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20486527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman%20Heath | Lyman Heath | Lyman Heath (misnamed in some accounts as Leonard Heath) (24 August 1804 – 30 July 1870) was an American vocalist and composer.
Heath was born in New Hampshire - the exact location is uncertain, as one source places this event in Bow, New Hampshire, while another names Lyman, New Hampshire. He married a daughter of Alexander Albee, and moved to Littleton in 1834, residing there until 1840. He worked as a shoemaker for part of each year, organizing and teaching a singing-school during the winter months. He taught at Littleton and Lyman, as well as Franconia, Sugar Hill, and Lisbon. Pupils paid one dollar each for twelve lessons. With rare exceptions, only sacred music was taught, most frequently compositions such as those by Lowell Mason and Henry K. Oliver.
Heath composed the widely anthologized poem, "The Grave of Bonaparte" with Henry Washburne. Heath was an early advocate of the Hutchinson Family singing group. He also composed the melody for "The Burial of Mrs Judson."
References
External links
1804 births
1870 deaths
People from Littleton, New Hampshire
19th-century American singers |
17344553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto%20Estima%20de%20Oliveira | Alberto Estima de Oliveira | Alberto Estima de Oliveira (July 1, 1934 – May 1, 2008) was a Portuguese poet. He was born in Lisbon, moved to Benguela, Angola in 1957, and later to Guinea Bissau. He lived in Macao from 1982 to 2004.
Selected works
Vector II
Vector III
Kuzuela III – 1.ª Antologia de Poesia Africana de Espressão Portuguesa
Tempo de Angústia (Angola, 1972)
Infraestructuras (Macao, 1987)
Diálogo do Silêncio (Macao, 1988)
Rosto (Macao, 1990)
Corpo (Con)Sentido (Macao, 1993)
Esqueleto do Tempo (Macao, 1995)
O Sentir (Macao, 1996)
Infraestruturas (Kei Tcho) (Macau, 1999) (bilingual Portuguese, Chinese)
MESOPOTAMIA – espaço que criei (Lisboa, 2003)
Awards
1999: INTERNATIONAL GRAND PRIZE FOR POETRY at ''The International Festival “Curtea de Arges Poetry Nights”, Romania
References
1934 births
2008 deaths
21st-century Portuguese poets
Portuguese male poets
People from Lisbon
20th-century Portuguese poets
20th-century male writers
21st-century male writers |
20486555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline%20Irles | Jacqueline Irles | Jacqueline Irles (born May 24, 1957 in Perpignan, Pyrénées-Orientales) is a member of the National Assembly of France. She represents the Pyrénées-Orientales department, and is a member of the Radical Party.
References
1957 births
Living people
People from Perpignan
Radical Party (France) politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Popular Right
Mayors of places in Occitania (administrative region)
Women members of the National Assembly (France)
Women mayors of places in France
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
21st-century French women politicians |
44508295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%20Starkman | Maxwell Starkman | Maxwell Starkman (November 17, 1921 – December 29, 2003) was a Canadian architect based in Los Angeles, California.
Biography
Early life
Maxwell Starkman was born in 1921 in Toronto, Canada. He served in England, France, Belgium and Germany during World War II. He graduated from the University of Manitoba.
Career
He moved to Los Angeles, California in 1950. Shortly after, he started working for Richard J. Neutra. In 1953, he started Reichl and Starkman Architects with fellow architect Fritz Reichl. After Reichl died in 1954, he established Maxwell Starkman Associates, an architectural firm. He mostly built tract homes for returning G.I.s.
Later, he built commercial buildings such as shopping malls and drugstores. For example, he designed the Park Place Shopping Center and the Sunrise City Shopping Center along the Maryland Parkway in Las Vegas, Nevada. He also designed the Fallbrook Center in West Hills and some student housing at California State University, Los Angeles. Later in the 1960s, he designed the Melodyland Theater in Anaheim. Additionally, Starkman designed the Dunes hotel and casino, which was later demolished and replaced with the Bellagio.
In 1972, he designed the Zenith Tower located at 6300 on Wilshire Boulevard, near Carthay Circle. It was built for the Zenith National Insurance as a sixteen-story skyscraper. Later, he designed the Sony Pictures Plaza. He also designed the Meridian Condominiums, a skyscraper in San Diego. His last design was the Museum of Tolerance.
He retired in 1987.
Personal life
He was married to Gloria Starkman. They had three sons and one daughter: sons David, Laurence, Robert, and Nancy. He became a widower when his wife died in 1992.
Death
He died on December 29, 2003.
Legacy
The Maxwell Starkman Scholarship in Architecture at the University of Manitoba is named in his honor.
References
1921 births
2003 deaths
People from Toronto
Architects from Los Angeles
Canadian military personnel of World War II
University of Manitoba alumni
Canadian architects
Canadian expatriates in the United States |
23581277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%20Seeta%20Katha | O Seeta Katha | O Seeta Katha () is a 1974 Indian Telugu-language film directed by K. Viswanath. The film won the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film (Silver), and the Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu). The film was later remade both in Malayalam and Tamil languages as Mattoru Seetha and Moondru Mudichu, respectively. The film was screened at the Asian and African film Festival at Tashkent. C. Ashwani Dutt was Executive Producer for the film.
Plot
Seeta (Roja Ramani), a teenage girl, lives with her mother and elder sister (Subha), who runs the house with her harikatha performances. Seeta falls in love with Chandram (Chandramohan), but Gopalakrishna (Devadas Kanakala) has an eye on her and hires goons to bash Chandram, who dies on the spot. Seeta marries Madhava Rao (Kantha Rao), father of Gopalakrishna, and makes Gopalakrishna realize his mistakes.
Cast
Kanta Rao
Chandra Mohan
Roja Ramani
Devadas Kanakala
Allu Ramalingayya
Shubha
Ramaprabha
Pandari Bai
Awards
Nandi Awards – 1974
Second Best Feature Film – Silver – A.R.S. Sharma
Filmfare Awards South – 1974
Filmfare Best Director Award (Telugu) – K. Viswanath
Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu) – A.R.S. Sharma
Songs
"Bhaaratanaarii Charitamu" (harikatha)
Lyrics: Veturi
Playback: P. Leela
"Malle Kannaa Tellana Maa Seeta Sogasu"
Lyrics: C. Narayana Reddy
Playback: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Suseela
"Puttadi Bomma Maa Pellikoduku"
Lyrics: C. Narayana Reddy
Playback: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Suseela
"Kallaakapatam Erugani Pillalu Allari Cheste Andam"
Lyrics: C. Narayana Reddy
Playback: P. Suseela
"Ninu Kanna Katha, Mee Amma Katha Vinipinchanaa"
Lyrics: Veturi
Playback: B. Vasanta, P. Suseela
"Chintachiguru Pulupani Cheekatante Nalupani"
Lyrics: Samudrala
Playback: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
References
External links
O Seeta Katha at IMDB.
Telugu-language films
1974 films
Films directed by K. Viswanath
Indian films
Telugu films remade in other languages
Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan |
23581296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunster%20Museum%20%26%20Doll%20Collection | Dunster Museum & Doll Collection | The Dunster Museum & Doll Collection in Dunster, Somerset, England houses a collection of more than 800 dolls from around the world, based on the collection of the late Mollie Hardwick, who died in 1970 and donated her collection to the village memorial hall committee.
Established in 1971, the collection includes a display of British and foreign dolls in various costumes.
Thirty-two of the dolls were stolen during a burglary in 1992 and have never been recovered.
References
External links
Dunster Museum & Doll Collection - official site
Museums in Somerset
Toy museums in England
Museums established in 1971
Children's museums in the United Kingdom
Doll museums |
23581308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arik%20Yanko | Arik Yanko | Arik Yanko (; born 21 December 1991) is an Israeli professional association football player and current under-21 international.
Biography
Playing career
Arik Yanko starting playing youth football with Hapoel Tel Aviv. As a youth team player, Yanko cracked four teeth during a derby match against Maccabi but played out the entire match. This endeared him to the youth team staff who saw the young goalkeeper as having a strong character.
Yanko made his league debut in a Premier League match against Maccabi Petah Tikva on 4 April 2009 when he replaced Ben Luz in the 80th minute after back up goalkeeper Yaniv Mizrahi was red-carded. In October 2009, Yanko said that that moment was by far the most exciting moment of his career.
International career
In 2009, Yanko was selected to represent Israel at the 2009 Maccabiah Games.
In 2013, Yanko was a part of Israel U21 squad for the Under-21 Euro, but did not play in the tournament.
References
Footnotes
1991 births
Living people
Israeli footballers
Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C. players
Hakoah Maccabi Amidar Ramat Gan F.C. players
Hapoel Ra'anana A.F.C. players
Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. players
Maccabi Bnei Reineh F.C. players
Liga Leumit players
Israeli Premier League players
Maccabiah Games medalists in football
Maccabiah Games bronze medalists for Israel
Israeli people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Footballers from Rishon LeZion
Israel under-21 international footballers
Association football goalkeepers |
20486560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naumkeag%20people | Naumkeag people | Naumkeag is a historical tribe of Eastern Algonquian-speaking Native American people who lived in northeastern Massachusetts. They controlled territory from the Charles River to the Merrimack River at the time of the Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640).
Naumkeag is also the term for a Native American settlement at the time of English colonization in present-day Salem, Massachusetts, meaning "fishing place," from namaas (fish), ki (place) and age (at) or by another translation "eel-land." However, the settlement Naumkeag was only one of a group of politically connected settlements in the early 1600s under the control of the sachem Nanepashemet and his wife the Squaw Sachem and their descendants. Although referred to in this article as Naumkeag, confusion exists about the proper contemporary endonym for this people, who are variously referred to in European documents as Naumkeag, Pawtucket, Penticut, or Wamesit, or by the name of their current sachem or sagamore.
Territory
Although the term Naumkeag refers to the pre-colonial settlement at present day Salem, the territory this polity controlled was much larger, as attested by the number of towns in Massachusetts that received deeds from Naumkeag sachems and their descendants, stretching from the northern border of the Charles River through the Mystic River watershed, up the coast as far as present day Peabody, then inland up to the southern border of the Merrimack River.
In 1639, the Squaw Sachem deeded large tracts of land to the young settlements of Newtowne (later Cambridge) and Charlestown, an area encompassing the present day towns and cities of Cambridge, Newton, Lexington, Brighton, Arlington, Charlestown, Malden, Medford, Melrose, Everett, Woburn, Burlington, Winchester, Wilmington, Stoneham, Somerville, Reading, and Wakefield.
In the 1680s, James Quonopohit and his kin received payment for quitclaim deeds from Marblehead (1684), Lynn, Saugus, Swampscott, Lynnfield, Wakefield, North Reading, and Reading (1686), Salem (1687).
History
Precontact
Although humans lived in the North America Eastern Woodlands for at least 15,000 years, the presence of a continental ice sheet extending south to the level of Long Island and Cape Cod have limited human habitation in present-day northeastern Massachusetts until the end of the last Ice Age, about 11,700 years ago. Sea level rise since then and disruption of soil layers from extensive development in the Boston area limit the earliest confirmed settlements to the Woodland period beginning 2,000 years ago.
The earliest written records of the Naumkeag people are from European authors during the contact period from 1600 to 1630, supported by written reminiscences from Indigenous sources at the end of the 17th-century.
Nanepashemet
In 1614 English explorer John Smith explored the coast of New England, and included "Naemkeck" among the "countries" of the New England coast in an alliance with countries to the north under the bashabes (chief of chiefs) of the Penobscot, with a separate culture and government from the Massachusett to the south of the Charles River. At this time the Naumkeag were under the leadership of Nanepashemet.
At the time of the Great Migration to New England in the early 17th century, the Naumkeag population was already greatly depleted from disease and war. They engaged in a war with the Tarrantine people beginning in 1615. A plague broke out in the area 1617 and took a particularly heavy toll with the Naumkeag people. The Tarrantines took advantage of this weakness, and further decimated their numbers, including killing their sachem, Nanepashemet, in 1619.
Squaw Sachem of Mistick
In 1621, after establishing a settlement at Plymouth, a group of colonists including Edward Winslow and their native guide Tisquantum explored an area in present-day Medford, encountering the Naumkeag settlement where Nanepashemet had lived, several palisade fortifications for the 1615-1619 war between the Naumkeag and Tarrantine, and Nanepashemet's burial place. Winslow attests to the area's control at that time by a "squaw sachem," an enemy of the Massachusett of Neponset, who was the widow of Nanepashemet.
The general government of the tribe was continued by three of Nanepashemet's sons and his widow, only known in the historical record as the "Squaw Sachem of Mistick." She administered the region jointly with her three sons Wonohaquaham or "Sagamore John," Montowampate or "Sagamore James," and Wenepoykin or "Sagamore George." William Wood's map, dated 1634, but based on his travels in the area in the late 1620s, shows Sagamore John in present-day Medford and Sagamore James in present-day Lynn. Wenepoykin or Sagamore George was sachem of the settlement of Naumkeag in present-day Salem by the time English settlers arrived in 1629, but he may have received assistance from an older family member until he came of age. In 1633 there came another plague, probably smallpox, "which raged to such an extent as to nearly exterminate the tribe." This epidemic killed both Montowampate and Wonohaquaham, leaving the Squaw Sachem and Wenepoykin in control of the area from modern day Chelsea to Lowell to Salem.
Wenepoykin
Although he survived the pandemic, after 1633, Wenepoykin or Sagamore George Rumney Marsh became known as "George No Nose" due to disfigurement from smallpox. When the Squaw Sachem died in roughly 1650, Wenepoykin became sole sachem of territory extending from present day Winthrop to Malden to North Reading to Lynn or even Salem, however his attempts to assert his claim to these lands through the settler's legal system were largely ineffective. During the next two decades, the size of the group further declined as the British Long Parliament and the Massachusetts General Court worked to relocate Native Americans into Praying Towns such as Natick, Massachusetts, drawing some converts from within Weyepoykin's family.
In 1675, Wenepoykin and some of the remaining Naumkeag joined Metacomet in King Philip's War, which was a stark turning point in the history of Native Americans in New England, and for the Naumkeag in particular. Wenepoykin was taken captive the next year in 1676 and sold into slavery in Barbados. During this same time, over 1000 nonbelligerent Praying Indians, some of them originally Naumkeag, were interned on Deer Island but only 167 survived to return to Praying Towns.
After 8 years of slavery in Barbados, Wenepoykin returned to Massachusetts in 1684 through the intercession of John Eliot, where he joined some remaining family members in Natick, but died later the same year, leaving his lands to a maternal kinsman James Quonopohit a.k.a James Rumney Marsh, though by this time most of the hereditary territory of the sachem was occupied by English settlers.
Quonopohit
James Quonopohit or Rumney Marsh was a maternal kinsman of Wenepoykin living in the Natick praying town at the time the sachem entrusted him with title to Naumkeag lands in 1684. By the time Quonopohit received this inheritance, there were many more European settlers living in Naumkeag territories than Naumkeag, many of whom had relocated to Natick as praying Indians, been killed in King Philip's War, fled north to join the burgeoning Wabenaki Confederacy, or been sold into slavery in Barbados.
However, in June of the same year, following the restoration of the English monarchy, the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was revoked in the formation of the Dominion of New England. This put a number of established New England settlements in a difficult position to justify their right to occupy land that had been granted under a now invalid charter, and created an opportunity for Quonopohit and his kin to seek payment for their traditional territory. They presented their claims to rightful ownership and were eventually paid for deeds to the present day towns of Marblehead (1684), Lynn, Saugus, Swampscott, Lynnfield, Wakefield, North Reading, and Reading (1686), Salem (1687).
See also
Native American tribes in Massachusetts
References
Native American tribes in Massachusetts
Native American history of Massachusetts |
23581310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C16H34 | C16H34 | The molecular formula C16H34 (molar mass: 226.44 g/mol, exact mass: 226.2661 u) may refer to:
Hexadecane (cetane)
Isocetane
Molecular formulas |
23581323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3H2F6O | C3H2F6O | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C3H2F6O}}
The molecular formula C3H2F6O (molar mass: 168.038 g/mol, exact mass: 168.0010 u) may refer to:
Desflurane
Hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP)
Molecular formulas |
23581325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Island | Mark Island | Mark Island may refer to:
Mark Island (Frobisher Bay, Nunavut)
Mark Island (Hudson Strait, Nunavut)
See also
Little Mark Island, northern Casco Bay, Maine, location of the Little Mark Island Monument |
23581326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canteen%20Stores%20Department | Canteen Stores Department | Canteen Stores Department may refer to:
Canteen Stores Department (Bangladesh)
Canteen Stores Department (India)
Canteen Stores Department (Pakistan) |
20486566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline%20Maquet | Jacqueline Maquet | Jacqueline Maquet (born 13 May 1949) is a member of the National Assembly of France. She represents the Pas-de-Calais department, and is a member of La République En Marche!, formerly a deputy for the Socialist Party.
References
1949 births
Living people
Women members of the National Assembly (France)
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
21st-century French women politicians
Socialist Party (France) politicians
La République En Marche! politicians
Members of Parliament for Pas-de-Calais |
44508305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico%20Di%20Santo | Ludovico Di Santo | Ludovico Di Santo (born November 21, 1977 in Lincoln, Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine actor and model.
Biography
Ludovico Di Santo was born on November 21, 1977 at the Sanatorio Anchorena from the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. At age 6 he went to live with his family to Lincoln, Buenos Aires, Argentina until the age of 18 he returned to live in the Capital.
Filmography
Television
Theater
Movies
Videoclips
Awards and nominations
References
21st-century Argentine male actors
Male actors from Buenos Aires
1977 births
Living people
Argentine male telenovela actors
People from Lincoln Partido |
23581329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erden%20Alkan | Erden Alkan | Erden Alkan (born 12 February 1941) is a Turkish actor living in Germany. He studied at the Max Reinhardt Theatre School in Vienna after graduating from Vefa High School in Istanbul.
Filmography
References
External links
1941 births
Turkish emigrants to Germany
German male television actors
Turkish male television actors
Living people
German male film actors
Turkish male film actors
20th-century German male actors
21st-century German male actors |
23581340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Evans%20%28union%20worker%29 | Fred Evans (union worker) | Fredrick George Evans (11 February 1881 – 13 November 1912) was an Australian industrial worker who rose to prominence for his role and death in the Waihi miners' strike. To date he is one of the only two people to die in an industrial dispute in New Zealand's history.
Early life
Born in 1881 in Ballarat, Victoria, the younger of twin boys born to Frederick and Catherine (nee Dickson) Evans, Evans lived in his native Australia until 1909 when he moved to New Zealand with his wife and two children. After three years living in New Zealand Evans found a job as a stationary engine driver at the Waihi goldmine. It was here that his trade union activity was to bring him to public attention.
Waihi Trade Union
Evans was a member of the Waihi Trade Union, affiliated with the militant New Zealand Federation of Labour and in opposition to Evans' employer the Waihi Goldmine Company. In May 1912, a number of stationary engine drivers who rejected the Federation of Labour's strong positions established a breakaway union. Although the Waihi Goldmining Company claimed to have no involvement in the breakaway union, saying that it was a matter of union politics, many workers believed that the Company was attempting to split the union, and called a strike. Evans refused to join the new stationary engine drivers union and worked as a provision storekeeper and newspaper contributor for the Waihi Trade Union.
On 12 November, known as "Black Tuesday", a group of armed non-union workers and police attacked the union hall, which was defended by a small group of union workers (also armed). Thomas Johnston, a non-union worker was shot in the knee, and a police constable was shot in the stomach. The shots are believed to have been fired by Evans who was then beaten to the ground by Constable Gerald Wade and trampled by the men running through the hall. Evans was left for an hour and a half in police cells before being taken to hospital. He never regained consciousness and died the following day. Wade was found to have been "fully justified in striking deceased down".
Funeral and legacy
The Federation of Labour organised a funeral in Auckland at Waikaraka cemetery on 17 November, where thousands of mourners lined the streets. May Evans was given £1100 which had been raised by unionists in order to assist her and her children. Evans was later held by the hardliners up as a hero and a martyr, with Bob Semple saying that Evans had been "doing his duty and should have shot more of them".
See also
Waihi miners' strike
Trade Union
References
External links
NZHistory.net.nz feature
NZHistory.net.nz - The 1912 Waihi strike
Waihi Museum
1912 in New Zealand
Industrial Workers of the World members
New Zealand trade unionists
Australian trade unionists
1881 births
1912 deaths
People from Ballarat
Burials at Waikaraka Cemetery
Industrial Workers of the World in Australia |
23581351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjersti%20Ericsson | Kjersti Ericsson | Kjersti Ericsson (born 18 January 1944 in Oslo, Norway) is a Norwegian psychologist, criminologist, writer, poet and former politician. She is Professor of Criminology at the Faculty of Law of the University of Oslo.
Ericsson obtained her cand.psychol. degree in 1969, and was a Research Assistant and Lecturer at the Department of Psychology at the University of Oslo from 1969 to 1978. Since 1978, she has been employed with the Department of Criminology and Sociology of Law (formerly the Department of Criminology and Criminal Law). She became an Associate Professor in 1981 and a Professor in 1997.
Kjersti Ericsson was leader of the political party Workers' Communist Party (AKP) from 1984 to 1988. From 1980 to 1984, she was deputy leader.
Aside from her academic publications, she has published poetry, novels and political literature in Norwegian, English and German.
References
External links
http://folk.uio.no/kjerstie
Academics of the Faculty of Law, University of Oslo
Norwegian criminologists
Leaders of political parties in Norway
Workers' Communist Party (Norway) politicians
1944 births
Living people
Norwegian women academics
Women legal scholars
Women criminologists |
23581355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Sprott%20%28bishop%29 | Thomas Sprott (bishop) | Thomas Henry Sprott, OBE (26 September 1856 – 25 July 1942) was an Anglican priest in the first half of the 20th century.
Life
Born on 26 September 1856 at Dromore, County Down, he was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and ordained in 1879. Following curacies at Holy Trinity, Kingston upon Hull and St John the Evangelist, Waterloo Road, he became Minister of St Barnabas', Mount Eden, Auckland in 1886.
From 1892 until 1911 Sprott was Vicar of St Paul's Pro-Cathedral, Wellington when he was elevated to the episcopate as the 4th bishop of Wellington, a post he held for 25 years. Described as a "a profound divine who for years tried to fathom the deeps of modern reasoning", he died on 25 July 1942. His wife Edith survived him and died in 1945, but his son (who was awarded the Military Cross in 1917) died on active service with the Norfolk Regiment in March 1918.
Legacy
Sprott House, a residential home for the elderly in Wellington, New Zealand, is named for him.
Notes
External links
Thomas Henry & Edith Sprott
1856 births
Christian clergy from County Down
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
20th-century Anglican bishops in New Zealand
Anglican bishops of Wellington
New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire
1942 deaths |
20486569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Miller%20%28actress%29 | Linda Miller (actress) | Linda Mae Miller (née Gleason; born September 16, 1942) is an American film, stage, and television actress. The daughter of actor and comedian Jackie Gleason and the mother of actor Jason Patric, Miller began working professionally as a child, later appearing on Broadway in a production of Black Picture Show (1975), for which she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Supporting Actress. She would go on to star in television and in feature films such as the drama One Summer Love, and the horror film Alice, Sweet Alice (both 1976).
Life and career
Early life
Miller was born Linda Mae Gleason on September 16, 1942 in New York City, the second child of actor Jackie Gleason and dancer Genevieve Halford. She began working in commercials and local stage productions beginning at age nine. Through her father, she is of Irish ancestry. She has one older sister, Geraldine. Miller was raised Catholic by her parents; her mother was described by her sister as "more Catholic than the Pope."
Miller attended the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., where she met playwright Jason Miller, then a graduate student. The two were married in 1963, and gave birth to a son, actor Jason Patric, in 1966.
Film and stage career
Miller was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in 1975 for her role in the Broadway play Black Picture Show. She had a regular role in the 1983 TV series The Mississippi, and her film credits include roles in One Summer Love (1976), Alice, Sweet Alice (1976), An Unmarried Woman (1978), Night of the Juggler (1980) and 2 Little, 2 Late (1999). She also played Ann Beaulieu in the 1988 television movie Elvis and Me.
Personal life
From her marriage to playwright and actor Jason Miller, she has one son, actor Jason Patric.
Filmography
Film
Television
Stage credits
References
External links
1942 births
Actresses from New York City
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American people of Irish descent
American Roman Catholics
Catholic University of America alumni
Living people
21st-century American actresses |
20486575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Alain%20B%C3%A9nisti | Jacques-Alain Bénisti | Jacques-Alain Bénisti (born 10 April 1952) is a member of the National Assembly of France. He represents the Val-de-Marne department, and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.
In 2011, Benisti created controversy when he publicly equated the legalization of same-sex marriage and bestiality to the legalization of rape.
References
1952 births
Living people
The Republicans (France) politicians
Mayors of places in Île-de-France
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
20486581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20universities%20in%20the%20Cayman%20Islands | List of universities in the Cayman Islands | This is a list of universities in the Cayman Islands:
Cayman Islands Law School: A law school affiliated with the University of Liverpool in the U.K.
International College of the Cayman Islands: A private university.
St. Matthews University: A private institution containing a medical school and a veterinary school.
University College of the Cayman Islands: The only public university in the Cayman Islands.
University of the West Indies Open Campus: Affiliated with UWI Jamaica. http://www.open.uwi.edu/cayman_islands
Cayman Institute of Technology: http://cit.edu.ky
Cayman Islands
Universities
List
Universities in the Cayman Islands
Cayman Islands
Cayman Islands |
20486587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Bascou | Jacques Bascou | Jacques Bascou (born 13 March 1953 in Castelnaudary, Aude) was a member of the National Assembly of France and represented Aude's 2nd constituency from 1997 to 2012. The mayor of Narbonne, he is a member of the Socialist Party and belongs to the SRC parliamentary group.
References
1953 births
Living people
People from Castelnaudary
Politicians from Occitania (administrative region)
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Deputies of the 11th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Mayors of places in Occitania (administrative region)
People from Narbonne |
20486595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Desallangre | Jacques Desallangre | Jacques Desallangre (6 September 1935 – 17 January 2020) was a member of the National Assembly of France. He represented the Aisne department, and was a member of the Gauche démocrate et républicaine.
Desallangre was born in Châlons-en-Champagne, Marne. Formerly a left-wing independent, he joined the new Left Party in November 2008.
References
1935 births
2020 deaths
People from Châlons-en-Champagne
Left Party (France) politicians
Deputies of the 11th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
20486596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Fortman | Richard Fortman | Richard Lee Fortman (February 8, 1915 – November 8, 2008) was a champion checkers player and authority on the game.
Early years
Richard Lee Fortman was born on February 8, 1915 in Springfield, Illinois, which was his home throughout his life. His father was a telegraph operator for a railroad, and he would play checkers over the telegraph with other operators during quiet times, playing the games in their heads to avoid detection.
He started playing checkers at home with his father. He started winning these games after he started reading checkers books at the library. He entered the Illinois state checkers championship in 1933 at age 18 and finished in third place. He would go on to win the Illinois state title on six occasions between 1950 and 1978.
Career
Fortman graduated from Springfield High School in 1933. He served in the United States Army during World War II in North Africa and Italy. After the war, he became a warehouse foreman for the Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Company.
He published the seven-volume guide to the game, Basic Checkers, considered essential reading for those interested in the game.
Fortman's specialty was correspondence checkers, in which players could take as much as two to three days to consider the board and return the next move to his opponent by postcard, with games taking as long as months or even a year. Fortman won the world postal championship in both 1986 and 1990.
He adapted to the technological changes in the game and would spend hours each day playing checkers over the internet. The first signs that he was in declining health came when he failed to respond to moves in the allotted time.
Death
Fortman died at age 93 on November 8, 2008 in Springfield, Illinois. He was survived briefly by his wife, the former Faye Nichols, who died at age 83 on January 4, 2009. The two married on October 14, 1950 and had celebrated their 58th wedding anniversary.
References
American checkers players
People from Springfield, Illinois
1915 births
2008 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II |
20486601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6ckla | Vöckla | The Vöckla is a river in Upper Austria.
The Vöckla has a length of , its basin is about , the medium flux . The Vöckla originates northeast of the Mondsee. Created by several springs, the river flows in northern direction first. At Frankenmarkt the direction changes to the East, where it passes through Vöcklamarkt, Timelkam, where it is joined by the Dürre Ager, and finally Vöcklabruck, where it discharges into the Ager.
References
External links
Rivers of Upper Austria
Rivers of Austria |
20486607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Domergue | Jacques Domergue | Jacques Domergue (born 25 March 1953) is a French politician. He was a member of the National Assembly of France for the Hérault department from 2002 to 2012, for the 2nd constituency from 2002 to 2007, and the 1st constituency from 2007 to 2012. He is also a municipal counciller in Montpellier and has served on the regional council for Languedoc-Roussillon. He is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP).
References
External links
Page at the National Assembly website
Official blog
1953 births
Living people
People from Perpignan
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
17344555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393%20Boston%20Celtics%20season | 1992–93 Boston Celtics season | The 1992–93 NBA season was the 47th season for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association. This marked the first season since the 1978–79 season that Hall of Fame player Larry Bird was not on the team. This was also the final season for long-time Celtics All-Star forward Kevin McHale, as he would retire the following off-season. During the off-season, the Celtics signed free agent Xavier McDaniel. However, the team got off to a bad start losing eight of their first ten games, as Celtics guard John Bagley would suffer from injuries and miss almost the entire season, and Ed Pinckney only played just seven games due to a knee injury. Despite the bad start, the Celtics would post a 7-game winning streak in January, and would then post a nine-game winning streak in March to finish second in the Atlantic Division with a solid 48–34 record (only 3 games behind the previous year, when Bird was on the team). The Celtics also qualified for the playoffs for the fourteenth consecutive season.
Reggie Lewis led them in scoring averaging 20.8 points per game, while McDaniel averaged 13.5 points and 6.0 rebounds per game, and Kevin Gamble provided the team with 13.3 points per game. In addition, Robert Parish averaged 12.6 points, 9.4 rebounds and 1.4 blocks per game, and Dee Brown provided with 10.9 points, 5.8 assists and 1.7 steals per game. McHale contributed 10.7 points and 5.0 rebounds per game off the bench, but would briefly feud with head coach Chris Ford near the end of the season over his lack of playing time, which did not help with causing distractions and lack of focus for the Celtics.
The Celtics held home court advantage in the Eastern Conference First Round of the playoffs against the 5th-seeded Charlotte Hornets, but during Game 1 of the series, Lewis collapsed on the court, (Lewis would never again play in a Celtics uniform, and would die before the next season began). Boston held on to win Game 1, but (minus Lewis) lost the next three games, and thus the series.
Draft picks
Roster
Regular season
Season standings
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot
z – clinched division title
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot
Record vs. opponents
Playoffs
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| April 29
| Charlotte
| W 112–101
| Xavier McDaniel (21)
| Douglas, Parish (9)
| Sherman Douglas (11)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2
| May 1
| Charlotte
| L 98–99 (2OT)
| Kevin McHale (30)
| Robert Parish (16)
| Sherman Douglas (10)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 3
| May 3
| @ Charlotte
| L 89–119
| Kevin Gamble (19)
| Alaa Abdelnaby (6)
| Sherman Douglas (8)
| Charlotte Coliseum23,698
| 1–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 4
| May 5
| @ Charlotte
| L 103–104
| Robert Parish (24)
| Robert Parish (9)
| Sherman Douglas (9)
| Charlotte Coliseum23,698
| 1–3
|-
Player statistics
Awards and records
Transactions
References
See also
1992–93 NBA season
Boston Celtics seasons
Boston Celtics
Boston Celtics
Boston Celtics
Celtics
Celtics |
20486613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Grosperrin | Jacques Grosperrin | Jacques Grosperrin (born 17 October 1955 in Baden-Baden) is French politician of The Republicans who has been a member of the Senate since the 2014 elections, representing the Doubs department. Previously he served as a member of the National Assembly of France from 2007 until 2012.
Political positions
In the Republicans’ 2016 presidential primaries, Grosperrin endorsed Jean-François Copé as the party's candidate for the office of President of France.
Other activities
École nationale d'administration (ENA), Member of the Board of Directors (since 2019)
References
1955 births
Living people
People from Baden-Baden
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Republicans (France) politicians
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
French Senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Doubs
Politicians from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Blaise Pascal University alumni |
17344557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad%20of%20Hope | Railroad of Hope | Railroad of Hope is a 2002 Chinese documentary film directed by Ning Ying. The film was produced by Eurasia Communications and Beijing Happy Village.
Background
Railroad of Hope consists of interviews and footage collected over three days by Ning Ying of migrant agricultural workers traveling from Sichuan in China's interior, to the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China's northwest frontier. Through informal interviews aboard the cramped rail cars, Ning Ying explores the hopes and dreams of the workers, many of whom have never left their homes before.
Reception
The film won the Grand Prix du Cinemá du Réel in 2002 in Paris.
References
External links
Railroad of Hope at the Chinese Movie Database
2002 films
Chinese documentary films
Mandarin-language films
2002 documentary films
Chinese films
Documentary films about rail transport
Films directed by Ning Ying |
20486621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Kossowski | Jacques Kossowski | Jacques Kossowski (born October 11, 1940 in Paris) was a member of the National Assembly of France. He represented the 3rd constituency of the Hauts-de-Seine department, and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement. He is also the Mayor of Courbevoie, Hauts-de-Seine.
References
1940 births
Living people
Politicians from Paris
French people of Polish descent
Rally for the Republic politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Social Right
Mayors of places in Île-de-France
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
20486633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Lamblin | Jacques Lamblin | Jacques Lamblin (born August 29, 1952 in Nancy) is a member of the National Assembly of France. He represents the Meurthe-et-Moselle department, and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.
References
1952 births
Living people
People from Nancy, France
Rally for the Republic politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Gaullism, a way forward for France
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
20486635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne%20R%C3%A9unie | Bretagne Réunie | Bretagne Réunie, formerly CUAB (Comité pour l'unité administrative de la Bretagne; Committee for the administrative unity of Brittany) is a federation of associations and individuals whose goal is the administrative reunification of Brittany (the re-attachment of the Loire-Atlantique department to the region of Brittany). This department is currently part of the Pays de la Loire region.
Loire-Atlantique is a department which was created after the French revolution, taking approximately the territory of Pays nantais. Historically it was part of the nine traditional évêchés of Brittany. It is currently a part of the region of Pays de la Loire which was created in 1955.
The current president of the General Council of Loire-Atlantique, Patrick Mareschal was the first president of the CUAB. The subsequent presidents of the organisation were: Pierre-Yves Le Rhun, Jean Cevaér, Alain Grand-Guillot and Emile Granville. The current president () is Jean-Yves Bourriau.
Breton nationalism |
17344572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momordica%20dioica | Momordica dioica | Momordica dioica, commonly known as spiny gourd or spine gourd and also known as bristly balsam pear, prickly carolaho, teasle gourd or kantola, is a species of flowering plant in the Cucurbitaceae/gourd family. It is used as a vegetable in all regions of India and some parts in South Asia. It has commercial importance and is exported and used locally. The fruits are cooked with spices, or fried and sometimes eaten with meat or fish. It is propagated by underground tubers. It has small leaves, small yellow flowers, it has small, dark green, round or oval fruits. It is dioecious, which means that it has distinct male and female individual organisms, hence its name.
Vernacular names
In Sanskrit it is called as karkotaki (कर्कोटकी) or karkoti (कर्कोटी). In Hindi it is called kakoda (ककोड़ा) or paroda (परोड़ा). In Bihar and Uttar Pradesh is also called chataila (चटैल). In Rajasthan it is also called van/ban karela (बन करेला), literally "forest bitter gourd". In Tamil it is called மெழுகுபாகல் mezhuku-pakal or பழுபாகல் pazhu-pakal. In Oriya it is called Kankada (କାଙ୍କଡ଼). In Assamese it is called bhat-kerela (ভাত কেৰেলা), in Manipuri it is called Karot and in Bengali or ghi korola (ঘি করলা). In Telugu it is called boda kakara and on the east coast of Andhra it is called ā-kākara-kāya or angā-kara-kāya. In Gujarati it is called Kantola (કંટોળા) or Kankoda (કંકોળા) and is cooked the same way bitter gourd is cooked. In Sri Lanka, it is known as Thumba or Thumba Karavila (තුඹ කරවිල) in Sinhalese. In Marathi it is called Kantole and in Mizo as maitamtawk. In Kannada it is called (ಮಾಡ ಹಾಗಲಕಾಯಿ ). In Chhattisgarhi, Jharkhand, Bihar it is called Kheksi. In Myanmar, it is called ဟင်းခပေါင်း. In Konkani, it is called Phagil. In Meghalaya (in the Garo tribe), it is called Gambilori. In Nepali (or Nepalese), it is called chatela.
Nutrition
Momordica dioica as the average nutritional value per 100 g edible fruit was found to contain 84.1 g moisture, 7.7 g carbohydrate, 3.1 g protein, 3.1 g fat, 3.0 g fiber and 1.1 g minerals. It also contained small quantities of carotene and vitamins like ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. It also contains protein in the leaves, and dry weight of aerial plant parts remained higher in male as compared to female defruited and monoecious plants. From Momordica dioica fruit isolated 6-methyl tritriacont-50on-28-of and 8- methyl hentracont-3-ene along with the known sterol pleuchiol. Momodicaursenol, an unknown pentacyclic triterpene isolated from the seeds, had been identified as urs-12, 18(19)-dien-3 beta-ol on. Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of traces of alkaloids and ascorbic acid in fruits. Lectins, β-sitosterol, saponins, glycosides, triterpenes of ursolic acid, hederagenin, oleanolic acid, aspiranosterol, stearic acid, gypsogenin, two novel aliphatic constituents. From the dry root of Momordica dioica isolated three triterpenes and two steroidal compounds. These were alphaspinasterol octadecanonate(I), alphaspinasterol-3-O-beta-Dglucopyranoside(II), 3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl gypsogenin(III), 3-Obeta-D-glucopyranosyl gypsogenin(IV) and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl hederagenin(V). Constituent III was a new compound.
Uses
Momordica dioica is used as a vegetable in all regions of India and some parts in South Asia. It has commercial importance and is exported and used locally. The fruits are cooked with spices, or fried and sometimes eaten with meat or fish.
References
External links
Momordica dioica Farming Details
dioica
Dioecious plants |
20486644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Le%20Guen | Jacques Le Guen | Jacques Le Guen (born 8 March 1958 in Brest, Finistère) is a member of the National Assembly of France. He represents the Finistère department, and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.
References
1958 births
Living people
People from Brest, France
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
United Republic politicians
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
20486656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Le%20Nay | Jacques Le Nay | Jacques Le Nay (born 19 November 1949 in Plouay) is a French Senator, representing the Morbihan department. From 1993 to 2012 he was the deputy for Morbihan's 6th constituency in the National Assembly of France, as a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.
From 1989 to 2017 he was Mayor of Plouay, and from 1988 to 2001 he was a General councillor of Morbihan.
References
1949 births
Living people
People from Morbihan
Politicians from Brittany
Union for French Democracy politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Union of Democrats and Independents politicians
Deputies of the 10th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 11th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
French Senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Morbihan |
20486665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Masdeu-Arus | Jacques Masdeu-Arus | Jacques Masdeu-Arus (7 August 1942 – 4 November 2018) was a member of the National Assembly of France. He represented the Yvelines department, and was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.
Biography
After an early career as an engineer, Jacques Masdeu-Arus became a councillor of Poissy in 1981 under Mayor Joseph Tréhel. Masdeu-Arus would succeed Tréhel as mayor after the municipal elections of 1983. He was also on the General Council of Yvelines from 1982 to 1988.
Following Robert Wagner's death in 1988, Masdeu-Arus became a member of the 12th constituency of Yvelines. He served until 2009, when the constituency was ended by the Constitutional Council.
In 2004, Masdeu-Arus supported a bill for the death penalty for terrorists, but voted against the death penalty in 2007. In the National Assembly, he was a member of the Study of Tibet Committee.
References
1942 births
2018 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Rally for the Republic politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 9th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 10th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 11th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
20486670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Myard | Jacques Myard | Jacques Myard (born 14 August 1947) is a former member of the National Assembly of France. He represented the Yvelines department, and is a member of The Republicans.
Myard made international news when on July 17, 2012, just days before the vote on a new national sexual harassment bill, male lawmakers in the National Assembly including Myard hooted and made catcalls as Housing Minister Cécile Duflot, wearing a floral dress, spoke about an architecture project. Myard told L'Express that the hoots were a way of "paying homage to this woman's beauty."
In 2015 he visited Damascus to visit with Assad and 'a Hezbollah member' and he has vocally denigrated opposition to the Syrian government. Myard said he discounted opinion that the unofficial visit was misguided - "I'm of the belief that the devil has some smart things to say."
He is against gay marriage. Myard has voiced his support for Rattachism.
References
1947 births
Living people
Politicians from Lyon
Rally for the Republic politicians
The Republicans (France) politicians
The Popular Right
Debout la France politicians
Mayors of places in Île-de-France
Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University alumni
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
20486676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20P%C3%A9lissard | Jacques Pélissard | Jacques Pélissard (born March 20, 1946 in Lyon, Rhône) was a member of the National Assembly of France. He represented Jura's 1st constituency, from 1993 to 2017 as a member of the Union for a Popular Movement. He worked as a professor of economic law at Emlyon Business School between 1971 and 1974.
Jacques Pélissard was part of the "Coppens commission" who prepared the French Charter for the Environment of 2004.
References
1946 births
Living people
Emlyon Business School faculty
Politicians from Lyon
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
20486686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Remiller | Jacques Remiller | Jacques Remiller (born April 13, 1941 in Condrieu) was a member of the National Assembly of France, representing Isère's 8th constituency from 2002 to 2012 as a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.
References
1941 births
Living people
People from Condrieu
Mayors of places in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Union for French Democracy politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Popular Right
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
20486695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Valax | Jacques Valax | Jacques Valax (born August 23, 1951 in Albi, Tarn) is a member of the National Assembly of France. He represents the Tarn department, and is a member of the Socialiste, radical, citoyen et divers gauche.
References
1951 births
Living people
People from Albi
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Politicians from Occitania (administrative region) |
20486696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornacher%20Redlbach | Fornacher Redlbach | The Fornacher Redlbach is a river of Upper Austria.
The Fornacher Redlbach has a length of approximately and a width of about . West of Vöcklamarkt it joins the Vöckla, which itself joins the Ager. The river is partly untreated, partly modulated with backwater area. Thanks to its excellent water quality it is rich in trout.
References
External links
Rivers of Upper Austria
Rivers of Austria |
20486703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn%20Boasso | Martín Boasso | Martín Mariano Boasso Danielle (born 11 April 1975 in El Trebol, Santa Fe) is an Argentine naturalized Mexican footballer.
External links
Argentine Primera statistics
1975 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
People from San Martín Department, Santa Fe
Naturalized citizens of Mexico
Argentine emigrants to Mexico
Rosario Central footballers
Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy footballers
Unión de Santa Fe footballers
Irapuato F.C. footballers
C.F. Pachuca players
Tecos F.C. footballers
Association football forwards
Expatriate footballers in Mexico
Expatriate footballers in El Salvador
C.D. FAS footballers
Santos Laguna footballers
Sportspeople from Santa Fe Province |
20486707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Charles%20Taugourdeau | Jean-Charles Taugourdeau | Jean-Charles Taugourdeau (born July 17, 1953 in Dreux) was a member of the National Assembly of France. He represented Maine-et-Loire's 3rd constituency from 2002 to 2020, as a member of the Republicans. He was succeeded as MP by Anne-Laure Blin.
References
1953 births
Living people
People from Dreux
Politicians from Centre-Val de Loire
Mayors of places in Pays de la Loire
Rally for the Republic politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Republicans (France) politicians
The Strong Right
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
20486726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Christophe%20Cambad%C3%A9lis | Jean-Christophe Cambadélis | Jean-Christophe Cambadélis (born 14 August 1951) is a French politician who was First Secretary of the French Socialist Party from April 2014 till June 2017. He was a member of the National Assembly of France, born in Neuilly-sur-Seine. He represented the city of Paris, as a member of the Socialist, Republican & Citizen. He is of Greek ancestry.
References
1951 births
Living people
French people of Greek descent
People from Neuilly-sur-Seine
Politicians from Île-de-France
Paris Diderot University alumni
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
20486737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Christophe%20Lagarde | Jean-Christophe Lagarde | Jean-Christophe Lagarde (born 24 October 1967) is a French politician serving as president of the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI) since 2014. He succeeded Jean-Louis Borloo after a short interim by Yves Jégo. Lagarde has been the member of the National Assembly for the fifth constituency of Seine-Saint-Denis since 2002.
Political career
Career in local politics
A native of Châtellerault, Vienne, Lagarde was Mayor of Drancy from 2001 to 2017.
Career in national politics
Lagarde has been the member of the National Assembly for Seine-Saint-Denis's 5th constituency since the 2002 legislative election.
In the National Assembly, Lagarde was a member of the Committee on Legal Affairs from 2002 until 2012. He also served as one of the Assembly's vice-presidents, from 2006 until 2007 and again from 2010 until 2012.
In the 2012 presidential election, Lagarde publicly endorsed incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy. Following the legislative elections later that year, he joined the newly established UDI led by Jean-Louis Borloo and became the spokesperson of its parliamentary group. In 2013, Borloo included Lagarde in his shadow cabinet; in this capacity, Lagarde served as opposition counterpart to Minister of the Interior Manuel Valls.
In the Republicans’ 2016 presidential primaries, Lagarde and his UDI endorsed Alain Juppé as candidate for the office of President of France. When the party's majority chose François Fillon to run in the 2017 presidential election instead, Lagarde joined Fillon's campaign team. Amid the Fillon affair, he first called on the candidate to quit the election race in favour of Juppé but eventually suspended the UDI's support for the campaign altogether. Ahead of the Republicans' 2017 leadership election, he announced that the alliance between UDI and LR would end indefinitely in the event of Laurent Wauquiez becoming the party's chairman.
Since the 2017 elections, Lagarde has been serving on the Defence Committee. In addition to his committee assignments, he is a member of the French-Algerian Parliamentary Friendship Group, the French-Tunisian Parliamentary Friendship Group and the French delegation to the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.
Political positions
In 2013, Lagarde was – alongside Yves Jégo – one of two UDI members who voted against his parliamentary group's majority and instead supported the legalization of same-sex marriage in France.
In March 2019, Lagarde opposed Bruno Le Maire's proposal for a so-called GAFA tax.
References
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17951859
1967 births
Living people
People from Châtellerault
Centre of Social Democrats politicians
Union for French Democracy politicians
The Centrists politicians
Democratic European Force politicians
Mayors of places in Île-de-France
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Union of Democrats and Independents politicians |
17344573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392%20Boston%20Celtics%20season | 1991–92 Boston Celtics season | The 1991–92 NBA season was the 46th season for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association. This marked the thirteenth and final NBA season for All-Star forward, and Celtics legend Larry Bird, who missed nearly half of the season due to a nagging back injury. Midway through the season in January, the Celtics traded Brian Shaw to the Miami Heat for Sherman Douglas. The Celtics trailed the New York Knicks in the Atlantic Division for much of the season, but a furious rally at the end of the season helped the Celtics finish with a 51–31 record, and claim the division title (and the #2 Eastern Conference seed, although since they finished six games behind the #3 seed Cleveland Cavaliers in record, Cleveland would have home court in a head-to-head playoff series). The Celtics also qualified for the playoffs for the thirteenth consecutive season.
One of the season highlights for Bird was a 49-point performance in a nationally televised double-overtime win over eventual Western Conference champion Portland Trail Blazers. It was the most points for Bird since February 15, 1988, when he scored 49 at Phoenix Suns. Bird averaged 20.2 points, 9.6 rebounds and 6.8 assists per game in 45 games, while Reggie Lewis led the team with 20.8 points and 1.5 steals per game. Bird and Lewis were both selected for the 1992 NBA All-Star Game, but Bird did not play due to injury. In addition, Robert Parish averaged 14.1 points and 8.9 rebounds per game, and surpassed the 20,000 point mark, while sixth man Kevin McHale provided the team with 13.9 points and 5.9 rebounds per game off the bench in only 56 games, Kevin Gamble provided with 13.5 points per game, and second-year guard Dee Brown contributed 11.7 points and 5.3 assists per game, but only played just 31 games due to a knee injury. Also, top draft pick Rick Fox was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team.
In the playoffs, the Celtics swept the Indiana Pacers in three straight games of the Eastern Conference First Round, then took a 2–1 series lead over the Cavaliers in the Eastern Conference Semi-finals, but lost in seven games. Following the loss, the Celtics would not win a playoff series for another ten years.
Draft picks
Roster
Regular season
Season standings
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot
z – clinched division title
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot
Record vs. opponents
Game log
Playoffs
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| April 23
| Indiana
| W 124–113
| Reggie Lewis (32)
| Robert Parish (14)
| John Bagley (9)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| April 25
| Indiana
| W 119–112 (OT)
| John Bagley (35)
| Robert Parish (14)
| John Bagley (15)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| April 27
| @ Indiana
| W 102–98
| Reggie Lewis (32)
| Ed Pinckney (14)
| John Bagley (11)
| Market Square Arena16,530
| 3–0
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 1 || May 2 || @ Cleveland
| L 76–101
| Kevin Gamble (22)
| Ed Pinckney (10)
| John Bagley (8)
| Richfield Coliseum17,496
| 0–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2 || May 4 || @ Cleveland
| W 104–98
| Robert Parish (27)
| Robert Parish (8)
| John Bagley (11)
| Richfield Coliseum20,273
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3 || May 8 || Cleveland
| W 110–107
| Reggie Lewis (36)
| Robert Parish (17)
| Reggie Lewis (7)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 2–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 4 || May 10 || Cleveland
| L 112–114 (OT)
| Reggie Lewis (42)
| Robert Parish (18)
| John Bagley (7)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 2–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 5 || May 13 || @ Cleveland
| L 98–114
| Reggie Lewis (27)
| Joe Kleine (11)
| John Bagley (5)
| Richfield Coliseum20,273
| 2–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 6 || May 15 || Cleveland
| W 122–91
| Reggie Lewis (26)
| Dee Brown (8)
| Larry Bird (14)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 3–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 7 || May 17 || @ Cleveland
| L 104–122
| Reggie Lewis (22)
| Ed Pinckney (9)
| Bagley, Brown (5)
| Richfield Coliseum20,273
| 3–4
|-
Player statistics
Awards and records
Rick Fox, NBA All-Rookie Team 2nd Team
Transactions
References
Boston Celtics seasons
Boston Celtics
Boston Celtics
Boston Celtics
Celtics
Celtics |
20486738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC%20Unirea%20Slobozia | AFC Unirea Slobozia | Asociația Fotbal Club Unirea 04 Slobozia, (), commonly known as AFC Unirea Slobozia or simply as Unirea Slobozia, is a Romanian football club based in Slobozia, Ialomița County, which competes in the Liga II.
The team was founded in 1955 and reestablished in 2004, being for the most part of its history a participant in the third tier of the Romanian league system, the Liga III. Unirea Slobozia has also spent several seasons in the Liga II, first in the early 1990s and then between 2012 and 2015, when it also obtained its best ranking in the competition, namely a third place behind top flight regulars Politehnica Iași and Rapid București.
"The Yellow-Blues" play their home games at the Stadionul 1 Mai, which can host 6,000 spectators.
History
Founded in 1955, Unirea Slobozia has been for most of its history a classic Liga III team, as it only promoted to the Liga II for the first time in 1989. In the early 2000s, the club encountered financial isses and was dissolved, being refounded in 2004 as AFC Unirea 04 Slobozia.
The new entity also reached the second tier of the Romanian football league system, where it spent three years between 2012 and 2015. In the 2013–14 season, the team obtained a third place in its series, behind top flight regulars Politehnica Iași and Rapid București
Since the start of the 2020–21 campaign, Unirea Slobozia has been again competing in the Liga II.
Honours
Liga III
Winners (3): 1988–89, 2011–12, 2019–20
Runners-up (1): 2010–11
Liga IV – Ialomița County
Winners (3): 1969–70, 1997–98, 2004–05
Players
First team squad
Other players under contract
Out on loan
Club officials
Board of directors
Current technical staff
League history
Notable managers
Adrian Mihalcea
Marian Catana
Ion Cojocaru
Vasile Dobrău
Marin Dună
Ion Ionescu
Gheorghe Liliac
Vladimir Marica
Constantin Prepeliţă
Ion Răuţă
Eusebiu Tudor
External links
Association football clubs established in 1955
Slobozia
Football clubs in Romania
Football clubs in Ialomița County
Liga II clubs
Liga III clubs
1955 establishments in Romania |
23581358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365%20Mersin%20%C4%B0dmanyurdu%20season | 1964–65 Mersin İdmanyurdu season | Mersin İdmanyurdu (also Mersin İdman Yurdu, Mersin İY, or MİY) Sports Club; located in Mersin, east Mediterranean coast of Turkey in 1964-1965. The 1964–65 season was the 2nd season of Mersin İdmanyurdu football team in Second League, the second level division in Turkey. The team finished 1964–65 Second League at third place. The team also participated in 1964–65 Turkish Cup (Türkiye Kupası) and was eliminated at third round.
The club name was Çukurova İdmanyurdu due to sponsorship reasons. The president of the club was Mehmet Karamehmet. Head coach was İlhan Taşucu. The season started with Spor-Toto Cup games in August 1964 and ended with the last round game on 3 April 1965. The most appeared player was Hüseyin İlgin, while top goalscorer was Alp Sümeralp.
Pre-season
Preparation games: ÇİY- Tarsus K.: 3-2. ÇİY-Tarsus K.: 3-2.
Spor-Toto Cup: 30.08.1964 - Adana Demirspor-ÇİY: 2-1. Sunday, 16:00. Adana.
1964–65 Second League participation
In its second season, 1964–65 Second League was played by 16 teams, 11 from previous season, three relegated from first league, one from amateur championship, and one other professionalized team from Anatolia. The league season started on 5 September 1964 and finished on 4 April 1965. Winner of the league promoted to First League 1965–-66. No team relegated due to expansion demands.
Çukurova İdmanyurdu finished third with 18 wins and 42 goals.
Results summary
Mersin İdmanyurdu (MİY) 1964–65 Second League summary:
Sources: 1964–65 Turkish Second Football League pages.
League table
Second League 1964–65 season game results of Çukurova İdmanyurdu (ÇİY) vs other team are shown in league table below:
Two points for a win. Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored. In the score columns first scores belong to ÇİY.(P): Promoted to 1965–66 Turkish First Football League; (R): Relegated to Regional Amateur League. No team relegated.Sources: 1964–65 Turkish Second Football League pages.
Results by round
Results of games MİY played in 1964–65 Second League Red Group by rounds:
First half
Mersin İdmanyurdu (MİY) 1964–65 Second League season first half game reports is shown in the following table.
Kick off times are in EET and EEST.
Sources: 1964–65 Turkish Second Football League pages.
ÇİY finished first half of the season as leader with 22 points. Second was Beyoğluspor with 21 points. League winner Vefa finished 7th with 16 points and runner up Bursaspor 4th with 18 points. Third place Karşıyaka 19 points. 5- Karagümrük 18. 6-Ülküspor 17. 8- Sarıyer 15. 9- Kasımpaşa 15, 10- Altındağ 14. 11- Petrolspor 14. 12- Adana Demirspor 14. 13- Beylerbeyi 11. 14- Yeşildirek 11. 15- Güneşspor 10. 16- Manisa Sakaryaspor 5.
Mid-season
In the mid-season MİY played two games against national army team who camped in Mersin.
Sources: 1964–65 Turkish Second Football League pages.
Second half
Mersin İdmanyurdu (MİY) 1963–64 Second League season second half game reports is shown in the following table.
Kick off times are in EET and EEST.
Sources: 1964–65 Turkish Second Football League pages.
1964–65 Turkish Cup participation
The third Turkish Cup was played by 67 teams: 16 First League teams, 16 Second League teams, 19 teams from regional leagues, and 16 teams from amateurs. Galatasaray won the cup for the third time and became eligible for playing ECW Cup games next year. ÇİY, being a Second League team, has participated in Cup starting from Round 2 preliminary round, and eliminated in Round 3 second preliminary round.
Cup track
The drawings and results Mersin İdmanyurdu (MİY) followed in 1964–65 Turkish Cup are shown in the following table.
Note: In the above table 'Score' shows For and Against goals whether the match played at home or not.
Game details
Mersin İdmanyurdu (MİY) 1964–65 Turkish Cup game reports is shown in the following table.
Kick off times are in EET and EEST.
Source: 1964–65 Turkish Cup pages.
Management
Club management
Executive committee:
Mehmet Karamehmet, H. M. Karamehmet, Erol Tarhan, Reşat Demir, Kemal Evrim, Kemal Kürklü, İbrahim Tinli, Edip Ergin, Halit Gazioğlu.
Coaching team
Head coach was İlhan Taşucu. Manager: Hüseyin Tinli. Trainer: Nazım Koka.
1964–65 Mersin İdmanyurdu head coaches:
Note: Only official games were included.
1964–65 squad
Stats are counted for 1964–65 Second League matches and 1964–65 Turkish Cup (Türkiye Kupası) matches. In the team rosters four substitutes were allowed to appear, two of whom were substitutable. Only the players who appeared in game rosters were included and listed in the order of appearance.
Sources: 1964–65 season squad data from maçkolik com, Milliyet, and Erbil (1975).
See also
Football in Turkey
1964–65 Turkish Second Football League
1964–65 Turkish Cup
Notes and references
Mersin İdman Yurdu seasons
Turkish football clubs 1964–65 season |
20486743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisiones%20Regionales%20de%20F%C3%BAtbol%20in%20Castilla-La%20Mancha | Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in Castilla-La Mancha | The Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in Castilla-La Mancha, organized by the Castilla-La Mancha Football Federation:
Primera Autonómica Preferente, 2 Groups of 18 teams (Level 6 of the Spanish football pyramid)
Primera División Autonómica, 4 Groups of 18 teams (Level 7)
Segunda División Autonómica, 6 Groups of 18 teams (Level 8)
League chronology
Timeline
Primera Autonómica Preferente
Primera Autonómica Preferente is the sixth level of competition of the Spanish football league system in the Castilla-La Mancha.
League System
It consists of two groups of 18 teams.
Group winners are promoted and runners-up plays a promotion playoffs.
Last four teams of every group are relegated.
2019–20 season teams
Champions
Primera División Autonómica
Primera División Autonómica is the seventh level of competition of the Spanish football league system in the Castilla-La Mancha.
Segunda División Autonómica
Segunda División Autonómica is the eighth level of competition of the Spanish football league system in the Castilla-La Mancha.
External links
Federación de Fútbol de Castilla La Mancha
Futbolme.com
ManchaMedia
Football in Castilla–La Mancha
Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol |
26722992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Scots | Modern Scots | Modern Scots comprises the varieties of Scots traditionally spoken in Lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster, from 1700.
Throughout its history, Modern Scots has been undergoing a process of language attrition, whereby successive generations of speakers have adopted more and more features from English, largely from the colloquial register. This process of language contact or dialectisation under English has accelerated rapidly since widespread access to mass media in English, and increased population mobility became available after the Second World War. It has recently taken on the nature of wholesale language shift towards Scottish English, sometimes also termed language change, convergence or merger.
By the end of the twentieth century Scots was at an advanced stage of language death over much of Lowland Scotland. Residual features of Scots are often simply regarded today as slang, especially by people from outwith Scotland, but even by many Scots.
Dialects
The varieties of Modern Scots are generally divided into five dialect groups:
Insular Scots – spoken in Orkney and Shetland.
Northern Scots – Spoken north of the Firth of Tay.
North Northern – spoken in Caithness, Easter Ross and the Black Isle.
Mid Northern (also called North East and popularly known as the Doric) – spoken in Moray, Buchan, Aberdeenshire and Nairn .
South Northern – spoken in east Angus and the Mearns.
Central Scots – spoken in the Central Lowlands and South west Scotland.
North East Central – spoken north of the Forth, in south east Perthshire and west Angus.
South East Central – spoken in the Lothians, Peeblesshire and Berwickshire
West Central – spoken in Dunbartonshire, Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Inverclyde, Ayrshire, on the Isle of Bute and to the southern extremity of Kintyre.
South West Central – spoken in west Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire.
Southern Scots – spoken in mid and east Dumfriesshire and the Scottish Borders counties Selkirkshire and Roxburghshire, in particular the valleys of the Annan, the Esk, the Liddel Water, the Teviot and the Yarrow Water. It is also known as the "border tongue" or "border Scots".
Ulster Scots – spoken primarily by the descendants of Scottish settlers in Ulster, particularly counties Antrim, Down and Donegal. Also known as "Ullans".
The southern extent of Scots may be identified by the range of a number of pronunciation features which set Scots apart from neighbouring English dialects. Like many languages across borders there is a dialect continuum between Scots and the Northumbrian dialect, both descending from early northern Middle English. The Scots pronunciation of contrasts with in Northern English. The Scots realisation reaches as far south as the mouth of the north Esk in north Cumbria, crossing Cumbria and skirting the foot of the Cheviots before reaching the east coast at Bamburgh some 12 miles north of Alnwick. The Scots –English / cognate group (-might, -enough, etc.) can be found in a small portion of north Cumbria with the southern limit stretching from Bewcastle to Longtown and Gretna. The Scots pronunciation of wh as becomes English south of Carlisle but remains in Northumberland, but Northumberland realises r as , often called the burr, which is not a Scots realisation. The greater part of the valley of the Esk and the whole of Liddesdale have been considered to be northern English dialects by some, Scots by others. From the nineteenth century onwards influence from the South through education and increased mobility have caused Scots features to retreat northwards so that for all practical purposes the political and linguistic boundaries may be considered to coincide.
As well as the main dialects, Edinburgh, Dundee and Glasgow (see Glasgow patter) have local variations on an Anglicised form of Central Scots. In Aberdeen, Mid Northern Scots is spoken by a minority. Due to their being roughly near the border between the two dialects, places like Dundee and Perth can contain elements and influences of both Northern and Central Scots.
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
Vowel length is usually conditioned by the Scottish Vowel Length Rule.
Orthography
Words which differ only slightly in pronunciation from Scottish English are generally spelled as in English. Other words may be spelt the same but differ in pronunciation, for example: aunt, swap, want and wash with , bull, full v. and pull with , bind, find and wind v., etc. with .
Alphabet
Consonant digraphs
ch:
Usually . (fjord or lake), (night), (daughter), (dreary), etc.
word initial or where it follows 'r'. (arch), (march), etc.
usually where it follows 'n'. (branch), (push), etc.
gh: .
gn: . In Northern dialects may occur.
kn: . In Northern dialects or may occur. (talk), knee, (knoll), etc.
ng: .
sh: .
th: or . Initial 'th' in thing, think and thank, etc. may be .
wh: .
wr: ; more often realised as but may be in Northern dialects: (wreck), (wrong), write, (worked), etc.
Vowel digraphs
ae (generally in final positions): Vowel 4. Also occurs for vowel 7 in dae (do), tae (too) and shae (shoe). In Southern Scots and many central and Ulster varieties ae, ane and ance may be realised , and often written yae, yin and yince in dialect writing.
ai: Vowel 8 in initial and medial positions. Often before . The merger of vowel 8 with 4 has resulted in the digraph ai occurring in some words with vowel 4 and a(consonant)e occurring in some words with vowel 8, e.g. (soap), (whole), (one), (once), (bone), etc. and word final (slope) and day etc. Long vowel 7 is often written ai in dialect writing for central and north Down dialects.
ay (generally in final positions): Vowel 8. Usually but in (yes) and (always). In Dundee it is noticeably .
au, aw: Vowel 12 in southern, central and Ulster dialects but in northern dialects, with au usually occurring in medial positions and aw in final positions. Sometimes a or a' representing L-vocalisation. The digraph aa also occurs, especially in written representations of the () realisation in northern and insular dialects. The cluster 'auld' may also be in Ulster, e.g. (all), (cold), (handsome), (fall), (snow), etc.
ea: Vowel 3. may occur before . (food), clear etc. Vowel 2/11 in a few words such as sea and tea.
ee: Vowels 2 and 11. The realisation is generally but in Northern varieties may be after and . (eye), (eyes), (shut), here, etc. Often used for vowel 7 in dialect writing for northern dialects.
ei: Vowel 3. (dead), (head), etc. Occasionally vowels 2 and 11, generally before ch (), but also in a few other words, e.g. (enquire).
eu: Vowel 7 before and , see ui. or depending on dialect. (book), (enough), (cook), (look), (took) etc.
ew: Vowel 14. In Northern dialects a root final 'ew' may be . few, new, etc.
ey: Vowels 1, 8a and 10.
ie: Vowels 2 and 11, generally occurring before l and v.
oa: Vowel 5.
oi, oy: Vowel 9.
oo: Vowel 6, a 19th-century borrowing from Standard English. (house), (mouse) etc. Vowel 7 also occurs from the spelling of Standard English cognates.
ou: The general literary spelling of vowel 6. Occasionally vowel 13. Root final may occur in southern dialects. (cow), (brown) etc.
ow, owe (root final): Vowel 13. (retch), (bow), (hollow), (knoll), (overturn), (ewe), etc.
ui: The usual literary spelling of vowel 7 (except before and , see eu). Also used for before in some areas e.g. fuird (ford). (board), (boot), (ankle), (floor), (good), (school), etc. In central dialects uise v. and uiss n. (use) are and .
History
As of 2022, there is no official standard orthography for modern Scots, but most words have generally accepted spellings.
During the 15th and 16th centuries, when Scots was a state language, the Makars had a loose spelling system separate from that of English. However, by the beginning of the 18th century, Scots was beginning to be regarded "as a rustic dialect of English, rather than a national language". Scots poet Allan Ramsay "embarked on large-scale anglicisation of Scots spelling". Successors of Ramsay—such as Robert Fergusson, Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott—tended to follow his spelling ideas, and the general trend throughout the 18th and 19th centuries was to adopt further spellings from English, as it was the only accessible standard. Although descended from the Scots of the Makars, 18th-19th century Scots abandoned some of the more distinctive old Scots spellings for standard English ones; although from the rhymes it was clear that a Scots pronunciation was intended. Writers also began using the apologetic apostrophe, to mark "missing" English letters. For example, the older Scots spelling / (meaning "taken") became ; even though the word had not been written or pronounced with a "k" for hundreds of years. 18th-19th century Scots drew on the King James Bible and was heavily influenced by the conventions of Augustan English poetry. All of this "had the unfortunate effect of suggesting that Broad Scots was not a separate language system, but rather a divergent or inferior form of English". This 'Scots of the book' or Standard Scots lacked neither "authority nor author". It was used throughout Lowland Scotland and Ulster, by writers such as Allan Ramsay, Robert Fergusson, Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott, Charles Murray, David Herbison, James Orr, James Hogg and William Laidlaw among others. It is described in the 1921 Manual of Modern Scots.
By the end of the 19th century, Scots spelling "was in a state of confusion as a result of hundreds of years of piecemeal borrowing from English". Some writers created their own spelling systems to represent their own dialects, rather than following the pan-dialect conventions of modern literary Scots. The variety referred to as 'synthetic Scots' or Lallans shows the marked influence of Standard English in grammar and spelling. During the 20th century, with spoken Scots and knowledge of the literary tradition waning, phonetic (often humorous) spellings became more common.
In the second half of the 20th century a number of spelling reform proposals were presented. Commenting on this, John Corbett (2003: 260) writes that "devising a normative orthography for Scots has been one of the greatest linguistic hobbies of the past century". Most proposals entailed regularising the use of established 18th-19th century conventions and avoiding the 'apologetic apostrophe'. Other proposals sought to undo the influence of standard English conventions on Scots spelling, by reviving Middle Scots conventions or introducing new ones.
A step towards standardizing Scots spelling was taken at a meeting of the Makar's Club in Edinburgh in 1947, where the Scots Style Sheet was approved. J. K.Annand, Douglas Young, Robert Garioch, A.D. Mackie, Alexander Scott, Tom Scott and Sydney Goodsir Smith all followed the recommendations in the Style Sheet to some extent. Some of its suggestions are as follows:
, , for words like , , – this was later discouraged
-ie for final unstressed -y
y for the sound in words like and , and i for the short sound in words like and .
ui for the sound in words like
ou for the sound in words like and
ow(e) for the sound in words like and
and for and
In 1985, the Scots Language Society (SLS) published a set of spelling guidelines called "Recommendations for Writers in Scots". They represent a consensus view of writers in Scots at the time, following several years of debate and consultation involving Alexander Scott, Adam Jack Aitken, David Murison, Alastair Mackie and others. A developed version of the Style Sheet, it is based on the old spellings of the Makars but seeks to preserve the familiar appearance of written Scots. It includes all of the Style Sheet's suggestions, but recommends that writers return to the more traditional -aw, rather than -aa. Some of its other suggestions are as follows:
ei for the sound at the beginning or middle of words (, , ), unless ee is firmly established (for example in and )
y for the sound in words like and , but if it's at the beginning or end of a word use ey (, , )
eu for the sound in words like , ,
-k for final -ct in words like and (which become and )
sk- for initial (→, →, →)
-il for final unstressed -el and -le (→, →, →)
-ss for final (→, →, →) unless -se follows a consonant (, )
omit final -d where it is silent (→, →, →)
The SLS Recommendations says "it is desirable that there should be traditional precedents for the spellings employed and […] writers aspiring to use Scots should not invent new spellings off the cuff". It prefers a number of more phonetic spellings that were commonly used by medieval Makars, such as: ar (are), byd, tym, wyf (bide, time, wife), cum, sum (come, some), eftir (after), evin (even), evir (ever), heir, neir (here, near), hir (her), ir (are), im (am), littil (little), sal (shall) speik (speak), thay (they), thaim (them), thair (their), thare (there), yit (yet), wad (would), war (were), wes (was), wul (will). David Purves's book A Scots Grammar has a list of over 2500 common Scots words spelt on the basis of the SLS Recommendations. Purves has also published dozens of poems using the spellings.
In 2000 the Scots Spelling Committee report was published in Lallans. Shortly after publication Caroline Macafee criticised some aspects of that, and some previous spelling suggestions, as "demolishing the kind-of-a standardisation that already existed where Scots spelling had become a free-for-all with the traditional model disparaged but no popular replacement", leading to more spelling variation, not less.
Grammar
The spellings used below are those based on the prestigious literary conventions described above. Other spelling variants may be encountered in written Scots.
Not all of the following features are exclusive to Scots and may also occur in some varieties of English.
Definite article
is used before the names of seasons, days of the week, many nouns, diseases, trades and occupations, sciences and academic subjects. It is also often used in place of the indefinite article and instead of a possessive pronoun: ('autumn'), ('Wednesday'), ("off to church"), ("at the moment), (today), ('influenza'), ('Latin'), ("The duck ate a piece of bread"), ("my wife") etc.
Nouns
Nouns usually form their plural in but some irregular plurals occur: / ('eye'/'eyes'), / ('calf'/'calves'), / ('horse'/'horses'), / ('cow'/'cows'), / ('shoe'/'shoes').
Nouns of measure and quantity are unchanged in the plural: ("four feet"), ("two miles"), (five pounds), (three hundredweight).
Regular plurals include (loaves), (leaves), (shelves) and (wives).
Pronouns
Personal and possessive pronouns
The second person singular nominative (, Southern Scots , Shetland dialect ) survived in colloquial speech until the mid 19th century in most of lowland Scotland. It has since been replaced by in most areas except in Insular Scots where (, Shetland ) is also used, in North Northern Scots and in some Southern Scots varieties. is used as the familiar form by parents speaking to children, elders to youngsters, or between friends or equals. The second person formal singular or is used when speaking to a superior or when a youngster addresses an elder. The older second person singular possessive thy (), and thee (, Shetland along with thine(s) ) still survive to some extent where remains in use. See T–V distinction.
Relative pronoun
The relative pronoun is ('at is an alternative form borrowed from Norse but can also be arrived at by contraction) for all persons and numbers, but may be left out (There aren't many people who live in that glen). The anglicised forms 'who, whom, whose', and the older 'which' are literary affectations; is only used after a statement (he said he'd lost it, which is not what we wanted to hear). The possessive is formed by adding 's or by using an appropriate pronoun (the woman whose house was burnt), (the woman whose daughter got married); (the men whose boat was lost).
A third adjective/adverb , indicating something at some distance Also (those) and (these), the plurals of that and this respectively.
In Northern Scots and are also used where "these" and "those" would be in Standard English.
Other pronouns
Verbs
Modal verbs
The modal verbs (may), (ought to), and (shall), are no longer used much in Scots but occurred historically and are still found in anglicised literary Scots. , (should), and are the preferred Scots forms.
Scots employs double modal constructions (He won't be able to come today), (I may be able to come tomorrow), (I used to be able to do it, but not now).
Negation occurs by using the adverb , in the North East , as in (I'm not coming), (I will not teach you), or by using the suffix - sometimes spelled nae (pronounced variously , or depending on dialect), as in (I don't know), (They can't come), (We couldn't have told him), and (I haven't seen her).
The usage with no is preferred to that with -na with contractable auxiliary verbs like -ll for will, or in yes/no questions with any auxiliary He'll no come and Did he no come?
Present tense of verbs
The present tense of verbs adhere to the Northern subject rule whereby verbs end in -s in all persons and numbers except when a single personal pronoun is next to the verb, , , (They say he's too small), etc. but , but . (Those who come first are served first). (The trees grow green in summer).
'was' may replace 'were', but not conversely: .
Past tense and past participle of verbs
The regular past form of the weak or regular verbs is -it, -t or -ed, according to the preceding consonant or vowel: The -ed ending may be written -'d if the e is 'silent'.
-it appears after a stop consonant, e.g. (hurted), (smacked), (mended), (cut), (hurt), (kept), (slept);
-t appears:
after an unstressed syllable ending in l, n, r, or ie/y, e.g. (travelled), (fastened), (carried);
after a voiceless fricative or affricate, e.g. (reached), (troubled), (coughed), (stretched, pronounced );
in some irregular verbs, e.g. (told), (knew/known);
-(e)d appears after a stressed syllable ending in a sonorant, a voiced fricative or affricate, or a vowel, e.g. cleaned/clean'd, (asked; but also ), (scribbled), (wedged), (died).
Many verbs have (strong or irregular) forms which are distinctive from Standard English (two forms connected with ~ means that they are variants):
(bite/bit/bitten), (drive/drove/driven), (ride/rode/ridden), (rive/rived/riven), (rise/rose/risen), (slide/slid/slid), (slit/slit/slit), (write/wrote/written), pronounced in Mid Northern Scots;
(bind/bound/bound), (climb/climbed/climbed), (find/found/found), (fling/flung/flung), (hang/hung/hung), (run/ran/run), (spin/spun/spun), (stick/stuck/stuck), (drink/drank/drunk);
(creep/crept/crept), (weep/wept/wept), (sweat/sweat/sweat), (wet/wet/wet), (put/put/put), (sit/sat/sat), (spit/spat/spat);
(break/broke/broken), (get/got/got[ten]), (speak/spoke/spoken), (fight/fought/fought);
(bear/bore/borne), (swear/swore/sworne), (tear/tore/torn), (wear/wore/worn);
(cast/cast/cast), (let/let/let), (stand/stood/stood), (fetch/fetched),(thresh/threshed/threshed), (wash/washed/washed);
(bake/baked/baked), (laugh/laughed/laughed), (shake/shook/shaken), (take/took/taken);
(go/went/gone), (give/gave/given), (have/had/had);
(choose/chose/chosen), (swim/swam/swum), (sell/sold/sold), (tell/told/told).
Present participle
The present participle and gerund in are now usually but may still be differentiated and in Southern Scots and, and North Northern Scots.
Adverbs
Adverbs are usually of the same form as the verb root or adjective especially after verbs. (Having a really good day). (She's awfully tired).
Adverbs are also formed with -s, -lies, , gate(s)and , (at times), (perhaps), (splendidly), (pretty well), (perhaps), (backwards), (partly), (secretly), (almost), (always, everywhere), (everywhere), (anyhow), (everywhere), (anyhow, anywhere), (straight ahead), (how, why).
Numbers
Ordinal numbers end mostly in t: seicont, fowert, fift, saxt— (second, fourth, fifth, sixth) etc., but note also first, thrid/third— (first, third).
Ae , is used as an adjective before a noun such as : (The One House), (One boy and two girls). is pronounced variously, depending on dialect, , in many Central and Southern varieties, in some Northern and Insular varieties, and , often written , and in dialect writing.
The impersonal form of 'one' is a body as in (One can never live by oneself).
Prepositions
Interrogative words
In the North East, the 'wh' in the above words is pronounced .
Syntax
Scots prefers the word order to 'He turned the light out' and (Give us it) to 'Give it to me'.
Certain verbs are often used progressively , .
Verbs of motion may be dropped before an adverb or adverbial phrase of motion .
Subordinate clauses
Verbless subordinate clauses introduced by (and) express surprise or indignation. (She had to walk the whole length of the road—and she seven months pregnant). (He told me to run—and me with my sore leg).
Suffixes
Negative na: or depending on dialect. Also or 'y' e.g. (can't), (don't) and (mustn't).
fu (ful): or depending on dialect. Also 'fu'', 'fie', 'fy', 'fae' and 'fa'.
The word ending ae: or depending on dialect. Also 'a', 'ow' or 'y', for example: (arrow), (barrow) and (window), etc.
Diminutives
Diminutives in -ie, small (stream), (frightened person, coward), (gamekeeper), (kilted soldier), (postman), (woman, also used in Geordie dialect), (rhododendron), and also in -ock, (little bit), (toy, plaything), (sorrel) and Northern –ag, (little), (child, common in Geordie dialect), (Geordie), -ockie, (small house), (little woman), both influenced by the Scottish Gaelic diminutive -ag (-óg in Irish Gaelic).
Times of day
Literature
The eighteenth century Scots revival was initiated by writers such as Allan Ramsay and Robert Fergusson, and later continued by writers such as Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott. Scott introduced vernacular dialogue to his novels. Other well-known authors like Robert Louis Stevenson, William Alexander, George MacDonald, J. M. Barrie and other members of the Kailyard school like Ian Maclaren also wrote in Scots or used it in dialogue, as did George Douglas Brown whose writing is regarded as a useful corrective to the more roseate presentations of the kailyard school.
In the Victorian era popular Scottish newspapers regularly included articles and commentary in the vernacular, often of unprecedented proportions.
In the early twentieth century, a renaissance in the use of Scots occurred, its most vocal figure being Hugh MacDiarmid whose benchmark poem A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle (1926) did much to demonstrate the power of Scots as a modern idiom. Other contemporaries were Douglas Young, John Buchan, Sydney Goodsir Smith, Robert Garioch and Robert McLellan. The revival extended to verse and other literature.
William Wye Smith's New Testament translations appeared in 1901 and in 1904 in a new edition.
In 1983 William Laughton Lorimer's translation of the New Testament from the original Greek was published.
Sample texts
From Hallow-Fair (Robert Fergusson 1750–1774)
At Hallowmas, whan nights grow lang,
And starnies shine fu' clear,
Whan fock, the nippin cauld to bang,
Their winter hap-warms wear,
Near Edinbrough a fair there hads,
I wat there's nane whase name is,
For strappin dames an sturdy lads,
And cap and stoup, mair famous
Than it that day.
Upo' the tap o' ilka lum
The sun bagan to keek,
And bad the trig made maidens come
A sightly joe to seek
At Hallow-fair, whare browsters rare
Keep gude ale on the gantries,
And dinna scrimp ye o' a skair
O' kebbucks frae their pantries,
Fu' saut that day.
From The Maker to Posterity (Robert Louis Stevenson 1850–1894)
Far 'yont amang the years to be
When a' we think, an' a' we see,
An' a' we luve, `s been dung ajee
By time's rouch shouther,
An' what was richt and wrang for me
Lies mangled throu'ther,
It's possible - it's hardly mair -
That some ane, ripin' after lear -
Some auld professor or young heir,
If still there's either -
May find an' read me, an' be sair
Perplexed, puir brither!
"What tongue does your auld bookie speak?"
He'll spier; an' I, his mou to steik:
"No bein' fit to write in Greek,
I write in Lallan,
Dear to my heart as the peat reek,
Auld as Tantallon.
"Few spak it then, an' noo there's nane.
My puir auld sangs lie a' their lane,
Their sense, that aince was braw an' plain,
Tint a'thegether,
Like runes upon a standin' stane
Amang the heather.
From The House with the Green Shutters (George Douglas Brown 1869–1902)
He was born the day the brig on the Fleckie Road gaed down, in the year o' the great flood; and since the great flood it’s twelve year come Lammas. Rab Tosh o' Fleckie’s wife was heavy-footed at the time, and Doctor Munn had been a' nicht wi' her, and when he came to Barbie Water in the morning it was roaring wide frae bank to brae; where the brig should have been there was naething but the swashing o' the yellow waves. Munn had to drive a' the way round to the Fechars brig, and in parts of the road, the water was so deep that it lapped his horse’s bellyband.
A' this time Mistress Gourlay was skirling in her pains an praying to God she micht dee. Gourlay had been a great cronie o' Munn’s, but he quarrelled him for being late; he had trysted him, ye see, for the occasion, and he had been twenty times at the yett to look for him-ye ken how little he would stomach that; he was ready to brust wi' anger. Munn, mad for the want o' sleep and wat to the bane, swüre back at him; and than Goulay wadna let him near his wife! Ye mind what an awful day it was; the thunder roared as if the heavens were tumbling on the world, and the lichtnin sent the trees daudin on the roads, and folk hid below their beds an prayed-they thocht it was the judgment! But Gourlay rammed his black stepper in the shafts and drave like the devil o' Hell to Skeighan Drone, where there was a young doctor. The lad was feared to come, but Gourlay swore by God that he should, and he gaired him. In a' the countryside, driving like his that day was never kenned or heard tell o'; they were back within the hour!
I saw them gallop up Main Street; lichtin struck the ground before them; the young doctor covered his face wi' his hands, and the horse nichered wi' fear an tried to wheel, but Gourlay stood up in the gig and lashed him on though the fire. It was thocht for lang that Mrs. Gourlay would die, and she was never the same woman after. Atweel aye, sirs. Gorlay has that morning's work to blame for the poor wife he has now.
From Embro to the Ploy (Robert Garioch 1909 - 1981)
The tartan tred wad gar ye lauch;
nae problem is owre teuch.
Your surname needna end in –och;
they’ll cleik ye up the cleuch.
A puckle dollar bill will aye
preive Hiram Teufelsdröckh
a septary of Clan McKay
it’s maybe richt eneuch,
verflüch!
in Embro to the ploy.
The Auld High Schule, whaur mony a skelp
of triple-tonguit tawse
has gien a heist-up and a help
towards Doctorates of Laws,
nou hears, for Ramsay’s cantie rhyme,
loud pawmies of applause
frae folk that pey a pund a time
to sit on wudden raws
gey hard
in Embro to the ploy
The haly kirk’s Assembly-haa
nou fairly coups the creel
wi Lindsay’s Three Estatis, braw
devices of the Deil.
About our heids the satire stots
like hailstanes till we reel;
the bawrs are in auld-farrant Scots,
it’s maybe jist as weill,
imphm,
in Embro to the ploy.
From The New Testament in Scots (William Laughton Lorimer 1885- 1967)
Mathew:1:18ff
This is the storie o the birth o Jesus Christ. His mither Mary wis trystit til Joseph, but afore they war mairriet she wis fund tae be wi bairn bi the Halie Spírit. Her husband Joseph, honest man, hed nae mind tae affront her afore the warld an wis for brakkin aff their tryst hidlinweys; an sae he wis een ettlin tae dae, whan an angel o the Lord kythed til him in a draim an said til him, “Joseph, son o Dauvit, be nane feared tae tak Mary your trystit wife intil your hame; the bairn she is cairrein is o the Halie Spírit. She will beir a son, an the name ye ar tae gíe him is Jesus, for he will sauf his fowk frae their sins.”
Aa this happent at the wurd spokken bi the Lord throu the Prophet micht be fulfilled: Behaud, the virgin wil bouk an beir a son, an they will caa his name Immanuel – that is, “God wi us”.
Whan he hed waukit frae his sleep, Joseph did as the angel hed bidden him, an tuik his trystit wife hame wi him. But he bedditna wi her or she buir a son; an he caa’d the bairn Jesus.
References
External links
The Dictionary of the Scots Language
Scots Language Centre
The Scots Language Society
Scots-online
Scots Language Recordings
ScotsteXt - books, poems and texts in Scots
Scottish words - illustrated
Scots
Scots
18th-century establishments in Scotland
18th-century establishments in Ireland |
20486748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude%20Beaulieu | Jean-Claude Beaulieu | Jean-Claude Beaulieu (born 24 June 1944 in Payroux) is a member of the National Assembly of France. He represents the Charente-Maritime department, and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.
References
1944 births
Living people
People from Vienne
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic |
26722993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Security%20Council%20Resolution%20931 | United Nations Security Council Resolution 931 | United Nations Security Council resolution 931, adopted unanimously on 29 June 1994, after recalling Resolution 924 (1994) on the civil war in Yemen, the Council considered the findings of the fact-finding mission deployed to the country and demanded a ceasefire.
The Council supported the call of the Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali for an immediate cessation of the shelling in the city of Aden, condemning the failure of the parties not to heed the call. It was also disturbed at the lack of ceasefire despite several declarations by the Yemeni government and supporters of the Yemeni Socialist Party. Concern was expressed for the deteriorating situation in Yemen, in particular the humanitarian situation and at the provision of arms and other materiel.
A ceasefire was then demanded, stressing the importance and effective implementation of an effective ceasefire. The resolution deplored the continuing military assault on Aden, calling for heavy weapons to be moved out of range of the city. The Secretary-General and his Special Envoy were requested to continue negotiations with both parties on the possible establishment of a mechanism that would monitor, encourage respect for, and help to prevent violations of the ceasefire.
The council also reiterated its calls for an immediate cessation to the provision of weapons and other materiel, noting that political differences cannot be resolved through the use of force. Concern was expressed at the humanitarian situation in Yemen, so the Secretary-General was requested to use all resources to address those affected by the conflict and facilitate the distribution of humanitarian aid.
Finally, the secretary-general was required to report back to the Security Council within 15 days of the adoption of the present resolution detailing progress made.
See also
1994 civil war in Yemen
Democratic Republic of Yemen
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 901 to 1000 (1994–1995)
References
External links
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
0931
1994 in Yemen
0931
June 1994 events |
20486753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude%20Bouchet | Jean-Claude Bouchet | Jean-Claude Bouchet (born May 2, 1957 in Cavaillon, Vaucluse) is a French politician of the Republicans (LR) who has been serving as a member of the National Assembly of France since the 2007 elections. He represents the Vaucluse department, and is a member .
Political career
In Parliament, Bouchet serves on the Committee on Foreign Affairs.
Political positions
In the Republicans’ 2016 presidential primaries, Bouchet endorsed Jean-François Copé as the party's candidate for the office of President of France. In the Republicans’ 2017 leadership election, he endorsed Laurent Wauquiez.
In July 2019, Bouchet voted against the French ratification of the European Union’s Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with Canada.
References
1957 births
Living people
People from Cavaillon
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Republicans (France) politicians
The Popular Right
Knights of the National Order of Merit (France)
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Mayors of places in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur |
20486765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude%20Flory | Jean-Claude Flory | Jean-Claude Flory (born 7 March 1966 in Valence, Drôme) was a member of the National Assembly of France. He represented the third legislative district of the Ardèche department from 2002 to 2012 as a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.
References
1966 births
Living people
People from Valence, Drôme
Rally for the Republic politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Social Right
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Regional councillors of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
44508308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315%20FIS%20Freestyle%20Skiing%20World%20Cup | 2014–15 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup | The 2014/15 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup was the thirty sixth World Cup season in freestyle skiing organised by International Ski Federation. The season started on 5 December 2014 and ended on 15 March 2015. This season included five disciplines: moguls, aerials, ski cross, halfpipe and slopestyle.
Men
Ski Cross
Moguls
Aerials
Halfpipe
Slopestyle
Ladies
Ski Cross
Moguls
Aerials
Halfpipe
Slopestyle
Team
Mixed
Men's standings
Overall
Standings after 32 events.
Moguls
Standings after 9 races.
Aerials
Standings after 7 races.
Ski Cross
Standings after 11 races.
Halfpipe
Standings after 3 races.
Slopestyle
Standings after 2 races.
Ladies' standings
Overall
Standings after 32 events.
Moguls
Standings after 9 races.
Aerials
Standings after 7 races.
Ski Cross
Standings after 11 races.
Halfpipe
Standings after 3 races.
Slopestyle
Standings after 2 races.
Nations Cup
Overall
Standings after 64 events.
Men
Standings after 32 events.
Ladies
Standings after 32 events.
Footnotes
References
FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup
World Cup
World Cup |
20486767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%20Alabama%20Crimson%20Tide%20football%20team | 1980 Alabama Crimson Tide football team | The 1980 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 86th overall and 47th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant, in his 23rd year, and played their home games at Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished season with ten wins and two losses (10–2 overall, 5–1 in the SEC) and with a victory over Baylor in the Cotton Bowl.
A 6–3 loss to Mississippi State ended Alabama's school record 28-game winning streak and all-time SEC record 27-game conference winning streak, and was Alabama's first loss to Mississippi State since 1957. It also cost the Tide a share of the SEC championship, the first time since 1976 they failed to win the SEC. Despite surrendering 35 points to Ole Miss, the Alabama defense still allowed only 98 points for the entire season.
Schedule
Source: Rolltide.com: 1980 Alabama football schedule
Roster
Notes
References
General
Specific
Alabama
Alabama Crimson Tide football seasons
Cotton Bowl Classic champion seasons
Alabama Crimson Tide footbal |
44508310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%20Kappa%20Tau | Mu Kappa Tau | Mu Kappa Tau () is a scholastic honor society that recognizes academic achievement among students in the field of marketing.
The society was founded at Arizona State University in 1966 by the members of Pi Sigma Epsilon, and admitted to the Association of College Honor Societies in 1996.
Mu Kappa Tau honor society has 405 active chapters across the United States, and a total membership of approximately 15,000.
See also
Association of College Honor Societies
References
External links
Mu Kappa Tau at Association of College Honor Societies
Association of College Honor Societies
Honor societies |
44508311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucino%20%28river%29 | Fucino (river) | The Fucino is a river in Italy. It is located in the province of Teramo in the Abruzzo region of southern Italy. The river is a tributary of the Vomano. Its source is Lake Campotosto near the border with the province of L'Aquila. The river flows northeast before joining the Vomano south of Crognaleto.
References
Rivers of the Province of Teramo
Rivers of Italy
Adriatic Italian coast basins |
20486775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude%20Guibal | Jean-Claude Guibal | Jean-Claude Guibal (13 January 1941 – 25 October 2021) was a member of the National Assembly of France. From 1997 to 2017, he represented the 4th constituency of the Alpes-Maritimes department, and was a member of The Republicans since 2015. From 1989 until his death in 2021, he served as mayor of Menton during 6 consecutive terms.
References
1941 births
2021 deaths
Knights of the National Order of Merit (France)
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Republicans (France) politicians
Deputies of the 11th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
HEC Paris alumni
Sciences Po alumni
École nationale d'administration alumni
People from Ajaccio
Mayors of places in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur |
44508321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20commissaire%20est%20bon%20enfant | Le commissaire est bon enfant | Le Commissaire est bon enfant (The Chief is a nice Fellow) is a one-act comedy by Georges Courteline. It was first performed on December 16, 1899 at the Théâtre du Gymnase Marie Bell in Paris.
Roles
The Chief
Floche
Breloc
A man
Agent Lagrenaille
Agent Garrigou
Mr. Punèz
Mrs. Floche
Published editions
Also .
Filmed adaptations
1935: Le commissaire est bon enfant, le gendarme est sans pitié, film by Jacques Becker and Pierre Prévert
1974: Le commissaire est bon enfant, television film by Jean Bertho
External links
Televised performance of a staging by Jean-Paul Roussillon, recorded September 5, 1968. First 3:34 may be viewed at no charge; remaining 32 minutes available at charge. Hosted at the Institut national de l'audiovisuel (National Audiovisual Institute of France).
Scanned copy of a paperback reprint of the 1899 Flammarion edition, complete with original photo engravings, at the Open Library
Comedy plays
1899 plays
French plays adapted into films |
44508329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxie%20Wander | Maxie Wander | Maxie Wander (January 3, 1933 – November 21, 1977) was an Austrian writer in East Germany (GDR), who was born in a proletarian quarter of Vienna. She came to fame after Guten Morgen, Du Schöne (Good Morning My Lovely) was published, and remains an important figure in East German literature after her death from cancer.
Biography
Wander had a rough time in the early stages of her life as she left school at seventeen years old in order to make a living. She was in and out of a number of jobs as a factory worker, a secretary for a company and also a writer for some film scripts. She had no signs of turning her life around to something worth more until she met a Holocaust survivor, who became her husband, Fred Wander. They had three children, and began writing travel books and other journalism. Fred inspired Maxie to become an author that she always wanted to be. In the early to mid 1970s Maxie conducted a large number of interviews with women of all ages in order to help her with her book. She spent much time collecting this material as she wanted to become an important part as a documentary and women's literature writer in Germany. She then published her first book, Guten Morgen, Du Schöne (Good Morning My Lovely), which contained 19 monologues by different women talking about their life day in and day out.
In the monologues which Wander recorded in her book were women expressing their opinions and concerns in society about topics such as sexism, diversity, stress placed on woman and other controversial issues that women go through that they may not feel comfortable about talking to their husband or friends about each day, so they kept these emotions built up inside of them. The book also talked about other sensitive subjects such as suicide and mental breakdown. This book, obviously designed for a female readership, sold 60,000 within one year in just the GDR alone. This shows the effect that her work had on women may have been dealing with these issues.
Her book was published in 1977, the same year she was suffering from incurable cancer. She ended up dying that same year the book was published, but was able to get a chance to experience the immediate glory and positive feedback from her book. She was able to write letters of more issues to her fans as she was sick in the hospital. The effect she had on GDR in such a short period of time was like no other all because the turn around in her life to go reach for her dream to become a writer.
References
Sources
Protokolle vom Totenbett: Leben wär' eine prima Alternative. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2014. <http://www.zeit.de/1980/42/leben-waer-eine-prima-alternative>
Wander - German Literature. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2014. <https://sites.google.com/site/germanliterature/20th-century/wander>
1933 births
1977 deaths
East German writers |
44508332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Warren | Pierre Warren | Pierre Carmelle Warren (born August 16, 1992) is a former American football safety. He played college football at Jacksonville State University. He was a member of the New Orleans Saints, Minnesota Vikings and Ottawa Redblacks.
Early years
Warren played high school football at Marbury High School in Deatsville, Alabama. He was a two-time all-metro selection and was an all-county selection as a senior. He was a four-year letterman, three-year starter and helped the Bulldogs advance to the state playoffs. Warren also lettered in basketball, where he was named the team’s Most Valuable Player and was an all-area selection.
College career
Warren played for the Jacksonville State Gamecocks from 2011 to 2013. He recorded career totals of 166 tackles, a sack, eight interceptions, two interception returns for touchdowns, 29 passes defensed, a forced fumble and five fumble recoveries. He was named First Team All-OVC in 2013.
Professional career
Warren was rated the 12th best free safety in the 2014 NFL Draft by NFLDraftScout.com. Nolan Nawrocki of NFL.com predicted that Warren would go undrafted and be a priority free agent. Nawrocki stated that Warren was "At his best in deep zone coverage, but deficient strength, physicality and instincts will turn some teams off, and he does not project as a core special-teams contributor."
New Orleans Saints
Warren signed with the New Orleans Saints on May 12, 2014 after going undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. He was released by the Saints on August 30 and signed to the team's practice squad on September 2, 2014. He was released by the Saints on September 18, 2014.
Minnesota Vikings
Warren was signed to the Minnesota Vikings' practice squad on October 7, 2014.
New Orleans Saints
Warren was signed off the Minnesota Vikings' practice squad by the New Orleans Saints on November 18, 2014. He made his NFL debut on November 24, 2014, starting against the Baltimore Ravens and recording seven tackles. He recorded his first two career interceptions against the Chicago Bears on December 15, 2014. Warren was released by the Saints on September 5, 2015.
Ottawa Redblacks
On February 3, 2016, Warren signed a contract with the Ottawa RedBlacks of the Canadian Football League. After participating in the first rookie practice, he informed General Manager Marcel Desjardins that he no longer wanted to pursue professional football.
Warren participated in The Spring League in 2017.
References
Living people
1992 births
Players of American football from Alabama
American football safeties
Canadian football defensive backs
African-American players of American football
African-American players of Canadian football
Jacksonville State Gamecocks football players
Minnesota Vikings players
New Orleans Saints players
Ottawa Redblacks players
Players of American football from Montgomery, Alabama
Sportspeople from Montgomery, Alabama
The Spring League players
21st-century African-American sportspeople |
17344582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391%20Boston%20Celtics%20season | 1990–91 Boston Celtics season | The 1990–91 NBA season was the 45th season for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association. During the off-season, the Celtics hired Chris Ford as their new head coach. After failing to advance past the first round in the two previous seasons, it appeared going into the 1990–91 season that the Celtics were fading as NBA title contenders. However, the Celtics burst to a 29–5 start reminiscent of their title years of the 1980s, and once again established themselves as contenders. Besides general team improvement (and perhaps the chemistry employed by Ford), the Celtics were helped by the return of 1988 first round draft pick Brian Shaw (who had played in Italy in the 89–90 season).
Beginning in January, Larry Bird began to miss significant playing time due to back injuries (Bird would miss 22 regular season games) and the team struggled in his absence. The team limped to the finish, losing 6 of their final 8 games to finish at 56–26 (still good for the Atlantic Division title and #2 seed in the East). The Celtics also qualified for the playoffs for the 12th consecutive season.
Bird averaged 19.4 points, 8.5 rebounds, 7.2 assists and 1.8 steals per game, while sixth man Kevin McHale averaged 18.4 points, 7.1 rebounds and 2.1 blocks per game, and Robert Parish provided the team with 14.9 points, 10.6 rebounds and 1.3 blocks per game. Bird, McHale and Parish were all selected for the 1991 NBA All-Star Game, with Ford coaching the Eastern Conference, but Bird did not participate due to injury. In addition, Reggie Lewis finished second on the team in scoring with 18.7 points per game, while Kevin Gamble contributed 15.6 points per game, Shaw provided with 13.8 points, 7.6 assists and 1.3 steals per game, and top draft pick Dee Brown averaged 8.7 points and 4.2 assists per game off the bench, was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team, and also won the Slam Dunk Contest during the All-Star Weekend in Charlotte. Bird also finished tied in ninth place in Most Valuable Player voting, while McHale finished in third place in Sixth Man of the Year voting, and Gamble finished in second place in Most Improved Player voting.
In the Eastern Conference First Round of the playoffs, the Celtics survived a scare from the 7th-seeded Indiana Pacers, going the full five games before winning a classic finale (in which Bird went to the locker room during the game with injury, only to return and finish with 32 points). In the Eastern Conference Semi-finals, the Celtics held home court advantage against the 2-time defending NBA Champion Detroit Pistons, but Bird missed Game 1 with injury and the Pistons took the game at Boston Garden, 86–75. Bird returned for the remainder of the series and the Celtics rallied to win Games 2 and 3 (Game 3 a blowout win in Detroit), but Detroit won 3 in a row afterwards to take the series.
Draft picks
Roster
Regular season
Season standings
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot
z – clinched division title
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot
Record vs. opponents
Game log
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 1 || Fri. Nov. 2 || Cleveland Cavaliers || 125-101 || Boston Garden ||1-0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 2 || Sat. Nov. 3 || @ New York Knicks || 106-103 || Madison Square Garden ||2-0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 3 || Tue. Nov. 6 || @ Chicago Bulls || 110-108 || Chicago Stadium || 3-0
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 4 || Fri. Nov. 9 || Chicago Bulls || 100-120 || Boston Garden || 3-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 5 || Sat. Nov. 10 || @ New Jersey Nets || 105-91 || Brendan Byrne Arena || 4-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 6 || Tue. Nov. 13 || @ Milwaukee Bucks || 91-119 || Bradley Center || 4-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 7 || Wed. Nov. 14 || Charlotte Hornets || 135-126 || Boston Garden ||5-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 8 || Fri. Nov. 16 || Utah Jazz || 114-89 || Boston Garden || 6-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 9 || Sat. Nov. 17 || @ Washington Bullets || 102-90 || Capital Centre || 7-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 10 || Wed. Nov. 21 || Houston Rockets || 108-95 || Boston Garden || 8-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 11 || Fri. Nov. 23 || Sacramento Kings || 115-105 || Boston Garden || 9-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 12 || Sat. Nov. 24 || @ Cleveland Cavaliers || 113-102 || Richfield Coliseum || 10-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 13 || Mon. Nov. 26 || Miami Heat || 118-101 || Hartford Civic Center || 11-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 14 || Fri. Nov. 30 || Washington Bullets || 123-95 || Boston Garden || 12-2
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 15 || Sat. Dec. 1 || @ Philadelphia 76ers || 110-116 || The Spectrum || 12-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 16 || Mon. Dec. 3 || Seattle SuperSonics || 135-102 || Boston Garden || 13-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 17 || Wed. Dec. 5 || Denver Nuggets || 148-140 || Boston Garden || 14-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 18 || Fri. Dec. 7 || @ Dallas Mavericks || 112-104 || Reunion Arena || 15-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 19 || Sat. Dec. 8 || @ San Antonio Spurs || 96-102 || HemisFair Arena || 15-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 20 || Mon. Dec. 10 || @ Houston Rockets || 107-95 || The Summit || 16-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 21 || Wed. Dec. 12 || Milwaukee Bucks || 129-111 || Boston Garden || 17-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 22 || Fri. Dec. 14 || Detroit Pistons || 108-100 || Boston Garden || 18-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 23 || Sat. Dec. 15 || @ Miami Heat || 114-100 || Miami Arena || 19-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 24 || Wed. Dec. 19 || Philadelphia 76ers || 115-105 || Boston Garden || 20-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 25 || Thu. Dec. 20 || @ Charlotte Hornets || 115-96 || Charlotte Coliseum || 21-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 26 || Sun. Dec. 23 || Atlanta Hawks || 132-104 || Boston Garden || 22-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 27 || Wed. Dec. 26 || Indiana Pacers || 152-132 || Boston Garden || 23-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 28 || Fri. Dec. 28 || @ Atlanta Hawks || 114-131 || The Omni || 23-5
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 29 || Wed. Jan. 2 || New York Knicks || 113-86 || Boston Garden || 24-5
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 30 || Fri. Jan. 4 || Phoenix Suns || 132-103 || Boston Garden || 25-5
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 31 || Sun. Jan. 6 || Dallas Mavericks || 127-110 || Boston Garden || 26-5
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 32 || Tue. Jan. 8 || @ New York Knicks || 101-87 || Madison Square Garden || 27-5
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 33 || Wed. Jan. 9 || Milwaukee Bucks || 110-102 || Boston Garden || 28-5
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 34 || Fri. Jan. 11 || Los Angeles Clippers || 109-107 || Boston Garden || 29-5
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 35 || Sat. Jan. 12 || @ Washington Bullets || 99-116 || Capital Centre || 29-6
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 36 || Wed. Jan. 16 || Golden State Warriors || 105-110 || Boston Garden || 29-7
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 37 || Fri. Jan. 18 || New Jersey Nets || 106-111 || Boston Garden || 29-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 38 || Mon. Jan. 21 || @ Detroit Pistons || 90-101 || The Palace of Auburn Hills || 29-9
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 39 || Wed. Jan. 23 || Detroit Pistons || 111-94 || Boston Garden || 30-9
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 40 || Fri. Jan. 25 || @ Philadelphia 76ers || 94-116 || The Spectrum || 30-10
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 41 || Sun. Jan. 27 || Los Angeles Lakers || 87-104 || Boston Garden || 30-11
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 42 || Mon. Jan. 28 || @ Minnesota Timberwolves || 108-87 || Target Center || 31-11
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 43 || Wed. Jan. 30 || Orlando Magic || 144-102 || Boston Garden || 32-11
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 44 || Fri. Feb. 1 || @ Charlotte Hornets || 91-92 || Charlotte Coliseum || 32-12
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 45 || Sun. Feb. 3 || Washington Bullets || 119-101 || Boston Garden || 33-12
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 46 || Wed. Feb. 6 || Charlotte Hornets|| 133-117 || Boston Garden || 34-12
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 47 || Thu. Feb. 7 || @ New York Knicks || 117-101 || Madison Square Garden || 35-12
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 48 || Tue. Feb. 12 || @ Seattle SuperSonics || 114-111 || Seattle Center Coliseum || 36-12
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 49 || Thu. Feb. 14 || @ Golden State Warriors || 128-112 || Oakland Coliseum || 37-12
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 50 || Fri. Feb. 15 || @ Los Angeles Lakers || 98-85 || The Forum || 38-12
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 51 || Sun. Feb. 17 || @ Denver Nuggets || 126-108 || McNichols Sports Arena || 39-12
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 52 || Tue. Feb. 19 || @ Phoenix Suns || 105-109 || Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum || 39-13
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 53 || Fri. Feb. 22 || New Jersey Nets || 111-99 || Hartford Civic Center || 40-13
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 54 || Sun. Feb. 24 || @ Indiana Pacers || 109-115 || Market Square Arena || 40-14
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 55 || Tue. Feb. 26 || @ Chicago Bulls || 99-129 || Chicago Stadium || 40-15
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 56 || Wed. Feb. 27 || Minnesota Timberwolves || 116-111 || Boston Garden || 41-15
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 57 || Fri. Mar. 1 || San Antonio Spurs || 108-98 || Boston Garden || 42-15
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 58 || Sun. Mar. 3 || Portland Trail Blazers || 107-116 || Boston Garden || 42-16
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 59 || Mon. Mar. 4 || Indiana Pacers || 126-101 || Hartford Civic Center || 43-16
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 60 || Wed. Mar. 6 || Miami Heat || 126-117 || Boston Garden || 44-16
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 61 || Fri. Mar. 8 || @ Los Angeles Clippers || 104-98 || L.A. Sports Arena || 45-16
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 62 || Sun. Mar. 10 || @ Portland Trail Blazers || 111-109 (OT) || Memorial Coliseum || 46-16
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 63 || Tue. Mar. 12 || @ Sacramento Kings || 110-95 || ARCO Arena || 47-16
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 64 || Wed. Mar. 13 || @ Utah Jazz || 109-112 || Salt Palace || 47-17
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 65 || Fri. Mar. 15 || @ Washington Bullets || 94-86 || Capital Centre || 48-17
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 66 || Sun. Mar. 17 || Philadelphia 76ers || 110-105 || Boston Garden || 49-17
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 67 || Tue. Mar. 19 || @ Atlanta Hawks || 92-104 || The Omni || 49-18
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 68 || Wed. Mar. 20 || Washington Bullets || 102-81 || Boston Garden || 50-18
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 69 || Fri. Mar. 22 || @ Indiana Pacers || 109-121 || Market Square Arena || 50-19
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 70 || Thu. Mar. 28 || @ Miami Heat || 88-90 || Miami Arena || 50-20
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 71 || Fri. Mar. 29 || Cleveland Cavaliers || 110-108 || Boston Garden || 51-20
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 72 || Sun. Mar. 31 || Chicago Bulls || 135-132 (2OT) || Boston Garden || 52-20
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 73 || Tue. Apr. 2 || @ New Jersey Nets || 94-77 || Brendan Byrne Arena || 53-20
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 74 || Thu. Apr. 4 || New Jersey Nets || 123-104 || Boston Garden || 54-20
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 75 || Sat. Apr. 6 || @ Orlando Magic || 98-102 || Orlando Arena || 54-21
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 76 || Thu. Apr. 11 || @ Milwaukee Bucks || 92-111 || Bradley Center || 54-22
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 77 || Fri. Apr. 12 || Miami Heat || 119-109 || Boston Garden || 55-22
|- align="center" bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 78 || Sun. Apr. 14 || New York Knicks || 115-102 || Boston Garden || 56-22
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 79 || Tue. Apr. 16 || @ Detroit Pistons || 90-118 || The Palace of Auburn Hills || 56-23
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 80 || Thu. Apr. 18 || @ Philadelphia 76ers || 97-122 || The Spectrum || 56-24
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 81 || Fri. Apr. 19 || @ Cleveland Cavaliers || 117-124 (OT) || Richfield Coliseum ||56-25
|- align="center" bgcolor="edbebf"
| 82 ||Sun. Apr. 21 || Atlanta Hawks || 105-117 || Boston Garden || 56-26
|-
|-
| 1990-91 Schedule
Playoffs
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| April 26
| Indiana
| W 127–120
| Reggie Lewis (28)
| Larry Bird (12)
| Larry Bird (12)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2
| April 28
| Indiana
| L 118–130
| Lewis, Shaw (22)
| Robert Parish (12)
| Larry Bird (10)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| May 1
| @ Indiana
| W 112–105
| Kevin McHale (22)
| Larry Bird (9)
| Brian Shaw (7)
| Market Square Arena16,530
| 2–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 4
| May 3
| @ Indiana
| L 113–116
| Kevin McHale (24)
| Robert Parish (12)
| Larry Bird (8)
| Market Square Arena16,530
| 2–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 5
| May 5
| Indiana
| W 124–121
| Larry Bird (32)
| Larry Bird (9)
| Brian Shaw (9)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 3–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 1
| May 7
| Detroit
| L 75–86
| Reggie Lewis (20)
| Kevin McHale (10)
| Brian Shaw (5)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 0–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| May 9
| Detroit
| W 109–103
| Reggie Lewis (23)
| Robert Parish (13)
| Dee Brown (8)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| May 11
| @ Detroit
| W 115–83
| Reggie Lewis (21)
| Robert Parish (11)
| Brown, McHale (6)
| The Palace of Auburn Hills21,454
| 2–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 4
| May 13
| @ Detroit
| L 97–104
| Kevin McHale (28)
| Robert Parish (10)
| Brian Shaw (6)
| The Palace of Auburn Hills21,454
| 2–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 5
| May 15
| Detroit
| L 111–116
| Reggie Lewis (30)
| Reggie Lewis (11)
| Dee Brown (10)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 2–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 6
| May 17
| @ Detroit
| L 113–117 (OT)
| Kevin McHale (34)
| Ed Pinckney (9)
| Reggie Lewis (5)
| The Palace of Auburn Hills21,454
| 2–4
Player statistics
Season
|-
|
| 60 || 60 || 38.0 || .454 || .389 || .891 || 8.5 || 7.2 || 1.8 || 1.0 || 19.4
|-
|
| 82 || 5 || 23.7 || .464 || .206 || .873 || 2.2 || 4.2 || 1.0 || 0.2 || 8.7
|-
|
| 82 || 76 || 33.0 || .587 || .000 || .815 || 3.3 || 3.1 || 1.2 || 0.4 || 15.6
|-
|
| 72 || 1 || 11.8 || .468 || .000 || .783 || 3.4 || 0.3 || 0.2 || 0.2 || 3.6
|-
|
| 79 || 79 || 36.4 || .491 || .077 || .826 || 5.2 || 2.5 || 1.2 || 1.1 || 18.7
|-
|
| 68 || 10 || 30.4 || .553 || .405 || .829 || 7.1 || 1.9 || 0.4 || 2.1 || 18.4
|-
|
| 81 || 81 || 30.1 || .598 || .000 || .767 || 10.6 || 0.8 || 0.8 || 1.3 ||
14.9
|-
|
| 70 || 16 || 16.6 || .539 || .000 || .897 || 4.9 || 0.6 || 0.9 || 0.6 || 5.2
|-
|
| 19 || 0 || 3.4 || .406 || .000 || .900 || 0.7 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 1.8
|-
|
| 79 || 79 || 35.1 || .469 || .111 || .819 || 4.7 || 7.6 || 1.3 || 0.4 || 13.8
|-
|
| 5 || 0 || 6.0 || .429 || .000 || .600 || 0.4 || 1.2 || 0.2 || 0.0 || 1.8
|-
|
| 2 || 0 || 8.0 || .250 || .000 || .750 || 0.0 || 2.5 || 0.5 || 0.5 || 2.5
|-
|
| 47 || 3 || 8.3 || .475 || .250 || .815 || 1.2 || 0.9 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 4.6
|-
|
| 31 || 0 || 5.4 || .462 || .000 || .556 || 1.6 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 0.9 || 1.9
|-
|
| 6 || 0 || 6.5 || .250 || .000 || .750 || 0.5 || 1.3 || 0.2 || 0.0 || 2.0
|-
|}
Playoffs
|-
|
| 10 || 10 || 39.6 || .408 || .143 || .863 || 7.2 || 6.5 || 1.3 || 0.3 || 17.1
|-
|
| 11 || 0 || 25.8 || .491 || .000 || .824 || 4.1 || 3.7 || 1.0 || 0.5 || 12.2
|-
|
| 11 || 11 || 21.6 || .483 || .000 || .667 || 1.2 || 1.7 || 0.4 || 0.2 || 6.0
|-
|
| 5 || 1 || 6.2 || .444 || .000 || .000 || 2.2 || 0.2 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 1.6
|-
|
| 11 || 11 || 42.0 || .487 || .000 || .824 || 6.2 || 2.9 || 1.1 || 0.5 || 22.4
|-
|
| 11 || 1 || 34.2 || .527 || .545 || .825 || 6.5 || 1.8 || 0.5 || 1.3 || 20.7
|-
|
| 10 || 10 || 29.6 || .598 || .000 || .689 || 9.2 || 0.6 || 0.8 || 0.7 || 15.8
|-
|
| 11 || 0 || 15.5 || .762 || .000 || .810 || 3.6 || 0.2 || 0.5 || 0.2 || 4.5
|-
|
| 11 || 11 || 28.7 || .470 || .333 || .867 || 3.5 || 4.6 || 0.9 || 0.1 || 11.0
|-
|
| 10 || 0 || 8.6 || .429 || .000 || .786 || 0.9 || 0.5 || 0.3 || 0.1 || 2.9
|-
|
| 2 || 0 || 3.0 || .500 || .000 || .000 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 1.0
|-
|
| 1 || 0 || 4.0 || 1.000 || .000 || .000 || 2.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 2.0
|-
|}
Awards and records
Dee Brown, NBA All-Rookie Team 1st Team
Transactions
Player Transactions Citation:
References
See also
1990–91 NBA season
Boston Celtics seasons
Boston Celtics
Boston Celtics
Boston Celtics
Celtics
Celtics |
44508336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno%20Deletr%C3%A9 | Bruno Deletré | Bruno Deletré (born 30 April 1961, in Valenciennes) is a French banker and high-ranking official. He is the current CEO of Crédit Foncier de France and member of the BPCE Executive Committee.
Education
Deletré graduated from the École Nationale d'Administration (ENA) in 1987 and the École Polytechnique in 1981.
Career
Public sector
In 1987, after graduating from the ENA, Bruno Deletré began his career at the Inspection générale des finances (IGF) (General Finance Inspectorate). In 1991, Deletré joined the Direction du Trésor (Directorate of Treasury) and by 1992 he had become the head of the Africa-Zone Franc office. A few years later, between 1995 and 1997, Deletré acted as technical advisor to the cabinet of the Ministry of Economy and Finance where he was responsible for advising on both European and international matters.
In 2008, at the request of Christine Lagarde, the Minister of the Economy in France, Deletré returned to the public sector to draft a bill concerning the organization and management of financial activities in France.
Private sector
In May 2001, Deletré entered the private sector and joined Dexia Group’s executive board where he oversaw international business and the Project Finance department for Dexia-Crédit Local. Since leaving Dexia in 2008, Deletré has served as Director of BCPE International et Outre-mer and as a member of the Executive Committee. He also joined Credit Foncier as Chief Executive Officer in July 2011.
Music
Deletré spent 12 years from 1965 to 1977 at the Conservatory of Valenciennes (France) as a violinist. In 1989, eleven years after leaving the conservatory, Deletré founded La Chapelle du Hainaut, a vocal ensemble specializing in religious music.
References
External links
Biography of Bruno Deletré - Crédit Foncier official website
Living people
People from Valenciennes
French chief executives
École nationale d'administration alumni
École Polytechnique alumni
1961 births |
20486776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%20Alabama%20Crimson%20Tide%20football%20team | 1981 Alabama Crimson Tide football team | The 1981 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1981 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 87th overall and 48th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant, in his 24th year, and played their home games at Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished season with nine wins, two losses and one tie (9–2–1 overall, 6–0 in the SEC), as SEC co-champions with Georgia and with a loss against Texas in the Cotton Bowl.
Alabama recovered from an upset loss to a 1–10 Georgia Tech team to win its ninth SEC title in eleven years (shared with Georgia). It was Bama's 18th SEC championship, and the 13th and last conference title for Paul "Bear" Bryant at Alabama. Alabama's 28–17 win over Auburn was Coach Bryant's 315th career victory, breaking the then all-time record held by Amos Alonzo Stagg. Alabama's Cotton Bowl Classic loss to Texas dropped the Tide's all-time record against the Longhorns to 0–7–1.
Schedule
Notes
References
General
Specific
Alabama
Alabama Crimson Tide football seasons
Southeastern Conference football champion seasons
Alabama Crimson Tide football |
17344589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20China%20Open%20%28tennis%29 | 2006 China Open (tennis) | The 2006 China Open was an ATP International Series and WTA Tour Tier II tennis tournament held in Beijing, China. The men's tournament was held September 11–18, and the women's was held September 18–25
Marcos Baghdatis won his first title of the year, and of his career. Svetlana Kuznetsova won her 2nd title of the year.
Finals
Men's singles
Marcos Baghdatis defeated Mario Ančić, 6–4, 6–0
Women's singles
Svetlana Kuznetsova defeated Amélie Mauresmo, 6–4, 6–0
Men's doubles
Mario Ančić / Mahesh Bhupathi defeated Michael Berrer / Kenneth Carlsen, 6–4, 6–3
Women's doubles
Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez defeated Anna Chakvetadze / Elena Vesnina, 6–2, 6–4
External links
2006
2006 ATP Tour
2006 WTA Tour
2006 in Chinese tennis
2006 China Open (tennis) |
44508345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messe%20M%C3%BCnchen | Messe München | Messe München GmbH is the operator of the Neue Messe München exhibition center, the ICM Internationales Congress Center München and the MOC Veranstaltungscenter München. The exhibition space of the 16 halls together is 180,000 m2 and another 425,000 m2 of outdoor area, making Messe München by far the holder of the largest outdoor area of all exhibition companies in Germany. Messe München organizes some 40 trade fairs for capital and consumer goods and key high-tech-industries in Munich and abroad.
Overview
Partners of Messe München are the Free State of Bavaria and the City of Munich. Chairman of the Board since January 2010 is Klaus Dittrich. In the exhibition area there are exhibition rooms, the exhibition hall, exhibition tower and the International Congress Centre Munich (ICM). The architects were Bystrup Architecture Design Engineering, Bregenhøj + Partners, Kaup, Scholz, Jesse + Partner.
Messe München is a member of the AUMA, FKM, GDG, UFI, and CEFA trade associations.
After moving the fair from the city center to the former airport site in Messestadt Riem allowing the exhibition companies, along with the Neue Messe Munich, to have one of the most modern and sustainable trade fair complexes in the world and it has been certified as an energy-efficient company by TÜV Süd. With one of the largest Photovoltaic roof systems in the world and a sophisticated energy concept to an annual saving of more than 8,000 tons of CO2. The entire exhibition center is heated with renewable energy through a geothermal system from Stadtwerke München.
The Messe München trade-fair center, the ICM Internationales Congress Center München and the MOC Veranstaltungscenter München are available for conferences, meetings and small events.
In 2015, Messe München GmbH recorded a turnover of €230,2 million, Messe München Group of €277.4 million. 8,974 of a total of 33,772 exhibitors came from abroad. In 2015 Messe München saw a total of 1,942,259 visitors.
In August 2020, the company announced that they lost €170 million due to Covid-19.
Events
The most visited event at the Munich Trade Fair Center is the construction fair bauma, also the world's geographically largest fair, which takes place every three years and attracted some 580,000 visitors in 2016. Large public exhibitions are the f.re.e, the Heim + Handwerk and the Internationale Handwerksmesse. Important trade fairs include the ISPO, analytica, AUTOMATICA, BAU, and drinktec. Other exhibitions in Munich are EXPO REAL, IFAT, intersolar Europe, Laser World of Photonics, Transport Logistic, eCarTec and the yearly alternating productronica and electronica.
History
In 1908 the original Exhibition Park opened on the Theresienhöhe located behind the Ruhmeshalle; the fair moved at the end of 1998 to the new center in Munich-Riem.
1972 Summer Olympics
In its former location, the Messegelände consisted of twenty buildings located in the greater Munich area. During the 1972 Summer Olympics, five of these venues served as host to the fencing, the fencing part of modern pentathlon, judo, weightlifting, and wrestling events. These were:
Fencing Hall 1: These two halls, 11 and 12, played host to the fencing competitions for these games. Hall 11 was used as an entrance for spectators while Hall 12 was a competition area. They hosted the fencing finals.
Fencing Hall 2: Hall 20 hosted the semifinals of the fencing competitions along with the fencing part of the modern pentathlon event for the 1972 Games.
Weightlifting Hall: Hall 7 hosted the weightlifting competitions during the 1972 Games.
Judo and Wrestline Hall: Hall 14, the only one that was newly built, hosted the judo and wrestling competitions.
References
External links
Venues of the 1972 Summer Olympics
Indoor arenas in Germany
Olympic fencing venues
Olympic judo venues
Olympic modern pentathlon venues
Olympic weightlifting venues
Olympic wrestling venues
Sports venues in Germany
Fairgrounds
Convention centres in Germany
Companies based in Munich
Event management companies of Germany
Business services companies established in 1964
1964 establishments in West Germany |
26723018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerseylicious | Jerseylicious | Jerseylicious was an American reality television show that premiered on March 21, 2010, on the now defunct Style Network. It chronicles the lives of six stylists who work at salons located in Green Brook Township, New Jersey. The Gatsby Salon, where the series is based upon, relaunched with a multimillion-dollar renovation and began hiring new employees in 2009, which included two of the main cast members: Tracy “Dimarco” Maloney and Olivia Blois Sharpe. Reruns of the series also air on Food Network (by Discovery Inc.).
The series was scheduled to return for its sixth season on October 6, 2013. However, it was announced that the Esquire Network would be taking over the Style Network rather than G4 as originally planned. The season later aired in countries where the Style Network still exists. Season 6 encompasses Olivia Blois Sharpe and Michelle DeCarlo as they pack their things and rent a summer house in Asbury Park, New Jersey. Tracy's wedding is also included. The show has now ended with Style Network being discontinued.
On August 26, 2014, Tracy “Dimarco” Maloney announced on her social networks that she was filming something for E! that was believed to be a spin-off show but ended up being for an E! True Hollywood Story special titled "Life After Reality" where she discussed her life now that Jerseylicious has ended.
Cast
Main
Tracy “Dimarco” Maloney: Former employee at The Gatsby Salon, The Glam Fairy, and Anthony Robert Salon. Currently partner with Princess Armor and co-hosts podcast Bad Examples with former Glam Fairy makeup artist and close friend, Jessica Romano-Calacione. Married to Corey Epstein from 2013 to 2019, currently in the process for divorce. They welcomed their first child, Skylar James, on February 4, 2015, second child Jayden Gene on September 20, 2016, third child Julian Chase born in May 2018. Her son Julian is deaf and he has cochlear implants.
Olivia Blois Sharpe: Makeup artist. Former employee at Anthony Robert Salon, The Gatsby Salon and The Glam Fairy. Now working on her own.
Gigi Liscio: Hairstylist at The Gatsby Salon.
Christy Pereira: Manager of The Gatsby Salon. Gayle Giacomo's daughter.
Gayle Giacomo: Owner of The Gatsby Salon.
Alexa Prisco: Former lead makeup artist at The Gatsby Salon, owner of The Glam Fairy. Married to Danny. Alexa was given her own spinoff, Glam Fairy. She gave birth to their first child, McKayla in December 2012.
Anthony Lombardi: Owner of Anthony Robert Salon in Verona, New Jersey. Author of The Glamour State.
Recurring
Briella Calafiore: Hairdresser at Glam Fairy.
Frankie Buglione Jr.: Gigi's ex-boyfriend
Filippo Giove Jr.: Former manager at the Anthony Robert Salon. Former Gatsby intern and assistant.
Lorenzo Gangala (seasons 1–3): Gangala was never seen again on the series after his October 2011 arrest for assault.
Jaclyn "Jackie" Bianchi (seasons 2–6): Olivia's childhood friend and stylist at Anthony Robert Salon.
Doria Pagnotta (seasons 2–4): Makeup artist at The Gatsby Salon.
Mike Aktari (seasons 2–4): Olivia's and Tracy's ex-boyfriend. (Aktari died at the age of 28 on March 13, 2017, from reasons unknown.)
Michelle DeCarlo (seasons 3–6): Hairstylist at The Gatsby Salon.
Catherine "Cathy" Giove (seasons 3–6): Former co-owner of the Anthony Robert Salon. Filippo's mother.
Miguel Allure Rodriguez (seasons 3–6): Assistant stylist at The Gatsby Salon.
Krystle Couso (seasons 3–4)
Corey Epstein (seasons 4–6): Tracy's Husband
Anthony Tango (seasons 4–5)
Nick Alleva (seasons 5–6): Olivia's boyfriend
Episodes
Series overview
Season 1 (2010)
Season 2 (2010–2011)
Season 3 (2011)
Season 4 (2012)
Season 5 (2013)
Season 6 (2014)
Season 6 was not released on television after Style Network relaunched as Esquire Network. On June 18, 2017, Season 6 was made available on Food Network On Demand in the United States, UK and Europe.
Ratings
The series' premiere episode gained 300,000 total viewers and posted a 0.42 rating within the women 18-to-34 demographic. The season two finale rose to 925,000 viewers, the most-watched season-ender to-date of any series on the Style Network. The third season debut episode averaged 665,000 viewers. Season 4 premiered with a total of 668,000 viewers. 460,000 viewers watched the Season 5 finale.
Criticism of stereotypes
Jerseylicious has been criticized by the Italian American ONE VOICE Coalition for its portrayals of crude 'Jersey Shore' stereotypes about Italian Americans. According to the ONE VOICE website, Jerseylicious and other related programs including Jersey Shore, The Real Housewives of New Jersey, Mob Wives, My Big Friggin' Wedding, Carfellows and Married a Mobster "have replaced fictitious characters with real low lifes, buffoons, carfoni and bimbos in the proliferation of reality shows" and turned anti-Italianism into "a global business."
International broadcasts
Seasons 1-3 of the show aired on the Slovak TV WAU.
In the United Kingdom, the series is broadcast on ITVBe. Reruns of the show air also on E!.
References
2010s American reality television series
2010 American television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
English-language television shows
Television shows set in New Jersey
Television shows filmed in New Jersey
Television shows filmed in New York City
Television shows filmed in Texas
Television series by Endemol
Style Network original programming |
17344601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help | Help | Help may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
Help (2010 film), a Bollywood horror film
Help (2021 theatrical film), a British psychological thriller film
Help! (film), a 1965 film directed by Richard Lester starring The Beatles
Help (2021 television film), a TV film about the COVID-19 pandemic
The Help (film), a 2011 period drama, set in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1963
Television
Help (Australian TV series), a documentary series
Help (Dutch TV series), a drama series
Help (British TV series), a comedy series
H.E.L.P., a 1990 American TV drama series
The Help (TV series), a 2004 American sitcom
Dr. Henry's Emergency Lessons for People, also known as H.E.L.P.!, a 1979 American series of animated public service announcements
Episodes
"Help" (Buffy episode)
"Help", an episode of The Protector
Literature
Help! (magazine)
Help!! (manga)
The Help, a historical novel by Kathryn Stockett
Music
Help (band), an American rock band
Albums
The Help Album, a musical compilation album to benefit the War Child charity
Help (Thee Oh Sees album)
Help!, the 1965 Beatles album which includes songs from the film of the same name
Help! (Brandon Lake album)
Help! (George Martin album)
Help, by Blackbear
Songs
"Help" (Papa Roach song), 2017
"Help", a song from Hurts' 2013 album Exile
"Help", a song from Lil Wayne's 2020 album Funeral (deluxe edition)
"Help", a song from Lloyd Banks' 2006 album Rotten Apple
"Help", a song from London Grammar's 2013 album If You Wait
"Help", a song from Pink Guy's 2017 album Pink Season
"Help!" (song), a 1965 song by The Beatles
"Help!", a song from Brandon Lake's 2022 album of the same name
Computing and technology
Help (command), a command in various command-line shells that invokes documentations and helping information
Help desk, a point of contact between product users and technical support
Online help, documentation that accompanies computer application software
Context-sensitive help, a kind of online help that is obtained from a specific point in the state of the software, providing help for the situation that is associated with that state
Other uses
Help (dog) (1878–1891), Scotch collie dog used to collect charitable donations
Help Remedies, a pharmaceutical company
Acronyms
Heat escape lessening position, a way to position oneself to reduce heat loss in cold water
Higher Education Loan Programme, an Australian government loan scheme for students
Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance, a model developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency
United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions
See also
Helping behavior
Emergency, a situation which poses a dangerous risk of health, life, property, or environment
Emergency telephone numbers around the world
Hue and cry, a shouted command to arrest a felon
Distress signal, a message from a person or a craft such as a ship or airliner to inform others it is in difficulty
Mayday (distress signal)
SOS
Signal for Help
Assistance (disambiguation)
Help me (disambiguation)
HELP University, Malaysia
HELLP Syndrome, a medical condition affecting pregnant women |
44508347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong%20Synagogue | Geelong Synagogue | The Geelong Synagogue is a former synagogue at the corner of McKillop and Yarra Streets, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. It was designed by John Young and built in 1861 by Jones and Halpin. It is no longer used as a synagogue, but has been refurbished and is in use as offices. It was listed on the Victorian Heritage Register on 14 September 1995.
Significance and history
The synagogue is a particularly distinctive and important architectural design, in the Italianate style and in the eclectic and diverse manner of the architect John Young. The building is of social importance as the Synagogue of Geelong and in the history of the Jewish community in the area.
It is a comparatively early building in Geelong and is of some importance in the surrounding townscape. The structure exhibits a detailing which is uncommon in buildings of this period, including the detailing to the side bays and particularly the corner piers and the broken pediment with its heavy brackets above the semi-circular gable light. There is a stucco porch with distinctive and prominent classically derived details. The form of the round headed side windows is unusual and the glazing pattern distinctive.
The interior is believed to be intact and is notable for its exposition of the architect styles used for buildings of the smaller religious congregations during the nineteenth century.
The synagogue is a four bayed structure with gables to either end, an advancing stuccoed porch and an apse to the other end. The walls are stuccoed and the roof is of slate. The corners of the main facade feature prominent piers elaborately decorated with recessed shafts, prominent string courses and other mouldings, recessed panels and prominent and distinctive brackets supporting the broken pediment motif above. The porch is also stuccoed and features prominent quoins, bourgeois and architrave moulding, round headed paired entrance doors, string course on brackets and a parapet. Above the porch is a large semi-circular window with prominent key stone and architrave mouldings. The side walls are arranged with recessed panels about each round headed window, surmounted by large key-stones and brackets in the form of dentals. There is a string course beneath the windows which feature an elaborate pattern of glazing bars and coloured glass. The interior is restrained and the apse is framed by a circular arch on Corinthian based pilasters. The structure was built in 1861 to the designs of architects John Young and F. T. Honey, practising as Young and Honey and the builders were Jones and Halpin. The foundation stone was laid on 22 July 1861 and the Synagogue was consecrated on 1 December 1861. This building replaced an earlier wooden building erected at the corner of Yarra and McKillop Streets, Geelong, which was consecrated on 1 June 1854. The building is intact both externally and internally and is in good condition.
Description
The synagogue is a single-storey gabled building with an apsidal extension on the eastern gable end. The roof is of slate and the brick walls have been cement rendered. A rectangular, flat-roofed, porch extends westward from the main gable end. It is enframed in much the same way as entrance doors to early homes in Ohio in the United States. The raking cornice of the gable forms an overhanging eave and a broken horizontal cornice is supported on either side by a pier giving the impression of a pediment. The latter is emphasised by prominent modillions, which are also used below the projecting cornice of the porch.
Within the tympanum is a Diocletian window, common in Palladian architecture, with a moulded architrave and keystone. The piers are astylar and though prominent are decorated in low relief. In plan form they resemble early nave piers of the Norman period. The engaged colonettes enframe a rectangular moulding with a central circle. This decorative element was commonly used in early Italian renaissance architecture as well as subsequent adaptations. The small circular reliefs used in the upper section of the pier are most unusual and may be simplified version of the patera, commonly used motifs in the Adam style. They have been replicated in an exceptional manner in the stained glass windows.
The elevation of the porch is overwhelmed by quoining especially by the Gibbs surround of the round-arched entrance. Above the paired wooden doors is a plain fanlight with a Hebrew inscription. The side walls are externally divided into four bays by plain pilasters. Within each bay is a round-arched window with a sill course below and keystone above which is extended to a wide string course. The string course, with dentils below, runs the full length of the side walls. This is an element common to many of Young's works including the Golden Age and Argyle Hotels. An unusual decorative element, however, is the stepping of the string course to represent a capital on the pilasters. Together with the dentils it appears to be a representation of ionic volutes. Such a treatment of classical elements is not unusual in Young's work.
Internally there is a curved stained wood ceiling with a semi circular cut-out to a low light to enter from the Diocletian window above the balcony. Below the balcony is a vestibule, a small room and the staircase. The building is slightly water damaged. At the time it was assessed for the former Register of the National Estate, the local Jewish community wished to demolish the building (which stands on a grant of Crown land) because of the cost of upkeep and the tiny congregation, so it was not used for other purposes. The building remains, has been refurbished, and is now being used as offices.
Because Young built the first synagogue and the similarities in style with his other buildings the synagogue is attributed to Young alone (rather than Young and Honey).
See also
List of synagogues in Australia and New Zealand
History of the Jews in Australia
References
Attribution
Required attribution: © Commonwealth of Australia 2013.
1861 establishments in Australia
Buildings and structures in Geelong
Synagogues in Victoria (Australia)
Victorian Heritage Register
Italianate architecture in Victoria (Australia)
Synagogues completed in 1861
Former synagogues
Former religious buildings and structures in Australia
Italianate synagogues |
20486785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%20Alabama%20Crimson%20Tide%20football%20team | 1982 Alabama Crimson Tide football team | The 1982 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 88th overall and 49th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant, in his 25th and final year, and played their home games at Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished season with eight wins and four losses (8–4 overall, 3–3 in the SEC) and with a victory over Illinois in the Liberty Bowl.
Alabama was 5–0 after they defeated Penn State 42–21, with the decisive play coming when a Penn State player blocked his own team's punt. But after that it was all downhill. Paul Bryant's last season as Alabama football coach saw a nine-game winning streak against Auburn and eleven-game winning streaks against Tennessee and LSU all come to an end. The loss to Southern Miss was Alabama's first loss in Tuscaloosa since 1963, breaking a 57-game win streak in Bryant–Denny Stadium. Coach Bryant retired after Alabama's bowl victory against Illinois and died less than one month later, on January 26, 1983.
Schedule
Source: Rolltide.com: 1982 Alabama football schedule
References
General
Specific
Alabama
Alabama Crimson Tide football seasons
Liberty Bowl champion seasons
Alabama Crimson Tide football |
20486791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude%20Lenoir | Jean-Claude Lenoir | Jean-Claude Lenoir (born 27 December 1944 in Mortagne-au-Perche) was a member of the National Assembly of France between 1993 and 2012. He represented Orne's 2nd constituency, and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.
References
1944 births
Living people
People from Mortagne-au-Perche
Liberal Democracy (France) politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
French Senators of the Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Senators of Orne
Mayors of places in Normandy
Politicians from Normandy |
6911444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian%20peoples | Austronesian peoples | The Austronesian peoples, sometimes referred to as Austronesian-speaking peoples, are a large group of peoples in Taiwan, Maritime Southeast Asia, Micronesia, coastal New Guinea, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar that speak Austronesian languages. They also include indigenous ethnic minorities in Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Hainan, the Comoros, and the Torres Strait Islands. The nations and territories predominantly populated by Austronesian-speaking peoples are sometimes known collectively as Austronesia.
Based on the current scientific consensus, they originated from a prehistoric seaborne migration, known as the Austronesian expansion, from pre-Han Taiwan, at around 1500 to 1000 BCE. Austronesians reached the northernmost Philippines, specifically the Batanes Islands, by around 2200 BCE. Austronesians developed sails some time before 2000 BCE. In conjunction with their other maritime technologies (notably catamarans, outrigger boats, lashed-lug boat building, and the crab claw sail), this enabled their dispersal into the islands of the Indo-Pacific. From 2000 BCE they assimilated (or were assimilated by) the earlier Paleolithic Negrito, and Australo-Melanesian Papuan populations. They reached as far as Easter Island to the east, Madagascar to the west, and New Zealand to the south. At the furthest extent, they might have also reached the Americas.
Aside from language, Austronesian peoples widely share cultural characteristics, including such traditions and technologies as tattooing, stilt houses, jade carving, wetland agriculture, and various rock art motifs. They also share domesticated plants and animals that were carried along with the migrations, including rice, bananas, coconuts, breadfruit, Dioscorea yams, taro, paper mulberry, chickens, pigs, and dogs.
History of research
The linguistic connections between Madagascar, Polynesia and Southeast Asia, particularly the remarkable similarities between Malagasy, Malay, and Polynesian numerals, were recognized early in the colonial era by European authors. The first formal publication on these relationships was in 1708 by Dutch Orientalist Adriaan Reland, who recognized a "common language" from Madagascar to western Polynesia, although Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman observed linguistic links between Madagascar and the Malay Archipelago a century earlier in 1603. German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster, who traveled with James Cook on his second voyage, also recognized the similarities of Polynesian languages to those of Island Southeast Asia. In his book Observations Made during a Voyage round the World (1778), he posited that the ultimate origins of the Polynesians might have been the lowland regions of the Philippines and proposed that they arrived to the islands via long-distance voyaging. But, Johann Reinhold's Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World (1778) and Georg's A Voyage Round the World (1777), mark a key moment in the beginnings of modern racism. "Employing the English word "race" as a synonym for human variety, they interpret the multiplicity of Polynesian culture in terms of a linear hierarchy that naturally ascends towards the white European ideal."
The Spanish philologist Lorenzo Hervás later devoted a large part of his Idea dell'universo (1778–1787) to the establishment of a language family linking the Malaysian Peninsula, the Maldives, Madagascar, the Sunda Islands, Moluccas, the Philippines, and the Pacific Islands eastward to Easter Island. Multiple other authors corroborated this classification (except for the erroneous inclusion of Maldivian), and the language family came to be known as "Malayo-Polynesian," first coined by the German linguist Franz Bopp in 1841 (German: malayisch-polynesisch). The connections between Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and the Pacific Islands were also noted by other European explorers, including the orientalist William Marsden and the naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster.
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach added Austronesians as the fifth category to his "varieties" of humans in the second edition of De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa (1781). He initially grouped them by geography and thus called Austronesians the "people from the southern world." In the third edition published in 1795, he named Austronesians the "Malay race" or the "brown race," after correspondence with Joseph Banks who was part of the first voyage of James Cook. Blumenbach used the term "Malay" due to his belief that most Austronesians spoke the "Malay idiom" (i.e. the Austronesian languages), though he inadvertently caused the later confusion of his racial category with the Melayu people. The other varieties Blumenbach identified were the "Caucasians" (white), "Mongolians" (yellow), "Ethiopians" (black), and "Americans" (red). Blumenbach's definition of the Malay race is largely identical to the modern distribution of the Austronesian peoples, including not only Islander Southeast Asians, but also the people of Madagascar and the Pacific Islands. Although Blumenbach's work was later used in scientific racism, Blumenbach was a monogenist and did not believe the human "varieties" were inherently inferior to each other.
By the 19th century, however, scientific racism was favoring a classification of Austronesians as being a subset of the "Mongolian" race, as well as polygenism. The Australo-Melanesian populations of Southeast Asia and Melanesia (whom Blumenbach initially classified as a "subrace" of the "Malay" race) were also now being treated as a separate "Ethiopian" race by authors like Georges Cuvier, Conrad Malte-Brun (who first coined the term "Oceania" as Océanique), Julien-Joseph Virey, and René Lesson.
The British naturalist James Cowles Prichard originally followed Blumenbach by treating Papuans and Native Australians as being descendants of the same stock as Austronesians. But by his third edition of Researches into the Physical History of Man (1836–1847), his work had become more racialized due to the influence of polygenism. He classified the peoples of Austronesia into two groups: the "Malayo-Polynesians" (roughly equivalent to the Austronesian peoples) and the "Kelænonesians" (roughly equivalent to the Australo-Melanesians). He further subdivided the latter into the "Alfourous" (also "Haraforas" or "Alfoërs", the Native Australians), and the "Pelagian or Oceanic Negroes" (the Melanesians and western Polynesians). Despite this, he acknowledges that "Malayo-Polynesians" and "Pelagian Negroes" had "remarkable characters in common", particularly in terms of language and craniometry.
In linguistics, the Malayo-Polynesian language family also initially excluded Melanesia and Micronesia, due to what they perceived were marked physical differences between the inhabitants of these regions from the Malayo-Polynesian speakers. However, there was growing evidence of their linguistic relationship to Malayo-Polynesian languages, notably from studies on the Melanesian languages by Georg von der Gabelentz, Robert Henry Codrington and Sidney Herbert Ray. Codrington coined and used the term "Ocean" language family rather than "Malayo-Polynesian" in 1891, in opposition to the exclusion of Melanesian and Micronesian languages. This was adopted by Ray who defined the "Oceanic" language family as encompassing the languages of Southeast Asia and Madagascar, Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.
In 1899, the Austrian linguist and ethnologist Wilhelm Schmidt coined the term "Austronesian" (German: austronesisch, from Latin auster, "south wind"; and Greek νῆσος, "island") to refer to the language family. Schmidt had the same motivations as Codrington. He proposed the term as a replacement to "Malayo-Polynesian", because he also opposed the implied exclusion of the languages of Melanesia and Micronesia in the latter name. It became the accepted name for the language family, with Oceanic and Malayo-Polynesian languages being retained as names for subgroups.
The term "Austronesian", or more accurately "Austronesian-speaking peoples", came to refer the people who speak the languages of the Austronesian language family. Some authors, however, object to the use of the term to refer to people, as they question whether there really is any biological or cultural shared ancestry between all Austronesian-speaking groups. This is especially true for authors who reject the prevailing "Out of Taiwan" hypothesis and instead offer scenarios where the Austronesian languages spread among preexisting static populations through borrowing or convergence, with little or no population movements.
Despite these objections, the general consensus is that the archeological, cultural, genetic, and especially linguistic evidence all separately indicate varying degrees of shared ancestry among Austronesian-speaking peoples that justifies their treatment as a "phylogenetic unit." This has led to the use of the term "Austronesian" in academic literature to refer not only to the Austronesian languages, but also the Austronesian-speaking peoples, their societies, and the geographic area of Austronesia.
Some Austronesian-speaking groups are not direct descendants of Austronesians and acquired their languages through language shift, but this is believed to have happened only in a few instances since the Austronesian expansion was too rapid for language shifts to have occurred fast enough. In parts of Island Melanesia, migrations and paternal admixture from Papuan groups after the Austronesian expansion (estimated to have started at around 500 BCE) also resulted in gradual population turnover. These secondary migrations were incremental, and happened gradually enough that the culture and language of these groups remained Austronesian, even though in modern times they are genetically more Papuan. In the vast majority of cases, the language and material culture of Austronesian-speaking groups descend directly through generational continuity. Especially in islands that were previously uninhabited.
Serious research into the Austronesian languages and its speakers has been ongoing since the 19th century. Modern scholarship on Austronesian dispersion models is generally credited to two influential papers in the late 20th century: The Colonisation of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail (Hill & Serjeantson, eds., 1989), and The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages (Bellwood, 1991). The topic is particularly interesting to scientists for the remarkably unique characteristics of the Austronesian speakers: their extent, diversity, and rapid dispersal.
Regardless certain disagreements still exist among researchers with regards to chronology, origin, dispersal, adaptations to the island environments, interactions with preexisting populations in areas they settled, and cultural developments over time. The mainstream accepted hypothesis is the "Out of Taiwan" model first proposed by Peter Bellwood. But there are multiple rival models that create a sort of "pseudo-competition" among their supporters due to narrow focus on data from limited geographic areas or disciplines. The most notable of which is the "Out of Sundaland" (or "Out of Island Southeast Asia") model. As a generalization, authors that are based in Indonesia and Malaysia tend to favor the "Out of Sundaland" model, while authors based in Taiwan and the Pacific Islands tend to favor the "Out of Taiwan" model.
Geographical distribution
Prior to the 16th century Colonial Era, the Austronesian language family was the most widespread language family in the world, spanning half the planet from Easter Island in the eastern Pacific Ocean to Madagascar in the western Indian Ocean.
It is spoken today by about 386 million people (4.9% of the global population), making it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers. Major Austronesian languages with the highest number of speakers are Malay (Indonesian and Malaysian), Javanese, and Filipino (Tagalog). The family contains 1,257 languages, which is the second most of any language family.
The geographic region that encompasses native Austronesian-speaking populations is sometimes referred to as Austronesia. Other geographic names for various subregions include Malay Peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands, Lesser Sunda Islands, Island Melanesia, Island Southeast Asia (ISEA), Malay Archipelago, Maritime Southeast Asia (MSEA), Melanesia, Micronesia, Near Oceania, Oceania, Pacific Islands, Remote Oceania, Polynesia, and Wallacea. In Indonesia and Malaysia, the nationalistic term Nusantara is also popularly used for their islands.
Historically, Austronesians uniquely live in an "island world". Austronesian regions are almost exclusively islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans, with predominantly tropical or subtropical climates with considerable seasonal rainfall. They had limited penetration into the interiors of large islands or mainlands.
They include Taiwanese indigenous peoples, the majority of ethnic groups in Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Micronesia, the Philippines, and Polynesia. Also included are the Malays of Singapore; the Polynesians of New Zealand, Hawaii, and Chile; the Torres Strait Islanders of Australia; the non-Papuan peoples of Melanesia and coastal New Guinea; the Shibushi-speakers of Comoros, and the Malagasy and Shibushi-speakers of Réunion. They are also found in the regions of Southern Thailand; the Cham areas in Vietnam and Cambodia, and Hainan; and the Mergui Archipelago of Myanmar.
Additionally, modern-era migration brought Austronesian-speaking people to the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, mainland Europe, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Hong Kong, Macau, and West Asian countries.
Some authors also propose further settlements and contacts in the past in areas that are not inhabited by Austronesian speakers today. These range from likely hypotheses to very controversial claims with minimal evidence. In 2009, Roger Blench compiled an expanded map of Austronesia that encompass these claims based on various evidence like historical accounts, loanwords, introduced plants and animals, genetics, archeological sites, and material culture. They include areas like the Pacific coast of the Americas, Japan, the Yaeyama Islands, the Australian coast, Sri Lanka and coastal South Asia, the Persian Gulf, some of the Indian Ocean islands, East Africa, South Africa, and West Africa.
List of Austronesian peoples
Austronesian peoples include the following groupings by name and geographic location (incomplete):
Formosan: Taiwan (e.g., Amis, Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan, collectively known as Taiwanese indigenous peoples).
Malayo-Polynesian:
Borneo groups (e.g., Kadazan-Dusun, Murut, Iban, Bidayuh, Dayak, Lun Bawang/Lundayeh)
Chamic group: Cambodia, Hainan, Cham areas of Vietnam (remnants of the Champa kingdom which covered central and southern Vietnam) as well as Aceh in northern Sumatra (e.g., Acehnese, Chams, Jarai, Utsuls).
Central Luzon group: (e.g., Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Sambal.)
Igorot (Cordillerans): Cordilleras (e.g., Balangao, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Itneg, Kankanaey).
Lumad: Mindanao (e.g., Kamayo, Mandaya, Mansaka, Kalagan, Manobo, Tasaday, T'boli).
Malagasy: Madagascar (e.g., Betsileo, Merina, Sihanaka, Bezanozano).
Melanesians: Melanesia (e.g., Fijians, Kanak, Ni-Vanuatu, Solomon Islands).
Micronesians: Micronesia (e.g., Carolinian, Chamorro, Palauans).
Moken: Burma, Thailand.
Moro: Bangsamoro (Mindanao & Sulu Archipelago, e.g., Maguindanao, Iranun, Maranao, Tausug, Yakan, Sama-Bajau).
Northern Luzon lowlanders (e.g., Ilocano, Ibanag, Itawes).
Polynesians: Polynesia (e.g., Māori, Native Hawaiians, Samoans, Tongans).
Southern Luzon lowlanders (e.g., Tagalog, Bicolano)
Sunda–Sulawesi language and ethnic groups including Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Balinese, Batak (geographically includes Malaysia, Brunei, Pattani, Singapore, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, parts of Sri Lanka, southern Myanmar, and much of western and central Indonesia).
Visayans: Visayas and neighbouring islands (e.g., Aklanon, Boholano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Masbateño, Waray).
Prehistory
The broad consensus on Austronesian origins is the "two-layer model" where an original Paleolithic indigenous population in Island Southeast Asia were assimilated to varying degrees by incoming migrations of Neolithic Austronesian-speaking peoples from Taiwan and Fujian, in southern China from around 4,000 BP. Austronesians also mixed with other preexisting populations as well as later migrant populations among the islands they settled, resulting in further genetic input. The most notable are the Austroasiatic-speaking peoples in western Island Southeast Asia (peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java); the Bantu peoples in Madagascar and the Comoros; as well as Japanese, Indian, Arab, and Han Chinese traders and migrants in the more recent centuries.
Paleolithic
Island Southeast Asia was settled by modern humans in the Paleolithic following coastal migration routes, presumably starting before 70,000 BP, long before the development of Austronesian cultures. These populations are typified by having dark skin, curly hair, and short statures, leading Europeans to believe they were related to African Pygmies in the scientific racism of the 19th century. However, despite these physical differences, genetic studies have shown that they are more closely related to other Eurasian populations than to Africans.
These early population groups originally lacked watercraft technology, and thus could only cross narrow interisland seas with primitive floats or rafts (likely bamboo or log rafts) or through accidental means. Especially the deeper waters of the Wallace Line, Weber Line, and Lydekker Line with islands disconnected from mainland Asia even in the lower sea levels of the last glacial period. They settled in what are now islands mostly through land migrations into the coastal lowland plains of Sundaland and Sahul, most of which are now underwater.
Humans reached the islands in Wallacea as well as the Sahul landmass (Australia and New Guinea) by around 53,000 BP (some give even older dates up to 65,000 BP). By 45,400 years ago, humans had reached the Bismarck Archipelago in Near Oceania. They were once also present in Fujian, mainland China and Taiwan, but their populations are now extinct or assimilated. The oldest confirmed human fossils in the Philippines is from the Tabon Caves of Palawan, dated to around 47,000 BP.
Previously, it was believed that the earliest putative record of modern humans in Southeast Asia is from the Callao Cave of northern Luzon in the Philippines dated to around 67,000 BP. However, in 2019, the remains were identified as belonging to a new species of archaic humans, Homo luzonensis.
These people are generally historically referred to as "Australo-Melanesians", though the terminology is problematic as they are genetically diverse and most groups within Austronesia have significant Austronesian admixture and culture. The unmixed descendants of these groups today include the interior Papuans and Indigenous Australians.
In modern literature, descendants of these groups located in Island Southeast Asia west of Halmahera are usually collectively referred to as "Negritos", while descendants of these groups east of Halmahera (excluding Indigenous Australians) are referred to as "Papuans". They can also be divided into two broad groups based on Denisovan admixture. Philippine Negritos, Papuans, Melanesians, and Indigenous Australians display Denisovan admixture; while Malaysian and western Indonesian Negritos (Orang Asli) and Andamanese islanders do not.
Mahdi (2017) also uses the term "Qata" (from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qata) to distinguish the indigenous populations of Southeast Asia, versus "Tau" (from Proto-Austronesian *Cau) for the later settlers from Taiwan and Fujian, mainland China; both are based on proto-forms for the word "person" in Malayo-Polynesian languages that referred to darker-skinned and lighter-skinned groups respectively. Jinam et al. (2017) also proposed the term "First Sundaland People" in place of "Negrito", as a more accurate name for the original population of Southeast Asia.
These populations are genetically distinct from later Austronesians, but through fairly extensive population admixture, most modern Austronesians have varying levels of ancestry from these groups. The same is true for some populations historically considered "non-Austronesians" due to physical differences; like Philippine Negritos, Orang Asli, and Austronesian-speaking Melanesians, all of whom have Austronesian admixture. In Polynesians in Remote Oceania, for example, the admixture is around 20 to 30% Papuan, and 70 to 80% Austronesian. The Melanesians in Near Oceania are roughly around 20% Austronesian and 80% Papuan, while in the natives of the Lesser Sunda Islands, the admixture is around 50% Austronesian and 50% Papuan. Similarly, in the Philippines, the groups traditionally considered to be "Negrito" vary between 30 and 50% Austronesian.
The high degree of assimilation among Austronesian, Negrito, and Papuan groups indicate that the Austronesian expansion was largely peaceful. Rather than violent displacement, the settlers and the indigenous groups absorbed each other. It is believed that in some cases, like in the Toalean culture of Sulawesi (c. 8,000–1,500 BP), it is even more accurate to say that the densely-populated indigenous hunter-gatherer groups absorbed the incoming Austronesian farmers, rather than the other way around. Mahdi (2016) further asserts that Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tau-mata ("person") is derived from a composite protoform *Cau ma-qata, combining "Tau" and "Qata" and indicative of the mixing the two ancestral population types in these regions.
Neolithic China
The broad consensus on the Urheimat (homeland) of Austronesian languages as well as the Neolithic early Austronesian peoples is accepted to be Taiwan, as well as the Penghu Islands. They are believed to have descended from ancestral populations in coastal Fujian, in mainland southern China, which are generally referred to as the "preAustronesians". Through these pre-Austronesians, Austronesians may also share a common ancestry with neighboring groups in Neolithic southern China.
These Neolithic pre-Austronesians from the coast of Fujian are believed to have migrated to Taiwan between approximately 10,000–6000 BCE. Other research has suggested that, according to radiocarbon dates, Austronesians may have migrated from Fujian to Taiwan as late as 4000 BCE (Dapenkeng culture). They continued to maintain regular contact with the mainland until 1500 BCE.
The identity of the Neolithic pre-Austronesian cultures in Fujian is contentious. Tracing Austronesian prehistory in Fujian and Taiwan has been difficult due to the southward expansion of the Han dynasty (2nd century BCE), and the recent Qing dynasty annexation of Taiwan (1683 CE). Today, the only Austronesian language in southern China is Tsat language in Hainan. The politicization of archaeology is also problematic, particularly erroneous reconstructions among some Chinese archaeologists of non-Sinitic sites as Han. Some authors, favoring the "Out of Sundaland" model like William Meacham, reject the southern Chinese mainland origin of pre-Austronesians entirely.
Nevertheless, based on linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence, Austronesians are most strongly associated with the early farming cultures of the Yangtze River basin that domesticated rice from around 13,500 to 8,200 BP. They display typical Austronesian technological hallmarks, including tooth removal, teeth blackening, jade carving, tattooing, stilt houses, advanced boat-building, aquaculture, wetland agriculture, and the domestication of dogs, pigs, and chickens. These include the Kuahuqiao, Hemudu, Majiabang, Songze, Liangzhu, and Dapenkeng cultures which occupied the coastal regions between the Yangtze River delta to the Min River delta.
Relations with other groups
Based on linguistic evidence, there have been proposals linking Austronesians with other linguistic families into linguistic macrofamilies that are relevant to the identity of the pre-Austronesian populations. The most notable are the connections of Austronesians to the neighboring Austroasiatic, Kra-Dai, and Sinitic peoples (as Austric, Austro-Tai, and Sino-Austronesian, respectively). But they are still not widely accepted as evidence of these relationships are still tenuous and the methods used are highly contentious.
In support of both the Austric and Austro-Tai hypothesis, Robert Blust connects the lower Yangtze Neolithic Austro-Tai entity with the rice-cultivating Austroasiatic cultures; assuming the center of East Asian rice domestication, and putative Austric homeland, to be located in the Yunnan/Burma border area, instead of the Yangtze River basin as is currently accepted. Under that view, there was an east–west genetic alignment, resulting from a rice-based population expansion, in the southern part of East Asia: Austroasiatic-Kra-Dai-Austronesian, with unrelated Sino-Tibetan occupying a more northerly tier. Depending on the author, other hypotheses have also included other language families like Hmong-Mien and even Japanese-Ryukyuan into the larger Austric hypothesis.
While the Austric hypothesis remains contentious, there is genetic evidence that at least in western Island Southeast Asia there had been earlier Neolithic overland migrations (pre-4,000 BP) by Austroasiatic-speaking peoples into what is now the Greater Sunda Islands when the sea levels were lower in the early Holocene. These peoples were assimilated linguistically and culturally by incoming Austronesian peoples in what is now modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia.
Several authors have also proposed that Kra-Dai speakers may actually be an ancient daughter subgroup of Austronesians that migrated back to the Pearl River delta from Taiwan and/or Luzon shortly after the Austronesian expansion. Later migrating further westwards to Hainan, Mainland Southeast Asia and Northeast India. They propose that the distinctiveness of Kra-Dai (it is tonal and monosyllabic) was the result of linguistic restructuring due to contact with Hmong-Mien and Sinitic cultures. Aside from linguistic evidence, Roger Blench has also noted cultural similarities between the two groups, like facial tattooing, tooth removal or ablation, teeth blackening, snake (or dragon) cults, and the multiple-tongued jaw harps shared by the Indigenous Taiwanese and Kra-Dai-speakers. However archaeological evidence for this is still sparse. This is believed to be similar to what happened to the Cham people, who were originally Austronesian settlers (likely from Borneo) to southern Vietnam at around 2,100 to 1,900 BP, and had languages similar to Malay. Their languages underwent several restructuring events to syntax and phonology due to contact with the nearby tonal languages of Mainland Southeast Asia and Hainan. Although the Malaysian are diverse in genetic information. There are many studies that supported the indication of Malaysian belonging to the Austronesian speaking groups, instead of Austroasiatic groups that being proposed in Simanjutak studies in 2017. The Austronesian expansion did occur in the Malay Peninsula at roughly 3000 years ago with the supports of fossil indication. Concluding that Malaysian are Austroasiatic due to linguistic difference aren't sufficient, Malaysian underwent heavy linguistic chances due to islamization in the early 7th centuries and incorporation of tonal chances of previous migration of Austroasiatic speakers in the region.
According to Juha Janhunen and Ann Kumar, Austronesians may have also settled parts of southern Japan, especially on the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku, and influenced or created the "Japanese-hierarchical society". It is suggested that Japanese tribes like the Hayato people, the Kumaso and the Azumi people were of Austronesian origin. Until today, local traditions and festivals show similarities to the Malayo-Polynesian culture.
The Sino-Austronesian hypothesis, on the other hand, is a relatively new hypothesis by Laurent Sagart, first proposed in 1990. It argues for a north–south linguistic genetic relationship between Chinese and Austronesian. This is based on sound correspondences in the basic vocabulary and morphological parallels. Sagart places special significance in shared vocabulary on cereal crops, citing them as evidence of shared linguistic origin. However, this has largely been rejected by other linguists. The sound correspondences between Old Chinese and Proto-Austronesian can also be explained as a result of the Longshan interaction sphere, when pre-Austronesians from the Yangtze region came into regular contact with Proto-Sinitic speakers in the Shandong Peninsula at around the 4th to 3rd millennia BCE. This corresponded with the widespread introduction of rice cultivation to Proto-Sinitic speakers and conversely, millet cultivation to Pre-Austronesians. An Austronesian substratum in formerly Austronesian territories that have been Sinicized after the Iron Age Han expansion is also another explanation for the correspondences that do not require a genetic relationship.
In relation to Sino-Austronesian models and the Longshan interaction sphere, Roger Blench (2014) suggests that the single migration model for the spread of the Neolithic into Taiwan is problematic, pointing out the genetic and linguistic inconsistencies between different Taiwanese Austronesian groups. The surviving Austronesian populations on Taiwan should rather be considered as the result of various Neolithic migration waves from the mainland and back migration from the Philippines. These incoming migrants almost certainly spoke languages related to Austronesian or pre-Austronesian, although their phonology and grammar would have been quite diverse.
Blench considers the Austronesians in Taiwan to have been a melting pot of immigrants from various parts of the coast of eastern China that had been migrating to Taiwan by 4,000 BP These immigrants included people from the foxtail millet-cultivating Longshan culture of Shandong (with Longshan-type cultures found in southern Taiwan), the fishing-based Dapenkeng culture of coastal Fujian, present-day Fujian, and the Yuanshan culture of northernmost Taiwan which Blench suggests may have originated from the coast of Guangdong. Based on geography and cultural vocabulary, Blench believes that the Yuanshan people may have spoken Northeast Formosan languages. Thus, Blench believes that there is in fact no "apical" ancestor of Austronesian in the sense that there was no true single Proto-Austronesian language that gave rise to present-day Austronesian languages. Instead, multiple migrations of various pre-Austronesian peoples and languages from the Chinese mainland that were related but distinct came together to form what we now know as Austronesian in Taiwan. Hence, Blench considers the single-migration model into Taiwan by pre-Austronesians to be inconsistent with both the archaeological and linguistic (lexical) evidence.
Austronesian expansion
The Austronesian expansion (also called the "Out of Taiwan" model) is a large-scale migration of Austronesians out of Taiwan, occurring around 1500-1000 BCE. Population growth primarily fueled this migration. These first settlers landed in northern Luzon in the archipelago of the Philippines, intermingling with the earlier Australo-Melanesian population who had inhabited the islands since about 23,000 years earlier. Over the next thousand years, Austronesian peoples migrated southeast to the rest of the Philippines, and into the islands of the Celebes Sea, Borneo, and Indonesia. The Austronesians that spread westward through Maritime Southeast Asia also colonized parts of mainland Southeast Asia.
Soon after reaching the Philippines, Austronesians colonized the Northern Mariana Islands by 1500 BCE and Palau and Yap by 1000 BCE, becoming the first humans to reach Remote Oceania. Another important migration branch was by the Lapita culture, which rapidly spread into the islands off the coast of northern New Guinea and into the Solomon Islands and other parts of Island Melanesia by 1200 BCE. They reached the Polynesian islands of Samoa and Tonga by around 900 to 800 BCE. This remained the furthest extent of the Austronesian expansion into Polynesia until around 700 CE when there was another surge of island colonization. They reached the Cook Islands, Tahiti, and the Marquesas by 700 CE; Hawaii by 900 CE; Rapa Nui by 1000 CE; and New Zealand by 1200 CE. There is also putative evidence, based in the spread of the sweet potato, that Austronesians may have reached South America from Polynesia where they traded with American Indians.
In the Indian Ocean, they sailed west from Maritime Southeast Asia; the Austronesian peoples reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 CE. As for their route, one possibility is that the Indonesian Austronesian came directly across the Indian Ocean from Java to Madagascar. It is likely that they went through the Maldives where evidence of old Indonesian boat design and fishing technology persists until the present.
Alternative views
A competing hypothesis to the "Out of Taiwan" model is the "Out of Sundaland" hypothesis, favored by a minority of authors. Notable proponents include William Meacham, Stephen Oppenheimer, and Wilhelm Solheim. For various reasons, they proposed that the homelands of Austronesians were within Island Southeast Asia (ISEA), particularly in the Sundaland landmass drowned during the end of the last glacial period by rising sea levels. Proponents of these hypotheses point to the ancient origins of mtDNA in Southeast Asian populations, pre-dating the Austronesian expansion, as proof that Austronesians originated from within Island Southeast Asia.
However, these have been repudiated by studies using whole genome sequencing which has found that all ISEA populations had genes originating from the aboriginal Taiwanese. Contrary to the claim of a south-to-north migration in the "Out of Sundaland" hypothesis, the new whole genome analysis strongly confirms the north-to-south dispersal of the Austronesian peoples in the prevailing "Out of Taiwan" hypothesis. The researchers further pointed out that while humans have been living in Sundaland for at least 40,000 years, the Austronesian people were recent arrivals. The results of the previous studies failed to take into account admixture with the more ancient but unrelated Negrito and Papuan populations.
Historical period
By the beginning of the first millennium CE, most of the Austronesian inhabitants in Maritime Southeast Asia began trading with India and China. The adoption of Hindu statecraft model allowed the creation of Indianized kingdoms such as Tarumanagara, Champa, Butuan, Langkasuka, Melayu, Srivijaya, Medang Mataram, Majapahit, and Bali. Between the 5th to 15th century Hinduism and Buddhism were established as the main religion in the region.
Muslim traders from the Arabian peninsula were thought to have brought Islam by the 10th century. Islam was established as the dominant religion in the Malay archipelago by the 16th century. The Austronesian inhabitants of Near Oceania and Remote Oceania were unaffected by this cultural trade and retained their indigenous culture in the Pacific region.
Kingdom of Larantuka in Flores, East Nusa Tenggara was the only Christian (Roman Catholic) indigenous kingdom in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, with the first king named Lorenzo.
Western Europeans in search of spices and gold later colonized most of the Austronesian-speaking countries of the Asia-Pacific region, beginning from the 16th century with the Portuguese and Spanish colonization of the Philippines, Palau, Guam, the Mariana Islands, and some parts of Indonesia (present-day East Timor); the Dutch colonization of the Indonesian archipelago; the British colonization of Malaysia and Oceania; the French colonization of French Polynesia; and later, the American governance of the Pacific.
Meanwhile, the British, Germans, French, Americans, and Japanese began establishing spheres of influence within the Pacific Islands during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Japanese later invaded most of Southeast Asia and some parts of the Pacific during World War II. The latter half of the 20th century initiated independence of modern-day Indonesia, Malaysia, East Timor and many of the Pacific Island nations, as well as the re-independence of the Philippines.
Culture
The native culture of Austronesia varies from region to region. The early Austronesian peoples considered the sea as the basic feature of their life. Following their diaspora to Southeast Asia and Oceania, they migrated by boat to other islands. Boats of different sizes and shapes have been found in every Austronesian culture, from Madagascar, Maritime Southeast Asia, to Polynesia, and have different names.
In Southeast Asia, head-hunting was restricted to the highlands as a result of warfare. Mummification is only found among the highland Austronesian Filipinos, and in some Indonesian groups in Celebes and Borneo.
Ships and sailing
Sea-going catamaran and outrigger ship technologies were the most important innovations of the Austronesian peoples. They were the first humans with vessels capable of crossing vast distances of water, which enabled them to colonize the Indo-Pacific in prehistoric times. Austronesian groups continue to be the primary users of the outrigger canoes today.
Early researchers like Heine-Geldern (1932) and Hornell (1943) once believed that catamarans evolved from outrigger canoes, but modern authors specializing in Austronesian cultures like Doran (1981) and Mahdi (1988) now believe it to be the opposite.
Two canoes bound together developed directly from minimal raft technologies of two logs tied together. Over time, the double-hulled canoe form developed into the asymmetric double canoe, where one hull is smaller than the other. Eventually the smaller hull became the prototype outrigger, giving way to the single outrigger canoe, then to the reversible single outrigger canoe. Finally, the single outrigger types developed into the double outrigger canoe (or trimarans).
This would also explain why older Austronesian populations in Island Southeast Asia tend to favor double outrigger canoes, as it keeps the boats stable when tacking. But they still have small regions where catamarans and single-outrigger canoes are still used. In contrast, more distant outlying descendant populations in Micronesia, Polynesia, Madagascar, and the Comoros retained the double-hull and the single outrigger canoe types, but the technology for double outriggers never reached them (although it exists in western Melanesia). To deal with the problem of the instability of the boat when the outrigger faces leeward when tacking, they instead developed the shunting technique in sailing, in conjunction with reversible single-outriggers.
The simplest form of all ancestral Austronesian boats had five parts. The bottom part consists of a single piece of hollowed-out log. At the sides were two planks, and two horseshoe-shaped wood pieces formed the prow and stern. These were fitted tightly together edge-to-edge with dowels inserted into holes in between, and then lashed to each other with ropes (made from rattan or fibre) wrapped around protruding lugs on the planks. This characteristic and ancient Austronesian boat-building practice is known as the "lashed-lug" technique. They were commonly caulked with pastes made from various plants as well as tapa bark and fibres which would expand when wet, further tightening joints and making the hull watertight. They formed the shell of the boat, which was then reinforced by horizontal ribs. Shipwrecks of Austronesian ships can be identified from this construction, as well as the absence of metal nails. Austronesian ships traditionally had no central rudders but were instead steered using an oar on one side.
The ancestral rig was the mastless triangular crab claw sail which had two booms that could be tilted to the wind. These were built in the double-canoe configuration or had a single outrigger on the windward side. In Island Southeast Asia, these developed into double outriggers on each side that provided greater stability. The triangular crab claw sails also later developed into square or rectangular tanja sails, which like crab claw sails, had distinctive booms spanning the upper and lower edges. Fixed masts also developed later in both Southeast Asia (usually as bipod or tripod masts) and Oceania. Austronesians traditionally made their sails from woven mats of the resilient and salt-resistant pandanus leaves. These sails allowed Austronesians to embark on long-distance voyaging. In some cases, however, they were one-way voyages. The failure of pandanus to establish populations in Rapa Nui and New Zealand is believed to have isolated their settlements from the rest of Polynesia.
The ancient Champa of Vietnam also uniquely developed basket-hulled boats whose hulls were composed of woven and resin-caulked bamboo, either entirely or in conjunction with plank strakes. They range from small coracles (the o thúng) to large ocean-going trading ships like the ghe mành.
The acquisition of the catamaran and outrigger technology by the non-Austronesian peoples in Sri Lanka and southern India is due to the result of very early Austronesian contact with the region, including the Maldives and the Laccadive Islands, estimated to have occurred around 1000 to 600 BCE and onwards. This may have possibly included limited colonization that have since been assimilated. This is still evident in Sri Lankan and South Indian languages. For example, Tamil paṭavu, Telugu paḍava, and Kannada paḍahu, all meaning "ship", are all derived from Proto-Hesperonesian *padaw, "sailboat", with Austronesian cognates like Javanese perahu, Kadazan padau, Maranao padaw, Cebuano paráw, Samoan folau, Hawaiian halau, and Māori wharau.
Early contact with Arab ships in the Indian Ocean during Austronesian voyages is also believed to have resulted in the development of the triangular Arabic lateen sail.
Architecture
Austronesian architecture is a vernacular highly diverse, often with striking designs; but they all share certain characteristics that indicate a common origin. The reconstructed Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian forms of various terms for "house", "building", or "granary" among the different linguistic subgroups of Austronesians include *Rumaq ("house"); *balay ("public building", "community house", or "guest house"); *lepaw ("hut", "field hut", or "granary"); *kamaliR ("bachelor's house" or "men's house"); and *banua ("inhabited land" or "community territory").
The most ubiquitous common feature of Austronesian structures is the raised floor. The structures are raised on piles, usually with space underneath also utilized for storage or domestic animals. The raised design had multiple advantages, they mitigate damage during flooding and (in very tall examples) can act as defensive structures during conflicts. The house posts are also distinctively capped with larger-diameter discs at the top, to prevent vermin and pests from entering the structures by climbing them. Austronesian houses and other structures are usually built in wetlands and alongside bodies of water, but can also be built in the highlands or even directly on shallow water.
Building structures on pilings is believed to be derived from the design of raised granaries and storehouses, which are highly important status symbols among the ancestrally rice-cultivating Austronesians. The rice granary shrine was also the archetypal religious building among Austronesian cultures and was used to store carvings of ancestor spirits and local deities.
Another common feature are pitched roofs with ornamented gables. The most notable of which are the saddlebacked roofs, a design common for longhouses used for village meetings or ceremonies. The overall effect of which is reminiscent of boats, underlining the strong maritime connections of Austronesian cultures. The boat motif is common throughout, particularly in eastern Indonesia. In some ethnic groups, the houses are built on platforms that resemble catamarans. Among the Nage people, a woven representation of a boat is added to the ridge of the roof; among the Manggarai people, the roofs of houses are shaped like an upside-down boat; while among the people of Tanimbar and eastern Flores, the ridge itself is carved into a representation of a boat. Furthermore, elements of Austronesian structures (as well as society in general) are often referred to in terminologies used for boats and sailing. These include calling elements of structures as "masts", "sails", or "rudders" or calling the village leaders as "captains" or "steersmen". In the case of the Philippines, the villages themselves are referred to as barangay, from an alternate form of balangay, a type of sailboat used for trading and colonization.
Austronesian buildings have spiritual significance, often containing what is coined by anthropologist James J. Fox as a "ritual attractor." These are specific posts, beams, platforms, altars, and so on that embody the house as a whole, usually consecrated at the time of building.
The Austronesian house itself also often symbolizes various aspects of indigenous Austronesian cosmology and animism. In the majority of cases, the loft of the house (usually placed above the hearth), is considered to be the domain of deities and spirits. It is essentially a raised granary built into the structure of the house itself and functioned as a second floor. It is usually used to store sacred objects (like effigies of granary idols or deceased ancestors), heirlooms, and other important objects. These areas are usually not part of the regular living space, and may only be accessible to certain members of the family or after performing a specific ritual. Other parts of the house may also be associated with certain deities, and thus certain activities like receiving guests or conducting marriage ceremonies can only be performed in specific areas.
While rice cultivation wasn't among the technologies carried into Remote Oceania, raised storehouses still survived. The pataka of the Māori people is an example. The largest pataka are elaborately adorned with carvings and are often the tallest buildings in the Māori pā. These were used to store implements, weapons, ships, and other valuables; while smaller patakas were used to store provisions. A special type of pataka supported by a single tall post also had ritual importance and were used to isolate high-born children during their training for leadership.
The majority of Austronesian structures are not permanent. They are made from perishable materials like wood, bamboo, plant fibre, and leaves. Similar to traditional Austronesian boats, they do not use nails but are traditionally constructed solely by joints, weaving, ties, and dowels. Elements of the structures are repaired and replaced regularly or as they get damaged. Because of this, archaeological records of prehistoric Austronesian structures are usually limited to traces of house posts, with no way of determining the original building plans.
Indirect evidence of traditional Austronesian architecture, however, can be gleaned from their contemporary representations in art, like in friezes on the walls of later Hindu-Buddhist stone temples (like in reliefs in Borobudur and Prambanan). But these are limited to the recent centuries. They can also be reconstructed linguistically from shared terms for architectural elements, like ridge-poles, thatch, rafters, house posts, hearth, notched log ladders, storage racks, public buildings, and so on. Linguistic evidence also makes it clear that stilt houses were already present among Austronesian groups since at least the Late Neolithic.
In modern Indonesia, varying styles are collectively known as Rumah adat.
Arbi et al. (2013) have also noted the striking similarities between Austronesian architecture and Japanese traditional raised architecture (shinmei-zukuri). Particularly the buildings of the Ise Grand Shrine, which contrast with the pit-houses typical of the Neolithic Yayoi period. They propose significant Neolithic contact between the people of southern Japan and Austronesians or pre-Austronesians that occurred prior to the spread of Han Chinese cultural influence to the islands. Rice cultivation is also believed to have been introduced to Japan from a para-Austronesian group from coastal eastern China. Waterson (2009) has also argued that the architectural tradition of stilt houses is originally Austronesian, and that similar building traditions in Japan and mainland Asia (notably among Kra-Dai and Austroasiatic-speaking groups) correspond to contacts with a prehistoric Austronesian network.
Pottery
Outside of Taiwan, assemblages of red-slipped pottery, plainware, and incised and stamped pottery associated with the Austronesian migrations are first documented from around 2000 to 1800 BCE in the northern Philippines, from sites in the Batanes Islands and the Cagayan Valley of Northern Luzon. From there pottery technology rapidly spread to the east, south, and southwest.
One branch of the migrations carried pottery to the Marianas Islands at around 1500 BCE, where the earliest archaeological sites have uncovered pottery very similar to those found in the Nagsabaran Site (2000 to 1300 BCE) in Cagayan Valley in the Philippines. This indicates that the northeastern coast of Luzon is the most likely point of origin of the first open-ocean colonizing voyages into the Pacific Islands. Philippine and Marianas red-slipped pottery are both decorated with rows of stamped circles, incised patterns, and tiny delicate punch-marks. While similar red-slipped pottery also exist in the Batanes Islands and Taiwan, they lack the characteristic circle and punctate-stamped decorations. Other migrations, meanwhile, dispersed south and southwest to the rest of Island Southeast Asia. The eastward and the southward branches of the migrations converged in Island Melanesia resulting in what is now known as the Lapita culture centered around the Bismarck Archipelago.
The Lapita culture made distinctive dentate-stamped pottery. It also retained elements also found in the Nagsabaran pottery in the Philippines, including stamped circles as well as the cross-in-circle motif. They carried pottery technology as far as Tonga in Polynesia. Pottery technology in Tonga, however, became reduced to undecorated plainware within only two centuries before abruptly disappearing completely by around 400 BCE. The reasons for this are still unknown. Pottery was absent in subsequent migrations to the rest of Remote Oceania, being replaced instead with carved wooden or bamboo containers, bottle gourds, and baskets. However, the geometric designs and stylized figures used in the pottery are still present in other surviving artforms like in tattooing, weaving, and barkcloth patterns.
A common practice among Austronesians in a large area of Island Southeast Asia is the use of burial jars which emerged during the Late Neolithic and flourished in the first millennium CE. They are characteristic of a region bordered by the Philippines to the north, southern Sumatra in the southwest, and Sumba and the Maluku Islands in the southeast. However, these didn't comprise a single tradition, but can be grouped into at least fourteen different traditions scattered across the islands. In most cases, the earliest burial jars used were large indigenous earthenware jars, followed by indigenous or imported stoneware jars (martaban), and finally imported porcelain jars acquired from the burgeoning maritime trade with China and Mainland Southeast Asia at around the 14th century CE.
Music and dance
Slit drums are indigenous Austronesian musical instrument that were invented and used by the Southeast Asian-Austronesian, and Oceanic-Austronesian ethnic groups.
Gong ensembles are also a common musical heritage of Island Southeast Asia. The casting of gong instruments are believed to have originated from the Bronze Age cultures of Mainland Southeast Asia. It spread to Austronesian islands initially through trade as prestige goods. However, Mainland Asian gongs were never used in ensembles. The innovation of using gong sets is uniquely Austronesian. Gong ensembles are found in western Malayo-Polynesian groups, though they never penetrated much further east. There are roughly two gong ensemble traditions among Austronesians, which also produced gongs in ancient times.
In western Island Southeast Asia, these traditions are collectively known as Gamelan, being centred on the island of Java in Indonesia. It includes the Celempung of the Malay Peninsula, Talempung of northern Sumatra, Caklempung of central Sumatra, Chalempung of southern Sumatra, Bonang of Java, Kromong of western Kalimantan, Engkromong of Sarawak, and Trompong of western Nusa Tenggara.
In eastern Island Southeast Asia, these traditions are known as Kulintang and are centred in Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago of the southern Philippines. It includes the Kulintangan of Sabah and Palawan, Kolintang of northern Sulawesi, Kulintang of Halmahera and Timor, and the Totobuang of the southern Maluku Islands.
Jade carving
The ancestral pre-Austronesian Liangzhu culture (3400–2250 BCE) of the Yangtze River delta was one of the ancient centres of Neolithic jade carving. Jade was spread to Taiwan by around 3,000 BCE, then further into the Philippines at 2,000 BCE and Vietnam at 1,800–1,500 BCE. All of them began to produce various tools and ornaments in indigenous jade workshops, including adzes, bracelets, beads, and rings.
The most notable jade products of these regions were the vast amounts of penannular and double-headed earrings and pendants known as lingling-o, primarily produced in the Philippines and the Sa Huỳnh culture of Vietnam, though remarkably mostly with the raw jade material sourced from eastern Taiwan. These typically depict two-headed animals or were ring-shaped with side projections. They were indicative of a very active ancient maritime trading region that imported and exported raw jade and finished jade ornaments known as the Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere. They were produced during a period between 500 BCE to as late as 1000 CE, although later examples were replaced with metal, wood, bone, clay, green mica, black nephrite, or shell materials, rather than green jade.
Polished and ground stone adzes, gouges, and other implements, some of which are made from jade-like stone, have also been recorded in areas of Island Melanesia and eastern New Guinea associated with the Lapita culture. These were considered valuable currency and were primarily used to trade for goods. In 2012, a Lapita culture jadeite gouge used for wood carving was found in Emirau Island in the Bismarck Archipelago. It was dated to around 3,300 BP, but the origin of the jade material is unknown. Similar prestige stone tools have also been found in New Caledonia.
Jade was absent in most of Remote Oceania, due to the lack of jade deposits. However, there is putative evidence that Polynesians may have remained familiar with jade and may have acquired them through prehistoric trade contacts with New Caledonia, Island Melanesia, and/or New Zealand.
Jade carving traditions reappeared among the Māori people of New Zealand. These were produced from locally sourced (greenstone) and were used to produce (treasure). They include various tools and weapons like adzes, scrapers, fishing hooks, and , as well as ornaments like the and . Certain ornaments like the (double-headed animal pendant) and the (bird leg ring) bear remarkably strong resemblances to the double-headed and ring-type linglingo. Bellwood et al. (2011) has suggested that the reappearance of these motifs might be evidence of a preserved tradition of Southeast Asian jade motifs (perhaps carved in perishable wood, bone, or shell by Polynesians prior to the reacquisition of a jade source), or they might even be the result of a later Iron Age contact between eastern Polynesia and the Philippines.
Rock art
There are around six hundred to seven hundred rock art sites discovered in Southeast Asia and Island Melanesia, as well as over eight hundred megalithic sites. The sites specifically associated with the Austronesian expansion contain examples of indigenous pictograms and petroglyphs. Within Southeast Asia, the sites associated with Austronesians can be divided into three general rock art traditions: the Megalithic Culture of Borneo, Sulawesi, and the Greater Sunda Islands; the Austronesian Painting Tradition of the Lesser Sunda Islands, coastal New Guinea, and Island Melanesia; and the Austronesian Engraving Style of Papua New Guinea and Island Melanesia. Despite proximity, these traditions can be distinguished readily from the Australo-Melanesian rock art traditions of Australia (except the Torres Strait Islands) as well as the interior highlands of New Guinea, indicating the borders of the extent of the Austronesian expansion.
Dating rock art is difficult, but some of the sites subjected to direct dating pre-date Austronesian arrival, like the Lene Hara paintings of East Timor which has an age range of 6,300 to 26,000 BP. Conversely, others are more recent and can be dated indirectly by their subjects. The depictions of pottery, ships, and metal objects, for example, put certain rock art sites at a range of 2,000 to 4,000 BP. Some hunter-gatherer groups have also continued to produce rock art well into the present period, as evidenced by their modern subjects.
The Megalithic Culture is mostly limited to western Island Southeast Asia, with the greatest concentration being western Indonesia. While most sites aren't dated, the age ranges of dating sites are between the 2nd to 16th century CE. They are divided into two phases. The first is an older megalithic tradition associated with the Neolithic Austronesian rectangular axe culture (2,500 to 1,500 BCE); while the second is the 3rd or 4th century BCE megalithic tradition associated with the (non-Austronesian) Dong Son culture of Vietnam. Prasetyo (2006) suggests that the megalithic traditions are not originally Austronesian, but rather innovations acquired through trade with India and China, but this has little to no evidence in the intervening regions in Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines.
The Austronesian Painting Traditions (APT) are the most common types of rock art in Island Southeast Asia. They consist of scenes and pictograms typically found in rock shelters and caves near coastal areas. They are characteristically rendered in red ochre pigments for the earlier forms, later sometimes superseded by paintings done in black charcoal pigments. Their sites are mostly clustered in Eastern Indonesia and Island Melanesia, although a few examples can be found in the rest of Island Southeast Asia. Their occurrence has a high correlation to Austronesian-speaking areas, further evidenced by the appearance of metal (bronze) artifacts in the paintings. They are mostly found near the coastlines. Their common motifs include hand stencils, "sun-ray" designs, boats, and active human figures with headdresses or weapons and other paraphernalia. They also feature geometric motifs similar to the motifs of the Austronesian Engraving Style. Some paintings are also associated with traces of human burials and funerary rites, including ship burials. The representations of boats themselves are believed to be connected to the widespread "ship of the dead" Austronesian funerary practices.
The earliest APT sites dated is from Vanuatu, which was found to be around 3,000 BP, corresponding to the initial migration wave of the Austronesians. These early sites are largely characterized by face motifs and hand stencils. Later sites from 1,500 BP onwards, however, begin to show regional divergence in their art styles. APT can be readily distinguished from older Pleistocene-era Australo-Melanesian cave paintings by their motifs, color, and composition, though they can often be found in the same locality. The most recognizable motifs of APT (like boats) do not occur in cave paintings (or engravings) that definitely pre-date the Austronesian arrival, the sole exception being the stencilled hand motif. Some APT examples are also characteristically found in relatively inaccessible locations like very high up in cliffsides overlooking the sea. No traces of APT has been found in Taiwan or the Philippines, though there is continuity in the motifs of spirals and concentric circles found in ancestral petroglyphs.
The Austronesian Engraving Style (AES), consisting of petroglyphs carved into rock surfaces, is far less common than APT. The majority of these sites are in coastal New Guinea, and Island Melanesia. AES sites, which can be tentatively traced back to the similar Wanshan petroglyphs of Taiwan, are believed to be largely correlated to the prehistoric extent of the Lapita culture. The common motif of this tradition is curvilinear geometric engravings like spirals, concentric circles, and face-like forms. These resemble the geometric motifs in APT, though they are considered to be two separate artistic traditions. AES is particularly dominant in the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia, where engravings are far more abundant than painted sites.
O'Connor et al. (2015) proposes that APT developed during the initial rapid southward Austronesian expansion, and not before, possibly as a response to the communication challenges brought about by the new maritime mode of living. Along with AES, these material symbols and associated rituals and technologies may been the manifestations of "powerful ideologies" spread by Austronesian settlers that were central to the "Neolithization" and rapid assimilation of the various non-Austronesian indigenous populations of ISEA and Melanesia.
The easternmost islands of Island Melanesia (Vanuatu, Fiji, and New Caledonia) are considered part of Remote Oceania as they are beyond the interisland visibility threshold. These island groups begin to show divergence from the APT and AES traditions of Near Oceania. While their art traditions show a clear continuation of the APT and AES traditions, they also feature innovations unique to each island group, like the increasing use of black charcoal, rectilinear motifs, and being found more inside sacred caves rather than in open cliffsides.
In Micronesia, the rock art traditions can be divided into three general regions: western, central, and eastern Micronesia. The divisions reflect the various major migration waves from the Philippines into the Mariana Islands and Palau at 3,500 BP; a Lapita culture back-migration from Island Melanesia into central and eastern Micronesia at around 2,200 BP; and finally a back-migration from western Polynesia into eastern Micronesia at around 1,000 BP.
In western Micronesia (Palau, Yap, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands), rock art primarily consist of paintings on high cave ceilings and sea-facing cliffs. They are very similar to APT in terms of their motifs as well as their relatively inaccessible locations. Common motifs include hand stencils, faces, turtles and fish, concentric circles, and characteristic four-pointed stars. Petroglyphs are rare, but mainly consist of human forms with triangular bodies without heads or arms. This is believed to be connected to the funerary rite of removing the heads from the bodies of deceased relatives. A notable megalithic tradition in western Micronesia are the haligi stone pillars of the Chamorro people. These are capped stone pillars which are believed to have served as supports for raised buildings. They are associated with the Latte period (900 to 1700 CE), when a new wave of migrants from Southeast Asia reintroduced rice cultivation into the islands. Another megalithic tradition is also that of the rai stones, massive doughnut-shaped discs of rock which were used as currency in Yap.
Rock art in central Micronesia (Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae), in contrast, are dominated by rock engravings with motifs tying it to the rock art traditions of Island Melanesia. They include curvilinear shapes like spirals and concentric circles, tree-like shapes, and the distinctive "enveloped cross" motif. The Pohnpaid petroglyphs are the largest assemblage of rock engravings in the region, with motifs dominated by footprints, enveloped crosses, and outlined "sword-paddles". Central Micronesia also hosts the ruins of the stone cities of Nan Madol (1,180–1,200 CE) and Leluh (1,200–1,800 CE), in the islands of Pohnpei and Kosrae, respectively.
In the low-lying atolls of eastern Micronesia, rock art is rare to nonexistent, due to the absence of suitable rock surfaces for painting or engraving.
In Polynesia, rock art is dominated by petroglyphs, rather than paintings, and they show less variation than the rock art of Near Oceania and ISEA. In the western Polynesian islands nearest to Island Melanesia, rock art is rare (like in Tonga and Samoa) or are absent entirely (like in the Cook Islands). However, petroglyphs are abundant in the islands in the further reaches of the Polynesian triangle, particularly in Hawaii, the Marquesas, and Rapa Nui. Rapa Nui has the densest concentration of engravings in Polynesia as a whole; while the Puuloa petroglyphs site in Hawaii has the largest number of petroglyphs in a single site at over 21,000 engravings. Polynesia also features megalithic sacred ceremonial centres generally known as marae.
In Tonga and Samoa, the existing rock art sites consist mostly of engravings with motifs including curvilinear shapes, human figures, "jellyfish", turtles, birds, and footprints. These are typically carved in natural rock formations or marae sites.
In the central-eastern Polynesian islands, which include the Marquesas and the Society Islands, petroglyphs are more numerous. They show the archetypal Polynesian motifs of turtles, faces, cup-like depressions (cupules), stick-like human figures, boats, fish, curvilinear shapes, and concentric circles. Like in western Polynesia, they are typically carved into marae sites or in rocks beside streams. The existing rock paintings also display the same motifs but are rendered in different styles.
In the Hawaiian islands, the abundant petroglyphs are remarkably all similar in execution. Their common subjects include stick-like human figures, dogs, boats, sails, paddles, footprints, and ceremonial headdresses. Depictions of marine life, however, is rare, unlike the rest of Polynesia. They are typically carved into boulders, lava rock formations, and cliffsides. Red paintings of dogs in cliffsides and caves can also be found in Kauai and Maui. The megalithic traditions of Hawaii can be exemplified by the heiau sacred sites, which can range from simple earth terraces to standing stones.
In Rapa Nui, the engravings are distinctive but still show similarities to the techniques and motifs of the Marquesas. Their motifs commonly include disembodied parts of the human body (vulvae in particular), animals, plants, ceremonial objects, and boats. A prominent motif is also that of the "birdman" figure which is associated with the tangata manu cult of Makemake. The most well-known rock art assemblage of Rapa Nui, however, are the moai megaliths. A few paintings mostly of birds and boats have also been discovered which are associated with the engravings, rather than being separate artforms.
The rock art in New Zealand can be divided into two regions. North Island features more engravings than paintings, while South Island is unique in that it is the only Polynesian island where there are more paintings than engravings. New Zealand rock paintings are done in red and black pigments and can sometimes be found in inaccessible heights. They typically depict human figures (particularly a front-facing human figure with flexed arms), birds, lizards, dogs, fish, and what has been identified as "birdmen". Engravings in open spaces like cliffsides are generally of spirals and curvilinear shapes, while engravings in enclosed caves and shelters depict faces and boats. The same motifs can also be seen in dendroglyphs on living trees.
Body art
Body art among Austronesian peoples is common, especially elaborate tattooing which is one of the most well-known pan-Austronesian traditions.
Tattooing
In modern times, tattoos are usually associated with Polynesian culture, due to the highly influential accounts of James Cook in his explorations of the Pacific in the 18th century. Cook introduced the word "tattoo" (archaic: "tattaow", "tattow") into the English vocabulary, from Tahitian and Samoan tātau ("to tap"). However, tattoos exist prominently in various other Austronesian groups prior to contacts with other cultures.
Tattoos had various functions among Austronesian societies. Among men, they were strongly linked to the widespread practice of head-hunting raids. In head-hunting societies, tattoos were records of how many heads the warriors had taken in battle, and was part of the initiation rites into adulthood. The number and location of tattoos, therefore, were indicative of a warrior's status and prowess.
Among the Indigenous Taiwanese, tattoos were present for both men and women. Among the Tayal people, facial tattoos are dominant. They indicated maturity and skill in weaving and farming for women, and skill in hunting and battle for men. Like in most of Austronesia, tattooing traditions in Taiwan have largely disappeared due to the Sinicization of native peoples after the Chinese colonization of Taiwan in the 17th century, as well as conversion to Christianity. Most of the remaining tattoos are only found among elders.
One of the earliest descriptions of Austronesian tattoos by Europeans was during the 16th century Spanish expeditions to the Philippines, beginning with the first voyage of circumnavigation by Ferdinand Magellan. The Spanish encountered the heavily tattooed Visayan people in the Visayas Islands, whom they named the "Pintados" (Spanish for "the painted ones"). However, Philippine tattooing traditions (batok) have mostly been lost as the natives of the islands converted to Christianity and Islam, though they are still practiced in isolated groups in the highlands of Luzon and Mindanao. Philippine tattoos were usually geometric patterns or stylized depictions of animals, plants, and human figures. Some of the few remaining traditional tattoos in the Philippines are from elders of the Igorot peoples. Most of these were records of war exploits against the Japanese during World War II.
Among the Māori of New Zealand, tattoos (moko) were originally carved into the skin using bone chisels (uhi) rather than through puncturing as in usual practice. In addition to being pigmented, the skin was also left raised into ridges of swirling patterns.
Dental modification
Teeth blackening was the custom of dyeing one's teeth black with various tannin-rich plant dyes. It was practiced throughout almost the entire range of Austronesia, including Island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, Micronesia, and Island Melanesia, reaching as far east as Malaita. However, it was absent in Polynesia. It also existed in non-Austronesian populations in Mainland Southeast Asia and Japan. The practice was primarily preventative, as it reduced the chances of developing tooth decay similar to modern dental sealants. It also had cultural significance and was seen as beautiful. A common sentiment was that blackened teeth separated humans from animals.
Teeth blackening was often done in conjunction with other modifications to the teeth associated with beauty standards, including dental evulsion and teeth filing.
Religion
The religious traditions of the Austronesian people focus mostly on ancestral spirits, nature spirits and gods. It is basically a complex animistic religion. Mythologies vary by culture and geographical location but share common basic aspects such as ancestor worship, animism, shamanism and the belief in a spirit world and powerful deities. There is also a great amount of shared mythology and a common belief in Mana.
Currently, many of these beliefs have gradually been replaced. Examples of native religions include: Indigenous Philippine folk religions (including beliefs on the Anito), Sunda Wiwitan, Kejawen, Kaharingan or the Māori religion. Many Austronesian religious beliefs were incorporated into foreign religions introduced unto them, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity and Islam.
Writing
With the possible exception of rongorongo on Rapa Nui, Austronesians did not have an indigenous writing system but rather adopted or developed writing systems after contact with various non-Austronesian cultures. There are various forms of symbolic communication by pictograms and petroglyphs, but these did not encode language.
Rongorongo, said to have originally been called kohau motu mo rongorongo ("lines of inscriptions for chanting out"), is the only pre-contact indigenous Austronesian system of glyphs that appear to be true writing or at least proto-writing. They consist of around 120 glyphs, ranging from representations of plants to animals, celestial objects, and geometric shapes. They were inscribed into wooden tablets about long using shark teeth and obsidian flakes. The wood allegedly came from toromiro and makoi trees, which is notable given that Rapa Nui was completely deforested at the time of European contact. Although of the surviving two dozen tablets, a few were made from trees introduced after European contact, as well as wood originating from European ships and driftwood. Rapa Nui also has a very rich assemblage of petroglyphs largely associated with the tangata manu ("birdman") cult of Makemake. Although some rongorongo glyphs may have been derived from these petroglyphs, rongorongo does not appear in any of the abundant rock carvings in Rapa Nui and seems to be restricted to the wooden tablets.
The tablets were first described by an outsider in 1864 by the Catholic missionary Eugène Eyraud who said they were found "in all the houses." However, he paid them little attention and they remained unnoticed by the outside world. It wasn't until 1869 that one of the tablets came into the possession of Florentin-Étienne Jaussen, the Bishop of Tahiti. He brought the tablets to the world's attention and instructed the Rapa Nui mission to gather more information about them. But by then, most of the tablets were allegedly already destroyed, presumed to have been used as fuel by the natives in the deforested island.
At the time of discovery of the tablets, Rapa Nui had undergone severe depopulation. This was largely due to the loss of the island's last trees and the Peruvian and Chilean slave raids in the early 1860s. The literate ruling classes of the Rapa Nui people (including the royal family and the religious caste) and the majority of the island's population were kidnapped or killed in the slave raids. Most of those taken died after only one or two years in captivity from the harsh working conditions and European diseases. Succeeding epidemics of smallpox and tuberculosis further decimated the island's population to the point that there were not enough people to bury the dead. The last remnants of the Rapa Nui people were assimilated by the Tahitians who were later brought to the island in an effort to repopulate it, further resulting in the loss of most of the Old Rapa Nui language.
Oral tradition holds that the ruling classes were the only ones who could read the tablets, and the ability to decipher the tablets was lost along with them. Numerous attempts have been made to read the tablets, starting from a few years after their discovery. But to this day, none have proven successful. Some authors have proposed that rongorongo may have been an attempt to imitate European script after the idea of writing was introduced during the "signing" of the 1770 Spanish Treaty of Annexation or through knowledge of European writing acquired elsewhere. They cite various reasons including the lack of attestation of rongorongo prior to the 1860s, the clearly more recent provenance of some of the tablets, the lack of antecedents, and the lack of additional archaeological evidence since its discovery. Others argue that it was merely a mnemonic list of symbols meant to guide incantations. Whether rongorongo is merely an example of trans-cultural diffusion, or a true indigenous Austronesian writing system (and one of the few independent inventions of writing in human history) remains unknown and may never be known.
In Southeast Asia, the first true writing systems of pre-modern Austronesian cultures were all derived from the Grantha and Pallava Brahmic scripts, all of which are abugidas from South India. Various forms of abugidas spread throughout Austronesian cultures in Southeast Asia as kingdoms became Indianized through early maritime trading. The oldest use of abugida scripts in Austronesian cultures are 4th century stone inscriptions written in Cham script from Vietnam. There are numerous other Brahmic-derived writing systems among Southeast Asian Austronesians, usually specific to a certain ethnic group. Notable examples include Balinese, Batak, Baybayin, Buhid, Hanunó'o, Javanese, Kulitan, Lontara, Old Kawi, Rejang, Rencong, Sundanese, and Tagbanwa. They vary from having letters with rounded shapes to letters with sharp cuneiform-like angles; a result of the difference in writing mediums, with the former being ideal for writing on soft leaves and the latter ideal for writing on bamboo panels. The use of the scripts ranged from mundane records to encoding esoteric knowledge on magico-religious rituals and folk medicine.
In regions which converted to Islam, abjads derived from the Arabic script started replacing the earlier abugidas at around the 13th century in Southeast Asia. Madagascar, as well, adopted the Arabic script in the 14th century. Abjads, however, have an even greater inherent problem with encoding Austronesian languages than abugidas, because Austronesian languages have more varied and salient vowels which the Arabic script can not usually encode. As a result, the Austronesian adaptations such as the Jawi and the Pegon scripts have been modified with a system of diacritics that encode sounds, both vowels and consonants, native to Austronesian languages but absent in Semitic languages. With the advent of the Colonial Era, almost all of these writing systems have been replaced with alphabets adapted from the Latin alphabet, as in the Hawaiian alphabet, Filipino alphabet, and Malay alphabet; however, several Formosan languages had been written in zhuyin, and Cia-Cia off Sulawesi has experimented with hangul.
On Woleai and surrounding islands, a script was developed for the Woleaian language in the early 20th century. Approximately 20% of the script's letterforms were borrowed from Latin letters; the remaining characters seem to have been derived from indigenous iconography. Despite this heavy Latin influence, the script was a syllabary.
Vanuatu has a unique tradition of sand drawing, by which images are created by a single continuous line drawn in the sand. It is believed to have functioned as a means of symbolic communication in pre-contact Island Melanesia, especially between travelers and ethnic groups that do not speak the same language. The sand drawings consist of around 300 different designs, and seem to be shared across language groups. In the 1990s, elements of the drawings were adapted into a modern constructed script called Avoiuli by the Turaga indigenous movement on Pentecost Island.
Genetic studies
Genetic studies have been done on the people and related groups. The Haplogroup O1 (Y-DNA)a-M119 genetic marker is frequently detected in Native Taiwanese, northern Philippines and Polynesians, as well as some people in Indonesia, Malaysia and non-Austronesian populations in southern China.
A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in archaeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River in China also shows high frequencies of Haplogroup O1 in the Neolithic Liangzhu culture, linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples. The Liangzhu culture existed in coastal areas around the mouth of the Yangtze. Haplogroup O1 was absent in other archaeological sites inland. The authors of the study suggest that this may be evidence of two different human migration routes during the peopling of Eastern Asia; one coastal and the other inland, with little gene flow between them.
An important breakthrough in studies in Austronesian genetics was the identification of the "Polynesian motif" (Haplogroup B4a1a1) in 1989, a specific nine-base-pair deletion mutation in mtDNA. Several studies have shown that it is shared by Polynesians and Island Southeast Asians, with a sub-branch also identified in Madagascar, indicating shared maternal ancestry of Austronesians. Austronesian-speaking regions also have high to moderate frequencies of Haplogroup O1 of the Y-DNA (including Madagascar) indicating shared paternal ancestry, with the exception of Polynesia where the Papuan-derived Haplogroup C2a1 predominates (although lower frequencies of Austronesian Haplogroup O-M122 also exist). This indicates that the Lapita people, the direct ancestors of Polynesians, were likely matrilocal, assimilating Papuan men from outside the community by marriage in Near Oceania, prior to the Polynesian expansion into Remote Oceania.
Moodley et al. (2009) identified two distinct populations of the gut bacteria Helicobacter pylori that accompanied human migrations into Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, called hpSahul and hspMāori. The study sampled Native Australians, Native Taiwanese, highlanders in New Guinea, and Melanesians and Polynesians in New Caledonia, which were then compared with other H. pylori haplotypes from Europeans, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and others. They found that hpSahul diverged from mainland Asian H. pylori populations approximately 31,000 to 37,000 years ago and have remained isolated for 23,000 to 32,000 years confirming the Australo-Melanesian substratum in Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea. hspMāori, on the other hand, is a subpopulation of hpEastAsia, previously isolated from Polynesians (Māori, Tongans, and Samoans) in New Zealand, and three individuals from the Philippines and Japan. The study found hspMāori from Native Taiwanese, Melanesians, Polynesians, and two inhabitants from the Torres Strait Islands, all of which are Austronesian sources. As expected, hspMāori showed greatest genetic diversity in Taiwan, while all non-Taiwanese hspMāori populations belonged to a single lineage they called the "Pacific clade." They also calculated the isolation-with-migration model (IMa), which showed that the divergence of the Pacific clade of hspMāori were unidirectional from Taiwan to the Pacific. This is consistent with the Out-of-Taiwan model of the Austronesian expansion.
On 16 January 2020, the personal genomics company 23andMe added the category "Filipino & Austronesian" after customers with no known Filipino ancestors were getting false positives for 5% or more "Filipino" ancestry in their Ancestry Composition report (the proportion was as high as 75% in Samoa, 71% in Tonga, 68% in Guam, 18% in Hawaii, and 34% in Madagascar). The company's scientists surmised that this was due to the shared Austronesian genetic heritage being incorrectly identified as Filipino ancestry.
A recent study from 2021 found that an ancient preboreal holocene hunter-gatherer from South Sulawesi had ancestry from both a distinct lineage related to modern Papuans and Aboriginal Australians and from an East-Eurasian lineage (represented by modern East Asians). The hunter-gatherer individual had approximately ~50% "Basal-East Asian" ancestry, and was positioned in between modern East Asians and Papuans of Oceania. The authors concluded that East Asian-related ancestry expanded much earlier into Maritime Southeast Asia than previously suggested, long before the expansion of Austroasiatic and Austronesian groups.
Another study about the ancestral composition of modern ethnic groups in the Philippines from 2021 similarly suggests that distinctive Basal-East Asian (East-Eurasian) ancestry originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000BC, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively. Basal-East Asian ancestry, as well as later Austroasiatic ancestry, from Mainland Southeast Asia, arrived into the Philippines prior to the Austronesian expansion. Austronesian-speakers themself are suggested to have arrived on Taiwan and the northern Philippines between 10,000BC to 7,000BC from coastal Fujian, present-day Fujian, southern China. The authors concluded that the Austronesian expansion into Insular Southeast Asia and Polynesia was outgoing from the Philippines rather than Taiwan, and that modern Austronesian-speaking people have largely ancestry from the earliest Basal-East Asians, Austroasiatic migrants from Mainland Southeast Asia, and Austronesian-speaking seafarers from the Philippines.
Evidence from agriculture
Genomic analysis of cultivated coconut (Cocos nucifera) has shed light on the movements of Austronesian peoples. By examining 10 microsatellite loci, researchers found that there are 2 genetically distinct subpopulations of coconut – one originating in the Indian Ocean, the other in the Pacific Ocean. However, there is evidence of admixture, the transfer of genetic material, between the two populations. Given that coconuts are ideally suited for ocean dispersal, it seems possible that individuals from one population could have floated to the other. However, the locations of the admixture events are limited to Madagascar and coastal east Africa and exclude the Seychelles and Mauritius. Sailing west from Maritime Southeast Asia in the Indian Ocean, the Austronesian peoples reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 CE, and reached other parts thereafter. This forms a pattern that coincides with the known trade routes of Austronesian sailors. Additionally, there is a genetically distinct sub-population of coconuts on the eastern coast of South America which has undergone a genetic bottleneck resulting from a founder effect; however, its ancestral population is the pacific coconut, which suggests that Austronesian peoples may have sailed as far east as the Americas.
Pre-Columbian contact with the Americas
A genome analysis in 2020 showed Austronesian contact to South America around 1150–1200 CE, the earliest one between Fatu Hiva from the Marquesas Islands, and Colombia.
See also
Ancient maritime history
Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
Malayo-Polynesian languages
Maritime Silk Road
Notes
References
Books
External links
Books, some online, on Austronesian subjects by the Australian National University
Encyclopædia Britannica: Austronesian Languages
Austronesian culture
Indigenous peoples of Asia
Indigenous peoples of Oceania
Indigenous peoples of Africa
Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia
Ethnic groups in Oceania
Ethnic groups in East Africa
Prehistoric migrations |
20486796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncial%200267 | Uncial 0267 | Uncial 0267 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 5th century.
Description
The codex contains a small part of the Gospel of Luke 8:25-27, on 1 parchment leaf (7 cm by 9.5 cm). Probably it was written in one column per page, 10 lines per page, in uncial letters.
Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 5th century.
Text
The text of this codex is too brief to determine its textual character. Aland did not place it in any of Categories of New Testament manuscripts. It was examined by Ramón Roca-Puig, who published its text in 1965.
Location
Currently the codex is housed at the Santa Maria de Montserrat (P. Monts. Roca inv. 16) in Catalonia. It was formerly held at the Fundación Sant Lluc Evangelista (Pap. Barcinonensis, inv. n. 16) in Barcelona.
See also
List of New Testament uncials
Textual criticism
References
Further reading
R. Roca-Puig, "Un pergamini grec de l'Evangeli de Sant Lluc", in: Miscel-lània Carles Cardó 30 (Barcelona, 1963), pp. 395-399.
R. Roca-Puig, "Dos fragmentos biblicos de la colección Papyri Barcinonensis", Helmantica: Revista de filología clásica y hebrea 16 (Salamanca, 1965), pp. 139-149.
Greek New Testament uncials
5th-century biblical manuscripts |
6911451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20Farm | Home Farm | Home Farm may refer to:
Farms
Home farm (agriculture), a part of a large country estate that is farmed by the landowner or an employed farm manager
Home Farm, Brodick, the estate farm for Brodick Castle, in Scotland
Home Farm (East Whitehall, New York), historic farm
Home Farm (Leesburg, Virginia), Virginia Historic Landmark and farm, and U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Home Farm, Old Dalby, Grade II listed building in Leicestershire
Duchy Home Farm, an organic farm within the grounds of Highgrove House, England
Home Farm, fictional farm and business in the UK soap opera Emmerdale
Home Farm, fictional farm in the UK radio soap opera The Archers
Football
Home Farm Everton, name of Home Farm F.C. between 1995 and 1999
Home Farm F.C., Irish football club
Home Farm Fingal, name of Dublin City F.C. before 2001
Home Farm, former home ground of Queens Park Rangers F.C.
Other uses
Home Farm, Bracknell, a suburb in Berkshire, England
Home Farm (Woodland Trust), a Woodland Trust area between Burkham and Bentworth, Hampshire
Home Farm, a development near Caerleon, southern Wales
See also
Manor Farm (disambiguation), a similar sort of farm established during the centuries of manorialism |
6911462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Gold%3A%20The%20Best%20of%20Soul%20Asylum | Black Gold: The Best of Soul Asylum | Black Gold: The Best of Soul Asylum is the second compilation album by Soul Asylum. It contains 19 of their greatest hits.
The title of the album comes from Soul Asylum's song of the same name, which was a hit single from their 1992 breakthrough album Grave Dancers Union.
The disc contains two outtakes ("Candy from a Stranger" and "Lonely for You") from Soul Asylum's previous album Candy from a Stranger, as well as two previously unreleased live recordings ("Closer to the Stars" and "Stranger").
Track listing
All songs written by Dave Pirner, unless otherwise noted.
"Just Like Anyone" – 2:47
"Cartoon" – 3:53 (Murphy)
"Closer to the Stars" (Recorded Live at The Palais Royale in Toronto, Ontario on April 3, 1995) – 3:52
"Somebody to Shove" – 3:15
"Close" – 4:34
"String of Pearls" – 4:52
"Tied to the Tracks" – 2:43
"Runaway Train" – 4:27
"Sometime to Return" – 3:30
"Misery" – 4:26
"We 3" – 4:08
"Without a Trace" – 3:40
"I Will Still Be Laughing" - 3:45
"Black Gold" – 3:56
"Summer of Drugs" – 4:06 (Williams)
"Candy from a Stranger" – 4:16 (Campbell, Mueller, Pirner)
"Stranger" (Recorded Live - MTV Unplugged in New York City on April 21, 1993) – 4:07
"Can't Even Tell" - 3:14
"Lonely for You" (Outtake from "Candy from a Stranger" album) – 4:09
The Japanese release also contained one previously unreleased bonus track, "When I Ran Off and Left Her" (Chesnutt), for a total of 20 songs.
References
Soul Asylum albums
2000 greatest hits albums
Columbia Records compilation albums
Albums produced by Lenny Kaye |
6911475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Shrout | Jason Shrout | Jason Shrout (born October 31, 1980) is an American drummer. He plays in the Kansas City hardcore punk band Dark Ages.
Career
Shrout played in obscure bands in the mid-to-late '90s, and had several projects in the early 2000s.
He played in Kansas City metal core band Saved by Grace (1999–2003), Orange County, California's Eighteen Visions (2003–2004), and Kansas City hardcore punk bands Nervous Wreck (2005–2007), and Black Mark (2008). He toured with Love Is Red in 2002.
In early 2010, Shrout joined Kansas City hardcore punk band Dark Ages. In 2011, Dark Ages released their first LP, titled "Can America Survive?", on Sorry State Records. According to Sorry State in 2014, the band has a second LP that will be coming out TBA.
While still playing in Dark Ages, Shrout played for the reunited Seattle band Trial on a West Coast tour in the spring of 2012.
In early 2013, Shrout joined Kansas City metallic hardcore band Renouncer. Nervous Wreck reunited and played one show in May 2014.
He is an artist-endorser with Kansas City Drum Company, a company he has been with since 2004.
Personal life
Jason Shrout was straight edge.
References
American punk rock drummers
American male drummers
American rock drummers
Living people
1980 births
21st-century American drummers
21st-century American male musicians |
6911488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Davison%20%28translator%29 | Frank Davison (translator) | Frank Davison was a British translator. He is best known for his translation of Alain-Fournier's classic novel Le Grand Meaulnes under the title The Lost Domain. This translation, first published by Oxford University Press in 1959, has remained in print ever since. It is the "classic" translation of the work, praised for its "fine literary English." A review by L.A. Brisson in French Studies called Davison’s translation of Alain-Fournier's Le Grand Meaulnes “reussit a merveille” – “wonderfully successful.”
Translations
The Lost Domain (1959)
Le Grand Meaulnes and other books by Henri Alain-Fournier, Frank Davison (Translator)
References
British translators |
44508353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch%20%28TV%20series%29 | Punch (TV series) | Punch () is a 2014–2015 South Korean television series starring Kim Rae-won, Kim Ah-joong, Cho Jae-hyun, Seo Ji-hye and On Joo-wan. It aired on SBS from 15 December 2014 to 17 February 2015 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 19 episodes.
Plot
Punch is a record of the last six months of Park Jung-hwan's life. He is the chief of the anti-corruption investigation team for the Supreme Prosecutors' Office. To get to his position, Jung-hwan has made compromises to achieve what he thought of as the greater good, though it meant losing some of his soul in the process. But when he gets diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor and told that he only has six months left to live, it makes Jung-hwan reexamine his life choices. He decides to pursue justice whatever the cost, even if it means sacrificing his life. This is his last attempt to make things right, one final "punch" against the crooked world. And his main goal is bringing down his boss Prosecutor General Lee Tae-joon, whose friendly public face masks his unscrupulous morals and rampant corruption.
Helping Jung-hwan in his quest is his ex-wife, Shin Ha-kyung. Ha-kyung is an idealistic prosecutor for the Seoul District, and chose her profession over having a lucrative law career. She divorced Jung-hwan because he was obsessed with ambition and never had time for her and their young daughter, Ye-rin. But that doesn't mean she doesn't still care for him, though her concern is mixed with resentment.
Cast
Main Cast
Kim Rae-won as Park Jung-hwan
Kim Ah-joong as Shin Ha-kyung
Cho Jae-hyun as Lee Tae-joon, Prosecutor General
Seo Ji-hye as Choi Yeon-jin
Choi Myung-gil as Yoon Ji-sook, Minister of Justice
Supporting Cast
On Joo-wan as Lee Ho-sung
Kim Eung-soo as Jung Gook-hyun
Lee Han-wi as Oh Dong-choon, detective
Park Hyuk-kwon as Cho Kang-jae, prosecutor
Song Ok-sook as Jung-hwan's mother
Kim Ji-young as Park Ye-rin
Lee Young-eun as Park Hyun-sun
Lee Ki-young as Lee Tae-sub
Jang Hyun-sung as Jang Min-seok
Kim Hye-yoon as Cho Kang-jae's daughter
Ryu Seung-soo (cameo)
Kang Ha-neul (cameo)
Ratings
In the tables below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.
Awards and nominations
International broadcast
It aired on ONE TV ASIA in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia premiering on 12 January 2015.
References
External links
Punch official SBS website
2014 South Korean television series debuts
2015 South Korean television series endings
Seoul Broadcasting System television dramas
Works about prosecutors
South Korean political television series
South Korean thriller television series
Television series by HB Entertainment |
6911492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%3Atech | Ad:tech | ad:tech is an international series of digital advertising and technology conferences and exhibitions for the interactive marketing profession. ad:tech hosts events in New York, San Francisco, London, New Delhi, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, Melbourne and Tokyo. The events are produced by ad:tech Expositions, LLC, which is owned and operated by DMG Events, part of Daily Mail and General Trust.
Conference panels and educational sessions address a range of relevant subjects: online advertising strategy, performance-based marketing, emerging advertising platforms, integrated marketing, social media, search, mobile, analytics and brand marketing. Shows have a combination of high-profile keynote speakers, topic-driven panels. and workshops.
Awards
Since 1997, the events has Gemini for outstanding technical Achievement Awards, honoring industry leaders; the awardees are chosen by an CTV.
Since April 2011, the events also include Innovation Awards, honoring startup companies with relevant services and technologies. An advisory board selects companies to present at the events and determines the winners.
References
External links
Official Website
Affiliate marketing
Daily Mail and General Trust
Internet marketing trade shows |
20486800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%20Alabama%20Crimson%20Tide%20football%20team | 1983 Alabama Crimson Tide football team | The 1983 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously "Alabama", "UA", "Bama" or "The Tide") represented the University of Alabama in the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the Crimson Tide's
92th overall and 50th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Ray Perkins, in his second year, and played their home games at both Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished the season with a record of eight wins and four losses (8–2 overall, 4–1 in the SEC). Ray Perkins, who played as a wide receiver for Bear Bryant in the 1970s, was named as the new head coach at Alabama on December 14, 1983, to succeed Bryant after his 26-year tenure as Alabama's head coach.
After opening the season with four consecutive wins and rising to #3 in the AP poll, The Tide suffered a controversial 34–29 loss to Penn State. Trailing 34-6 entering the 4th quarter, Alabama rallied and seemed to be an extra point away from victory after tight end Preston Gothard appeared to catch a game-tying
touchdown pass with eight seconds left in the game. One official signaled a touchdown but was overruled by the back judge who ruled Gothard was out of bounds. Video replay indicated otherwise, however instant replay in college football was still decades away. Bama avenged the previous year's losses to LSU and Southern Miss but lost to Tennessee and Auburn again. The Crimson Tide completed their season with a 28–7 victory over SMU in the Sun Bowl.
Schedule
Source: Rolltide.com: 1983 Alabama football schedule
References
General
Specific
Alabama
Alabama Crimson Tide football seasons
Sun Bowl champion seasons
Alabama Crimson Tide football |
44508371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugluk%20%28band%29 | Sugluk (band) | Sugluk (variously styled Sugluc, SUGLUC, or the Sugluk Group) were a Canadian rock band based in northern Quebec. Led by singer George Kakayuk and guitarist Tayara Papigatuk, the group toured extensively through the 1970s and 1980s, and recorded two singles with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Northern Service in 1975. The band wrote songs in both English and Inuktitut. They were formed in Salluit, Quebec (formerly known as Sugluk) in the early 1970s, and reunited in 2013. Salluit-born pop singer Elisapie Isaac, who is Kakayuk's niece, performed with the band in her youth.
Discography
The only recordings of the group are two 45 RPM singles recorded by the CBC's Northern Service in 1975.
"Attama Onnikansigit" (My Father's Story) b/w "Sunamiq Pigumavit" (What Do You Want?)/ "Ajuinarasuasuga" (I Tried Hard), 7", CBC Northern Service, 1975
"Fall Away/ I Didn't Know" b/w "Ballad of the Running Girl/ Little Boy" 7", CBC Northern Service, 1975
The tracks "Fall Away", "I Didn't Know", and "Ajuinarasuasuga" appear on the 2014 compilation album Native North America, Vol. 1.
References
External links
Photograph of Sugluk, date unknown, Light in the Attic Records
Musical groups from Quebec
Inuit musical groups
Canadian psychedelic rock music groups |
6911494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadheath%2C%20Greater%20Manchester | Broadheath, Greater Manchester | Broadheath is a town in Altrincham, Greater Manchester, England. Historically part of Cheshire, it had a population at the 2011 census of 12,538.
Industry
At Broadheath's height as an industrial area, its industries supported perhaps 12,000 employees. Over the years most of those manufacturing companies have either closed or relocated. Famous companies that used to be based in Broadheath include the machine tool manufacturers George Richards, H. W. Kearns, and Churchill. Other companies include Budenberg, Linotype, Luke & Spencer, H. F. O'Brien, Wheelabrator Tilghman, Record Electrical, and Thornton-Pickard.
Governance
Broadheath is part of Trafford Metropolitan Borough of Greater Manchester. The ward of Broadheath has three out of sixty three seats on Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council, and as of the 2014 local elections all three seats were held by the Labour Party. In May 2015 Stephen Anstee was voted in Conservative. Amy Whyte Labour was voted in May 2017. The councillors representing Broadheath on Trafford Council are Stephen Anstee, Denise Western, and Amy Whyte.
Since 1997, Broadheath has formed part of the Altrincham and Sale West Constituency, before that it was encompassed by the Altrincham and Sale constituency. Since 1997 it had been represented in the House of Commons by the Conservative MP, Graham Brady. This is one of two Conservative-held seats in Greater Manchester.
Schools
Broadheath Primary School.
Preschool
Stamford Brook Preschool.
Churches
St Alban's Church, Broadheath.
Transport
Broadheath railway station served the district between 1853 and closure in 1962. Passenger trains ran from Manchester via Sale to Broadheath and on to Lymm and Warrington.
See also
Listed buildings in Altrincham
Broadheath Community Hall
Www.broadheathcommunityhall.co.uk
References
Areas of Greater Manchester
Geography of Trafford
Altrincham |
44508390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants%20Manor%20Hotel | Merchants Manor Hotel | Merchants Manor Hotel is a hotel set on a hill above the town of Falmouth in Cornwall. Originally a mansion built in 1913 for the Carne family of merchants and brewers who developed the screw–cap bottle, in 1958, it became known as the Green Lawns Hotel. It became the Merchants Manor Hotel in 2012.
References
Hotels in Cornwall
2012 establishments in England
Hotels established in 2012 |
44508392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ndido%20de%20Faria | Cândido de Faria | Cândido Aragonez de Faria (artist's name Faria, 12 August 1849 in Laranjeiras, Sergipe (Brasil) – 17 December 1911 in Paris) was a Brazilian caricaturist, painter, lithographer and poster designer who emigrated to France in 1882. Faria designed posters for performers in café-chantants and the cinema but also for music scores (lithographies in small and large formats). The collective art work of his workshop, which continued after his death, was signed Atelier Faria.
Life and career
Brazil
Faria was born in 1849, the eldest of four children of physician José Cândido Faria (-1855) and Josefa Aragonez, who was of Spanish extraction. Dr. Faria had studied in Montpelier and specialised in cholera. He founded the Hospital de Caridade de Laranjeiras and died in a cholera epidemic in 1855. The family moved to Rio de Janeiro, where their relatives lived. There young Cândido studied at the Liceu de Artes e Ofícios (School of Arts and Crafts) and at the Escola de Belas Artes (Fine-Arts School).
Faria's very productive career started with his artwork for many magazines satirizing local politicians and the clergy in Rio de Janeiro, like Paul Gavarni and Honoré Daumier did in France. He began as a main caricaturist in 1866 for the satirical periodical A Pacotilha (English: Fake, later Pandokeu (Joker)). In September 1869 he started with his brother Adolfo the weekly O Mosquito (The Mosquito).
In April 1871 he bought O Lobisomen (The Werewolf) from the lithographer António Alves do Vale. Faria and Vale signed some works together. Then in June 1874 Faria started a new weekly 0 Mefistófeles as the sole illustrator, to be merged with O Mosquito in 1875. From 1869 through 1874 Faria was one of the illustrators of the magazine A Vida Fluminense (Life in Rio de Janeiro), since 1874 O Fígaro, for which he became the sole illustrator. Since October 1876, Faria supplied cartoons to the weeklies O Ganganelli and O Mequetrefe (The Coxcomb). In 1877 he founded the magazine O Diabrete (The Goblin). Faria worked also for more ephemeral magazines, such as A Comédia Popular (The people's comedy), A Galeria (The Gallery), Ziguezague and Ba-Ta-Clan (The Hotchpotch).
Argentina
During 1879 - 1882, Faria illustrated in Buenos Aires the main satiric weekly El Mosquito and the new magazine Cotorra (English: parrot, windbag), introducing chromolithography in South America. Later he obtained the right to exclusively illustrate the artistic and literary weekly El Correo del Domingo (Sunday Post) and the daily El Gráfico (~ The graph).
France
In 1882 Faria emigrated to France and established his workshop at Paris, working with Charles Clérice of the Clérice Frères illustrators. Faria gained fame by his illustrations for books (e.g., Le fils de Porthos by Paul Mahalin, L'enfant d'Une vierge by Alfred Sirven, and Pour rire à deux by Olympe Audouard) and magazines (La Caricature by Albert Robida, Le Papillon, Le Monde illustré and La Musique pour tous). But Faria also illustrated many editions of sheet music for the singer Paulus (Jean-Paul Habans) and created the portrait of the singer Montéhus used for numerous covers. He also illustrated sheet music for songs, romances and operettas by Justin Clérice, Louis Ganne, Charles Lecocq, Olivier Métra, Edmond Missa, Robert Planquette, Vincent Scotto and others.
Since 1895, Faria and the lithographers Sebaïn and Axelrod created posters for shows, tourism and general advertising. From 1902 up to his death in 1911 he was, with about 300 posters, the main poster designer for the film company Pathé (Les Victimes de l'alcoolisme by Ferdinand Zecca, L'assommoir based on Emile Zola, and so on).
In France Faria married and had a son Jacques, artist and father of Philippe Aragonez de Faria, who would curate his father's and grandfather's work.
Gallery
Literature
Philippe Aragonez de Faria:
Faria. Volume I, Biographie et oeuvre de Cândido de Faria et de Jacques de Faria, L'atelier Faria, Le Chesnay (50 rue Moxouris, 78150), 1995. etc.
Faria. Volume XIX, Biographie et oeuvre de Cândido de Faria et de Jacques de Faria, L'atelier Faria, Période parisienne, Le Chesnay (50 rue Moxouris, 78150), 1995.
Cândido de Faria, 1849-1911: un maître de l'affiche, Le Chesnay (50 rue Moxouris, 78150), 1999. Éd. commémorative du 150e anniversaire de la naissance de Cândido de Faria.
Herman de Castro Lima, História da Caricatura Brasileira (4 vols.)
External links
Posters on the Gallica website
Covers of sheet music on the Gallica website
Files on Ciné-Ressources
Covers of small format sheet music on Médihal (free images and open archives; collection Chansons-papier et édition musicale en images)
Covers of large format musical parts of Illustrated Sheet Music (image database with information on dates, publishers and authors)
Biography of Faria on Cartoonvirtualmuseum.org
Luíz Antônio Barreto: Cândido Aragonez de Faria, infonet.com.br
References
19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
1849 births
1911 deaths
French poster artists
French illustrators
French caricaturists
20th-century Brazilian painters
20th-century Brazilian male artists
Brazilian illustrators
Brazilian caricaturists
Art Nouveau illustrators
20th-century French printmakers
19th-century Brazilian painters
19th-century Brazilian male artists
Brazilian printmakers
19th-century French male artists |
26723019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo%20%281952%20film%29 | Kangaroo (1952 film) | Kangaroo (also known as The Australian Story) is a 1952 American Western film directed by Lewis Milestone. It was the first Technicolor film filmed on location in Australia. Milestone called it "an underrated picture."
Kangaroo was remade in Africa as The Jackals in 1967.
Plot summary
In 1900 Australia, Dell McGuire worries about her missing father Michael. She asks Trooper Len for help.
Michael is drunk in Sydney, staying at a boarding house. He meets Richard Connor (Peter Lawford), a desperate young man trying to find the money to return home to America. Michael is looking for his long-lost son, Dennis, whom McGuire had abandoned to an orphanage as a child, a deed for which he now deeply blames himself.
Later that night, Connor attempts to rob John Gamble (Richard Boone) outside a gambling house, but after he finds him equally broke, he is talked into assisting him in robbing the establishment, during which the owner is shot.
Connor and Gamble make off with the loot, stopping at the boarding house to get Connor's gear, whereupon McGuire, still drunk, pursues his "son" down the street until he collapses. They find on his person information regarding his extensive station (for which he was trying to secure loans in Sydney) and his boat ticket, and decide to pose as his business partners to get on the boat and away to hide out with him in the Outback.
The next day, the now sober McGuire does not remember anything, and is at first suspicious of them, until he finds he has the £500 they claimed to have paid him for cattle (planted on him from the stolen loot). Along the way - first by boat, then by horse - they subtly drop hints that Connor (now calling himself Dennis Connor) may be McGuire's lost son, without letting on that McGuire himself had talked about his missing offspring. In this way, Connor and Gamble hope to gain possession of McGuire's station.
Arriving at the station, they are both smitten by his daughter Dell (Maureen O'Hara), but held in some suspicion by the local trooper Len (Chips Rafferty), who has been Dell's local beau.
Gamble does his best to scotch a budding attraction between Dell and Connor, because it will spoil the plan to pass him off as her lost brother.
Biding their time, both to develop their plan and hide out from the law, they end up helping the station get back on its feet, rescuing stray cattle, heading off a stampede, and culminating in a daring repair of an out-of-control windmill during a windstorm.
McGuire is finally convinced that Connor is his son, and seeing the romantic interest of his daughter in him, tells her his conclusion. Overhearing her despair at this news, Connor feels he must confess, and Gamble sees their plan fail on the brink of success because of the annoying conscience of his partner.
Having not only confessed his true identity, but also the fact that both he and his companion are wanted in the murder of the gambling house owner, Connor and Gamble are forced to flee the station, with trooper Len in hot pursuit.
When Len catches up to them, Gamble is about to shoot him when Connor pulls the gun away with a bullwhip. The two partners in crime now have a vicious bullwhip fight.
Gamble retrieves the gun and shoots at Connor, but Len fatally shoots Gamble. Len then takes Connor back to the McGuire station, where he recovers from his injuries, being promised clemency for saving Len's life, and with the promise of a future with Dell.
Cast
Maureen O'Hara as Dell McGuire
Peter Lawford as Richard Connor
Finlay Currie as Michael McGuire
Richard Boone as John W. Gamble
Chips Rafferty as Trooper "Len" Leonard
Letty Craydon as Kathleen, McGuire's Housekeeper
Charles 'Bud' Tingwell as Matt
Henry Murdoch as Piper
Ron Whelan as Fenner
John Fegan as Burke
Guy Doleman as Pleader
Reg Collins as Ship's officer
Frank Ransom as Burton
Marshall Crosby as Priest
Clyde Combo as Aborigine stockman
Reg Wyckham as Archibald, flophouse clerk
George Sympson-Little as Bluey
Development
Script
In November 1948 20th Century Fox announced they wanted to make a films set in Australia at the turn of the century called The Australian Story. It would be based on an original story by Martin Berkley and produced by Robert Bassler. The film would be made using Fox funds "frozen" by the Australian government under post-war currency restrictions. Tyrone Power was the expected star, as he had made a number of romantic adventures for Fox shot on location outside Hollywood such as Prince of Foxes. Reports said "the picture will be themed in the documentary manner by events that happened at the turn of the century." Australian reports said the film may be about the construction of the transcontinental telegraph.
Lewis Milestone, who eventually directed the film, later said "I suppose the idea of making it originated in the Fox sales department: they'd accumulated a lot of money in Australia and I suppose the only way they could move the money was to reinvest it there."
In April 1949 it was reported "script writers at the Fox Studios are frantically reading Australian novels to get background material for a film courageously called "The Australian Story"."
In June 1949 Fox said Dudley Nichols was going to write the script from Berkley's story, and may also direct. However by July Norman Reilly Raine was working on the script which had also been known as The Land Down Under and Sundowner. In 1949 November Fox said the film was going to be called The Land Down Under, with Power to star and Bassler to produce. By this stage Fox said the film would be about a bushranger who pretends to be the long lost son of a rich land owner.
In December 1949 associate producer Robert Snody and art director Lee Kirk arrived in Sydney to line up locations. By then the film was called The Bushranger although Snody insisted it was more of a family saga.
In January 1950 Fox said the project would be an "actor drama" called The Bushranger produced by Robert Snody and written by Norman Reilly Raine about a family running a cattle station in the northwest circa 1895–1900. By that month Charles Clarke was announced as cinematographer. Also that month Fox said they would make the film in Technicolour, and that three writers were working on the script. Filming was expected to begin in October.
Other titles to the story were The Australian Story, The Bushranger, The Land Down Under and Sundowner.
An early draft of the film reportedly featured reference to hordes of kangaroos wiping out a town, but this was deleted after input from the Australian crew.
Director
In June 1950 Fox announced that Louis King would direct the film under a new five-year contract with the studio. However the following month it was announced that Lewis Milestone would direct the movie. Milestone left for Australia on 15 August 1950. When he arrived, Milestone spoke highly to the Australian media about the quality of other Australian-shot films, The Overlanders and Bitter Springs.
Casting
Tyrone Power was the first star linked with the project. In February 1949 Hedda Hopper reported that Fox were pursuing Cary Grant and later report claimed Gregory Peck was also considered. In April 1949 Fox said Jean Peters would play the female lead.
In November 1949 Fox announced that Tyrone Power would play the male lead if he liked the script. "It might be a good deal", said Power. "I've never been to Australia." By December it was reported Power was off the picture. In May 1950 there were reports the lead would go to a new Fox contract player like William Lundigan or Hugh Beaumount. In July 1950 it was reported that Power dropped out to appear in a stage version of Mister Roberts in London.
In July 1950 Milestone said none of the four leads had been cast; he expressed interest in Richard Widmark or "a British star" as the hero, Jean Simmons as the female lead and Errol Flynn as "the bushranger"; the fourth lead part was the station owner, for which Milestone wanted an actor around 60 years of age. He had been told about Chips Rafferty and wanted to test him, and estimated that there were about 25 roles in the movie available for Australians to play. "Station hands, townspeople, tavern keepers, barmaids, stage coach drivers, passengers, atmosphere players", he said. Milestone added:
The story concerns a group of people living on stations about 300 miles north-west of Sydney. If necessary we will rewrite the play to lit Australian conditions. I want Kangaroo to be a true dramatic portrait of life in Australia in the 1880s. We'll decide the district for filming within a month of arrival. We'll build sets on location and take interior shots in Ealing Studios. We expect to spend six months altogether in Australia. We'll engage experts and technical directors there.
He estimated the budget would be £900,000.
In August 1950 Fox announced they were borrowing Peter Lawford from MGM to play the male lead. By the end of the month the female lead was given to Constance Smith, who had just appeared in Fox's The Mudlark., (J Arthur Rank reportedly would not loan out Simmons.) In September the second male lead went to Richard Boone who had recently appeared in The Halls of Montezuma directed by Milestone. .
Then Smith was assigned to star in The 13th Letter (1951) and her role was taken by Maureen O'Hara. O'Hara wrote in her memoirs that "I loved the script and asked Darryl Zanuck to cast me in the picture." She added that Zanuck "had already cast his then-current girlfriend in the part but dropped her from the picture as soon as I asked for the part." O'Hara's marriage was breaking down at the time and she says she had decided to divorce her second husband but was talked out of it by Mary and John Ford just before she left for Australia on 17 November 1950.
Finlay Currie was the last of the four principals to be cast. He had recently made several films for Fox including The Black Rose and The Mudlark. When asked about Australia films Currie said, "I believe your own producers have concentrated too much on background and not enough on story. That is a pity. Even when your settings are interesting they can't compensate for a poor script. For it is the script that brings background alive. I think a really good story with an Australian setting should make a very good picture, and we in the unit are all hoping that is what Kangaroo will give you. Producer-director Lewis Milestone knows what he wants before he starts, and that is half the battle of production. Having him out here is a definite and important gesture to the vast potentialities of film production in your country."
In December 1950 Hedda Hopper said Rod Cameron was a good chance of being cast "if he can travel".
In December 1950 Letty Craydon was cast as Maureen O'Hara's housekeeper under a monthly contract with a daily option up until six weeks. She was chosen after her performance as Sister Josephine in the play Bonaventura. "It will be a wonderful break for me and of tremendous educational value", said Craydon. "I looked over my part the other day, and I love it, particularly as it has a touch of Irish about it. I have been studying it hard and getting ready to leave. My frocks have been prepared, and I have tried most of them on. It will be marvellous working with Maureen O'Hara and Peter Lawford; but, I'm not a star, and I doubt whether my name will be
in big lights."
The cast and crew went to Sydney via Hawaii where they had a six-day stop over in Honolulu. "Everywhere we go we get mobbed by teenagers", said Boone. Of course they're after Peter, and I get the backwash. I don't care so much for being hugged, kissed, petted and squeezed by hundreds of screaming youngsters."
Preproduction
Script revisions
Milestone says he was "saddled" with a "weak story" by the studio. When he arrived in Australia he discussed the story with members of the Sydney Journalists Club, apologising for the story and asking for their help in tracking down locations. He was contacted by journalist and writer Brian Penton who offered the director the use of material from his books Landtakers and Inheritors. Milestone loved the books and felt "they would make marvellous pictures of their type."
When screenwriter Harry Kleiner arrived in Sydney he and Milestone tried to persuade Fox via long-distance telephone "to scrap the damned scenario they'd sent me out with, which was a joke, and substitute the Penton books" arguing it was better to make an Australian film written by an Australian.
Fox refused. However Milestone used some material from the novels in the final script. He said "I fell back to my second line trenches and resolved to narrow down the human story to the minimum and concentrate on the animals plight in the drought. That way we came out of the venture with something whereas otherwise we would have had nothing."
Among Milestone's additions was a bullwhip duel between the two leads. It was one of several set pieces in the new script, others including a corroboree, a dust storm, a battle with a windmill, a cattle stampede and a cattle drive.
In September it was reported that:
Australian authors working in the United States appear to have led Hollywood up the garden path with exciting tales about Australia. At present four American writers, assisted by an Australian, are working on the script... to eliminate inaccuracies. The first working script for Kangaroo should be ready within a week. It will be somewhat different from the original story. Authors of the first script let their heads go in a big way. They described kangaroos so big and ferocious that in dry weather they stormed bush homesteads in thousands and carried off the children... A hasty revisal of the story is now being made to eliminate the "too fierce" kangaroos and other inaccuracies.
Kleiner called the rewritten script "a story about a man in conflict with his conscience. The people of the cattle country at the turn of the century provide the background."
O'Hara later wrote "I was heartbroken when I was given the revised shooting script in Sydney and saw how it had been ruined... Milestone had rewritten Martin Barkley's story and made it about a man and his conscience struggling with the question, 'Are you a sinner if you only think about sinning or do you actually have to commit the sin to be guilty?' It was the worst piece of rubbish I had ever read. He had destroyed a good, straightforward western."
O'Hara says she contacted her lawyer and tried to get out of the film but was told "I would be creating a huge political incident if I walked off the picture. I had no choice but to do it or be in serious trouble." She added "although I hated every minute of the work I absolutely loved Australia and the people."
Port Augusta
Milestone decided to relocate the film from New South Wales to Port Augusta, South Australia feeling the New South Wales locations looked no different from places in Southern Arizona and California. Fox built a base at Port Augusta
In September Milestone said he had originally planned on a 61-day shoot but now planned to be in the country for seven months.
Shooting was to commence on October 15, 1950 but this date had to be pushed back to November due to unexpected rain, lack of material and contractual requirements of Finlay Currie. Housing for cast and crew in Port Augusta was not ready. The producers negotiated with unions to try and get them to work six days a week. Milestone wanted to hold off filming to give a greater impression of drought.
In addition, the script was being rewritten and the action was relocated from the 1880s to 1900. Originally the film opened with Connor (Peter Lawford) and his bushranger friend Gamble (Boone) holding up a stage coach on a lonely road where he met Dell (O'Hara) who was a passenger. The opening scene was rewritten to be set in Sydney.
.
The producer also revealed that he was forced to have all costumes made in Hollywood. "We simply couldn't find any theatrical tailors in Australia,'
he explained.
The studio also had to ship a large quantity of technical equipment from Hollywood because it felt the equipment in Australia was out of date. "Costs are piling up so fast, what with delays and other problems, that we really lave no idea what the final total will be", said producer Bassler.
Bassler said he wanted to shoot a sequence where water starved kangaroos attacked me. "The sequence will compare with any of the great cattle and horse stampedes filmed,"" he said. "It will be the most unique thing ever put on the screen. It could become the most talked-about scene in the history of movies. I hate the thought of giving it up and only hope the various Australian Governments will come to my rescue and see that we get our kangaroos."
There was a studio at Pagewood but Milestone said it "ignored" it and "shot right inside houses, saloons, and natural interiors, utilizing as many historical locations as possible; in the country... we used little pubs and places like that, mainly in and around Port Augusta. We also shot on board a coastal ship."
Production was delayed a further ten days when Henry Kleiner had an appendix operation in Sydney.
Production
Sydney
Shooting started in Sydney in November, with work done at Millers Point near the end of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Scenes where Lawford tries to rob Boone were shot by the sandstone walls of Hickson Street, and the two up sequence was shot over several days at Elizabeth Bay House Milestone said the Australian crew took instructions from his "half dozen key personnel, who ran it like a school. They Aussies blended in fine."
Milestone said "one of the reasons I wanted to concentrate on Sydney's historic landmarks was to emphasize the fact we were actually in Australia: out in the wide open spaces you might as well have been in Arizona."
Zanuckville
Premier Thomas Playford of South Australia donated a housing estate at Port Augusta to the film unit for use of the cast and crew. This estate was dubbed "Zanuckville". It would house up to 150 people. O'Hara arrived in Adelaide from Sydney on November 30, and attended a reception at Government House hosted by Premier Playford. O'Hara said "I have been able to get down to reading my part in the film only during the past two days. I feel it is going to be wonderful. I really hope we will wind up with a 'picture 'which Australia will be proud of as well as us.' They went to Port Pirie then travelled by car to reside at the camp known as Hollywood Park, outside Port Augusta. They were met by a gala celebration.
The press had to downplay reports that Lawford and Boone were unhappy with the flies and heat. The script was continually rewritten and Port Augusta shooting was delayed until Fox approved it. Most publicity of the film focused on O'Hara.
The bulk of outdoor scenes ere shot at the foot of Mount Brown. During shooting, temperatures were very high in Port Augusta, the script was constantly being rewritten, the isolated unit (dubbed "Zanuckville") had trouble sourcing materials, and rain kept occurring at inopportune moments. Filming did not begin at Port Augusta until December 21. and the shooting schedule was constantly revised due to weather. Scenes were also shot at Woolundunga Station. Boat scenes were shot on the Moonta. On the shoot, a Christmas Eve concert was held on location by cast and crew, however Lawford and Boone asked to be excused.
During the production, Peter Lawford had a regular stand in, Noel Johnson, who had to leave during the shoot when his brother was killed in a shooting accident. He was replaced as stand in by Ian Jones, an arts student who had travelled from Melbourne to the unit hoping to find some stunt work. Jones later became a noted writer and director in Australian TV.
Australian heavyweight champion Jack O'Malley played 72 year old Finlay Currie's stand in. A sound technician was paralysed after being bitten by a spider. In January, Tingwell and Rafferty attended the premiere of Bitter Springs in Wilmington, South Australia. An aboriginal dance was especially recreated for the film using aboriginals from Ooldea. It was shot at Spear Creek near Port Augusta. Lawford reportedly lost twelve pounds during the shoot and his hair started to fall out (this stopped when he returned to Hollywood).
In her 2004 autobiography Tis Herself, Maureen O'Hara claimed that Richard Boone and Peter Lawford were "rude and disrespectful to many Australians and to the press as a whole and the Australians came to dislike them both with a passion." She says they were arrested in a "brothel full of beautiful boys" in Sydney, but claims the studio managed to prevent this from being reported by having O'Hara make a personal plea to the press O'Hara recalled "publicity around the picture was remarkable. The Australians were so excited to have us there and were one of the most gracious people I have ever encountered on location." However she says "I cried many nights" during the shoot. "Lawford and Boone were horrible to me even though I had saved both their hides... I still had to fight off a swarm of flies for every mouthful of food. I was even clawed something awful by a cuddly little koala bear during a scheduled photo shoot." O'Hara left by the end of February.
The drought was so bad that Milestone expected to have to film the movie's climactic scene – a downpour – back in Hollywood. The cast and crew attended a "native rain dance" on Saturday night and the next morning it rained. The unit shot the scene over five hours. Filming wrapped on 15 February 1952.
Overall, an estimated £446,000 was spent in South Australia. After the end of the film, various props were auctioned off in March. Over 1,000 people attended.
Postproduction
Milestone said by the time he supervised the first cut "I'd fallen in love with the whole drama of the thing." He said he instructed the music department at Fox to accompany the cattle sequence, his favourite, with a soundtrack of Shostakovitch's Sixth Symphony and called it "really a masterpiece". Milestone says Zanuck enjoyed the sequence but would not let Milestone use the music as they had stolen it for a movie before.
Milestone says Zanuck refused to preview the movie in Los Angeles and sent it out. A few months later, it was sent back after having played badly in the eastern states of the US and Zanuck demanded a new ending. Milestone says he "volunteered my services because I wanted to rescue as much as the film's quality as I could. But we had to do whatever Mr Zanuck wanted. He can be good but boy oh boy he can also be very very bad." Strong winds on location forced Milestone to rerecord much of the exterior dialogue.
Release
When the movie was released in Australia, initial box office performance was strong, but reviews were bad and business soon tailed off.
Milestone later claimed Boone's character was the basis of Paladin, the character he played in the TV series Have Gun – Will Travel (1957 – 1963). Milestone directed an episode of this show.
Reception
According to one book on Milestone, the director's "handling of the material was interesting in the extent of carrying sound and lack of dialogue to extremes, but the standard of playing was below par."
Another book on the director called it "a curiously divided work, about half formula Western and half fictionalised travelogue" in which the cattle drive sequence "proves as good as anything in Ford's or Hawk's Westerns."
Charles Higham said the movie had "first rate action scenes" including "a drought sequence and a cattle stampede that gave Harry Watt's The Overlanders quite run for its money", adding the film "once again demonstrated that, as a master of natural environments, Milestone was second to none, capturing the sweat and dust and saddle leather of Australia's outback to perfection."
Filmink magazine said that "This film isn't as bad as its reputation (Richard Boone is excellent as Lawford's friend and there's some great visuals), it's just frustrating because it should have been better – it's flabby and goes all over the place, Lawford is a wet fish of a leading man, and it needs more action... It would have been more entertaining if it had embraced being a Western more."
See also
Cinema of Australia
References
Further reading
External links
Kangaroo at Oz Movies
1952 films
1952 Western (genre) films
1950s adventure drama films
American films
English-language films
Films set in 1900
Films set in Sydney
Australian Western (genre) films
20th Century Fox films
Films shot in Sydney
Films shot in Flinders Ranges
Films scored by Sol Kaplan
1952 drama films
Films with screenplays by Harry Kleiner |
6911495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington%20Borough%20Council%20elections | Warrington Borough Council elections | Warrington is a unitary authority in Cheshire, England. Until 1 April 1998 it was a non-metropolitan district.
Political control
Since the first election to the council in 1973 political control of the council has been held by the following parties:
Non-metropolitan district
Unitary authority
Council elections
Non-metropolitan district elections
1973 Warrington Borough Council election
1976 Warrington Borough Council election
1979 Warrington Borough Council election (New ward boundaries)
1983 Warrington Borough Council election
1987 Warrington Borough Council election
1991 Warrington Borough Council election (New ward boundaries)
1995 Warrington Borough Council election (Borough boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
Unitary authority elections
1997 Warrington Borough Council election (New ward boundaries)
1999 Warrington Borough Council election
2000 Warrington Borough Council election
2001 Warrington Borough Council election
2002 Warrington Borough Council election
2004 Warrington Borough Council election (New ward boundaries reduced the number of seats by 3)
2006 Warrington Borough Council election
2007 Warrington Borough Council election
2008 Warrington Borough Council election
2010 Warrington Borough Council election
2011 Warrington Borough Council election
2012 Warrington Borough Council election
2014 Warrington Borough Council election
2015 Warrington Borough Council election
2016 Warrington Borough Council election
2021 Warrington Borough Council election
By-election results
References
External links
Warrington Council
Politics of Warrington
Local government in Warrington
Council elections in Cheshire
Unitary authority elections in England |
44508401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Nelssen | Tony Nelssen | Eugene Anthony "Tony" Nelssen, (died May 26, 2010) was a third-generation Arizona native, and a Scottsdale, Arizona city councilman from 2006 until his death from cancer in 2010. He is the only Scottsdale city council member to die while in office.
Nelssen earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts (1973), Master of Arts - Secondary Education (1975), and a Master of Fine Arts (1976) from Arizona State University (ASU). He taught Computer Arts and Photography at ASU's College of Architecture and the ASU Art Department; Phoenix College; Scottsdale Community College; and at Paradise Valley Community College.
As an outdoorsman, photographer, and educator, Nelssen was always keen to share his love of the Sonoran Desert and capturing images of it to share with others.
Tony Nelssen was elected with the highest number of votes in the March 2006 election. While in office he continued his legacy of volunteer public service, and continued to attend city council meetings telephonically even after falling ill, until his death on May 26, 2010. Nelssen was campaigning for re-election at the time of his death.
Nelssen was survived by his widow, Margaret Elizabeth Widing "Marg" Nelssen; son Ian Anthony Nelssen; and daughter Hannah Nelssen. Marg Nelssen was appointed by Tony's colleagues on the City Council to fulfill the remainder of his term.
After his death, the City of Scottsdale expanded its WestWorld Equidome equestrian facility and renamed it, "The Tony Nelssen Equestrian Center".
References
20th-century births
2010 deaths
Arizona city council members
Arizona State University alumni
Deaths from cancer in Arizona
Educators from Arizona |
20486812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%20Alabama%20Crimson%20Tide%20football%20team | 1984 Alabama Crimson Tide football team | The 1984 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously "Alabama", "UA", "Bama" or "The Tide") represented the University of Alabama in the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 92nd overall and 51st season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Ray Perkins, in his second year, and played its home games at Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. Alabama finished the season with a record of five wins and six losses (5–2 overall, 2–1 in the SEC). This marked Alabama's first losing season since the Tide went 2–3–1 in 1958 under Jennings B. Whitworth, and ended its streak of 26 straight bowl appearances.
Some of the more notable contests of the season included a season-opening loss to Boston College (and their quarterback, Doug Flutie, who went on to win the 1984 Heisman Trophy), a third consecutive loss to Tennessee in which the Tide gave up a 14-point fourth quarter lead, and Alabama's first loss to Vanderbilt since 1969. However, Alabama did upset Auburn 17–15 in the 1984 edition of the Iron Bowl, denying the Tigers a berth in the Sugar Bowl.
Schedule
Source: Rolltide.com: 1984 Alabama football schedule
References
General
Specific
Alabama
Alabama Crimson Tide football seasons
Alabama Crimson Tide football |
26723020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20College%20of%20Fisheries%20and%20Marine%20Technology | Federal College of Fisheries and Marine Technology | The Federal College of Fisheries and Marine Technology is a higher education institute located on Victoria Island in Lagos, Nigeria.
It is a monotechnic approved by the National Board for Technical Education.
The College was originally known as the Federal School of Fisheries, established in 1969 as a vocational training institute for Nigeria's in-shore fishing fleet. It was upgraded to a technological institution in 1992. The college offers courses in fisheries technology, general science, marine engineering, nautical science and Maritime Transport and Business Management.
It has two hostels, accommodating about 450 students.
The college is headed by a provost who reports the Minister of Agriculture. In February 2009 Samuel Azikwe Zelibe, former head of the Fisheries Department of Delta State University, was appointed provost. In January 2010 the provost warned that despite the N74 million government allocation and a N37.4 million World Bank grant last year, the college had scarcely enough funding to cover basic needs, let alone upgrade facilities and purchase a training vessel.
He said more money was needed to develop a Fishery Technology laboratory, raise buildings and build roads.
The college fronts Victoria Beach, which is rapidly eroding. When the building was commissioned in May 1993 the beach was about wide. Two years later, waves had reached to within a few meters of the foundation of the buildings, forcing construction of a protective groyne.
See also
List of polytechnics in Nigeria
References
1969 establishments in Nigeria
Educational institutions established in 1969
Universities and colleges in Lagos
Victoria Island, Lagos
Agricultural universities and colleges in Nigeria
Fishing in Nigeria |
6911526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veshareh%2C%20Qom | Veshareh, Qom | Veshareh (, also Romanized as Veshāreh and Beshāreh) is a village in the Dastjerd Rural District, Khalajastan District, Qom County, Qom Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 254, in 79 families.
Veshareh is one of the villages in Qom Province, near Dastjerd(Dastgerd) city and Karkas mountains. Its surrounding villages are: Mujan, Giv, Mansurabad, Sorkhdeh, Hemmatabad and Jowzeh.
History
Khajeh Nasir Toosi was born in Veshareh. There is a mountain in the village which is called Khaje nasir mountain (Kooh-e Khajeh Nasir). Previously there was a castle on the mountain with the same name which has been destroyed completely.
The original name of the village was Varshah which in time is turned to Veshareh.
References
Populated places in Qom Province |
20486815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-GDR%20Friendship%20Association | Indo-GDR Friendship Association | Indo-GDR Friendship Association was an organisation based in India, working for strengthening relations between India and the German Democratic Republic. It appears to have been supported or led by members of the then ruling Congress party in India, particularly during its Leftist phase, under part of the leadership of Indira Gandhi. Active among its members were some prominent leaders of the then ruling Congress in India, and possibly other left leaning politicians as well.
Branches, journal
The Indo-GDR Friendship Association or Society had branches in Delhi (1966), Nellore (1963), and it had a journal called Recognition, published around 1969 and thereabouts.
Books published
Books such as 20 Years of India-GDR Relations: An Anthology were published by the All India Indo-GDR Friendship Association in 1974.
Tours to the GDR
Writing in Women on the March, published for the women's front of the All India Congress Committee
Ahalya Gagoi writes that in 1975 a "delegation of All India Indo-GDR Friendship Association, consisting of educationists, lawyers and trade unionists visited the German Democratic Republic" and her "subject of special study was the Socialist System of Education in [the] GDR". Their 19-day visit through the GDR took them through Berlin, Weimar, Erfurt, Sommerda, Magdeburg, Dresden and Potsdam.
Background
Details of the India-GDR relationship of those times is discussed by Sukhada Tatke in The Mint.
References
Bibliography
20 Years of India-GDR Relations: An Anthology. New Delhi: All India Indo-GDR Friendship Association, 1974.
East Germany friendship associations
India friendship associations
Germany–India relations |
17344608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390%20Boston%20Celtics%20season | 1989–90 Boston Celtics season | The 1989–90 NBA season was the 44th season for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association. With Larry Bird returning after only playing just six games in the 1988–89 season due to heel injuries, and with last year's first round draft pick Brian Shaw leaving the team to play in Italy, the Celtics struggled around .500 during the first month of the season, but would win 11 of their next 15 games, finishing second in the Atlantic Division with a solid 52–30 record. The Celtics also qualified for the playoffs for the eleventh consecutive season.
Bird led the way averaging 24.3 points, 9.5 rebounds and 7.5 assists per game, while being named to the All-NBA Second Team, while sixth man Kevin McHale averaged 20.9 points, 8.3 rebounds and 1.9 blocks per game, while being named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team, and Robert Parish provided the team with 15.7 points and 10.1 rebounds per game. Bird, McHale and Parish were all selected for the 1990 NBA All-Star Game. In addition, Reggie Lewis contributed 17.0 points per game, and Dennis Johnson provided with 7.1 points and 6.5 assists per game.
In the Eastern Conference First Round of the playoffs, the Celtics looked ready to make a serious run as they jumped out to a 2–0 series lead over the 5th-seeded New York Knicks, with a 157–128 home win in Game 2, which was a playoff record of the most points scored in a game. However, they would collapse as they lost three straight games, losing 3–2 to the Knicks. Following the season, Johnson retired, and head coach Jim Rodgers was fired after coaching the Celtics for two seasons.
Draft picks
Roster
Regular season
Larry Bird, the Celtics star player, was coming back after surgery to both heels the previous season and later said he never felt the same. Despite the injury, the Celtics were able to rise to 2nd place in the Atlantic Division. By the end of the regular season, the Celtics had scored an average of 110 points per a game, and allowed an average of 106 points per game. During the playoffs against the Knicks that year, the Celtics quickly took the first 2 games of the series, but the New York Knicks would come back and rally to win 3 games in a row, sending the Celtics home.
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Game log
Playoffs
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| April 26
| New York
| W 116–105
| Larry Bird (24)
| Larry Bird (18)
| Larry Bird (10)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| April 28
| New York
| W 157–128
| Kevin McHale (31)
| Robert Parish (16)
| Larry Bird (16)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 3
| May 2
| @ New York
| L 99–102
| Larry Bird (31)
| Robert Parish (10)
| Larry Bird (8)
| Madison Square Garden18,212
| 2–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 4
| May 4
| @ New York
| L 108–135
| Kevin McHale (24)
| Larry Bird (8)
| Johnson, Bagley (6)
| Madison Square Garden18,212
| 2–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 5
| May 6
| New York
| L 114–121
| Larry Bird (31)
| Bird, Parish (9)
| Dennis Johnson (10)
| Boston Garden14,890
| 2–3
|-
Player statistics
Season
Larry Bird 24.5 ppg
Awards and records
Larry Bird, All-NBA Second Team
Kevin McHale, NBA All-Defensive Second Team
Transactions
See also
1989–90 NBA season
References
Boston Celtics seasons
Boston Celtics
Boston Celtics
Boston Celtics
Celtics
Celtics |
6911531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touro%20University%20Rainbow%20Health%20Coalition | Touro University Rainbow Health Coalition | Touro University Rainbow Health Coalition (RHC) is a group of students, faculty, and staff who promote health equity for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people at Touro University California. The group was formally recognized by the Student Government of Touro in September 2002 as the Touro University Gay-Straight Alliance (TUGSA) and has been a University sanctioned club since that time, with the exception of 4 days in September of 2006. In 2012, the organization changed its name to the Rainbow Health Coalition. The new name was chosen to better convey the group's focus.
History
In September 2006, the charter of the Touro University Gay-Straight Alliance was revoked by the administration of Touro University. After 5 years of funding and recognition, the group was told their budget would be de-funded. The school cited "inconsistencies between the group's mission and Jewish law.".
On September 11, 2006, students, faculty and staff of Touro University protested the revocation of the TUGSA charter. They were joined by representatives from the American Medical Student Association, the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association and two members of the Vallejo City Council. In a letter written to Touro University dated September 11, 2006, Stephanie Gomes and Gary Cloutier of the Vallejo City Council stated "The fact that Touro has elected to deny the gay student group recognition under a publicly stated rationale that is transparently discriminatory and based on a tired cliché will make supporting future Touro initiatives highly problematic." The San Francisco Board of Supervisors adopted an agenda item urging Touro to reconsider its actions. Under pressure from the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, the Vallejo City Council, the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, and the American Medical Student Association the school quickly reversed its decision and restored the group's funding.
After four days of protest, Touro University provost Harvey Kaye stated that the LGBT student group's charter had not been revoked. In a letter to the Vallejo City Council dated September 11, 2006, he stated, "In my capacity as provost, I apologize on behalf of the university that this controversy has arisen, and trust that my letter will lay this matter to rest." In May 2008, Michael Harter, Ph.D., senior provost and CEO for Touro University said the executive team at the university never took any action to rescind funding for the gay-straight alliance and was not in agreement with the comments made by the university administrator at the student government meeting.
This is the second major incidence of a Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual-Transgender student group being banned from a United States (U.S.) medical school. The first occurred at New York Medical College (NYMC) in Valhalla, New York in Fall 2004. The situation garnered national media attention in the U.S. The Gay and Lesbian Medical Association and the American Medical Student Association spearheaded a campaign to raise awareness of the issue. NYMC came under an immense pressure from the Westchester County government, as well as other academic institutions with which it had affiliations, including Pace University Law School. The Student Government association of NYMC, the faculty Senate, and the American Medical Student Association all also passed resolutions in support of the Gay and Lesbian student group. After a year of focused pressure, the school restored funding to the group.
References
External links
Gay-Lesbian Medical Association
Touro College
Official Touro University Gay Straight Alliance Website
LGBT political advocacy groups in California
LGBT youth organizations based in the United States
LGBT health organizations in the United States
LGBT student organizations
LGBT culture in the San Francisco Bay Area
2002 establishments in California
LGBT and Judaism
Vallejo, California
Organizations established in 2002
Medical and health organizations based in California
Touro University System
Mare Island |
44508403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%20General%20Test%20Apparatus | Wisconsin General Test Apparatus | The Wisconsin General Test Apparatus, also known as the WGTA, is a piece of manually operated laboratory equipment created by the collaborative effort of Dr. Paul Settlage and Dr. Walter Grether to test learning in primates. It was first introduced in the scientific literature by Drs. Harry Harlow and John Bromer in 1938.
Origin
The Wisconsin General Test Apparatus was created in the 1930s at the Harlow Center for Biological Psychology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The development of the device is credited to Drs. Paul Settlage and Walter Grether, and Drs.Harry Harlow and John Bromer are credited with the first publication about the device in 1938, where it gained much notoriety. It was originally designed for testing learning in non-human primates. In particular, the WGTA was intended for use with Rhesus monkeys.
Design
The Wisconsin General Test Apparatus is a piece of laboratory equipment designed to allow both the subject and the researcher to interact in a controlled environment, while conducting an assortment of memory and learning tests. The apparatus is constructed of two independent square compartments. One of which is a flexible cage to contain the primate subject and the other is the presentation board which houses the stimulus tray. The stimulus tray contains several food wells which can be covered with three-dimensional objects such as stars, squares, pyramids, or circles, with differing sizes and colors. There is a one way screen separating the two compartments which allows the researcher to control whether the subject can see them place the stimulus objects and food rewards in the stimulus tray or not. On the outside of the stimulus compartment, opposite the cage, there is a second one way screen which allows the researcher to observe the subject at each stage of the trial without interfering with the subject’s behavior. Both compartments are completely enclosed to ensure the safety of both the subject and the researcher.
There are several other components that make up a standard WGTA which have remained constant throughout the numerous modifications made to the device over time. One of these elements is a food reward such as a raisin, peanut, grape, or apple bit. Underneath a variable number of stimulus objects, usually 1-3, there will be a reward for the subject to access once they properly move the object. The WGTA also provides the option for an interval of observation in which the monkey can see but not yet move any of the stimulus objects. The researcher is able to observe the primate’s behavior during this interval through a one way screen. There is also another interval during which the divider is removed and the monkey can access the objects and obtain the food reward. For this period of time, the primate is allowed to manipulate the objects in an attempt to obtain the reward, during which time the observer is able to collect additional observational data on the primate’s behavior.
Uses
The Wisconsin General Test Apparatus is used to test the learning capabilities of monkeys. The subject, usually a primate, is contained in the half of the apparatus that functions as a cage. Here the primate and observer are able to be kept safe during different intervals of observation. Numerous tests including black-white discrimination and reversal tests and two-choice object discrimination tests have utilized the Wisconsin General Test Apparatus. The device has also been modified for other uses. These include but are not limited to modifications for: use with rats, use with smaller primates, a semi-automatic function, and for improved portability.
References
University of Wisconsin–Madison |
26723044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Open%20Pr%C3%A9vadi%C3%A8s%20Saint%E2%80%93Brieuc | 2010 Open Prévadiès Saint–Brieuc | The 2010 Open Prévadiès Saint–Brieuc was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was part of the 2010 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Saint-Brieuc, France between 29 March and 4 April 2010.
ATP entrants
Seeds
Rankings are as of March 22, 2010.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Charles-Antoine Brézac
Romain Jouan
Benoît Paire
Olivier Patience
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Laurynas Grigelis
Samuel Groth
Florian Reynet
Charles Roche
Champions
Singles
Michał Przysiężny def. Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3
Doubles
Uladzimir Ignatik / David Marrero def. Brian Battistone / Ryler DeHeart, 4–6, 6–4, [10–5]
References
French Tennis Federation International Tournaments official website
ITF Search
Open Prevadies Saint-Brieuc
Saint-Brieuc Challenger
2010 in French tennis
March 2010 sports events in France
April 2010 sports events in France |
6911536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleeve%20Hill%20SSSI%2C%20Somerset | Cleeve Hill SSSI, Somerset | Cleeve Hill () is a 15.1 hectare (37.4 acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest between Old Cleeve and Watchet in Somerset, notified in 1989.
The site covers a moderate to steeply sloping south face of the Washford River Valley. It supports a rich and diverse calcareous grassland community with associated mixed woodland and scrub. The site contains two species of plant which are nationally rare in Great Britain, Nit-grass (Gastridium ventricosum) and Rough Marsh-mallow (Althaea hirsuta).
References
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1989 |
6911540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo%20Friends | Zoo Friends | Zoo Friends provides assistance to Sydney's Taronga Zoo and Dubbo's Western Plains Zoo as a not-for-profit organisation. Over two million dollars were raised in 2005 in support of the Zoos and conservation and education strategies. In 2009, the total membership of the Association of Zoo Friends was over 62,000.
Started in 1983 with the goal to provide financial and volunteer help to both Taronga and Western Plains Zoos, Zoo Friends has a governing body with elected and appointed members. Elections are held annually, and all adult financial members are eligible to vote and to run for office.
Funds are raised by membership subscriptions and educational activities. Zoo Friends membership subscriptions contribute to zoological conservation and education projects. Fifty per cent of membership subscription fees goes automatically to Taronga and Western Plains Zoo. This amounted to $1.3 million in 2008. In addition to this fifty percent, $10.00 of every subscription also goes directly to the Taronga Foundation in support of the Zoological Parks Board's master plan.
The remainder of subscription monies, after operating expenses are met, is returned to the zoos in the form of grants for the Zoos' conservation and educational projects. They can vary from funding for new animal enclosures, animal enrichment equipment and projects to Zoo Friends' fellowships. Zoo Friends have donated over $13 million.
Zoo Friends has over 460 volunteers at both Taronga and Western Plains Zoos. They give over 60,000 hours of dedicated service each year. This represents an estimated yearly contribution of $1.8 million based on average employment costs. Volunteers help the zoos in a wide variety of areas, including service providers and educational facilitators.
External links
Taronga and Western Plains Zoos
Organisations based in New South Wales |
17344627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion%20Bitter%20Sweet | Percussion Bitter Sweet | Percussion Bitter Sweet is an album by jazz drummer Max Roach recorded in 1961, released on Impulse! Records. It was trumpeter Booker Little's penultimate recording before he died from uremia in early October 1961.
Track listing
All compositions by Max Roach, except where noted
"Garvey's Ghost" - 7:53
"Mama" - 4:50
"Tender Warriors" - 6:52
"Praise for a Martyr" - 7:09
"Mendacity" (Chips Bayen, Max Roach) - 8:54
"Man From South Africa" - 5:12
Tracks 1 and 5 recorded on August 1, 1961; #2 and 3 on August 3; #4 on August 8 and #6 on August 9, 1961.
Personnel
Booker Little - trumpet
Julian Priester - trombone
Eric Dolphy - alto saxophone, flute, bass clarinet
Clifford Jordan - tenor saxophone
Mal Waldron - piano
Art Davis - double bass
Max Roach - drums, percussion
Carlos "Patato" Valdés - congas (1, 3, 6)
Eugenio "Totico" Arango (credited as Carlos Eugenio) - cowbell (1, 3, 6)
Abbey Lincoln - vocal (1, 5)
Production
Margo Guryan - liner notes
References
Impulse! Records albums
Max Roach albums
1961 albums |
6911544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions%20Underbahn | Éditions Underbahn | Éditions Underbahn is an American publishing house created in 2005 and specialized in French-language neoconservative texts.
Fiction
Le Désespéré, Léon Bloy, preface by Maurice G. Dantec
September 11 Wall Street Sonnets and Other New York City Poems, Eugene Schlanger The Wall Street Poet
1984, George Orwell, Vietnamese translation by Dang Phu'o'ng-Nghi,
Rave, Baptiste Landon
Non-fiction
La Bannière Étalée, Erik Svane, preface by Guy Millière ; nominated for the Best Libertarian Book of 2005 by the ALEPS (Association for Economic Freedom and Social Progress)
France Intox, Frédéric Valandré, preface by Pierre Rigoulot
MO, Dang Phu'o'ng-Nghi,
Houdna, Guy Millière,
Justice : mise en examen, Frédéric Valandré,
External links
Underbahn
Publishing companies established in 2005 |
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