Hadath, an Arabic daily newspaper in Amman, Jordan |
17329872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintra%20%28disambiguation%29 | Sintra (disambiguation) | Sintra is both a town and a municipality in Portugal.
Sintra may also refer to:
Sintra (Santa Maria e São Miguel, São Martinho e São Pedro de Penaferrim), a civil parish within the municipality
Sintra Mountains
Palace of Sintra
Opel Sintra, a minivan
See also
Cintra (disambiguation)
Pedro de Sintra
Nova Sintra
Sintra-Cascais Natural Park
Convention of Cintra |
23572278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Sweeney | Matthew Sweeney | Matthew Gerard Sweeney (6 October 1952 – 5 August 2018) was an Irish poet. His work has been translated into Dutch, Italian, Hebrew, Japanese, Latvian, Mexican Spanish, Romanian, Slovakian and German.
According to the poet Gerard Smyth: "I always sensed that in the first instance [Sweeney] regarded himself as a European rather than an Irish poet – and rightly so: like the German Georg Trakl whom he admired he apprehended the world in a way that challenged our perceptions and commanded our attention." Sweeney's work has been considered "barely touched by the mainstream of English writing" and more so by the German writers Kleist, Büchner, Kafka, Grass and Böll, as well as the aforementioned Trakl. According to Poetry International Web, Sweeney would be among the top five most famous Irish poets on the international scene.
Biography
Sweeney was born at Lifford, County Donegal, in 1952. Growing up in Clonmany, he attended Gormanston College (1965–70). He then read sciences at University College Dublin (1970–72). He went on to study German and English at the Polytechnic of North London, spending a year at the University of Freiburg, before graduating with a BA Honours degree in 1978.
He met Rosemary Barber in 1972. They married in 1979. Two offspring – daughter Nico and son Malvin – were produced before the couple went their separate ways in the early 21st century. Having lived in London for many years until 2001, Sweeney separated from Rosemary and went to live in Timișoara (Romania) and Berlin (Germany). In 2007, he met his partner, Mary Noonan, and in early 2008 he moved to Cork to live with her there.
Work
Sweeney produced numerous collections of poetry for which he won several awards. His novels for children include The Snow Vulture (1992) and Fox (2002). He authored a satirical thriller, co-written with John Hartley Williams, and entitled Death Comes for the Poets (2012).
Bill Swainson, Sweeney's editor at Allison and Busby in the 1980s, recalls: "As well as writing his own poetry, Matthew was a great encourager of poetry in others. The workshops he animated, and later the residencies he undertook, were famous for their geniality and seriousness and fun. Sometime in the late 1980s I attended one of these workshops in an upstairs room of a pub in Lamb's Conduit Street, Bloomsbury, where the poems were circulated anonymously and carefully read and commented on by all. Around the pushed-together tables were Ruth Padel, Eva Salzman, Don Paterson, Maurice Riordan, Jo Shapcott, Lavinia Greenlaw, Michael Donaghy, Maura Dooley and Tim Dooley." Sweeney later had residencies at the University of East Anglia and London's Southbank Centre, among many others. He read at three Rotterdam Poetry Festivals, in 1998, 2003 and 2009.
His final year saw the publication of two new collections: My Life As A Painter (Bloodaxe Books) and King of a Rainy Country (Arc Publications), inspired by Baudelaire's posthumously published Petits poèmes en prose. Having been diagnosed with motor neuron disease the previous year (a fate that had earlier befallen a sister of his), Sweeney died aged 65 at Cork University Hospital on 5 August 2018, surrounded by family and friends. He had continued writing up until three days before he died. In an interview shortly before his death he was quizzed on his legacy, to which he gave the response: "Mostly what awaits the poet is posthumous oblivion. Maybe there will be a young man in Hamburg, or Munich, or possibly Vienna, for whom my German translations will be for a while important – and might just contribute to him becoming a German language poet with Irish leanings." Among those attending a special ceremony on 8 August 2018 at the Triskel Arts Centre in Cork city to celebrate Sweeney's life were fellow poets Jo Shapcott, Thomas McCarthy, Gerry Murphy, Maurice Riordan and Padraig Rooney. On 9 August 2018, Sweeney was buried in Clonmany New Cemetery in County Donegal.
Awards
1984: New Statesman Prudence Farmer Award
1987: Cholmondeley Award
1999: Arts Council Writers' Award
2001: Arts Council of Ireland Writers' bursary
2007: T. S. Eliot Prize (shortlist)
2008: Poetry Now Award (shortlist) for his collection Black Moon
2011: The Steven Kings Award
2012: Maria Elsa Authors and Poets Award
2014: Piggot Poetry Prize (for Horse Music)
Elected a member of Aosdána
Works
Poetry
(Canadian edition, A Picnic on Ice, Signal Editions, Véhicule Press, 2002)
King of a Rainy Country, Arc Publications, September 2018
Contributor to A New Divan: A Lyrical Dialogue Between East and West, Gingko Library, 2019.
Editor
(with Jo Shapcott)
(with Ken Smith and Felix Post)
Novel
Satirical crime novel, co-written with John Hartley Williams
Criticism
With John Hartley Williams
See also
List of University of Freiburg people
References
External links
Official website
Ireland – Matthew Sweeney at Poetry International Web (with poem audio files)
Matthew Sweeney at the Poetry Archive
Some Sweeney poems at Blackbox Manifold, Issue: No. 2 (January 2009)
Review of The Night Post.
Sheridan, Colette. "Matthew Sweeney: 'I prefer not to dwell on my inevitable demise'" (interview), Irish Examiner, 23 April 2018.
1952 births
2018 deaths
Alumni of University College Dublin
Alumni of the University of North London
Aosdána members
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Neurological disease deaths in the Republic of Ireland
Irish children's writers
Irish male poets
People from Lifford
University of Freiburg alumni
20th-century Irish poets
20th-century Irish male writers
21st-century Irish poets
21st-century Irish male writers |
17329906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20NHK%20Trophy | 1996 NHK Trophy | The 1996 NHK Trophy was the fifth event of six in the 1996–97 ISU Champions Series, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held in Osaka on December 5–8. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 1996–97 Champions Series Final.
Competition notes
Midori Ito was expected to compete, but withdrew before the competition when she retired from competitive figure skating and just skated in the Exhibition.
Results
Men
Ladies
Pairs
Ice dancing
References
External links
1996 NHK Trophy
Nhk Trophy, 1996
NHK Trophy |
23572280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulga%20Coal | Bulga Coal | Bulga Coal Pty Limited is a coal-mining company based in Singleton, New South Wales, Australia. The company operates two mines Bulga Surface Operations and Beltana Longwall Mining which form the Bulga Coal Complex. The company is a joint venture between Oakbridge Pty Ltd and Nippon Oil Australia Pty Ltd. Bulga Coal currently produces approx 16 million tonnes of coal per year
Company Ownership
Bulga Coal is a joint venture between Oakbridge Pty Limited and Nippon Oil Australia Pty Limited.
Oakbridge Pty Ltd, previously an Australia Public Company listed on the ASX, is currently majority owned by global mining giant Glencore (through its subsidiary Enex Oakbridge Pty Ltd), with a 78% stake hold, with the other stakeholders being Toyota Tsusho Corporation (through Tomen Corporation), JFE SHOJI Trade Corporation, putting the total stake of Glencore in Bulga Coal Pty Ltd at 68.25%
Links to Glencore
The mine is managed by Glencore Coal Assets, Australia
The Bulga Coal complex site is also the headquarters of Glencore Coal NSW (Xstrata Coal's largest operating division) as part of the mine site.
History
The Bulga Coal Complex was originally started by BHP Limited as the Saxonvale Mine in 1982. It was later brought by Elders Resources in 1988, and then sold to Oakbridge Limited in 1989. Shortly after Oakbridge Limited purchased the complex, Japan's Nippon Oil bought part of the mine and renamed it Bulga Coal. Glencore (through Enex Resources Limited) bought a stake in the mine 2000. Glencore's stake was purchased by Xstrata plc when it floated on the LSE.
References
Coal companies of Australia
Coal mines in New South Wales
Xstrata
Singleton Council
Energy companies established in 1982
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1982
1982 establishments in Australia |
17329930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roneat%20thung | Roneat thung | The roneat thung or roneat thum () is a low-pitched xylophone used in the Khmer classical music of Cambodia. It is built in the shape of a curved, rectangular shaped boat. This instrument plays an important part in the Pinpeat ensemble. The roneat Thung is placed on the left of the roneat ek, a higher-pitched xylophone. The Roneat Thung is analogous to the ranat thum of Thai.
Etymology
Roneat means xylophone where thung literally mean [wooden] container in Khmer. This may derived from the shape of this type of xylophone which shaped like a rectangular wooden container.
Terry E. Miller and Sean Williams in their book The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music, Roneat Thung is better called Roneat thomm/ thum which literally means "large xylophone". This name may designates the fact that roneat thum's resonator and note bars are larger and longer than those of roneat ek.
History
Roneat Thung, the sister musical instrument of Roneat Ek, was already established itself as a member of the Pinpeat orchestra since before the Angkor period.
According to another source, Cambodian Roneat genres were derived from the Javanese gamelan musical instruments which influenced the Khmer musical instrument in the early Angkorian period which spread from Kampuchea further northwest to Myanmar. Specifically, Roneat Thung is identical to the Indonesian and Malay gambang kayu.
Throughout the history of Cambodian music, especially in the post-Angkorian period, Roneat thung usually appears in various mural paintings along with Roneat ek and always represent in the Pinpeat or Mahori orchestra.
Structure
The shape of Roneat Thung is thought to be modeled from a riverboat as Roneat Ek as well.
Roneat thung's rectangular trough-resonator measures about 50 inches long supported by four short legs. While the end-pieces of the roneat aek and the roneat daek are flat and straight, the roneat thung end-pieces are curved slightly outward. The roneat thung has sixteen bamboo or wooden bars, measuring about 18.75 inches (low pitch) to 15.25 inches (high pitch) in length. The width of the bars (low and high) is approximately 2.5 inches and the thickness of both is about 0.75 inch. As the materials, which are used to make the bars, are the same as the roneat aek, the same tuning blobs are also utilized. Like the roneat aek, the roneat thung bars are suspended with two cords running through holes in each bar and placed on two hooks at each of the two curved end-pieces that are connected to the resonator.
Only soft mallets are used to play the roneat thung, either indoor or outdoor. While the mallet handles of the roneat thung are about the same length as those of the roneat aek, their disc are larger and thicker. Each measure approximately 1.75 inches in diameter and about 1.5 inches in thickness. The range of the roneat thung overlaps that of the roneat aek, one octave lower. Due to its stylistic playing, the sixteen bars cover a range of music of over two octaves, a range that is wider than that of the roneat aek. The role assigned to the roneat thung is to counter the melody. The roneat thung plays a line almost identical to that of the korng thomm, except in a lak (vivacious, funny, comic) fashion.
Significance
Roneat Thung has significant function in Khmer traditional orchestra both Pinpeat and Mohaori. But the Roneat Thung used in Mahori has to have higher sound (one sound) than the Roneat Thung used in Pinpeat starting from the first bar note.
According to Cambodian traditional musicians, roneat thung has the same representation as Roneat Ek. Roneat Ek represents female naga or dragon where roneat thung itself represents male naga in which both nagas has to be next to one another or pairing as accompanied in Khmer traditional orchestras.
See also
Mohaori
Roneat ek
Roneat dek
Music of Cambodia
Traditional Cambodian instruments
References
External links
UNESCO document, Traditional Musical Instruments of Cambodia. PDF.
Keyboard percussion instruments
Cambodian musical instruments |
23572284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Wallop | Robert Wallop | Robert Wallop (20 July 1601 – 19 November 1667) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times from 1621 to 1660. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War and was one of the regicides of King Charles I of England.
Early life
Wallop was the only son of Sir Henry Wallop of Farleigh Wallop, Hampshire, and his wife, Elizabeth Corbet, daughter of Robert Corbet of Moreton Corbet, Shropshire.
Career
Wallop held demesne lands in both Hampshire and Shropshire, including a manor called "Fitch" which has not been identified by historians, but was potentially located in Shropshire.
In 1621, Wallop was elected Member of Parliament for Andover and re-elected in 1624. In 1625, he was elected MP for Hampshire and re-elected in 1626. He was elected MP for Andover again in 1628 and sat until 1629, when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years.
Wallop refused to contribute towards the Bishops' War of 1639–40 out of antipathy to the king. In April 1640, he was elected MP for Andover for the Short Parliament and was re-elected for the Long Parliament in November 1640.
He supported parliament in the Civil War, joining in all the subsequent votes against the king. Nevertheless, the king had such confidence in Wallop's honour that in 1645 he said to Parliament he should be willing to put the militia into Wallop's hands with many noblemen and others upon such terms as his commissioners at Uxbridge had agreed upon; however, this proposal was rejected. Wallop survived Pride's Purge to sit in the Rump Parliament and was named by the army grandees as one of the 59 commissioners who sat in judgement at the trial of Charles I. He attended the trial and sat in the Painted Chamber 15 and 22 January and in Westminster Hall 22 and 23 January, but he did not sign the death warrant.
Under the Commonwealth, Wallop was elected one of the Council of State in 1649 and 1650; however, he submitted to Cromwell's government with very great reluctance, having a determined preference for a republic. He was willing to work against the Cromwellian interest to restore his preferred parliament as a proof of his sentiments and courage. For example, when Cromwell wished to form the First Protectorate Parliament to help in the government of the Protectorate, Cromwell wished to keep Sir Henry Vane out of the parliament. He prevented Vane being returned at Kingston upon Hull and Bristol, though it was said Vane had the majority of votes in those two cities. Wallop supported Vane and used his influence to have Vane chosen by the borough of Whitchurch, Hampshire, which so enraged the Cromwellian faction that they sent a menacing letter to Wallop which was signed by most of the justices of the peace for the county. The letter stated that if Wallop continued to support Vane, they would oppose Wallop's attempt to become an MP. Wallop ignored them, assisted Vane and was elected MP for Hampshire in 1654 in spite of the opposition of the justices of the peace. Wallop was re-elected in 1656 and 1659.
After the fall of the Cromwellian interest, Wallop showed his sincere zeal for the Long Parliament as the support of the republic, and they procured him a seat in 1659 in their council of state. In the following December, having assisted with others in securing Portsmouth, he received their thanks for the good and important services he had rendered them. In April 1660, he was elected MP for Whitchurch in the Convention Parliament, but did not take part in its proceedings and was disabled from sitting on 11 June.
At the restoration of the monarchy, Wallop was excepted from receiving any benefit of his estate under the Act of Indemnity and subjected to further punishment. He was brought up to the bar of the House of Commons with Lord Monson and Sir Henry Mildmay. After being required to confess his guilt, he was sentenced to be degraded from his gentility, drawn upon a sledge to and under the gallows at Tyburn with a halter around his neck and to be imprisoned for life. This sentence was solemnly executed upon him on 30 January 1662, which was the anniversary of the king's execution. He died on 19 November 1667 and his body was sent to Farleigh Wallop to be interred with his ancestors.
Family life
Wallop married Ann Wriothesley, daughter of Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, by whom he had a son, Henry Wallop, his only child. Henry, through the interest of the then Lord High Treasurer, his maternal uncle Thomas Wriothesley, was permitted to enjoy those estates which his father's treason had forfeited. The biographer Mark Noble suggests that it was most probable on account of his family connection to Wallop that Thomas Wriothesley was so extremely strenuous in favour of those regicides who had surrendered.
Henry married Dorothy Bluet, youngest daughter of John Bluet, and had four sons: Robert, who died in his father's lifetime; Henry, who became heir to his father, but died unmarried; John, who next enjoyed the estate; and Charles, who died unmarried before his father. On 11 June 1720, King George I created Wallop's grandson, John, who became heir to the great estates of the family, Baron Wallop of Farley Wallop and Viscount Lymington, both in the county of Southampton.
References
Attribution
1601 births
1667 deaths
Regicides of Charles I
English MPs 1621–1622
English MPs 1624–1625
English MPs 1625
English MPs 1626
English MPs 1628–1629
English MPs 1640 (April)
English MPs 1640–1648
English MPs 1654–1655
English MPs 1656–1658
English MPs 1659
English MPs 1660
Prisoners in the Tower of London
Robert
English politicians convicted of crimes |
23572297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20cricket%20team%20in%20the%20Netherlands%20in%202009 | Canadian cricket team in the Netherlands in 2009 | The Canadian cricket team toured the Netherlands in 2009. They played two One Day Internationals and an Intercontinental Cup match against the Netherlands.
Intercontinental Cup match
ODI series
1st ODI
2nd ODI
2009 in cricket
2009 in Dutch sport
International cricket competitions in 2009
Canadian cricket tours abroad
International cricket tours of the Netherlands
Canada–Netherlands relations |
20464949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Argentine%20legislative%20election | 2009 Argentine legislative election | Legislative elections were held in Argentina for half the seats in the Chamber of Deputies and a third (24) of the seats in the Senate on 28 June 2009, as well as for the legislature of the City of Buenos Aires and other municipalities.
Background
The elections were due to have been held on 25 October 2009. In March 2009, the Mayor of Buenos Aires, Mauricio Macri, moved to bring forward the date of elections to the Buenos Aires City Legislature to June 28, saying that it would increase transparency and democratic quality. Opposition figures criticised the decision, suggesting Macri was attempting to consolidate his power in the city, and building the career of his deputy, Gabriela Michetti, expected to head the list for Macri's coalition in the election. Similar changes to the election date had been introduced in the provinces of Santa Fe and Catamarca (March 2009).
Despite the criticism by politicians from Government ranks that Macri had abused the process by unilaterally changing the election date, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner announced that she too would be introducing legislation to move the date of national elections forward by four months, to June 28. Despite great debate and the defections of some Peronist legislators, the proposal passed its Congressional stages quickly and the date was successfully changed. The Government claimed it would allow politicians to leave behind campaigning priorities and focus on tackling the ongoing local effect of the international financial crisis. Equally controversial was a decision by Front for Victory leader Néstor Kirchner (the current President's husband and predecessor) to advance stand-in candidates - prominent local lawmakers (notably Buenos Aires Province Governor Daniel Scioli, as well as 15 Greater Buenos Aires-area mayors) who, after the election, would be likely to cede their new seats to down-ticket names.
The elections resulted in a setback for the governing, center-left Front for Victory and its allies, which lost their absolute majorities in both houses of Congress. Former President Néstor Kirchner stood as head of his party list in the important Buenos Aires Province. Kirchner's list was defeated, however, by the center-right Republican Proposal (PRO) list headed by businessman Francisco de Narváez; the loss in Buenos Aires Province, though narrow, is significant as the province has been considered a Peronist stronghold and had helped maintain Kirchnerism as the dominant force in Argentine politics since 2003. Buenos Aires Vice Mayor Gabriela Michetti stood as head of the PRO list for the Lower House, and defeated four other prominent parties; the evening's surprise in Buenos Aires, however, was that of filmmaker Fernando Solanas' left-wing Proyecto Sur, which obtained second place.
The Kirchners' leading opposition on the center-left, the Civic Coalition, also made significant gains – particularly in the Senate, where they gained 7 seats. The Front for Victory had already lost 16 Lower House members and 4 Senators on the heels of the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector over a proposed rise in export tariffs. The crisis was defused by Vice President Julio Cobos' surprise, tie-breaking vote against them on July 16, 2008; but fallout from the controversy led to the President's distancing from Cobos (who successfully supported his own party list in his native Mendoza Province), a sharp drop in presidential approval ratings, and the aforementioned congressional defections. One especially successful ex-Kirchnerist was Santa Fe Province Senator Carlos Reutemann, who after the agrarian conflict formed Santa Fe Federal. His new party narrowly bested local Socialist Party leader Rubén Giustiniani, who would garner one of Santa Fe's three Senate seats. The Front for Victory retained a plurality in both houses, however (they will, with two allies, be one seat short of an absolute majority in the Senate).
Results
Chamber of Deputies
Results by province
Senate
Results by province
References
External links
2009 elections in Argentina
Elections in Argentina
Presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner |
23572307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy%20Trinity%20Church%2C%20Yerevan | Holy Trinity Church, Yerevan | Holy Trinity Church ( Surp Yerrordut'yun Yekeghets'i) is an Armenian Apostolic Church constructed in 2003 in the Malatia-Sebastia District of Yerevan, Armenia. It is modeled after the 7th century Zvartnots Cathedral.
The construction works of the church planned to be built on the South-Western District of Yerevan started in March 2001. The Church was built according to the project of architect Baghdasar Arzoumanian with the sponsorship of American Armenian national benefactor Mrs. Louise Simone Manoogian. On November 9, 2004, Karekin II, Catholicos of All Armenians, presided over the ceremony of consecration of the crosses of the Church of Holy Trinity. The Church of Holy Trinity was consecrated by Karekin II on November 20, 2005.
Gallery
External links
Holy Trinity Church - Araratian Diocese
About the Holy Trinity Church in Yerevan
Armenian Apostolic church buildings in Yerevan
Churches completed in 2003 |
23572320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planera | Planera | Planera is a genus of flowering plants with a single species, Planera aquatica, the planertree or water elm. Found in the southeastern United States, it is a small deciduous tree 10–15 m tall, closely related to the elms but with a softly, prickly nut 10–15 mm diameter, instead of a winged seed. It grows, as the name suggests, on wet sites. Despite its common English name, this species is not a true elm, although it is a close relative of the elms (species of the genus Ulmus). It is also subject to Dutch elm disease, a disease which affects only members of the Ulmaceae. It is native to most of the southeast United States. It is hardy down to Zone 7.
Water Elm
Description
Leaves: alternate, 3–7 cm long, with irregularly serrated to double serrated margins. Leaf base wedge-shaped or rounded. Leaf base often equal and symmetrical, but can be asymmetrical. Thin pubescent hair is often present on underside of leaf.
Bark: gray-brown, thin, some flaky loose scales. Exfoliates to reveal red-brown area under bark.
Fruit: a drupe. Has a green shell that turns brown with age. Matures April - May.
Distinguishing Characteristics
While often confused with true elms, it can be easily distinguished by noticing the fruit are drupes and not samaras. When fruit are not in season, the flaky bark is unique to water elm and not characteristic of true elms.
May also be confused with Celtis (hackberries), but hackberry leaves have pronounced lower lateral veins not found on water elm.
Ecology
Typically found on alluvial floodplains subjected to seasonal or temporary flooding. Often found in swamps, streams, lakes, or in riparian areas. Has some wildlife value, food for bees and some bird species. Prefers sandy or gravelly, moist soils.
Classified as an obligate wetland plant (OBL).
References
Ulmaceae
Monotypic Rosales genera
Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin |
23572344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%20Aage%20Brandt | Per Aage Brandt | Per Aage Brandt (; 26 April 1944 – 11 November 2021) was a Danish writer, poet, linguist and musician, born in Buenos Aires. He got his Master of Arts in Romance Philology from the University of Copenhagen (1971) & held a Doctorate of Semiotics from the Sorbonne University (1987).
Brandt published a large number of books on the subjects of semiotics, linguistics, culture, and music as well as poetry.
He made his debut as a poet in 1969 with the poetry collection Poesi and has since then written several poetry collections and essays. He has translated Molière and Marquis de Sade, amongst others, and in 2000 he translated (or "re-wrote" in Danish) the poetry collection Cantabile by Henrik, the prince consort of Denmark. Some of his translations were subsequently set to music in Frederik Magle's symphonic suite Cantabile.
Bibliography
La Charpente modale du sens, John Benjamins, Amsterdam 1992.
Dynamiques du sens, Aarhus University Press 1994.
Morphologies of Meaning, Aarhus University Press 1995.
Det menneskeligt virkelige, Politisk Revys Forlag, Copenhagen 2002
Spaces, Domains, and Meaning, Peter Lang, Bern 2004
References
Kraks Blå Bog (2008/09), 1279 pages,
https://www.storyvillerecords.com/products/cry-1018443
External links
1944 births
2021 deaths
University of Copenhagen alumni
University of Paris alumni
Danish male poets
Linguists from Denmark
Danish semioticians
20th-century Danish poets
20th-century Danish translators
20th-century Danish male writers
Danish expatriates in Argentina
Danish expatriates in France
People from Buenos Aires |
20464954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute%20Song%20%28musical%29 | Lute Song (musical) | Lute Song is a 1946 American musical with a book by Sidney Howard and Will Irwin, music by Raymond Scott, and lyrics by Bernard Hanighen. It is based on the 14th-century Chinese play Tale of the Pipa (Pi-Pa-Ji) by Gao Ming. Though not a great success, the show is significant for Mary Martin's meeting of then-unknown cast member Yul Brynner, whom she later recommended to her friends Rodgers and Hammerstein for the role of the Siamese monarch in the classic The King and I, which premiered on Broadway in 1951. It was also the only Broadway appearance of future U.S. First Lady Nancy Reagan.
Development
Cyril Birch, collaborator in a translation of The Peach Blossom Fan, wrote that presumably the basis of the American play was the 1846 Antoine (A. P. L.) Bazin French translation of the Chinese play Tale of the Pipa.
Plot
The plot focuses on Tsai-Yong (Cai Yong), a young student who leaves his wife Tchao-Ou-Niang and parents to make a name for himself. He becomes a notable magistrate, but when he marries Princess Nieou-Chi, he is forbidden by her father to contact his family. His impoverished parents die of starvation during a famine, and Tchao-Ou-Niang is forced to sell her hair to pay for their funeral. She ultimately is reunited with her husband by Nieou-Chi, and is welcomed to the palace as his #1 wife.
Unlike the original work, Tsai-Yong has to decide between love and filial piety. Ultimately Tsai-Yong and Tchao-Ou-Niang are united.
Production
The Broadway production was directed by John Houseman and was produced by Michael Meyerberg. It opened at the Plymouth Theatre on February 6, 1946 and closed on June 8 of the same year after running for 142 performances. Scenic, costume, and lighting design were by Robert Edmond Jones.
The cast included Yul Brynner as Tsai-Yong, Mary Martin as Tchao-Ou-Niang, Mildred Dunnock and Augustin Duncan as the parents, and Helen Craig as Nieou-Chi. Appearing as Si-Tchun, a Lady-in-Waiting, was Nancy Davis, making her first and only Broadway appearance.
A London production opened at the Winter Garden on October 11, 1948, produced by Albert de Courville and starring Brynner and Dolly Haas.
One factor in the change to the ending was the efforts of Mary Martin and her husband Richard Halliday, who acted as her manager, because of the belief that "'sharing a man was unworthy of a star of Mary's magnitude'".
Song list
Act 1
Mountain High, Valley Low ..... Tchao-Ou-Niang and Tsai-Yong
Monkey See, Monkey Do ..... Tchao-Ou-Niang
Where You Are ..... Tchao-Ou-Niang
Act 2
Willow Tree ..... Tsai-Yong
Vision Song ..... Tchao-Ou-Niang and Tsai-Yong
Bitter Harvest ..... Tchao-Ou-Niang
Act 3
Mountain High, Valley Low (Reprise) ..... Tchao-Ou-Niang
Lute Song ..... Tchao-Ou-Niang
Decca Records released an album containing six tracks - four vocals by Martin and two instrumentals - on three 78 RPM records.
Critical reception
Time called it "the season's loveliest production and most charming failure [that] never quite catches the inner glow of art or the outward stir of theater." It continued, "There should have been either less spectacle or less story. As it is, the old tale is retold at considerable length, but loses much of its flow and human feeling through gorgeous interruptions and sumptuous distractions. What's more, neither the writing nor the acting has quite the stylized quality it reaches after."
References
Birch, Cyril. "Introduction: The Peach Blossom Fan as Southern Drama." In: K'ung, Shang-jen. Translators: Chen, Shih-hsiang and Harold Acton. Collaborator: Birch, Cyril. The Peach Blossom Fan (T'ao-hua-shan). University of California Press, 1976. .
Clausen, Søren, Roy Starrs, and Anne Wedell-Wedellsborg. Cultural encounters: China, Japan, and the West : essays commemorating 25 years of East Asian studies at the University of Aarhus. Aarhus University Press, 1995. , 9788772884974.
Notes
External links
Lute Song at Internet Broadway Database
1946 musicals
Broadway musicals
Musicals based on plays
Works based on Chinese classics |
23572355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer%20Sleight | Elmer Sleight | Elmer Noble "Red" Sleight (1907 - August 9, 1978) was an All-American football player.
Sleight was born in 1907 in Morris, Illinois, and attended Morris High School.
He played at the tackle position for the Purdue University Boilermakers from 1927 to 1929. He was a consensus first-team player on the 1929 All-America college football team, receiving first-team honors from the Associated Press, Collier's Weekly, International News Service an All-America Board. He also received the Western Conference medal for proficiency in scholarship and athletics and was one of 11 All-American football players to appear in the 1930 film "Maybe It's Love".
He played professionally for the Green Bay Packers in 1930 and 1931. He appeared in 26 NFL games for the Packers, 19 of them as a starter.
After his playing career ended, Sleight held assistant coaching positions at Missouri and then Lehigh. He later went into marketing in Chicago. He moved to Naples, Florida, after retiring. He died in Naples in 1978 at age 71.
References
All-American college football players
American football tackles
Purdue Boilermakers football players
Green Bay Packers players
People from Sisseton, South Dakota
Players of American football from South Dakota
1907 births
1978 deaths |
23572360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATCvet%20code%20QI05 | ATCvet code QI05 |
QI05A Horse
QI05AA Inactivated viral vaccines
QI05AA01 Equine influenza virus
QI05AA03 Equine rhinopneumonitis virus + equine reovirus + equine influenza virus
QI05AA04 Equine rhinopneumonitis virus + equine influenza virus
QI05AA05 Equine rhinopneumonitis virus
QI05AA06 Equine reovirus
QI05AA07 Equine arteritis virus
QI05AA08 Equine parapox virus
QI05AA09 Equine rotavirus
QI05AA10 West nile virus
QI05AA11 Equine rhinopneumonitis virus + equine abortion virus
QI05AB Inactivated bacterial vaccines (including mycoplasma, toxoid and chlamydia)
QI05AB01 Streptococcus
QI05AB02 Actinobacillus + escherichia + salmonella + streptococcus
QI05AB03 Clostridium
QI05AC Inactivated bacterial vaccines and antisera
Empty group
QI05AD Live viral vaccines
QI05AD01 Equine rhinopneumonitis virus
QI05AD02 Equine influenza virus
QI05AE Live bacterial vaccines
Empty group
QI05AF Live bacterial and viral vaccines
Empty group
QI05AG Live and inactivated bacterial vaccines
Empty group
QI05AH Live and inactivated viral vaccines
Empty group
QI05AI Live viral and inactivated bacterial vaccines
QI05AI01 Equine influenza virus + clostridium
QI05AJ Live and inactivated viral and bacterial vaccines
Empty group
QI05AK Inactivated viral and live bacterial vaccines
Empty group
QI05AL Inactivated viral and inactivated bacterial vaccines
QI05AL01 Equine influenza virus + clostridium
QI05AM Antisera, immunoglobulin preparations, and antitoxins
QI05AM01 Clostridium antiserum
QI05AM02 Antilipopolysacharide antiserum
QI05AM03 Actinobacillus antiserum + escherichia antiserum + salmonella antiserum + streptococcus antiserum
QI05AN Live parasitic vaccines
Empty group
QI05AO Inactivated parasitic vaccines
Empty group
QI05AP Live fungal vaccines
QI05AP01 Trichophyton
QI05AQ Inactivated fungal vaccines
QI05AQ01 Trichophyton
QI05AQ02 Trichophyton + microsporum
QI05AR In vivo diagnostic preparations
QI05AR01 Mallein
QI05AS Allergens
Empty group
QI05AT Colostrum preparations and substitutes
Empty group
QI05AU Other live vaccines
Empty group
QI05AV Other inactivated vaccines
Empty group
QI05AX Other immunologicals
QI05AX01 Parapox ovis virus, inactivated
QI05AX02 Propionibacterium acnes, inactivated
QI05B Azinine/donkey
Empty group
QI05C Hybride
Empty group
QI05X Equidae, others
Empty group
References
I05 |
17329949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon.
History
World War II
Training in the United States
The squadron was first organized as the 393d Fighter Squadron at Hamilton Field, California, on 15 July 1943, as one of the original squadrons of the 367th Fighter Group. Several members of its initial cadre were former Flying Tigers with prior combat experience. It was not until late August, however, that the group received its first Bell P-39 Airacobra. After building up its strength, the squadron moved in October to Santa Rosa Army Air Field, California. In December group headquarters and the squadron moved to Oakland Municipal Airport, while the other squadrons of the group were at other locations in northern California. The squadron moved temporarily to Tonopah Army Air Field, Nevada, where it performed dive bombing and gunnery training. Training accidents with the Bell P-39 Airacobra cost several pilots their lives. In January 1944, as it prepared for overseas movement, the 393d was beefed up with personnel from the 328th and 368th Fighter Groups. The squadron staged through Camp Shanks, and sailed for England aboard the . The "Drunken Duchess" docked at Greenock, Scotland on 3 April and the group was transported by train to its airfield at RAF Stoney Cross, England.
P-38 transition and combat operations from England
Having trained on single engine aircraft, the squadrons's pilots were surprised to find Lockheed P-38 Lightnings sitting on Stoney Cross's dispersal pads. Only members of the advance party had any experience flying the Lightning. These pilots had flown combat sorties with the 55th Fighter Group. The change from single engine to twin engine aircraft required considerable retraining for both pilots and ground crew. Although some pilots entered combat with as little as eight hours of flying time on the P-38, in late April the squadron was reinforced by pilots who had trained on the Lightning in the States and were more experienced on the type. However, the lack of instrument training in the P-38 took its toll on the 393d as weather, not enemy action, caused the loss of pilots and airplanes.
On 9 May, the squadron flew its first combat mission, a fighter sweep over Alençon. For the remainer of the month, the unit flew fighter sweeps, bomber escort and dive bombing, missions and suffered its first combat losses.
On D-Day and the next three days the squadron flew missions maintaining air cover over shipping carrying invasion troops. These missions continued for the next three days. The 393d and other P-38 units stationed in England were selected for these missions with the expectation that the distinctive silhouette of the Lightning would prevent potential friendly fire incidents by anti-aircraft gunners mistaking them for enemy fighters. Shortly after the Normandy invasion, on 12 June, the 367th Group was selected to test the ability of the P-38 to carry a 2,000 lb bomb under each wing. The selected target was a railroad yard, and results were mixed. However, on this mission, the squadron scored its first air-to-air victory when Lts James Pinkerton and James Mason teamed up to shoot down a Messerschmitt Me 410 flying near the assigned target.
By mid June German ground forces had withdrawn to defend a perimeter around Cherbourg Harbour, a major port whose capture had become more important to the allies with the destruction of Mulberry A, one of the artificial harbors constructed near the Normandy beachhead. An attack by VII Corps on 22 June was to be preceded by low level bombing and strafing attack by IX Fighter Command. Briefed by intelligence to expect a "milk run" The 394th flew at low altitude through what turned out to be a heavily defended area. Within two to three minutes after beginning the attack the squadron lost five pilots. Seven group pilots were killed in action. Nearly all surviving aircraft received battle damage and the entire 367th Group was out of action for several days.
Ninth Air Force moved its medium bomber forces to bases closer to the Continent in July, so they would be able to strike targets near the expanding front in France. The 387th Bombardment Group was moved to Stoney Cross, forcing the 394th to vacate their station and move the short distance to RAF Ibsley. From Ibsley the group struck railroads, marshaling yards, and trains to prevent enemy reinforcements from reaching the front during Operation Cobra, the Allied breakthrough at Saint-Lô in July 1944.
Operations on the European Continent
Starting on 19 July, the 367th Group's forward echelon crossed the English Channel to take up stations in Normandy. Group headquarters shared Beuzeville Airfield with the 371st Fighter Group, while the 393d Squadron was at Cricqueville Airfield, advanced landing grounds made from pierced steel planking. After the breakout of ground forces in the Saint-Lô area, the squadron concentrated on close air support of General Patton's Third Army. In late August, the squadron attacked German Seventh Army convoys which, to prevent being surrounded, were withdrawing eastward from the Falaise pocket. Five convoys and 100 Tiger Tanks were destroyed on one day.
On 22 August the group attacked three Luftwaffe airfields near Laon. The 392d Fighter Squadron dive bombed and destroyed two hangars on one airfield but were jumped by twelve Focke-Wulf Fw 190s as they completed their attack. Eighteen Messerschmitt Me 109s and Fw 190s engaged the 393d as it reformed from its dive bomb run. After bombing its target, the 394th Fighter Squadron turned to reinforce the 392d. The squadrons of the 367th Group claimed fourteen enemy aircraft in total against a loss of one Lightning.
The 393d received a Distinguished Unit Citation when it returned to the Laon area three days later. That day, the 367th Group attacked Luftwaffe airfields at Clastres, Péronne and Rosières-en-Haye through an intense flak barrage. The group then engaged more than thirty Focke-Wulf 190 fighters that had just taken off. Group claims were 25 enemy aircraft destroyed, one probably destroyed and 17 damaged against the loss of 6 group aircraft. Then, despite a low fuel supply, the unit strafed a train and convoy after leaving the scene of battle. Captain Larry Blumer of the 393d destroyed five enemy aircraft becoming an ace on one mission. In the afternoon the squadron conducted a long range fighter sweep of more than 800 miles to airfields in the Dijon-Bordeaux area.
As Allied forces moved forward across France the squadron began leap-frogging to new bases. In early September they relocated at Peray Airfield, but moved again a week later to Clastres Airfield. From Clastres The 393d supported Operation Market-Garden by escorting troop carrier aircraft and attacking flak positions. For its attacks that fall, the squadron was cited in the Order of the Day by the Belgium Army.
In late October, as Ninth Air Force brought its medium bombers to bases in France, the 393d was bumped from its station for the second time by the 387th Bombardment Group, when it moved to Juvincourt Airfield, north of Reims. Juvincourt was a former Luftwaffe base with permanent facilities, in contrast to the advanced landing grounds where the squadron had been based since moving to France. The squadron attacked German strong points to aid the Allied push against the Siegfried Line throughout the fall of 1944.
The German Ardennes Offensive occurred as the holidays approached. A planned move to a field in Belgium was canceled. During the Battle of the Bulge, the 394th, after escorting C-47s on a resupply drop to encircled troops at Bastogne, conducted an armed reconnaissance of the Trier area. The group was engaged by Fw 190s and a 40-minute air battle ensued in which the group claimed eight destroyed, two probably destroyed and nine damaged.
Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt
Early in 1945 a desire to standardize the fighter-bombers in Ninth Air Force, the squadron transitioned into Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. Pilots flew Lightings on combat missions while training at the same time with the Thunderbolt. The 393d was the first squadron of the 367th Group to fly a combat missions with the P-47s. Using the Thunderbolt the squadron was again cited in a Belgium Army Order of the Day, earning the Belgian Fourragere.
The 393d received a second Distinguished Unit Citation for action on 19 March 1945. The 367th Group's target was the headquarters of Field Marshal Kesselring, the German Commander-ln-Chief, West, at Ziegenburg near Bad Nauheim, Germany. Aircraft of the leading 394th Fighter Squadron would attack at low level to achieve surprise, carrying a 1,000-pound bomb under each wing. The P-47s of the 392d Fighter Squadron would be similarly armed, but would dive bomb from a higher altitude. The bombs were equipped with time-delay fuses intended to crack the concrete roofs of the bunker. The 393d carried napalm intended to seep into the bunkers and burn what remained. The attack was scheduled for a time that intelligence reports indicated would find senior staff and commanders at lunch, the only time they would not be in the reinforced tunnels underneath the castle that housed the headquarters. The target was located in mountainous terrain well defended by antiaircraft artillery. Moreover, to avoid alerting the Germans to the pending attack, photographic reconnaissance aircraft had avoided the area, so detailed target photography was not available. The day of the attack the castle was concealed by ground haze which caused the 394th Fighter Squadron to stray off course at the last minute, preventing them from executing the attack as planned and reducing the element of surprise. Although senior German officers reached the underground bunkers and survived the attack, the group reduced the military complex to ruins, disrupting communications and the flow of intelligence at a critical time.
The squadron struck tanks, trucks, flak positions, and other objectives in support of the assault across the Rhine late in March and the final allied operations in Germany. It was commended by the commanding generals of XII Corps and the 11th Armored Division for the close air support the unit provided for their commands. On 10 April the squadron moved to Eschborn Airfield on the northwest side of Frankfurt, Germany. The 393d flew its last combat mission, a defensive patrol, one year after entering combat on 8 May. During its combat tour, the squadron was credited with 22.5 air-to-air victories over enemy aircraft.
Return to the United States and inactivation
All hostilities ceased the following day, exactly one year after the squadron became operational. On 4 June, the 367th Group led a flyby for General Weyland. On 1 July it was announced the 393d was to redeploy to the Pacific Theater after it was re-equipped with and trained with long range P-47Ns in preparation for Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan. The squadron moved to Camp Detroit in France then to a staging area near Marseille. Here it boarded two ships, the , and the . When Japan surrendered, the Morton was diverted to Newport News, Virginia, while the Ericcson sailed for Staten Island, New York. Following leave for everyone, the few personnel that remained in the squadron after transfers and discharges reassembled at Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina, on 2 November and the 393d was inactivated there on 7 November 1945.
Minnesota Air National Guard
The wartime 393d Fighter Squadron was redesignated the 179th Fighter Squadron and was allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Duluth Municipal Airport and was extended federal recognition on 17 September 1948. The squadron was equipped with North American F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the 133d Fighter Group at Wold-Chamberlain Field, Minneapolis.
Korean War activation
On 1 March 1951, the 179th was federalized and brought to active duty due to the Korean War. Shortly after activation it was redesignated the 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and became part of Air Defense Command. On active duty it assumed an air defense mission and initially remained assigned to the 133d Fighter-Interceptor Group at Duluth Municipal Airport. However, ADC experienced difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. As a result, in February 1952 the 133d Group was inactivated and the squadron was reassigned to the 31st Air Division. The squadron was inactivated and returned to the control of the State of Minnesota on 1 December 1952.
Cold War
The unit was organized by 1 January 1953 and ADC became its gaining command upon call to active duty. It resumed its peacetime training mission. The squadron upgraded in 1954 to the radar equipped Lockheed F-94 Starfire all-weather interceptor, armed with 20 millimeter cannon. With this new aircraft, the 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron became an all-weather interceptor unit. In 1957, the 179th again upgraded to the improved Northrop F-89C Scorpion then in 1959, the unit converted to the F-89J model of the Scorpion, which was not only equipped with data link for interception control through the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system, but which carried the nuclear armed AIR-2 Genie.
On 1 July 1960, the 179th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 148th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established along with supporting squadrons. The 179th became the new group's flying squadron. The other squadrons assigned to the group were the 148th Material Squadron, 148th Air Bse Squadron and the 148th USAF Dispensary. The same day, the squadron assumed a 24-hour air defense alert status at Duluth alongside the regular Air Force 11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.
In 1967, the supersonic Convair F-102A Delta Dagger replaced the squadron's F-89J. The McDonnell F-101B Voodoo came aboard in April 1971 and remained until January 1976 when the unit was redesignated, becoming the 179th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron with McDonnell Douglas RF-4C Phantom II Mach-2 unarmed reconnaissance aircraft. Its new mission entailed all weather, high or low altitude, day or night, reconnaissance. This mission also required the unit to have the capability to deploy to a wide variety of operating locations. The 179th TRS deployed seven RF-4Cs to Erding Air Base in West Germany between 3 and 23 August 1979 as part of Exercise Coronet Bridle.
In October 1983, the mission changed again and the 179th returned to air defense becoming the 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. The return to alert and air defense was accompanied by the McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II tactical fighter, most of the unit's aircraft being veterans of the Vietnam War. Between 1 March 1986 and 6 April 1987, three F-4Ds (65-0585, 65-0593 and 65-0648) from the 179th FIS were deployed to Ramstein Air Base, West Germany, alongside Phantoms of the 178th FIS and 194th FIS as part of Exercise Creek Klaxon, which saw the ANG units take QRA responsibilities while the 526th TFS converted to the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon.
Post-Cold War
On 10 March 1990, the 179th FIS received the first variants of the F-16A Fighting Falcon air defense fighter (ADF) to take over from the F-4D Phantom II. The early F-16 markings included "Duluth" on a tail stripe as well as an image of the Big Dipper. The last flight of a 179th FIS F-4D was under taken by 65-0608 on 17 April 1990. On 17 March 1992, the 179th was renamed the 179th Fighter Squadron. A few years later, in October 1995, the unit was tasked with maintaining a detachment (Detachment 1, 148th Fighter Wing), which maintained alert status at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida.
To fit the needs of a shrinking air force, the squadron dropped the air superiority role and became a general purpose tactical fighter squadron. Already proficient in the air-to-air mission, the 179th had to be brought up to speed with both using guided and unguided bombs. Live bombs were dropped for the first time in March 2000 during a training exercise. Due to the role change, the squadron's base facilities also had to be renovated.
On 11 September 2001, the squadron became very busy as a result of the attack on the two World Trade Center towers in New York City. As an immediate aftermath, the 148th was again tasked with air defense, providing combat air patrols over the capital and New York City, and with deploying personnel and aircraft back to its detached alert facility at Tyndall.
Towards the end of 2003 the Bulldogs began conversion to the F-16C/D block 25. Most F-16A/Bs were retired straight to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center. During the course of the conversion, Detachment 1 at Tyndall was discontinued. With the newer Fighting Falcons, the squadron began combat deployments, sometimes operating as an expeditionary fighter squadron. As part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 179th was one of the first F-16 units to be based in Balad Air Base, Iraq. The 179th deployed more than 200 personnel between April and June 2005. The squadron was tasked with both air-to-air and air-to-ground combat operations. Another deployment to Balad was set up between September and December 2008.
On 27 April 2010, the squadron began another conversion being the first Air National Guard unit to operate the block 50 F-16C/D when five aircraft arrived from Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany when 22d and 23d Fighter Squadrons at Spangdahlem were replaced by the 480th Fighter Squadron, with the surplus aircraft going to the 179th. The majority of the block 25s were sent to retirement at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona.
Between April and July 2016, the 179th deployed to Osan Air Base, South Korea, as the 179th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, being replaced by the 157th Fighter Squadron. The 179th EFS deployed to Southwest Asia as part of Operation Inherent Resolve between April and August 2018, flying nearly 3,500 hours across over 600 sorties. From 1 to 12 April 2019, the 179th FS deployed to Leeuwarden Air Base in the Netherlands to participate in Exercise Frisian Flag 2019.
Lineage
Constituted as the 393d Fighter Squadron on 26 May 1943
Activated on 15 July 1943
Inactivated on 7 November 1945
Redesignated 179th Fighter Squadron and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946
Extended federal recognition on 17 September 1948
Federalized and placed on active duty on 1 March 1951
Redesignated 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 23 March 1951
Inactivated and returned to Minnesota state control on 1 December 1952
Activated on 1 December 1952
Redesignated 179th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron on 10 January 1976
Redesignated 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 15 November 1983
Redesignated 179th Fighter Squadron on 17 March 1992
Assignments
367th Fighter Group, 15 July 1943 – 7 November 1945
133d Fighter Group (later 133d Fighter-Interceptor Group), 17 September 1948
31st Air Division, 6 February 1952
133d Fighter-Interceptor Group, 1 December 1952
133d Air Defense Wing, 1 April 1958
148th Fighter Group (later 148th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 148th Fighter-Interceptor Group, 148th Fighter Group), 1 July 1960
148th Operations Group, 11 October 1995 – Present
Stations
Hamilton Field, California, 15 July 1943
Santa Rosa Army Air Field, California, 11 October 1943
Oakland Municipal Airport, California, 10 December 1943 – 8 March 1944
RAF Stoney Cross (AAF-452), England, 5 April 1944
RAF Ibsley (AAF-347), England, 6 July 1944
Beuzeville Airfield (A-6), France, 22 July 1944
Cricqueville Airfield (A-2), France, 14 August 1944
Peray Airfield (A-44), France, 4 September 1944
Clastres Airfield (A-71), France, 8 September 1944
Juvincourt Airfield (A-68), France, 28 October 1944
St-Dizier Airfield (A-64), France, 1 February 1945
Conflans Airfield (A-94), France, 14 March 1945
Eschborn Airfield (Y-74), Germany, 20 April – July 1945
Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina, September-7 November 1945
Duluth Municipal Airport (later Duluth International Airport, Duluth Air National Guard Base), Minnesota, 17 September 1948 – present
Aircraft
Bell P-39 Airacobra, 1943–1944
Lockheed P-38 Lightning, 1944–1945
Republic P-47N Thunderbolt, 1945
North American F-51D Mustang, 1948–1954
Lockheed F-94B Starfire, 1954–1957
Northrop F-89C Scorpion, 1957–1959
Northrop F-89J Scorpion, 1959–1966
Convair F-102A Delta Dagger, 1966–1971
McDonnell F-101B Voodoo, 1971–1976
McDonnell Douglas RF-4C Phantom II, 1976–1983
McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II, 1983–17 April 1990
General Dynamics F-16A/B Fighting Falcon, 10 March 1990 – 2002
General Dynamics F-16C/D Fighting Falcon, 2002 – present
Awards
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
Winston P. Wilson Award (Outstanding Air National Guard All Weather Interceptor Unit): 1957
Ricks Trophy for excellence: 1967
First place in the William Tell Weapons Competition: 1970
Raytheon Trophy (formerly the Hughes Trophy) Best Fighter Unit in the United States Air Force: Four times, most recently 2009
See also
F-89 Scorpion units of the United States Air Force
F-94 Starfire units of the United States Air Force
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operators
List of United States Air Force fighter squadrons
List of United States Air National Guard Squadrons
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II non-U.S. operators
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard
Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force
Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War
Military units and formations in Minnesota
Military units and formations established in 1943 |
17329952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary%204%20U%20and%20Me | Hillary 4 U and Me | "Hillary 4 U And Me" is a music video inspired by the Hillary Clinton 2008 Democratic primaries campaign. The song was created by former Bitfone executive Gene Wang, and performed by Bill Hopkins Rockin’ Orchestra. The video posted on YouTube on September 28, 2007 and soon after spread through Internet blogs which mostly criticized it for being too sappy-sweet and contrived, as demonstrated by the sample lyric "This lady knows how to lead/In this president’s race she will succeed!". The sappy nature of the song made it a hit internet meme, drawing over 500,000 views. The song is also described as a kitschy yet catchy tribute to Senator Clinton. The video was so reviled that some conspiracy theorists even posited that the video may have been secretly created by supporters of primary opponent Barack Obama as a fake failed response to the Yes We Can video.
Gene Wang released another video on April 18, 2008, entitled “Hillary in the House”. This next video contains the lyrics, “for all y’all in the blogosphere who didn’t want to see ‘Hillary 4 U And Me’, we’re not giving in and Hillary is gonna’ win.”
Credits
Music, Recording, Producer: Gene Wang
Band: Bill Hopkins Rockin’ Orchestra
Video: Michael Fasman
Mixing and Mastering: Hal Ratliff
Dedicated to Hillary Clinton supporters around the world.
References
External links
Hillary4U &Me
Hillary in the House
2007 YouTube videos
Works about Hillary Clinton
Internet memes introduced in 2007 |
23572401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Rendt | Lewis Rendt | Captain Lewis Rendt (born 1769 in Germany, died 1849 in Canada) was an early 19th-century Hessian soldier of the Swiss Regiment, who later fought with the British in the Mediterranean (during the Invasion of Sicily), Spain, Egypt, and North America (during the British-American 1812 War). His regiment fought under the Duke of Wellington in Spain from 1811 to 1813. He was stationed variously at Cadiz, Malta, and Montreal.
While stationed in Cadiz in 1811 he married Juaquina (Josephine, Sophia) Ramirez de Arrellano. They had seven children, including Rachel, who married Francis Ramacciotti, and Frances, who married Captain L.R.Boynton and was the mother of Major Nathan Boynton, who founded Boynton Beach, Florida.
In the 1812 War he was an officer in the British-controlled Swiss Regiment De Wattville. Upon his retirement, he took to farming on the Canadian side of the St. Clair River near Port Huron with the aid of a Canadian land grant. He received 900 acres for his military service. He sold 100 acres back to the Crown, for the benefit of the Chippewa Indians. Later when oil was discovered on it the Crown reneged on the promise to the Indians and sold it to an oil company instead as written in Canada's Victorian Oil Town. He was also active as an agent of the state of Michigan in promoting Europeans to settle there.
Bibliography
Société Vaudoise d'Histoire et d'Archéologie: Revue Historique Vaudoise 1894; p. 369. List of officers of the De Watteville Regiment – Louis Rendt, de Hesse-Dannstadt.
Elliot, Ernest: British Numismatic Journal and Proceedings of the British Numismatic Society – 1949; p 223. Lieutenant Louis Rendt.
"Canada's Victorian Oil Town: The Transformation of Petrolia from a ... - Page 5 by Christina Ann Burr On 13 March 1841 Lewis Rendt sold the east half of lot nine"
"Journal – Page 739 Michigan. Legislature. House of Representatives – 1841- ... part three of the revised statutes — Mr. Humphrey, 286 Referring the communication of Louis Rendt to the committee on ... the county of Chippewa"
"A List of the Officers of the Army and of the Corps of Royal Marines- Great Britain. War Office – 1818 – Nov. 1805 promoted lieutenant -Louis Rendt"
References
German emigrants to Canada
1769 births
1849 deaths |
23572404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocarpha%20virgata | Holocarpha virgata | Holocarpha virgata is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names yellowflower tarweed, pitgland tarweed, and narrow tarplant.
Distribution
Holocarpha virgata is endemic to California, where it is most common in the San Joaquin Valley and Sacramento Valley of the Central Valley, and adjacent foothills of the Inner Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada (U.S.). There are additional populations in foothills of the Peninsular Ranges in San Diego County, western Riverside County, and Orange County.
Description
Holocarpha virgata is an annual herb producing an erect stem to over tall. It has many branches and is lined with oily glands and hairs. The linear leaves are up to long near the base of the plant and those along the stem are much smaller.
The inflorescence is made up of several short branches lined densely in small, thick, green bracts. The bracts are just a few millimeters long and are tipped with glands. At the ends of the branches are flower heads, each lined with phyllaries which are covered in knobby resin glands. Each head contains 9-25 disc florets which are yellow with black or purplish anthers. The head has a fringe of 3-7 yellow ray florets which often have lobed tips.
Subspecies
Holocarpha virgata subsp. elongata D. D. Keck - San Diego County, western Riverside County, and Orange County
Holocarpha virgata subsp. virgata - Central Valley, etc.
References
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment: Holocarpha virgata
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile for Holocarpha virgata
Holocarpha virgata — Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California
Madieae
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of San Diego County, California
Plants described in 1859
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
23572430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Shaw%20%28journalist%29 | Albert Shaw (journalist) | Albert Shaw (July 23, 1857 – June 25, 1947) was an American journalist and academic.
Life
Born in Shandon, Ohio, to the family of Dr. Griffin M. Shaw, Albert Shaw moved to Iowa in the spring of 1875, where he attended Iowa College (now Grinnell College) specializing in constitutional history and economic science and graduated in 1879. While a student, Shaw also worked as a journalist at the Grinnell Herald. In 1881 he entered Johns Hopkins University as a graduate student.
In 1883, Shaw secured a position on the Minneapolis Tribune but returned to Johns Hopkins to complete a Ph.D. His thesis, "Icaria: A Chapter in the History of Communism", was later translated and published in Germany. After graduation, he resumed work at the Tribune.
In 1888, Shaw took a sociological tour of Britain and the European continent. There he met British journalist and reformer William Thomas Stead, editor of the British journal Review of Reviews.
In the autumn of 1890 Shaw was elected professor of international law and political institutions at Cornell University but resigned the post in 1891 to accept Stead's invitation to establish The American Review of Reviews as an American edition of the Review of Reviews. Shaw served as editor-in-chief of this publication until it ceased publication in 1937, ten years before his death at the age of ninety.
Shaw married Elizabeth Leonard Bacon of Reading, Pennsylvania, on September 5, 1893.
Shaw was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in October 1893.
Selected works
Notes
References
New General Catalog of Old Books and Authors
External links
American male journalists
Johns Hopkins University alumni
1857 births
1947 deaths
Grinnell College alumni
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
People from Butler County, Ohio |
17329954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieces%20of%20a%20Man | Pieces of a Man | Pieces of a Man is the debut studio album by American poet Gil Scott-Heron. It was recorded in April 1971 at RCA Studios in New York City and released later that year by Flying Dutchman Records. The album followed Scott-Heron's debut live album Small Talk at 125th and Lenox (1970) and departed from that album's spoken word performance, instead featuring compositions in a more conventional popular song structure.
Pieces of a Man marked the first of several collaborations by Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson, who played piano throughout the record. It is one of Scott-Heron's most critically acclaimed albums and one of the Flying Dutchman label's best-selling LP's. Earning modest success after its release, Pieces of a Man has received retrospective praise from critics. Music critics have suggested that Heron's combination of R&B, soul, jazz-funk, and proto-rap influenced the development of electronic dance music and hip hop. The album was reissued on compact disc by RCA in 1993.
Background and recording
Before pursuing a recording career, Scott-Heron focused on a writing career. He published a volume of poetry and his first novel, The Vulture, in 1970. Subsequently, Scott-Heron was encouraged by jazz producer Bob Thiele to record and released a live album, Small Talk at 125th and Lenox (1970). It was inspired by a volume of poetry of the same name and was well received by music critics.
Pieces of a Man was recorded at RCA Studios in New York City on April 19 and 20 in 1971. The album's first four tracks were written by Scott-Heron, and the last seven tracks were co-written by Scott-Heron and keyboardist Brian Jackson, who backs Scott-Heron with Pretty Purdie & the Playboys. The album was produced by Thiele, who was known for working with jazz artists such as Louis Armstrong and John Coltrane.
Music and lyrics
The album's music is rooted in the blues and jazz influences, which Scott-Heron referred to as "bluesology, the science of how things feel." The album features Gil Scott-Heron exercising his singing abilities in contrast to his previous work with poetry. It also contains more conventional song structures than the loose, spoken-word feel of Small Talk.
On the album's jazz elements, music critic Vince Aletti wrote, "the songs have a loose, unanchored quality that sets them apart from both R&B and rock work. Scott-Heron sings straight-out, with an ache in his voice that conveys pain, bitterness and tenderness with equal grace and, in most cases, subtlety. Frequently the nature of the jazz backing is so free that the vocals take on an independent, almost a cappella feeling which Scott-Heron carries off surprisingly well." Uncut writes that "Heron adopts his trademark jazz-funk sound, underpinned by the great Ron Carter on bass, with Hubert Laws' flute fluttering about like an elusive bird of paradise". Sputnikmusic's Nick Butler notes its latter eight songs as "in line with the soul of the very early '70s - think a Curtis that replaces an orchestra with a chamber band, or a What's Going On that replaces head-in-the-clouds wistfulness with earthy indignation, or a There's A Riot Goin' On without the drugs".
"Lady Day and John Coltrane" was written by Scott-Heron as an homage to influential jazz musicians Billie Holiday and John Coltrane. His lyrics discuss the ability of music to rid people of the personal problems of alienation and existentialism in the modern world. The album features two of Scott-Heron's most well-known songs, "Home Is Where the Hatred Is", which was later a hit for R&B singer Esther Phillips, and "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised", which was originally featured on his debut album Small Talk in spoken word form. "Home Is Where the Hatred Is" is a melodic, somber composition of the narrator's dangerous and hopeless environment, presumably of the ghetto, and how its effects take a toll on him. Scott-Heron's lyrics demonstrate these themes of social disillusionment and hopelessness in the first verse and the chorus.
Unlike other songs on the album, "Save the Children" and "I Think I’ll Call It Morning" are optimistic dedications to joy, happiness, and freedom. The title track, described by journalist and music writer Vince Alleti as the album's best song, is a lyrically cinematic account of a man's breakdown after losing his job as witnessed by his son. Scott-Heron's lyricism on the album has been acclaimed by critics, as the lyrics for "Pieces of a Man" received praise for its empathetic narration. The album's opening track, "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised", is a proto-rap track with lyricism criticizing the United States government and mass media. Considered a classic in the rap genre, the song features many political references, unadorned arrangements, pounding bass lines and stripped-down drumbeats. The song's structure and musical formula would later influence the blueprint of modern hip hop. Because of the song's spoken word style and critical overtones, it has often been referred to as the birth of rap.
Release and reception
Pieces of a Man was released in 1971 by Flying Dutchman Records and fared better commercially than Small Talk at 125th and Lenox. Sales began to increase two years after its release, following Scott-Heron's and Jackson's departure from Flying Dutchman to Strata-East before they recorded Winter in America (1974). Pieces of a Man entered the Top Jazz Albums chart on June 2, 1973. The album peaked at number 25 on the chart and remained on the chart for six weeks until July 7, 1973. "Home Is Where the Hatred Is" was released as a radio single with "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised" as the b-side. However, it did not chart. Pieces of a Man was reissued in the United States in 1993 on compact disc by RCA
Upon its release, Pieces of a Man received little critical attention except for praise by Rolling Stone. Later, the album gained much critical acclaim, as it was praised for Scott-Heron's lyrics, political awareness, and its influence on hip hop. Despite little mainstream success or critical notice during its release, music journalist Vince Aletti of Rolling Stone praised the album in a July 1972 article, stating, "Here is an album that needs discovering. It's strong, deeply soulful and possessed of that rare and wonderful quality in this time of hollow, obligatory "relevance" – intelligence.... the material is tough and real, "relevant" while avoiding, on the one hand, empty cliche and, on the other, fierce rhetoric, its own kind of cliche.... It may not be easy to find, but it's an involving, important album (especially so because of its successful and accessible use of jazz) and it's worth looking for." The following year, Roger St. Pierre of NME hailed the album as "the sound of the black revolution".
Pieces of a Man received stronger retrospective reviews from music critics. Adam Sweeting of The Guardian praised the album in an August 2004 article, calling it a "pioneering mix of politics, protest and proto-rap poetry, set to a musical jazz-funk hybrid." BBC Online described Pieces of a Man as a "great example of his lyrical prowess and perfectly showcases the depths of his vocal talent."
Legacy and influence
The album has earned a larger legacy based on its containment of the influential proto-rap song "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised". In a 1998 interview with the Houston Press, Scott-Heron discussed how much of the album was overshadowed by the controversial song and the social-consciousness displayed:
In a review of the album, Nick Dedina of Rhapsody noted the album's influence on modern music forms, stating "Dance and hip-hop have borrowed (or stolen) so much from this album that it's easy to forget how original Scott-Heron's mix of soul, jazz, and pre-rap once was." In 1996, radio station WXPN ranked Pieces of a Man number 100 on its list of The 100 Most Progressive Albums, and in 2005 it was included in Blow Ups list of The 600 Essential Albums. The blend of sound and instrumentation featured on Pieces of a Man later inspired many neo-soul artists in the 1990s.
Heron's works have greatly impacted and influenced hip-hop and in 2018, rapper Mick Jenkins titled his sophomore studio album after this album as an homage to Heron.
Track listing
Personnel
Musicians
Gil Scott-Heron – guitar, piano, vocals
Hubert Laws – flute, saxophone
Brian Jackson – piano
Burt Jones – electric guitar
Ron Carter – bass
Bernard Purdie – drums
Johnny Pate – conductor
Production
Bob Thiele – production
Bob Simpson – mixing
Charles Stewart – cover photo
Charts
U.S. Billboard Music Charts (North America) – Pieces of a Man
1972: Top Jazz Albums – #25 (6 weeks)
References
Bibliography
External links
Pieces of a Man at Discogs
Sound Check: Pieces of a Man — By Vibe
Album Review at Must Hear
1971 albums
Gil Scott-Heron albums
RCA Records albums
Albums produced by Bob Thiele
Albums conducted by Johnny Pate
Jazz-funk albums |
17329963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim%20Kingsbury%20Avery | Ephraim Kingsbury Avery | Ephraim Kingsbury Avery (December 18, 1799 – October 23, 1869) was a Methodist minister who was among the first clergymen tried for murder in the United States. Avery is often cited as "the first", although it is thought there is at least one case that precedes Avery's.
The murder
On December 21, 1832, farmer John Durfee of Tiverton, Rhode Island, discovered a woman's corpse hanging by her neck from a rope tied to a stackpole used to dry hay. Investigators identified the woman as 30-year-old factory worker Sarah Maria Cornell, of Fall River, Massachusetts. The family from whom Sarah Cornell rented a room discovered among her personal effects a note written by Cornell and dated the same day as her death:
"If I should be missing, enquire of the Rev. Mr. Avery of Bristol, he will know where I am."
Other suspicious and incriminating letters came to light, as well as a conversation she had had with a doctor indicating the married Avery was the father of her unborn child. A coroner's jury was convened in Tiverton before any autopsy had been performed. This jury found that Cornell had "committed suicide by hanging herself upon a stake ... and was influenced to commit said crime by the wicked conduct of a married man."
After the autopsy was performed, however, it was discovered that Cornell had been four months pregnant at the time of her death. A second coroner's jury was convened, this time in Bristol, Rhode Island. This jury overruled the earlier finding of suicide and accused Ephraim Kingsbury Avery, a married Methodist minister, as the "principal or accessory" in her death. Avery was quickly arrested on a charge of murder, but just as quickly set free on his own recognizance.
Cornell's pregnancy led another Methodist minister to reject the responsibility of burying her the second time (she already once been exhumed for autopsy). He claimed that she had only been a "probationary" member of his congregation. Responsibility for her burial was assumed by the Fall River Congregationalists, and Cornell was buried as an indigent, on Christmas Eve. That night in Fall River, money was raised and two committees pledged to assist the officials of Tiverton with the murder investigation. The next day (Christmas being not widely celebrated in largely Puritan New England), a steamship was chartered to take one hundred men from Fall River to Bristol. They surrounded Avery's home and demanded he come out. Avery declined, but did send a friend outside to try to placate the crowd. The men eventually left when the steamship signaled its return to Fall River.
In Bristol, an inquest was convened, in which two Justices of the Peace found there to be insufficient evidence to try Avery for the crime of murder. The people of Fall River were outraged, and there were rumors that one of the justices was a Methodist, and was looking to quell the scandal. The deputy sheriff of Fall River, Harvey Harnden, obtained from a Rhode Island superior court judge a warrant for Avery's arrest. When a Rhode Island sheriff went to serve it, he discovered that Avery had already fled.
On January 20, 1833, Harnden tracked Avery to Rindge, New Hampshire. Avery later claimed he had fled because he feared for his life, particularly at the hands of the mob that had surrounded his house. Harnden extradited Avery to Newport, Rhode Island, where Avery was put in jail. On March 8, 1833, Avery was indicted for murder by a Newport County grand jury. He pleaded "not guilty".
A war for public opinion
There were a great deal of external concerns interested in the case of the young Methodist girl who had been employed at the Fall River Manufactory. For one, New England Protestantism was suspicious of the encroachment of the comparatively new sect of Methodism, and the trial seemed to confirm their worst fears. Another was the 19th-century American industrialists whose cotton mills relied on the labor of young, newly independent women. The case of Sarah Cornell cast into doubt the industrialists' assertion that women would be as safe in the factories as they were working at home with their families.
It was therefore in the interest of the factory-owners to keep Cornell from being smeared in the press, and to push for the arrest and conviction of her murderer. Conversely, the Methodist Church wanted to earn respectability and make converts, and wanted to avoid at all costs a criminal and sexual scandal involving one of its own ministers. Consequently, both of these groups contributed a great deal of effort, money and publicity to the trial, for either the prosecution's side or the defense.
The trial
The trial began on May 6, 1833, and was heard by the Supreme Judicial Council (what is today the Rhode Island Supreme Court). The lawyers for the prosecution were Rhode Island Attorney General Albert C. Greene and former attorney general Dutee Jerauld Pearce. The six lawyers for the defense, hired by the Methodist Church, were led by former United States Senator and New Hampshire Attorney General Jeremiah Mason.
The trial lasted 27 days. Under Rhode Island law at the time, defendants in capital cases were not permitted to offer testimony in their own defense, so Avery did not get the opportunity to speak. However, both the prosecution and the defense called a large number of witnesses to testify, 68 for the prosecution, and 128 for the defense.
Although Jeremiah Mason maintained that Avery had not been present when the murder occurred, the larger part of the defense strategy was to call into question Sarah Cornell's morals. The defense characterized her as "utterly abandoned, unprincipled, profligate," and brought forth many witnesses to testify to her promiscuity, suicidal ideation and mental instability. Much was made of how Cornell had been cast out of the Methodist Church for fornication.
Sarah Maria Cornell had come from a fairly prosperous and prominent Connecticut family, but had fallen on hard times after her father, a successful paper cutter, had abandoned them. In her late teens and twenties, Cornell went back and forth between factory work and skilled employment as a seamstress. She acquired a reputation for petty theft and general "bad character". She moved from town to town in New England, engaging in several affairs along the way, and once contracting gonorrhea.
The prosecution largely attempted to portray the Methodist clergy as a dangerous, almost secret society, willing to defend their minister and the good name of their church at any cost.
A medical debate centered around whether the unborn child was in fact conceived in August, although Puritan standards of propriety regarding the female body sometimes made it difficult to elicit factual information. One female witness, when questioned as to the state of Cornell's body, absolutely refused to answer, saying, "I never heard such questions asked of nobody."
Acquittal and aftermath
On June 2, 1833, after deliberating for 16 hours, the jury found Ephraim Kingsbury Avery "not guilty". The minister was set free and returned to his position in the Methodist Church, but the public opinion was that Avery had been wrongfully acquitted. Rallies hanged or burned effigies of Avery, and he himself was once almost lynched in Boston. A great deal of anger was also directed at the Methodist Church. To ease tensions, the church's New England Conference convened a trial of its own, chaired by Wilbur Fisk, in which Avery was again acquitted. This did little, if anything, to quell public antipathy toward Avery or the church.
Avery later embarked on a speaking tour to vindicate himself in the eyes of the public, but his efforts were largely unsuccessful. In 1836, Avery left the Methodist ministry, and took his family first to Connecticut, then upstate New York. They ultimately settled in Ohio, where he lived out the rest of his days as a farmer. Avery also wrote a pamphlet called The correct, full and impartial report of the trial of Rev. Ephraim K. Avery. He died on October 23, 1869, and was buried in South Pittsfield Cemetery, Lorain County, Ohio.
References
Further reading
Fiction
Non-fiction
1799 births
1869 deaths
American Methodist clergy
19th-century Methodist ministers
Burials in Ohio
19th-century American clergy |
17329988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Cornell | Sarah Cornell | Sarah Cornell may refer to:
Sarah Maria Cornell (1803–1832), American mill worker found hanged
Sarah Cornell (actress), Canadian actress |
17329993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Maria%20Cornell | Sarah Maria Cornell | Sarah Maria Cornell (May 3, 1803 – December 20, 1832) was a Fall River mill worker whose corpse was found hanging from a stackpole on the farm of John Durfee in nearby Tiverton, Rhode Island on December 21, 1832. Her death was at first thought to be a suicide. After an autopsy, it was discovered she was pregnant. Methodist minister Ephraim K. Avery would be suspected of her pregnancy and tried for her murder, in a trial what would engage local industrialists against the New England Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Although Avery would be acquitted for the murder, he was forever scorned in the eyes of the public.
Biography
Sarah Maria Cornell was born on May 3, 1803, likely in Rupert, Vermont to James and Lucretia (Leffingwell) Cornell. Lucretia had been born well-off in an old Puritan family, the daughter of a Connecticut merchant and paper maker. However she had been disowned by her father after she married James Cornell, who had worked in his paper mill, and of whom he did not approve. James abandoned the family when Cornell was a baby, forcing her mother to give up her older sister and brother to relatives as she was financially unable to care for three children. Cornell remained with her mother to age eleven when she moved in with her aunt Joanna, in Norwich, Connecticut. Later in her teens, she apprenticed as a tailor. In 1820 she moved to nearby Bozrahville and worked as a tailor for about two years.
Around 1822 or 1823 she went to work at a cotton mill in Killingly, Connecticut. In the years that followed, she would move often and work at various mills in Rhode Island and Connecticut, including stints in North Providence, Jewett City, Slatersville. During this period, Cornell often got into trouble, including charges of theft and other "inappropriate" acts for a woman of that time.
During her time at Slatersville between 1823 and 1826, Cornell converted to Methodism, and sought to change her ways. However, in February 1826, the mill at Slatersville burned to the ground and she was forced to seek employment elsewhere. She first moved to the nearby village of Branch Factory and later to Mendon Mills (later called Millville, Massachusetts), several miles away.
In early 1827, Cornell moved again to find mill work in Dedham, Massachusetts. However, after only a few weeks there she moved again to Dorchester, Massachusetts, where she was able to reconnect with the Methodists. In May 1828, she moved to the booming mill town of Lowell, Massachusetts where she worked as a weaver until about the end of 1829. It was during this period in Lowell that she met a newly arrived Methodist minister, Ephraim Kingsbury Avery.
In September 1830, she moved to Dover, New Hampshire. Only two months later she moved again to Somersworth, New Hampshire. During the summer of 1831 she left New Hampshire for Waltham, Massachusetts but only stayed there a few weeks. She then moved to Taunton, Massachusetts where she found employment. In May 1832 she left Taunton for Woodstock, Connecticut where she was able to find work again as a tailor in Grindall Rawson's shop. It was at a Methodist Camp Meeting in Thompson, Connecticut at the end of August 1832 that Cornell once again crossed paths with Reverend Avery. By this time, Avery had become the minister in Bristol, Rhode Island. It is alleged that during the Thompson Camp meeting that Avery seduced Sarah Cornell.
In October 1832, she moved to Fall River where she found lodging at the home of Elija Cole. By this time she was showing clear signs of pregnancy, and sought advice from a local doctor in Fall River. By early December 1832, she moved to the Hathaway residence on Spring Street.
Death
On the morning of December 21, 1832, Cornell's body was found by farmer John Durfee quickly identified by the minister. Later discovered among her personal effects at the Hathaway residence was a note written by Cornell and dated the same day as her death:
"If I should be missing, enquire of the Rev. Mr. Avery of Bristol, he will know where I am."
Other suspicious and incriminating letters were also discovered, as well as a conversation she had had with a doctor indicating the married Avery was the father of her unborn child. A coroner's jury was convened in Tiverton before any autopsy had been performed. This jury found that Cornell had "committed suicide by hanging herself upon a stake ... and was influenced to commit said crime by the wicked conduct of a married man."
After the autopsy was performed, it was discovered that Cornell had been four months pregnant at the time of her death. A second coroner's jury was convened, this time in Bristol, Rhode Island. This jury overruled the earlier finding of suicide and accused Ephraim Kingsbury Avery, a married Methodist minister, as the "principal or accessory" in her death. Avery was quickly arrested on a charge of murder, but just as quickly set free on his own recognizance.
Cornell's pregnancy led another Methodist minister to reject the responsibility of burying her the second time (she already once been exhumed for autopsy). He claimed that she had only been a "probationary" member of his congregation. Responsibility for her burial was assumed by the Fall River Congregationalists, and Cornell was buried as an indigent, on Christmas Eve. That night, in Fall River, money was raised and two committees pledged to assist the officials of Tiverton with the murder investigation. The next day, a steamship was chartered to take one hundred men from Fall River to Bristol. They surrounded Avery's home and demanded he come out. Avery declined, but did send a friend outside to try to placate the crowd. The men eventually left when the steamship signaled its return to Fall River.
In Bristol, an inquest was convened, in which two Justices of the Peace found there to be insufficient evidence to try Avery for the crime of murder. The people of Fall River were outraged, and there were rumors that one of the justices was a Methodist, and was looking to quell the scandal. The deputy sheriff of Fall River, Harvey Harnden, obtained from a Rhode Island superior court judge a warrant for Avery's arrest. When a Rhode Island sheriff went to serve it, he discovered that Avery had already fled.
On January 20, 1833, Harnden tracked Avery to Rindge, New Hampshire. Avery later claimed he had fled because he feared for his life, particularly at the hands of the mob that had surrounded his house. Harnden extradited Avery to Newport, Rhode Island, where Avery was put in jail. On March 8, 1833, Avery was indicted for murder by a Newport County grand jury. He pleaded "not guilty".
Trial
The trial began in Newport, Rhode Island on May 6, 1833, and was heard by the Supreme Judicial Council. The lawyers for the prosecution were Rhode Island Attorney General Albert C. Greene and former attorney general Dutee Jerauld Pearce. The six lawyers for the defense, hired by the Methodist Church, were led by former United States Senator and New Hampshire Attorney General Jeremiah Mason.
The trial lasted 27 days. Under Rhode Island law at the time, defendants in capital cases were not permitted to offer testimony in their own defense, so Avery did not get the opportunity to speak. However, both the prosecution and the defense called a large number of witnesses to testify, 68 for the prosecution, and 128 for the defense.
Although the defense maintained that Avery had not been present when the murder occurred, the larger part of the defense strategy was to call into question Cornell's morals. The defense characterized her as "utterly abandoned, unprincipled, profligate," and brought forth many witnesses to testify to her promiscuity, suicidal ideation and mental instability. Much was made of how Cornell had been cast out of the Methodist Church for fornication.
The prosecution largely attempted to portray the Methodist clergy as a dangerous, almost secret society, willing to defend their minister and the good name of their church at any cost.
A medical debate centered around whether the unborn child was in fact conceived in August, although Puritan standards of propriety regarding the female body sometimes made it difficult to elicit factual information. One female witness, when questioned as to the state of Cornell's body, absolutely refused to answer, saying, "I never heard such questions asked of nobody."
On June 2, 1833, after deliberating for 16 hours, the jury found Ephraim Kingsbury Avery "not guilty". The minister was set free and returned to his position in the Methodist Church, but the public opinion was that Avery had been wrongfully acquitted. Rallies hanged or burned effigies of Avery, and he himself was once almost lynched in Boston. A great deal of anger was also directed at the Methodist Church. To ease tensions, the church's New England Conference convened a trial of its own, chaired by Wilbur Fisk, in which Avery was again acquitted. This did little, if anything, to quell public antipathy toward Avery or the church.
Avery later embarked on a speaking tour to vindicate himself in the eyes of the public, but his efforts were largely unsuccessful. In 1836, Avery left the Methodist ministry, and took his family first to Connecticut, then upstate New York. They ultimately settled in Ohio, where he lived out the rest of his days as a farmer. Avery also wrote a pamphlet called The correct, full and impartial report of the trial of Rev. Ephraim K. Avery. He died on October 23, 1869.
Legacy
Cornell's body was originally buried on the farm near where her body was found. However, years later it was moved to Plot 2733 on Whitethorn Path at Oak Grove Cemetery (Fall River, Massachusetts) when the farm became South Park.
References
Further reading
Raven, Rory (2009). Wicked Conduct: The Minister, the Mill Girl, and the Murder That Captivated Old Rhode Island. Charleston, SC: [History Press]. pp. 128. .
1803 births
1832 deaths
People from Fall River, Massachusetts
People from Worcester County, Massachusetts
People from Rupert, Vermont
People from North Smithfield, Rhode Island
Cornell family
Deaths by hanging |
17330035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindon%2C%20Myanmar | Mindon, Myanmar | Mindon is a town in Burma. It is the capital of Mindon Township of Thayet District in the Magway Region.
References
Populated places in Thayet District
Township capitals of Myanmar
Mindon Township |
17330042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt%27s%20sign | Pratt's sign | Pratt's sign is an indication of femoral deep vein thrombosis. It is seen as the presence of dilated pretibial veins in the affected leg, which remain dilated on raising the leg.
The sign was described by American surgeon Gerald H. Pratt (1928–2006) of St. Vincent's Hospital in 1949.
This is not the same as the Pratt Test, which checks for a DVT by compressing a vein with the hands.
References
Symptoms and signs: Vascular |
20464983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%202008%20box%20office%20number-one%20films%20in%20South%20Korea | List of 2008 box office number-one films in South Korea | This is a list of films which have been placed number-one at the South Korean box office during 2008, based on admissions.
Highest-grossing films
References
See also
List of South Korean films of 2008
2008 in South Korean cinema
2008
South Korea |
17330069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20ABC%20Supply%20Company%20A.J.%20Foyt%20225 | 2007 ABC Supply Company A.J. Foyt 225 | The 2007 ABC Supply Company/A.J. Foyt 225 was a race in the 2007 IRL IndyCar Series, held at The Milwaukee Mile. It was held over the weekend of 1 -June 3, 2007, as the sixth round of the seventeen-race calendar.
Classification
References
IndyCar Series
ABC Supply Company A.J. Foyt 225
Milwaukee Indy 225
ABC Supply
ABC Supply Company A.J. Foyt 225 |
23572464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Honduran%20coup%20d%27%C3%A9tat | 2009 Honduran coup d'état | The 2009 Honduran coup d'état, part of the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis, occurred when the Honduran Army on 28 June 2009 followed orders from the Honduran Supreme Court to oust President Manuel Zelaya and send him into exile. Zelaya had attempted to schedule a non-binding poll on holding a referendum on convening a constituent assembly to rewrite the constitution. Zelaya refused to comply with court orders to cease, and the Honduran Supreme Court issued a secret warrant for his arrest dated 26 June. Two days later, Honduran soldiers stormed the president's house in the middle of the night and detained him, forestalling the poll. Instead of bringing him to trial, the army put him on a military aeroplane and flew him to Costa Rica. Later that day, after the reading of a resignation letter of disputed authenticity, the Honduran Congress voted to remove Zelaya from office, and appointed Speaker of Congress Roberto Micheletti, his constitutional successor, to replace him. It was the first coup to occur in the country since 1978.
International reaction to the 2009 Honduran coup d'état was widespread; the United Nations, the Organization of American States (OAS), and the European Union condemned the removal of Zelaya as a military coup. On 5 July 2009, all member states of the OAS voted by acclamation to suspend Honduras from the organization.
In July 2011, Honduras's Truth Commission concluded that Zelaya broke the law when he disregarded a Supreme Court ruling ordering him to cancel the referendum, but that his removal from office was also illegal and a coup. The Commission found Congress' designation of Roberto Micheletti as interim president had been unconstitutional, and the resulting administration a "de facto regime." Former Guatemalan Vice-president Eduardo Stein chaired the commission and presented its report to the then Honduran President Porfirio Lobo, the head of the Supreme Court, Jorge Rivera Avilez and the Secretary General of the Organization of American States, Jose Miguel Insulza. In November 2021, more than a decade after the coup removed Zelaya from office, Zelaya's wife, as well as former Honduran First Lady, Xiomara Castro de Zelaya would be elected as the first female President of Honduras.
Background
President Zelaya was promoting a controversial nonbinding poll on whether to include a fourth ballot box in the November elections on convening a constitutional convention to rewrite the constitution to give the President more terms in office. He had ignored a restraining order in this regard. Some claim his goal in doing so was to extend his term. But as the scheduled balloting would have been simultaneous with the election of his successor, his term would have ended long before any possible constitutional changes.
Executive decrees and their legal consequences
The ballot was scheduled for June 28, 2009. On May 27, 2009, the Administrative Litigation Court annulled the Executive decree PCM-05-2009 that enabled the ballot. In response the Executive accepted the ruling, but issued decree PCM-019-2009, identical to the previous decree, but substituting "consultation" with "public opinion survey". On May 30, the same Court clarified that the scope of the previous ruling covered any decree that attempted to conduct the proposed ballot - howsoever worded or published. This clarification annulled PCM-019-2009 as well.
Zelaya then issued a new executive decree PCM-020-2009 (La Gaceta article number 31945) to replace decrees PCM-05-2009 and PCM-019-2009. The new decree called for a "Public Opinion Survey Convening a Constitutional Assembly" and referred to it as "an official activity of the Government of the Republic of Honduras".
According to a legal analysis by former Supreme Court President Vilma Morales, Zelaya automatically ceased being President of Honduras with the publication of decree PCM-020-2009 and thus no coup d'état existed. However, PCM-027-2009 was never processed by the Honduran courts. This new decree published in La Gaceta 26 June 2009 explained further the purpose, form and objectives of the opinion poll, to be carried out by the National Institute of Statistics. But the courts had already made up their minds about every attempt that had to do with this issue. Zelaya's lawyers were also denied the possibility to participate in the process. PCM-027-2009 was sheltered in article 5 of the "Law of Citizen Participation" and articles 2 and 5 of the Honduran Constitution. Zelaya defined his actions as a non-binding opinion poll, but his political opponents presented his actions as a binding referendum oriented at reforming articles in the Honduran Constitution concerning forms of government and re-election.
Attorney General's office acts
On 27 May 2009, the Administrative Law Tribunal issued an injunction against holding the referendum at the request of the Honduran Attorney General Luis Alberto Rubi. On 16 June the Court of Appeals unanimously upheld the 27 May injunction. On 18 June, the Administrative Law Tribunal ordered Zelaya to comply with the ruling in writing within five days. The Attorney General's office filed a request for arrest and search warrants.
Supreme Court issues arrest and search warrants
On 26 June, the Honduran Supreme Court unanimously found that the Presidency had not complied with 16 June court order. It also found he was answerable to charges for crimes against the form of government, treason to the motherland, abuse of office and usurpation of functions that damaged the administration. It appointed Supreme Court Justice Tomás Arita Valle to try the case.
On 26 June, the Supreme Court issued a sealed (secret) arrest warrant for President Zelaya, signed by Justice Tomás Arita Valle. The interim government confirmed that the Supreme Court of Justice unanimously voted to appoint Tomás Arita Valle to hear the process in its preparatory and intermediate phases; and that he lawfully issued an arrest and raid warrant. The government also states that an investigation was conducted under the auspices of the Honduran Supreme Court that lasted for weeks.
Some Zelaya supporters have sought to cast doubt on the Supreme Court's documentation. Jari Dixon Herrera Hernández, a lawyer with the Attorney General's office, said the order to arrest Zelaya came a day after the coup.
Zelaya's detention and exile
Soldiers stormed the president's residence in Tegucigalpa early in the morning of 28 June, disarming the presidential guard, waking Zelaya and putting him on a plane to Costa Rica. Colonel Bayardo said, "It was a fast operation. It was over in minutes, and there were no injuries, no deaths. We said, 'Sir, we have a judicial order to detain you.' " In Costa Rica, Zelaya told the Latin American channel TeleSUR that he had been awakened by gunshots. Masked soldiers took his cell phone, shoved him into a van and took him to an air force base, where he was put on a plane. He said he did not know that he was being taken to Costa Rica until he landed at the airport in San José.
Within hours, Zelaya spoke to media in San José, calling the events "a coup" and "a kidnapping". He said that soldiers pulled him from his bed and assaulted his guards. Zelaya stated that he would not recognise anyone named as his successor, that he would be meeting with diplomats and that he wanted to finish his term in office.
Television and radio stations broadcast no news. The electrical power, phone lines, and international cable TV were cut or blocked throughout Honduras.
Public transportation was suspended.
Later that day, the Supreme Court issued a statement that it had ordered the army to remove Zelaya from office. The Supreme Court stated "The armed forces, in charge of supporting the constitution, acted to defend the state of law and have been forced to apply legal dispositions against those who have expressed themselves publicly and acted against the dispositions of the basic law". On 30 June, the military's chief lawyer, Colonel Herberth Bayardo Inestroza Membreño, showed a detention order, signed 26 June by a Supreme Court judge, which ordered the armed forces to detain the president, identified by his full name of José Manuel Zelaya Rosales, at his home in the Tres Caminos area of the capital. It cited him for treason and abuse of authority, among other charges. Colonel Inestroza later stated that deporting Zelaya did not comply with the court order: "In the moment that we took him out of the country, in the way that he was taken out, there is a crime. Because of the circumstances of the moment this crime occurred, there is going to be a justification and cause for acquittal that will protect us." He said the decision was taken by the military leadership "in order to avoid bloodshed". He said "What was more beneficial, remove this gentleman from Honduras or present him to prosecutors and have a mob assault and burn and destroy and for us to have to shoot?" Colonel Inestroza also commented that Zelaya's allegiance to Hugo Chávez was hard to stomach and "It would be difficult for us, with our training, to have a relationship with a leftist government. That's impossible. I personally would have retired, because my thinking, my principles, would not have allowed me to participate in that."
Ramón Custodio, head of the country's human rights commission, said that the military made an "error" in sending Zelaya into exile rather than holding him for trial. "I didn't know they would take Zelaya out of the country," Custodio said in an interview in the week of 13 August at his Tegucigalpa office. Honduras's Supreme Court agreed to hear a case brought by a group of lawyers and judges arguing that the military broke the law taking Zelaya out of the country. On 17 August 2009, President Micheletti also said that putting Zelaya on a plane to Costa Rica instead of holding him for trial had been a mistake: "It wasn't correct. We have to punish whoever allowed that to happen. The rest was framed within what the constitution requires."
Congress removes Zelaya from office
The National Congress the following morning voted to accept Zelaya's resignation letter, dated 25 June, which Zelaya had denied signing. It studied a special report on Zelaya, and by a show of hands, the National Congress – the majority of whom belonged to Zelaya's own Liberal party – appointed the President of the National Congress Roberto Micheletti, a member of Zelaya's party, to succeed Zelaya. Some felt that the president had changed his politics during his administration, from right to left, which earned him the antipathy of his party.
The Honduran National Congress unanimously agreed to:
Under the Articles 1, 2,3,4, 205, 220, subsections 20, 218, 242, 321, 322, 323 of the Constitution of the Republic,
Disapprove Zelaya's repeated violations of the constitution, laws and court orders.
Remove Zelaya from office.
Name the current President of Congress Roberto Micheletti to complete the constitutional period that ends on 27 January 2010.
Legality of ouster
Many governments, media, and human-rights organisations outside Honduras have termed the ouster a coup. The United Nations, the Organization of American States (OAS), and the European Union condemned the removal of Zelaya as a military coup. On 5 July 2009, the Organization of American States OAS, invoking for the first time Article 21 of the Inter-American Democratic Charter, voted by acclamation of all member states to suspend Honduras from the organisation.
Soon after the coup, U.S. President Barack Obama stated: "We believe that the coup was not legal and that President Zelaya remains the president of Honduras, the democratically elected president there." He stated: "It would be a terrible precedent if we start moving backwards into the era in which we are seeing military coups as a means of political transition, rather than democratic elections." Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, however, equivocated, saying that "We do think that this has evolved into a coup" and noting that under U.S. law, officially declaring a coup would oblige the U.S. to cut off most foreign aid to Honduras." Cutting off aid was seen as a possibility in the days after the coup, and State Department Director of Policy Planning Anne-Marie Slaughter urged Clinton to "take bold action" and to "find that [the] coup was a 'military coup' under U.S. law." Clinton did not do so, and the U.S. never formally declared that a coup had occurred. By November 2009, the U.S. "focused on pushing for elections" in the country. In September 2009, the Board of the U.S. Millennium Challenge Corporation, headed by Clinton, cut off $11 million in aid to the Honduran government in the wake of the coup, and suspended another $4 million in planned contributions to a road project. From 2009 to mid-2016, however, the U.S. provided about $200 million in military and police aid to Honduras, a controversial decision given the violence in Honduras and the government's human rights violations.
Arguments that Zelaya's removal was illegal have been advanced by several lawyers. The Supreme Court never ruled on any of the charges filed by the public prosecutor on 26 June. The arrest warrant was issued for the purposes of taking a deposition from him. According to Edmundo Orellana, the events were constitutionally irregular for several reasons: because Zelaya was captured by the armed forces, not the national police (Art. 273, 292); and because the Congress, not the courts, judged Zelaya to have broken the law (Arts. 303 and 304). Orellana concluded, "Violations of the Constitution cannot be put right with another violation. The Constitution is defended by subjecting oneself to it. Their violation translates into disregard for the State of Law and infringes on the very essence of the Law. Therefore, a coup d'Etat never has been and should never be the solution to a political conflict." Other civic and business leaders, even those opposed to Zelaya's referendum efforts, agreed that Zelaya was deprived of due process in his ouster.
Still, many people in Honduras, including most of the country's official institutions, claimed that there was a constitutional succession of power. In a statement to a subcommittee of the US House Committee on International Affairs, former Honduran Supreme Court Justice, Foreign Affairs minister, and law professor Guillermo Pérez Cadalso said that all major governmental institutions agreed that Zelaya was violating the law. Supreme Court Justice Rosalinda Cruz said that, as a sovereign and independent nation, Honduras had the right to freely decide to remove a president who was violating Honduran laws. She added: "Unfortunately, our voice hasn't been heard."
She compared Zelaya's tactics, including his dismissal of the armed forces chief for obeying a court order to impound ballots to be used in the vote, with those of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez: "Some say it was not Zelaya but Chávez governing."
There is a small amount of middle ground between those who term the events a coup and those who call them a constitutionally-sound succession of power. On the one hand, several supporters of Zelaya's removal, including Acting Honduran President Roberto Micheletti and the top army lawyer, have admitted that sending Zelaya out of the country was illegal, although they argue it was justified by the need to prevent violence. Micheletti said forcing deposed President Manuel Zelaya to leave the country, instead of arresting him, was a mistake. On the other hand, a fraction of those who oppose the events consider the arrest warrant against Zelaya to be legal, although they say he was denied a fair trial.
According to an opinion of an employee of the US Law Library of Congress which was published September 2009 in Forbes, the military's decision to send Zelaya into exile was illegal, but the judicial and legislative branches applied constitutional and statutory law in accordance with the Honduran legal system. This conclusion was disputed by lawmakers, Honduran constitutional law experts, and government officials, who requested that the LLoC report be retracted.
In 2010 WikiLeaks published a classified cable from 24 July 2009 sent by the US Ambassador in Tegucigalpa, Hugo Llorens, finding that the removal of President Zelaya was a coup.
The Embassy perspective is that there is no doubt that the military, Supreme Court and National Congress conspired on 28 June in what constituted an illegal and unconstitutional coup against the Executive Branch, while accepting that there may be a prima facie case that Zelaya may have committed illegalities and may have even violated the constitution. There is equally no doubt from our perspective that Roberto Micheletti's assumption of power was illegitimate. Nevertheless, it is also evident that the constitution itself may be deficient in terms of providing clear procedures for dealing with alleged illegal acts by the President and resolving conflicts between the branches of government.
Independence of judiciary
A lack of an independent, professional judiciary was a factor in the inability of the Honduran government to process Zelaya through a political or criminal trial. The Honduran judiciary remains deeply politicised, with the highest judicial offices still being distributed between the two main parties. Requiring judges to stand for re-election makes them subject to the policies of their sponsoring party. Eight of the judges were selected by the Liberal Party and seven by the National Party. According to a report by Heather Berkman of the University of California. the politicisation of the justice system, including the Supreme Court, the Ministry of Public Security and the Public Ministry, inhibits the due process of law.
José Tomás Arita Valle, who signed the arrest warrant for Zelaya, had been vice-minister for foreign affairs in the National Party government of President Ricardo Maduro. José Antonio Gutiérrez Navas, in 1998, spoke at the UN General Assembly, representing the Liberal Party government of Carlos Roberto Flores, at a session to commemorate fifty years of human rights. Oscar Fernando Chinchilla Banegas and Gustavo Enrique Bustillo Palma were National Party alternate members of Congress (2002–2006).
The US State Department noted in 2004 that the judiciary and Attorney General's office is subject to corruption and political influence.
Demonstrations surrounding Zelaya's removal
In response to the events, a number of demonstrations were held, some opposing the coup and some supporting it. Some of these are listed below.
On 28 June, hundreds of demonstrators against the coup put up roadblocks in the capital Tegucigalpa.
On 29 June, about 2,000 anti-coup demonstrators spent the day in the city's main square.
On 30 June, demonstrations in favour of Zelaya's removal were held. In an emotional speech, Armeda Lopez said "Chavez ate Venezuela first, then Bolivia, but in Honduras that didn't happen. Here we will not let anyone come to rule us". Signboards included "Enough to illegality", "I love my constitution".
On 1 July, at around 10 in the morning, white-dressed coup supporters emerged in the capital city Tegucigalpa. "Mel out, Mel out!" "Democracy yes, dictatorship no!", "Romeo, friend, the people are with you!" People from the religious sector, women's organisations, politics, and government gave speeches in favour of Zelaya's removal. Jorge Yllescas Olive said "Hondurans have saved our country, justice is on our side and we are demonstrating it to the world". Demonstrators also expressed opposition to Hugo Chávez's threats against Honduras.
On 3 July, around 70,000 people demonstrated in favour of the new government and against Zelaya.
On 30 July, some thousands marched in protest against the coup in El Durazno, Tegucigalpa. They were dispersed violently by police, according to Amnesty International.
On 22 September, some hundreds of anti-coup protesters demonstrating outside the Brazilian embassy, where Zelaya had taken refuge, were dispersed by police.
Government opponents say that the pro-coup demonstrations were staged and/or paid for by the government, giving evidence in some cases. It is claimed that pro-coup demonstrators were bused to the capital Tegucigalpa from all over the country, whereas similar buses with anti-coup demonstrators from the countryside were not allowed to enter the city.
Human rights abuses of the interim government
De facto President Roberto Micheletti ordered a curfew which initially lasted for the 48 hours from Sunday night (28 June) and to Tuesday (30 June) and has continued since then in an arbitrary way. According to Amnesty International and the International Observation Mission for the Human Rights Situation in Honduras, the curfew law was not published in the official journal La Gaceta and was not approved by Congress.
Originally the curfew ran from 9:00 pm to 6:00 am. That curfew was later revised to be in effect from 10 pm to 5 am, was extended twice, ended on 7 July, and was restarted again on 15 July. Amnesty International and the International Observation Mission stated that curfew implementation was arbitrary, with curfew times announced on radio stations, changing randomly each day and between different regions of Honduras. On 1 July, Congress issued an order (decreto ejecutivo N° 011–2009) at the request of Micheletti suspending four constitutional guarantees during the hours the curfew was in effect. The "state of exception" declared on 1 July is equivalent to a state of siege. It suspended civil liberties including freedom of transit and due process, as well as permitting search and seizure without a warrant.
The ambassadors of Cuba, Venezuela, and Nicaragua on 29 June were detained and beaten by Honduran troops before being released. Venezuela's ambassador to the OAS announced before the OAS that those ambassadors and Patricia Rodas, the Zelaya government's Foreign Minister, had been captured. Minutes later, Armando Laguna, the Venezuelan ambassador in Tegucigalpa, reported that he and the other ambassadors had been freed. Laguna said that he and the other diplomats had been seized when they visited Rodas, and that Rodas was forced into a van and had been transferred to an air base. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez stated that the Venezuelan ambassador was assaulted by Honduran soldiers and left by the side of a road.
Allies of Zelaya, among them several government officials, were taken into custody by the military. Foreign Minister Patricia Rodas and the mayor of the city San Pedro Sula, Rodolfo Padilla Sunseri, were detained at military bases. According to a Narconews blog, several congressmen of the Democratic Unification Party (PUD) were arrested and the party's presidential candidate, César Ham, went into hiding.
According to the Venezuelan government's ABN news service, Tomás Andino Mencías, a member of the party, reported that PUD lawmakers were led away by the military when they tried to enter the parliament building for 28 June vote on Zelaya's deposal. A dozen former ministers from the Zelaya government went into hiding, some in foreign embassies, fearing arrest. Local media reported that at least eight ministers besides Rodas had been detained.
Hugo Chávez and Cuban Foreign Minister Bruno Rodríguez separately claimed that Honduran Foreign Minister Patricia Rodas was detained by the military. Rodríguez said that the Cuban, Venezuelan and Nicaraguan ambassadors to Honduras had tried but were unable to protect Rodas from a group of masked soldiers who forcibly took her from their grasp. Rodas was sent to Mexico, which offered her asylum and help to resolve the situation.
Media restrictions
Reuters on 29 June 2009, describing the situation in Honduras as a "media blackout", reported that the military had shut down several TV stations, radio stations, and newspapers' websites. Among the TV stations closed were CNN en Español, TeleSUR, and "a pro-Zelaya channel". Reuters said that "the few television and radio stations still operating on Monday [the 29th] played tropical music or aired soap operas and cooking shows", and "made little reference to the demonstrations or international condemnation of the coup". A government health worker interviewed by Reuters said that the anti-Zelaya newspapers El Heraldo and La Tribuna, and "some television channels controlled by the opposition" were the only ones still broadcasting on the morning of the 29th. The Miami Herald reported that the "crackdown on the media" began before dawn on the 28th. It said that only pro-Micheletti stations were allowed to broadcast and that they carried only news friendly to the new government. On 29 June, four Associated Press personnel were detained and removed from their hotel, but then released.
TeleSUR journalist Adriana Sívori, who was in Tegucigalpa reporting the clashes between the police and protesters, reported that she was arrested by the military under threat and that her passport was seized. Her detention was confirmed by the Associated Press. As soon as the international community learned of the detention, and after the quick intervention of the Venezuelan ambassador in Honduras, the journalist and the staff who accompanied her were released.
According to Diario El Tiempo, there was also some information about the developments that the newspaper Diario El Tiempo had been prohibited to broadcast. Canal 11, located in Colonia de Miramontes, was also prohibited from broadcasting information about the developments. The Cable Color buildings, which also broadcasts programming from CNN and teleSUR, were surrounded by military forces. On 29 June, soldiers shut down Channel 8, a government station which was pro-Zelaya. Channel 36 was raided by soldiers minutes after the coup and remained off the air for a week; the Miami Herald of 1 July quoted owner Esdras López as saying that the building's occupants were detained during the raid. Channel 66 was raided and was off the air for a short time; according to some journalists, however, a Channel 66 program by , a popular radio and TV commentator who is pro-Zelaya, remained off the air for days. Maldonado went into hiding. The Miami Herald noted that Channel 21's signal was briefly interrupted while it was broadcasting a plea against censorship.
As historian Kevin Coleman wrote, "On Monday 29 June, in a replay of the military raids on the Jesuit radio station in El Progreso of the 1960s and 1970s, the Jesuits' progressive radio broadcasts were abruptly pulled off the air at four in the morning. On Sunday evening at 6 pm, just an hour after the coup government's curfew began, a military contingent broke into Radio Progreso's headquarters. With guns pointed, they shouted: "We've come to close down this piece of ****!" One broadcaster locked himself in to keep broadcasting throughout the night. Shortly after, another military convoy stopped outside Radio Progreso. A group of soldiers approached the radio station's guard and asked him if there were any people still working inside. When the guard said no, the soldier in charge told him: "If we find someone inside, you will regret it". And while the coup government, led by Roberto Micheletti, a native of El Progreso, threatened to shut down the station with violence, popular organisations resisting the undemocratic change in their government criticised the station for "watering down" its reporting of the tense and dynamic situation."
According to a press release published on the website of Radio Globo Honduras, which had long sided with Zelaya, a group of 60 soldiers took the radio off the air and the employees, including Alejandro Villatoro, were allegedly threatened and intimidated. The station was allowed to resume transmission, but staff had to follow some rules which they believed limited freedom of expression. The website of the radio was down but was re-established. Alejandro Villatoro said he was arrested and kidnapped by military forces. On or just before 4 August 2009, the National Telecommunications Commission (CONATEL) terminated Radio Globo's transmission frequency rights.
Honduran newspaper La Prensa reported on 30 June that an armed group of Zelaya supporters attacked its main headquarters by throwing stones and other objects at their windows, until police intervened. According to the paper, it was discovered that the group was led by Venezuelan and Nicaraguan nationals.
The Paris-based press freedom group Reporters Without Borders released a statement on 29 June stating that, "The suspension or closure of local and international broadcast media indicates that the coup leaders want to hide what is happening".
Carlos Lauría of the New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists said: "The de facto government clearly used the security forces to restrict the news... Hondurans did not know what was going on. They clearly acted to create an information vacuum to keep people unaware of what was actually happening". However, in an interview published on 9 July 2009 in The Washington Post, Ramón Custodio López, Honduras's human rights ombudsman, said he had received no official complaints from journalists: "This is the first I have heard about an occupation or military raid of a station", he said. "I try to do the best job I can, but there are things that escape my knowledge".
Aftermath
There were demonstrations supporting and opposing Zelaya's removal from power. The Zelaya administration was investigated and prosecuted in the absence of Zelaya. Some organisations reported human rights violations and media restrictions.
Zelaya made two open attempts to return to the country, which were rebuffed; he eventually returned clandestinely and sought asylum in the Brazilian embassy in Tegucigalpa. Negotiations between the coup government and those seeking Zelaya's restitution continued a rocky path; although both sides signed the San José-Tegucigalpa-Guaymuras Accord both had differing interpretations as to the implications for Zelaya's restitution. Some Hondurans hoped to move past the coup through the elections of 29 November 2009.
In June 2019, Zelaya presented in Tegucigalpa a book describing his ouster entitled "El Golpe 28J".
In May 2011, after more than one and a half years in exile in the Dominican Republic, Zelaya was allowed to return to Honduras. Following his return on 28 May, the Organization of American States was to vote on readmitting Honduras to its body.
In July 2011, Honduras's Truth Commission concluded that Zelaya broke the law when he disregarded the Supreme Court ruling ordering him to cancel the referendum, but that his removal from office was illegal and a coup. The designation by Congress of Roberto Micheletti as interim president was ruled by the commission as unconstitutional and his administration as a "de facto regime."
, the coup had weakened democratic institutions such, that along with corruption and police impunity, state security forces persecuted coup opponents, peasants, indigenous protesters and others, and the crime rate increased massively. In this context more than 13,000 Honduran children crossed U.S. borders from October 2013 until May 2014, a 1272% increase compared to 2009.
That same year, Senate Armed Services Committee Chair Carl Levin asked the U.S. Defense Department Office of the Inspector General to investigate charges that the William Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies , the educational arm of U.S. Southern Command located at the National Defense University in Washington, D.C., had actively promoted the coup declared illegal by President Obama but remained unpunished.
Following the coup, trends of decreasing poverty were reversed. The nation saw a poverty increase of 13.2 percent and in extreme poverty of 26.3 percent in just 3 years. Furthermore, unemployment grew between 2008 and 2012 from 6.8 percent to 14.1 percent.
In 2021, Zelaya's wife Xiomara Castro de Zelaya, who ran for president in two previous Honduras elections, would be elected as Honduras' first female President. However, by this point in time, the Zelayas were no longer members of the Liberal Party of Honduras and had since formed a separate party called the Libre, or Free Party.
WikiLeaks documents
On 28 November 2010, the organisation WikiLeaks began releasing 251,287 confidential documents, which detail correspondence between the U.S. State Department and U.S. embassies around the world. Among these is a cable written by U.S. Ambassador Hugo Llorens in late July 2009, which analyzes the legality of the removal of Zelaya under the Honduran constitution. Llorens concluded that although Zelaya might "have committed illegalities and...even violated the constitution", "there is no doubt that the military, Supreme Court and National Congress conspired on June 28 in what constituted an illegal and unconstitutional coup against the Executive Branch". The US Congressional Research Service, a non-partisan congressional committee, however found the interpretation and application of the Honduran constitution that led to the removal of Jose Manuel Zelaya Rosales to be legal. Emails released later show that the 2009 removal was supported by Hillary Clinton's State Department by not recognizing it as coup in order to maintain U.S. aid to the Honduran people. Clinton and her team worked behind the scenes to stall military and economic efforts by neighboring countries through the Organization of American States to restore Manuel Zelaya to office. "The OAS meeting today turned into a non-event — just as we hoped," wrote one senior State Department official, celebrating their success in defusing what they judged would have been a violent or destabilizing restoration. Secretary Clinton had also helped organize elections where she, Latin American leaders and diplomats, in her own words "strategized on a plan to restore order in Honduras and ensure that free and fair elections could be held quickly and legitimately, which would render the question of Zelaya moot".
Public opinion
See also
Grupo Paz y Democracia
References
2009 Honduran constitutional crisis
Military coups in Honduras
Honduras
Coup d'etat
Honduran Coup d'etat
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
June 2009 events in North America |
23572484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auf%20der%20L%C3%BCneburger%20Heide | Auf der Lüneburger Heide | The song Auf der Lüneburger Heide ("On the Lüneburg Heath") was composed in 1912 by Ludwig Rahlfs based on a poem from the collection Der kleine Rosengarten ("The Little Rose Garden") by Hermann Löns.
It is often played at folk festivals in this region of north Germany and is also frequently part of the repertoire of local choral societies.
It gained fame outside the Lüneburg Heath as a result of the 1951 film Grün ist die Heide ("Green is the Heath") with Kurt Reimann as the singer and the 1972 film of the same name in which Roy Black sings the heathland song. Various musicians have publicised their own interpretations of the song, for example the tenor Rudolf Schock on his CD Stimme für Millionen ("Voice for Millions"). The Slovenian industrial band Laibach used the song in 1988 on their cover version of the Beatles album Let It be, where under the title Maggie Mae, instead of the folk song used by the Beatles an unfamiliar version of Auf der Lüneburger Heide (first and third verses) may be heard.
Text and English translation
External links
Link with text and melody
Auf der Lüneburger Heide by Paul Biste.
Information about the poet Hermann Löns
Auf der Lüneburger Heide on YouTube by Heino.
Regional songs
Volkslied
Lüneburg Heath |
23572498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research%20Chair%20in%20Naval%20History | Research Chair in Naval History | The United States Secretary of the Navy's Research Chair in Naval History was established in 1987 by the then Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy (now known as the Naval History & Heritage Command). This competitive appointment was designed to support, for up to three years, a scholar in researching and writing a major monograph on the history of the U.S. Navy since 1945.
Past holders of this chair include:
1987–1988 Dr. Malcolm "Kip" Muir
1988–1989
1989–1990 Dr. William N. Still, Jr.
1990–1991 Dr. Christopher McKee
1991–1992 Dr. James Recknor
2003 John C. Reilly Jr.
References
External links
Naval History and Heritage Command official website
+
+
Naval History and Heritage Command |
20464992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Northern%20Mariana%20Islands%20general%20election | 2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election | General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 2009, electing the Governor, the Legislature, four mayors, the Board of Education and nine municipal council members. There were also four referendums.
Background
A total of 16,146 voters registered to vote with the Commonwealth Election Commission for the 2009 election. That is a 15% increase in voters compared to the 15,118 people who registered to vote in the 2005 general election. Precinct 1 on Saipan, which includes the villages of San Antonio, San Vicente and Koblerville, had the most number of registered voters at 4,331. Voter registration ended on September 18, 2009.
A total of 109 candidates vied for the 43 elected positions in the Northern Mariana Islands in the 2009 election. The contested offices included the offices of governor & lieutenant governor, the twenty seats in the House of Representative, six (of nine) seats in the Senate as well as mayoral posts and various local offices.
At least 18,000 ballots designed to be read by counting machines were printed in Alabama for the 2009 election, according to the executive director of the Election Commission, Robert Guerrero.
Campaign
Major election issues included the Commonwealth's faltering economy and the federalization of the Northern Mariana Islands' immigration by the United States government.
Republican Hofschneider and his running mate, Palacios, challenged incumbent Governor Benigno Fitial and his running mate, Lieutenant Governor Eloy Inos, in the general election. Former legislator Juan "Pan" Guerrero ran as an independent, with sitting CNMI Rep. Joe Camacho as his running mate. Another former legislator, Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero, campaigned as an independent, with former Education Commissioner David M. Borja as his running mate. The race was widely viewed as a rematch between Fitial and Hofschneider, who was narrowly defeated in 2005.
The gubernatorial candidates focused heavily on the estimated 3,000 Northern Mariana Islanders residing on the United States mainland, many of whom were eligible to vote be absentee ballot. Three of the four gubernatorial candidates - Governor Fitial, Hofschneider and Juan Pan Guerrero - attended a Labor Day festival for Northern Mariana Islanders in San Diego, California, in September 2009. Independent candidate Juan "Pan" Guerrero and his running mate, Joe Camacho, campaigned throughout the western United States in August and September. Guerrero and Camacho began campaigning in Salem and Portland, Oregon, before travelling to Seattle, Boise, Idaho, San Francisco, Las Vegas, San Diego and Honolulu.
Gubernatorial election
The incumbent governor Benigno R. Fitial of the Covenant Party, successfully ran for a second term; his running mate, Lt. Governor Eloy Inos, was elected to his first full term. Fitial faced three challengers in the November 7 general election: Republican nominee Heinz Hofschneider, independent Juan "Pan" Guerrero, and independent Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero.
Because of a law signed by Governor Fitial on July 24, 2009, a runoff election between the candidates who received the highest and second-highest vote totals would be required if no candidate obtained more than 50% of the overall vote. Under this 2009 law, a runoff would occur 14 days after the results of the general election are certified by the Commonwealth Election Commission. This election indeed required a runoff, as neither Fitial nor Hofschneider garnered more than 50% of the vote in the November 7 election.
On election day, Republican challenger Hofschneider received 4,900 votes and incumbent Governor Fitial received 4,892 votes, therefore advancing to the runoff election held on November 23, 2009. Of the 13,784 total votes cast in the first round on November 7, Hofschneider led Fitial by just 8 votes, the closest gubernatorial election in the history of the Northern Mariana Islands. In the November 23 runoff election, Governor Fital was reelected by a 370-vote margin. With a margin of 2.8%, this election was the closest race of the 2009 gubernatorial election cycle.
Fitial was elected to serve a five-year term in office as governor instead of the normal four-year term, due to the Senate Legislative Initiative 16-11, which was one of the four ballot initiatives ratified in the November 7 election. Under the Senate Legislative Initiative 16-11, future general (including gubernatorial) elections will be held only in even-numbered years instead of odd-numbered years, such as 2009. Therefore, the next gubernatorial election took place in 2014 rather than 2013.
Candidates
Covenant Party
Benigno R. Fitial, incumbent Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (serving since 2006) and former Northern Mariana Islands Representatives (including tenure as Speaker of the House)
Lieutenant Governor Eloy Inos is Fitial's running mate. Inos was appointed and confirmed as Lt. Governor on May 1, 2009, following the resignation of Timothy Villagomez.
Republican Party
Former Northern Mariana Governor Juan N. Babauta, a Republican, declared his intention to run for governor and challenge Fitial in January 2009. His running mate was Galvin Deleon Guerrero, a member of the CNMI Board of Education.
Babauta was then defeated in the Republican primary by sitting CNMI Rep. Heinz Sablan Hofschneider, a former Speaker of the House, for the Republican Party nomination. Hofschneider's running mate is CNMI Rep. Arnold Indalecio Palacios, the current Speaker of the House.
Before the Republican primary, which was held on June 27, 2009, Hofschneider and Babauta signed a unity pledge, with each candidate pledging to support the winner of the primary. Hofschneider won the primary on June 27 with about 53% of the votes cast. Hofschneider won at six of the eight precincts. After the results were announced, the candidates convened and embraced; Babauta threw his support to Hofschneider and said that he would accept the people's decision. After Babauta had asked his supporters to vote for Hofschneider in the general election, Hofschneider called Babauta and his supporters "a crucial part of the campaign toward November."
Independents
Juan "Pan" Guerrero, chairman of the board for the Northern Marianas Retirement Fund (serving 2006-2009); former Northern Mariana Islands Senator (serving 1986-1990) and Representative (serving 1984-1985)
Joe Camacho is Guerrero's running mate. Camacho is currently a Republican Representative and Floor Leader of the Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives.
Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero, former Northern Mariana Islands Senator (serving 2000-2004)
David Borja, a former Education Commissioner, is Guerrero's running mate.
Democratic Party
For the first time in its history, the Democratic Party of the Northern Mariana Islands did not nominate a candidate for Governor in 2009. The only offices which were contested by the Democrats in 2009 were certain seats in the legislature and the mayorship of Saipan.
Polling
Election day
Polls on election day opened at 7 a.m. on November 7, 2009. Three of the four gubernatorial candidates cast their ballots in the morning at Garapan Elementary School in Garapan, Saipan. Incumbent Governor Benigno Fitial and First Lady Josie Fitial voted at 7:10 a.m., Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero arrived at the school at 7:20 a.m. and independent candidate Juan Pan Guerrero voted after 9 a.m. Republican candidate Heinz Hofschneider also voted at Garapan Elementary School at 6 p.m. later that day. An estimated 84% of registered voters participated in the election.
In the November 7 general election, Republican challenger Heinz Hofschneider received 4,900 votes and incumbent Governor Benigno Fitial received 4,892 votes, therefore both advanced to the runoff election slated for November 23, 2009. A total of 13,784 votes were cast in the first round. Hofschneider led Fitial by just eight votes, the closest gubernatorial election in the history of the Northern Mariana Islands. Independent candidates Juan Pan Guerrero and Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero came in 3rd and 4th place respectively and, therefore, did not qualify for the second runoff election.
Under a 2009 law signed by Governor Benigno Fitial, a runoff election is required within fourteen days of the if no candidate obtained 50% of the popular vote plus 1. Since neither Fitial nor Hofschneider garnered more than 50% of the vote, a runoff date was set for November 23, 2009.
Runoff
The Commonwealth Election Commission certified the results of the general election on November 9 and set the date of the runoff election between Fitial and Hofschneider for Monday, November 23. In a November 17 memorandum, Governor Fitial declared November 23 a legal holiday in the Northern Mariana Islands to encourage voter turnout.
The candidates qualifying for the runoff on November 23, 2009, were incumbent Covenant Party Governor Benigno Fitial and Republican candidate, Rep. Heinz Hofschneider. The incumbent ticket of Fitial-Inos campaigned for re-election on a theme of "proven leadership and proven experience," while the rival Hofscneider-Palacios campaign advocated a "change in leadership" to voters.
Both the Fitial and Hofschneider campaigns reached out to supporters of the independent candidates who did not qualify for the November 23rd runoff, Juan Pan Guerrero and Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero. The support of these independent voters was considered vital both Fitial's and Hofschneider's candidacies.
Former independent candidate Juan "Pan" Guerrero declined to endorse either Fitial or Hofschneider in one-page statement released on November 13, 2009. Instead, Guerrero, who came in third in the gubernatorial election, called on CNMI voters, especially his supporters, to support the candidate who best "represents a better future for themselves, their families, and the Commonwealth." Guerrero further elaborated that, "As soon as it was clear that I would not be in the runoff election, I urged supporters to make their own choices about whom to support-Ben and Eloy or Heinz and Arnold." In his statement, Guerrero noted that he make no further public statements concerning the election before the runoff.
Guerrero running mate in the 2009 election, Joe Camacho, issued his own statement on November 12 endorsing the Covenant Party ticket of Governor Benigno Fitial and Lt. Governor Eloy Inos for re-election. Camacho's brother, Clyde Norita, who was the chairman for the Executive Committee to Elect Juan Pan and Joe Camacho, also endorsed Fitial and Inos.
Former independent candidate Ramon "Kumoi" Deleon Guerrero, who came in fourth place in the general election, endorsed Heinz Hofschneider and Arnold Palacios for governor and lt. governor. Deleon Guerrero cited the wishes of his supporters and support for reforms advocated by Hofschneider, as well as alleged broken promises by the Fitial administration, for his endorsement. He further cited similarities between his own campaign and Hofschneider's messages, "Hofschneider and Palacios have whole-heartedly embraced these visions. They have even taken to heart, our campaign theme of "Time For Change." Deleon Guerrero stated that Fitial had failed to deliver on a number of promises during his term in office, such as economic growth, improved healthcare and the removal of fuel surcharges.
However, Deleon Guerrero's running mate, former Education Commissioner David Borja, endorsed Governor Fitial for re-election. Fitial was also endorsed by the Deleon Guerrero-Borja campaign chairman, Rudy R. Sablan, and seven other senior members of the campaign team.
On December 8, after all ballots had been counted, Fitial was declared the victor in the runoff. He and Inos received 6,610 votes, while Hofschneider and Palacios received 6,240 votes.
Results
Legislature
All 20 seats in the Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives were contested in the election. Six seats in the Northern Mariana Islands Senate were up for election.
Before the 2009 election, the Republican Party controlled the 20-member House of Representatives with a 12-seat majority. The Senate was controlled by the Covenant Party in a coalition with the Democrats and a lone independent.
Senate
House
Mayoral elections
All four mayoral posts were up for election across the Commonwealth.
There were nine candidates for mayor on the island of Saipan: Republican Donald Flores, who won the election, as well as Covenant candidate Marian Tudela, Democrat Angelo Villagomez, and Independent candidates Candy Taman, Joe Sanchez, Roman Benavente, Juan Demapan, Tony Camacho and Lino Tenorio.
Board of Education
Tinian and Aguiguan
Saipan
Other elected offices
Voters also elected nine municipal council members.
Referendums
Education system
References
Referendums in the Northern Mariana Islands
2009 referendums |
20465002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragan%20Tsankov%20Boulevard | Dragan Tsankov Boulevard | Dragan Tsankov Boulevard () is a large boulevard in Bulgaria's capital Sofia. It is named after the Bulgarian politician Dragan Tsankov. It stretches from the intersection with Evlogi Georgiev Boulevard, north of which it is called Graf Ignatiev Street, and the junction with G. M. Dimitrov Boulevard, south of which it is called St Clement of Ohrid Boulevard. The Perlovska River flows under the boulevard at the junction with Evlogi Georgiev Boulevard.
Landmarks along the boulevard are the Bulgarian National Radio building, Faculty of Biology of the Sofia University, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Sofia Municipal Court. The Borisova Gradina TV Tower is located at the junction with Peyo Yavorov Boulevard. From there do the intersection with G. M. Dimitrov Boulevard are situated the Russian Embassy, Park Hotel Moskva, World Trade Center - Sofia, the Transport Police Department of Sofia Police. The red line of the Sofia Metro runs under the boulevard north of Joliot-Curie Metro Station and on a viaduct south of it.
Streets in Sofia |
23572499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matcha | Matcha | is finely ground powder of specially grown and processed green tea leaves, traditionally consumed in East Asia. The green tea plants used for matcha are shade-grown for three to four weeks before harvest; the stems and veins are removed during processing. During shaded growth, the plant Camellia sinensis produces more theanine and caffeine. The powdered form of matcha is consumed differently from tea leaves or tea bags, as it is suspended in a liquid, typically water or milk.
The traditional Japanese tea ceremony centers on the preparation, serving and drinking of matcha as hot tea, and embodies a meditative spirituality. In modern times, matcha is also used to flavor and dye foods, such as mochi and soba noodles, green tea ice cream, matcha lattes and a variety of Japanese wagashi confectionery.
Matcha used in ceremonies is referred to as ceremonial-grade, meaning that the powder is of a high enough quality to be used in the tea ceremony. Lower-quality matcha is referred to as culinary-grade, but no standard industry definition or requirements exist for matcha.
Blends of matcha are given poetic names known as chamei ("tea names") either by the producing plantation, shop, or creator of the blend, or by the grand master of a particular tea tradition. When a blend is named by the grand master of a tea ceremony lineage, it becomes known as the master's konomi.
History
In China during the Tang dynasty (618–907), tea leaves were steamed and formed into tea bricks for storage and trade. The tea was prepared by roasting and pulverizing the tea, decocting the resulting tea powder in hot water, and then adding salt. During the Song dynasty (960–1279), the method of making powdered tea from steam-prepared dried tea leaves and preparing the beverage by whipping the tea powder and hot water together in a bowl became popular.
Preparation and consumption of powdered tea was formed into a ritual by Chan Buddhists. The earliest extant Chan monastic code, titled Chanyuan Qinggui (Rules of Purity for the Chan Monastery, 1103), describes in detail the etiquette for tea ceremonies.
Zen Buddhism and methods of preparing powdered tea were brought to Japan by Eisai in 1191. In Japan, it became an important item at Zen monasteries and from the 14th through the 16th centuries was highly appreciated by members of the upper echelons of society.
Production
Matcha is made from shade-grown tea leaves that also are used to make gyokuro. The preparation of matcha starts several weeks before harvest and may last up to 20 days, when the tea bushes are covered to prevent direct sunlight. This slows down growth, stimulates an increase in chlorophyll levels, turns the leaves a darker shade of green, and causes the production of amino acids, in particular theanine. After harvesting, if the leaves are rolled up before drying as in the production of sencha (煎茶), the result will be gyokuro (jade dew) tea. If the leaves are laid out flat to dry, however, they will crumble somewhat and become known as tencha (). Then, tencha may be deveined, destemmed, and stone-ground to the fine, bright green, talc-like powder known as matcha.
Grinding the leaves is a slow process because the mill stones must not get too warm, lest the aroma of the leaves be altered. Up to one hour may be needed to grind 30 grams of matcha.
The flavour of matcha is dominated by its amino acids. The highest grades of matcha have a more intense sweetness and deeper flavour than the standard or coarser grades of tea harvested later in the year.
Tencha
Tencha refers to green tea leaves that have not yet been ground into fine powder as matcha, as the leaves are instead left to dry rather than be kneaded. Since the leaves' cell walls are still intact, brewing tencha tea results in a pale green brew, which has a more mellow taste compared to other green tea extracts, and only the highest grade of tencha leaves can brew to its fullest flavor. Tencha leaves are half the weight of other tea leaves such as sencha and gyokuro so most tencha brews require double the number of leaves. About an hour is needed to grind 40 to 70 g of tencha leaves into matcha, and matcha does not retain its freshness as long as tencha in powder form because powder begins to oxidize. Drinking and brewing tencha is traditionally prohibited by the Japanese tea ceremony.
Grades
Commercial considerations, especially outside Japan, have increasingly seen matcha marketed according to "grades", indicating quality.
Of the following terms "ceremonial grade" is not recognised in Japan but "food grade" or "culinary grade" are.
Ceremonial grade designates tea for its use in tea ceremonies and Buddhist temples. All must be able to be used in koicha (濃茶), a "thick tea" with a high proportion of powder to water used in traditional tea ceremony.
Premium grade is high-quality matcha green tea that contains young tea leaves from the top of the tea plant. Best for daily consumption, it is characterized by a fresh, subtle flavor, usually perfect for both new and everyday matcha drinkers alike.
Cooking/culinary grade is the cheapest of all. Suitable for cooking purposes, smoothies etc. It is slightly bitter due to factors such as its production from leaves lower down on the tea plant, terroir, the time of harvest, or the process of its manufacture.
In general, matcha is expensive compared to other forms of green tea, although its price depends on its quality. Higher grades are pricier due to the production methods and younger leaves used, and thus they have a more delicate flavour, and are more suited to be enjoyed as tea.
Like other forms of green tea, all grades of matcha have the potential health benefits and risks associated with the Camellia sinensis plant (the human clinical evidence is still limited), while the nutrient content varies depending on climate, season, horticultural practices, plant variety, manufacturing methods and the age of the leaf, i.e., the position of the leaf on the harvested shoot. Catechin concentration is highly dependent on leaf age (the leaf bud and the first leaf are richest in epigallocatechin gallate), but catechin levels also vary greatly between plant varieties and whether the plants are grown in shade.
Chemical compositions of various grades of matcha were studied, with the results showing that the contents of caffeine, free amino acids, theanine, and vitamin C decreased with the decreasing price of matcha.
Another study examined the chemical components of tencha (from which matcha is made), and showed that higher grade teas contained greater amounts of total amino acids, theanine, and other individual amino acids. On the other hand, the high grade teas contained lower amounts of total catechins than lower grade teas (epigallocatechin (EGC) and epicatechin (EC) contents were greater in lower grade teas, while those of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG) did not seem to correlate with tea grade), with the conclusion that the EGCG/EGC ratio reflected the quality of matcha more effectively than the EGC or total catechin contents. The relationship between the grade of tencha and caffeine contents seemed low. The chlorophyll contents were greater in the higher grade teas with a few exceptions, likely related to the strong shading used to cultivate high quality tencha.
The study also examined the chemical components of ceremonial grade matcha, industrial grade matcha (referring to powdered teas used in the food industry and cooking, and labelled matcha), and other powdered green tea samples (like sencha and gyokuro). The prices of industrial matcha were ＞600 Yen/100 g, and the prices of ceremonial matcha were ＞3,000 Yen/100 g. On the other hand, prices of powdered green tea were ＜600 Yen/100 g. The prices ranged from 8,100 Yen/100 g (ceremonial grade) to 170 Yen/100 g (powdered sencha). Samples of matcha for tea ceremonies were characterized by high contents of theanine (＞1.8 g/100 g), and high ratios of EGCG/EGC (＞3.2 g/100 g). On the other hand, for the industrial grade matcha samples and powdered green teas, the theanine contents and EGCG/EGC ratios were ＜1.7 g/100 g and ＜3.3 g/100 g, respectively. The contents of chlorophyll of matcha for tea ceremonies were ＞250 mg/100 g, and of most of the other samples were ＜260 mg/100 g. Although no difference was found between the theanine contents and EGCG/EGC ratios of industrial grade matcha and powdered green teas, the chlorophyll contents in industrial grade matcha tended to be higher than those of powdered green tea.
Location on the tea bush
Where leaves destined for tencha are picked on the tea bush is vital for different grades of matcha. The young developing leaves on the top of the plant, that are soft and supple, are used for higher grades of matcha, resulting in a finer texture and flavour. For the lower grades, older more developed leaves are used, giving them a sandy texture and slightly bitter flavour.
Treatment before processing
Traditionally, sencha leaves are dried outside in the shade and are never exposed to direct sunlight; however, now drying has mostly moved indoors. Quality matcha is vibrantly green as a result of this treatment.
Stone grinding
Without the correct equipment and technique, matcha can become "burnt" and suffer degraded quality. Typically, in Japan, it is stone-ground to a fine powder through the use of specially designed granite stone mills.
Oxidation
Oxidation is also a factor in determining grade. Matcha exposed to oxygen may easily become compromised. Oxidized matcha has a distinctive hay-like smell, and a dull brownish-green colour.
Traditional preparation
The two main ways of preparing matcha are and the less common .
Prior to use, the matcha is often forced through a sieve to break up clumps. Special sieves are available for this purpose, which are usually stainless steel and combine a fine wire-mesh sieve and a temporary storage container. A special wooden spatula is used to force the tea through the sieve, or a small, smooth stone may be placed on top of the sieve and the device shaken gently.
If the sieved matcha is to be served at a Japanese tea ceremony, then it will be placed into a small tea caddy known as a chaki. Otherwise, it can be scooped directly from the sieve into a chawan.
About 2-4 grams of matcha is placed into the bowl, traditionally using a bamboo scoop called a chashaku, and then about 60–80 ml of hot water are added.
While other fine Japanese teas such as gyokuro are prepared using water cooled as low as 40 °C, in Japan, matcha is commonly prepared with water just below the boiling point although temperatures as low as 70–85 °C or 158–185 °F are similarly recommended.
Usucha, or thin tea, is prepared with about 1.75 g (amounting to heaped chashaku scoop, or about half a teaspoon) of matcha and about of hot water per serving, which can be whisked to produce froth or not, according to the drinker's preference (or to the traditions of the particular school of tea). Usucha creates a lighter and slightly more bitter tea.
Koicha, or thick tea, requires significantly more matcha (usually about doubling the powder and halving the water): about 3.75 g (amounting to 3 heaped chashaku scoops, or about one teaspoon) of matcha and 40 ml (1.3 fl oz) of hot water per serving, or as many as 6 teaspoons to cups of water. Because the resulting mixture is significantly thicker (with a similar consistency to liquid honey), blending it requires a slower, stirring motion that does not produce foam. Koicha is normally made with more expensive matcha from older tea trees (exceeding 30 years), thus producing a milder and sweeter tea than usucha. It is served almost exclusively as part of Japanese tea ceremonies.
The mixture of water and tea powder is whisked to a uniform consistency using a bamboo whisk known as a chasen. No lumps should be left in the liquid, and no ground tea should remain on the sides of the bowl. Because matcha may be bitter, it is traditionally served with a small wagashi sweet (intended to be consumed before drinking), but without added milk or sugar. It is usually considered that 40 g of matcha provides for 20 bowls of usucha or 10 bowls of koicha:
Other uses
It is used in castella, manjū, and monaka; as a topping for shaved ice (kakigōri); mixed with milk and sugar as a drink; and mixed with salt and used to flavour tempura in a mixture known as matcha-jio. It is also used as flavouring in many Western-style chocolates, candy, and desserts, such as cakes and pastries, including Swiss rolls and cheesecake, cookies, pudding, mousse, and green tea ice cream. Matcha frozen yogurt is sold in shops and can be made at home using Greek yogurt. The Japanese snacks Pocky and Kit Kats have matcha-flavoured versions. It may also be mixed into other forms of tea. For example, it is added to genmaicha to form matcha-iri genmaicha (literally, roasted brown rice and green tea with added matcha).
The use of matcha in modern drinks has also spread to North American cafés, such as Starbucks, which introduced "green tea lattes" and other matcha-flavoured drinks after they became successful in their Japanese store locations. As in Japan, it has become integrated into lattes, iced drinks, milkshakes, and smoothies.
Basic matcha teaware
The equipment required for the making of matcha is:
Large enough to whisk the fine powder tea around
A bamboo whisk with fine bristles to whisk or whip the tea foam
A bamboo spoon to measure the powder tea into the tea bowl (not the same as a Western teaspoon)
A container for the matcha powder tea
A small cotton cloth for cleaning teaware during the tea ceremony
Health effects
As matcha is a concentrated form of green tea, it has been long reputed by enthusiasts for centuries that matcha possesses stronger health benefits associated with green tea. Caffeine is more concentrated in matcha, but the main matcha constituent expected to have a stress-reducing effect is theanine. Theanine is the most abundant amino acid in green tea, and together with succinic acid, gallic acid and theogallin is what gives matcha its umami flavor. Compared to traditional green tea, the production of matcha requires the tea leaves to be protected from sunlight. Shading results in an increase in caffeine, total free amino acids, including theanine, but also reduces the accumulation of flavonoids (catechins) in leaves.
Theanine's stress-reducing effects were tested at Japan's University of Shizuoka, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, where studies show that laboratory mice that consumed more than 33 mg/kg of matcha had significantly suppressed adrenal hypertrophy, a symptom that shows sensitivity to stress. The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences also tested the stress-reducing effects on university students and confirmed that students who ingested 3 grams of matcha in 500 ml of room-temperature water had reduced anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory or STAI), than students who consumed placebo.
See also
Green tea
Food powder
Notes
References
External links
Chadō
Chinese tea
Food powders
Green tea
Japanese tea
Tang dynasty |
23572500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Roy | Bernard Roy | Bernard Roy (; 15 March 1934 – 28 October 2017) was an emeritus professor at the Université Paris-Dauphine. In 1974 he founded the "Laboratoire d'Analyse et de Modélisation des Systèmes pour l'Aide à la Décision" (Lamsade). He was President of Association of European Operational Research Societies from 1985 to 1986. In 1992 he was awarded the EURO Gold Medal, the highest distinction within Operations Research in Europe. In 2015 he received the EURO Distinguished Service Award.
He worked on graph theory and on multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), having created the ELECTRE family of methods. The name ELECTRE stands for "ELimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité".
References
External links
Biography of Bernard Roy from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
1934 births
2017 deaths
University of Paris faculty
French mathematicians |
23572521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepeda%20Beach | Lepeda Beach | Lepeda Beach is a beach in the south east of the Paliki, in Kefalonia, Greece. The beach is about south of Lixouri.
Character
The beach is at the end of a length of coast road. A steep curved ramp leads down to an open bay with a strip of orange-red sandy beach, which is up to wide in places. The beach is about long, with ample access for swimming, along with having sets of distinctive rocks near shore margin towards the north end of the beach.
Geology
The adjacent area is composed of local limestone with a brushwood cover. Homes with beach front access dot the area.
Travel and amenities
A short, steep, well-made road leads down to the beach area. The beach has a single small shop selling drinks. It is possible to hire a sunshade. A volleyball net is often in place. Many people try and park on the steep road, however, going right to the bottom of the incline and turning left immediately in front of the small shop leads down a road to a larger car park area.
References
Beaches of Greece
Bays of Greece
Tourist attractions in the Ionian Islands (region)
Landforms of Cephalonia
Landforms of the Ionian Islands (region) |
23572522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen%20Transmission | Stolen Transmission | Stolen Transmission was an American independent record label founded in 2005 by Sarah Lewitinn and Rob Stevenson. They have released albums from well-known artists such as Innerpartysystem, Monty Are I, and Schoolyard Heroes.
History
The label started in 2005 by former Spin editor, Sarah Lewitinn, who quit the magazine to create the label, and Rob Stevenson, a music executive for Island Def Jam. It began as an imprint of Island Def Jam. It lasted 2 years without any major commercial or critical success.
In late 2007, Stolen Transmission parted ways with Island Def Jam due to the reconstruction of it, and Stolen Transmission ran completely independent for a few months. The label is defunct since 2008.
Artists
The Audition
Bright Light Fever
The Horrors
Innerpartysystem
Monty Are I
The Oohlas
Permanent Me
The Photo Atlas
Schoolyard Heroes
Former
PlayRadioPlay!
Saints and Lovers
References
External links
Official site
American independent record labels
Record labels established in 2005 |
23572535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious%20Worship%20Act%201718 | Religious Worship Act 1718 | The Religious Worship Act 1718 (5 Geo. I, c. 4) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. It repealed the Schism Act 1714.
Notes
History of Christianity in the United Kingdom
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1718
1718 in Christianity
Law about religion in the United Kingdom |
23572536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technischer%20%C3%9Cberwachungsverein | Technischer Überwachungsverein | TÜVs (; short for , ) are internationally active, independent service companies from Germany and Austria that test, inspect and certify technical systems, facilities and objects of all kinds in order to minimize hazards and prevent damages. The TÜV companies are organized into three large holding companies, TÜV Nord, TÜV Rheinland and TÜV SÜD (with TÜV Hessen), along with the smaller independent companies TÜV Thüringen, TÜV Saarland and TÜV Austria.
History
With the increasing number and efficiency of steam engines during the Industrial Revolution, there had been more and more accidents caused by exploding (or more precisely, bursting) boilers. After the explosion of the boiler at the Mannheim Aktienbrauerei in January 1865, the idea was pursued there to subject boilers to regular inspections on a voluntary basis, as was already the case in Great Britain. Twenty boiler owners in Baden joined in the plans and finally founded the "Gesellschaft zur Ueberwachung und Versicherung von Dampfkesseln" (Society for the Supervision and Insurance of Steam Boilers) on January 6, 1866, in the rooms of the Mannheim Stock Exchange. It was the first inspection society on the European mainland. Other German states and regions followed suit.
These independent regional monitoring organizations in the form of associations were so successful in accident prevention that, from 1871, membership in such an association exempted them from inspection by a state inspector. The regional "Dampfkessel-Überwachungs- und Revisions-Vereine" (DÜV), as self-help organizations of steam boiler operators, were thus an early example of a very successful privatization of previously state inspections. Because they were so successful in preventing accidents in the rapidly developing field of steam boiler technology, they were later also entrusted with safety inspections in other technical fields, including the periodic testing of motor vehicles as well as driver's license testing.
All TÜV groups that emerged from these common roots use the "TÜV" brand and a regional suffix (for example, TÜV SÜD, TÜV Rheinland, TÜV Nord, TÜV Saarland, TÜV Thüringen, TÜV Austria) in their names. They compete with each other and with other market players in some areas (see above).
The individual TÜVs became multinational corporations with time, and came to provide services to industry, governments, individuals, and non-profit groups. During the 1980s and 1990s, deregulation led to competition in the German inspection and certification industry, and further deregulation occurred at the end of 2007.
In 2007, TÜV Nord and TÜV SÜD agreed to merge, which would have created a company with 18,000 employees and sales of around 1.8 billion euros; however the companies called off the merger that same year, citing potential difficulties with integration as well as restrictions that would have been required under antitrust law. In 2008, TÜV SÜD and TÜV Rheinland agreed to merge which would have created the second largest testing services company in the world, behind SGS S.A.; the combined company would have had around 25,000 employees and 2.2 billion euros in income. These plans were abandoned by August again due to antitrust concerns. TÜV Nord had more than 11,000 employees stationed globally as of 2020.
Responsibilities and structure
All TÜVs perform sovereign tasks in the fields of vehicle monitoring, driver licensing and equipment and product safety. In addition, TÜVs function as notified bodies in Europe for medical device regulation.
Every company that uses the word "TÜV" in its name is at least 25.1% owned by a "Technischer Überwachungs-Verein e. V." (Technical Inspection Association), which is a non-governmental organization of the German business community and has been entrusted by the state with the specified sovereign tasks ("TÜV Convention").
As a result of deregulation and liberalization, the former regional responsibility in Germany has been abolished in most areas of work. In these areas, as well as in the unregulated sector, the companies operate independently on the market and compete with each other. In many areas such as product certification and certification of management systems, they are represented worldwide by subsidiaries.
Organizations that imitate TÜV have also established themselves outside the German-speaking world. TÜV India, which is a subsidiary of TÜV Nord, has been operating in India since 1989. TÜV offices have also been operating in Turkey since 2007. The operator is TÜVtürk, a subsidiary of TÜV SÜD.
TÜV Hessen
TÜV Hessen (TÜV Technische Überwachung Hessen GmbH) is based in Darmstadt. According to its origins, the company is a purely technical testing organization, but with its focus on testing and certification now operates in a broad field within the service industry. It currently employs around 1350 people and generated annual sales of around €157 million in fiscal 2019. TÜV Hessen has been 55% owned by TÜV Süd AG and 45% by the state of Hesse since 1999.
TÜV SÜD
TÜV SÜD AG is a management holding company with 74.9 percent of the shares owned by TÜV SÜD e.V. (registered association) and 25.1 percent owned by the TÜV SÜD Foundation. In 2021, it generated annual sales of €2.7 billion with 25,000+ employees. As of June 2022, TÜV SÜD listed more than 1,000 locations throughout Germany, Europe, America, and Asia. Around 40 percent of sales are generated abroad.
TÜV Nord
TÜV NORD AG is an based in Hanover. Its main tasks are testing and certification in the business areas of industry, automotive, and human resources and education. As a stock corporation, the company was founded in 2004. The shares of the company are held by TÜV NORD e. V. (36.1%), RWTÜV e. V. (36.1%) and TÜV Hannover/Sachsen-Anhalt e. V. (27.8%).
TÜV Saarland
TÜV Saarland emerged from the Pfälzischer Dampfkessel-Revisions-Verein (Palatinate Steam Boiler Auditing Association) founded in 1871 and is headquartered in Sulzbach. The Chairman of the Board of TÜV Saarland is Thomas Klein. TÜV Saarland Holding GmbH is 74.9 percent owned by TÜV Saarland e.V. and 25.1 percent by the TÜV Saarland Foundation. The managing directors of TÜV Saarland Holding GmbH are Carsten Schubert (spokesman) and Thorsten Greiner.
TÜV Thüringen
TÜV Thüringen is headquartered in Erfurt. TÜV Thüringen is set up as a group of companies and competes with the other testing organizations. The TÜV Thüringen group of companies has its main focus in central Germany and operates throughout Germany and worldwide. It has more than 1,000 employees at ten locations in Germany as well as numerous automotive testing facilities in twelve countries.
TÜV Rheinland
TÜV Rheinland AG is based in Cologne. TÜV Rheinland operates as a technical testing organization in the areas of safety, efficiency and quality. Chairman of the Executive Board of TÜV Rheinland AG is Michael Fübi, Chairman of the Supervisory Board is Michael Hüther. The sole shareholder of TÜV Rheinland AG is TÜV Rheinland Berlin Brandenburg Pfalz e. V.. With 19,924 employees, TÜV Rheinland generated sales of 1.97 billion euros and earnings before interest and taxes of 130.6 million euros in 2017. In terms of sales, 45 percent was attributable to business outside Germany. 11,420 employees work outside Germany, 8,504 in Germany.
TÜV Austria
In Austria, TÜV Austria, which dates back to its foundation as a monitoring association in 1872, has evolved into the internationally active TÜV Austria Group.
The brand "TÜV"
The "TÜV" brand is a highly recognizable trademark protected for the benefit of these testing organizations and the VdTÜV. It is a valuable asset of the TÜV testing companies.
"TÜV" became known to the general public primarily through the general inspection. In Germany, the term "TÜV" is informally used to denote the compulsory biennial or triennial vehicle inspection procedure (similar to the term "MOT" in the United Kingdom, e.g., you take your car "to the TÜV", even though vehicle inspections are now also often inspected by another organization such as Dekra, KÜS or GTÜ, since the former monopoly for this inspection has long been dissolved).
In addition, "TÜV-geprüft" colloquially means a seal of quality for technical testing by a TÜV company (see above). The designation "TÜV-tested" may only be used by a technical inspection association or a subsidiary. Anything else would be misleading consumers or unfair competition. This seal of quality is also increasingly being abused by falsification.[3]
Because "the TÜV" enjoys a high reputation for neutrality and expertise in Germany and Austria, but now also worldwide, and has a high degree of recognition, the designation is applied in colloquial language to many social problem areas and grievances when there are calls for control and transparency (e.g. "Bureaucracy TÜV", "School TÜV", "Event TÜV").
TÜV Association
The TÜV Association or TÜV-Verband e. V. in German (formerly VdTÜV or Verband der TÜV e. V.) represents the interests of the Technical Inspection Associations (TÜV) in Germany and Europe vis a vis politics, authorities, economy and the public. The association has its headquarters in Berlin and also maintains an EU representation in Brussels.
The aim of the TÜV Association is to improve the technical and digital safety of vehicles, products, systems and services through independent assessments. Together with its members, the TÜV Association pursues the goal of maintaining the high level of technical safety in our society and creating trust for the digital world. To achieve this, the experts of the TÜV Association are involved in the further development of standards and regulations. Currently, the main focus is on strengthening digital security and meeting the growing demands for sustainability in our society.
Since June 2020, Dirk Stenkamp, Chairman of the Board of Management of TÜV NORD AG, has been Chairman of the TÜV Association. The chairmanship rotates every two years. Since 2017, Joachim Bühler has been Managing Director of the TÜV Association.
The TÜV Association has six main members. In addition, there are two industry members and five associate members.
Main members
TÜV SÜD
TÜV Hessen
TÜV Nord
TÜV Thüringen
TÜV Saarland
TÜV Rheinland
TÜV Austria
Scandals
Over the years, there have been various scandals regarding the services provided by the different TUVs.
Brazilian dam disaster
TÜV SÜD was auditing and certifying Vale, a company that was involved in the 2015 Mariana dam disaster. In 2019 the Brumadinho dam disaster occurred. In October 2019, five Brazilians who lost close family members there and two NGOs filed a law infringement complaint against TÜV SÜD, alleging that TÜV SÜD is jointly responsible for the deaths and environmental damage. The company denies the allegations.
On January 25, 2019, a recently inspected tailing dam collapsed, killing 270 people, of whom 259 were officially confirmed dead and 11 others reported as missing, whose bodies had not been found. The Brumadinho dam disaster released a mudflow that advanced over houses in a rural area near the city. Brazilian authorities issued arrest warrants for two engineers of TÜV SÜD, contracted to inspect the dam. Brazilian prosecutors announced, on January 21, 2020, that Vale, TÜV SÜD, and 16 individuals would be charged in relation to the dam disaster.
In 2020 Brazilian prosecutors announced their plans to file charges against Vale SA and its auditor TÜV SÜD and many individuals.
Deficient breast implants
In 2013, TÜV Rheinland was held liable by a French court to 1600 women whose breast implants had ruptured; the implants were made by Poly Implant Prothèse with TÜV Rheinland having certified the manufacturing process.
See also
CE marking
Cybersecurity standards
Explosion protection
Functional safety
Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory
Security
References
1866 establishments in Germany
1872 establishments in Austria
Automotive testing agencies
Environmental certification marks
German brands
Austrian brands
Product certification
Service companies of Germany
Standards organisations in Germany
Service companies of Austria
Standards organisations in Austria |
17330081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh%20Mandel | Josh Mandel | Joshua Aaron Mandel (born September 27, 1977) is an American far-right politician who served as the 48th treasurer of Ohio from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he previously was the Ohio State Representative for the 17th district from 2007 to 2011. He was the unsuccessful Republican challenger to Democratic incumbent Sherrod Brown in the 2012 U.S. Senate election.
In 2016, Mandel announced his intention to challenge Brown yet again in 2018, but later withdrew from the race. In 2022, he ran again for the Senate, but lost the primary nomination to author J.D. Vance.
Early life and education
Mandel was born to a Jewish family on September 27, 1977, in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Rita (née Friedman) and Bruce Mandel. Mandel's maternal grandfather, Joe, is originally from Poland and is a Holocaust survivor, while his maternal grandmother, Fernanda, is originally from Italy and was hidden from the Nazis by Christian families during World War II. Mandel has a sister, Rachel. He attended Beachwood High School, where he was the quarterback of the football team.
Mandel earned a bachelor's degree from the Ohio State University. At Ohio State, he served two terms as the undergraduate student government president. After graduating from Ohio State in 2000, he earned a Juris Doctor from the Case Western Reserve University School of Law.
Career
Military service
Mandel enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve, where he served eight years as an intelligence specialist. His first tour was from February to November 2004, during which he was attached to a light armored reconnaissance battalion. He left for his second tour in September 2007. Attached to an infantry battalion, Mandel served in the city of Haditha.
Lyndhurst city council
Mandel was elected to the Lyndhurst, Ohio, city council in 2003. He was on the council's finance committee.
In January 2005, Mandel sent a letter to Lyndhurst residents, proposing a one-time tax rebate of $400, paying the postage for the letters from his campaign fund. Faced with opposition from fellow council members, Mandel introduced and advocated for a 2 mill property tax rollback, which would have saved the average homeowner $100 a year on a home valued at $160,000. On April 4, 2005, the Council passed a 1.5 mill rollback that saved the average homeowner $75 per year.
Ohio House of Representatives
Elections
Mandel was first elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in November 2006.
He represented Ohio's 17th House district, consisting of 17 communities of various sizes in southeastern Cuyahoga County. Mandel was re-elected to a second term in 2008.
Tenure
Mandel's first piece of legislation as a State Representative, H.B. 151, was an initiative to force the multibillion-dollar Ohio pension funds to divest from companies doing business in Iran. He joined State Representative Shannon Jones (R) in an attempt to make Ohio the first state in the nation to divest from Iran, but the legislation was never signed into law due to a compromise between state pension executives and Ohio House leadership, agreed to by Mandel. Then-Speaker of the Ohio House Jon Husted brokered a deal to drop half of the state's investments in Iran and Sudan with the eventual goal of removing all investment from the two countries.
In the 128th Assembly, Mandel was one of 19 House members to vote against legislation to make cockfighting a felony. Mandel said that the legislation was not a pressing priority for the state and that the General Assembly should spend its time in other ways.
Also in the 128th Assembly, Mandel voted against legislation that "[p]rohibits discriminatory practices on the basis of "sexual orientation" and "gender identity" under many of the Ohio Civil Rights Commission (OCRC) Law's existing prohibitions against various unlawful discriminatory practices.". The bill passed the Ohio House by a vote of 56 to 39.
State Treasurer
In May 2009, Mandel announced his candidacy for Ohio Treasurer of State via web video. Mandel's campaign generated controversy in late September 2010 when it ran a TV commercial falsely suggesting that Mandel's opponent, African-American Kevin Boyce, was a Muslim. The commercial was criticized for playing on anti-Muslim bias, and was ultimately withdrawn by the Mandel campaign. However, voters subsequently received a campaign mailing with similar themes. The Mandel campaign said that the Ohio Republican Party was responsible for the mailers, which had already been sent via bulk mail. In October 2010, in response to an Ohio Democratic Party complaint, the Ohio Elections Commission found that Mandel had deceptively depicted Boyce (an African Methodist Episcopal) as a Muslim in the ads.
On November 2, 2010, Mandel was elected Ohio State Treasurer, defeating Boyce by 14 percentage points to become chief investment officer of state funds. Mandel was sworn in on January 10, 2011.
During Mandel's time as treasurer, Ohio retained the highest possible rating from Standard & Poor's for the state's $4 billion government investment fund. On March 19, 2012, Mandel severed contracts with two major banks that handled $41 billion in Ohio pension investments, amid government investigations into whether the banks overcharged clients for currency trading accusing them of "systematically exploiting public pension funds and taxpayers."
Mandel was reelected to a second term as state treasurer in 2014, defeating Democratic State Representative Connie Pillich.
OhioCheckbook.com
In December 2014, Mandel launched OhioCheckbook.com, a website that reports every expenditure in state government, in an effort, according to Mandel, to "create an army of citizen watchdogs who have the power to hold politicians accountable." Because there was no coordination with a similar effort undertaken by then-Governor John Kasich, Ohio ran two overlapping disclosure sites for several years. In June 2020, the state of Ohio merged the two sites, saving nearly a million dollars.
STABLE Accounts
In summer 2015, Ohio passed legislation granting the Ohio Treasurer's Office the authority to open and administer ABLE accounts; such accounts are a federally authorized, state-run savings program for eligible people with disabilities. In June 2016, Mandel began offering the nation's first ABLE accounts, called in Ohio "STABLE Accounts". The Ohio Treasurer's Office, in addition to administering Ohio's STABLE Accounts, also jointly administers the ABLE accounts in Arizona, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Vermont, West Virginia and Wyoming.
Advertising controversy
In 2016 and 2017, the Ohio Treasurer's Office under Mandel spent almost $1.7 million in taxpayer-funded television ads, featuring him and Urban Meyer, the head coach for the Ohio State Buckeyes football team. Mandel's office made each payment for the ads to individual television stations in an amount less than $50,000 per fiscal year, thus circumventing the need for approval by the state Controlling Board, which must sign-off on state payments over this amount. Thirteen ad buys were within $1,000 of the $50,000 threshold. Mandel defended the ads, saying they helped increase awareness of an investment program for disabled Ohioans. Critics questioned the airing of self-promotional ads at a time when Mandel was running for U.S. Senate and said that Mandel's office was trying to avoid scrutiny by structuring the ad buys to avoid Controlling Board approval.
In response to the controversy, the Ohio House introduced an amendment to the state's 2017 budget. The amendment would require approval by the Controlling Board for ad buys that in aggregate exceed $50,000. This rule would have prevented Mandel from avoiding oversight by distributing the advertising campaign among individual ad buys. Mandel did not attend an Ohio Senate hearing on the matter. He sent a deputy instead.
OhioCrypto.com
In November 2018, Mandel made Ohio the first U.S. state to allow taxpayers to pay taxes with cryptocurrency. Mandel's initiative, OhioCrypto.com, allowed Ohio taxpayers to pay tax bills in Bitcoin; he described the initiative as a way to project Ohio as a state that is embracing blockchain technology. Mandel described himself as a cryptocurrency enthusiast and said that he hoped the launch of OhioCrypto.com would bring more legitimacy to cryptocurrency. Ohio Attorney General Yost subsequently found, "The Treasurer's use of a payment processor to convert cryptocurrency into dollars for the payment of taxes is not authorized, expressly or impliedly, by statutes allowing the receipt of electronic payments." Mandel's successor suspended the program, noting that it had processed fewer than ten transactions.
2012 U.S. Senate election
Mandel was the Republican nominee to challenge Democratic incumbent Sherrod Brown in the 2012 election for U.S. Senate from Ohio. Mandel officially announced his candidacy for U.S. Senate on March 1, 2012. He won the March 6, 2012 Republican primary with 63% of the vote in a five-candidate race.
Mandel earned the endorsement of several prominent conservative politicians, including: New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, Florida Sen. Marco Rubio, and Sen. John McCain. Mandel also received the endorsements of U.S. Sen. Rob Portman and U.S. Rep. Jim Jordan.
Mandel's campaign was singled out by the independent fact-checking group Politifact for its "casual relationship with the truth" and its tendency to "double down" after inaccuracies were pointed out. Politifact wrote: "For all the gifts Mandel has, from his compelling personal narrative as an Iraq war veteran to a well-oiled fundraising machine, whoppers are fast becoming a calling card of his candidacy."
Mandel had raised $7.2 million through the first quarter of 2012; his $5.3 million cash on hand trailed Brown's $6.3 million. Mandel benefited from support from conservative out-of-state superPACs. As of July 2012, these outside groups--including Crossroads GPS--aired $10 million in TV advertising supporting Mandel and attacking Brown, outspending Democratic Party-aligned outside groups by a margin of more than five-to-one. Mandel's campaign was aided by over $1 million spent primarily on attack ads by a 501(c)(4) organization called the "Government Integrity Fund".
A few days before the election, several of Mandel's relatives published an open letter in the Cleveland Jewish News criticizing Mandel for his anti-gay views, stating that his own cousin, a graduate of the US Air Force Academy, was married to another woman, and that Mandel believed LGBT people "should be forced to live a life of secrecy and lies".
Brown defeated Mandel 51%-45% in the November 6, 2012 general election.
In August 2013, the Ohio Democratic Party and EMILY's List accused Mandel of violating federal and state campaign laws by using a vehicle owned by his U.S. Senate campaign for personal purposes. The vehicle was involved in a traffic accident on March 5, 2013, nearly four months after Mandel's Senate campaign had ended; he was a passenger in the vehicle when the accident occurred. Mandel contended that he had done nothing improper.
2018 U.S. Senate election
In December 2016, Mandel announced that he would seek election to the United States Senate in 2018.
In late 2016, a Super PAC called Ohio Freedom Fund was created to support Mandel's Senate bid. As of April 2017, the Ohio Freedom Fund's primary contributor is Citizens for a Working America, a nonprofit organization not subject to campaign finance disclosures. At the time that the Ohio Freedom Fund Super PAC was created, Mandel, in his capacity as state treasurer, was appearing in a series of advertisements promoting a new investment program for families with special needs children. Mandel's office said the ads were taped and aired before Mandel was a candidate for U.S. Senate.
In July 2017, Mandel stated his support for alt-right activists and conspiracy theorists Mike Cernovich and Jack Posobiec after they were criticized in an Anti-Defamation League (ADL) report. Mandel accused the ADL of being a "partisan witchhunt group" and tweeted "I stand with @Cernovich & @JackPosobiec."
Mandel dropped out of the race on January 5, 2018, citing the need to spend more time with his family relating to his wife's health issues. The nomination was won by Congressman Jim Renacci, who went on to lose the general election to Brown.
2022 U.S. Senate election
Senator Rob Portman announced in late January 2021 that he would not be seeking re-election to the Senate, citing gridlock and partisanship. Mandel mulled running in the election, and later confirmed that he would run. Declaring his candidacy, Mandel touted his support for President Donald Trump, although he had initially endorsed Marco Rubio for the party's nomination in the 2016 presidential election and voted for him in that year's Ohio Republican primary.
In March 2021, Mandel was suspended from Twitter for 12 hours for creating a poll about which type of "illegals" would commit more crimes, "Muslim Terrorists" or "Mexican Gangbangers". Mandel called the suspension censorship.
In May 2021, multiple fundraisers left the Mandel campaign, citing a "toxic work atmosphere" including being berated publicly by the campaign's financial director.
In October 2021, posting on a far-right conservative website, Mandel claimed that Jewish financier George Soros and the "deep state" were responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, the Black Lives Matter movement, Antifa, and the January 6, 2021 assault on Capitol Hill.
In the May 2022 primary, Mandel was defeated by Trump-endorsed candidate J. D. Vance. Mandel came in second during the primary, receiving 23.9 percent of the votes.
Political positions
Donald Trump
Mandel has been characterized as a Trump loyalist. He has backed Trump's widely disproven claims of voting fraud in 2020 presidential election, and supported Trump's attempts to overturn opponent Joe Biden's electoral victory. Mandel has called Trump's second impeachment a "sham" and pledged to fight for the former president's "America First" agenda. Mandel claims that "studies that evidence widespread fraud" in relation to the 2020 presidential election will emerge eventually.
Abortion
Mandel is anti-abortion.
Health care
Mandel has called for the repeal of the Affordable Care Act. In a campaign advertisement during his 2012 Senatorial run, Mandel claimed opponent Sherrod Brown "cast the deciding vote on the government takeover of health care". Politifact has labeled as false the claim that Brown cast the deciding vote for the act. The description of the act as a government takeover of health care, by Mandel, has been labeled by Politifact as "nonsensical" and a "myth".
Environment
Mandel rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. He has referred to climate change research as "riddled with fraud". He has vowed to fight attempts to advance clean-air standards.
Mandel has called for what he terms as "aggressive and responsible" energy exploration that protects "the air we breathe and water we drink" while reducing environmental regulation. He supports the approval of the Keystone XL pipeline. Mandel is a supporter of expanded coal plants and has criticized what he has termed as "radical" environmental groups.
LGBT rights
Mandel opposes same-sex marriage, saying in 2012 that he will "protect the sanctity of marriage" and "this is a fight that I will never, ever back down." He is against openly gay people serving in the military, and voted against workplace and housing discrimination protections for gay and transgender people in 2009.
Foreign policy
In 2012, Mandel said that he disagreed with plans to set a "date certain" for withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Iraq and Afghanistan, also stating that "at some point in time, we have to take the training wheels off and we have to allow those countries to stand on their own two feet."
In early September 2021, when the U.S. evacuated Afghan allies from Afghanistan, Mandel said that refugees were being brought to "the heart of America ... To protect our kids, our communities and our Judeo-Christian way of life, we must FIGHT this with all our might."
Religion
In November 2021, Mandel, despite being Jewish, tweeted support for controversial statements by Michael Flynn calling for the establishment of "one religion" in the United States, which would be against the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. He followed up with more tweets saying "Freedom of religion ≠ freedom FROM religion" and "America was not founded as a secular nation".
Personal life
Mandel was married to social worker Ilana Shafran in August 2008 in Jerusalem. In April 2020, Mandel and Shafran filed for divorce. The divorce was finalized in June 2020 and all records were sealed until 2021 when details regarding finances, custody of their three children, and child support were released. Mandel has been dating Rachel Wilson, a staffer for his campaign, since August 2020.
Electoral history
References
External links
State Treasurer of Ohio
Josh Mandel campaign website
Statewide candidates stake their positions: Round the Rotunda
Josh Mandel's file at Politifact
Collected news and commentary at the Cleveland Plain Dealer
|-
|-
1977 births
People from Beachwood, Ohio
Politicians from Cleveland
Members of the Ohio House of Representatives
State treasurers of Ohio
Ohio Republicans
United States Marine Corps reservists
United States Marines
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War
Case Western Reserve University School of Law alumni
Ohio State University School of Communication alumni
Far-right politicians in the United States
Jewish American state legislators in Ohio
21st-century American politicians
Living people
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American people of Italian-Jewish descent
Candidates in the 2018 United States Senate elections
Candidates in the 2022 United States Senate elections
Candidates in the 2012 United States elections |
17330089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20wind%20%28disambiguation%29 | West wind (disambiguation) | A west wind is a wind that originates in the west and blows east.
West Wind may also refer to:
"West Wind", a song by Miriam Makeba from The Magnificent Miriam Makeba
East Wind: West Wind, an American novel
West Wind Aviation, Saskatchewan's second-largest commercial aviation group
Project West Wind, a wind farm west of Wellington, New Zealand
See also
The West Wind (disambiguation)
West Wind Shores
West Wing
Westwind (disambiguation) |
23572543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Jersey%20Route%20185 | New Jersey Route 185 | Route 185 is a short one-block-long state highway in Jersey City in the U.S. state of New Jersey, between Route 440 and Linden Avenue. Route 185 is a freeway in the Greenville neighborhood of Jersey City. It is parallel to Interstate 78 (the Newark Bay Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike) on the eastern side. On Route 440, signs pointing the way to Route 185 imply that the highway runs directly to Liberty State Park. In reality, the freeway ends at Linden Avenue, and travelers must journey one city block west to Caven Point Road, which continues north to Liberty State Park. At Route 185's junction with Route 440, the thru lanes of the Route 440 freeway northbound actually continue north as Route 185, and traffic wishing to continue on Route 440 must actually exit the freeway. Route 185 opened on February 25, 1988 at only 23% of its proposed routing.
Route description
Route 185 begins at a trumpet interchange with Route 440 and Harbor Drive in Jersey City. The route heads northward, surrounded by the northbound and southbound lanes of Route 440. Route 185 parallels Summit Place and interchanges once again with Route 440. After the interchange on and off ramps, the highway continues into the industrial area of Jersey City, passing over the former Central Railroad of New Jersey alignment and near the Greenville Railroad Yard. Route 185 parallels the New Jersey Turnpike Newark Bay Extension (Interstate 78) from this point on, until the designation terminates at an at-grade intersection with Linden Avenue East on Upper New York Bay.
History
Arterial design
The alignment of Route 185 originates as Alternative F-1 and G-1 of the Liberty Harbor–Route 169 Feeder Arterial, proposed in 1977 during the construction of New Jersey Route 169. The alignment was supposed to fork off of Route 169 near Interchange 14A on the Newark Bay Extension, and parallel the extension through the Greenville Railroad Yards. The alignment would parallel Caven Point Road to the south and through the Metropolitan Tank Port before ending at Interchange 14B in Jersey City. The original alignment proposed, Alternative G-4, was to have the freeway run along the alignment of Caven Point Road parallel to the Newark Bay Extension into the Metropolitan Tank Port, but prior to the Final Environmental Impact Statement, the proposal was dropped. The alignment was designed to help serve existing and proposed industry and divert truck traffic from local streets. The alignment of the new arterial was proposed to be with four travel lanes (two in each direction) designed for hourly volume of 3090 vehicles.
Although most of the arterial was proposed as an at-grade highway, the interchange with Route 169 was to be configured so the highway could pass over the Greenville Railroad Yard on a viaduct. The right-of-way for the new Liberty Harbor arterial would be wide and terminate at Interchange 14B, although there was the possibility of turning it into the new Hudson River Route, a project being studied by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.
Construction and recent history
Route 185 was first conceived by the state legislature in 1976, when an addition to the state statutes was passed for a route from Harbor Drive to an intersection with Bayview Avenue in Jersey City. The law passed on July 22, 1976 and the original highway had no designation. The route opened on February 25, 1988 from Route 169 (now Route 440) to an intersection with Linden Avenue, only 23% of its proposed alignment. In 1996, Conti Enterprises was hired for a construction project involving Route 169 and Route 185. Along with the widening of Route 169 to four lanes, this also involved getting acceleration lanes on Route 185 for drivers heading towards Upper New York Bay.
In September 2008, the New Jersey Department of Transportation brought up the possibility of extending Route 185 to Bayview Avenue from its current northern terminus at Linden Avenue. Previous studies have said Route 185 could be extended, or the reverse with the Linden Avenue jog at Liberty State Park be removed. No future plans have been set yet for this truck-efficient plan.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
New Jersey Highway Ends: Route 185
Speed Limits for State Roads: Route 185
185
Transportation in Jersey City, New Jersey
State highways in the United States shorter than one mile |
23572550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie%20Dupuis | Élie Dupuis | Élie Dupuis is a Canadian musician, film and television performer from the Canadian province of Quebec, best known for his role in the Léa Pool film Mommy Is at the Hairdresser's (Maman est chez le coiffeur). His work as a performer has been recognized by popular Quebec entertainment media such as the French-language version of Canoe.ca.
Biography
Dupuis was born September 8, 1994 and lives in Repentigny, Quebec, a suburb of Montreal. He began to play piano in 2004. In February 2007, Dupuis sent a self-recorded demo containing a medley of songs to the television program La Fureur ("The Furore") of the French-language Canadian television network Radio-Canada, following upon which he was then invited to sing live on the program.
Career
After hearing his performance, filmmaker Léa Pool offered Dupuis one of the principal roles in her film Maman est chez le coiffeur. The film played at theatres throughout Quebec. Dupuis recorded two singles for the film's soundtrack: Bang Bang and The Great Escape, which received radio airplay in Quebec.
He was also approached by the television channel TFO which gave him parts in thirteen episodes of an educational television program called Cinémission.
In 2007, Dupuis was invited to take part in the telethon, "Téléthon Opération Enfant-Soleil," where he met singer Annie Villeneuve. They performed a duet performance in the televised production Annie Villeneuve Acoustique ("Annie Villeneuve unplugged"). Dupuis also appeared in performances at the theatre Hector-Charland, one of which was a fund-raiser for the "Fondation des Auberges du Cœur," an organization involved in providing shelter to homeless young people. In 2012, Dupuis performed at a 30th anniversary tribute honouring the career of Quebec singer Mario Pelchat, who described Dupuis as "a true revelation".
In 2012, he performed his first full show at Montreal's Place des Arts. He debuted two of his own compositions, along with interpretations of a range of pop standards, accompanied by two other musicians and featuring three guest performers. Dupuis is reported to be working on an album with Marc Langis, Celine Dion's bass player.
His first television role was in the series Le club des doigts croisés for television network Radio-Canada. His later television appearances include a 2008 performance on late-night talk show Bons Baisers de France and a 2012 episode of the long-running Quebec series L'auberge du chien noir.
Discography
Maman est chez le coiffeur – 2008 original soundtrack of the film Mommy Is at the Hairdresser's (Maman est chez le coiffeur) by Léa Pool
Dernier Mot – 2018 EP
90 – 2020 EP
Filmography
Mommy Is at the Hairdresser's (Maman est chez le coiffeur) (2008) as Coco Gauvin
Recognition
References
article by Reine Côté in Repentigny newspaper Hebdo Rive Nord (in French)
"Élie Dupuis interprète The Great Escape de Patrick Watson," French-language story on E. Dupuis' soundtrack musicianship, written by Karl Filion of Cinoche.com, "the reference source for cinema in Quebec"
External links
Fan page on Facebook
Agency biographical sketch
List of musical output on Apple Music
:fr:Élie Dupuis
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian male film actors
Male actors from Quebec
People from Repentigny, Quebec |
17330097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20Liga%20de%20Honra | 2008–09 Liga de Honra | The 2008–09 Liga de Honra season is the 19th season of the competition and the 75th season of recognised second-tier football in Portugal. Trofense are the defending champions.
Promotion and relegation
Teams promoted from Liga de Honra
Trofense
Rio Ave
Teams relegated to Liga de Honra
Boavista
União de Leiria
Teams relegated from Liga de Honra
Penafiel
Fátima
Teams promoted to Liga de Honra
Oliveirense
Sporting Covilhã
League table
Results
Footnotes
External links
Calendar of the Portuguese League
Season on soccerway.com
Liga Portugal 2 seasons
Port
2008–09 in Portuguese football leagues |
17330101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/152nd%20Regiment | 152nd Regiment | 152nd Regiment may refer to:
152nd Infantry Regiment "Sassari", a unit of the Italian Army since 1915
, a unit of the 7th Armoured Brigade (France)
152nd (Ulster) Transport Regiment, a unit of the United Kingdom Territorial Army
152nd Punjabis, a British Indian Army regiment serving in Palestine, 1918-1921
152nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union (North) Army during the American Civil War
152nd New York Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union (North) Army during the American Civil War
152nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union (North) Army during the American Civil War
152nd Infantry Regiment (United States), a regiment of the Indiana Army National Guard
152nd Tank Regiment, a component of the Russian Ground Forces' 27th Guards Rifle Division at Totskoye in the Volga-Urals Military District |
23572555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight%20Night%20%28video%20game%20series%29 | Fight Night (video game series) | Fight Night is a series of boxing video games created by EA Sports. It follows on from their previous series Knockout Kings, produced for various platforms yearly between 1998 and 2003. The series was well received critically, with the PS3 version of Fight Night Round 4 achieving a Metacritic score of 88/100, and several of the games topping sales charts.
Games
See also
Foes of Ali
Knockout Kings
FaceBreaker
EA Sports UFC
References
Boxing video games
EA Sports games
Electronic Arts franchises
Electronic Arts games
Video game franchises introduced in 2004 |
17330103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherbee%20School | Witherbee School | The Witherbee School is a school house on Green End Avenue in Middletown, Rhode Island. It is a small -story gable-roofed structure, with a projecting section topped by a two-story tower. There are two entrances (one each for boys and girls), leading to separate vestibules, which then lead into the single classroom. The vestibule areas were altered to accommodate indoor plumbing facilities sometime before 1940. The school was built in 1907 for the town by John Coggeshall. It closed in the 1940s, and is now run by the Middletown Historical Society as an educational center.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
Green's End, Rhode Island
References
External links
Middletown Historical Society information
Educational institutions established in 1907
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Schools in Newport County, Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Middletown, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island
1907 establishments in Rhode Island |
23572558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source%20of%20activation%20confusion%20model | Source of activation confusion model | SAC (source of activation confusion) is a computational model of memory encoding and retrieval. It has been developed by Lynne M. Reder at Carnegie Mellon University. It shares many commonalities with ACT-R.Ilyes le bosse
Structure
SAC specifies a memory representation consisting of a network of both semantic (concept) and perceptual nodes (such as font) and associated episodic (context) nodes. Similar to her husband's (John Anderson) model, ACT-R, the node activations are governed by a set of common computational principles such as spreading activation and the strengthening and decay of activation. However, a unique feature of the SAC model are episode nodes, which are newly formed memory traces that binds the concepts involved with the current experiential context. A recent addition to SAC are assumptions governing the probability of forming an association during encoding. These bindings are affected by working memory resources available.
SAC is considered among a class of dual-process models of memory, since recognition involves two processes: a general familiarity process based on the activation of semantic (concept) nodes and a more specific recollection process based on the activation of episodic (context) nodes. This feature has allowed SAC to model a variety of memory phenomena, such as meta-cognitive (rapid) feeling of knowing judgments, remember-know judgments, the word frequency mirror effect, age-related memory loss perceptual fluency, paired associate recognition and cued recall, as well as account for implicit and explicit memory tasks without positing an unconscious memory system for priming.
Notes
Cognitive architecture |
20465016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts%20Creek%20Bridge%20No.%203 | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was a rubble masonry stone arch bridge over Plunketts Creek in Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It was built between 1840 and 1875, probably closer to 1840, when the road along the creek between the unincorporated villages of Barbours and Proctor was constructed. Going upstream from the mouth, the bridge was the third to cross the creek, hence its name.
The bridge was long, with an arch that spanned , a deck wide, and a roadway width of . It carried a single lane of traffic. In the 19th century, the bridge and its road were used by the lumber, leather, and coal industries active along the creek. By the early 20th century, these industries had almost entirely left, and the villages declined. The area the bridge served reverted mostly to second growth forest and it was used to access Pennsylvania State Game Lands and a state pheasant farm.
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was considered "significant as an intact example of mid-19th century stone arch bridge construction", and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on June 22, 1988. Although it was repaired after a major flood in 1918, a record flood on January 21, 1996, severely damaged the bridge, and it was demolished in March 1996. Before the 1996 flood about 450 vehicles crossed it each day. Later that year, a replacement bridge was built and the old stone structure was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record. It was removed from the NRHP on July 22, 2002.
History
Early inhabitants and name
Plunketts Creek is in the West Branch Susquehanna River drainage basin, the earliest recorded inhabitants of which were the Susquehannocks. Their numbers were greatly reduced by disease and warfare with the Five Nations of the Iroquois, and by 1675 they had died out, moved away, or been assimilated into other tribes. The West Branch Susquehanna River valley was subsequently under the nominal control of the Iroquois, who invited displaced tribes, including the Lenape (Delaware) and Shawnee to live in the lands vacated by the Susquehannocks. The French and Indian War (1754–1763) led to the migration of many Native Americans westward to the Ohio River basin. On November 5, 1768, the British acquired the New Purchase from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, including what is now Plunketts Creek. The first settlement along the creek by European colonists took place between 1770 and 1776.
Plunketts Creek is named for Colonel William Plunkett, a physician, who was the first president judge of Northumberland County after it was formed in 1772. During conflicts with Native Americans, he treated wounded settlers and fought the natives. Plunkett led a Pennsylvania expedition in the Pennamite-Yankee War to forcibly remove settlers from Connecticut, who had claimed and settled on lands in the Wyoming Valley also claimed by Pennsylvania. For his services, Plunkett was granted six tracts of land that totaled on November 14, 1776, although the land was not actually surveyed until September 1783. Plunkett's land included the creek's mouth, so Plunketts Creek was given his name. He died in 1791, aged about 100, and was buried in Northumberland without a grave marker or monument (except for the creek that bears his name).
Lycoming County was formed from Northumberland County in 1795. When Plunketts Creek Township was formed in Lycoming County in 1838, the original name proposed was "Plunkett Township", but Plunkett's lack of active support for the American Revolution some years earlier had led some to believe his loyalty lay with the British Empire. The lingering suspicion of his loyalist sympathies led to the proposed name being rejected. Naming the township for the creek rather than its namesake was seen as an acceptable compromise.
Villages and road
In 1832, John Barbour built a sawmill on Loyalsock Creek near the mouth of Plunketts Creek. This developed into the village of Barbours Mills, today known as Barbours. In the 19th century, Barbours had several blacksmiths, a temperance hotel, post office, many sawmills, a school, store and wagon maker. In 1840, a road was built north from Barbours along Plunketts Creek, crossing it several times. This is the earliest possible date for construction of the bridge, but the surviving county road docket on the construction mentions neither bridges nor fords for crossing the creek.
The bridge is at the mouth of Coal Mine Hollow, and the road it was on was used by the lumber and coal industries that were active in Plunketts Creek Township during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Creeks in the township supplied water power to 14 mills in 1861, and by 1876 there were 19 sawmills, a shingle mill, a woolen factory, and a tannery. By the latter half of the 19th century, these industries supported the inhabitants of two villages in Plunketts Creek Township.
In 1868 the village of Proctorville was founded as a company town for Thomas E. Proctor's tannery, which was completed in 1873. Proctor, as it is now known, is north of Barbours along Plunketts Creek, and the main road to it crossed the bridge. The bark from eastern hemlock trees was used in the tanning process, and the village originally sat in the midst of vast forests of hemlock. The tannery employed "several hundred" workers at wages between 50 cents and $1.75 a day. These employees lived in 120 company houses, which each cost $2 a month to rent. In 1892, Proctor had a barber shop, two blacksmiths, cigar stand, Independent Order of Odd Fellows hall, leather shop, news stand, a post office (established in 1885), a two-room school, two stores, and a wagon shop.
The road between Barbours and Proctor crosses Plunketts Creek four times and the four bridges are numbered in order, starting from the southernmost in Barbours near the mouth and going upstream. While evidence such as maps indicates that the third bridge was constructed close to 1840, the first definitive proof of its existence is a survey to relocate the road between the second and third bridges in 1875. The first bridge over Plunketts Creek was replaced with a covered bridge in 1880, and the second bridge was replaced in 1886. That same year, the road between the second and third bridges was moved again, returning to its original position on the west side of the creek.
Finished sole leather was hauled over the bridge by horse-drawn wagon south about to Little Bear Creek, where it was exchanged for "green" hides and other supplies brought north from Montoursville. These were then hauled north across the bridge into Proctor. The hides, which were tanned to make leather, came from the United States, and as far away as Mexico, Argentina, and China. Hemlock bark, used in the tanning process, was hauled to the tannery from up to away in both summer and winter, using wagons and sleds. The lumber boom on Plunketts Creek ended when the virgin timber ran out. By 1898, the old growth hemlock was exhausted and the Proctor tannery, then owned by the Elk Tanning Company, was closed and dismantled.
20th century
Small-scale lumbering continued in the watershed in the 20th century, but the last logs were floated under the bridge down Plunketts Creek to Loyalsock Creek in 1905. In 1918, a flood on the creek damaged the road for on both sides of the bridge, and caused "settling and cracking of the bridge itself". The bridge had needed repairs and reconstruction. In 1931, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania passed legislation that gave the state responsibility for the costs of road and bridge maintenance for many highways belonging to local municipalities. This took effect in 1932, relieving Plunketts Creek Township and Lycoming County of the responsibility.
Without timber and the tannery, the populations of Proctor and Barbours declined, as did traffic on the road and bridges between them. The Barbours post office closed in the 1930s and the Proctor post office closed on July 1, 1953. Both villages also lost their schools and almost all of their businesses. Proctor celebrated its centennial in 1968, and a 1970 newspaper article on its 39th annual "Proctor Homecoming" reunion called it a "near-deserted old tannery town". In the 1980s, the last store in Barbours closed, and the former hotel (which had become a hunting club) was torn down to make way for a new bridge across Loyalsock Creek.
Plunketts Creek has been a place for lumber and tourism since its villages were founded, and as industry declined, nature recovered. Second growth forests have since covered most of the clear-cut land. Pennsylvania's state legislature authorized the acquisition of abandoned and clear-cut land for Pennsylvania State Game Lands in 1919, and the Pennsylvania Game Commission (PGC) acquired property along Plunketts Creek for State Game Lands Number 134 between 1937 and 1945. The main entrance to State Game Lands 134 is just north of the bridge site, on the east side of the creek.
The PGC established the Northcentral State Game Farm in 1945 on part of State Game Lands 134 to raise wild turkey. The farm was converted to ringneck pheasant production in 1981, and, as of 2007, it was one of four Pennsylvania state game farms that produced about 200,000 pheasants each year for release on land open to public hunting. The Northcentral State Game Farm is chiefly in the Plunketts Creek valley, just south of Proctor and north of the bridge. The opening weekend of the trout season brings more people into the village of Barbours at the mouth of Plunketts Creek than any other time of the year.
On June 22, 1988, the bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), as part of the Multiple Property Submission (MPS) of Highway Bridges Owned by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Transportation, TR. The MPS included 135 bridges owned by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT), 58 of which were of the stone arch type. While the individual NRHP form for the bridge cites a 1932 inspection report (the year that the state took over its maintenance), the MPS form mistakenly gives the bridge's date of construction as 1932.
Flood and destruction
In January 1996, there was major flooding throughout Pennsylvania. The 1995–1996 early winter was unusually cold, and considerable ice buildup formed in local streams. A major blizzard on January 6–8 produced up to of snow, which was followed on January 19–21 by more than of rain with temperatures as high as and winds up to . The rain and snowmelt caused flooding throughout Pennsylvania and ice jams made this worse on many streams. Elsewhere in Lycoming County, flooding on Lycoming Creek in and near Williamsport killed six people and caused millions of dollars in damage.
On Plunketts Creek, ice jams led to record flooding, which caused irreparable major damage to the mid-19th century stone arch bridge. Downstream in Barbours, the waters were deep in what was then called the village's "worst flood in history". Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was one of two destroyed in Lycoming County, and on January 31 a photograph of the damaged bridge was featured on the front page of the Williamsport Sun-Gazette with the caption "This old stone arch bridge over Plunketts Creek must be replaced." In neighboring Sullivan County, the Sonestown Covered Bridge, also on the NRHP, was so damaged by the flood that it remained closed for repairs until late December 1996. Throughout Pennsylvania, these floods led to 20 deaths and 69 municipal- or state-owned bridges being either "destroyed or closed until inspections could verify their safety".
When it became clear that the bridge could not be repaired, PennDOT awarded an emergency contract for a temporary bridge before the end of January, citing "emergency vehicles that can no longer travel directly from Barbours" to Proctor and beyond. The temporary bridge cost $87,000 and was wide. The photographs for the bridge's inclusion in the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) were taken in January, and the HAER "documentation package was prepared as mitigation for the emergency demolition" of the bridge, which was collapsed in March. The permanent replacement bridge was completed in 1996, and the old bridge was removed from the NRHP on July 22, 2002.
Description and construction
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was a rubble masonry stone arch bridge, oriented roughly east–west over Plunketts Creek. Its overall length was and its single semi-circular arch spanned . The bridge deck width was , and its roadway was wide, which could accommodate only a single lane of traffic. Just before the flood that led to the bridge's destruction, about 450 vehicles crossed the bridge daily. The outside corners of the wing walls were apart, which combined with the overall length of led to a total area of being listed on the NRHP.
The bridge rested on abutments which had been jacketed with concrete after its original construction. The arch was supported by voussoirs made of "irregular rubble stone", without a keystone. There was also no stone giving the date or other construction information. The approaches were flanked by wing walls constructed of riprap stones, and the spandrel walls were topped by parapets made of "rough, crenellated stones". The bridge's road deck rested directly on the top of its arch. This led to a "narrow wall at the arch crown" and a "protruding rock parapet" atop this spandrel wall on either side. Most stone arch bridges have solid parapets without decoration; this bridge's parapet crenellation was an ornamental feature. The parapet construction and appearance made the bridge unique among the 58 Pennsylvania stone arch bridges with which it was nominated for the NRHP.
Pennsylvania has a long history of stone arch bridges, including the oldest such bridge in use in the United States, the 1697 Frankford Avenue Bridge over Pennypack Creek in Philadelphia. Such bridges typically used local stone, with three types of finishing possible. Rubble or third-class masonry construction used stones just as they came from the quarry; squared-stone or second-class masonry used stones that had been roughly dressed and squared; and ashlar or first-class masonry used stones which had been finely dressed and carefully squared. Rubble masonry was the quickest and cheapest for construction, and had the largest tolerances. Many of the oldest stone bridges in Pennsylvania were built using rubble masonry techniques.
Stone bridge construction started with the excavation of foundations for the abutments. Then a temporary structure known as a center or centering would be built of wood or iron. This structure supported the stone arch during construction. Once the stone arch was built, the spandrel walls and wing walls could be added. Then the road bed was built, with fill (loose stones or dirt) added to support it as needed. Wall and arch stones were generally set in place dry to ensure a good fit, then set in mortar. Once the bridge was complete and the mortar had properly hardened, the center was gradually lowered and then removed. In March 1996, after standing for between 156 and 121 years, the arch of Bridge No. 3 finally collapsed.
Note
a. The January 1996 flood which destroyed Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 was surpassed by flooding associated with remnants of Tropical Storm Lee in September 2011. In the nearby village of Shunk in Fox Township, Sullivan County, Lee dumped of rainfall. Plunketts Creek has no stream gauge, but just downstream of its mouth the gauge on the Loyalsock Creek bridge at Barbours was a record on September 7, 2011 (for comparison, the January 20–21, 1996 flood crest was ). The 2011 flooding destroyed a small stone bridge on Wallis Run Road in Proctor over a tributary of Plunketts Creek.
See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
References
Bridges completed in 1875
Bridges in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Demolished bridges in the United States
Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
Road bridges in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Stone arch bridges in the United States |
17330106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issoire%20Iris | Issoire Iris | The Issoire Iris was a sailplane produced in France in the early 1980s. It was a conventional, single-seat mid-wing design of fibreglass construction intended to be easy to fly for the novice pilot. Originally designed with a T-tail, the Iris was produced with a conventional, low-set tailplane.
The prototype made its first public appearance at the 1977 Paris Air Show and completed flight testing with the CEV early the following year, with certification expected to follow shortly thereafter.
Specifications
References
1970s French sailplanes
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1977
Glider aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft |
23572564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penallt%20Halt%20railway%20station | Penallt Halt railway station | Penallt Halt was a request stop on the former Wye Valley Railway. It was opened on 1 August 1931 and closed in 1959. Penallt Halt and Redbrook Station were the closest stations on the line with only Penallt Viaduct separating them. Penallt Halt was close to the village of Redbrook.
References
Disused railway stations in Monmouthshire
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1931
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1959 |
17330117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Yibai | Zhang Yibai | Zhang Xiaoling, better known by his stage name Zhang Yibai () (born 14 April 1963, in Chongqing, China) is a Chinese film director, screenwriter and producer.
Directorial career
Zhang began his career in television and music videos before directing his debut, Spring Subway in 2002.
Zhang, like many other modern Chinese directors, has focused primarily on life in modern Chinese cities. Spring Subway, for example, follows its protagonist as he wanders through Beijing's subway system, while the mystery-thriller Curiosity Killed the Cat follows its characters through the central China boomtown of Chongqing (also Zhang's hometown).
His next two films, 2007's The Longest Night in Shanghai and 2008's Lost, Indulgence have seen the director's exposure and successes extending increasingly overseas. Longest Night, starring Zhao Wei, constitutes one of the first China-Japan coproductions, while Lost was selected to premiere at New York City's Tribeca Film Festival in 2008.
Filmography
References
External links
Zhang Yibai at the Chinese Movie Database
Film directors from Chongqing
1963 births
Living people
Chinese film directors
Central Academy of Drama alumni |
23572569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mess%20of%20Me | Mess of Me | "Mess of Me" is a song written and recorded by the alternative rock band Switchfoot and was the lead single from their seventh studio album, Hello Hurricane. It was shipped to Modern Rock/Alternative, Mainstream rock, and Active rock radio formats, while a music video was sent to all applicable outlets.
Song history
The song was initially called "I Saw Satan Fall Like Lightning," a track Switchfoot demoed during pre-production sessions for Hello Hurricane with Charlie Peacock. It had a more funk feel and had a different sound, though the opening riff was preserved all the way until the final version of the song. This early demo version has since made its way onto the bonus disc, Building a Hurricane.
The song was first performed live at the Big Ticket Festival in Michigan on June 18, 2009, and has since become a regular in Switchfoot's live setlist throughout the 2009 summer festival touring season and beyond.
It was first hinted that the song was going to be the single when Jon Foreman introduced it before playing it live at Kings Fest in Virginia on July 10, 2009, saying "as far as I'm concerned," the song was to be the lead single. On July 13, it was confirmed on switchfoot.com.
Later, on August 5, Jon Foreman and Tim Foreman took the song to producer Rob Cavallo, "working just a touch more" on it. The album track was mixed by Chris Lord-Alge.
Narrated in first person, the song describes the "mess" that imperfect people make of their lives, and a desire "spend the rest of my life alive" (as stated in the chorus). It describes how mistakes are constantly being made, and that the problems in one's life cannot be fixed by drugs or other material things but only oneself. It expresses a desire to improve and become a better person despite the shortfalls that are being made continually.
It also implies a protest against society's obsession with the pharmaceutical industry, which according to Forman has become the new way to "attain never-ending, everlasting, abundant life."
The song's main riff and drums bring an overall more aggressive sound, much like their earlier heavier songs from other albums. It features distorted guitar riffs and heavy drums accompanying often-distorted vocals, with its bridge featuring a drum solo. The song is in the key of e minor.
Release
While "Mess of Me" was scheduled to be released to radio on September 29, the single had already made its way onto rock radio stations throughout the country well in advance. It was first heard on Atlanta's 99X rock station.
On September 1, Switchfoot announced that they would be hiding copies of the new single around the world. The first copy was hidden at Moonlight Beach in San Diego, CA under a palm tree. The band asked fans to make copies of the disks they found, and hide those copies elsewhere. Fans were also encouraged to hide the single online as well. The single has since spread from coast to coast and overseas.
Later, the single was officially released and impacted to radio stations on September 29, and a purchasable digital download of the song was made available the same day on all the major digital outlets. It went on to become their highest-charting song on the Billboard Modern Rock charts since "Dare You to Move" peaked at No. 9 in 2004. The song remained on the charts for 21 weeks before falling off.
On February 16, 2010, the music video debuted at No. 2 on Fuse TV's No. 1 Countdown in the Viewer's Choice category and No. 8 on the Alternative countdown the next day.
Versions
The album was available in several versions/mixes.
The first one, as released on the band's YouTube page and during the "Mess of Me" hunt, was mixed by Chris Lord-Alge and features a denser, fuller mix, with noticeable echoing of vocals and instrumentation in the pre-chorus and following the chorus. This was the mix that was sent to radio stations.
The second version, as released on iTunes, features more prominent vocals and more prominent drums in the pre-chorus, specifically. This would go on to be the album cut.
A third one, that comes with the iTunes preorder of Hello Hurricane, is an acoustic version of the song.
Live performances
Switchfoot performed the song several times on late night television. The band performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live! November 12, The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien on December 2, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on January 20, and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on March 17, 2010.
Music videos
Switchfoot released the first music video for the song on September 9, 2009 to YouTube. It featured live footage taken from their summer Crazy Making Tour. Fans were actively encouraged to promote and spread the video, and it garnered several top honors on the site.
A second music video, the official version, features some of the same clips from the first cut, but had some newer, more refined shots and was more cinematic in nature. It was released to YouTube November 3, 2009. On February 2, Fuse TV added the video to their rotation and No. 1 Countdown voting list, with MTV2 adding it to their rotation on February 22.
Charts
Awards
In 2010, the song was nominated for a Dove Award for Rock Recorded Song of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards.
References
2009 singles
Switchfoot songs
Songs written by Jon Foreman
Songs written by Tim Foreman
2009 songs
Song recordings produced by Mike Elizondo
Song recordings produced by Rob Cavallo
Atlantic Records singles |
23572570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokomere%20High%20School | Gokomere High School | Gokomere High School is a boarding school sixteen km from Masvingo, Zimbabwe.
It was founded in July 1898 as a centre for vocational training and Sunday School. Secondary education started in 1910 under the captainship of the Jesuit Fathers. The brethren missionaries took over in 1940. One of the schools prestigious achievements is the Diocesan Choir title and the Diocesan Sports Title held at Mukaro Mission in 2016. They won the title 4 times.
Motto: “Vincere Caritate/ Conquer with love”
Boarders are the majority of students at Gokomere High School. Students are mainly from the provinces of Zimbabwe and a very small number from SADC countries. The school is the at heart of the Catholic Diocese of Masvingo so all religious meetings are done there.
The school aims to be a source of qualified 'O' Level students to other schools with 'A' Level facilities, and a source of qualified students for universities, vocational and technical colleges. It offers a College Preparatory program via its "A" Levels program.
Training center
The center was established by Bishop Alois Haene, the then ordinary of Gweru Diocese. After Vatican Council 11, the Catholic Council church's thrust on evangelization was focused on developing the local church. Hence, there was great need to promote lay participation in the life of the church. There were very few indigenous priests, religious brothers and sisters in the diocese. Bishop Alois Haene decided to open a training centre which would train lay leaders who were intended to be agents of change from the Catholic Church before Vatican Council 11 to a Post Vatican Council 11 where each local church would have its identity.
Fr. Xavier Ineichen was appointed by Bishop Haene as the first director of Gokomere training centre in 1970.
Gokomere Training Centre is a spiritual and social centre offering the following programmes:
• Catechism
• Lay leaders training
• Executive Leadership Courses
• Tailoring
• Secretarial courses
• Computers
The training center's challenges include:
• few students managing to pay the fees due to harsh economic conditions.
• maintenance of computers, type-writers and photocopiers
• unavailability of transport
• self-reliance projects have been affected by drought and input shortages.
Notable Alumni
Morgan Tsvangirai former prime minister of Zimbabwe
Jacob Mafume MDC Alliance spokesperson
External links
Roman Catholic Diocese of Masvingo: Gokomere Mission
High schools in Zimbabwe
Catholic secondary schools in Zimbabwe
Education in Masvingo Province
Educational institutions established in 1898
1898 establishments in the British Empire |
23572590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolayevsky%20railway%20station | Nikolayevsky railway station | Nikolayevsky railway station may refer to:
Nikolayevsky station, other name of Leningradsky railway station, a rail terminal in Moscow
Nikolayevsky station, other name of Moskovsky Rail Terminal, a rail terminal in St. Petersburg |
23572595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguan%C3%A1%20spiny%20pocket%20mouse | Paraguaná spiny pocket mouse | The Paraguaná spiny pocket mouse (Heteromys oasicus) is a South American species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is known from two localities at elevations above 200 m, Cerro Santa Ana and the Fila de Monte Cano, within the Paraguaná Peninsula in Venezuela. While this region consists mostly of arid shrublands, this pocket mouse is found in elevated areas that provide cloud forest or mesic habitat with evergreen and semideciduous vegetation, such as terrestrial bromeliads. It is more likely to be found near streams. The species is threatened by habitat degradation due to goat grazing and development.
References
Heteromys
Mammals of Venezuela
Mammals described in 2003
Endemic fauna of Venezuela |
17330137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisnia%20zavzhdy%20z%20namy | Pisnia zavzhdy z namy | Pisnia zavzhdy z namy () is a 1975 Ukrainian musical film, produced by Viktor Storozhenko starring Sofia Rotaru in the main role, as well as Ukrainian Smerichka vocal-instrumental band. The movie features songs in Ukrainian, Romanian and Russian of Sofia Rotaru filmed in the background of Ukrainian Carpathian mountains.
Plot
Filmed by Ukrainian studio of television films, the musical film Pisnia zavzhdy z namy features six songs of Volodymyr Ivasiuk, written for Sofia Rotaru. The young and beautiful singer starts a concert in a mountainous vacation resort music club in open air. This autobiographical scenario depicts true Ukrainian Moldavian origins of Sofia Rotaru in the bucolic atmosphere of melodic Northern Bukovina in Western Ukraine.
Production
The filming took place in the village Ploska in Putyla Raion. The main theme of the movie is the exploration of the artistic laboratory of Sofia Rotaru, who has always affirmed that her artistic path started from a stage in a village club.
Soundtrack
Notes
External links
Filmography of Sofia Riotaru
1975 films
1975 in the Soviet Union
1970s musical films
Ukrainian-language films
Soviet-era Ukrainian films
Films set in Ukraine
Soviet musical films
Ukrainian musical films |
17330162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/153rd%20Regiment | 153rd Regiment | 153rd Regiment may refer to:
153rd (Highland) Transport Regiment, a unit of the United Kingdom Territorial Army
153rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union (North) Army during the American Civil War |
17330191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/154th%20Regiment | 154th Regiment | 154th Regiment may refer to:
154th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union (North) Army during the American Civil War
154th Indiana Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union (North) Army during the American Civil War
154th Ohio Infantry, a unit of the Union (North) Army during the American Civil War
154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Confederate States (South) Army during the American Civil War
154th Infantry Regiment ("Third Arkansas"), a regiment of the United States Army during World War I
154th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, a short-lived regiment of the British Army during World War II
154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC, a unit of the United Kingdom Territorial Army, formed in 1967 |
17330215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown%20Windmill | Jamestown Windmill | The Jamestown Windmill is a smock mill in Jamestown, Rhode Island within the Windmill Hill Historic District on North Road north of Weeden Lane.
The high windmill was built in 1787 to grind corn after the British occupational forces destroyed the previous mill around the time of the Battle of Rhode Island. It operated until 1896. Several renovations were done in the 20th century, and it is maintained by the Jamestown Historical Society. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
Images
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References and external links
Jamestown tourism information - including hours of the mill
"Historic and Architectural Resources of Jamestown, Rhode Island," (Rhode Island Historical Preservation & Heritage Commission)
Agricultural buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Industrial buildings completed in 1787
Smock mills in the United States
Museums in Newport County, Rhode Island
Mill museums in the United States
Agricultural buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places
Buildings and structures in Jamestown, Rhode Island
Octagonal buildings in the United States
1787 establishments in Rhode Island
Windmills in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island
Historic district contributing properties in Rhode Island |
23572601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say%20Hello%20to%20Tragedy | Say Hello to Tragedy | Say Hello to Tragedy is the seventh studio album by Caliban. The album was released on 25 August 2009 (US), with Century Media Records.
"24 Years", the lead single from Say Hello to Tragedy was released on 17 July on the band's Myspace. A second song, "Caliban's Revenge" was released on their Myspace page on 24 July. A full album stream was put up on 13 August. A video was also made for "24 Years" and "Caliban's Revenge".
The album entered the German Media Control chart at No. 36.
The concept of Say Hello to Tragedy comes from questioning why tragedies happen nowadays that could have been prevented.
Guitarist Marc Goertz commented, "If people would just open their eyes and at least care a bit about their neighbours, relatives and the world in general, a lot of this adversity could be avoided. Some of our new songs are entirely fictional, whereas other ones refer to real life dramas like the Fritzl case."
Track listing
All music written by Marc Görtz.
All lyrics written by Andreas Dörner except where noted.
Track 8 is mistakenly written as "The Degenation Of Humanity".
Credits
Caliban
Andreas Dörner – Lead vocals
Marc Görtz – Guitar
Guitar; Clean Vocals – Denis Schmidt
Bass – Marco Schaller
Drums – Patrick Grün
Guest musicians
Vocals – Dennis Diehl (The Mercury Arc) on "Liar"
Vocals – Florian Velten (ex-Machinemade God) on "Love Song"
Guitar – Sky Hoff guitar solo on "The Degenation of Humanity"
Additional
Co-Production – Marc Görtz
Recording – Benny Richter; Sky Hoff; Toni Meloni
Mixing – Adam D.
Mastering – Vince
Artwork – Bastian Sobtzick (Callejon)
Charts
References
2009 albums
Caliban (band) albums
Century Media Records albums |
17330218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Mills%20%28college%20president%29 | Barry Mills (college president) | Barry Mills (born September 8, 1950) is an American attorney and academic who served as the fourteenth president of Bowdoin College.
Early life and education
A native of Warwick, Rhode Island, Mills graduated cum laude with a double major in biochemistry and government from Bowdoin College in 1972. He then went on to earn a PhD in biology at Syracuse University in 1976 and a JD from Columbia University in 1979, where he was a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar. Upon graduating, he soon began working at the law firm, Debevoise & Plimpton, where he became a partner in 1986.
Career
A member of the Board of Trustees from 1994 through 2000, Mills became president of Bowdoin College in October 2001. Since then, Mills has dramatically changed Bowdoin's curriculum and campus. As part of a master plan first designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in 2004, the college has built new residential dorms, a recital hall, a hockey arena, a fitness center, converted one of the college's pools into an architecturally distinctive recital hall, and has undergone a highly publicized renovation to the Bowdoin College Museum of Art.
In 2011, Bowdoin set a record low rate of admissions for the class of 2015 at 15.7%. Three years earlier, in 2008, it was recognized as "School of the Year" by College Prowler. Additionally, that January, Mills announced that all student loans would be replaced by grants beginning in September.
Mills presented the Bowdoin Campaign in 2006, a $250 million fund-raising campaign set to be finished in June 2009 and focusing on new faculty positions and financial aid. Aided by a $10 million gift by Subway Sandwiches co-founder Peter Buck, the goal was met that February. In response to the global financial crisis, in September 2008, Mills announced that the college would slow down the rate of new capital projects and faculty positions but would retain job security at the college.
In April 2014, Mills announced he would "step down as president of the College ... at the conclusion of the 2014-15 academic year." He officially stepped down on July 1, 2015, and was succeeded by Clayton Rose.
In March 2017, Mills was appointed deputy chancellor and chief operating officer at the University of Massachusetts Boston. In that role, he oversaw the academic and research program and campus operations. He stepped down from the role at the end of the 2017-18 academic year.
Personal life
On December 19, 2008, his wife, Karen Mills, was nominated by President Barack Obama to serve in his administration as Administrator of the Small Business Administration, in which role she served in until February 11, 2013.
References
External links
Barry Mills administrative records from Bowdoin College
1950 births
Bowdoin College alumni
Presidents of Bowdoin College
People from Providence, Rhode Island
Living people
People from Warwick, Rhode Island
Syracuse University alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
People associated with Debevoise & Plimpton |
17330261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifting%20remittances | Gifting remittances | "Gifting remittances" describes a range of scholarly approaches relating remittances to anthropological literature on gift giving. The terms draws on Lisa Cliggett's "gift remitting", but is used to describe a wider body of work. Broadly speaking, remittances are the money, goods, services, and knowledge that migrants send back to their home communities or families. Remittances are typically considered as the economic transactions from migrants to those at home. While remittances are also a subject of international development and policy debate and sociological and economic literature, this article focuses on ties with literature on gifting and reciprocity or gift economy founded largely in the work of Marcel Mauss and Marshall Sahlins. While this entry focuses on remittances of money or goods, remittances also take the form of ideas and knowledge. For more on these, see Peggy Levitt's work on "social remittances" which she defines as "the ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital that flow from receiving to sending country communities."
Anthropologists on remittances
Anthropological work on remittances appears to be divided into two streams: one based on overseas diasporas of migrants (primarily in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia) and the other from urban areas to rural (primarily in Africa). While both are interested in the relationships among migrants and remittance recipients, the transnational work tends to approach financial remittances as a key source of support for rural households in the sending countries while the other focuses on monetary remittances as gifts, and on the intentionality of gift giving in maintaining relationships. All share a focus on the exchange within relationships, within the context of a household, family, kinship, community or other social network.
Within the transnationalism framework, Jeffrey Cohen and Dennis Conway have detailed a debate in which remittances are treated as either sources of development (for example by funding water infrastructure projects in sending communities) or dependency (by perpetuating a cycle migration and remittances to maintain households and communities). They draw on their experiences with transnational migrants in Oaxaca, Mexico to show that this is a false divide. Their focus on the noneconomic, gender, and informal economy relationships that accompany migration, highlights the shared emphasis on relationships and social context which marks anthropological treatment of remittances as distinct and which ties transnational work with that of those explicitly focusing on gift remitting.
Although in apparent disagreement with Cohen and Conway on the development/dependency debate, Leigh Binford strengthens the call for studying remittances as an international process, documenting the impact of remittances on both sides of the exchange, an approach to which anthropologists are well trained. One space for such a transnational treatment of “gifting remittances” is in the analysis of barrels filled with new and recycled gifts sent home, typically to the Caribbean or Asia.
Gift Remitting, Remitting the Gift
While remittances could also be theorized as gifts are not considered as remmitance in the above-mentioned transnational work, the terms gift remitting and remitting the gift make explicit the focus on gifts and the accompanying social ties. Discussion of “gift remittances” goes back at least to Aderanti Adepoju's work in Nigeria on the socio-economic links between urban migrants and their rural sending communities in which money is remitted alongside gifts not readily available in the home country. In this work the focus on socio-cultural context and networks is strong. That the economic cost may be high for the migrant head of household is highlighted as visiting and bringing the requisite gifts can be very expensive, a disincentive to visiting the non-migrating family and community members.
Margo Russell writes that defining remitted moneys as gifts rather than payments enhances freedom and flexibility for the giver. This works in Swaziland because moneys are not sent to a household but to “a range of individuals in urban and rural areas to whom, because of specific relationships, various workers feel a particular obligation.” Here ties are not just of affect; they are of mutual obligation reinforced through the passage of gifts. Gifting remittances fits within and strengthens a larger pattern of reciprocity and obligation in Swaziland.
Following on the work of these earlier anthropologists working in Africa, Lisa Cliggett uses the phrases "gift remitting" and "remitting the gift" to describe urban to rural gifting among Zambian families, highlighting that these remittances are more irregular, are of lesser amounts, and tend to be material as opposed to monetary. In Zambia, urban migration and remittance strategies serve to uphold ties, thereby reducing insecurity and allowing for return migration, particularly in old age. Unlike the interests of policy makers and scholars interested in remittances for development, Cliggett emphasizes that: "Zambia migrants do not remit large sums of cash or goods, and that the fundamental concern for migrants in Zambia is investing in people and relationships through remitting, rather than investing in development, improved living conditions or other capital in rural sending communities."
Trager provides support from a similar phenomenon in Nigeria, where she has observed intentional use of even minimal remittances and services to maintain home-town ties with family, kin, and the community as a whole. The regular giving of remittances and other services such as joining hometown associations and helping in community fund-raising maintained ties. Conway and Cohen also describe cases in which remittance to the community and communal reciprocal relationships were equally important to kin. Along the lines of Mark Granovetter’s strength of weak ties, they describe non-kin relationships as even more important as household ties and obligations as the social aid networks are very flexible and reinforcing.
Charles Piot’s Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa places the analysis of domestic gift remitting explicitly within a framework of global change, showing how remittances from wage workers and gifts from successful cash croppers are transforming landscape and relations of exchange, personhood, and social solidarity. His work reinforces that gifting exists alongside and within the capitalist world economy and represents an attempt to update Marcel Mauss’s theory of the gift for the 21st Century, a project more fully undertaken by Maurice Godelier.
Anthropology of Gifting
The Gift
In her forward to The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, Mary Douglas summarizes Marcel Mauss’s argument succinctly: “no free gift” as gifts entail maintenance of mutual ties. In terms of potlatch in North America, this meant that each gift is “part of a system of reciprocity in which the honor of giver and recipient are engaged” and failing to return means losing the competition for honor.” A Maussian approach to giving and reciprocity provides useful insight into the analysis of “gifting remittances” precisely because of the focus on constructing and maintaining ties through the giving and receiving of such funds, goods, and services.
From the Spirit of the Gift to the Social Life of Things
Since Mauss discussed the ability of gifts to drive giving, receiving, and reciprocating gifting as animating objects through a piece of the giver going with the property, the spirit of the gift has been a subject of scholarship. Mauss termed this spirit “hua” a Māori word describing “the spirit of things” and discusses its mana, referring to a certain power or authority of the giver or the gift itself. Because of the “thing itself possesses a soul” for the Māori, and for Mauss's theory of the gift “to make a gift of something to someone is to make a present of some part of oneself” and “to accept something from somebody is to accept some part of his spiritual essence, of his soul.” More simply put, receiving a gift carries with it an obligation to receive and to reciprocate, and the gift itself drives this system of exchange. It is based on this that the anthropology of gifting is located on the contextual and historically contingent relationship between giver and receiver turned reciprocator.
Trager's work in Nigeria supports the sense of obligation tied to gift giving, or, conversely, the need for continued use of gifting remittances and services to maintain relationships with kin and community: “Even those with little interest in community affairs or in ever living in the home town themselves, feel obliged to maintain ties in these ways.”
In Enigma of the Gift Maurice Godelier summarizes and critiques Marcel Mauss’s work in “The Gift.”, updating it to more explicitly treat interwoven domains of market exchange, gift exchange, and withholding objects from the realm of exchange. Mauss, however, had observed the persistence of gift giving in his contemporary society of early 20th century France in Chapter 4 of The Gift, wherein he raised an important criticism of the concept of utility and its attendant theories of value, which were coming to dominate economic theory of day, even so far as to inform the French policies that created the social welfare system (Fournier 2006, Gane 1992). Noting that Mauss did well to highlight the three obligations of gift exchange (gift, receipt, reciprocation) his focus was strongest on the question of reciprocity and he failed to pay sufficient attention to receiving or giving. Godelier suggests that Mauss's depiction of the spirit of the gift as the ultimate explanation for its reciprocation - not just as a symbol or bonds of knowledge of social relations – resulted from Mauss's inability to adequately resolve his own questions, thereby leaving objects with agency, free of the people who created it. ("It will basically look as if things themselves had persons in tow". Godelier says this positioning of spirit and agency in the gift basically leaves all objects and all of nature as human and human centered, set in motion purely by human will.)
All of the articles grouped here under the loose rubric of “gifting remittances” share this fundamental focus on locating exchange within socio-cultural relationships and using the insight that gifting/remitting grants broader insight into the broader economy and culture, approximating Mauss's treatment of the study of the gift as a window onto a study of the sum total of social life. Yet none goes so far as to speak directly of the mana or hua of gifts or remittances even though the ability of gifts to spur reciprocation is part of the analysis and of the calculations of those doing the remitting. With his stance that the divide between gifts and commodity exchange is overstated, Arjun Appadurai’s treatment of gifts and commodities as, like people, having “social lives” is closer to their work. However, with this definition of the commodity as "anything intended for exchange" (1986: 9), he thereby makes gift giving into a social act that is nearly indistinguishable from commodity exchange and ultimately emphasizes the economic value of giving, rather than the social, moral or spiritual values that people mark as important. By blurring the distinction between commodities and gifts, a distinction that ordinary people routinely make in their everyday lives as they give emphasis to the value they place on specific social relationships, Appadurai undermines the possibility of understanding the movement of goods and money, between life as a commodity embedded in a market to life as a gift embedded in intimate relationships of giving, receiving, and reciprocating. For Appadurai the definitions of both commodities and gifts are not only socially constructed but provisional. From his position Appadurai can only describe, but he cannot explain, how social acts of giving gifts seem to multiply with the advance of the market.
Motivations and gifting
Drawing on Marshall Sahlins, Pierre Bourdieu reminds us that gifting morphs with social distance: as social distance increases, self-interest and calculation increases and the importance of generosity and equity declines... the logic of warfare enters even as people look for ways to mediate the distance by “striv[ing] to substitute a personal relationship for an impersonal, anonymous one”. Yet, while the capacity to calculate is universal the spirit of calculation (the presumed rationality of the economic actor) is culturally and historically contingent: the "economic habitus" of an actor is learned. Understanding that gifts move in and out of overlapping economic systems and that the manner in which they move may be impacted by social and physical space, is useful in analyzing the transnational and market-based relations in which remittances are generated, transferred, and spent.
Similarly, the motivations of actors over time are contingent and may, at one point, be altruistic and at other self-interested. Tumama describes motivations for remitting among New Zealand migrants which range from future investments to maintaining kinship ties which pushed some to go without food while striving to remit. A motivation of self-interest may become necessary as “it is likely that the pressures of providing for a family in New Zealand may override the gift giving traditions for some younger Pacific people” who are unable to meet the financial stress of general and traditional gift giving. Focusing on El Salvador, Ester Hernandez and Susan Bibler Coutin, take the discussion of motives – or portrayal of them – to the national level. They show that by treating remittances as “altruistic gifts or unrequited transfers,” central banks can make them appear as cost free money transfers. In turn, those who do not save a significant portion of received remittances are portrayed as selfish, i.e. as self-interested instead of altruistic actors.
Gifting and Social Analysis
In her overview of anthropological theory from the perspective of the gift, Karen Sykes presents analysis of the gift as a relationship between people in which the relationship is made substantial by the tangible exchange as encompassing not just ceremony (as with Malinowski) but all of social life (as with Mauss). For Sykes, focusing on the gift is a way to avoid the pitfall of focusing on the individual and having to conjecture individual motivations or on motivations and being locked into an abstract analysis of the contents of the human mind. Sykes argues that focusing on the relationship, or the exchange, keeps the analysis squarely within anthropological analysis of social relations. She concludes by arguing for focus on the gift as the focus of economic anthropology because, "when understood as a total social fact, gift giving concentrates many aspects of human relationships, but does not underwrite all of them as the economic." In her summary of gifting, Lisa Cliggett concurs: "gift giving is a good way to see all the various aspects of human nature in action at one time because gifts can be simultaneously understood as rational exchange, as a way to build political and social relations, and as expressions of moral ideas and cultural meanings" These insights, show that Mauss's assertion that gift exchange is about building social relationships remains a central part of gift theory to this day. Articulated as such (ex. Cliggett's work in Zambia) or not (Cohen's and Conway's work in Oaxaca), it is an insight that is also central to work within the general rubric of gifting remittances.
The Holy Ghost the TRuth Remittance
References
Bibliography
Adepoju, A. (1974). "Migration and Socio-Economic Links between Urban Migrants and Their Home Communities in Nigeria." Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 44(4): 383–396.
Appadurai, A. (1986). Introduction: Commodities and the Politics of Value. The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. A. Appadurai. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (2000). "Making the economic habitus: Algerian workers revisted." Ethnography 1(1): 17–41.
Cliggett, L. (2003). "Gift Remitting and Alliance Building in Zambian Modernity: Old Answers to Modern Problems." American Anthropologist 105(3): 543–552.
Cliggett, L. (2005). "Remitting the gift: Zambian mobility and anthropological insights for migration studies." Population, Space and Place 11(1): 35–48.
Cohen, J., R. Jones, et al. (2005). "Why Remittances Shouldn't Be Blamed for Rural Underdevelopment in Mexico: A Collective Response to Leigh Binford." Critique of Anthropology 25(1): 87–96.
Cohen, J. H. (2001). "Transnational Migration in Rural Oaxaca, Mexico: Dependency, Development, and the Household." American Anthropologist 103(4): 954–967.
Conway, D. and J. H. Cohen (1998). "Consequences of Migration and Remittances for Mexican Transnational Communities." Economic Geography 74(1): 26–44.
Conway, D. and J. H. Cohen (2003). "Local Dynamics in Multi-local, Transnational Spaces of Rural Mexico: Oaxacan Experiences." International Journal of Population Geography 9: 141–161.
Godelier, M. (1999). The Enigma of the Gift. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
Granovetter, M. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology 78(6): 1360–1380.
Helms, M. W. (1998). Tangible Durability. M. W. Helms: 164–173.
Hernandez, E. and S. Bibler Coutin (2006). "Remitting subjects: migrants, money and states." Economy and Society 35(2): 185–208.
Levitt, P. (1998). "Social Remittances: Migration Driven Local-Level Forms of Cultural Diffusion." International Migration Review 32(4): 926–948.
Levitt, P. (2001). The Transnational Villagers. Berkeley, University of California Press.
Mauss, M. (1990[1950]). The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. New York, Norton.
Piot, Charles. (1999). Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Russell, M. (1984). "Beyond Remittances: The Redistribution of Cash in Swazi Society." The Journal of Modern African Studies 22(4): 595–615.
Sahlins, M. (1972). Stone Age Economics. New York, Aldine de Gruyter.
Sykes, K. (2005). Arguing with Anthropology: An Introduction to Critical Theories of the Gift. London, Routledge.
Trager, L. (1998). "Home-Town Linkages and Local Development in South-Western Nigeria. Whose Agenda? Whose Impact?" Africa 68(3): 360–382.
Tumama Cowley, E., J. Paterson, et al. (2004). "Traditional Gift Giving Among Pacific Families in New Zealand." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 25(3): 431–444.
Weiner, A. B. (1992). Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping While Giving. Berkeley, University of California Press.
Wilk, R. R. C., Lisa C. (2007). Economies and Cultures: Foundations of Economic Anthropology. Boulder, University of Colorado.
Remittances
International factor movements
Human migration |
17330262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20River%20Wildlife%20Management%20Area | Black River Wildlife Management Area | The Black River Wildlife Management Area is located along the Black River (also known as the Lamington River) in Chester Township of Morris County, New Jersey. This WMA is and includes diverse landscape with plentiful flora and fauna. The Patriots' Path follows an abandoned branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad along the river.
Other parks in the Black River valley are the Black River County Park and the Hacklebarney State Park.
See also
List of New Jersey wildlife management areas
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080513143014/http://www.outdoorphotographer.com/content/2007/may/fp_jersey.shtml
http://www.nynjctbotany.org/njhigh/blkriver.html
Chester Township, New Jersey
Protected areas of Morris County, New Jersey
Wildlife management areas of New Jersey |
23572604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%2070%20%28diesel%29 | British Rail Class 70 (diesel) | The British Rail Class 70 is a Co-Co mainline freight GE PowerHaul locomotive series manufactured by General Electric in Erie, Pennsylvania. They are operated in the United Kingdom by Freightliner and Colas Rail. These locomotives replaced the Class 59 as having the highest tractive effort of any Co-Co Diesel locomotive in use in the United Kingdom when they were introduced.
Background and specification
In November 2007, Freightliner announced Project Genesis, a procurement plan for 30 freight locomotives from General Electric (GE). The locomotives ordered were intended to match older types in terms of haulage capacity whilst at the same time being more fuel-efficient. The project was a collaborative effort between Freightliner and GE, with input from drivers on the cab design. The locomotives utilize a GE PowerHaul P616 diesel engine rated at . The locomotive meets EU Tier IIIa emission regulations. Freightliner expects that the locomotive's efficiency is 7% better than contemporary models, with a further 3% increase in efficiency whilst braking; regenerative braking is used to supply the energy to power auxiliary motors.
The locomotives were given the Class 70 TOPS code.
The new locomotives are similar in appearance to a Class 58; a hood unit design with a narrow body typical of locomotive types in use in North America, the cabs are accessed from the rear via exterior walkways on the narrow part of the hood. The distinctive front end shape is due to crashworthiness features It is also fitted with air conditioning and acoustic insulation to improve the crew's environment, making it an improvement over the Class 66.
Operations
Freightliner
Construction of the first two locomotives at GE's Erie, Pennsylvania plant was completed in July 2009, with both locomotives tested during the same month. The original plan was for two months of testing, with the locomotives then spending a further three weeks being modified where necessary and prepared for transport to the United Kingdom.
The first two locomotives arrived at Newport Docks on 8 November 2009. The delivery gave GE its first locomotives in service on the British rail network. The first locomotive was given the name PowerHaul' at Leeds on 24 November 2009.
Four more locomotives were delivered to the UK on 2 December 2009. On operation tests, 70001 hauled a 30-wagon train consisting of 60ISO containers during December 2009. 70002 also hauled a 19 hopper coal train in the same month.
On 5 January 2011, 70012 was severely damaged while being unloaded at Newport Dock when part of the lifting gear failed, causing the locomotive to fall back into the hold of the ship.
In January 2017, some were placed in store at Freightliner's Leeds Midland Road depot. By July 2018, 13 of the 19 were in store. In March 2020, only four remained in store, the rest having been returned to service. However, by June 2020 all Freightliner examples were in storage at Leeds Midlands Road, with only two, 016 and 017, returning to service as of July 2020.
Turkish demonstrator
In August 2012, it was announced that the demonstrator locomotive built in Turkey in 2011 was to be transferred to the UK and allocated the number 70099. The locomotive was to be allocated to the private owners pool for use as required. On 19 November 2012, it was announced that 70099 was to test trial with GB Railfreight for coal and intermodal traffic trials.
Colas Rail
In November 2013, Colas Rail announced it had ordered ten class 70s for entry into service in 2014; the order included the Turkish built demonstrator 70099, renumbered as 70801, and the remainder of Freightliner's original order option of 30 locomotives.
Colas' locomotives were allotted numbers in the 708xx range. Locomotives 70802–70805 had already been constructed at the time of the order and were shipped to the United Kingdom in January 2014, with the rest assembled and delivered later the same year. In 2015, Colas announced the purchase of an additional seven locomotives, which were delivered by 2017.
Accidents and incidents
On 5 January 2011, locomotive 70012 was dropped when part of the lifting gear failed, causing the locomotive to fall approximately from the crane, back into the hold of the ship. The impact severely bent the locomotive's frame, rendering it unserviceable and resulting in it later being returned to the United States. It was rebuilt as a test bed and used as a shunter at the Erie plant.
On 5 April 2012, locomotive 70018 had an engine room fire requiring the attention of the fire brigade, whilst hauling a freight train on the line between and , Hampshire.
On 27 February 2016, locomotive 70803 collided with an engineers train at , Devon and was derailed.
On 30 October 2016, locomotive 70804 ran away and was derailed at Toton Sidings in Nottinghamshire.
On 28 January 2020, a container train hauled by 70001 was derailed at , Hampshire. The derailment was caused by a defect which allowed the track to spread underneath the train.
See also
GE CM20EMP, Indonesian twin-cab GE locomotive
Notes
References
External links
70 (Powerhaul)
Co-Co locomotives
GE PowerHaul
Railway locomotives introduced in 2009
Standard gauge locomotives of Great Britain
Diesel-electric locomotives of Great Britain |
17330308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonah%20Martin | Yonah Martin | Yonah Martin (née Kim; born April 11, 1965) is a Conservative Canadian Senator from British Columbia. She was appointed by Prime Minister Stephen Harper in January 2009, and is the first Canadian of Korean descent to serve in the Senate of Canada and the first Korean-Canadian Parliamentarian in Canadian history.
She is currently the Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate. She served as Deputy Whip of the Government in the Senate, from May 2011 to August 2013; and has been Co-Chair of the Canada Korea Inter-Parliamentary Friendship Group since 2009.
Career
Born in Seoul, South Korea, Martin immigrated to Canada with her family in 1972, settling in Vancouver. With deep roots in both Korean and Canadian heritage, she became a community activist and voice of authority for Canadians of Korean descent. Inspired by her Canadian-born daughter and immigrant parents, and with a desire to "bridge communities", she co-founded C3 Society in 2003.
Martin graduated from the University of British Columbia in 1987, and earned a Master of Education in 1996. She spent 21 years as an educator in Abbotsford, Burnaby and Coquitlam school districts until her appointment to the Senate.
On June 19, 2013, her Bill S-213 (Korean War Veterans Day Act), which enacts July 27 as a day of remembrance for Veterans of the Korean War, received Royal Assent.
Martin called for the resignation of her Senatorial colleagues Patrick Brazeau, Pamela Wallin and Mike Duffy following the Canadian Senate Expense Scandal. The text of Martin's motion would have allowed the impugned senators to keep their Senate life, health and dental insurance.
Martin has received the Spirit of Community award for Cultural Harmony (2004), the Order of Korea Moran Medal from the Government of the Republic of Korea (2009) and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal (2012).
Personal life
She has been married to Doug Martin since 1990, and they have a daughter.
Electoral record
Yonah Martin stood for election to the House of Commons of Canada as a candidate in the riding of New Westminster—Coquitlam.
References
External links
Yonah Martin
1965 births
Living people
British Columbia candidates for Member of Parliament
Conservative Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Conservative Party of Canada senators
Canadian senators from British Columbia
Canadian politicians of Korean descent
Women members of the Senate of Canada
People from Seoul
Politicians from Vancouver
South Korean emigrants to Canada
Women in British Columbia politics
Moran Medals of the Order of Civil Merit (Korea)
21st-century Canadian women politicians |
17330316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20de%20Florez | Luis de Florez | Luis de Florez (March 4, 1889 − November 1962) was a naval aviator and a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy that was actively involved in experimental aerospace development projects for the United States Government. As both an active duty and a retired U.S. Navy admiral, de Florez was influential in the development of early flight simulators, and was a pioneer in the use of "virtual reality" to simulate flight and combat situations in World War II.
Biography
Luis de Florez was from New York City. De Florez attended MIT, and graduated in 1911 with a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering. He wrote his thesis on the subject of an aircraft problem, titled "Thrust of Propellers in Flight." The Admiral de Florez Design and Innovation Award is named after him, and his son, Peter de Florez, who was an MIT professor, established a $500,000 fund to
foster and encourage activities related to humor at MIT. The de Florez Prize in Human Engineering was established in 1964 at his bequest.
De Florez worked in the United States Navy as a career officer in World War I. He worked in the aviation section of the Navy and also on the development of refinery technology.
In the 1930s, De Florez also worked as an engineering consultant for various oil companies. His name is on several patents, including a 1918 U.S. patent (#1,264,374) for a "Liquid prism device" with rigid closed sides which included a system for varying the density of a medium filling the prism and thereby varying the refraction of light waves passing through the prism, and a 1930 Canadian patent for the "cracking and distillation of hydrocarbon oils". During World War II, he gave up his business to help solve the Navy's training problems.
World War II
In 1941, then Commander de Florez visited the United Kingdom and wrote what would become an influential report on British aircraft simulator techniques. It influenced the establishing of the Special Devices Division of the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics (what would later become the NAWCTSD).
Later that year, Commander de Florez became head of the new Special Devices Desk in the Engineering Division of the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics. De Florez championed the use of "synthetic training devices" and urged the Navy to undertake development of such devices to increase readiness. He also worked on the development of antisubmarine devices. De Florez has been credited with over sixty inventions.
During World War II, he was subsequently promoted to captain and then to Flag rank, becoming a rear admiral in 1944.
In 1944, de Florez was awarded the Robert J. Collier Trophy for 1943 for his work in training combat pilots and flight crews through the development of inexpensive synthetic devices.
De Florez was awarded with the Legion of Merit in June 1945.
Post-war
In 1946, Tufts University awarded de Florez an honorary Doctor of Science degree at commencement.
Admiral de Florez was the first director of technical research at the CIA. In 1950, de Florez helped Robert Fulton get a contract with the Office of Naval Research to develop the Fulton surface-to-air recovery system. In 1954, as the CIA's chairman of research, de Florez argued against reprimanding those responsible for the then-secret but now controversial MKULTRA L.S.D. research program.
In the mid-1950s, de Florez was the president of the Flight Safety Foundation. Presented since 1966, the Foundation's Admiral Luis de Florez Flight Safety Award is named after him. It recognizes "outstanding individual contributions to aviation safety, through basic design, device or practice." De Florez established a trust to support the award that provides each recipient with $1,000.
De Florez worked as an aide to Navy Vice Admiral Harold G. Bowen, Sr., Director of Office of Research and Invention (ORI) (later named ONR).
He also once served as a director of Douglas Aircraft Corp.
Luis de Florez died in November 1962, at the age of 73 in the cockpit of his airplane, which was ready for take-off at a Connecticut airport. The main building complex at the Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division, Naval Support Activity Orlando, Florida, is named in his honor.
See also
Hispanics in the United States Navy
Hispanic Americans in World War II
References
1889 births
1962 deaths
Collier Trophy recipients
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
United States Naval Aviators
United States Navy rear admirals
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Navy World War II admirals
Recipients of the Legion of Merit |
17330329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Ngumba%20Irungu | Bernard Ngumba Irungu | Bernard Ngumba Irungu (born 1 February 1976) is an amateur boxer from Kenya who competed in the 2008 Olympics at the men's flyweight competition after qualifying at the 2nd AIBA African 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament where he finished second behind Cassius Chiyanika. In Beijing, he lost in his first fight to Tulashboy Doniyorov.
External links
sports-reference
Qualifier
NBC data
Yahoo data
1976 births
Living people
Flyweight boxers
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers of Kenya
Kenyan male boxers |
17330369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun-Plex | Fun-Plex | Fun-Plex is an amusement park located at 7003 Q Street in the Ralston neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska. It is the largest amusement park in Nebraska, Fun-Plex began as “The Kart Ranch” in 1979 with just a go-kart track. In 2015 Fun-Plex is putting a brand new water feature called Makana Splash a water play structure with a 317-gallon bucket that drops water on you. In 2016 Fun-Plex built Nebraska's Only Swim up bar called Breakers Bay Bar. In 2018 Fun-Plex adds Rockin’ Rapids, the biggest and most impressive addition to the park in 40 years! The attraction features two tube slides for single or double riders.
About
Rides at Fun-Plex include a slick track, bumper boats, and go-gator kiddie coaster. There is a waterpark with a wave pool, five story waterslides, a lazy river, and a children's pool. Other rides includes the Rock-O-Ride, a Tilt-A-Whirl, as well as a classic carousel and the Balloon Ferris wheel. In 2007, the facility boasted new go-karts and a larger track, as well a new 18-hole miniature golf. In 2007, the park introduced the "Big Ohhhh...", Nebraska's only roller coaster. The coaster has been used at several other parks previous to coming to Fun-Plex. The roller coaster was removed in 2018.
References
External links
Official website
Amusement parks in Omaha, Nebraska
Amusement parks opened in 1979
Tourist attractions in Omaha, Nebraska
1979 establishments in Nebraska |
17330400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michler%27s%20ketone | Michler's ketone | Michler's ketone is an organic compound with the formula of [(CH3)2NC6H4]2CO. This electron-rich derivative of benzophenone is an intermediate in the production of dyes and pigments, for example Methyl violet. It is also used as a photosensitizer. It is named after the German chemist Wilhelm Michler.
Synthesis
The ketone is prepared today as it was originally by Michler using the Friedel-Crafts acylation of dimethylaniline (C6H5NMe2) using phosgene (COCl2) or equivalent reagents such as triphosgene
COCl2 + 2 C6H5NMe2 → (Me2NC6H4)2CO + 2 HCl → salt
The related tetraethyl compound (Et2NC6H4)2CO, also a precursor to dyes, is prepared similarly.
Uses
Michler's ketone is an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes and pigments for paper, textiles, and leather. Condensation with various aniline derivatives gives several of the dyes called methyl violet, such as crystal violet.
Condensation of Michler's ketone with N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine gives the dye Victoria Blue B (CAS#2580-56-5, CI Basic Blue 26), which is used for coloring paper and producing pastes and inks for ballpoint pens.
Michler's ketone is commonly used as an additive in dyes and pigments as a sensitizer for photoreactions because of its absorption properties. Michler's ketone is an effective sensitizer provided energy transfer is exothermic and the concentration of the acceptor is sufficiently high to quench the photoreaction of Michler's ketone with itself. Specifically Michler's ketone absorbs intensely at 366 nm and effectively sensitizes photochemical reactions such as the dimerization of butadiene to give 1,2-divinylcyclobutane.
Related compounds
p-Dimethylaminobenzophenone is related to Michler's ketone, but with only one amine. Auramine O, a dye, is a salt of the iminium cation [(CH3)2NC6H4]2CNH2+. Michler's thione, [(CH3)2NC6H4]2CS, is prepared by treatment of Michler's ketone with hydrogen sulfide in the presence of acid or sulfideing auramine O. Hydride reduction of Michler's ketone gives 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzhydrol.
References
Printing
Benzophenones
Anilines
Dimethylamino compounds |
23572607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint%20%28band%29 | Paint (band) | Paint is a Canadian indie rock band from Toronto, Ontario. The group was unofficially formed 2001 in Vancouver, when frontman Robb Johannes was 18 years old. The band's line-up consists of Johannes (lead vocals), Jordan Shepherdson (guitar, backing vocals), Keiko Gutierrez (bass), and Devin Jannetta (drums).
History
Beginnings, Urban Folk Tales and Other Projects (2001–2007)
Neither Robb Johannes, nor anyone associated with Paint, has spoken publicly the band's early history or the unofficial release of Urban Folk Tales in 2004. The only reference ever made was an interview with Thunderbird Radio Hell on CiTR 101.9FM in Vancouver on 18 September 2008, when Matt Laforest said the band stop being a "funk, fusion, folk" project "The day I joined." An early version of the Paint song "Madonna" can be found on Urban Folk Tales—it would later be refined for release on Can You Hear Me?
Can You Hear Me? (2008–2010)
Recorded in Port Coquitlam, and released 11 August 2009 when the band was established in Toronto, Paint's debut album Can You Hear Me? was automatically praised as "5 STARS: in your face, but not overpowering, melodic but still harsh, well-crafted but not over-perfected... heartbreaking yet uplifting.... an underlying sense of sonic maturity and strong lyrical insight... well-developed and layered...retain(s) the attractive simplicity of a great rock album," as well as an "alt-rock relic spiritually scraping the '90s, done with so much audacity and seismic guitar crunch one can’t help but strap into their time machine... this Toronto quartet wisely keep the sound big, but the anthemic denouements concise."
In March 2010, Paint won the 102.1 The Edge "Indie Online" fan contest on the strength of the single "Strangers," upping their profile amongst the local and national independent music scene. Their performance at Edge Studios 27 March 2010 was called "Picture perfect" by curator Raina Douris.
In August 2014, a 5th anniversary deluxe reissue was released through the band's Bandcamp website, featuring five so-called "discs" of demos, live tracks and interviews, expanded artwork, and retrospective conversations between Robb Johannes, Matt Laforest, and Paula McGlynn.
Where We Are Today and Capsulated (2010–2012)
Documented in the film Where We Were in April, Robb Johannes moved to Kitchener/Waterloo, where the Paint went into the studio with Ian Smith. Previously, Johannes and Smith had collaborated on composing two songs: "Girl in a Frame," and "Boomerang"—the former of which secured the band international distribution through Fontana North.
On the recording process, Johannes stated that, "[Smith] created this environment that was so friendly and so comfortable that we didn't need to have a lot of conversations about what we wanted to achieve with the record, and instead just focused on how we could get there technically. I can't say I've [previously] had an experience like that."
Press for Where We Are Today amounted rather quickly as the band toured across Canada once again, calling the album "An exciting blend of catchy pop rock songs and stellar lyrics... undeniable brilliance," "full of flight and passion... crisp and confident," and "intelligent people making incredible music."
Although Johannes and Dey maintained a very public and unified image for Paint, tensions between Dunbar and the rest of the band, including producer Ian Smith, were made apparent in Where We Were in April, where Smith asks Dunbar to "play more for the track and less for the camera," and the subsequent tour for Where We Are Today ended on 1 October 2011, which would be the last time Johannes, Dunbar, Warren, and Dey would play on stage together.
With the release of Where We Are Today, Paint undertook the task of producing a video album, making a music video for each song on the record. Johannes' statement on the project:
The Video Album Project is a pretty ambitious undertaking. Radiohead inspired it – they attempted it with OK Computer but didn't see it through to the end. We're on a much smaller scale, which in many ways makes it entirely more possible. Video has become a much more accessible format now with YouTube, budget DV cameras, and an abundance of public domain footage (for example, "End of the Reel" and "In Disguise" were both done entirely with stock footage, the latter based on the 1936 cult classic Reefer Madness). Purists may argue the open landscape for anyone to upload videos is watering down its artistic merit as a format, and I tend to agree. But we're also making the best of a more accessible outlet that we as a band can be directly involved with. Four videos are done now, one is complete an in queue, and more will follow. We'll probably be releasing one every month or two months. It's a good way to stay relevant and active in between touring cycles.
The 10-video project would take until November 2013 to complete.
Line-up changes and touring (2012–2014)
At the end of the Where We'll Be 2011 Tour, Robb Johannes was seen on stage at Indie Week 2011 playing bass with Kevin Komatsu of The Joys on drums and Tim Dafoe of The Cheap Speakers on guitar. As the band embarked on a cross-Canada tour in March/April 2012, he published a note on the band's official blog, giving a vague explanation for why Paint was now composed of Johannes (vocals), session player Nathan Da Silva (guitar), and the rhythm section from Toronto band Shortwave; Nikolaus Odermatt (bass) and Devin Jannetta (drums):
I'm not one to talk bad about people publicly, and I don't believe in airing dirty laundry for public exploitation. All I can say is the we put out a new record and money got ain the way. Money was taken from the band account without the usual procedures of approval; money that was contractually-obliged was breached and people were stuck with debts; and money was owed between people who weren't willing to make concessions or look at the big picture. Inexperience and insecurities came in as well, surely. It's the 2000s; making money as an independent band is a tough gig. What's more important is that the band still exists and is stronger than ever. Sometimes shaking things up is the only way to really survive, and I'm grateful to still have a place to call home musically. Andre Dey and I do keep regular contact though. After all we've been through, he'll always be a brother and friend.
In November 2012, Paint performed a weekly residency at C'est What? in Toronto, revealing newly written material each week, to the point of playing almost an entire set's worth of brand new and unreleased material. Audio from the closing night (27 November) was made available on the band's SoundCloud on 17 December 2012, revealing a sound more personal in its lyrical content and introducing a synthesizer and orchestration tracks into the arsenal.
By 2013, Ottawa native Jordan Shepherdson had taken over permanent guitar duties after nearly two years of temporary help, and Paint announced in its July 2013 newsletter that Nik Odermatt was leaving the band to start a family and had been replaced by Jenna Strautman
After a handful of shows with Strautman in the summer of 2013, Paint joined up with Toronto director/producer R. Stephenson Price (of music blog/series The Indie Machine) to film a 6-minute narrative heist film music video for their single "Boomerang" (released 22 November). In October, the band reprised their month-long weekly residency spot at C'est What? to much acclaim, alongside an IndieGogo fundraising campaign to propel the band's next series of recording sessions following the release of the Capsulated (Music Videos) DVD compilation on 26 November 2013.
After being awarded a FACTOR grant in the spring of 2014, and securing additional funding through fans via IndieGogo, the band members prepared to hit the studio to record material for a new four-song EP – Based on Truth and Lies – which was set to be accompanied by a 16-minute visual accompaniment film tentatively titled 11:11 – again directed/produced by R. Stephenson Price.
By this time, Keiko Gutierrez had joined Paint on bass and solidified the band lineup for the first time since 2011.
Based on Truth and Lies / 11:11 / (disPLAY) (2014–present)
After initial location scouting and pre-production throughout the winter of 2013 and into spring 2014, Paint soon jumped full-on into the movie business alongside Price – with Johannes taking a much more active role in the filmmaking process following "Boomerang". Casting actor and model, Zac Ché as the protagonist of 11:11, Trevor, and re-teaming with "Boomerang" female lead Victoria Urquhart, Johannes and Price soon discovered the meager 16-minute visual film project had begun to take on a life of its own, and by the fall of 2014 had ballooned to a nearly hour-long experimental sci-fi film.
Meanwhile, in August, Paint re-entered the studio with producer Ian Smith to record the Based on Truth and Lies EP, which had now reversed roles and would serve as the soundtrack to 11:11, rather than 11:11 be merely the visuals to the songs.
In October, the band sold out Toronto venue The Cameron House to record a 90-minute concert DVD entitled (disPLAY), which is set for release sometime in 2016, making it the second project in one calendar year to receive FACTOR funding. Through the fall and into the spring of 2015, pickup shots and effects work on the film continued until the final EP tracks had returned from mastering – again with Joe Lambert at the helm. Johannes and Price then pulled the individual instrumentation from each song and re-orchestrated the pieces into entirely new soundscapes for the scoring of the film.
Ché and Urquhart rejoined the production in April to record voiceovers for the now significantly more robust 11:11, which now drew from the format of The Who's Quadrophenia as a film presenting an album of music, and from the filmic collaborations of U2 and Anton Corbijn. Narratively, Price had taken Johannes' 16-page narrative and twisted it into a strange David Lynch/David Cronenberg sci-fi drama, but with strong literary ties to Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland; while Johannes claims to never watch psychological or horror films, his thematic and character input was invaluable in molding the final product into the strange take on reality and consciousness that resulted in 11:11.
Paint held a release show for Based on Truth and Lies at The Great Hall in Toronto on 29 May 2015 and screened a teaser for 11:11 as a stage projection alongside the performance – an evening which also featured a special guest appearance by Canadian astronaut/musician Chris Hadfield alongside headlining rock band Trapper, featuring Emm Gryner (formerly of David Bowie's band). 11:11 soon made its exclusive online debut through video streaming service VHX in June ahead of its impending theatrical premiere on 11 September 2015 – an independent release set to coincide with the 40th Toronto International Film Festival.
Activism and causes
Postering case
A well-documented court case took place in 2011 with Johannes and the management of Toronto's C'est What? venue against mayor Rob Ford's anti-postering bylaws. Johannes presented the Ramsden v. Peterborough (City) [1993] 2 S.C.R. 1084 decision from the Supreme Court of Canada, where the Court struck down a bylaw prohibiting all postering on public property on the grounds that it violated freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. After having the charges thrown out, Johannes issued a public statement on the victory:
Bans on postering represent an attack on the arts, especially in times of political conservatism when arts can be seen as subversive. 85% of the 413 infractions stemming from anti-postering in Montreal in 2009 were against the cultural industries. Posters are an accessible and affordable form of advertising for locally-targeted events in an oversaturated internet market. By-laws against postering are simply creating barriers for artists of a certain income demographic to get their messages out. Unless one has the resources to advertise in mainstream media, which is often controlled by certain interests, or own property and put up a big billboard, ideas and expressions are limited. The concept of "public space" contains the assumption that people freely express themselves as permitted under s.2(b) of the Charter....In Toronto's case, shy of banding together to file a constitutional challenge (which I would say isn't entirely outside the realm of possibility) the onus sadly is placed on the backs of artists to stand up for their rights. Poster and promote as you would, and if fines are issued, do not pay them. Go to court. Use the above case law to argue your points. And drop me a line, I'd be happy to help.
The court win was celebrated by a headlining show at C'est What? on 8 December 2011, where Johannes also sang tributes to Jim Morrison and John Lennon in homage to the former's birth and the latter's death. During the set, Johannes was famously photographed holing up an "I Hate Rob Ford" T-shirt passed to him from the audience.
Other causes
As the most vocal and public member of Paint, Johannes has championed many causes including vegetarianism, gun control, public housing (particularly in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside, and voting, amongst others.
2014 Toronto Civic Election: Robb Not Ford Campaign
In addition to his social advocacy, Robb Johannes ran in the 2014 Toronto mayoral election under the moniker "Robb Not Ford" (a jab against outgoing mayor Rob Ford). Johannes placed 12th out of 65 candidates with a campaign budget of just $18, and was noted as winning early debates against Ford and other major candidates including former Toronto budget chief David Soknacki.
Johannes' closing statement on 20 October 2014 included the grassroots adage:
...if Toronto continues to see a system in which only career politicians, executives, lawyers, and other members of a socioeconomic status unattainable to the great 95% of us (as essential as the wealthy still are to the city), speak on behalf of communities without actually being part of them, we will not see change. But as a smaller step, we can hold our representatives accountable, and create the changes we need from the ground up.
Members
Current
Robb Johannes – lead vocals, guitar, programming (2008–present)
Jordan Shepherdson – guitar, backing vocals (2012–present)
Keiko Gutierrez – bass, backing vocals (2014–present)
Devin Jannetta – drums (2012–present)
Former (abridged)
Nikolaus Odermatt – bass, keyboards (2011-2012)
Nathan Da Silva – guitar, backing vocals (2011-2012)
Adre Dey – drums, backing vocals (2010-2011)
Mandy Dunbar – guitar, backing vocals (2009-2011)
Marcus Warren – bass (2009-2011)
Jeff Logan – guitar (2009)
Matt Laforest – drums (2008–2009)
Paula McGlynn – guitar, vocals (2008–2009)
Discography
Studio albums
Where We Are Today (6 September 2011) [Fontana North, PWWAT11] #23 (!earshot)
Can You Hear Me? (11 August 2009) [independent, PCYHM09] #20 (!earshot)
Urban Folk Tales (29 May 2004) [independent, RSC12272] #9 (!earshot)
EPs
Based on Truth and Lies (2 June 2015) [independent, PBOTAL15]
Live albums
(disPLAY) (16 September 2016) [independent, PDISP16]
Compilation albums
Showcase International 2005 (21 September 2005), E3/Chromium Records (CHRO-SC2005-001), featuring the song "Open Your Eyes"
Singles
Videography
Films
(disPLAY) (16 September 2016) [independent, PDISP16]
11:11 (2 June 2015) [independent, P1111DVD15]
Compilations
Capsulated (26 November 2013) [Independent, PCDVD13]
Videos, etc. (2011) [Independent, PVEDVD11]
Documentaries
(disASSEMBLED): The Making of (disPLAY) (20 September 2016)
Story of the Moral of the Story: The Making of 11:11 (19 January 2016)
The Making of Boomerang (17 November 2013)
Where We Were in April (30 August 2011), [Independent, PWWWIADVD11]
References
External links
The Official Paint Site
Musical groups established in 2001
Musical groups from Vancouver
Canadian indie pop groups
Canadian indie rock groups
2001 establishments in British Columbia |
20465022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Honduran%20general%20election | 2009 Honduran general election | General elections were held in Honduras on 29 November 2009, including presidential, parliamentary and local elections. Voters went to the polls to elect:
A new President of Honduras to serve a four-year term starting on 27 January 2010.
128 members to serve a four-year term in the National Congress.
Representatives in municipal (local) governments.
The possibility of having a "fourth ballot box" (Spanish: cuarta urna) at the 29 November election regarding the convocation of a National Constituent Assembly constituted a major element of the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis.
Campaigning
Preceding the planned November elections, the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis (ouster of president Manuel Zelaya) occurred, bringing the legitimacy of the elections into doubt.
Campaigning by candidates took place for the three months prior to 29 November in the context of conflict between the de facto government, the de jure government, and resistance to the de facto government, mostly coordinated by the National Resistance Front.
Nearly one month of this campaign period was covered by the Micheletti de facto government Decree PCM-M-016-2009, signed on 22 September 2009 and rescinded on 19 October 2009. The decree suspended five constitutional rights: personal liberty (Article 69), freedom of expression (Article 72), freedom of movement (Article 81), habeas corpus (Article 84) and freedom of association.
Hundreds of candidates, including presidential candidate Carlos H. Reyes, renounced their candidacy citing scepticism that the same military that overthrew the elected president could be trusted to run a free and fair election five months later.
Presidential candidates
The candidates of the two main political parties were former presidential candidate Porfirio Lobo Sosa of the National Party and former vice-president Elvin Santos of the Liberal Party. The trade unionist Garifuna leader Bernard Martínez Valerio was the Innovation and Unity Party (PINU) candidate. Martínez was the first black presidential candidate in the history of Honduras, according to PINU. Another trade union leader, Carlos Humberto Reyes, one of the coordinators of the Frente Nacional de Resistencia Contra el Golpe de Estado en Honduras, was an independent candidate for the election but formally withdrew in order not to legitimise the coup d'état and what he and his supporters perceived would be fraudulent elections.
The table below shows all six continuing and withdrawn candidates, in the order published by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal.
Opinion polls
A pre-election poll conducted between 23 and 29 August 2009 by COIMER & OP showed a relative majority (41%) who would not declare a voting preference or would not vote in favour of any of the six candidates. By mid-October this had dropped to a minority (29%) according to a CID-Gallup poll. Porfirio Lobo's support increased from 28% in August to 37% in October, and Elvin Santos' support increased from 14% to 21%. According to the two polls, Carlos H. Reyes' support dropped from 12% to 6%, while the other three candidates increased from 1–2% support in August to 2–3% in October. A popularity rating question in the COIMER & OP August poll, concerning positive, average and negative opinions towards presidential candidates and other prominent people, found that Porfirio Lobo had more negative than positive popularity (34% versus 30%), as did Elvin Santos (45% versus 19%) and the de facto President Roberto Micheletti (56% versus 16%) and César Ham (20% versus 16%). Carlos H. Reyes had more positive than negative ratings (25% versus 14%), as did de jure President Manuel Zelaya (45% versus 26%).
Conduct
Over thirty thousand security personnel were involved in running the election, including 12,000 military, 14,000 police officers and 5000 reservists. Mayors were requested by the army to provide lists of "enemies" (Spanish: enemigos) of the electoral process in order to "neutralise" them (Spanish: neutralizarlos).
Amnesty International protested to the Honduran de facto government about violations of habeas corpus on 28 and 29 November. One of the people who were disappeared was Jensys Mario Umanzor Gutierrez, last seen in police detention early on the morning of 30 November. Amnesty International (AI) stated that no courts, including the Supreme Court, were available to receive a petition for habeas corpus. AI also referred to two men arrested under terrorism charges and beaten, and 14 minors detained under decree PCM-M-016-2009 for gathering in groups of more than four persons, and later freed without charges. AI also said that human rights organizations in Honduras "suffered attacks and acts of intimidation".
On election day, police and military suppressed an anti-election rally in San Pedro Sula, with reports of one death plus injuries and arrests. There were also reports that employees of government agencies and private businesses were being told that they would be fired if they did not vote.
The European Parliament did not send observers. However, observers were sent by the centre-right European People's Party, who reported a "high degree of civic maturity and exemplar democratic behaviour" during the elections.
Despite few outside legal observers, the International Republican Institute and the National Democratic Institute were there as American observers. The IRI supported the projections of 61% from the interim government and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal. The NDI has so far not commented on their projection of the vote turnout, however have commented on an independent, local Honduran observer part-funded by USAID, the Hagamos Democracia who put the turnout on 48%. The NDI commented that they had a low margin of error on what percentage of the votes were allocated to the candidates as they had successfully projected the vote's outcome: 56 percent for Lobo and 38 percent for Santos. He also said a 48 percent turnout would be consistent with a trend of increasing abstention in Honduras. Turnout was 55 percent in the 2005 election that brought Zelaya to office, 10 percentage points lower than in the previous election. Official turnout was revised down to 49%, a figure consistent with the TSE's own internal figures on election day but over which it had preferred to announce the entirely unfounded but rather more politically convenient 61%, as was caught on video at the time. 49% incidentally, is also a decline on the 55% 2005 election turnout.
Results
President
Porfirio Lobo Sosa, popularly known as Pepe Lobo, of the opposition conservative National Party was elected to succeed Micheletti. Early reports gave Lobo over 50% of the popular vote, with Elvin Santos the closest opponent with around 35%. While some regional nations did not accept the election as valid, others including the United States have supported its legitimacy. While exiled President Manuel Zelaya called for a boycott of the election, turnout ranged from around 30% in poorer areas to 70% in more wealthy communities. Lobo hinted that charges against Zelaya would be dropped.
National Congress
Reactions
Organisations and individuals in Honduras, including the National Resistance Front against the coup d'État in Honduras, Marvin Ponce of the Democratic Unification Party, and Bertha Oliva of Comité de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos en Honduras, and internationally, including Mercosur, President Cristina Kirchner of Argentina and
the Union of South American Nations, said that elections held on 29 November under Micheletti would not be recognized.
Honduras
Hundreds of people made a noisy drive-by protest in Tegucigalpa on 1 December to symbolise their rejection of the elections and to highlight that the turnout estimates of over 60% were inaccurate. Zelaya's aide Carlos Reina called for the elections to be cancelled.
In early November 2009, Dagoberto Suazo of the National Resistance Front against the coup d'État in Honduras asked for the international community to continue to refuse to recognise the planned 29 November elections. Marvin Ponce, a member of Congress from the Democratic Unification Party, said that it was not possible to hold the elections in the aftermath of the coup d'état. Bertha Oliva of COFADEH criticised the United States government for stating that Honduras could hold "free elections in less than three weeks" when "Hondurans [were being] subjected to arbitrary arrest, the closure of independent media, police beatings, torture and even killings by security forces". Oliva claimed that it was not possible to have an election campaign when the right to freedom of assembly, freedom of movement and press freedom were absent. She called for elections to be delayed until at least three months after human rights and democracy are restored.
On 6 November 2009, following the failure of Micheletti and Zelaya to together create a "unity cabinet", Zelaya called for a boycott of the 29 November election.
On 9 November 2009, following a national meeting of leaders of the National Resistance Front against the coup d'état, presidential candidate Carlos H. Reyes declared the withdrawal of his candidacy, on the grounds of not legitimising the coup d'état and fraudulent elections. At the time of Reyes' withdrawal, the Honduran newspapers El Tiempo and La Tribuna showed Reyes' right hand in a plaster cast due to an injury sustained during his 30 July beating by Honduran security forces under the control of the de facto Micheletti government. At least 30–40 candidates from various parties and independent candidates, including at least one National Party candidate, Mario Medrano in San Manuel, Cortés, also withdraw in protest. Mario Medrano stated that he withdrew his candidature in order not to legitimise the coup d'état, that this was independent of party membership, and that anyone elected could be removed [if the coup d'état remained legitimate].
Canadian investigative journalist Jesse Freeston released a series of three videos before and after the elections them of being "coup laundering". In the final video, "Honduran Elections Exposed", Freeston separately interviews two members of the Honduran Supreme Electoral Tribunal. The engineer in charge of the count says that 49% of Hondurans had turned out to vote. Meanwhile, the spokesman for the tribunal told Freeston that roughly 65% had turned out. Freeston concludes that nobody knows how many Hondurans turned out, since all four major international election observers (UN, EU, Carter Center, and OAS) all refused to participate. The videos also exposed the police attack on an anti-election protest in San Pedro Sula, the arrest of a man for possession of anti-election posters in Tegucigalpa, a letter the military sent to all the mayors in Honduras seeking contact information of anyone involved in the National People's Resistance Front, the shutting down of anti-coup media outlets Radio Globo and Canal 36, and the targeted assassinations of anti-coup community organizers.
International
Mercosur declared on 24 July 2009 that it would not recognise the results of the planned November elections or any other elections organised under Micheletti. President Cristina Kirchner of Argentina stated, "We must condemn any benevolent coup attempt, that is, when through a civilian-military coup legitimate authorities are ousted followed by attempts to legalize the situation by calling new elections. This would be the death kiss for the OAS democratic charter and turning the Mercosur democratic charter in mere fiction". On 10 August, the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) also declared that it would not recognise the results of elections held while the de facto Micheletti government remained in power. On 17 August, President Felipe Calderón of Mexico, together with Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, made a similar statement. On September 3, the US State Department issued a statement revoking all non-humanitarian assistance to Honduras and said, of the November 29 elections "At this moment, we would not be able to support the outcome of the scheduled elections".
The U.S. has since changed position and announced that it will recognize the results of the election as a part of the San Jose-Tegucigalpa Accord. Prior to the elections, the OAS advanced a resolution that would have refused to recognize its results. Initially, the U.S. administration pushed for the return of Zelaya, however, subsequently back-tracked on a threat not to recognize the election. The OAS resolution was ultimately blocked by the United States. The U.S. State Department rejected appeals by other Organization of American States (OAS) member nations to condemn what many perceived to be a fraudulent election and, instead, declared the contest "free, fair and transparent." The International Republican Institute, an organization linked to the United States Republican Party, also declared the elections had been "free of violence and overt acts of intimidation". The victory of Porfirio Lobo Sosa was quickly recognized by the United States, which increased military and police aid to the government, despite much of Latin America continuing to view him as an illegal pretender to the Honduran presidency.
In the days preceding the elections, Israel, Italy, Colombia, Panama, Peru, Germany, Costa Rica and Japan also announced their intentions to recognize the results of the elections.
On 30 November at the 19th Ibero-American Summit in Estoril, Portugal the governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Spain, Uruguay, and Venezuela announced they would not recognize the elections whereas Colombia, Costa Rica and Panama said that they would. On 7 December the five Mercosur member states once again ratified their decision of not recognizing the election of Porfirio Lobo.
References
Honduras
Elections in Honduras
2009 in Honduras
Presidential elections in Honduras
November 2009 events in North America
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
17330408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Howell%20Jr. | Roger Howell Jr. | Roger Howell Jr. (1936 – September 27, 1989) was the tenth president of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, and the fourth to be an alumnus of the college.
Early life and career
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Howell graduated summa cum laude with Highest Honors in History from Bowdoin College in 1958. Elected to Phi Beta Kappa in his junior year, he continued his education on a Rhodes Scholarship to St. John's College, Oxford, where he received a B.A., M.A., and D.Phil. One of the rare Americans to teach British history at Oxford, he was an instructor at Oxford's International Graduate School, as well as Johns Hopkins University, before returning to Bowdoin to teach history in 1964 and chairing its History Department in 1967.
Bowdoin College presidency
When Howell became the college's tenth president in 1968 at age 32, he was one of the youngest university presidents in the nation. Under his nine-year presidency, Bowdoin became a co-ed institution (1971), expanded its enrollment from 950 students to 1,350, founded its computing center, established Maine's first African-American center, developed African-American studies and 12-college exchange programs, and invited students to participate on Governing Boards committees.
In 1970, Bowdoin became the first academic institution in America to eliminate SAT I and College Board Achievement Test requirements. This set a trend to follow for other institutions, including Bates College, Franklin & Marshall College, Hamilton College, Middlebury College, Mount Holyoke College, Pitzer College, the University of Texas at Austin, and Wheaton College, among others.
Howell was also instrumental in the founding of the Bowdoin College Men's Rugby team in the 1969-1970 academic year. After becoming a rugby fan during his time at Oxford University, he not only offered administrative support for the club, but also helped with the coaching duties.
Also under Howell's presidency, Bowdoin's Visual Arts Center was erected in 1975 to provide much-needed space for instruction in the college's expanding Art History and Studio Art departments. Designed by Edward Larrabee Barnes, the center was built according to Howell's stipulations: "Not only must a building placed in close proximity to the Walker Art Building be architecturally of superior construction, but it must also be flexible enough in interior design to meet changing needs and methods of instruction."
By the time Howell stepped down from the presidency in 1978 to resume full-time teaching, writing and research at Bowdoin, it had received reaccreditation from the New England Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, which had "commended [it]...for offering a traditional educational excellently." Howell eventually earned the college's endowed chair of William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of the Humanities.
Publications
During his life, Howell wrote several books on British history, specializing in Tudor and Stuart England. His publications include biographies of Oliver Cromwell and Sir Philip Sidney, Newcastle upon Tyne and the Puritan Revolution: A Study of the Civil War in North England (1967), and Images of Oliver Cromwell: Essays For and By Roger Howell, completed posthumously by editor R.C. Richardson and published in 1993. Howell was also founder and editor of the British Studies Monitor. His presidential inaugural address, "A New Humanism," was published in book form by Bowdoin College in 1969.
Death
Howell died in 1989 from heart failure at the Maine Medical Center in Portland.
Remembrance
On October 21, 2000, Bowdoin's former Alpha Delta Phi fraternity house was renamed Howell House in honor of Roger Howell Jr., who had been a member of that fraternity as an undergraduate.
In 2001, Bowdoin's Board of Trustees established the Roger Howell Jr. Professorship. "With the establishment of the Roger Howell Jr. Professorship, we honor a man who was an outstanding student, a beloved and respected teacher and one of the leading historians of his day," said Bowdoin College President Robert H. Edwards upon naming Allen Wells to the new professorship. "No one ever evinced a greater love for the liberal arts or for Bowdoin, which he led as president for nine years, than Roger Howell."
References
External links
https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/29/obituaries/roger-howell-53-ex-president-of-bowdoin.html
http://www.bowdoin.edu/news/archives/1bowdoincampus/000937.shtml
http://www.fairtest.org/university/optional
1936 births
1989 deaths
Presidents of Bowdoin College
Bowdoin College alumni
People from Baltimore
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford |
20465052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20Schedl | Timothy Schedl | Timothy Schedl (born 1955 in Iowa City, Iowa) is a professor of genetics at Washington University in St. Louis.
Biography
Early life and education
Timothy Bruce Schedl was born in 1955 to University of Iowa chemistry professor Harold Schedl and professor of art Naomi Schedl. He has two brothers, Andrew Schedl and Paul Schedl. He received his degree from Lawrence University in 1977.
Career
In 1990, he and his wife, Amy moved to St. Louis where he occupied the same position that he does now. The Schedl lab studies germline development of the soil nematode C. elegans, and uses genetic, molecular, and cellular approaches to investigate germcell proliferation and entry into meiosis, progression through meiotic prophase, meiotic maturation and ovulation, and germline sex determination.
Schedl has published 33 papers with various people in his lab and his field. One of his pictures also ended up as the cover of Science.
Marriage and children
He was married to his wife Amy in 1974, and now also has two children, Will and Maggie.
References
Schedl Lab; http://www.genetics.wustl.edu/tslab/
1955 births
Living people
American geneticists
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Lawrence Technological University alumni |
23572619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triotech | Triotech | Triotech is a manufacturer in out-of-home multi-sensory interactive attractions.
Since 2006, TRIOTECH has operated its own studio to develop custom content for its attractions. Founded in 1999, TRIOTECH is a privately held company based in Canada with offices in the US, Europe, and China. with research and development facilities as well as a movie studio in Montreal, Quebec.
They are known for their motion simulators such as XD Theatres and XD Dark Ride interactive theaters.
Background
Triotech designs, develops, and markets immersive and interactive out-of-home cinemas and platforms, as well as small 3-dimensional movie theaters. They distribute their products under XD Theater, XD DarK Ride, Interactive Dark Ride, Flying Theaters, immersive Walkthroughs, and Typhoon.
In 2006, Triotech opened a Montreal-based 3D animation studio to create custom content, to work in conjunction with the parent company's line of theme park motion rides.
In 2019 Triotech announced the acquisition of a French company CL Corp, forming the largest media-based experiences group in the attractions industry.
XD Theater is a 3D film attraction. When first released, XD Theater included the 3D ride films Cosmic Coaster, Haunted Mine and Arctic Run. There are now over 40 3D films in Triotech's XD Theater library. The ultimate immersive ride with real time 3D stereoscopic graphics combined with visual FX for a multi sensory experience, a motion simulated thrill ride that transcends time, space and imagination.
XD Dark Ride is an interactive theater using group play, real-time 3D graphics and individual scoring system to create unique, competitive dynamics. This multi-sensory, interactive attraction, designed for the whole family, won IAAPA's prestigious Brass Ring Award for Best New Product in 2013.
Products
Interactive Dark Ride (some ride systems have been provided by Zamperla)
Ghostbusters 5D at Heide Park in Soltau, Germany
Ninjago The Ride at Legoland Resorts in Legoland California, Legoland Florida, Legoland Deutschland, Legoland Windsor, Legoland Malaysia, Legoland Billund and Legoland New York
Sholay: The hunt for Gabbar Singh at Dubai Parks and Resorts
The Flyer – San Francisco at Pier39 in San Francisco, USA
Finding Larva and Larva's Space Adventure (from Larva's TV Series) at Jeju Shinhwa World
Gan Gun Battlers at Tokyo Dome in Tokyo, Japan
Wonder Mountain's Guardian at Canada's Wonderland in Vaughan, Ontario
Knott's Bear-y Tales: Return to the Fair at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, CA
7D Experience XD Dark Ride in San Francisco, CA
Typhoon
STORM™ interactive multiplayer coin-op simulator
XD Theatres immersive theaters
Interactive Cinema
Over 40 3D animated films
Wasteland Racers 2071
UFO Stomper
References
External links
Canadian companies established in 1999
Privately held companies of Canada |
20465055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear%20Swamp%20Preserve | Bear Swamp Preserve | Bear Swamp Preserve is a Nature Conservancy preserve and National Natural Landmark in Westerlo, New York. It consists of a pond and surrounding of swamp and woodland. It is recognized for its great laurel tree population. It has two nature trails totaling about in length.
See also
List of National Natural Landmarks in New York
References
External links
The Nature Conservancy: Bear Swamp Preserve
National Natural Landmarks in New York (state)
Geography of Albany County, New York
Nature Conservancy preserves in New York (state) |
23572632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemanja%20Zlatkovi%C4%87 | Nemanja Zlatković | Nemanja Zlatković (Serbian Cyrillic: Немања Златковић; born 21 August 1988) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a left-back.
Career
In August of 2020, Zlatković joined FK Dinamo Pančevo. After a spell at FK Sloga Kraljevo, Zlatković moved to OFK Beograd in the summer 2021.
References
External links
Nemanja Zlatković at Sofascore
Living people
1988 births
Footballers from Belgrade
Serbian footballers
Serbian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Slovakia
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate footballers in the Czech Republic
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in the Czech Republic
Expatriate footballers in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Expatriate footballers in Sweden
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Serbian First League players
Slovak Super Liga players
Football League (Greece) players
Czech National Football League players
Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Ettan Fotboll players
FK Zemun players
MŠK Žilina players
Diagoras F.C. players
FC Fastav Zlín players
FK Sarajevo players
Panachaiki F.C. players
FK Javor Ivanjica players
FK Voždovac players
FK Novi Pazar players
FK Radnik Bijeljina players
Ängelholms FF players
FK Tuzla City players
NK Čelik Zenica players
FK Dinamo Pančevo players
FK Sloga Kraljevo players
OFK Beograd players
Serbia youth international footballers
Association football defenders |
20465072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20John%20Glenn%20Story | The John Glenn Story | The John Glenn Story is a 1962 American short documentary film directed by Michael R. Lawrence about the astronaut John Glenn. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
References
External links
, posted by NASA
1962 films
1962 short films
1962 documentary films
American short documentary films
Documentary films about the space program of the United States
Films about astronauts
1960s short documentary films
John Glenn
1960s English-language films
1960s American films |
23572635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroporti%20di%20Roma | Aeroporti di Roma | Aeroporti di Roma S.p.A. (abbreviated ADR) is an Italian fixed-base operator of Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport (in Greater Rome) and Rome Ciampino Airport since 1997 (the year of privatization). The headquarter of the company is located in Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport.
The company was a minority shareholders of Aeroporto di Genova (15%), as well as Airports Company South Africa from 1998 to 2005.
References
External links
Italian companies established in 1997
Airport operators of Italy
Airports in Rome
Transport in Lazio
Companies based in Lazio
Companies based in Rome
Fiumicino
Metropolitan City of Rome Capital
Transport companies established in 1997
Region-owned companies of Italy
Privatized companies of Italy
Companies formerly listed on the Borsa Italiana |
23572640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papists%20Act%201715 | Papists Act 1715 | The Papists Act 1715 (2 Geo., c. 55) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The Act required Roman Catholics who did not take the oath of fidelity to register their property.
The Act was passed in the aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1715. The Act's preamble claimed that the Act was necessary because Catholics had plotted for "the destruction of this kingdom and the extirpation of the Protestant Religion" despite the "tender regard" the King had shown by not enforcing the many penal laws against them. It was further claimed that "all or the greatest part" of the Catholic population had been "stirring up and supporting the late unnatural Rebellion for the dethroning and murdering his most Sacred Majesty; for setting up a Popish Pretender upon the Throne of this kingdom; for the Destruction of the Protestant Religion and the cruel murdering and massacring of its Professors". Therefore, the Act continued, Catholics are "enemies to His Majesty and to the present happy Establishment" who "watch for all opportunities of fomenting and stirring up new Rebellions and Disturbances within the Kingdom and of inviting Foreigners to invade it".
The Act ensured that Justices of the Peace tendered the oaths of allegiance, supremacy and abjuration to all confirmed and suspected Catholics. If any Catholic had not taken the oaths by the deadline they were required to sign a register that included information about their estates. This was intended to facilitate a discriminatory tax on Catholics because, the Act claimed, they should pay any "large share to all such Extraordinary Expenses as are and shall be brought upon this Kingdom by their Treachery and Instigation". The annual rent of the estates registered totalled £400,000.
Notes
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1715
History of Christianity in the United Kingdom
1715 in Christianity
Law about religion in the United Kingdom |
23572642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro%20Cordeiro%20%28tennis%29 | Pedro Cordeiro (tennis) | Pedro Cordeiro (born 14 February 1963 in Porto, Portugal) is a former professional tennis player from Portugal and was the former captain of the Portugal Davis Cup and Fed Cup teams. He reached a career high singles ranking of 517 in November 1986.
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
Portuguese male tennis players
Portuguese tennis coaches
Sportspeople from Porto |
Subsets and Splits