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20481362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paola%20Buonadonna | Paola Buonadonna | Paola Buonadonna is an Italian journalist and communications consultant based in the United Kingdom. She is known for her reports on current affairs affecting the United Kingdom on a variety of BBC programmes including On the Record and the Politics Show. She is the author of Leaving Azzurro Behind: the Journey of a Reluctant Brit, a memoir of her life in the UK.
Early life
Buonadonna was born in Naples, and raised in Genoa, Italy to Italian parents. She attended primary and secondary school in Genoa before finishing her education at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
Career
After a spell as a newspaper reporter in Brussels, writing about the EU institution, she moved back to London to become a reporter on the BBC program The E-Files and has since worked for On the Record and for Politics Show where she reported on both domestic and European stories.
After leaving the BBC in 2010 she was head of press for the European Parliament Office in the UK and since then has worked as a media consultant for a variety of organizations and campaigns including British Influence and the Centre for European Reform. In September 2015 she joined The Wake Up Foundation, an educational charity, and helped create and run their Wake Up Europe! campaign. She is currently the Head of Communications and Engagement at the National Institute of Economic and Social Research, NIESR.
External links
References
Italian journalists
Italian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Year of birth missing (living people) |
23578583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied%20Insurance | Allied Insurance | Allied Insurance provides insurance to individuals, families and businesses. Headquarters are located in Des Moines, Iowa. They are represented by independent insurance agents through their regional offices and staff in Des Moines, Iowa; Lincoln, Nebraska, Denver, Colorado, and Sacramento, California. Allied employs more than 4,100 people throughout the U.S.
Allied Insurance Centers was acquired by Robertson Ryan & Associates in Wisconsin in 2017.
History
It was formed as ALLIED Mutual Automobile Association in 1929 by Harold Evans. In 1998, Allied merged with Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company. A Fortune 500 company based in Columbus, Ohio, Nationwide is one of the country's largest diversified insurance and financial services organizations. Nationwide is one of the country's largest auto and home insurer and employs more than 35,000 people throughout the country.
In 1998, Nationwide merged with Allied and assumed responsibility for Allied's independent agency network. In 1999, CalFarm Insurance in Sacramento, California joined Nationwide as well. These organizations, along with several others, now all operate as Nationwide.
References
External links
Financial services companies established in 1929
Insurance companies of the United States
1998 mergers and acquisitions |
23578585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Quilcene%20River | Little Quilcene River | The Little Quilcene River is a river on the Olympic Peninsula in the U.S. state of Washington. It rises in Clallam County, near Mount Townsend of the Olympic Mountains. The river flows generally east through the Olympic National Forest. After exiting the higher mountains and the national forest the Little Quilcene River flows east and southeast through rolling terrain. It enters Jefferson County and flows more directly south to Quilcene, where it empties into the northern end of Quilcene Bay, part of Hood Canal. The Big Quilcene River enters Quilcene Bay less than a mile to the south.
See also
List of rivers of Washington
References
Rivers of Washington (state)
Rivers of Clallam County, Washington
Rivers of Jefferson County, Washington |
23578603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS%20Oldenburg | MS Oldenburg | MS Oldenburg is a British passenger ferry serving the island of Lundy in the Bristol Channel.
The Oldenburg was named after the former grand duchy of Oldenburg, Germany, and launched on 29 March 1958 in Bremen. On 6 August she was delivered to Deutsche Bundesbahn Schiffsdienst Wangerooge, and used for a ferry service between the mainland and the Frisian island of Wangerooge.
She was first chartered in winter of 1975 by Reederei Warrings for duty-free shopping cruises in East Frisia. In 1982 she was sold to Harle-Reederei Warrings in Carolinensiel, Lower Saxony, Germany.
In November 1985 she was sold to the Lundy Co. Ltd. to replace Lundy's transport boat, the Polar Bear. After a refurbishment at Appledore Shipyard including fitting a new crane and bringing the ship up to modern British shipping standards, she began her journeys for passengers and supplies to the island of Lundy in May 1986.
In 1999, the Lundy Co. Ltd received a Heritage Lottery Fund Grant which was used to upgrade the ship with two new 6-cylinder Cummins KT19-M425 Diesel Engines, each capable of producing 317kW (425HP) at 1800RPM, increasing her top speed from 11.5 to 12.5 Knots. The grant was also used to construct a new aft canopy and undertake a refurbishment programme, bringing the total passenger capacity count to 267.
Every year, the MS Oldenburg enters Sharpness docks for her annual refit. During these refits, essential maintenance is carried out in dry dock which are not possible during the sailing season. During the late 2019 refit, MS Oldenburg was fitted with a new rudder stock and foredeck crane, replacing the crane installed at the beginning of her Lundy tenure in 1986.
Gallery
References
External links
Oldenburg on Lundy Island
Dates on faktacomfartyg
Pictures on Flickr
Ferries of England
1958 ships
Ferries of South West England
Water transport in Devon
Lundy |
17340146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muwaffaq | Al-Muwaffaq | Abu Ahmad Talha ibn Ja'far (; 29 November 843 – 2 June 891), better known by his as Al-Muwaffaq Billah (), was an Abbasid prince and military leader, who acted as the de facto regent of the Abbasid Caliphate for most of the reign of his brother, Caliph al-Mu'tamid. His stabilization of the internal political scene after the decade-long "Anarchy at Samarra", his successful defence of Iraq against the Saffarids and the suppression of the Zanj Rebellion restored a measure of the Caliphate's former power and began a period of recovery, which culminated in the reign of al-Muwaffaq's own son, the Caliph al-Mu'tadid.
Early life
Talha, commonly known by the teknonym Abu Ahmad, was born on 29 November 843, as the son of the Caliph Ja'far al-Mutawakkil () and a Greek slave concubine, Eshar, known as Umm Ishaq. In 861, he was present in his father's murder at Samarra by the Turkish military slaves (): the historian al-Tabari reports that he had been drinking with his father that night, and came upon the assassins while going to the toilet, but after a brief attempt to protect the caliph, he retired to his own rooms when he realized that his efforts were futile. The murder was almost certainly instigated by al-Mutawakkil's son and heir, al-Muntasir, who immediately ascended the throne; nevertheless Abu Ahmad's own role in the affair is suspect as well, given his close ties later on with the Turkish military leaders. According to historian Hugh Kennedy, "it is possible, therefore, that Abu Ahmad had already had close links with the young Turks before the murder, or that they were forged on that night". This murder opened a period of internal upheaval known as the "Anarchy at Samarra", where the Turkish military chiefs vied with other powerful groups, and with each other, over control of the government and its financial resources.
It was during this period of turmoil, in February 865, that Caliph al-Musta'in () and two of the senior Turkish officers, Wasif and Bugha the Younger, fled from Samarra to the old Abbasid capital, Baghdad, where they could count on the support of the city's Tahirid governor, Muhammad ibn Abdallah. The Turkish army in Samarra then selected al-Musta'in's brother al-Mu'tazz () as Caliph, and Abu Ahmad was entrusted with the conduct of operations against al-Musta'in and his supporters. The ensuing siege of Baghdad lasted from February to December 865. In the end, Abu Ahmad and Muhammad ibn Abdallah reached a negotiated settlement, which would see al-Musta'in abdicate. As a result, on 25 January 866, al-Mu'tazz was acclaimed as caliph in the Friday prayer in Baghdad. Contrary to the agreed terms, however, al-Musta'in was murdered. It was most likely during this time that Abu Ahmad consolidated his relationship with the Turkish military, especially with Musa ibn Bugha, who played a crucial role during the siege. Abu Ahmad further solidified these ties when he secured a pardon for Bugha the Younger.
On his return to Samarra, Abu Ahmad was initially received with honour by the Caliph, but six months later he was thrown into prison as a potential rival, along with another of his brothers, al-Mu'ayyad. The latter was soon executed, but Abu Ahmad survived thanks to the protection of the Turkish military. Eventually, he was released and exiled to Basra before being allowed to return to Baghdad, where he was forced to reside at the Qasr al-Dinar palace in East Baghdad. He was so popular there that at the time of al-Mu'tazz's death in July 869, the army and the people clamoured in favour of his elevation to the caliphate, rather than al-Muhtadi (). Al-Muwaffaq refused, however, and took the oath of allegiance to al-Muhtadi.
Regent of the Caliphate
At the time al-Muhtadi was killed by the Turks in June 870, Abu Ahmad was at Mecca. Immediately he hastened north to Samarra, where he and Musa ibn Bugha effectively sidelined the new Caliph, al-Mu'tamid (), and assumed control of the government.
In his close relations with the Turkish military, and his active participation in military affairs, al-Muwaffaq differed from most Abbasid princes of his time, and resembles rather his grandfather, Caliph al-Mu'tasim (). Like al-Mu'tasim, this relationship was to be the foundation of al-Muwaffaq's power: when the Turkish rank and file demanded that one of the Caliph's brothers to be appointed as their commander—bypassing their own leaders, who were accused of misappropriating salaries—al-Muwaffaq was appointed the main intermediary between the caliphal government and the Turkish military. In return for the Turks' loyalty, he apparently abolished the other competing corps of the caliphal army such as the Maghariba or the Faraghina, which are no longer mentioned after . Hugh Kennedy sums up the arrangement thus: "al-Muwaffaq assured their status and their position as the army of the caliphate and al-Muwaffaq's role in the civil administration meant that they received their pay". Al-Muwaffaq's close personal relationship with the Turkish military leadership—initially Musa ibn Bugha, as well as Kayghalagh and Ishaq ibn Kundaj after Musa's death in 877—his own prestige as a prince of the dynasty, and the exhaustion after a decade of civil strife, allowed him to establish unchallenged control over the Turks, as indicated by their willingness to participate in costly campaigns under his leadership.
Following the sack of Basra by the Zanj in 871, Abu Ahmad was also conferred an extensive governorship, covering most of the lands still under direct caliphal control: the Hejaz, Yemen, Iraq with Baghdad and Wasit, Basra, Ahwaz and Fars. To denote his authority, he assumed an honorific name in the style of the caliphs, (). His power was further expanded on 20 July 875, when the Caliph included him in the line of succession after his own underage son, Ja'far al-Mufawwad, and divided the empire in two large spheres of government. The western provinces were given to al-Mufawwad, while al-Muwaffaq was given charge of the eastern ones; in practice, al-Muwaffaq continued to exercise control over the western provinces as well.
With al-Mu'tamid largely confined to Samarra, al-Muwaffaq and his personal secretaries (Sulayman ibn Wahb, Sa'id ibn Makhlad, and Isma'il ibn Bulbul) effectively ruled the Caliphate from Baghdad. What little autonomy al-Mu'tamid enjoyed was further curtailed after the death of the long-serving vizier Ubayd Allah ibn Yahya ibn Khaqan in 877, when al-Muwaffaq assumed the right to appoint the Caliph's viziers himself. However, it was not the viziers, but al-Muwaffaq's personal secretary Sa'id ibn Makhlad, who was the outstanding figure in the Caliphate's bureaucracy, at least until his own disgrace in 885. He was followed by Isma'il ibn Bulbul, who served concurrently as vizier to both brothers.
Campaigns
As the main military leader of the Caliphate, it fell upon al-Muwaffaq to meet the numerous challenges to caliphal authority that sprung up during these years. Indeed, as Michael Bonner writes, "al-Muwaffaq's decisive leadership was to save the Abbasid caliphate from destruction on more than one occasion". The main military threats to the Abbasid Caliphate were the Zanj Rebellion in southern Iraq and the ambitions of Ya'qub ibn al-Layth, the founder of the Saffarid dynasty, in the east. Al-Muwaffaq's drive and energy played a crucial role in their suppression.
Confronting the Saffarids
A humble soldier, Ya'qub, surnamed al-Saffar ('the Coppersmith'), had exploited the decade-long Samarra strife to first gain control over his native Sistan, and then to expand his control. By 873 he ruled over almost all of the eastern lands of the Caliphate, ousting the hitherto dominant Tahirids from power, a move denounced by al-Muwaffaq. Finally, in 875 he seized control of the province of Fars, which not only provided much of the scarce revenue for the Caliphate's coffers, but was also dangerously close to Iraq. The Abbasids tried to prevent an attack by Ya'qub by formally recognizing him as governor over all the eastern provinces and by granting him special honours, including adding his name to the Friday sermon and appointment to the influential position of (chief of police) in Baghdad. Nevertheless, in the next year Ya'qub began his advance on Baghdad, until he was confronted and decisively beaten by the Abbasids under al-Muwaffaq and Musa ibn Bugha at the Battle of Dayr al-Aqul near Baghdad. The Abbasid victory, a complete surprise to many, saved the capital.
Nevertheless, the Saffarids remained firmly ensconced in their possession of most of the Iranian provinces, and in 879, even the Abbasid court had to recognize Ya'qub as governor of Fars. After Ya'qub died from illness in the same year, his brother and successor, Amr ibn al-Layth, hacknowledged the Caliph's suzerainty and had been rewarded with the governorship over the eastern provinces and the position of of Baghdad—essentially the same posts the Tahirids had held—in exchange for an annual tribute of one million dirhams. Soon Amr was having trouble asserting his authority, especially in Khurasan, where already under Ya'qub pro-Tahirid opposition had emerged, first under Ahmad ibn Abdallah al-Khujistani, and then under Rafi ibn Harthama, who challenged Saffarid rule over the province.
With the Zanj subdued, after 883 al-Muwaffaq turned his attention again to the east. In 884/5, al-Muwaffaq ordered the public cursing of Amr, and appointed the Dulafid Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz as governor of Kirman and Fars, and the reinstated the ousted Tahirid governor, Muhammad ibn Tahir, as governor over Khurasan, with Rafi ibn Harthama as his deputy. The army under the vizier Sa'id ibn Makhlad conquered most of the province of Fars, forcing Amr himself to come west. After initial success against the caliphal general Tark ibn al-Abbas, Amr was routed by Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz in 886, and again in 887 by al-Muwaffaq in person. Amr's ally, Abu Talha Mansur ibn Sharkab, defected to the Abbasids, but Amr was able to retreat to Sijistan, protected from pursuit by the desert.
The threat by the Tulunids and the Byzantines in the west forced al-Muwaffaq to negotiate a settlement in 888/9 that largely restored the previous status quo, with Amr recognized as governor of Khurasan, Fars, and Kirman, paying 10 million dirhams as tribute in exchange, and his agent, the Tahirid Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir, sent to become of Baghdad. In 890, al-Muwaffaq again attempted to take back Fars, but this time the invading Abbasid army under Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz was defeated, and another agreement restored peaceful relations and Amr's titles and possessions.
Suppression of the Zanj Revolt
The struggle against the uprising of the Zanj slaves in the marshlands of southern Iraq—according to Michael Bonner "the greatest slave rebellion in the history of Islam"—which began in September 869, was a long and difficult conflict, and almost brought the Caliphate to is knees. Due to the Saffarid threat, the Abbasids could not fully mobilize against the Zanj until 879. Consequently, the Zanj initially held the upper hand, capturing much of lower Iraq including Basra and Wasit and defeating the Abbasid armies, which were reduced to trying to contain the Zanj advance. The balance tipped after 879, when al-Muwaffaq's son Abu'l-Abbas, the future Caliph al-Mu'tadid (), was given the command. Abu'l-Abbas was joined in 880 by al-Muwaffaq himself, and in a succession of engagements in the marshes of southern Iraq, the Abbasid forces drove back the Zanj towards their capital, Mukhtara, which fell in August 883. Another son of al-Muwaffaq, Harun, also participated in the campaigns. He also served as nominal governor of a few provinces, but died young on 7 November 883.
The victory over the Zanj was celebrated as a major triumph for al-Muwaffaq personally and for his regime: al-Muwaffaq received the victory title ('he who upholds the Faith of God'), while his secretary Sa'id ibn Makhlad received the title ('holder of the two vizierates').
Relations with the Tulunids
At the same time, al-Muwaffaq also had to confront the challenge posed by the ambitious governor of Egypt, Ahmad ibn Tulun. The son of a Turkish slave, Ibn Tulun had been the province's governor since the reign of al-Mu'tazz, and expanded his power further in 871, when he expelled the caliphal fiscal agent and assumed direct control of Egypt's revenue, which he used to create an army of of his own. Preoccupied with the more immediate threats of the Saffarids and the Zanj rebels, as well as with keeping in check the Turkish troops and managing the internal tensions of the caliphal government, al-Muwaffaq was unable to react. This gave Ibn Tulun the necessary time to consolidate his own position in Egypt.
Open conflict between Ibn Tulun and al-Muwaffaq broke out in 875/6, on the occasion of a large remittance of revenue to the central government. Counting on the rivalry between the Caliph and his over-mighty brother to maintain his own position, Ibn Tulun forwarded a larger share of the taxes to al-Mu'tamid (2.2 million gold dinars) instead of al-Muwaffaq (1.2 million dinars). Al-Muwaffaq, who in his fight against the Zanj considered himself entitled to the major share of the provincial revenues, was angered by this, and by the implied machinations between Ibn Tulun and his brother. Al-Muwaffaq sought someone to replace Ibn Tulun, but all the officials in Baghdad had been bought off by the governor of Egypt, and refused. Al-Muwaffaq sent a letter to the Egyptian ruler demanding his resignation, which the latter predictably refused. Both sides geared for war. Al-Muwaffaq nominated Musa ibn Bugha as governor of Egypt and sent him with troops to Syria. Due to a combination of lack of pay and supplies for the troops, and the fear generated by Ibn Tulun's army, Musa never got further than Raqqa. After ten months of inaction and a rebellion by his troops, Musa returned to Iraq, without having achieved anything. In a public gesture of support for al-Mu'tamid and opposition to al-Muwaffaq, Ibn Tulun assumed the title of 'Servant of the Commander of the Faithful' () in 878.
Ibn Tulun now seized the initiative. Having served in his youth in the border wars with the Byzantine Empire at Tarsus, he now requested to be conferred the command of the frontier districts of Cilicia (the Thughur). Al-Muwaffaq initially refused, but following the Byzantine successes of the previous years al-Mu'tamid prevailed upon his brother and in 877/8 Ibn Tulun received responsibility for the entirety of Syria and the Cilician frontier, which Ibn Tulun proceeded to take over in person. Back in Egypt, however, his son Ahmad, possibly encourage by al-Muwaffaq, was preparing to usurp his father's position. This was unsuccessful, and on his return to Egypt in 879, Ibn Tulun captured his son and had him imprisoned. Following his return from Syria, Ibn Tulun added his own name to coins issued by the mints under his control, along with those of the Caliph and heir apparent, al-Mufawwad, thus proclaiming himself as a de facto independent ruler.
In the autumn of 882, the Tulunid general Lu'lu' defected to the Abbasids, while the new governor of Tarsus in the Cilician Thughur refused to acknowledge Tulunid suzerainty. This prompted ibn Tulun to once again move into Syria. This coincided with an attempt by al-Mu'tamid to escape from Samarra and seek sanctuary with Ibn Tulun, who was in Damascus. However, the governor of Mosul, Ishaq ibn Kundajiq, acting on instructions by al-Muwaffaq, arrested the caliph and handed him back to al-Muwaffaq, who placed his brother under effective house arrest at Wasit. This opened anew the rift between the two rulers: al-Muwaffaq nominated Ishaq ibn Kundaj as governor of Egypt and Syria—in reality a largely symbolic appointment—while Ibn Tulun organized an assembly of religious jurists at Damascus which denounced al-Muwaffaq as a usurper, condemned his maltreatment of al-Mu'tamid, declared his place in the succession as void, and called for a jihad against him. Ibn Tulun had his rival duly denounced in sermons in the mosques across the Tulunid domains, while the Abbasid regent responded in kind with a ritual denunciation of Ibn Tulun. Despite the belligerent rhetoric, however, neither made moves to confront the other militarily. Only in 883 did Ibn Tulun send an army to take over to take over the two holy cities of Islam, Mecca and Medina, but it was defeated by the Abbasids.
After Ibn Tulun's death in 884, al-Muwaffaq attempted again to retake control of Egypt from Ibn Tulun's successor Khumarawayh. Khumarawayh however defeated an expedition under Abu'l-Abbas, and extended his control over most of the Jazira as well. In 886, al-Muwaffaq was forced to recognize the Tulunids as hereditary governors over Egypt and Syria for 30 years, in exchange for an annual tribute of 300,000 dinars.
Final years and the succession
Towards the end of the 880s, al-Muwaffaq's relations with his son Abu'l-Abbas deteriorated, although the reason is unclear. In 889, Abu'l-Abbas was arrested and imprisoned on his father's orders, where he remained despite the demonstrations of the loyal to him. He apparently remained under arrest until May 891, when al-Muwaffaq, already nearing his death, returned to Baghdad after two years in Jibal. By this time, the gout from which he had long suffered had incapacitated him to the extent that he could nor ride, and required a specially prepared litter. It was evident to observers that he was nearing his end. The vizier Ibn Bulbul, who was opposed to Abu'l-Abbas, called al-Mu'tamid and al-Mufawwad into the city, but the popularity of Abu'l-Abbas with the troops and the populace was such that he was released from captivity and recognized as his father's heir. Al-Muwaffaq died on 2 June, and was buried in al-Rusafah near his mother's tomb. Two days later, Abu'l-Abbas succeeded his father in his offices and received the oath of allegiance as second heir after al-Mufawwad. In October 892, al-Mu'tamid died and Abu'l-Abbas al-Mu'tadid brushed aside his cousin to ascend the throne, quickly emerging as "the most powerful and effective Caliph since al-Mutawakkil" (Kennedy).
References
Sources
843 births
891 deaths
Sons of Abbasid caliphs
Generals of the Abbasid Caliphate
Regents
9th-century rulers in Asia
Government of the Abbasid Caliphate
9th-century Arabs
9th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate |
17340167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%20marche%20seul | Je marche seul | "Je marche seul" ("I Walk Alone") is the name of a 1985 song recorded by the French singer and songwriter Jean-Jacques Goldman. It was released in June 1985 as the first single from his album Non homologué, as tenth track. Though the song failed to reach number one on the French Singles Chart, it remains one of Goldman's biggest hit singles as well as one of the more popular songs live.
Lyrics and music
The upbeat song begins with a long musical introduction highlighted by a sax solo.
When the song was released as a single, Goldman explained in various interviews that the song was very hard to compose. The lyrics describe someone walking alone along a road, annomyous and lost in thought, able to forget everything for the moment and the pleasure of being anonymous while observing the world. Goldman has said that "Je marche seul" is a bright song because "the loneliness is not a punishment".
The music video, produced by Bernard Schmitt in Brussels, began to be aired on television in May 1985. It was well received in the media at the time. It shows Goldman portraying a renegade from Eastern Europe who has an affair in a train which is crossing the border.
Jean-Jacques Goldman said in an interview that even before the release of the song in the media, he was sure to have a hit: "So, for "Je marche seul", I had no doubt!"
Live performances
On 13 October 1985, Goldman performed the song as duet with Daniel Balavoine during the charity concert of the 'Chanteurs sans frontières' in La Courneuve to raise funds for Ethiopia. The song was later included in Goldman's best of Intégrale and Singulier. It was performed during the singer's tours, and thus is available in the original version on Un tour ensemble, and in a medley version on En public, Traces and Intégrale.
On the television show Zénith, presented by Michel Denisot in December 1986, Goldman performed several of his songs in China. The shooting of "Je marche seul" took place in the Nankin avenue, in Shanghai, and shows the singer walking among thousands of Chinese.
Cover versions
The song was covered by Jean-Félix Lalanne in 1990, by Eric Landman in 2000 for his album Eric Landman chante Jean-Jacques Goldman, and by Le Collège de l'Esterel in 2002. The most popular cover is that of Les Enfoirés, performed by Muriel Robin, Pierre Palmade, Gérard Jugnot, Axel Bauer, Zazie, Hélène Ségara and Natasha St-Pier, from the 2004 concert, available on the album 2004: Les Enfoirés dans l'espace.
The song was also recorded in Dutch-language by Bart Herman, under the title "Ik loop alleen".
In 2012, Christophe Willem covered the song on the number one album Génération Goldman.
Chart performances
The single had a long chart run on the French Singles Chart: it stayed in the top 50 for 30 weeks, from 22 June 1985 to 11 January 1986. It debuted at number 25, reached the top ten four weeks later, where it remained for 14 consecutive weeks, with a peak at number two in its 11th and 15th weeks; then it dropped slowly on the chart. The same year, it was certified Gold disc by the SNEP.
Track listings
7" single
"Je marche seul" — 4:03
"Elle attend" — 3:17
12" maxi
"Je marche seul" (extended) — 5:58
"Elle attend" — 3:15
Personnel
Jean-Jacques Goldman — singing, backing vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar and piano
Guy Delacroix — bass, programming
Patrick Bourgoin — saxophone
P.A. Dahan — drums
Roland Romanelli — synthesizers
Patrice Mondon — violin
Charts and certifications
References
External links
"Je marche seul", story, lyrics and anecdotes ("Chansons" => "En un clic" => "Je marche seul")
1985 singles
Jean-Jacques Goldman songs
Songs written by Jean-Jacques Goldman
1985 songs
Epic Records singles |
23578615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20Ottawa%20Rough%20Riders%20season | 1993 Ottawa Rough Riders season | The 1993 Ottawa Rough Riders finished 3rd place in the East Division with a 4–14 record. They were defeated in the East Semi-Final by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.
Offseason
CFL Draft
Preseason
Regular season
Season standings
Regular season
Schedule
Postseason
Awards and honours
1993 CFL All-Stars
None
References
Ottawa Rough Riders seasons |
17340185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20Scientology%20Western%20United%20States | Church of Scientology Western United States | The Church of Scientology Western United States (CoSWUS) is a Californian 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation, located in Los Angeles. CoSWUS is integrated within the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the Church of Scientology. The corporation is composed of several individual Scientology organizations and entities, among them churches, such as the "Church of Scientology of Los Angeles", which delivers services to public members of Scientology.
In its application for tax exemption, CoSWUS described the structure of the corporation as follows:
"The CSWUS corporation houses six distinct ecclesiastical organizations that includes three churches, each of which
ministers religious services at a different level of the religious hierarchy described above; two supervisory organizations and an ecclesiastical support organization. [...] Except for the Church of Scientology of San Diego, all of these church organizations are located in Los Angeles where they share a large complex of buildings and facilities. [...]"
The core of CoSWUS' organizations are located around L. Ron Hubbard Way in Hollywood, where three so-called "service organizations" are located: the already mentioned "Church of Scientology of Los Angeles", the "American Saint Hill Organization" (ASHO) and the "Advanced Organization Los Angeles" (AOLA). In this area is also the former "Cedars of Lebanon" Hospital located, which was purchased by the Church of Scientology during the 1970s and which serves today as a dormitory for the Scientology staff members, who work in the adjacent buildings or elsewhere in Los Angeles.
Corporate information
Basic information
On April 8, 1971, a new Scientology organization was incorporated in San Diego – the "Church of Scientology of Jolla". Its name was later changed to "Church of Scientology of San Diego". Finally, on May 20, 1985, the organization was transferred and re-incorporated in Los Angeles under the new name "Church of Scientology Western United States". The board of directors of the newly named corporation had adopted the organization's new bylaws on May 19, 1985.
At present the official address of CoSWUS is 1308 L. Ron Hubbard Way, Los Angeles CA 90027.
In 1993, the Church of Scientology International submitted to the Internal Revenue Service a list with all the corporate officers of the Scientology network. At this time, CoSWUS was officially managed by a board of trustees. Its members were Mariette Cynstein, Ivan Obolensky and Mary Pinat. The organization's board of directors was composed of Linda Sereda, Lawrence Lynn and Eugene Skonetski. The president of CoSWUS was Lawrence Lynn, with Linda Sereda as secretary and Eugene Skonetski as treasurer.
On August 18, 1993, CoSWUS filed an application for tax exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. In the same year, the Internal Revenue Service granted CoSWUS' request for exemption.
As of March 11, 2000 CoSWUS had the following corporate officers: Vicki Shantz (Chief Executive Officer/President), Wayne Carnahan (Secretary) and Vincenzo Contrafatto (Chief Financial Officer/Treasurer).
As of May 2, 2008, CoSWUS' official agent has been the attorney Jeanne Gavigan. Her official address is 6400 Canoga Park Avenue, Canoga Park, CA 91367.
Corporate activities
The Religious Technology Center (RTC) is the holder of Scientology's trademarks and service marks. As such, RTC entered with the CoSWUS on May 23, 1985, an organizational covenant, granting CoSWUS the right to sell and deliver the "Advanced Technology" to its public members while guaranteeing weekly payments of 6% of the monetary value of the "Advanced Technology"-services that are being delivered to the public from CoSWUS towards RTC.
The Church of Scientology International (CSI) presents itself as the mother church of the Church of Scientology worldwide. As such, it has the right to use and sub-license various Scientology trademarks and service marks. Consequently, CSI has entered a number of agreements with other subordinate organizations in the Scientology hierarchy, such as the CoSWUS:
License Agreement. On June 15, 1982, CSI entered a license agreement with the "Church of Scientology of San Diego", which regulated the use of the service marks and trademarks by that organization. When this organization later became the "Church of Scientology Western United States", the license agreement remained valid for the newly renamed corporation.
"Ecclesiastical Support Agreement". This agreement from January 1, 1992, acknowledges CSI's dominant role and control over all the functions and activities of CoSWUS and guarantees a steady, weekly payment of 12.5% of the organizations' net income towards CSI.
"Motion Picture Exhibition Agreement." It guarantees CSI the weekly payment of 11% of the revenue by CoSWUS for their use of Scientology training courses. It also forces the organizations to use certain equipment, such as tape recorders, which CSI provides for the same use.
Organizational structure and management
According to its 1993 application for tax exemption, the corporation CoSWUS consisted at that time of six different sub-organizations or sub-entities:
"[...] 1. Church of Scientology Advanced Organization of Los Angeles ('AOLA') - AOLA is one of four advanced organizations in the world and the only one located in the United States. As an advanced organization AOLA is authorized to minister the Scientology advanced technology to the level of New OT V and religious training to the level of Class VIII auditor as well as most of the lower levels of auditing and religious training. [...] AOLA's activities consist of the ministry of religious services and administrative and executive functions necessary to support this ministry. AOLA's staff includes auditors, case supervisors, course supervisors and other staff directly involved in administering services, as well as executive and administrative staff [...]"
"[...] 2. American Saint Hill Organization ('ASHO') - ASHO is one of only four Saint Hill Organizations in the world [...], and the only Saint Hill Organization in the United States. Saint Hill Organizations are so named because they specialize in delivering the Saint Hill Special Briefing Course ('Briefing Coursel') and other Scientology religious services at a comparable level. The Briefing Course is a very extensive, advanced course in auditor training which includes a chronological study of the written and recorded Scientology Scriptures. ASHO also ministers other religious training and lower-level and intermediate level auditing. The religious services ministered by ASHO generally emphasize training. [...]"
"[...] 3. Church of Scientology of San Diego - Church of Scientology of San Diego is a Class V church of Scientology and is authorized to minister Scientology auditing to the State of Clear and auditor training to the level of Class V auditor. It is a local church of Scientology for the San Diego area."
"4. Continental Liaison Office West U.S. ('CLO WUS') - CLO WUS is an intermediate level ecclesiastical management organization which acts as a liaison for CSI. [...] CLO WUS administers Church programs and provides guidance and advice to Scientology churches in the Western United States. There are 30 separate churches under CLO WUS's ecclesiastical jurisdiction [...] CLO WUS reviews operations of the Scientology churches within its ecclesiastical jurisdiction and liaises with
CSI. [...]"
"[...] 5. Commodore's Messenger Organization Pacific ('CMO PAC') - CMO PAC oversees the execution of programs from the Commodore's Messenger Organization International of CSI and acts as a liaison between CSWUS and CSI with respect to those programs."
"6. Pacific Base Crew ('PBC') - PBC is the organization responsible for maintaining the complex of Scientology buildings and other facilities used by CSWUS and other Scientology organizations in Los Angeles. PBC is responsible for renovations, some construction and most repairs to these facilities. Its staff also provides meals and berthing to the staff of all Scientology organizations located in the Scientology complex. [...]"
See also
Scientology
Dianetics
Church of Scientology
Religious Technology Center
Church of Scientology International
List of Scientology organizations
References
Scientology organizations
Religious organizations established in 1971
Organizations based in Los Angeles |
17340194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualLogix | VirtualLogix | VirtualLogix, Inc. provides real-time virtualization software and related development tools for embedded systems. The company was founded in 2002.
In September 2010, VirtualLogix was acquired by Red Bend Software.
Products
Real-time hypervisors
VirtualLogix's VLX Hypervisor provides concurrent support for rich operating systems like Linux and Windows, and in-house or commercial real-time operating systems on general purpose processors and DSPs.
VLX supports a variety of 32-bit/64-bit processors, single and multi-core processors, including processors from Intel, Texas Instruments, Freescale and ARM and Power architectures. VLX supports devices with and without memory management units and can take advantage of hardware virtualization and security support.
Virtualization enabled high availability
VirtualLogix's vHA is an add-on to VLX that provides high availability capability for embedded systems using virtualization and multi-core processors.
Development environment
VirtualLogix’s VLX Developer is an Eclipse-based graphical environment, which is used to configure, build, monitor and optimize VLX virtualized platforms.
Competitors
Today, their competitors include Trango's Virtual Processors, Open Kernel Labs's OKL4 and, to a lesser extent, open source hypervisors such as L4, XtratuM and Xen.
Notes
VirtualLogix was founded as Jaluna and rebranded as VirtualLogix in September 2006.
External links
VirtualLogix homepage
at LinuxDevices
Software companies based in California
Companies based in Sunnyvale, California
Software companies of the United States |
23578653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Nicholas%27%20Church%2C%20Ipswich | St Nicholas' Church, Ipswich | St Nicholas' Church, Ipswich is a medieval church in Ipswich. It is currently used by the Diocese of St Edmundsbury & Ipswich as a conference centre and is adjacent to the diocesan offices, and the bishops' offices. The church dates from 1300 and was substantially refitted in 1849. The fifteenth century tower was rebuilt in 1886.
St Nicholas Parish
St Nicholas was a parish church and in the late medieval times this parish was part of Ipswich south ward, along with the parish of St Peters.
Bells
The church has a ring of 5 bells all but the 2nd were cast by Henry Pleasant of Sudbury in 1706. The second was cast by Miles I Graye of Colchester in 1630. All 5 bells hang in oak frame dating from c.1706.
Notable people buried in St Nicholas' graveyard
Peyton Ventris (1645 – 1691), judge and politician.
References
Church of England church buildings in Ipswich
Grade II* listed buildings in Ipswich |
17340253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland%20heath | Lowland heath | Lowland heath is a Biodiversity Action Plan habitat as it is a type of ancient wild landscape. Natural England's Environmental Stewardship scheme describes lowland heath as containing dry heath, wet heath and valley mire communities, usually below in altitude, on acidic soils and shallow peat, typically comprising heathers, gorses, fine grasses, wild flowers and lichens in a complex mosaic. Heathers and other dwarf shrubs usually account for at least 25% of the ground cover. By contrast, upland heath, which is above in altitude, is called moorland, Dartmoor being an example.
Characteristics
Lowland heath occurs on a range of acidic pH < 5, impoverished soils that are often sandy and free draining, characteristically podsols. There are no deep-burrowing earthworms so soil profile boundaries are sharp. There is often a thick litter layer on top of slow-decaying leaf litter. The habitat is susceptible to drought in summer and due to its freely draining nature. As many of the plants are waxy, fire is a hazard. A plant-animal association has adapted to these harsh conditions.
There are three types of lowland heath according to their location and climate conditions: wet (impervious rocks/clay preventing water drainage), dry (well-drained), and humid (between the two types). Wet heaths contain more different species than dry, such as sphagnum mosses and carnivorous plants (Drosera, Pinguicula).
Development
Some 80% of lowland heath has been lost since 1800, with the UK holding a fifth of the world's remaining stock. Pollen grain carbon dating has indicated that it has existed in the UK for 14,000 years as the ice-caps retreated. As the weather warmed, trees became established and replaced the tundra heath. But 5000 years ago humans began to clear forests, and heathland re-established on acid, sandy soils. Its area is thought to have peaked around the 16th century (Tubbs, 1991). From then onwards agricultural and transport technology improved, allowing nutrients to be put back into the soil, non-heathland type crops to grow, or the heath was simply no longer managed as in the past.
Heathland succession moves from grasses and bracken to gorses and heather, and finally to woodland (birch, pine and oaks).
Heaths are man-made. Heathland was originally wooded with rich soil. As the woods were removed the soils eroded and leached; especially nitrogen easily leaches away.
Indicators
Heathers – (Ling) (Calluna vulgaris) is dominant on moorland; the flowers are pale purple, the plant branches extensively, the leaves are in opposite pairs (not whorls); and are oily in order to prevent water loss. Their mycorrhizal fungus, Hymenoscyphus ericae, is unusual in being able to degrade soil humic materials, giving the plant access to immobilised nutrients (Read 1996, Kerley & Read 1998). Bell heather, Erica cinerea, flowers in mid-July, and is crimson-purple; its leaves are dark green in whorls of three leaves. Cross-leaved heath, Erica tetralix, can be found in wetter patches. It has rose-pink flowers with a nodding, drooping head at the end of the shoot, less dense than bell heather. The leaves are arranged as a cross of four, are greyish with hairs, and are curled downwardthe hairs trap moisture. The plants shut down in summer and grow more in winter. Heathers have a six-year pioneer phase, which is the time they take to form a bush. The bush grows until it is about 25 years old, when the centre starts to have gaps due to less vigorous growth. Mosses/bryophytes start to colonise this area due to the humid conditions. The plant begins to degenerate after 30 years.
Gorse – Ulex europeaus flowers throughout the year but peaks in the spring. Western gorse is smaller and flowers mid-July to mid-August on the more exposed areas. Dwarf gorse is found on the Dorset heaths. Gorses are part of the pea family and have nitrogen-fixing ability due to their symbiotic association with bacteria.
Bracken – Pteridium aquilium is a fern, but is a serious weed due to its deep tough rhizomes. It was formerly cut and used as bedding. Sometimes it was burnt for ash lime.
Grasses – Purple moor grass Molinia caerulea is found in wet locations and is edible when young; fescues Festuca spp and bristle bent are found in dry locations.
No mammals
Many insects.
Typical animal species found in lowland heath are:
Snakes and reptiles. In the UK the smooth snake is only found on heaths in Dorset. The sand lizard is a heath species as well, but is also found on sand dunes.
Birds – Dartford warbler, stonechat, nightjar, hobby (feeds on insects and birds), tree pipit, wren.
Structure
An ideal heathland includes vegetation of various heights and structures, scattered trees and scrub, some bare ground, wet heaths, ponds, water and bogs.
The cover of dwarf shrubs should be between 25% and 95% with at least two frequent species. There must be a range of age classes of heather present, with cover of young heather between 10 and 15%, and cover of old heather between 10 and 30% cover of undesirable species (bracken, injurious weeds, invasive nonnative plants) must be less than 10%; the cover of trees/scrub must be less than 15%.
Threats
Threats to heathland include changes in farmland; afforestation; fire; lack of management (overgrowth), for example scrub and bracken encroachment; housing development; quarrying; nutrient enrichment (often dog faeces - Shaw et al. 1995); pine and silver birch, which readily establish and shade the surrounding vegetation; ploughing; and predatory cats (urban heathland sites).
Management
Options include cutting trees (such as for firewood), using grazing animals to control vegetation and regrowth, controlling scrub, making sure there is an age range, and trying to incorporate the requirement of individual species.
There is a UK Biodiversity Action Plan with a target of restoring of lowland heathland and recreating a further . In addition, grants are available in England under Natural England's Environmental Stewardship scheme.
UK lowland heath
Lowland Heath can be found in the UK in Devon, Hampshire, Dorset (mainly found here), Sussex (some), Kent (some), Surrey (some), Cornwall, Norfolk, Nottinghamshire, Merseyside, Cheshire and Suffolk.
East Devon locations are Gittisham Common, Woodbury Common, Mutter's Moor, Aylesbeare Common, Pebblebed Heaths, Trinity Hill, Venn Ottery Common, Bystock Pools, Fire Beacon Hill, Hartridge Common, Offwell Heath, Hense Moor
References
Kerley, S. J. and Read, D. J. (1998), "The biology of mycorrhiza in the Ericaceae. XX. Plant and mycorrhizal necromass as nitrogenous substrates for the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae and its host". New Phytologist, 139: 353–360. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-
Read, DJ. 1996. "The structure and function of the ericoid mycorrhizal root". Annals of Botany 77: 365–374.
Shaw PJA, Lankey K & Hollingham S.(1995). "Impact of trampling and dog fouling on vegetation and soil conditions on Headley heath". London Naturalist 74, 77–82.
Tubbs, CT (1991). "Grazing the Lowland Heaths". British Wildlife 2 (5), 276–291.
Further reading
The European Heathland Network
Tomorrow's Heathland Heritage project
"Enjoying our Heathland Heritage", Booklet published by Tomorrow's Heathland Heritage.
Bicton College Environmental Conservation Course
Lowland Heathland Biodiversity Action Plan (archived copy)
Offwell Woodland and Wildlife Trust
Environmental Stewardship (archived copy)
Environment of England |
20481367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Mercury%20%281779%29 | HMS Mercury (1779) | HMS Mercury was a 28-gun sixth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. She was built during the American War of Independence and serving during the later years of that conflict. She continued to serve during the years of peace and had an active career during the French Revolutionary Wars and most of the Napoleonic Wars, until being broken up in 1814.
Construction and commissioning
Mercury was ordered from Peter Mestaer, at the King and Queen Shipyard, Rotherhithe on the River Thames on 22 January 1778 and was laid down there on 25 March. She was launched on 9 December 1779 and was completed by 24 February 1780 after being fitted out at Deptford Dockyard. £6,805 7s 0d was paid to her builder for her construction, with the total including fitting and coppering subsequently rising to £13,603 8s 0d. Mercury entered service in 1780, having been commissioned in October 1779 under Captain Isaac Prescott.
American War of Independence and the interwar years
Prescott sailed Mercury to Newfoundland in April 1780. On 23 July she returned from a cruise, having, on the 19th, retaken the ship Elizabeth, which the 32-gun American privateer Dean had taken a few days earlier. Elizabeth was of 240 tons burthen, armed with 14 guns but with only 10 crewmen. When first taken she had been sailing from London to Newfoundland with a cargo of salt.
Mercury joined George Johnstone's squadron the following year. Captain William Carlyon took command in May 1781 and sailed Mercury to Hudson Bay. There, on 17 May, he recaptured the cutter . On 30 September, Mercury, , and captured the French ship Philippine.
In March 1782, Mercury and Jupiter captured the French privateer Bologne. Captain Henry Edwyn Stanhope succeeded Carlyon in September 1782, and paid Mercury off later that year. She was recommissioned under Stanhope in April the following year, and went out to Nova Scotia in June. Commodore Herbert Sawyer took command of the North American Station's base at Halifax in June 1785, and authorized Mercury to escort a merchant vessel to the American port of Boston to collect a shipment of cattle. This marked the first free visit of a British warship to the port since March 1776.
Mercury was again paid off in July 1786 and spent the period between August 1787 and January 1788 undergoing a small repair at Woolwich. After being fitted out there she was recommissioned in May 1788 under Captain Augustus Montgomery, and sailed to the Mediterranean. She returned to Britain and was paid off in 1790.
French Revolutionary Wars
Mercury was not immediately returned to service following the outbreak of war with Revolutionary France, but after being fitted at Portsmouth, re-entered service in early 1796, under the command of Captain George Byng. After time spent at Newfoundland command passed to Captain Thomas Rogers in April 1797. Rogers captured three privateers while serving on the Lisbon station, Benjamin on 5 January 1798, the 16-gun Trois Sœurs on 15 January 1798, and the 12-gun Constance on 25 January 1798.
Benjamin was off the Rock of Lisbon when Mercury finally captured her after a chase of 36 hours. Benjamin was pierced for 20 guns, but carried sixteen 4 and 6-pounders, ten of which she threw overboard during the chase. She had a crew of 132 men. , and joined the chase and shared in the capture. Benjamin was a new vessel on her first cruise, during which she had captured the English brig Governor Bruce, on her way to Faro, and a Portuguese schooner. However, a British letter of marque had driven Benjamin off.
Next, Rogers was some off Cape Finisterre when he spotted two armed vessels and gave chase. As Mercury got close they separated and he was only able to capture one of them and that after a chase of eight hours. The quarry fired a few shots and then struck. She was the French privateer brig Trois Sœurs. She was pierced for 18 guns but carried sixteen 6-pounders. She was five days out of port on her first cruise.
off the Burlings. Mercury captured her after a chase of five hours. Constance was pierced for 18 guns but carried only twelve 6 and 9-pounders, and had a crew of 96 men. She was ten days out off Nantes on a cruise of the Western Islands.
Rodgers then took Mercury to Newfoundland in June 1798. After returning to Portsmouth for a refit in early 1799, she went back there in 1799. On 6 October she captured San Joce. On 16 December 1799 she captured Hosprung.
On 24 January 1800, Mercury was off Scilly when she recaptured the ship Aimwell. Aimwell, of Whitby, had been sailing from Quebec to London when the French privateer Arriege, of Bordeaux, had captured her on 9 January. On 29 March, Mercury was among the ships that shared in the capture of . The other captors were , , , Haerlem, , and Salamine.
Mercury captured the French privateer brig on 5 February 1800 off the Isle of Wight. Egyptienne mounted 15 brass guns and had a crew of 66 men. She had sailed from Cherbourg the evening before and had not yet taken any prizes. As she was striking her colours her crew suddenly discharged a volley of small arms fire that slightly wounded one man on Mercury. Apparently was in company or perhaps in sight at the time.
After spending a period in the English Channel, Mercury then sailed for the Mediterranean in May 1800. She was briefly part of Sir John Borlase Warren's squadron off Cadiz, after which she went on to Alexandria, arriving there on 31 July 1800.
On 5 January 1801, Mercury captured a French tartan, of unknown name, sailing from Marseilles to Cette in ballast. Then the next day, Mercury had greater luck when with her boats she captured 15 vessels of a convoy of 20 vessels. The captures included two ships, four brigs, three bombards, two settees, and four tartans. The convoy was sailing from Cette to Marseilles when Mercury captured three-quarters of it off Minorca. The gunboats escorting the convoy fled as Mercury approached, so she suffered no casualties.
The vessels included the:
Genoese ship Rhone, with a cargo of salt, brandy, wine, and fruit;
Genoese ship St. John, with a cargo of wine;
French brig Maria Josephine, with a cargo of brandy, wheat, and sugar;
French brig Solide, with a cargo of brandy and wheat;
French brig Cheri, with a cargo of salt;
Genoese brig St Carola, with a cargo of wine and brandy;
Genoese bombard Compte de Grasse, with a cargo of wheat and stock fish;
French bomb Paste, with a cargo of wine and brandy;
Genoese bombard St Andre, with a cargo of wheat and sugar;
French settee Bone, with a cargo of wine;
French settee Republican, with a cargo of wine;
French tartan Croisette, with a cargo of wheat;
French tartan St Ivado Pierre, with a cargo of wheat and staves;
French tartan Rosaria, with a cargo of wine and bread; and
French tartan Madona, with a cargo of wheat.
On 20 January 1801, the day after Rogers had safely delivered his prizes to Port Mahon, he was some off Sardinia when Mercury captured the French corvette after a chase of nine hours. She was a French navy corvette under the command of Citoyen Gabriel Renault, Lieutenant de Vaisseau. She carried 18 long brass 9-pounders and two howitzers. The reason she did not resist was that she had a crew of only 15 men. She had sailed from Toulon the day before and was carrying a cargo of shot, arms, medicines, and all manner of other supplies for the French army at Alexandria, Egypt. The Admiralty took Sans Pareille into service as HMS Delight.
On 17 February 1801, Mercury detained the Swedish brig Hoppet, which was sailing in ballast from Tunis to Marseilles, in violation of the British blockaded of France. The next day, Mercury, in company with , captured the ship Esperance, which had sailed from Tunis with a cargo of silk, cotton, and other merchandise. Then on 15 May, Mercury and captured the French ship Francois.
Mercury then made an attempt to recapture the 18-gun bomb vessel at Ancona on 25 May 1801. The cutting out party was able to get Bulldog out of the harbour, but then the winds died down just as enemy boats started to arrive. The cutting out party were too few in numbers both to guard the captured prisoners and resist the approaching enemy, and were tired from the row in to board Bulldog. Mercury had drifted too far away to come to the rescue either. The cutting out party therefore abandoned Bulldog. Mercury lost two men killed and four wounded in the attempt; Rogers estimated that the enemy had lost some 20 men killed, wounded and drowned.
On 23 June 1801 boats from Mercury and destroyed the pirate tartane Tigre, of eight 6 and 12-pounder guns and a crew of 60 French and Italians, in the Tremiti Islands. The Royal Marines landed and captured some of the pirates, who had mounted a 4-pounder gun on a hill. Meanwhile, the cutting out party brought out Tigre, together with bales of cotton and other goods that she had taken from vessels she had robbed.
Though the first attempt to recapture Bulldog had failed, a second effort on 16 September 1801, carried out in company with and , succeeded. Rogers had received intelligence that Bulldog had left Ancona and was escorting four trabaccolos and a tartane that were carrying cannons, ammunition, and supplies to Egypt. Mercury set out with Champion and they discovered Santa Dorothea already in chase. The convoy took refuge under the guns of batteries at Gallipoli, Apulia. Even so, Champion was able to get close to Bulldog, which struck after receiving several broadsides. Champion was then able to extricate Bulldog from under the batteries. In the meantime, Mercury captured one of the trabaccolos, which was carrying brass mortars, field pieces, and the like. In the engagement, Champion suffered one man killed.
Napoleonic Wars
Mercury was fitted out as a floating battery at Deptford in May 1803, under the command of Captain Duncombe Pleydell-Bouverie. She went on to operate against Spanish shipping in the Eastern Atlantic and captured the Fuerte de Gibraltar on 4 February 1805. Fuerte de Gibraltar was a Spanish lateen-rigged gun-vessel armed with two long 12-pounders, two 16-pound carronades, several swivel guns, and a large quantity of small arms and cutlasses. She and her crew of 59 men were under the command of Lieutenant de fregate Signor Don Ramon Eutate, and had sailed the morning before from Cadiz bound for Algeciras.
Captain Charles Pelly succeeded Bouverie in August 1805 and Mercury returned to Newfoundland in May 1806. On 3 January 1806 recaptured the ships Argo and Adventure, and shared in the recapture of the Good Intent. Starr was off Villa de Conde, Portugal, when she intercepted the vessels, which had been taken from a convoy that Mercury had been escorting from Newfoundland to Portugal, and both of which had been carrying cargoes of fish. Starr sighted Good Intent and signaled Mercury, which recaptured her too. On 5 February, captured Baltidore, which was the privateer that had captured Good Intent.
In June 1807 James Alexander Gordon took command and sailed Mercury into the Mediterranean to operate off the Southern Spanish coast. In the action of 4 April 1808, Mercury, in company with and , attacked a Spanish convoy off Rota, destroying two of the escorts and driving many of the merchant vessels ashore. They captured seven more vessels subsequently, which the marines and sailors of the British ships sailed back out to sea.
In November 1808, command passed to Henry Duncan, who took her into the Adriatic Sea to participate in the Adriatic campaign of 1804–1814. On 30 December, Mercury and Alceste captured the Hereux and the Spirito Santo.
Mercury was in action with and at Pesaro on 23 April and at Cesenatico on 2 May. In the attack on Pesaro, which the British bombarded after the commandant refused to surrender, the British captured 13 small coasting vessels. Due to the lack of resistance the British suffered no casualties. One civilian died by accident. Mercury grounded during the attack on Cesenatico but in a position where she could bring her guns to bear on the town. She was floated off without injury. In the attack the British captured and spiked the two 24-pounder guns of a battery that had fired on them and captured 12 vessels, all without suffering any casualties.
In June Mercury sent in her boats to destroy a number of trabaccolos and other vessels on the beach at Rotti, near Manfredonia.
On 7 September Mercury cut out the French schooner-of-war Pugliese from Barletta. Pugliese was armed with seven guns and had a crew of 37 men. The boats, under the command of Lieutenant Pall, accomplished this despite the schooner being under the protection not only of her own armament but also two armed feluccas, a castle, and small arms fire; the British suffered no casualties. This was Mercurys last action before she was paid off in early 1810.
Mercury was fitted out as a troopship at Woolwich in mid-1810 and commissioned in May that year as a 16-gun troopship under Lieutenant William Webb. Commander John Tancock succeeded Webb in mid-1810 and Mercury spent most of 1811 on the Lisbon station. Commander Clement Milward took over in November 1811 and went out to the Leeward Islands. Mercurys last commanding officer was Commander Sir John Charles Richardson, who took over while she was still in the Leewards.
On 29 July 1813, Mercury was among the British vessels that shared in the capture of the American ship Fame. ( was another.) Fame, under the command of Captain Job Coffin, had been out since August 1811 and was on her return from whaling in the Pacific when captured. She had a cargo of 1200 barrels of sperm oil.
Fate
Mercury was finally broken up at Woolwich in January 1814.
Notes, citations, and references
Notes
Citations
References
External links
Phillips, Michael – Ships of the Old Navy
Ships built in Rotherhithe
1779 ships
Sixth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy
Floating batteries of the Royal Navy |
17340263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther%20Sumner%20Damon | Esther Sumner Damon | Esther Sumner Damon (August 1, 1814 – November 11, 1906) was cited as the last widow of the American Revolutionary War to receive a state pension.
Esther was born in Bridgewater, Vermont. The family had eight or nine children. Esther's father was killed by a falling tree when she was eight years old. Esther attended school during the winter and worked during the summers to help support her family. At the age of seventeen, Esther became a school teacher in Plymouth.
Esther Sumner married Noah D. Damon (August 25, 1760 – July 2, 1853) on September 6, 1835, in Bridgewater, when she was 21 and he was 75. The couple had met two weeks prior.
Husband's war service
Noah Damon enlisted in the Continental Army on April 19, 1775, where he served under the rank of Private with the Massachusetts Troops He was intermittently enlisted over the next five years. Noah applied for a war pension, as a resident of Plainfield, New Hampshire on November 13, 1848.
Noah was penniless, though Esther may have thought he was a hardworking landowner. Esther supported him for three years before financial necessity forced him to move in with his daughter in New Hampshire.
Esther supported herself by sewing and nursing. She also leased a farm near Reading.
After Noah's death in 1853, Esther applied for and received his pension from October 1855. The pension was increased to $24 a month by the United States Congress on February 28, 1905.
Towards the end of her life, Esther received additional financial support from the Daughters of the American Revolution.
Esther died on November 11, 1906, aged 92, and was buried at Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth, Vermont. The gravestone was paid for by the Daughters of the American Revolution.
References
1814 births
1906 deaths
Last living survivors
Widowhood in the United States |
17340285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greb | Greb | Notable people with the surname Greb include:
Christin Carmichael Greb, Canadian politician
Benny Greb (born 1980), prolific German drummer, singer, and clinician
Charles Greb (1859–1934), business owner and politician
Gordon Greb (1921–2016), emeritus professor
Harry Greb (1894–1926), American professional boxer
Nam Greb, sign of artist Franz Xaver Bergmann
See also
Grebo (disambiguation) |
17340295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%20District | May District | May District may refer to:
May District, Kazakhstan
May District, Laos
See also
May (disambiguation) |
17340300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brosscroft | Brosscroft | Peter Street and Brosscroft is an area in Derbyshire, England. It is part of Hadfield (where the population can be found), located on the north-east side.
It is situated on the boundary of the Peak District National Park and as such is ideal for outdoor recreation activities including walking, cycling and watersports.
It is within a stone's throw of the Park boundary, within two minutes walk (or cycle) of the Longdendale Trail and five minutes walk of the Trans Pennine Trail.
The nearest of four linked reservoirs has been used for watersports in the summer, and the next reservoir has a resident sailing club.
It is less than five minutes drive (ten minutes walk) to the railway station and a similar distance to the A628 trans-pennine trunk road.
Residents thus enjoy a rural lifestyle but with the additional benefits of good east–west road links (to South Yorkshire/M1 and Manchester/M6) and a direct rail link to Manchester Piccadilly and thence to the Airport.
Villages in Derbyshire
High Peak, Derbyshire |
6907309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit-style%20pizza | Detroit-style pizza | Detroit-style pizza is a rectangular pizza with a thick crust that is crispy and chewy. It is traditionally topped with tomato sauce and Wisconsin brick cheese that goes all the way to the edges. This style of pizza is often baked in rectangular steel trays designed for use as automotive drip pans or to hold small industrial parts in factories. The style was developed during the mid-twentieth century in Detroit before spreading to other parts of the United States in the 2010s. The dish is one of Detroit's iconic local foods.
History
The pizza was developed in 1946 at Buddy's Rendezvous, a former speakeasy owned by Gus and Anna Guerra located at the corner of Six Mile Road and Conant Street in Detroit. Sources disagree whether the original Sicilian-style recipe was based on Anna Guerra's mother's recipe for sfincione or a recipe from one of the restaurant's employees, Connie Piccinato. The recipe created a "focaccia-like crust" with pepperoni pressed into the dough to "maximize the flavor penetration". The restaurant baked it in blue steel pans available from local automotive suppliers; these pans were made by Dover Parkersburg in the 1930s and 1940s, and were used as drip trays or to hold small parts or scrap metal in automobile factories because baking pans available at the time were not appropriate for the dish. Some 50- to 75-year-old pans are still in use.
The restaurant was later renamed Buddy's Pizza. In 1953, the Guerras sold it and opened the Cloverleaf in Eastpointe, Michigan. Former Buddy's employee Louis Tourtois made pizzas at Shield's before founding Loui's Pizza in Hazel Park, Michigan. The Detroit News called Tourtois the "king of pizzas" in 1978. National chain Jet's, local chain Shield's, and Luigi's the Original of Harrison Township are other locally-notable restaurants serving the style.
Buddy's Pizza chief brand officer Wesley Pikula, who started at Buddy's as a busboy in the 1980s, said that he had never heard the term "Detroit-style" before the 1980s when a trade magazine used it and that even afterward it was seldom used except in national trade articles. As late as 2007, some local media were referring to the style as "Sicilian-style". Some makers of Detroit-style pizza in other areas questioned whether to call their pizza by that name, as "sometimes people have negative thoughts about Detroit."
The Detroit-style pizza was popular throughout the Detroit area but until the 2010s was not often found at restaurants outside the area. In 2011 two Detroit brothers opened a Detroit-style pizza restaurant in Austin, Texas, using the "Detroit-style" name as a point of differentiation. In 2012, a New York restaurateur created a pizza he called "Detroit-style", though he had never visited Detroit, using focaccia dough, mozzarella, and ricotta.
In 2012, local restaurant cook Shawn Randazzo won the Las Vegas International Pizza Expo world championship with a Detroit-style pizza, and according to pizza educator Tony Gemignani, the reaction was immediate. "After he won, I must have had six phone calls from operators, from guys who are big in the industry, saying, 'Give me a recipe for Detroit. How do I figure this out?'"
According to Serious Eats, "in early 2016 or so, everyone seemed to be talking about it or writing about it or opening up restaurants devoted to it." Trade journal Pizza Today wrote in 2018 that "Perhaps no pizza style has entered the public consciousness in quite the way that Detroit-style pan pizza has." Trade journal Restaurant Hospitality said the style had become popular on Instagram.
In 2019, Esquire called the style "one of the hottest food trends across America", and both the Detroit Free Press and Eater said Detroit-style pizza was "having its moment". Eater wrote that pizzerias offering the style were spreading across the US, but that the new pizzas were different:
Eater said the artisanal trend was slow to catch on in Detroit. Along with the Coney Island hot dog and the Boston cooler, the traditional Detroit-style is one of Detroit's iconic local foods.
According to a 2021 forecast report, Yelp.com noted that Detroit-style pizza was national and reported that reviews mentioning "Detroit-style pizza" were up 52%.
Description
Detroit-style pizza is a deep-dish rectangular pizza topped with Wisconsin brick cheese and a cooked tomato-based sauce. The dough typically has a hydration level of 70 percent or higher, which creates an open, porous, chewy crust with a crisp exterior. The fresh dough is double-proofed and stretched by hand to the pan corners. When seasoning new steel pans, they usually need to be dry-baked using 10 to 18 ounces of dough per pan. Randazzo says that the crust should be about 1.5 inches thick for true Detroit-style pizza. The buttery flavor of the crust results from a small quantity of oil and the melting properties of the mozzarella and Wisconsin brick cheeses. Shield's Pizza describes the importance of the sauce for flavor and how quality is ensured by consistently baking pizza for 13 minutes at 440 °F. Loui's Pizza places the pepperoni first, underneath almost one pound of brick cheese and then bakes the pizza at 700 °F. The brick cheese can withstand the heat due to the heavy butterfat content.
Traditionally the toppings are layered with the cheese below the sauce. Pepperoni is often placed directly on the crust, and other toppings may go directly on top of the cheese with the cooked sauce as the final layer, applied in dollops or in "racing stripes," two or three lines of sauce. Some recipes call for the sauce to be added after the pizza comes out of the oven. The style is sometimes referred to as "red top" because the sauce is the final topping.
The cheese is spread to the edges and caramelizes against the high-sided heavyweight rectangular pan, giving the crust a lacy, crispy edge. This edge, known as frico, is the crispy caramelized cheese that runs along the edges of Detroit-style pizzas. According to the trade journal Pizza Today, "The key to this pizza is the delicious caramelized cheese that melts down the interior walls of the pan".
Reception
GQ magazine food critic Alan Richman included Buddy's Pizza and Luigi's the Original among his 2009 list of 25 best pizzas in America. A Detroit-style pizza made by Randazzo, who was then working at Cloverleaf, won the 2012 Las Vegas International Pizza Expo world championship. The Chicago Tribune reviewed Jet's Pizza in 2013 and rated it very highly. In 2019, The Daily Meal website named Buddy's the best pizza in Michigan. The Detroit Free Press named the Cloverleaf its Classic Restaurant of 2020. In 2016, the New York Post called it "the new hipster horror".
In 2020, four Detroit-area restaurants, Buddy's, Supino Pizzeria, Loui's Pizza, and Cloverleaf Pizza, were listed in the 101 Best Pizzas in America by The Daily Meal. SmartBrief mentions that "Detroit-style pizza has been popping up on more menus over the past few years, and the hearty square pies have proven especially popular in the pandemic era". The Palm Beach Post describes how within minutes, a Delray Beach, Florida bakery with a Detroit-style pizza pop-up store sells out its takeout pizza that is ordered online at noon on a Monday for pickup on the following Sunday. A writer for Delish originally from Chicago and now based in New York City provided a positive review in an article correspondingly entitled "What Is Detroit-Style Pizza? It's Way Better Than Your Deep Dish Or New York Slice".
See also
Sicilian pizza
Pan pizza
Chicago-style pizza
New York-style pizza
Cuisine of the Midwestern United States § Detroit
List of pizza varieties by country
References
External links
American pizza
Cuisine of the Midwestern United States
Culture of Detroit
Food and drink introduced in 1946
Pizza styles
Italian-American culture in Michigan
Italian-American cuisine |
17340313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20Richards | Dean Richards | Dean Richards may refer to:
Dean Richards (rugby union) (born 1963), English rugby union player and coach
Dean Richards (footballer) (1974–2011), English footballer
Dean Richards (reporter) (born 1954), Chicago TV reporter |
17340316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Enchantment%20Trail | Grand Enchantment Trail | The Grand Enchantment Trail (acronym "GET") is a wilderness recreation trail running between Phoenix, Arizona and Albuquerque, New Mexico. It crosses the Arizona Trail and Continental Divide Trail and at Albuquerque it meets the Rio Grande Trail and El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
External links
GET official website - www.GrandEnchantmentTrail.org
Trail Segments - HikeArizona.COM
Trailheads Map - HikeArizona.COM
Hiking trails in Arizona
Long-distance trails in the United States
Hiking trails in New Mexico |
6907313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yao%20Yecheng | Yao Yecheng | Yao Yecheng (, 26 August 1887 – 1966), along with Chen Jieru (, "Jennie", 1906–1971) was among the two concubines of Nationalist Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek (, 1887–1975) during the time when Chiang was also in an arranged marriage to Mao Fumei (, 1882–1939). In 1921, Chiang married Jennie. In 1927, Chiang divorced Mao Fumei and exiled Jennie—denying any association with the latter. In the busy year of 1927, Chiang also dropped Yao and married Soong Mei-ling (, "Meiling", "Madame Chiang", 1897–2003).
Yao was a sing-song girl whom Chiang "took as his concubine" though at the time she "belonged to an elderly man who became jealous of her relationship" with Chiang. Once as she was serving bubbling-hot soup at a meal with both Chiang and the elderly patron present, the elder seized the bowl and emptied it onto her head while chiding her about the contacts with Chiang—an assault in which "the boiling liquid disfigured her, and ruined her career of entertaining men in teahouses."
Yao lived with Chiang for a time at a villa at 99 Daichengqiao Road in Suzhou. The spacious villa, later renamed Garden Hotel Suzhou, still stands and was used by the Communist Chinese government as an "official state guest house for leaders of the Party, the State and foreign countries" and visiting celebrities. It is now a hotel open to the general public.
Chiang entrusted Yao with the parenting of his adopted son Chiang Wei-kuo (, "Wego", 1916–1997). Young "Wego" grew up to study military tactics in Nazi Germany where he commanded a Panzer unit before being recalled to China in 1938 where he was quickly promoted through ranks up to major general in the Kuomintang's National Revolutionary Army; he later was a senior officer in the Taiwanese Republic of China Armed Forces (until 1964 when he was moved to figurehead status after the Hukou Incident).
Yao died in Taiwan in 1966 at age 79.
References
Bibliography
1887 births
1966 deaths
Chiang Kai-shek family
People from Suzhou
Taiwanese people from Jiangsu
Spouses of Chinese politicians |
6907330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational%20entropy | Conformational entropy | Conformational entropy is the entropy associated with the number of conformations of a molecule. The concept is most commonly applied to biological macromolecules such as proteins and RNA, but also be used for polysaccharides and other molecules. To calculate the conformational entropy, the possible conformations of the molecule may first be discretized into a finite number of states, usually characterized by unique combinations of certain structural parameters, each of which has been assigned an energy. In proteins, backbone dihedral angles and side chain rotamers are commonly used as parameters, and in RNA the base pairing pattern may be used. These characteristics are used to define the degrees of freedom (in the statistical mechanics sense of a possible "microstate"). The conformational entropy associated with a particular structure or state, such as an alpha-helix, a folded or an unfolded protein structure, is then dependent on the probability of the occupancy of that structure.
The entropy of heterogeneous random coil or denatured proteins is significantly higher than that of the folded native state tertiary structure. In particular, the conformational entropy of the amino acid side chains in a protein is thought to be a major contributor to the energetic stabilization of the denatured state and thus a barrier to protein folding. However, a recent study has shown that side-chain conformational entropy can stabilize native structures among alternative compact structures. The conformational entropy of RNA and proteins can be estimated; for example, empirical methods to estimate the loss of conformational entropy in a particular side chain on incorporation into a folded protein can roughly predict the effects of particular point mutations in a protein. Side-chain conformational entropies can be defined as Boltzmann sampling over all possible rotameric states:
where is the gas constant and is the probability of a residue being in rotamer .
The limited conformational range of proline residues lowers the conformational entropy of the denatured state and thus stabilizes the native states. A correlation has been observed between the thermostability of a protein and its proline residue content.
See also
Configuration entropy
Folding funnel
Loop entropy
Molten globule
Protein folding
References
Protein structure
Thermodynamic entropy |
6907353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20Jieru | Chen Jieru | Chen Jieru (; 26 August 1906 – 21 January 1971), also spelled Ch'en Chieh-ju, was the second wife of Chiang Kai-shek. She was nicknamed Jennie.
Chen's ancestral hometown was Ningpo (Ningbo), Chekiang (Zhejiang) Province, and she was born in Shanghai. She wrote a memoir which Chiang successfully suppressed during his lifetime.
It was finally published in 1993. In the memoir, Chen details how she and Chiang Kai-shek met at the home of a mutual friend in 1918 and how he pursued her, finally convincing her to marry him on 5 December 1921 by stating that his arranged marriage with Mao Fumei was unhappy and celibate, and his liaison with Yao Yecheng was a social courtesy following her disfigurement. The couple held their wedding at East Hotel in Shanghai.
On their wedding night, Chiang infected Chen with syphilis, the treatment for which left her infertile. Due to this, she adopted Chiang Yao-kuang.
Chiang promised Chen that he was marrying Soong Meiling ( "Madame Chiang") for political convenience before a Buddhist shrine, saying "Should I break my promise and fail to take her back, may the Great Buddha smite me and my Nanjing government.", and arranged for her to go to the United States on a five-year "study tour"; after this she was meant to return and married life would resume. However, once there, Chen learned from press articles that Chiang denied their marriage and said that he had paid for a "concubine" to move to the United States, which deeply aggrieved Chen.
Death
Chen died on 21 January 1971 in British Hong Kong. In 2002, her remains were moved to Shanghai by her sole heir, fulfilling her last wish to be returned to her native place, making her the first in Chiang Kai-shek's family to be buried in Mainland China after the end of Chinese Civil War in 1949. Her remains were then laid at Fushou Park in Qingpu District, Shanghai.
The Kuomintang asked Jennie Chen for all copies of her diaries and memoirs, but in 1971 American author Ginny Connor took notes from Chen's memoirs. In 1993, Connor stated that she planned to write her own book based on the notes since Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past, another memoir based on notes from Jennie Chen, had been published.
Works
Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past - A memoir
References
1906 births
1971 deaths
Chiang Kai-shek family
Chinese autobiographers
Writers from Shanghai
Spouses of Chinese politicians |
17340321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20Richards%20%28rugby%20union%29 | Dean Richards (rugby union) | Dean Richards (born 11 July 1963) is a rugby union coach and former player for Leicester Tigers, and British & Irish Lions. He is the Director of Rugby at Newcastle Falcons, a position he has held since 2012.
Richards was a number eight and played 314 games for Leicester Tigers between 1982 and 1997, he was captain as Leicester won the 1994-95 Courage League and the 1997 Pilkington Cup, and also played as Leicester won the inaugural English league title in 1987-88 and the 1993 Pilkington Cup. He played 48 times for between 1986 and 1996, a world record number of caps for his position at the time, including the 1987, 1991 and 1995 Rugby World Cups, and represented the British Lions on their 1989 tour to Australia and 1993 tour to New Zealand playing in six international matches. He was widely regarded as one of the best number eights to have played the game.
In 1998 he retired from playing and was immediately appointed Leicester Director of Rugby. Leicester won the Premiership Rugby title in Richards' first four seasons in charge and also won the Heineken Cup in 2001 and 2002, the first side to retain the trophy. Richards spent one year with FC Grenoble in France's Top 16. He then joined Harlequins from 2005 to 2009, winning the second division in 2006, and leading them to second in the Premiership in 2009. He was banned from coaching for the next three years following the Bloodgate scandal. After the expiration of his ban he was appointed by Newcastle Falcons and won the second division again in 2013.
Playing career
Junior honours and Leicester debut
Richards was schooled at John Cleveland College, in Hinckley, and was capped three times for England Schools in 1981. He played for Roanne in France for a year before returning to England to play for Leicester Tigers.
Richards made his debut for Leicester as an 18 year old on 10 April 1982 in a match against Neath RFC. He began playing regularly for the side the following season, replacing Nick Jackson as Tigers regular number eight Richards started 25 of final 28 games of the 1982–83 season including all five rounds of 1982–83 John Player Cup as Leicester reached the final only to lose to Bristol. He played for the Barbarians in 1983 and was selected the same year for the England's Under-23s tour to Romania.
1983–89: England debut, first Leicester title and Lions
Richards continued in as a regular in Leicester's backrow and was the club's top try scorer with 20 tries in both the 1985–86 season, and 1986–87. He made his senior debut on 1 March 1986, against at Twickenham in the 1986 Five Nations Championship, scoring two tries in a 25–20 points win. Richards played in four matches at the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987.
After the 1988 Five Nations Championship match between Scotland and England Richards received a one match ban from the Rugby Football Union after an incident post match which damaged the Calcutta Cup. Richards won the first club silverware of his career when Leicester beat Waterloo to win the 1987–88 Courage League, England's first official league title. Richards was selected alongside three other Leicester players for England's tour of Australia and Fiji. Injuries limited Richards to only 15 appearances for Leicester in 1988–89, though he was able to feature in the losing 1988-89 Pilkington Cup final against Bath, before being selected for the 1989 British Lions tour to Australia. Richards played in all three tests for the Lions and his powerful mauling play was the bedrock of the Lions success.
1989–94: Grandslams, Cup win and Lions tour
On his return from Australia Richards was appointed Leicester captain but injured his shoulder in only the second match of the season, the injury proved so serious he missed the rest of the 1989–90 season. He returned to fitness for the 1990–91 season and resumed the captaincy of Leicester, leading Leicester to fourth in the 1990–91 Courage League. Internationally Richards started all four of England's games in their 1991 Five Nations grandslam, toured Australia and Fiji and was named in England's 1991 World Cup squad. Richards was controversially dropped after a pool stage victory against the as England made the final but lost to . Richards was recalled for England during the 1992 Five Nations Championship, where they won a second successive grandslam.
Due to injury to Martin Johnson, Richards started the 1992–93 season in Leicester's second row, but returned to his accustomed position of number eight by the time of the 1992–93 Pilkington Cup first round match against London Scottish. Richards started all five matches as Tigers won the cup, including scoring tries in both the quarter and semi-final. Despite not being selected for England in the 1993 Five Nations Championship, Richards was picked for the 1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand and started in all three test matches. He also captained the Lions in a non-cap match against Canterbury. After the tour Richards was again appointed Leicester's captain, a position he held until he retired.
1994–97 Club and international success to retirement
Richards only scored one try for Leicester in the 1994–95 season but it was a significant one, on 27 December 1994 he scored his 100th try for the club becoming only the second forward to do so after David Matthews. That season Leicester also went on to win the 1994-95 Courage League, Richards played in the final game of the season and as captained lifted Leicester's second league title at Welford Road.
In international rugby Richards was an ever-present for in their 1995 grandslam, his third. He was selected in England's 1995 World Cup squad, overlooked for the first two group stage matches he was recalled for the final pool game against and played in the quarter final against and the semi final against .
The 1995–96 season was one of near misses for Leicester as they lost the 1995-96 Courage League on the last day of the season with a home defeat to Harlequins and then lost the 1996 Pilkington Cup Final to Bath with a controversial last minute penalty try.
The following season, Richards led Leicester to their first Heineken Cup final against Brive, at Cardiff Arms Park, which was won by Brive by 28 points to nine. Richards made his 300th appearance for Leicester on 25 February 1997 in a match at Welford Road against the Barbarians. The final match in his career was played on 30 December 1997, against Newcastle Falcons, at Welford Road.
Personal life
Richards was a police constable for Leicestershire Constabulary between the 1980s and 1990s before English rugby union became professional.
Coaching career
Leicester
Richards took over from Bob Dwyer as coach of Leicester in 1998, and in his first full season as Director of Rugby won the Allied Dunbar Premiership, the third time in club history. Tigers successfully defended the title for four years in a row under him. Leicester also won two Heineken Cups, defeating Stade Français 34–30 in 2001 and beating Munster 15–9 in 2002. After two trophy-less seasons and a failure to get out of the pool in Europe, Richards left the club in February 2004, ending a 23-year association with the club.
Grenoble
In June 2004, Richards was appointed as coach at French club FC Grenoble for the following season. Grenoble struggled in the French rugby championship and it was announced in May 2005 that Richards would leave the club at the end of the season by mutual consent.
Harlequins
He was appointed Director of Rugby at Harlequins in May 2005 following their relegation from the Zurich Premiership in the 2004–05 season, and led them back to the Premiership at the first attempt, in a season where they lost only one league game.
Bloodgate
Richards resigned from Harlequins in August 2009 after an incident which became known as Bloodgate. He had orchestrated and had "central control" over a fake blood injury to Harlequins player Tom Williams to bring a more experienced replacement kicker onto the field during a Heineken Cup match against Leinster. With the game poised at 6-5 late in the second half, a successful penalty kick would have resulted in a place in the semifinals for Harlequins. Richards was found to have been involved in four similar incidents, and was banned from coaching for three seasons.
Harlequins were fined £259,000, and Williams was banned for four months. Harlequins' physiotherapist Steph Brennan was banned for two years. The doctor involved, Wendy Chapman, who cut the player's lip to try to cover up the incident, was reprimanded by the Medical Council, but escaped a ban.
Newcastle
In spring 2012 Richards was named Director of Rugby at Newcastle Falcons when his ban ended in August and, as he had with Harlequins, led Newcastle to promotion back to the Premiership at the first attempt.
Richards led the Falcons to an 8th-place finish in the 2016-17 Aviva Premiership, with Falcons ending up just 3 points off the top 6. This was their best finish in 11 years, and their biggest number of wins in 15 years.
In May 2022, it was announced that Richards would be stepping down as Director of Rugby at the end of the season but continuing to work as a part-time consultant for the Falcons.
Sources
References
External links
Harlequins profile
sporting-heroes.net – Dean Richards
Lions Profile
1963 births
Living people
English rugby union administrators
English rugby union coaches
English rugby union players
Leicester Tigers players
England international rugby union players
Rugby union controversies
Leicester Tigers coaches
Rugby union players from Nuneaton
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England |
6907371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Lloyd%20Thomas%20%28DD-764%29 | USS Lloyd Thomas (DD-764) | The third USS Lloyd Thomas (DD/DDE-764) was a in the United States Navy during the Korean War and the Vietnam War.
Namesake
Lloyd Thomas was born on 10 March 1912 in Nelsonville, Ohio. He was the second son and the fifth of six children of Perry Rice Thomas, a miner, and Donna Maria Fisher Thomas. He attended the local schools, graduating from Chauncey Dover High School and earning a degree from Ohio University in Athens, Ohio in June 1935. Thomas was appointed as an aviation cadet on 4 October 1938, and commissioned as an ensign on 26 October 1939. He joined Torpedo Squadron 6 (VT-6) aboard aircraft carrier on 13 December 1939 and a year later was promoted to lieutenant, junior grade. He married Mildred Macklin, a Navy nurse, in Yuma, Arizona, taking out a marriage license on 1 March 1941.
Piloting a Douglas TBD Devastator torpedo bomber on 4 June 1942, he died in his squadron's attack during the Battle of Midway. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross.
The name Lloyd Thomas was assigned first to the destroyer escort USS Lloyd Thomas (DE-312) and then to the destroyer escort USS Lloyd Thomas (DE-374), but both were canceled in 1944 before their construction was complete.
Construction and commissioning
Lloyd Thomas was laid down by Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Shipbuilding Division, San Francisco, California, 26 March 1944; launched 5 October 1945; sponsored by Mrs. Lloyd Thomas, widow of Lt(jg.) Thomas; and commissioned 21 March 1947.
Service in the United States Navy
After shakedown off San Diego, California and a training cruise in Hawaiian waters, the new destroyer departed the west coast 16 January 1948 for a round-the-world training and good will voyage. In company with the aircraft carrier and three other destroyers, Lloyd Thomas visited Sydney, Australia, Hong Kong, and Tsingtao, China. After Tsingtao, Lloyd Thomas, , and Valley Forge proceeded westward, touching Singapore, Ceylon, and Saudi Arabia, transited the Suez Canal and the Straits of Gibraltar, then steamed north for calls at Bergen, Norway, and Southampton, England. The formation left England 13 March 1948, spent five days in New York City, and arrived at home port San Diego, Calif. 11 June, having steamed 46,168 nautical miles (85,503 km) during the five-month voyage.
During the rest of 1948, the destroyer trained reserves. In 1949, after conversion to a hunter-killer type destroyer at San Francisco Navy Yard, the ship joined the Atlantic Fleet at Newport, Rhode Island, in October and steamed north with the 2nd Task Fleet for cold weather exercises in the Arctic.
Returning home from the Arctic, the destroyer operated between Bermuda and Puerto Rico during the first two months of 1950. She was redesignated DDE-764 on 4 March 1950. Following four months of antisubmarine exercises and a midshipmen cruise early in July, the ship departed Newport 15 July for a five-day call at Reykjavík, Iceland. Returning from Iceland in early August, she left Newport for Naval Station Norfolk, Va. 6 September in company with three other destroyers. Just off Norfolk the destroyers rendezvoused with and escorted the big carrier to the Mediterranean. After rigorous operations with the 6th Fleet and calls at Sardinia, Sicily, and Golfe-Juan, France, Lloyd Thomas and her sister destroyers departed Gibraltar on 1 November to escort home. They arrived Norfolk on 9 November and the destroyers made Newport the next day.
Operation Mainbrace
During the next two years, the ship conducted antisubmarine operations in the Caribbean and made yearly voyages to the Mediterranean. The 1952 voyage included a NATO amphibious landing on the coast of Denmark (Operation "Mainbrace") and port calls in Scotland in England. During 1953 she again operated with NATO, this time in the Mediterranean, and visited Cannes and Naples.
In early 1954, Lloyd Thomas checked out the new canted-deck carrier in the intricacies of anti-submarine warfare. From August to January 1955 the destroyer again operated with NATO units in the Mediterranean. Except for a quick run to Lisbon, Lloyd Thomas spent the rest of 1955 operating in home waters. The highpoint of 1956 was a summer midshipman cruise to Spain and the British Isles in company with the battleship .
On 4 January 1957 the ship departed Newport with Destroyer Division 242 and submarine for South America to acquaint our good neighbors in Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, and Chile with the newest techniques in antisubmarine warfare. Returning to Newport from Chile 18 March, she conducted local operations until departing 12 August for five months of patrol duty in the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
She spent most of 1958 in the Caribbean, with Operation Springboard that spring and refresher training during September and October. In 1959, besides hunter-killer training off Norfolk and a summer midshipman cruise to Quebec, Lloyd Thomas again operated with NATO in European waters.
During 1960, the ship returned to the Mediterranean, spending June through September with the 6th Fleet. Between exercises she visited Palma de Majorca, Barcelona, and Naples.
From March to December 1961, Lloyd Thomas underwent a Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) II conversion, a program designed to add years of service to destroyers built shortly after World War II. After leaving New York Naval Shipyard she commenced six weeks of refresher training at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Redesignated DD-764 on 30 June 1962, the destroyer operated along the east coast until departing 7 September 1962 for a six-month tour to the Mediterranean and Middle East. During her duty with the Middle East Force in January and February 1963, the ship visited Ceylon, crossed the equator, and called at the Indian Naval Base in Visakhapatnam. She arrived Newport early in March and resumed operations from her home port.
Operation Fairgame II
The ship returned to the Mediterranean in May 1964 for the Joint French American amphibious Operation Fairgame II. Then after a brief call at Athens, she spent June and July in the Near East, showing the flag and promoting good will in the nations bordering the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.
Operatioj Steel Pike I
From 10 October to 19 November 1964, Lloyd Thomas escorted 28,000 Marines from Little Creek, Va. to the coast of Spain during "Operation Steel Pike I", the largest peacetime amphibious operation ever conducted.
During 1965 the destroyer, after installing new electronic gear to update her antisubmarine capabilities, trained in Guantanamo Bay, then participated in the late summer antisubmarine operation, CANUS-SILEX, with the Royal Canadian Navy in the western Atlantic. On 15 February 1966 she deployed from Newport again to the Mediterranean.
Returning to Newport 8 July, the destroyer entered drydock for three weeks beginning 29 July, at Bethlehem Shipyard, Boston, Massachusetts. Resuming operations on 22 August, she was plane guard for during the recovery phase of the Gemini II operation, 4 through 18 November.
On 1 March 1967 Lloyd Thomas, with the rest of Destroyer Squadron 10 (Desron 10), departed Newport for another cruise to the Mediterranean during the Arab–Israeli war.
The ship arrived back at Newport on 20 July and operated out of her home port the remainder of the year. On 7 May 1968, after a brief tour of exercises in the Caribbean, DD-764 entered Boston for overhaul. Back in full fighting trim in the fall, she returned to local operations out of Newport into 1969.
Vitenam War
On April 19, 1972, in what would later be called the Battle of Đồng Hới, the Lloyd Thomas with three other US Navy warships were engaged in a naval strike just below the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone against North Vietnamese coast artillery when attacked by artillery, MIGs and automatic weapons fire. Among other minor damage, the Lloyd Thomas was struck by a single artillery shell on the port bow above the waterline. Three sailors had minor injuries and the Lloyd Thomas remained on the firing line.
She was decommissioned on 12 October 1972 and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on the same day.
Service in the Republic of China Navy
She was sold to Taiwan on 12 October 1972, and renamed ROCS Dang Yang (DD-911).
In 1980s, she underwent Wu-Chin II modernization program and was reclassified as DDG-911.
She was decommissioned and stricken on 16 March 1999 and sunk as artificial reef on 31 October 2002.
References
External links
Gearing-class destroyers of the United States Navy
Ships built in San Francisco
1945 ships
World War II destroyers of the United States
Cold War destroyers of the United States
Maritime incidents in 2002
Chao Yang-class destroyers
Shipwrecks of Taiwan |
6907391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Winchester%20Confederate%20order%20of%20battle | Second Winchester Confederate order of battle | The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Second Battle of Winchester. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Military rank abbreviations
LTG = Lieutenant General
MG = Major General
BG = Brigadier General
Col = Colonel
Ltc = Lieutenant Colonel
Maj = Major
Cpt = Captain
Confederate army
Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
LTG Richard S. Ewell
References
Lt. Gen. Ewell's Report in the Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII/2 [S# 44]
Grunder, Charles S. and Beck, Brandon H. The Second Battle of Winchester (2nd Edition). Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1989.
Paths of the Civil War
American Civil War orders of battle |
6907405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20DeBose | Michael DeBose | Michael DeBose (December 16, 1953 – April 23, 2012) was an American politician who served as a Democratic member of the Ohio House of Representatives. He was first elected to that position on February 13, 2002.
Biography
DeBose attended Cleveland State University, where he earned a BA in Mass Media Communications. He was an ordained and licensed minister of the Zion Chapel Baptist church. He was married with three children.
He was the primary sponsor of four bills, including one to create a mandatory pink sex offender license plate so people can better identify them, saying "The primary reason they can prey is because they're camouflaged from who they really are."
On May 1, 2007, DeBose was taking a walk around his neighborhood after returning from Columbus when two armed robbers attempted to hold him up. He had, in the past, voted against concealed weapon legislation, but cited the incident as changing his stance.
Death
DeBose died of complications of Parkinson's disease on April 23, 2012 at the age of 58.
References
1953 births
2012 deaths
Members of the Ohio House of Representatives
Cleveland State University alumni
Ohio Democrats
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Ohio
Politicians from Cleveland
Baptist ministers from the United States
African-American state legislators in Ohio
21st-century American politicians
21st-century African-American politicians
20th-century African-American people |
6907406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanin | Amanin | Amanin is a cyclic peptide. It is one of the amatoxins, all of which are found in several members of the mushroom genus Amanita.
Toxicology
Like other amatoxins, amanin is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. Upon ingestion, it binds to the RNA polymerase II enzyme which completely prevents mRNA synthesis, effectively causing cytolysis of hepatocytes (liver cells) and kidney cells.
See also
Mushroom poisoning
References
Peptides
Amatoxins
Hepatotoxins
Tryptamines |
6907410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%20Ya-juo | Chang Ya-juo | Chang Ya-juo (; 1913–1942) was the mistress of Chiang Ching-kuo and bore twin sons for him, John Chiang and Winston Chang in 1942. She met Chiang when she was working at a training camp for enlistees in the fight against Japan while he was serving as the head of Gannan Prefecture.
The twins were born out of wedlock in Guilin, China, and took their mother's surname. Chang Ya-jo died in August 1942 when they were approximately six months old, under mysterious circumstances; after dining at a friend's house, she came home complaining of stomach cramps. She was admitted to the hospital and died the next day.
After their mother's death, the twins were raised by Chang's brother and sister-in-law, Chang Hau-juo () and Chi Chen (), respectively, who were officially listed as their parents. They escaped to Taiwan with their uncle and aunt in 1949 and settled near Hsinchu.
After a legal process that included obtaining written declarations from Chi's sons, documents attesting to the father-sons relationship between Chiang Ching-kuo and the twins from retired general Wang Sheng (), the birth certificate listing Chang Ya-juo as his mother and DNA testing to prove that Chi was not his birth mother, John Chiang was able to obtain a new ID card listing Chiang Ching-kuo and Chang Ya-juo as his biological parents in December 2002. John Chiang officially changed his surname to Chiang in March 2005.
In 2006, Chiang stated he knew the identity of his mother's murderer, to be revealed as one of Chiang Ching-kuo's aides in his forthcoming memoirs, but that Chiang Ching-kuo had not ordered the murder and was not aware it was to take place.
References
Notes
External links
1913 births
1942 deaths
Chiang Kai-shek family
People from Nanchang
Chinese murder victims |
6907452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnarok%20%28T%C3%BDr%20album%29 | Ragnarok (Týr album) | Ragnarok is the third full-length album by the Faroese viking/folk metal band Týr. It was released on 22 September 2006 by Napalm Records.
The album is bilingual with Faroese and English lyrics. The album features cover art by Jan Yrlund.
Track listing
Credits
Heri Joensen – vocals, guitar
Terji Skibenæs – guitar
Gunnar H. Thomsen – bass
Kári Streymoy – drums
References
External links
mp3 sample of "Wings of Time"
2006 albums
Týr (band) albums
Concept albums
Napalm Records albums |
6907456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%20People%27s%20Theatre | Young People's Theatre | Young People's Theatre (YPT) is Canada's largest and oldest professional theatre for young people. The company produces and presents a full season of theatre and arts education programming, serving approximately 150,000 patrons annually. Founded in 1966 by Susan Douglas Rubeš, YPT originally operated out of the now-demolished Colonnade Theatre on Bloor Street. Since its 1977–78 season, the company has resided in a renovated heritage building in downtown Toronto.
YPT operates two performance spaces in the building at 165 Front Street East: the Ada Slaight Stage and the Nathan Cohen Studio. It stages an average of eight productions each year. The current artistic director is Herbie Barnes and the current executive director is Nancy J. Webster.
History
Rubes created the Museum Children's Theatre in her Toronto kitchen and then, with the help of a few local businessmen, opened Alice in Wonderland at the Royal Ontario Museum in 1963. Susan staged her first YPT show, The Looking Glass Revue, at the Colonnade Theatre in 1966.
Before finding its permanent home in 1977, YPT staged shows at the St. Lawrence Centre, the Ontario Science Centre and Toronto's Firehall Theatre. The company also toured to schools throughout Ontario, and toured the play Inook and the Sun in the UK. In 1975, Rubes received the Order of Canada for her work in children's theatre. Two years later, YPT staged its first show at its current home (165 Front St. E) with an adaptation of The Lost Fairy Tale. Young People's Theatre added a drama school in 1969, a community outreach program and resources for educators. As of 2022, the Drama School operates four different locations in Toronto.
Several stage and screen actors have appeared on the YPT mainstage since the 1970s, including Martin Short, Megan Follows, Brent Carver, Cynthia Dale, Fiona Reid, Gordon Pinsent, R.H Thomson, Sheila McCarthy and Eric Peterson. Celebrities such as Drake and Kiefer Sutherland also attended YPT's Drama School in their youth.
In the spring of 2001, the theatre was renamed Lorraine Kimsa Theatre for Young People after a donation of $1.5 million from Kevin Kimsa in honour of his mother. In March 2011, the theatre announced a change back to its original name: Young People's Theatre.
The Slaight family's 2015 donation of $3 million resulted in the creation of the Ada Slaight Education Centre at YPT. At the time it was the largest non-capital gift received by a Toronto theatre company. In 2022 a gift from the Slaight Family resulted in the renaming of the company's Mainstage to the Ada Slaight Stage.
In 2016 YPT was one of a number of theatres offering free tickets to newly arrived Syrian refugees.
The building
Young People Theatre's current home is a renovated 1887 heritage building in Toronto, Ontario. This site was a three-story stable for the horses that pulled Toronto Street Railways horsecars in the late 19th century, as well as an electrical generating plant and a Toronto Transit Commission warehouse. The warehouse sat empty for much of the 20th century and was ready for demolition before it was chosen by YPT as its home. The building was renovated in 1977 by Zeidler Partnership Architects to contain a large main stage (the current day Susan Douglas Rubes Theatre) and a smaller studio (the Nathan Cohen Studio). YPT was given an Award of Merit by the Toronto Historical Board in 1979, "for its imaginative and sympathetic treatment of a landmark that might otherwise have been destroyed". A $13.5 million comprehensive campaign to expand and improve YPT's entire complex is currently underway.
Artistic Directors
Susan Douglas Rubes (1966-1979)
Richard Ouzounian (1979-1980)
Peter Moss (1980-1991)
Maja Ardal (1991-1998)
Pierre Tetrault (1998-2002)
Allen MacInnis (2002-2021)
Herbie Barnes (2021–present)
Awards
62 Dora Mavor Moore Awards
13 Chalmers Children Awards for playwrighting.
Toronto Arts Foundation Arts for Youth Award, 2016
Ontario's Lieutenant Governor's Award for the Arts, 1998.
Award of Merit, Heritage Toronto, 1979.
References
External links
Young People's Theatre fonds (R8245) at Library and Archives Canada
Theatres in Toronto
1966 establishments in Ontario
Children's theatre |
6907462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20de%20Revier%20Sr. | Abraham de Revier Sr. | Abraham de Revier Sr. was the first elder of the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow in Sleepy Hollow, New York when it was organized in 1697.
He was one of the ninety-six original members of the church and was the patriarch of a leading family in the Sleepy Hollow community. He has also been credited as the author of a private memorandum book that is now lost to history, which was heavily drawn upon in 1715 by Dirck Storm to compose the church's history. However, he signed his 1716 will by his mark, so it is more likely that the memoranda should be credited to his son, also named Abraham and a later elder of the church, who had predeceased his father about 1712.
The Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow's book of records is one of the most significant records in Early American history. "Het Notite Boeck der Christelyckes Kercke op de Manner of Philips Burgh" is a rare surviving record of Dutch Colonial American village life in English-occupied New York province.
References
American clergy
People of the Province of New York
American members of the Dutch Reformed Church
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing |
23578667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroleague%202009%E2%80%9310%20Regular%20Season%20Group%20D | Euroleague 2009–10 Regular Season Group D | Standings and Results for Group D of the Regular Season phase of the 2009–10 Euroleague basketball tournament.
Standings
Fixtures/Results
All times given below are in Central European Time.
Unless otherwise indicated, all attendance totals are from the corresponding match report posted on the official Euroleague site and included with each game summary.
Game 1
Game 2
Game 3
Game 4
Game 5
Game 6
Game 7
Game 8
Game 9
Game 10
External links
Standings
Group D |
23578684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello%20di%20Milazzo | Castello di Milazzo | The Castello di Milazzo () is a castle and citadel in Milazzo, Sicily. It is located on the summit of a hill overlooking the town, on a site first fortified in the Neolithic era. The Greeks modified it into an acropolis, and it was later enlarged into a castrum by the Romans and Byzantines. The Normans built a castle, which was further modified and enlarged during the Medieval and Early Modern periods. It is now in good condition, and open to the public.
The castle was built as a result of the strategic importance of the Milazzo peninsula, which commands the Gulf of Patti, the body of water that separates Sicily from the Aeolian Islands. It also commands one of Sicily's most important natural harbours.
History
Antiquity
The first fortifications on the site of the Castello di Milazzo were built in around 4000 BC, during the Neolithic. The Greeks built an acropolis in the 8th or 7th centuries BC, and the Romans and Byzantines modified the site into a castrum.
Ancient coins, including those of the Mamertines, have been found recently inside the castle's perimeter.
Norman and Swabian rule
the castle was built by the Normans and later enlarged by the Swabians. The castle was extensively modified during the reign of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen.
In 1295, the Sicilian Parliament met here.
Aragonese and Spanish rule
Between 1496 and 1508, the Aragonese built walls with six semi-circular bastions, encircling the original medieval castle. They were designed by the architect Baldiri Meteli.
Between 1525 and 1540, the Spanish built bastioned fortifications around the Aragonese walls and the settlement which surrounded it, expanding the castle into a citadel. The new fortifications were designed by the military engineers Pietro Antonio Tomasello and Antonio Ferramolino. In 1577 by Tibúrcio Spannocchi and in 1585 there was a reconstruction by Camillo Camilliani and after by Pietro Novelli. Some outworks were added in the 17th century. Several civil buildings began to be built within the walls of the castle, including the old cathedral and various palaces.
18th to 20th centuries
The castle was in Habsburg hands in the first half of the 18th century, before being taken over by the Bourbons. The latter retained the castle until they lost Milazzo to Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1860. The castle was subsequently converted into a prison in 1880, and underwent a number of alterations. The prison closed in 1959 and the castle remained abandoned for a couple of decades.
Recent history
After many years of neglect and deterioration, the castle was restored between 1991 and 2002, and again between 2008 and 2010. Today, it is in good condition and is open to the public.
Layout
Although it is commonly called a castle, the Castello di Milazzo is more precisely a fortified town or citadel, since it housed several public and private edifices, such as a cathedral and a Benedictine convent. The citadel is located on top of a hill, which gradually slopes towards the town and its harbour. The south-eastern side of the castle consists of several defensive walls, while its north-western side is protected by a natural cliff-face.
The keep of the castle is the Torre Saracena (Saracen Tower), which is also the oldest part of the fortification. It was built either by Normans, but like the rest of the castle, it was modified over the years until the 16th century. The keep is surrounded by walls with protruding square-shaped towers, which were built by the Swabians. These are in turn surrounded by the Aragonese Wall (), which contains semi-circular bastions.
The Aragonese Wall is surrounded by the 16th century Spanish Wall (), which contains the following bastions:
Bastione di Santa Maria – a semi-circular bastion at the southern end of the castle, containing the main entrance. It was named after a church dedicated to St. Mary which was partially demolished to make way for the bastion.
Bastione delle Isole – an arrow-shaped bastion at the eastern end of the castle. It was designed by Antonio Ferramolino, and contains a number of countermines.
The walls are protected by ravelins and other outworks which were built in the 17th century.
A gallery with a barrel vault then leads to an internal courtyard, after which is the Old Duomo (cathedral), built from 1607. The Benedictine convent was built during the same period. The ruins of the Palazzo dei Giurati (Jurors' Palace) and of the older church of Santa Maria are also present.
References
Bibliography
Milazzo
Milazzo
Museums in Sicily
Historic house museums in Italy
Buildings and structures in the Metropolitan City of Messina
Defunct prisons in Italy |
23578691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabulam%20Rivulet | Tabulam Rivulet | Tabulam Rivulet is a river of the state of New South Wales in Australia.
See also
List of rivers of Australia
References
Rivers of New South Wales |
23578695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarcutta%20Creek | Tarcutta Creek | The Tarcutta Creek, part of the Murray Darling basin, is mostly a perennial stream located in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The stream rises on the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range and Australian Alps, approximately southwest of Batlow. The stream flows generally north by west towards the town of where the creek is crossed by the Hume Motorway. From this point the river continues generally north by west towards the city of Wagga Wagga and reaches its confluence with the Murrumbidgee River, approximately southeast of . The creek descends over its course.
See also
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Rivers in the Riverina
Hume Highway |
23578696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarlo%20River | Tarlo River | The Tarlo River, a perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Tablelands and Southern Highlands regions of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Tarlo River rises within the Great Dividing Range, near the locality of Middle Arm east of Crookwell, and flows generally south southeast, north, and then east, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its confluence with the Wollondilly River near Mount Penong, east of Taralga. The river descends over its course and it flows through the Tarlo River National Park.
See also
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
References
Rivers of New South Wales
Southern Highlands (New South Wales)
Upper Lachlan Shire
Wollondilly Shire |
23578701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylors%20Arm%20%28New%20South%20Wales%29 | Taylors Arm (New South Wales) | Taylors Arm is a perennial river of the Nambucca River catchment, located in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Taylors Arm rises within New England National Park on the eastern slopes of Killiekrankie Mountain, below the Dorrigo Plateau that is part of the Great Dividing Range. The river flows generally southeast and then east northeast, joined by two minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Nambucca River northwest of Macksville. The river descends over its course.
See also
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
Taylors Arm
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Mid North Coast
Nambucca Shire |
17340340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpe%2C%20Paley%20and%20Austin | Sharpe, Paley and Austin | Sharpe, Paley and Austin are the surnames of architects who practised in Lancaster, Lancashire, England, between 1835 and 1946, working either alone or in partnership. The full names of the principals in their practice, which went under various names during its life, are Edmund Sharpe (1809–77); Edward Graham Paley (1823–95), who practised as E. G. Paley; Hubert James Austin (1841–1915); Henry Anderson Paley (1859–1946), son of Edward, usually known as Harry Paley; and, for a very brief period, Geoffrey Langshaw Austin (1884–1971), son of Hubert. The firm's commissions were mainly for buildings in Lancashire and what is now Cumbria, but also in Yorkshire, Cheshire, the West Midlands, North Wales, and Hertfordshire.
The practice specialised in work on churches; the design of new churches, restoring older churches, and making additions or alterations. They also designed country houses, and made alterations to existing houses. Almost all their churches were designed in Gothic Revival style, except for some of Sharpe's earliest churches and a few designed later by the practice. Within the Gothic Revival style, the practice initially used Early English and, particularly, Decorated features. E. G. Paley introduced Perpendicular elements, and Perpendicular became the dominant style used by the practice following the arrival of Hubert Austin, to such a degree that the firm became regarded as the regional leader in the use of that style.
The practice used a greater variety of styles when working on country houses, including Elizabethan and Jacobean elements as well as Gothic. Other features were incorporated towards the end of the 19th century similar to those in works produced by the Aesthetic and the Arts and Crafts Movements. Not all the firm's work was on a large scale; as the major architectural practice in North West England they also undertook work on schools, vicarages, hospitals, factories, hotels, shops, railway stations, and war memorials.
History and works
During the life of the practice its title varied according to the names of the architects who ran it, either individually or in partnership. The history of the practice, and the works produced during each stage, are described under the titles used by the practice. As there are two periods when the practice worked under the title Austin and Paley, the relevant dates have been added to these headings.
Edmund Sharpe
Edmund Sharpe established an architectural practice in his mother's house in Penny Street, Lancaster, in late 1835. He had received no formal training in architecture, gaining his knowledge from studying and drawing buildings during a tour of Germany and France between 1832 and 1835. In 1838 he moved his office to Sun Street, and that year Edward Paley, then aged 15, joined him as a pupil. The following year Sharpe moved his office again, this time to St Leonard's Gate.
Sharpe's earliest commissions were for churches, the first being St Mark, Witton (1836–38), quickly followed by St Saviour's Church, Cuerden (1836–37). He then designed two small chapels, Holy Trinity, Howgill, and St John, Cowgill (both 1837–38), in what is now Cumbria. Larger and grander churches followed, including Christ Church, Walmsley (1839–40), and his largest church, Holy Trinity, Blackburn (1837–48). The latter was a Commissioners' church, so-called because it was partly financed by a grant from the Church Building Commissioners. In all, Sharpe designed six Commissioner's churches, including St George, Stalybridge (1838–40). In the early 1840s Sharpe gained a commission from the trustees of the Weaver Navigation to build three (or four) churches along its route for their employees. By 1842 he was designing his 31st church, including a long hoped for commission from the 13th Earl of Derby to design St Mary, Knowsley (1843–44).
Sharpe was persuaded by his future brother-in-law John Fletcher, owner of Ladyshore Colliery, to experiment with the use of terracotta in the structure of his churches; not just for decoration, as had been done before, but for the whole structure of the church, other than the foundations and rubble infill. The churches resulting from this project were St Stephen and All Martyrs, Lever Bridge (1842–44), and Holy Trinity, Rusholme (1845–46). These were nicknamed by Sharpe himself as "the pot churches".
In addition to Edward Paley, Sharpe took on other pupils, some of whom later established their own architectural practices. One of these was Thomas Austin (1822–67), who joined Sharpe in 1841 and left in 1852 to set up his practice in Newcastle upon Tyne. Another pupil was John Douglas (1830–1911), who created a successful practice in Chester.
Sharpe's architectural works were not limited to churches, nor was his practice confined to architecture. His most important architectural work in the domestic field was his remodelling of Capernwray Hall (1844–48), and in Knutsford he designed a house for the governor of the gaol (1844). In 1838 he was appointed as architect to what was then called the County Lunatic Asylum (later Lancaster Moor Hospital). Here, in addition to carrying out minor repairs, he added a chapel and six additional wings for the residents. Other duties in this post included work on Lancaster Castle and the Judges Lodgings. Sharpe's other business interests were in the field of engineering. By 1837 he had been appointed Bridgemaster for the South Lonsdale Hundred, in which role he cared for the roads and bridges in north Lancashire, including building at least two new bridges. He had also become involved with the development of railways in the region, initially by designing bridges and a viaduct for the Lancaster and Preston Junction Railway (now part of the West Coast Main Line). He was also becoming involved in the civic life of Lancaster, having been elected as a councillor in 1841.
Sharpe and Paley
Sharpe appointed Paley as his partner in 1845, and then took an increasing interest in activities outside the practice. By 1847 Paley was responsible for most of the work in the practice, certainly carrying out independent commissions from at least 1849. In 1851, the year of Paley's marriage to Sharpe's youngest sister, Frances, Sharpe formally withdrew from the practice, although it continued to be known as Sharpe and Paley until 1856. Being the only major architect practising in the area between Preston and Carlisle, Paley took on commissions of all sizes and types but, like Sharpe, his major designs were for churches. Between 1851 and 1867 he designed or rebuilt about 36 new churches, almost all of them for the Church of England, with a small number for Congregationalists and Roman Catholics. Among his earlier churches were St Patrick, Preston Patrick (1852–53), St Anne, Thwaites (1853–54), and Christ Church, Bacup (1854).
The first secular work undertaken during this period was the remodelling of Hornby Castle between 1847 and 1852, including its "expansive" symmetrical frontage. The next commission was the conversion of a manor house close to the ruins of Furness Abbey into the Furness Abbey Hotel starting in 1847. Other secular commissions around this time were for two vicarages and for the North Western Hotel in Morecambe (1847), and for work at Giggleswick School (1850–51). Paley also carried out work at Rossall School, including the chapel (1861–62), and the east range (1867). He designed new schools, including the Royal Grammar School in Lancaster (1851–52), and eight village schools. Paley's main domestic works were the rebuilding of Wennington Hall (1855–56), and a smaller house, The Ridding. Other varies commissions included the restoration of a music hall in Settle (1853), and cemetery buildings in Lancaster and Stalmine (1855 and 1856).
The rapid growth of the town of Barrow-in-Furness, the construction of the Furness Railway following the discovery of deposits of iron ore in the Furness peninsular, and the development of industries using iron as a raw material resulted in many commissions for the practice. The population of Barrow doubled between 1851 and 1861, and doubled again in the next decade. The major figure in the development of the town and the railway was James Ramsden (1822–96), who eventually became managing director of the railway, the Barrow Haematite Steel Company, and the Barrow Shipbuilding Company. The largest deposits of iron ore had been discovered in about 1850 by Henry Schneider in land owned by William Cavendish, who was at that time the 2nd Earl of Burlington, and who also played a part in the industry. All three men commissioned the practice to design a variety of buildings. In addition Paley designed a country house, Abbot's Wood (1857–59) for Ramsden, a large and complex building with Gothic and Tudor features.
E. G. Paley
Paley continued to work from the offices in St Leonard's Gate after Sharpe's resignation, but in 1860 he moved to offices in Castle Hill, where the practice remained throughout the rest of its existence. During the 1850s he designed St Peter, Lancaster, a Roman Catholic church that later became Lancaster Cathedral (1857–59). This is regarded by Brandwood et al. as his "masterwork as an independent church architect". Hartwell et al. agree, calling this church, with its northwest steeple high, his chef d'oeuvre. During the 1860s, Paley began to design churches with bare brick interior walls, rather than plastered walls, the earliest being St Peter, Quernmore (1860). Although the High Victorian style was becoming popular elsewhere, it played little part in Paley's designs, other than more elaborate decorative features, such as the embellishment of the principal rafters at Quernmore. He never used the more blatant features of the style, such as polychromy. During this decade, before the arrival of Austin, he designed churches for the industrial towns of Lancashire, one of the largest being St James, Poolstock (1863–66). The rebuilding of St Peter's Church, Bolton (1867–71) with its northwest tower rising to , is considered by Brandwood et al. to be "Paley's other great independent church project". Hartwell et al. refer to it as a "formidable new church".
Secular commissions during this period included the restoration of the medieval tower at Dalton Castle (1859), and buildings for the Lancaster Carriage and Wagon Works (1864–65). The largest building designed by Paley, and indeed by the practice, was the Royal Albert Asylum (later renamed the Royal Albert Hospital which is currently named Jamea Al Kauthar Islamic College) in Lancaster (1868–73); it was in Gothic Revival style, and had an E-shaped plan. It has a central French-type tower, with a steeply pitched pyramidal roof flanked by pinnacles. Paley designed stations for the Furness Railway, starting with the Strand Station in Barrow (1863); he probably also designed the station at Grange-over-Sands (1866). Overlooking the latter town he designed the Grange Hotel (1866).
Paley and Austin
On 28 January 1867 Hubert Austin joined Paley in the practice as a partner. He was the half-brother of Thomas Austin, who had been a pupil of Sharpe. Hubert Austin had worked for three years in the office of George Gilbert Scott, and before he joined the Lancaster practice had designed Christ Church, Ashford, Kent (1855–56). Following his arrival, the work of the practice continued much as before, with both ecclesiastical and secular commissions.
Ecclesiastical works
Two early large churches in industrial areas in Lancashire were built in 1869–71: St Chad, Kirkby, and St John the Evangelist, Cheetham. Pollard describes St Chad as one of the partnership's "most powerful churches", Brandwood et al. consider that St John the Evangelist is the practice's "most important church in Manchester. These were followed by the rebuilding, other than the tower, of St Mary, Leigh (1871–73), in which the Perpendicular style, generally unfashionable at the time, was used throughout. Similarly the body of All Saints' Church, Daresbury (1870–72) was rebuilt in Perpendicular style. Meanwhile the practice was designing new churches or rebuilding old churches for villages in the countryside. Some of these were small, others larger and more impressive, such as St Peter, Finsthwaite (1873–74) and St Peter, Scorton (1878–79). In 1872–73 the partners built their only new church in Wales, St Mary, Betws-y-Coed. This was followed by an estate church, St John the Evangelist (1882–84) at Walton, south of Warrington, and by the rebuilding of the old parish church of St Mary (1884–85) at Dalton-in-Furness.
They also designed about 23 urban churches of varying sizes and styles. Most were in the industrial towns of Lancashire, except for St John the Evangelist, Greenock (1877–78) in Scotland, a mission chapel in Scarborough, North Yorkshire (1885), and St Barnabas (1884–85) in the railway town of Crewe, Cheshire. Notable among the Lancashire urban churches are St Matthew and St James, Mossley Hill, Liverpool (1870–75), described by Pollard as "one of the best Victorian churches in Liverpool, St Michael and All Angels, Howe Bridge, Atherton (1875–77), considered by Pollard to be one of Paley and Austin's "most stimulating churches", and St John the Baptist, also in Atherton (1878–79), of which Pollard says "The whole is monumental, one of Paley and Austin's best", with a tower that is "magnificently mighty". In Astley Bridge, Bolton, they built two churches, which are described by Hartwell et al. as being "remarkable"; these were All Souls (1878–81), which is now redundant, and St Saviour (1882–85), which was demolished in 1975. St James, Daisy Hill, Westhoughton (1879–81) is considered by Hartwell et al. as "a masterly performance for relatively little cash", and St Peter, Westleigh Leigh (1879–81) is described by Pollard as one of Paley and Austin's "most radical and thrilling churches". Meanwhile, in rapidly growing Barrow, they had built four smaller churches to a common design, each dedicated to one of the Four Evangelists. In 1884 the partnership submitted plans for a new Anglican cathedral in Liverpool. Their plan was placed in the top twelve, but failed to make the next round of the competition. In the event the project was abandoned in 1888, the cathedral being built later and on a different site.
Secular works
Meanwhile, the town of Barrow was continuing to grow, and this resulted in many commissions for the practice. In order to deal with this they opened a sub-office in the town, run by John Harrison (1837–96), which continued to exist until the late 1880s. The first major commission in the town was to design a flax and jute mill for James Ramsden (1870–72). Other secular buildings included banks, cemetery buildings (including a large gateway), ten large tenement blocks, schools, villas, meeting halls, and the School of Art. For the Furness Railway they designed stations, goods sheds, workers' cottages and, probably, the circular water tower at Seascale. The partners were also involved with work at large country houses. The most important commission was to build a new wing at Holker Hall in 1871–75 to replace a wing severely damaged by fire; this was the largest project undertaken by the partners. The next major country house commission was the restoration of Hoghton Tower (1876–78) for Sir Henry de Hoghton. Other work on country houses included building Sedgwick House (1868–69), adding an extension to Leighton Hall (1870), making extensions to Walton Hall (1870), Underley Hall (1872), Capernwray Hall (1875–76), and Whittington Hall (1887). New houses included Oak Lea for Henry Schneider (1874, since demolished), Witherslack Hall (1874), and Hampsfield House (1880–82). Their last major work on a country house was the remodelling of Thurland Castle (1879–85) following severe damage by fire. The practice continued to design new schools, and in the 1870s
they began to design new buildings for Sedbergh School, creating an association with the school that was to produce commissions throughout the remaining life of the practice.
Paley, Austin and Paley
In 1886 Edward Paley's son, Henry (who was and is usually known as Harry), became a partner in the practice, which continued to work much as before, with ecclesiastical and secular commissions. New churches were built in villages and towns, and older churches were restored or altered. The first new country church resulting from the partnership was the Church of the Good Shepherd, Tatham (1888–89). Brandwood et al. describe the 1890s as "something of a golden decade for the firm's country churches". The first of these was St Bartholomew, Barbon (1892–93), mainly Perpendicular in style, but with some rounded arches, followed by St Peter, Field Broughton (1892–94), also in Perpendicular style. Smaller churches were St Mary, Borwick (1894–96) (Perpendicular again), and a mission church seating 150 at Sunderland Point (1894). The 1890s was also a prolific period for new town churches but, before the start of that decade, the firm had designed St Mary, Ince-in-Makerfield (1887, demolished 1974), St John, Birkdale (1899–90), and St John, Cloughfold, in Rawtenstall (1899–90, now redundant). Major town churches of the first half of the 1890s include St John, Crawshawbooth (1890–92), and Christ Church, Waterloo (near Liverpool) (1891–99). During this time the partnership produced their only church in the south of England, All Saints, Hertford (1893–95). Brandwood et al. say that it is a "Perpendicular building entirely characteristic of the firm" but, being built in Runcorn sandstone from Cheshire, Pevsner considered that it was "completely alien in Herts". This period also saw the finest church design to be executed by the practice, St George, Heaviley in Stockport (1892–97), which is considered to be the solely the work of Austin. Brandwood et al. describe it as "the largest, grandest and most expensive church the practice ever built and is the masterwork of Hubert Austin". Hartwell et al. say it is "a church on a splendid scale". Another ecclesiastical project was the chapel at the Royal Albert Asylum (1886–80).
During this time much less work was carried out in the secular sphere. There were no new substantial country houses designed during this time, the largest being the "rather plain, four-square" Hampsfield House. The only major public buildings were the Storey Institute (1887–91) in Lancaster, and the Lancaster Royal Infirmary (1893–96). Work was carried out on school buildings, including extensions at Lancaster Royal Grammar School and Christ Church School, Lancaster (both 1887), and a new building for the Keswick School of Industrial Art (1893–94). Commercial buildings included shops for the Lancaster and Skerton Cooperative Society, including a large store in the middle of Lancaster.
Austin and Paley
1895–1914
Edward Paley died on 23 January 1895 at the age of 71, and the remaining partners continued the practice under the title Austin and Paley. It is not clear how much Edward Paley had been contributing to the work of the practice in his later years; it is likely that by then Austin had been "the chief creative force". The church commissions continued much as before, particularly with new churches, and also with church restorations. New country churches included St Mark, Dolphinholme (1897–98), St Luke, Slyne (1898–1900), and St John, Flookburgh (1897–1900), the last of which incorporated Romanesque features. After 1900 the practice designed All Saints, Barnacre (1905–06), St John, Ellel (1906–07), and St Mark, Natland (1909–10). There were many new town churches, including St Barnabas, Morecambe (1898–1900), St John the Divine, Sandylands (1898–1901) (also in Morecambe), St Anne, Hindsford (1898–1901 now redundant), and St Thomas, St Anne's-on-the-Sea (1899–1900). These were followed in the 20th century by new churches including St Michael, Middleton (1901–02), St Mary, Walney (1907–08), St Andrew, Starbeck, Harrogate (1909–10), and St Margaret, Halliwell, Bolton (1911–13). Brandwood et al. describe two further buildings as the partnership's "last two major urban churches". The first of these is St Michael and All Angels, Ashton-on-Ribble, Preston (1906–08). The other, described as the partners' "last great masterpiece" is St Mary, Widnes (1908–10). Further ecclesiastical works were the chapels built for Sedbergh School (1895–97) and for St Bees' School (1906).
Although church work dominated the work of the practice there were also some secular commissions. There was no work on country houses during this period, nor were there any commissions for public buildings, other than an expansion of the Storey Institute (1906–08). The last public building designed by the partnership was Hornby Village Institute (1914). In the commercial field the firm designed workshops and a showroom for William Atkinson, which were among the earliest motor garages and showrooms in the provinces. The practice continued to carry out work for the Lancaster and Skerton Cooperative Society, designing numerous shops in the local area. The partners also carried out work on schools, in particular for Sedbergh School. They designed an extension to Leeds Grammar School (1904–05), Llandovery College, North Wales (1901–03), Shrewsbury School (1913–14), and extra buildings for St Bees School, Rossall School, and the Clergy Daughters' School at Casterton (1896).
Austin, Paley and Austin
Hubert Austin's eldest son, Bernard Tate (1873–1955), studied architecture in the firm, but had a disagreement with his father and left in 1902 to work as an architect for Lever Brothers. Austin's youngest son, Geoffrey Langshaw (1884–1971), also worked with the practice from 1907, and was made a junior partner in January 1914, when the practice became known as Austin, Paley and Austin. However the partnership was short-lived as Geoffrey enlisted to serve in the King's Own Royal Lancaster Regiment in February 1915. He saw active service in the First World War, leaving the army in 1919, but did not return to the practice, nor did he continue with an architectural career.
1915–44
Hubert Austin died on 22 March 1915 leaving Harry Paley as the sole principal, but the practice continued to be known as Austin and Paley. Helped by assistants and clerks Paley continued to work until the 1940s, but without appointing another partner. He continued to work on churches, repairing and restoring older churches, and designing new ones. His new churches include All Saints, Becconsall (1925–26), St Stephen on-the-Cliffs, Blackpool (1925–27), St Hilda, Bilsborrow (1926–27), St Luke, Orrell (1927–28 and 1938), St Stephen, Whelley (1928–30 and 1937–38), St Barbara, Earlsdon, Coventry (1930–31), St Thomas, Blackpool (1930–32), and his last church, St John, Abram (1935–37). A major source of commissions following the First World War was the design of war memorials and monuments. Two of Paley's war memorials are considered to be sufficiently notable to have been designated as Grade II listed buildings. They are both in villages in Cumbria, Beetham and Great Salkeld, both in sandstone in the form of a Celtic cross, and were constructed in or about 1919. Work continued to be carried out at Sedbergh, Giggleswick, and Leeds Grammar Schools, and on the Royal Lancaster Infirmary. The practice continued to be active until the 1940s. It is uncertain when Harry Paley retired, and it is possible that some work was carried out by his assistants after his retirement. The practice had certainly closed by 1945, when the offices were sold to Lancaster Corporation and the records of the firm were destroyed. Harry Paley died on 19 April 1946.
Architectural styles
Sharpe's first three churches were in Romanesque style, as according to Sharpe "no style can be worked so cheap as Romanesque". He then started to include Gothic features, which often did not accurately reflect the features to be found in medieval churches, being an approximation rather than an accurate (or "correct") representation. Influenced by A. W. N. Pugin (1812–52) and the Cambridge Camden Society (later named the Ecclesiological Society), of which Sharpe was a member, he introduced more "correct" Gothic features into his designs, which he continued to use throughout the rest of his career. In 1844 he was praised by the society for his design of the new steeple at St Michael, Kirkham (1843–44), which was described as being "beautiful and correct".
Almost all of Paley's designs were in Gothic Revival style, mainly reflecting features of the 13th and early 14th centuries, with open roofs, benches for the congregation, stalls for the choir, the pulpit to the side of the entrance to the chancel, steps leading up to the chancel, and no side chapels. Most of the designs were largely in the Decorated style, although Paley did occasionally introduce 15th-century Perpendicular features, for example in his rebuilding of St Patrick, Preston Patrick (1852–53). During the 1850s Paley introduced what was to become one of his favourite features, the traceried oculus window, in Christ Church, Bacup (1854) and St James, Wrightington (1857).
During the Paley and Austin partnership, the architectural styles used by the practice changed and developed. In church architecture, Paley had already started to introduce Perpendicular features in some of his designs, and this trend was to continue and increase after the arrival of Austin. Throughout their partnership, the designs for churches were mainly in Gothic Revival style. After the arrival of Austin, there was much greater use of Perpendicular features. Brandwood et al. see the practice as national pioneers in this trend, saying "the firm can be seen as a true pioneer in the rehabilitation of Perpendicular architecture after its ecclesiological exile for a quarter of a century". Early examples of what the authors consider to be part of what they call "the Perpendicular revival in the North" are the rebuilding of the bodies of St Mary, Leigh, (1871–73) and All Saints, Daresbury (1870–72). The Perpendicular "would become the stock-in-trade style for some of the most admired buildings as the years rolled on". However they did continue to use features from the Early English and Decorated styles, sometimes together in the same church, as in New St Leonard, Langho. Away from the Gothic Revival style, Norman or Norman transitional features were occasionally used, as in St Mary, Betws-y-Coed (1872–73), and St Peter, Finsthwaite (1873–74).
Brandwood et al identify two other, potentially incompatible, stylistic changes in the firm's designs during this period. The first is what they describe as "a greater muscularity ...at times accompanied by continental overtones". Examples are in the restoration of the tower of St Peter, Heversham, (1868–70) and in the new church of St Mary, Walton, Cumbria (1869–70). The other stylistic factor was the use of "gentler, less ornate" motifs taken from the Aesthetic Movement, or motifs that could "pass muster as proto-Arts & Crafts work". Features "verging on Art Nouveau" are present in window tracery in All Saints, St Helens, and on the gate-piers outside St George, Heaviley. What became a "favourite feature" for Austin and Paley were carved inscriptions, usually black, sometimes in Latin and sometimes in English; examples can be in St John, Crawshawbooth, and Christ Church, Waterloo (both in Merseyside).
In their secular commissions the practice used a variety of styles. Their new wing at Holker Hall was in Elizabethan style, as were the additions to Underley Hall. Witherslack Hall has Jacobean detailing, while other country houses, such as Sedgwick House, incorporate Gothic features. Thurland Castle has features of both Elizabethan and late Gothic styles. Motifs taken from the Aesthetic Movement can be found in both the exterior and the interior of their new wing at Holker Hall, and from the Arts and Crafts Movement in the interior of Thurland Castle.
Patrons
Sharpe's earliest commissions were promoted by his older cousin Revd J. W. Whitaker, vicar of Blackburn. Whittaker had connections with major figures in the Church of England and members of the aristocracy. Sharpe's work came to the notice of the Bishop of Chester, Rt Rev John Bird Sumner, whose diocese at that time included Lancashire as well as Cheshire. He was a member of the Church Building Commission, and it is likely that he played a part in Sharpe's involvement in designing Commissioners' Churches. Family connections led to an association with the Greenall family, brewers in Warrington, which possibly led to the commission for the series of churches along the Weaver Navigation. Sharpe had hoped to gain commissions from the Earl of Derby, but was successful only in his design for St Mary, Knowsley. The relationship the practice developed with the major entrepreneurs in Barrow-in-Furness, James Ramsden, and Henry Schneider, resulted in the many commissions for buildings in the town and for the Furness Railway.
Practice organisation and personalities
As the office records have been destroyed there is no detailed account of how the office was run, or how the partners related to each other in business matters. Sharpe was a man of many interests and talents. In addition to him being an entrepreneur, establishing a practice that lasted for more than 100 years, he was a railway engineer and developer, a public figure who pioneered sanitary reform in Lancaster. He was also an accomplished sportsman and musician. Edward Paley also took an active part in the civil life of Lancaster, while Hubert Austin had a more retiring personality, concentrating more on his work in the practice and with his family. By the time Harry Paley came to run the practice alone there was less work available. As he was relatively comfortable financially, he was also able to take part in the life of the town and in his sporting interests.
All the principals were Anglicans, and most of the church commissions came from the Church of England. Sharpe, in particular, had low church sympathies, and most of the commissions throughout the life of the practice were for the churches of low church or middle-of the-road patrons. This was consistent with the state of Anglicanism generally in Lancashire, possibly a reaction against the strong presence of Catholicism in the county. Henry Austin was a keen churchman, and was a churchwarden for many years. Nevertheless, the practice did design churches and other buildings for Catholics, Congregationalists and Presbyterians.
Appraisal
The firm was a "provincial architectural practice" in the strict use of the term; sited as it was in a town some distance from any major city. Its output was almost entirely in North West England, particularly in Lancashire and in the southern part of what is now Cumbria. Nevertheless, the practice did achieve national recognition, especially in the later part of the 19th century, and in particular for its churches. A contemporary opinion of the practice was given by the German architect and critic Hermann Muthesius who was present in England between 1896 and 1904. He commented on English architecture and architects, and in his book Die neuere kirchliche Baukunst in England (1901) he placed the works of Austin and Paley on a par with Bodley and Garner, James Brooks, J. D. Sedding, Norman Shaw, and George Gilbert Scott, junior. He was particularly impressed by St Peter, Lancaster, and by the village churches designed by the practice. Writing in 1969 the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner said "this Lancaster dynasty of architects did more work in the county, and for a time more outstanding work, than any other". Referring to the late Victorian churches designed by the practice, Pevsner stated that they were "of the highest European standard of their years". Of the partners, Pevsner had highest regard for Hubert Austin, whom he called a "genius", saying that it was he "it seems, who was responsible for the firm's masterpieces". The title of the introduction to the book by Brandwood et al. entitled The Architecture of Sharpe, Paley and Austin is "A practice like no other".
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Architecture firms based in Lancaster
People from Lancaster, Lancashire
Companies based in Lancaster, Lancashire
1835 establishments in England
British companies established in 1835
Architects from Lancashire |
23578703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegherry%20River | Telegherry River | Telegherry River, a perennial river of the Mid-Coast Council system, is located in the Mid North Coast and Upper Hunter regions of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Telegherry River rises on the southeastern slopes of the Williams Range within the Great Dividing Range, below The Mountaineer, southwest of Gloucester, and flows generally south southeast and east, before reaching its confluence with the Karuah River north of Dungog. The river descends over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers in New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Mid-Coast Council
Rivers of the Hunter Region |
23578710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Branch%20River | The Branch River | The Branch River, a watercourse of the Mid-Coast Council system, is located in the Mid North Coast and Upper Hunter regions of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Branch River rises on south west of the settlement of Crawford River, below Girvan, south southwest of Bulahdelah, and flows generally south and then southwest, joined by five minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Karuah River north of Karuah. The river descends over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers in New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Mid-Coast Council
Rivers of the Hunter Region |
6907468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20Winding%20Refn | Nicolas Winding Refn | Nicolas Winding Refn (; born 29 September 1970) also known as Jang, is a Danish film director, screenwriter, and producer. He is known for his collaborations with Mads Mikkelsen, Tom Hardy and Ryan Gosling.
He gained great success early in his career directing the Pusher trilogy (1996–2005), the crime drama Bronson (2008), and the adventure film Valhalla Rising (2009). In 2011 he gained newfound stardom directing the action drama film Drive (2011) for which he won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director. He was also nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Direction. Refn next films were the stylistically driven the action film Only God Forgives (2013), and the psychological horror film The Neon Demon (2016). In 2019, he directed his first television series Too Old to Die Young (2019) which premiered on Amazon Prime.
In 2008, Refn co-founded the Copenhagen-based production company Space Rocket Nation.
Early life
Refn was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, and raised partly in New York, United States. Refn's parents are Danish film director and editor Anders Refn and cinematographer Vibeke Winding. His half-brother is Kasper Winding, who has become a singer in Denmark.
He attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts but was expelled for throwing a table into a wall.
Career
1996–2005: Early career and the Pusher trilogy
Refn made his directorial debut with the Danish crime film Pusher (1996). It garnered a Best Supporting Actor Award for Zlatko Burić at the 1997 Bodil Awards.
Refn then directed Bleeder (1999), which featured much of the same cast from the Pusher Trilogy, including actors such as Kim Bodnia and Mads Mikkelsen. Refn won the FIPRESCI prize for the film at the 2000 Sarajevo Film Festival the work won Best Lighting at the Robert Festival. The film was nominated for Best Film and Best Supporting Actress at the 2000 Bodil Awards, as well as for the Grand Prix Asturias for Best Feature at the 1999 Gijon International Film Festival.
In 2003, Refn directed and wrote his first English-language film, Fear X, which starred John Turturro and was shot in Canada. Although a financial disappointment, the Danish-Canadian production won an International Fantasy Film Award for Best Screenplay at the 2004 Fantasporto Film Festival, and was nominated for best actor awards (for Turturro) at the Bodil Awards and the Fangoria Awards, and best film awards at festivals including Sitges Film Festival and the Sochi International Film Festival.
Refn later made two sequels to Pusher, Pusher II (2004) (a.k.a. Pusher II: With Blood on My Hands) and Pusher 3 (2005) (a.k.a. Pusher III: I'm The Angel of Death). For Pusher II, lead actor Mads Mikkelsen won a Best Actor award at the 2005 Bodil Awards, Best Actor at the 2005 Robert Festival (where the film was also nominated for Best Director, Best Screenplay and Best Film, among other nominations), and Best Actor at the 2005 Zulu Awards. The film was remade as a British version in 2012, Pusher, directed by Luis Prieto and executive produced by Refn.
2005–2011: Critical acclaim
In 2008, Refn returned to the European art house film circuit after his unsuccessful Hollywood venture Fear X. He wrote and directed Bronson (2008), which starred Tom Hardy as the title character, the U.K. prisoner Charles Bronson, noted for mental illness, violence and art. The film won Best Film at the 2009 Sydney Film Festival, and was also nominated for the Grand Jury Prize (World Cinema — Dramatic) at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival. Hardy won a Best Actor award at the 2009 British Independent Film Awards for his portrayal of Charles Bronson (and the film was nominated for a Best Achievement in Production award as well). Hardy was nominated for Best Actor by the Evening Standard British Film Awards and the London Critics Circle Film Awards.
In 2009, Refn teamed up again with frequent collaborator Mads Mikkelsen to write and direct Valhalla Rising, a surrealistic period piece about the Viking era. The film won an International Fantasy Film Special Jury Award and Special Mention at the 2010 Fantasporto Festival, and won the Titra Film Award for Refn at the 2010 Neuchatel International Fantastic Film Festival. The film also won a Best Make-Up award at the 2011 Robert Festival.
2011–2016: Hollywood breakthrough
In 2011, Refn directed the American action drama film Drive (2011). It premiered in competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival, where he received the Best Director Award.
The film earned Refn a BAFTA nomination for directing. The film was also nominated in 2012 for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing, a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture nomination for Albert Brooks, Excellence in Production Design Award from the Art Directors Guild, won Best Director, Best Screenplay (for Hossein Amini) and Best Supporting Actor (for Brooks) at the Austin Film Critics Awards, won Boston Society of Film Critics Awards for Best Supporting Actor (Albert Brooks) and Best Use of Music in a Film (by Cliff Martinez), the Critics Choice Award at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards for Best Action Movie, Best Director, Best Picture and Breakthrough Film Artist at the Central Ohio Film Critics Association, Best Original Score (Martinez) and Best Supporting Actor (Brooks) at the Chicago Film Critics Association Awards, Best Supporting Actor (Brooks) at the Florida Film Critics Circle Awards, Best Foreign Film at the Fotogramas de Plata, Best Director from the Las Vegas Film Critics Society, a Top Films Award from the National Board of Review, Best Supporting Actor (Brooks) at the National Society of Film Critics Awards, the San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards and the New York Film Critics Circle Awards, Best Director at the San Diego Film Critics Society Awards.
Refn wanted to cast Drive actress Christina Hendricks as Wonder Woman, but later focused on Batgirl instead.
The Bangkok-set crime film Only God Forgives, starring Ryan Gosling and Kristin Scott Thomas, premiered in competition at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. The film was awarded the Sydney Film Prize at the 2013 Sydney Film Festival.
Liv Corfixen, Refn's wife, directed the documentary My Life Directed by Nicolas Winding Refn, centered on the life and work of Refn and their relationship. The documentary film premiered on July 17, 2014, in Denmark.
In September 2011, Refn said his next film would be I Walk with the Dead, with Carey Mulligan slated to play the lead; she was co-star of Drive. According to Refn, it will be a horror-movie sex thriller that may be set in Tokyo or Los Angeles.
In 2013, Refn confirmed I Walk with the Dead as his next project. In October 2013 playwright Polly Stenham was confirmed to write the screenplay with Refn. They stated that the film will have an all-female cast. Refn admitted that he asked Stenham to write the screenplay to compensate for his perceived inability to write female characters.
On November 3, 2014, his production company Space Rocket Nation, alongside its co-producers Gaumont Film Company and Wild Bunch, announced that Refn's next film would be titled The Neon Demon, rather than I Walk With The Dead. The Neon Demon would be filmed in Los Angeles, California, in early 2015. The film stars Elle Fanning, Karl Glusman, Keanu Reeves, Christina Hendricks, Abbey Lee, Jena Malone and Bella Heathcote. On April 14, 2016, it was announced that the film would be competing for the Palme d'Or at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, marking it as the third consecutive film directed by Refn that had competed for the Palme d'Or.
Adverts and short films
He directed an extended Gucci commercial featuring Blake Lively and himself in a brief cameo, which premiered at the 2012 Venice Film Festival. The short film is entitled Gucci Premiere. He also directed the music video for his frequent collaborator Peter Peter's band Bleeder, which featured his wife Liv Corfixen as a crazy nurse. He also directed a series of Lincoln commercials starring Matthew McConaughey.
Future projects
On August 14, 2016, Refn announced via his Twitter page that his next project would be titled The Avenging Silence, calling it "Ian Fleming + William Burroughs + NWR = The Avenging Silence" and posted images for Fleming's novel Dr. No and for Burroughs's novel The Soft Machine. Variety reported that producer Lene Borglum described the purported plot as following: "[A] former European spy [accepts] a mission from a Japanese businessman to take down the head of a Yakuza boss in Japan".
Teaching
In 2019, Cannes Film Festival announced that it would host a masterclass with Refn on working in Film and TV.
Unrealized projects
In 2005, it was reported that Refn co-wrote a screenplay with Nicholas St. John titled Billy’s People. However, Refn scrapped the project because his films Bleeder (1999) and Fear X (2003) were box office disasters.
In 2009, Refn expressed high interest in developing a film biopic of notoriously polemic and controversial English occultist, Aleister Crowley, with Bronson star, Tom Hardy, as Crowley. Refn admitted to not knowing anything about the life of the magician and referred to Crowley as a "Satan-worshipping cult personality". That year, he became attached to direct a modern retelling of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde with Keanu Reeves playing the titular roles. The working title of the film was Jekyll. According to an interview with SciFi Wire, he wanted the film to take place "in modern America and use as much credible science as possible." However, in February 2010, Winding Refn dropped out of the project in order to work on Drive.
In 2010, Refn planned to direct Paul Schrader's script The Dying of the Light with Harrison Ford as the lead. However, in February 2010,
Winding Refn exited the project. In September 2011 during promotion for Drive, he claimed that Ford did not want his character to die, causing the film production to fall apart.
Schrader directed the film, which starred Nicolas Cage and Anton Yelchin in the Ford and Tatum roles. Following its release, Refn joined with Schrader, Cage, and Yelchin in protesting the studio's final edit of the project, which was not to Schrader's original vision.
Channing Tatum, who was to co-star with Ford in The Dying of the Light, originally wanted Refn to direct Magic Mike (2012), which Steven Soderbergh came to direct.
In 2012, Refn became involved in the direction of a remake of the 1980s crime show The Equalizer starring Denzel Washington, but the deal with Sony fell through for unknown reasons. The adaptation The Equalizer ended up being directed by Antoine Fuqua for release in 2014.
In July 2016, Refn revealed that he had turned down the offer to direct the James Bond movie Spectre.
Directing style
Refn has spoken about characterization in his films:
Refn prefers to shoot his films in chronological order: "I read that [director John Cassavetes] had done it on some of his films, so I thought, 'That's a pretty cool approach.' And after I did it on my first movie, I felt, 'How can you do a movie any other way?' It's like a painting—you paint the movie as you go along, and I like the uncertainty of not knowing exactly how it's going to turn out." Refn spoke more about shooting in chronological order in September 2011, in reference to Drive:
On his approach to working with actors, Refn has said:
Refn's color blindness has influenced his style: "I can't see mid-colors. That's why all my films are very contrasted, if it were anything else I couldn't see it."
Influences
Refn has cited viewing The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) as inspiration for his filmmaking career:
Refn has said numerous times that his largest cinematic influence has been the director Alejandro Jodorowsky (to whom Refn has dedicated "Only God Forgives"), of whom he has said:
He stated that for his first film Pusher, he stole everything from Gillo Pontecorvo's 1965 Oscar-nominated The Battle of Algiers and the 1980 Italian horror movie Cannibal Holocaust. Also influential to his movie viewing experience were John Cassavetes' 1976 film The Killing of a Chinese Bookie and Kevin Smith's 1994 indie classic Clerks.
Other favorites include Tokyo Drifter (1966), Kwaidan (1965), My Life as a Dog (1985), Man on Fire (2004), Pretty Woman (1990), Scorpio Rising (1963), Vampyr (1932), Videodrome (1980), Suspiria (1977), Cloverfield (2008), Flesh for Frankenstein (1973), Liquid Sky (1982), The Shining (1980), Night of the Living Dead (1968), To Die For (1995), Sixteen Candles (1984), The Night of the Hunter (1955), Alien (1979) and Beauty and the Beast (1946). Some of the films Refn help restored included Ron Ormond's The Burning Hell (1974), Curtis Harrington's Night Tide (1961) and Ray Dennis Steckler's Wild Guitar (1962).
Personal life
Refn is married to actress Liv Corfixen, with whom he has two daughters.
After making the movie Fear X, Refn was heavily in debt. The story of Refn's recovery is recorded in the documentary Gambler, directed by Phie Ambo. At the 2011 Cannes Film Festival, Refn said that he was repulsed by the controversial remarks by Lars von Trier about Adolf Hitler, calling them unacceptable.
His wife, Liv Corfixen, wrote and directed a documentary entitled My Life Directed by Nicolas Winding Refn, which chronicles the "behind the scenes" experience of shooting Only God Forgives when the entire family had to be relocated to Thailand. The documentary has received positive reviews after premiering at Fantastic Fest and Beyond Fest. The soundtrack for the documentary is also composed entirely by Cliff Martinez, with the last track "Disconnected" composed, written and sung by Julian Winding, Refn's nephew.
Filmography
Film
Film appearances
Television
Music videos
Video games
References
External links
Interview with Nicolas Winding Refn on Filmsactu.com
1970 births
Danish screenwriters
Danish male screenwriters
Living people
American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
Film directors from Copenhagen
Danish film producers
English-language film directors
People with dyslexia
Danish expatriates in the United States
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director winners
Postmodernist filmmakers |
23578715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thone%20River | Thone River | Thone River, a perennial stream of the Hastings River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Thone River rises on the eastern slopes of Mount Gibraltar, within the Gibraltar Range, and flows generally north northeast for before reaching its confluence with the Hastings River.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (A–K)
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Mid North Coast
Port Macquarie-Hastings Council |
6907480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/689th%20Radar%20Squadron | 689th Radar Squadron | The 689th Radar Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 25th Air Division, stationed at Mount Hebo Air Force Station, Oregon. It was inactivated on 30 June 1979.
History
The 689th Radar Squadron's long range radars (LRR) were part of the Air Force Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) computer directed system for air defense. Available squadron electronic equipment was able to support the detection, identification, and destruction of enemy aircraft. This was accomplished by communications between the SAGE computer at McChord Air Force Base, the radars and communications systems at Mount Hebo Air Force Station, and airborne interceptor aircraft such as the supersonic Convair F-106 Delta Dart jet.
Radar systems operated and maintained by the 689th included the AN/FPS-24 search radar and the AN/FPS-26A and AN/FPS-90 height finder radars. The FPS-24 was housed in a 5 story tall (85 ft) building with two separate transmitters, a receiver, and special receiver equipment to provide counter measures against enemy jamming. In addition, the radar antenna was housed beneath a rigid radome about 145 ft in diameter and 100 ft tall. Three separate radomes were installed in the period from 1962 to 1965. All three were destroyed by high winds, the last in 1968. As a result, the FPS-24 was removed and a FPS-27 search radar requiring a much smaller radome was installed. Both height finder radar antennas were protected by smaller, inflatable radomes. Each height finder radar was installed in its own building. The FPS-26A radar was later modified beginning in 1967 to an FSS-7 Sea Launched Ballistic Missile detector. All three radar buildings were connected together so that 689th personnel could walk between them and the Operations building and be protected from adverse weather conditions.
The 689th Radar Squadron was originally assigned to the SAGE Portland Air Defense Sector at Adair Air Force Station, Oregon, a part of the 25th Air Division SAGE at McChord Air Force Base, Washington. Higher headquarters included 4th Air Force (Hamilton Air Force Base, California), and Air Defense Command (Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado). As the northernmost LRR site in the sector, the 689th was also able to feed its radar data to the Seattle Air Defense Sector, another adjacent unit of the 25th Air Division. When the sectorsS were absorbed into the 25th Air Division, the radars of the 689th and related units were connected to the computers there. In July 1967, Detachment 2 of the 14th Missile Warning Squadron was activated at Mt Hebo to operate a missile warning radar. Both squadrons are now inactive. The Air Force equipment and facilities at Mt Hebo have been removed and the site returned to its natural state. A plaque is virtually all that remains of the radar station. It is dedicated In Memory Of Those Who Served At Mt. Hebo AFS, Oregon. 689th Radar Sq., Oct.1956-June 1979. Det.2 14th MWS July 1967 - Sep.1980.
Squadron responsibilities included operation and maintenance of the installed radar and communications equipment, and various support activities including food service, supply, power production, civil engineering, administration, transportation, and personnel services. Available facilities included buildings for the radar and communications equipment, barracks for personnel, family housing, a power plant, dining hall, gym, motor pool, and administrative activities. The Squadron had all the functions and capabilities of a small town.
Lineage
Established as 689th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
Activated on 1 October 1953
Redesignated as 689th Radar Squadron (SAGE) on 15 July 1960
Redesignated as 689th Radar Squadron on 1 February 1974
Inactivated on 30 June 1979
Assignments
4704th Defense Wing, 1 October 1953
25th Air Division, 8 October 1954
Portland Air Defense Sector, 1 March 1960
25th Air Division, 1 April 1966 – 30 June 1979
Stations
Portland Air Force Base (later Portland International Airport), Oregon, 1 October 1953
Mount Hebo Air Force Station, Oregon, 1 July 1956 – 30 June 1979
References
Notes
Explanatory notes
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
Radar squadrons of the United States Air Force
1953 establishments in Oregon |
23578717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tia%20River | Tia River | Tia River , a perennial stream of the Macleay River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The river rises below Mount Grundy on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range southwest of Tia, and flows generally northeast before reaching its confluence with the Apsley River, northwest of Tia. The river descends over its course; spilling over the Tia Falls in the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park.
The river is transversed by the Oxley Highway.
Previously the river was known as Crimps Creek and also Crokers River which John Oxley had named this stream, in honour of the First Secretary of the Admiralty.
The country above the Tia Falls is a rich grazing area used for rearing livestock. The upper parts of the Tia River have remarkable cool temperate rainforests, with unusual species such as Southern Sassafras, White Mountain Banksia and Black Olive Berry.
Tia River is a general trout stream.
Gallery
See also
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Tablelands |
23578721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%20Many%20Ways%20%28Brook%20Benton%20song%29 | So Many Ways (Brook Benton song) | "So Many Ways" is a 1959 single by Brook Benton written by Bobby Stevenson. The single was Benton's third release to hit number one on the R&B singles chart in 1959. "So Many Ways" hit the number one spot for three non-consecutive weeks and was also Benton's second top ten pop hit, peaking at number six.
Chart positions
References
1959 singles
Mercury Records singles
Brook Benton songs
1959 songs
Songs written by Brook Benton |
6907489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Island%20%28San%20Juan%20Islands%29 | James Island (San Juan Islands) | James Island is one of the San Juan Islands in San Juan County, Washington, United States. It lies in Rosario Strait just off the eastern shore of Decatur Island and west of the city of Anacortes. The entire island comprises James Island State Park of the Washington State Park System. It has a land area of with of saltwater shoreline. The island has no potable water or residents. It has three different camping areas, each with at least one toilet. The camping areas combine for a total of 13 campsites and are connected by a loop trail. James Island was named by Charles Wilkes in 1841 to commemorate the naval hero Reuben James. The property was transferred from the federal government to the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission in 1964.
References
External links
James Island State Park Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission
James Island State Park Map Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission
James Island Marine State Park San Juan Sufficiency
San Juan Islands
Uninhabited islands of Washington (state)
State parks of Washington (state)
Parks in San Juan County, Washington
Protected areas established in 1964
1964 establishments in Washington (state) |
23578723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbarra%20River%20%28New%20South%20Wales%29 | Timbarra River (New South Wales) | Timbarra River, a mostly perennial stream of the Clarence River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Timbarra River rises on the slopes of Gibraltar Range, east of Bald Nob, and flows generally north northeast, joined by four minor tributaries before reaching its confluence with the Clarence River, south southwest of Tabulam. The river descends over its course; and flows through the Gibraltar Range National Park in its upper reaches. Between Tenterfield and Grafton, the course of Timbarra River flows adjacent to the Bruxner Highway.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
References
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Tablelands |
6907492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20St%C3%B6lzel | Heinrich Stölzel | Heinrich David Stölzel (7 September 1777 – 16 February 1844) was a German horn player who developed some of the first valves for brass instruments. He developed the first valve for a brass musical instrument, the Stölzel valve, in 1818, and went on to develop various other designs, some jointly with other inventor musicians.
Biography
Stölzel was born in Schneeberg, Saxony. His father was also a musician, and as a young man he learnt to play numerous instruments, including harp, violin, trumpet and horn. From 1800 he was employed as a military musician for the Duke of Pless, Silesia, mainly playing the horn.
During this time, the horn used was essentially a natural horn, which restricted the range of notes that were able to be easily used to only those in the instrument's natural harmonic series, and variations thereof created by using the hand in the bell to alter the pitch. German musicians also used an Inventionshorn, which allowed some further range of notes by manually inserting extra crooks.
Stölzel dedicated himself to the further development of the instrument, and experimented with adding valves that redirected the air stream into different lengths of tubing, to lengthen the sections of tubing available and thereby created more (and lower) usable harmonic series. His system featured two valves; the first lowered the instrument's fundamental pitch by a tone, the second by a semitone. Depressing both at once lowered the fundamental by a tone and a half. By 1814 he had developed a playable valve horn, able to play a chromatic series in the instrument's upper register.
Stölzel reportedly wrote directly to King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia to publicise his invention, and musical director Gottlob Benedikt Bierey of the Beslau City Theatre wrote in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung on 3 May 1815: "Heinrich Stölzel, the chamber musician from Pless in Upper Silesia, in order to perfect the Waldhorn, has succeeded in attaching a simple mechanism to the instrument, thanks to which he has obtained all the notes of the chromatic scale in a range of almost three octaves, with a good, strong and pure tone. All the artificial notes – which, as is well known, were previously produced by stopping the bell with the right hand, and can now be produced merely with two levers, controlled by two fingers of the right hand – are identical in sound to the natural notes and thus preserve the character of the Waldhorn. Any Waldhorn player will, with practice, be able to play on it."
Fellow inventor and musician Friedrich Blühmel also designed a similar valve system independently of Stölzel around the same time. On 12 April 1818, Stölzel and Blühmel registered a joint patent for ten years.
The same year, on 16 October 1818, the first work for valved horn was performed - the Concertino für drei Waldhörner und ein chromatisches Ventilhorn, written by composer and horn player Georg Abraham Schneider.
Stölzel's early two-valve horn design was soon expanded to three by instrument builder C. F. Sattler of Leipzig, and the first valve trumpets were built in 1820. As the system was further developed by other inventors, similar valves were eventually built into almost all members of the brass instrument family.
Stölzel died in Berlin in 1844.
References
External links
Early Valve Designs, John Ericson
1777 births
1844 deaths
German male musicians
19th-century German inventors
Horn players
German musical instrument makers
People from Schneeberg, Saxony |
6907509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annick%20Smith | Annick Smith | Annick Smith (born 1936) is a French-born American writer and filmmaker whose work often focuses on the natural world.
Biography
The daughter of Jewish-Hungarian émigrés, Smith was born in Paris and raised in Chicago, Illinois. In 1964, she moved to Montana, where she and her husband and sons eventually settled on a ranch in the Blackfoot River valley. Her husband died from heart failure in 1974, but Smith remained on the land to raise her sons. Her writings mostly revolve around the subjects of environmentalism, travel, and history of Montana. She was also a founding member of the Sundance Film Institute and Hellgate Writers in Missoula, Montana.
Among her books are Homestead, Big Bluestem, In This We Are Native and Crossing the Plains with Bruno. She also co-edited an anthology of Montana writing, The Last Best Place. Her travel writing and essays have appeared in journals such as Audubon, Outside, Islands, Travel + Leisure, and National Geographic Traveler.
In October 2018, Milkweed Editions published Hearth: A Global Conversation on Identity, Community, and Place, a book Smith co-edited with Susan O'Connor. Smith had previously worked with O'Connor on The Wide Open: Prose, Poetry, and Photographs of the Prairie, published by University of Nebraska Press in 2008.
Smith served as executive producer of the film Heartland and co-producer of A River Runs Through It, directed by Robert Redford. She was also a founding board member of Redford’s Sundance Institute. An often overlooked fact is that she is the producer of the documentary on the late poet Richard Hugo, Kicking the Loose Gravel Home: Richard Hugo.
Smith lived in Montana with her partner, the writer William Kittredge.
References
External links
Author papers at Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library, Texas Tech University
1936 births
Living people
American film producers
American travel writers
American women travel writers
American women film producers
21st-century American women |
23578728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobins%20River | Tobins River | Tobins River, a perennial stream of the Hastings River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands and Mid North Coast districts of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Tobins River rises below Mount Seaview, on the south-eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range within Cotton Bimbang National Park, near the village of Myrtle Scrub, and flows generally east southeast, before reaching its confluence with the Hastings River, west of Birdwood. The river descends over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Mid North Coast
Northern Tablelands
Walcha Shire |
6907510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Frederick%20Lyttelton | Charles Frederick Lyttelton | Charles Frederick Lyttelton (26 January 1887 – 3 October 1931) was a priest from the Lyttelton family. As an English first-class cricketer, he played 31 games for Cambridge University, Worcestershire and Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in the early twentieth century. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, and became a clergyman.
Born in Marylebone, London, the third son of Charles Lyttelton, 8th Viscount Cobham, Lyttelton appeared in a minor match in August 1906 when he played at Stoke Edith playing for a team of the same name against "Gentlemen of the Netherlands" and took three wickets including that of Carst Posthuma. Two weeks later he made his first-class debut for Worcestershire against Gloucestershire, though he bowled only a single over (which cost ten runs) and managed 6 and 13 with the bat.
His maiden first-class wicket, that of Jack Sharp, had to wait until his next game, for Cambridge against Lancashire in May 1907. Lyttelton had a very good match, taking 2-26 and 5-33 (his best innings performance) as well as scoring 25 not out from number eleven. Cambridge recorded a crushing win by an innings and 204 runs, which remains their second highest margin of victory.
1908 was Lyttelton's most productive season, as in ten matches (all but one for Cambridge; the other was for Worcestershire) he took a total of 47 wickets, including 5-75 against Sussex. He won his blue that year too, his five wickets in the Varsity Match proving important as Cambridge beat Oxford by the narrow margin of two wickets. He also played against Oxford the following year (though he took no wickets), and played five times for Worcestershire, although he never claimed more than three wickets in an innings that summer.
Lyttelton played his last three first-class matches in 1910: two for Worcestershire and his one and only appearance for MCC, a badly rain-affected game against his old university in which he neither batted nor bowled. For his county he took three wickets in each of the two matches he played, with his final first-class wicket being that of Hampshire's Alexander Johnston. In this, his final game, Lyttelton captained Worcestershire for the only time in his career.
A very large number of Lyttelton's relations played cricket to a high standard: his grandfather, father, brother, five uncles and a nephew all made at least one first-class appearance, with one of those uncles, Alfred Lyttelton, playing four Test matches for England in the 1880s. Two of his brothers-in-law were also first-class cricketers. Details of these relations can be found at the Cricinfo and CricketArchive links given below.
Lyttelton died in Paddington, London, at age 44.
References
External links
Statistical summary from CricketArchive
1887 births
1931 deaths
English cricketers
Worcestershire cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Charles Frederick
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Younger sons of viscounts |
6907517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulia%20Ivanova%20%28model%29 | Yulia Ivanova (model) | Yulia Ivanova (Russian: Юлия Иванова) (born 1983, Novosibirsk) is a Russian beauty queen and a model. She was crowned Krasa Rossii in 2005 and later represented Russia at Miss World 2005. She made the top 15 by winning the Beach Beauty competition. Before competing in beauty pageants Yulia was a contestant in Ty - supermodel cycle 2 TV show & participated in Krasa Rossii 2004.
References
1983 births
Miss World 2005 delegates
Living people
Russian female models
Top Model contestants
Russian beauty pageant winners |
23578729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomaga%20River | Tomaga River | The Tomaga River, an open mature wave dominated barrier estuary or perennial stream, is located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Tomaga River rises about northeast of Mogo Hill and flows generally southwest and then southeast, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean at Mossy Point. The river descends over its course.
The catchment area of the river is with a volume of over a surface area of , at an average depth of .
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
Rivers of New South Wales
South Coast (New South Wales)
Eurobodalla Shire |
6907528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die%20Frontschau | Die Frontschau | The Front Show is a series of German World War II era military training films, shown to German soldiers shortly before deployment to the Eastern Front. These films were directed by the veteran propagandist Fritz Hippler, best known for Der Ewige Jude.
The installments in the series are:
FS 11 Terrain Difficulties in the East, Winter and Spring (1943)
FS 9/10 Construction of Positions (1941)
FS 8 Defensive Battle in Winter (1943)
FS 7 Attack by Infantry and Armor Against a Village (1941)
FS 5/6 Mountains Troops Battle for a Town (1941)
FS 4 Infantry on the Attack (1941)
FS 3 Advance (1941)
FS 2 Russian Construction of Positions (1941)
FS 13 Traveling Across Ice Surfaces and Waters with Drifting Ice (1941)
See also
List of German films of 1933–1945
External links
Extensive information on the series from International Historic Films
1941 films
1943 films
Films of Nazi Germany
Films directed by Fritz Hippler
German black-and-white films |
23578730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonalli%20River | Tonalli River | The Tonalli River, a perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Blue Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Tonalli River rises on the eastern alopes of Mount Marrup within the Tonalli Range in remote country within the Greater Blue Mountains Area World Heritage Site, and flows generally east southeast, east northeast, and then east southeast, before reaching its confluence with the Wollondilly River within Lake Burragorang in Yerranderie State Conservation Area. The river descends over its course.
The river flows through parts of the Nattai and Kanangra-Boyd national parks and is a source of water for the Sydney region.
See also
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Rivers of the Blue Mountains (New South Wales)
Wollondilly Shire |
6907543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFGY | WFGY | WFGY (98.1 FM, "Froggy 98.1") is a commercial FM radio station licensed to serve Altoona, Pennsylvania. The station is owned by Forever Media through licensee FM Radio Licenses, LLC, and broadcasts a Froggy-branded country format.
WFGY is the flagship station of the Froggy Radio network of stations in the region, which also includes WFGI-FM (Froggy 95.5 on 95.5 MHz), licensed to serve Johnstown, Pennsylvania, and WFGE (Big Froggy 101.1 on 101.1 MHz), licensed to serve State College, Pennsylvania.
WFGY is a grandfathered “superpower” station. While the station’s effective radiated power (ERP) is within the maximum limit allowed for a Class B FM station, its antenna height above average terrain (HAAT) is too high for its ERP according to current FCC rules.
Sister stations
The sister stations of WFGY in the Altoona market are 100.1 WWOT-FM, 103.9 WALY-FM, 104.9 WRKY-FM, 1290 WFBG-AM, and 1430 WTNA.
History
Beginnings as WFBG-FM
The Federal Communications Commission granted Triangle Publications, Inc. a construction permit for the station on April 8, 1959 with the WFBG-FM call sign. The station was granted its first license on March 26, 1962.
On September 20, 1972, the FCC granted a voluntary reassignment of the station's license to The Gilcom Corporation.
The station was best known for being Blair County's exclusive easy-listening station, primarily automated, like others of its day. However, the change would come by the start of the 1990s.
Switchover to Froggy
On April 2, 1991, the station's call sign was changed to WFGY. Forever of PA, LLC (Forever Media) purchased the station on July 31, 1996, with the sale consummating on August 31, 1996. The station adopted the "Froggy 98" branding while changing format to country music. The station became known for its colorful presentation, with jingles resembling a frog's croak (or, as they proclaimed, "ribbit"), as well as the even more colorful names assigned to its on-air staff. The station also promoted a family-friendly image and did station giveaways catering to families.
Among the on-air names used at Froggy by the DJs over the years were Roger Ribbit, Web Foote, Holly Hopper, Jeff Jumper, Davey Croak-it, Cricket, Tad Pole, Pete Moss, Polly Wogg, Kellie Green, Steve "The Frogman" Kelsey, Jumpin' Jim, JoJo, Leapin' Lily, and James Pond.
Weekday Programming
6 a.m. to 10 a.m. - JoJo In The Morning Featuring Leapin Lily
10 a.m. to 2 p.m. - Leapin Lily
2 p.m. to 7 p.m. - Jumpin Jim
7 p.m. to 12 a.m. - The Big Time with Whitney Allen
Saturday Programming
7 p.m. to 12 a.m. - The Big Time with Whitney Allen
Sunday Programming
8 a.m. to 12 p.m. - Crook and Chase Countdown
7 p.m. to 9 p.m. - The Road
References
External links
Froggy 98
Bz
FGY
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1959 |
23578733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towallum%20River | Towallum River | Towallum River, a perennial river of the Clarence River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Towallum River rises on the slopes of the Great Dividing Range near Moleton, northwest of Coramba, and flows generally north and northwest before reaching its confluence with the Kangaroo River, below Koukandowie Mountain; over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of Australia
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
References
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Tablelands |
6907551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirck%20Storm | Dirck Storm | Dirck Gorisszen Storm (16301716) was an early colonial American who recorded the first official history of the Dutch community at Sleepy Hollow. His book Het Notite Boeck der Christelyckes Kercke op de Manner of Philips Burgh is a rare document of life in colonial times. Sometimes referred to as Het Notite Boeck, the five-part book is one of the few surviving records of Dutch Colonial American village life in English-occupied New York province.
Birth and early life
One line of data provides that Dirck Storm was born in Utrecht, The Netherlands, in 1630 and his family resided in Leyden, Holland, where they dealt in fine cloth. R. W. Storm states that historical records carry this Storm line back to Dederick Storm, who lived in Wyck, near Delft, in 1390. The family may have been of Viking stock since so many settled in the province of North Brabant when the Vikings overran the Low Countries before the year 1000. [A move from the low countries to Brabant before the year 1000 and a move to Brabant from there by Dirck in the 1600s do not support the internal logic of the latter statement.]
At the age of eighteen Dirck Storm went to Den Bosch to be clerk in his uncle's commercial office. On May 13, 1656 he married, in the church of St. Gertrude in 's-Hertogenbosch, Maria van Montfoort, daughter of Pieter van Montfoort, a Walloon Calvinist. By 1660, Storm was named Town Clerk of Oss in the Mayorate of 's-Hertogenbosch (Den Bosch). Public service was part of the Storm family history, as Dirck's father was the City Clerk of Leiden and his grandfather was a lawyer in the Court of Justice of Holland, West Friesland and Zealand. [Primary sources for all of these ancestral data are needed] When Protestant Holland was hit by a recession after the overthrow of Cromwell in England, Dirck Storm set sail for the New World.
A different line of research is based significantly on records from the Province of Noord Brabant, including records of the town of Oss. It would welcome evidence of primary documents to show ancestry in Utrecht or Zuid Holland, and provides in the meantime that Dirck Storm's ancestors may have been from the Oss area of Noord Brabant (North Brabant), The Netherlands instead, and he may have been born there. There are many source citations for data in this research provided below, including primary sources. The town of Oss (aka Osch) lies in the Eastern part of the Province of Noord Brabant. Oss is a suburb of the city of Den Bosch, separated by hamlets such as Lith and Lithoijen.
Many sources also quoted in the first line of research say that the immigrant Dirck used the patronymic middle name “Gorisz” or variations thereof, short for Goriszoon, meaning “son of Goris”, strongly suggesting his father’s first name was Goris (aka Gregorius) and not Dirk as suggested by some. Primary sources give the place of birth and marriage of one Dirck Goris Storm as Oss and give his wife's name as Maria (or the diminutive Marijke/Mariken/Maritje) Pieters (Peter's) without any reference to a surname Montfoort or alternatively van Cortenbosch. For instance, archives in the Brabants Historisch Informatie Centrum (BHIC) have a record of the marriage at Oss of Derck Goris Storm, born in Oss, Groom on Sunday 20 June 1655 to Marijke Peters, born in Oss, Bride, daughter of Peter Teunissen. Source:Rijksarchief Noord-Brabant, NG (Gereformeerd ) register 34 folio 45 r/v: A, Bron: Oss trouwen, 1651-1661 / 1680-1810. DTB Oss inventarisnummer 29-30, 34 and 36, Retroacta van de Burgerlijke Stand. No primary sources seem to use the surname "van Montfoort" for our Dirck's wife. It would be very helpful to find the church record of the marriage of Dirck Storm, as it should provide some missing ancestral data.
Another BHIC record gives a Baptism on Sunday 24 Apr 1661 at Oss, father Dirck Gorisse Storm, child Peternella, mother Maria Peters. Winess 2, Derken Peter Anthonissen is daughter of Peter Anthonissen. Source: Oss NG dopen, 1651-1661 / 1806-1811(1825) Archief: DTB Oss inventarisnummer 34 en 36 (cite: Plaats: Oss; bron: RANB; gezindte: NG; register: 34; folio: 10 ) Retroacta van de Burgerlijke Stand. This is consistent with a child aged 1 1/4 years when embarked on trip to America. one of three children shown on a passenger list.
The parentage of Maria Peters is arguably as found in Archival Records in Den Bosch referring to division in 1660 of an Estate at Lithoijen, apparently of the deceased parents of Dirck’s wife and her sister. Source:‘s Hertogenbosch, Erfdelingen 1629-1709 (| R 1615 | f 163 ) (translated by Cos van Wermeskerken ) provides:
"Dirck Goris STORM, husband and guardian of Marike his housewife, daughter of Peter THONISZ by Dircxken his housewife, of the one part; Marcelis Anton HUIJBERTS and Lenart Jacob LENARTS guardians of Eercke (), dependent daughter of Peter THONISZ by Dircxken beforementioned of the other part, will make division to heirs of the goods of their late parents, at Lithoijen."
Thonis/Theunis is a common Dutch first name, short for Antoni()s (Anthony). "Thonisz." is Thoniszoon, which like "Anthonissen" means “son of ()Thonis”. Maria Peters or Marike Peter Thonisse would in translation be Maria, daughter of Peter, son of Anthony.
Other records in North Brabant show lands owned or leased in the Lithoyen area by various Dirck Storms, possibly ancestors, as early as 1392. The following sale may well relate to our subject Dirck, recorded in Oss a few years before Dirck Storm's travel to North America: Derrick Goress Storm, as husband of Maryken, sold land on 1 May 1656 to Jan Theunisz living at Heesch, 1 ½ morgen land, situated at Lithoyenbroeck, at a place called Parsyck. [Source: Schepenbanken, Oss, Index schepenprotocol Oss (7365.69), Datering: 1-5-1656, Pagina (Page): 856-856. Plaats: Oss, Toegangsnummer: 7365, Inventarisnummer: 69 -accessed through BHIC, supra, translated by Cos van Wermeskerken] Other transfers occurred as late as 1660 and 1661, found in the same archive using variable spelling versions of Dirck Goris Storm. These are consistent with preparations for emigration.
New Amsterdam
In the fall of 1662 Storm emigrated, with his wife Maria and three children, ages six, four and one from the Mayory of Den Bosch to New Amsterdam in New Netherland onboard De Vos (The Fox). De Vos sailed from Amsterdam after 31 August 1662 and arrived New Amsterdam 14 November 1662 with a total of 54 emigrants. During the voyage, Maria gave birth to a daughter. The ship landed at the foot of Wall Street, in what is now Manhattan.
Town clerk and farmer
Storm held real estate, owned a tavern on Beaver Street, and dabbled in inn-keeping. Later he was appointed Town Clerk in several communities in Breuckelen (today's Brooklyn); New Utrecht, Bedford, and Flatbush. Many land titles and hundreds of genealogies are based on the community records he kept. He also served as a teacher in some of these communities. He farmed land in Bedford and New Lots, and served as precantor to two of the Dutch churches in Breuckelen. In 1670, he was appointed Secretary of the Colony.
Sleepy Hollow
In 1691 Storm was sent to Tappan by the British, who were setting up new governments at the time. There, he became the first Secretary and Clerk of the Sessions for Orange County, New York. He was also the Voorleser of the Tappan Church. In 1693, he joined his old friend Frederick Philipse, and acted as tax collector for the vast manor held by Philipse. Storm and his wife were recorded as members of the Old Dutch Church at Sleepy Hollow as early as 1697, soon after the church was constructed.
Writer
On November 3, 1715, the church members selected Storm to begin recording the history of the church retroactively from 1697. Historic records show that they decided that Storm was "the best informed and most competent member be chosen to make up a statement of events that led to the founding of the church." Abraham de Revier, Sr. was the first elder of the church and evidently kept a private memorandum book that is now lost to history. However, it was heavily drawn upon by Storm in composing Het Notite Boeck''.
Legacy
Storm was of the yeoman class and under Dutch law, was allowed to buy his farmland in Sleepy Hollow outright from the lord of the Manor, his friend, Frederick Philipse. All his sons were farmers but many descendants were captains of their own boats on the Hudson River. Descendant Capt. Jacob Storm lived in the Philipse Manor house which is now a museum. The old mill house was once his office.
Death
In May or June 1716 Storm died at Tarrytown, New York. He is buried at the Old Dutch Church Burying Ground in Sleepy Hollow, New York.
Dirck Storm is the ancestor of many notable Americans, including the famous clergyman David Storm, deacon and elder of the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow. Many Americans with the last name "Storm" or "Storms" can trace their ancestry to him.
References
External links
Storm Family History, research notes prepared by Morilla Garrison in 1917
1630 births
1716 deaths
Dutch emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
American Christian clergy
History of New York City
People of the Province of New York
People of New Netherland
Colonial government in America
Dutch civil servants
Writers from Utrecht (city)
American members of the Dutch Reformed Church
People from Tappan, New York |
23578734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towamba%20River | Towamba River | The Towamba River is an open mature wave dominated barrier estuary or perennial river, located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Towamba River rises near Coolangubra Mountain, below Mount Marshall on the eastern slopes of the South Coast Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, approximately north of Coolangubra Mountain. The river flows generally southeast and then northeast, joined by twelve tributaries including the Mataganah Creek and Wog Wog River, before reaching its mouth, emptying into Nullica Bay, within Twofold Bay, and spilling into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, east of Boydtown. The river descends over its course.
The catchment area of the river is with a volume of over a surface area of , at an average depth of .
At the locality of Kiah, the Princes Highway crosses the Towamba River.
The river flows through extensive parts of the South East Forest National Park in its upper reaches. In its lower reaches, the river forms the northern boundary of Mount Imlay National Park.
See also
Towamba River bridge, New Buildings
List of rivers of Australia
List of rivers in New South Wales (L-Z)
Rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
South Coast (New South Wales) |
17340355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309%20Phoenix%20Suns%20season | 2008–09 Phoenix Suns season | The 2008–09 Phoenix Suns season was the 41st season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The season was to be a promising one, filled with All-Star talent at several positions. It was believed over the offseason, the Suns would be able to better incorporate Shaquille O'Neal, who necessitated changes to both the offense and defense after being obtained in a trade one season ago. It was also the first season head coach Terry Porter had been able to use the summer to implement his defensive approach for a team which had in seasons past scored a large number of their points off fast breaks and early in the shot clock. Sensing a need for change, team management traded for scorer Jason Richardson in December, but this did not appear to immediately reinvigorate an offense that had recently led the league in points per game. However, after Phoenix went 28–23 to start the season, Suns assistant Alvin Gentry was named to replace Porter as head coach. Less than one week after the All-Star Game, Amar'e Stoudemire sustained a season-ending eye injury while the improvement of the team never fully came. The Suns finished 46–36, second in the Pacific division but out the playoffs for the first time since Steve Nash rejoined the Suns in the 2004–05 season. The Suns had the best team offensive rating in the NBA.
Key dates
June 26: The 2008 NBA draft took place in New York City.
July 1: The free agency period started.
October 1: Starting power forward Amar'e Stoudemire sustained a partially torn iris.
October 8: The pre-season started with a game against the Atlanta Hawks.
October 29: The regular season started with a game against the San Antonio Spurs.
February 14–15: Phoenix hosted the 2009 NBA All-Star Weekend.
February 16: The Suns fired coach Terry Porter and named Alvin Gentry interim coach.
February 20: Stoudemire underwent surgery for a detached retina and was out for eight weeks after an injury sustained on February 18.
Offseason
June 7: Terry Porter was named as the Suns' new head coach.
June 20: Alvin Gentry, Bill Cartwright, Dan Majerle and Igor Kokoskov were named as the Suns' new assistant coaches.
June 26: Forward Grant Hill has exercised his player option for the 2008–09 season.
June 26: Suns have acquired the draft rights to the rookie point guard Goran Dragić from San Antonio Spurs.
July 10: Suns have signed center Robin Lopez, selected with the 15th overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft.
July 22: Free agent forward Matt Barnes has signed with the Suns.
August 14: Free agent forward Louis Amundson has signed with the Suns.
August 25: Suns have acquired rookie guard Sean Singletary from the Houston Rockets in exchange for guard D.J. Strawberry.
September 22: Suns have signed Goran Dragić.
October 23: The Phoenix Suns have exercised the team's option on swingman Alando Tucker for the 2009–10 season.
NBA Draft
Roster
Regular season
Standings
Game log
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 1
| October 29
| @ San Antonio
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (22)
| Shaquille O'Neal (13)
| Steve Nash (13)
| AT&T Center18,797
| 1–0
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2
| October 30
| New Orleans
|
| Steve Nash (24)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (12)
| Steve Nash (9)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 1–1
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 3
| November 1
| Portland
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (23)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (13)
| Steve Nash (7)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 2–1
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 4
| November 4
| @ New Jersey
|
| Raja Bell (22)
| Matt Barnes (7)
| Steve Nash (11)
| Izod Center15,230
| 3–1
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 5
| November 5
| @ Indiana
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (49)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (11)
| Amar'e Stoudemire, Steve Nash (6)
| Conseco Fieldhouse11,660
| 4–1
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 6
| November 7
| @ Chicago
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (26)
| Robin Lopez, Amar'e Stoudemire (7)
| Steve Nash (5)
| United Center21,967
| 4–2
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 7
| November 8
| @ Milwaukee
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (29)
| Shaquille O'Neal, Grant Hill (11)
| Steve Nash (7)
| Bradley Center17,935
| 5–2
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 8
| November 10
| Memphis
|
| Leandro Barbosa (27)
| Matt Barnes (8)
| Steve Nash (6)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 6–2
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 9
| November 12
| Houston
|
| Leandro Barbosa, Shaquille O'Neal (18)
| Shaquille O'Neal (13)
| Shaquille O'Neal, Steve Nash (3)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 6–3
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 10
| November 14
| @ Sacramento
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (29)
| Shaquille O'Neal (13)
| Shaquille O'Neal (6)
| ARCO Arena12,810
| 7–3
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 11
| November 16
| Detroit
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (29)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (11)
| Steve Nash (7)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 8–3
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 12
| November 17
| @ Utah
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (30)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (8)
| Steve Nash (8)
| EnergySolutions Arena19,911
| 8–4
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 13
| November 20
| L.A. Lakers
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (21)
| Shaquille O'Neal (9)
| Steve Nash (10)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 8–5
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 14
| November 22
| Portland
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (19)
| Shaquille O'Neal (17)
| Steve Nash (7)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 9–5
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 15
| November 25
| @ Oklahoma City
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (22)
| Steve Nash (8)
| Steve Nash (15)
| Ford Center19,136
| 10–5
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 16
| November 26
| @ Minnesota
|
| Steve Nash (20)
| Shaquille O'Neal (10)
| Steve Nash (6)
| Target Center11,708
| 11–5
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 17
| November 28
| Miami
|
| Leandro Barbosa (20)
| Shaquille O'Neal (9)
| Leandro Barbosa (5)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 11–6
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 18
| November 30
| New Jersey
|
| Steve Nash (26)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (12)
| Steve Nash (9)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 11–7
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 19
| December 3
| @ New Orleans
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (26)
| Matt Barnes (7)
| Grant Hill (6)
| New Orleans Arena15,804
| 11–8
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 20
| December 4
| @ Dallas
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (28)
| Matt Barnes (6)
| Steve Nash (10)
| American Airlines Center19,813
| 11–9
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 21
| December 6
| Utah
|
| Leandro Barbosa (25)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (20)
| Steve Nash (9)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 12–9
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 22
| December 9
| Milwaukee
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (35)
| Shaquille O'Neal, Amar'e Stoudemire (8)
| Steve Nash (10)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 13–9
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 23
| December 10
| @ L.A. Lakers
|
| Matt Barnes (25)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (11)
| Steve Nash (9)
| Staples Center18,997
| 13–10
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 24
| December 12
| Orlando
|
| Jason Richardson, Amar'e Stoudemire, Steve Nash (21)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (14)
| Steve Nash (10)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 14–10
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 25
| December 15
| New York
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (23)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (14)
| Steve Nash (6)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 15–10
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 26
| December 18
| @ Portland
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (23)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (8)
| Steve Nash (11)
| Rose Garden20,650
| 15–11
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 27
| December 20
| Denver
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (27)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (10)
| Steve Nash (11)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 16–11
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 28
| December 25
| San Antonio
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (25)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (13)
| Steve Nash (8)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 16–12
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 29
| December 29
| @ Oklahoma City
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (28)
| Shaquille O'Neal (12)
| Leandro Barbosa, Amar'e Stoudemire (5)
| Ford Center19,136
| 17–12
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 30
| December 30
| @ Memphis
|
| Leandro Barbosa (28)
| Shaquille O'Neal (13)
| Matt Barnes (5)
| FedExForum14,471
| 18–12
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 31
| January 2
| L.A. Clippers
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (23)
| Shaquille O'Neal (9)
| Steve Nash (11)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 19–12
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 32
| January 7
| Indiana
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (23)
| Louis Amundson (14)
| Steve Nash (12)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 19–13
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 33
| January 9
| Dallas
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (25)
| Shaquille O'Neal (10)
| Steve Nash (12)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 20–13
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 34
| January 11
| @ L.A. Clippers
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (26)
| Shaquille O'Neal (10)
| Steve Nash (12)
| Staples Center17,307
| 21–13
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 35
| January 13
| Atlanta
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (26)
| Matt Barnes, Shaquille O'Neal (10)
| Steve Nash (6)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 22–13
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 36
| January 15
| @ Denver
|
| Grant Hill (25)
| Grant Hill, Amar'e Stoudemire (8)
| Steve Nash (14)
| Pepsi Center18,073
| 22–14
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 37
| January 16
| Minnesota
|
| Shaquille O'Neal, Leandro Barbosa (22)
| Shaquille O'Neal (11)
| Steve Nash (6)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 22–15
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 38
| January 18
| @ Toronto
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (31)
| Grant Hill (9)
| Steve Nash (18)
| Air Canada Centre19,800
| 23–15
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 39
| January 19
| @ Boston
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (16)
| Shaquille O'Neal (11)
| Steve Nash (8)
| TD Banknorth Garden18,624
| 23–16
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 40
| January 21
| @ New York
|
| Jason Richardson (27)
| Shaquille O'Neal (12)
| Steve Nash (19)
| Madison Square Garden19,256
| 23–17
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 41
| January 23
| @ Charlotte
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (20)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (9)
| Steve Nash (5)
| Time Warner Cable Arena19,104
| 23–18
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 42
| January 25
| @ Atlanta
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (23)
| Shaquille O'Neal (11)
| Steve Nash (13)
| Philips Arena19,153
| 24–18
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 43
| January 26
| @ Washington
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (29)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (15)
| Steve Nash (15)
| Verizon Center17,344
| 25–18
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 44
| January 29
| San Antonio
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (28)
| Amar'e Stoudemire, Grant Hill (10)
| Steve Nash (18)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 25–19
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 45
| January 31
| Chicago
|
| Leandro Barbosa (32)
| Shaquille O'Neal (8)
| Steve Nash (10)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 25–20
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 46
| February 2
| Sacramento
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (25)
| Shaquille O'Neal (9)
| Steve Nash (9)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 26–20
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 47
| February 4
| @ Golden State
|
| Jason Richardson (24)
| Shaquille O'Neal (12)
| Steve Nash (9)
| Oracle Arena19,596
| 26–21
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 48
| February 6
| Golden State
|
| Grant Hill (27)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (15)
| Steve Nash (8)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 27–21
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 49
| February 8
| @ Detroit
|
| Jason Richardson (21)
| Shaquille O'Neal (10)
| Steve Nash (21)
| The Palace of Auburn Hills22,076
| 28–21
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 50
| February 9
| @ Philadelphia
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (19)
| Shaquille O'Neal (10)
| Steve Nash (8)
| Wachovia Center16,797
| 28–22
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 51
| February 11
| @ Cleveland
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (27)
| Amar'e Stoudemire, Shaquille O'Neal, Matt Barnes (6)
| Leandro Barbosa (7)
| Quicken Loans Arena20,562
| 28–23
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 52
| February 17
| L.A. Clippers
|
| Leandro Barbosa (24)
| Matt Barnes (9)
| Steve Nash (10)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 29–23
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 53
| February 18
| @ L.A. Clippers
|
| Amar'e Stoudemire (42)
| Amar'e Stoudemire (11)
| Steve Nash (12)
| Staples Center18,169
| 30–23
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 54
| February 20
| Oklahoma City
|
| Leandro Barbosa (41)
| Shaquille O'Neal (9)
| Matt Barnes (9)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 31–23
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 55
| February 22
| Boston
|
| Jason Richardson (21)
| Shaquille O'Neal (6)
| Steve Nash (11)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 31–24
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 56
| February 24
| Charlotte
|
| Steve Nash (22)
| Shaquille O'Neal (11)
| Steve Nash (5)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 32–24
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 57
| February 26
| @ L.A. Lakers
|
| Leandro Barbosa (18)
| Jared Dudley (8)
| Leandro Barbosa (7)
| Staples Center18,997
| 32–25
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 58
| February 27
| Toronto
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (45)
| Shaquille O'Neal (11)
| Grant Hill (12)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 33–25
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 59
| March 1
| L.A. Lakers
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (33)
| Matt Barnes (10)
| Matt Barnes, Leandro Barbosa (7)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 34–25
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 60
| March 3
| @ Orlando
|
| Jason Richardson (27)
| Shaquille O'Neal (11)
| Steve Nash (8)
| Amway Arena17,461
| 34–26
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 61
| March 4
| @ Miami
|
| Steve Nash (29)
| Shaquille O'Neal (8)
| Steve Nash (10)
| American Airlines Arena19,600
| 34–27
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 62
| March 6
| @ Houston
|
| Steve Nash (32)
| Matt Barnes (9)
| Steve Nash (13)
| Toyota Center18,045
| 34–28
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 63
| March 8
| @ San Antonio
|
| Steve Nash (23)
| Grant Hill (8)
| Steve Nash (11)
| AT&T Center18,797
| 34–29
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 64
| March 10
| Dallas
|
| Steve Nash (23)
| Louis Amundson (9)
| Steve Nash (13)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 34–30
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 65
| March 12
| Cleveland
|
| Matt Barnes (21)
| Jason Richardson, Shaquille O'Neal (7)
| Steve Nash (6)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 34–31
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 66
| March 14
| Oklahoma City
|
| Leandro Barbosa (22)
| Jared Dudley (9)
| Steve Nash (8)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 35–31
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 67
| March 15
| @ Golden State
|
| Jason Richardson (31)
| Grant Hill (8)
| Matt Barnes (11)
| Oracle Arena19,596
| 36–31
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 68
| March 18
| Philadelphia
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (26)
| Shaquille O'Neal (11)
| Steve Nash (10)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 37–31
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 69
| March 21
| Washington
|
| Jason Richardson (35)
| Stromile Swift (12)
| Jared Dudley (6)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 38–31
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 70
| March 23
| Denver
|
| Grant Hill (23)
| Grant Hill (10)
| Steve Nash (9)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 39–31
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 71
| March 25
| Utah
|
| Grant Hill (26)
| Shaquille O'Neal (12)
| Steve Nash (14)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 40–31
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 72
| March 26
| @ Portland
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (20)
| Shaquille O'Neal (7)
| Steve Nash (5)
| Rose Garden20,650
| 40–32
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 73
| March 28
| @ Utah
|
| Steve Nash (20)
| Shaquille O'Neal, Matt Barnes (10)
| Steve Nash (6)
| EnergySolutions Arena19,911
| 40–33
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 74
| March 29
| @ Sacramento
|
| Steve Nash (31)
| Jared Dudley (11)
| Steve Nash (14)
| ARCO Arena13,623
| 40–34
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 75
| April 1
| Houston
|
| Steve Nash (25)
| Shaquille O'Neal (10)
| Steve Nash (17)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 41–34
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 76
| April 3
| Sacramento
|
| Steve Nash (29)
| Matt Barnes (11)
| Steve Nash (9)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 42–34
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 77
| April 5
| @ Dallas
|
| Leandro Barbosa (24)
| Shaquille O'Neal (7)
| Steve Nash (8)
| American Airlines Center20,301
| 42–35
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 78
| April 8
| @ New Orleans
|
| Steve Nash (24)
| Shaquille O'Neal (11)
| Steve Nash (13)
| New Orleans Arena17,781
| 43–35
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 79
| April 10
| @ Memphis
|
| Louis Amundson, Jason Richardson (13)
| Louis Amundson (9)
| Goran Dragić (7)
| FedExForum15,908
| 43–36
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 80
| April 11
| @ Minnesota
|
| Grant Hill (19)
| Robin Lopez (11)
| Goran Dragić (8)
| Target Center18,478
| 44–36
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 81
| April 13
| Memphis
|
| Shaquille O'Neal (19)
| Jason Richardson, Grant Hill (8)
| Steve Nash (12)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 45–36
|- bgcolor="#bbffbb"
| 82
| April 15
| Golden State
|
| Grant Hill (27)
| Grant Hill (10)
| Steve Nash (12)
| US Airways Center18,422
| 46–36
Player statistics
Season
|- align="center" bgcolor=""
| || 76 || 0 || 13.7 || .536 || .000 || .442 || 3.6 || 0.4 || .4 || .9 || 4.2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| || 70 || 11 || 24.4 || .482 || .375 || .881 || 2.6 || 2.3 || style="background:#FF8800;color:#423189;" | 1.2 || .1 || 14.2
|- align="center" bgcolor=""
| || 77 || 40 || 27.0 || .423 || .343 || .743 || 5.5 || 2.8 || .7 || .3 || 10.2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| * || 22 || 22 || 32.4 || .429 || .468^ || .762 || 2.9 || 1.3 || .6 || .1 || 9.6
|- align="center" bgcolor=""
| * || 2 || 0 || 14.0 || .200 || .250 || 1.000# || 0.5 || 1.5 || .0 || .0 || 2.5
|- align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| * || 22 || 0 || 24.5 || .567 || .357 || .692 || 3.8 || 2.1 || .5 || .4 || 8.3
|- align="center" bgcolor=""
| || 55 || 1 || 13.2 || .393 || .370 || .769 || 1.9 || 2.0 || .5 || .1 || 4.5
|- align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| * || 48 || 0 || 15.2 || .481 || .394 || .691 || 3.0 || 0.8 || .8 || .1 || 5.5
|- align="center" bgcolor=""
| || style="background:#FF8800;color:#423189;" | 82 || 68 || 29.8 || .523 || .316 || .808 || 4.9 || 2.3 || 1.1 || .7 || 12.0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| || 60 || 7 || 10.2 || .518 || .000 || .691 || 2.0 || 0.1 || .2 || .7 || 3.2
|- align="center" bgcolor=""
| || 74 || 74 || style="background:#FF8800;color:#423189;" | 33.6+ || .503 || style="background:#FF8800;color:#423189;" | .439^ || style="background:#FF8800;color:#423189;" | .933# || 3.0 || style="background:#FF8800;color:#423189;" | 9.7 || .7 || .1 || 15.7
|- align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| || 75 || style="background:#FF8800;color:#423189;" | 75 || 30.0 || style="background:#FF8800;color:#423189;" | .609 || .000 || .595 || style="background:#FF8800;color:#423189;" | 8.4 || 1.7 || .7 || style="background:#FF8800;color:#423189;" | 1.4 || style="background:#FF8800;color:#423189;" | 17.8+
|- align="center" bgcolor=""
| * || 58 || 57 || 33.1 || .488 || .383 || .778 || 4.5 || 1.9 || 1.1 || .4 || 16.4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| * || 1 || 0 || 2.0 || . || . || . || 0.0 || 0.0 || .0 || .0 || 2.0
|- align="center" bgcolor=""
| * || 13 || 1 || 9.4 || .324 || .400 || 1.000# || 1.2 || 0.9 || .5 || .0 || 2.6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| || 53 || 53 || 36.8+ || .539 || .429 || .835 || 8.1 || 2.0 || .9 || 1.1 || 21.4+
|- align="center" bgcolor=""
| * || 13 || 0 || 9.3 || .366 || 1.000^ || .533 || 2.5 || 0.2 || .3 || .5 || 3.0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| || 30 || 1 || 9.4 || .430 || .348 || .788 || 1.0 || 0.4 || .2 || .0 || 4.6
|}
* – Stats with the Suns.
+ – Minimum 70 games played or 2000 minutes, 1400 points.
^ – Minimum 55 three-pointers made.
# – Minimum 125 free throws made.
Awards and records
Awards
O'Neal was named to the All-NBA Third Team.
Week/Month
Stoudemire was named the NBA Western Conference Player of the Week for Nov. 3-9.
Stoudemire has been named the recipient of the NBA Community Assist Award for October.
All-Star
Stoudemire was voted to his 4th NBA All-Star Game as a starter.
O'Neal was named to his 15th career NBA All-Star Game in 17 seasons.
O'Neal was named the 2009 NBA All-Star MVP with former teammate Kobe Bryant.
Transactions
Trades
Free agents
Additions
Subtractions
See also
2008–09 NBA season
References
Phoenix Suns seasons
Phoenix |
17340361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichon%20au%20citron | Bichon au citron | The bichon au citron is a French pastry. It is similar to a turnover in size, shape, and that it is made of puff pastry. A major distinguishing feature is that it is filled with lemon curd. The outer layer of sugar is sometimes partially caramelized.
See also
List of pastries
References
French pastries
Puff pastry
Lemon dishes
Sweet pies |
6907565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othman%20Wok | Othman Wok | Othman bin Wok (Jawi: عثمان بن ووك; b. 8 October 1924 – d. 17 April 2017), often known as Othman Wok, was a Singaporean politician who served as Minister of Social Affairs between 1963 and 1977. After retiring from politics, he was Singapore's Ambassador to Indonesia and served on the boards of the Singapore Tourism Board and Sentosa Development Corporation. For his political, economic and social contributions to the nation building of Singapore, he was awarded the Order of Nila Utama (Second Class) in 1983 by President Devan Nair.
Early life
Othman was born on 8 October 1924 in the then British colony of Singapore, to a family of Orang Laut origins. His father, Wok Ahmad, had been a school teacher and principal. During the Japanese occupation of Singapore in the Second World War from 1942-1945, Wok Ahmad enrolled Othman in a Japanese school in the belief that doing so would prevent Othman from being conscripted into the Japanese Imperial Army. As a result, Othman would come to learn the Japanese language. Following the end of the occupation, Othman would go on to continue his education in Sekolah Melayu Telok Saga before proceeding to Raffles Institution for his secondary education.
Othman's grandfather, a religious teacher, objected to Wok Ahmad’s decision to send Othman to Radin Mas and later Raffles Institution, both of which are English-medium schools. He was afraid that Othman would waver in his religious beliefs in the course of his English-language education, converting him to Christianity. However, not only did Othman stay faithful to his religion, he became an important bridge between the Malay/Muslim community and the new People's Action Party Government from the 1950s. This affirmed Wok Ahmad’s beliefs that an English-language and mainstream education is essential for a brighter future ahead.
Othman, on the other hand, did not hold the same worries as his grandfather. He sent one of his daughters to a Catholic school, CHIJ Katong Convent. His daughter received religious education outside school hours, and remains a Muslim today.
Early career
Othman joined the local Utusan Melayu Malay-language newspaper as a clerk after finishing his education, and was offered a reporter position in 1946 by Yusof Ishak (founder of the newspaper who would also go on to become Singapore’s first president). In 1950, Othman pursued a Diploma in Journalism in London on a Colonial Development Scholarship, and rejoined Utusan Melayu as a news editor in 1951.
Upon his return, Othman was also elected as Honorary Secretary of the Singapore Printing Employees Union (SPEU), which sought to secure better wages and working conditions for its members. This was a significant period in Othman’s early years as it marked the time when he would become acquainted with Lee Kuan Yew, who had been the legal adviser to Utusan Melayu as well as SPEU. This would mark the beginning of a long and enduring friendship between the two.
He would stay in his role of news editor for 6 more years until his promotion to deputy editor of the newspaper in 1957.
Political career
Days after the formation of the PAP in 1954, Othman joined the political party as his ideology of a national policy of multi-racialism was aligned with what the PAP sought to achieve. He took on the role of producing the party’s Petir publication, and was a member of the bulletin’s editorial board. In 1959, he was asked by the then legislative assembly member Ahmad Ibrahim to be the elected chairman of the PAP Geylang Serai/Tampines branch.
Minister
Othman became Singapore’s first Minister for Social Affairs after his successful election in the General Elections of 1963, and was at that time the only Malay member in the Cabinet. Othman. He also held the concurrent role of Director of the Malay Affairs Bureau, and has been credited with implementing policies that continue to impact the Malay community today. Under his tenure, he oversaw the setting up of Singapore’s Pilgrimage Office, which was Singapore’s first formal system of registration for hajj activities. The system remains today, and continues to be built upon the foundations set in place by him then.
The Singapore Pilgrimage Office would eventually evolve the Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS) entity, which continue to regulate and oversee hajj-related as well as other Muslim affairs.
The Ministry for Social Affairs would also go on to implement the Administration of Muslim Law Act (AMLA) and Mosque Building Fund (MBF) under his leadership.
Othman was branded a traitor to the Malay community for joining the PAP. At the time, they were being courted by the Kuala Lumpur-based United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to fight for Malay racial favouritism. As a result, Othman lost in the 1959 elections when he was contesting as a PAP candidate for the electoral ward of Kampong Kembangan.
He would go on to contest once more in the 1963 General Elections, when he would then succeed and become the elected representative of the Pasir Panjang constituency. Following his successful election, Othman would go on to leave his job at the Utusan Melayu to focus on developing his political career full-time.
On 7 August 1965, the Parliament of Malaysia successful voted for the expulsion of Singapore from Malaysia. On 9 August, Othman, along with 8 other Singapore ministers, signed the document of separation. On this day, Othman highlighted his concern regarding the communists to Lee Kuan Yew, and only upon assurance did he put pen to paper.
Othman was also known for his active involvement in the development of sports and recreation in Singapore. He was also once a famous tennis player, ranked number 28 in the world. Othman was responsible for setting up a Sports Department within the purview of the Ministry of Social Affairs in 1966, and officiated the groundbreaking ceremony of the first National Stadium.
Ambassador
Having served 14 years as Minister for Social Affairs, Othman was appointed to serve as Singapore’s ambassador to Indonesia in 1977. His term would last three and a half years. He served as Member of Legislative Assembly (1963-1965) and Member of Parliament (1963 to 1980) for the Pasir Panjang Constituency retiring on 5 December 1980 when parliament dissolved on the same day for the 23 December 1980 general election.
Post political career
Othman continued to be active and served in the Presidential Council of Minority Rights as a permanent member. He was also appointed as a member of several companies' board of directors.
Personal life
Othman grew up in a humble family. In the first four years of his life, Othman lived with his Uncle, together with his grandparents and parents, in a kampong area dominated by Malays. He recounted that as a boy, different races lived together harmoniously, and he would have Chinese and Indian playmates whom he conversed with in Malay.
In his mid-twenties, Othman went to London to receive further education in a polytechnic.
Othman was married with four children. His hobbies included reading and writing ghost stories, one of his books being Malayan Horror: Macabre Tales of Singapore and Malaysia in the 50s, a compilation of stories written by him. Othman has also penned a biography titled: " Never in my Wildest Dreams", as a memoir of his life experiences.
Othman was considered as one of the 'Old Guard' - the first generation of leaders of independent Singapore.
Othman completed military service (called National Service in Singapore) with the People's Defence Force in 1980, holding the rank of major. He also retired from politics in the same year.
On 17 April 2017, he died at 12.22pm local time at the Singapore General Hospital due to poor health. He was buried at Choa Chu Kang Muslim Cemetery the next day.
References
External links
Othman Wok on ourstory.asia1.com.sg
1924 births
2017 deaths
Members of the Cabinet of Singapore
People's Action Party politicians
Singaporean diplomats
Ambassadors of Singapore to Indonesia
Singaporean Muslims
Singaporean people of Malay descent
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore
Recipients of the Darjah Utama Nila Utama
Members of the Parliament of Singapore |
17340365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restless%20%28Shelby%20Lynne%20album%29 | Restless (Shelby Lynne album) | Restless is the fifth studio album by Shelby Lynne, released on July 18, 1995 on Magnatone Records, and later re-released on Curb Records. Lynne co-wrote six of the songs on the album. The album is considered the last in a series of efforts for Lynne to attract mainstream country music audiences, this time incorporating elements of western swing. Lynne did not record another album with a Nashville-based record label until more than a decade later, when she signed with Lost Highway Records.
Reception
Writing for AllMusic, Thom Jurek praised several tracks including "Slow Me Down", "Restless", "Reach for the Rhythm" and "Swingtown" and overall, he described the album as a "slab of swinging-for-the-charts commercial country."
Track listing
"Slow Me Down" (Stephanie Davis, Shelby Lynne, Brent Maher) – 3:14
"Another Chance at Love" (Maher, Allen Shamblin) – 2:25
"Talkin' to Myself Again" (Jamie O'Hara) – 3:18
"Restless" (Lynne, Maher, O'Hara) – 3:05
"Just for the Touch of Your Hand" (Lynne, Maher, O'Hara) – 3:56
"Hey Now Little Darling" (Lynne, Maher, O'Hara) – 3:02
"I'm Not the One" (Kent Blazy, Craig Wiseman) – 3:52
"Reach for the Rhythm" (Lynne, Maher, O'Hara) – 2:20
"Wish I Knew" (Rod McGaha) – 3:44
"Swingtown" (Lynne, Maher, O'Hara) – 2:34
Personnel
Pat Bergeson - harmonica (tracks 5 and 6), electric guitar (tracks 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10), acoustic guitar (tracks 1 and 9)
J. D. Blair - drums (track 10)
Paul Franklin - steel guitar (track 9)
Randy Howard - fiddle (tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, and 10)
John Hughey - steel guitar (track 3 and 7)
Roy Huskey Jr. - bass (tracks 2, 4, and 10)
Paul Leim - percussion (track 1), drums (tracks 1-9)
Brent Mason - electric guitar (tracks 2 and 4)
Weldon Myrick - steel guitar (tracks 2, 4, 6, and 8)
The Nashville String Machine - strings
Bobby Ogdin - piano
Don Potter - acoustic guitar (tracks 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 10)
Michael Rhodes - bass (tracks 1, 5, 6, 8, and 9)
Glenn Worf - bass (tracks 3 and 7)
Mike Zikovich - accordion
Chart performance
References
1995 albums
Shelby Lynne albums
Albums produced by Brent Maher |
44504309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Jupiter%20trojans%20%28Trojan%20camp%29%20%28100001%E2%80%93200000%29 | List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp) (100001–200000) | This is a partial list of Jupiter's trojans (60° behind Jupiter) with numbers 100001–200000 .
100001–200000
This list contains 298 objects sorted in numerical order.
top
References
Trojan_1
Jupiter Trojans (Trojan Camp) |
17340369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Wilson%20%28singer%29 | Edith Wilson (singer) | Edith Wilson (September 2, 1896 – March 31, 1981) was a blues singer, vaudeville performer, and actress from Louisville, Kentucky, US. An African-American who performed and recorded in the classic female blues style in the 1920s, Wilson worked in vaudeville and stage productions, first in Louisville and later throughout the US and abroad. From the 1930s onward, she acted in radio plays and television, and from 1948 to 1966 represented the Aunt Jemima brand for Quaker Oats in personal appearances and on television. She remained an active performer until 1980.
Biography
She was born Edith Goodall on September 2, 1896, in Louisville, Kentucky, to Susan Jones and Hundley Goodall.
(Her birthdate is often stated as ten years later, but this was due to vanity.)
Her first professional experience came in 1919 in Louisville's Park Theater.
The singer Lena Wilson and her brother, Danny, performed in Louisville; she joined their act.
Edith was married to Danny Wilson from 1921 until his death in 1928.
Danny, a pianist who had been trained at a conservatory in Charleston, South Carolina, encouraged Lena and Edith to sing not just blues but also other song forms. Together the trio performed on the East Coast in 1920–1921, and when they were in New York City Wilson was signed by Columbia, which recorded her in 1921 with Johnny Dunn's Jazz Hounds. She recorded 17 songs with Dunn in 1921 and 1922. In 1924 she worked with Fletcher Henderson in New York, where she was slated to sing with Coleman Hawkins, but Hawkins refused to perform because he wanted additional compensation. She remained a popular Columbia artist through 1925.
Wilson recorded far less than other female blues stars of the 1920s like Bessie Smith. After she left Columbia in 1925, she recorded one record for Brunswick in 1929 and a handful of sides for Victor in 1930. She remained a nightclub and theater singer, working for years on the New York entertainment scene. She sang with Florence Mills in the Lew Leslie Plantation Review in Harlem. She also made several trips to England, where she and Mills were well received in the long-running revue Blackbirds of 1926. She sang with The Hot Chocolates revue, performing alongside Louis Armstrong and Fats Waller, and made appearances with Bill Robinson, Duke Ellington, Alberta Hunter, Cab Calloway, and Noble Sissle.
Wilson did extensive work as an actress, appearing on radio in The Great Gildersleeve, on radio and television in Amos 'n' Andy, and on film in To Have and Have Not (1944).
She also performed with the United Service Organizations (USO) on US military bases during World War II. She met Millard Wilson, serendipitously with the same last name, and they married in 1947.
In 1948, Wilson became the face of Aunt Jemima.
She was the first Aunt Jemima to appear in television commercials.
Wilson received the Key to the City of Albion, Michigan, on January 25, 1964.
Throughout this period, the NAACP and other civil rights organizations campaigned against racist portrayals of African-American life.
Although "her appearance as Aunt Jemima on early commercials was criticized as demeaning",
she was proud of what she considered the aura of dignity she brought to the character.
Quaker Oats ended local appearances for Aunt Jemima in 1965, and ended her employment in 1966.
In 1963, Wilson became executive secretary for the Negro Actors Guild, and was involved with the National Association of Negro Musicians into the '70s.
Wilson made a comeback in 1973 to play with Eubie Blake, Little Brother Montgomery, and Terry Waldo. Her last live show was at the 1980 Newport Jazz Festival.
Wilson died in Chicago on March 31, 1981.
In 2020 the Killer Blues Headstone Project placed a headstone for Edith Wilson at Mt. Glenwood Cemetery in Thorton, IL
References
External links
Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Edith Wilson papers, 1940-1979
1896 births
1981 deaths
American blues singers
Vaudeville performers
Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky
Actresses from Louisville, Kentucky
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
Singers from Kentucky
Blues musicians from Kentucky
20th-century American women singers
Kentucky women singers |
17340385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20Wergeland | Oscar Wergeland | Oscar Arnold Wergeland (12 October 1844 – 20 May 1910) was a Norwegian painter. He is best known for his historical painting of the Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll (Riksforsamlingen på Eidsvoll 1814). Two of his paintings are held in the National Gallery of Norway.
Family
His parents were Sverre Nicolai Wergeland (1817–1896) and Anne Margrethe Larsen (1817–1889). His sister was Agnes Mathilde Wergeland (1857–1914), who emigrated to the United States and became known as an author. He was the great-nephew of Nicolai Wergeland, a priest, writer, and politician, and a member of the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll. Hence Henrik Wergeland, Camilla Collett, and Joseph Frantz Oscar Wergeland were cousins of his father.
Biography
Wergeland was born in Oslo, Norway. Several of his siblings died early, and his father went to America around 1860. He was a student of David Arnesen (1818–1895) during 1859 and of the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry from 1865 to 1867. He also attended the art school operated by Johan Fredrik Eckersberg (1822–1870) from 1865 to 1869. He was a student at the Copenhagen art academy in 1869. He studied history painting in Munich 1874 – 1876, and lived in Munich until 1889. From 1889 he was teaching at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry in Kristiania.
The painting Riksforsamlingen på Eidsvoll 1814 was probably begun in 1882. Wergeland copied well over 60 portrait to get the result as credible as possible. The picture includes 55 portraits of the constitutional fathers. (Not all of the 112 persons are viewable.) Today it is located in the Norwegian Parliament, behind the speaker's platform and the presidential podium. The painting was used as the main reverse motif of Norwegian 100 kroner notes from 1962 to 1977. Additionally the painting appeared on several Norwegian postage stamps issued during 1918 for the 100th anniversary of the Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll.
Notable works
(1869)
(1877)
(1883)
, (1883)
(1892)
References
External links
1844 births
1910 deaths
19th-century Norwegian painters
20th-century Norwegian painters
Norwegian male painters
Artists from Oslo
Oslo National Academy of the Arts faculty
19th-century painters of historical subjects
19th-century Norwegian male artists
20th-century Norwegian male artists |
6907585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet%20germicidal%20irradiation | Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation | Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection method that uses short-wavelength ultraviolet (ultraviolet C or UV-C) light to kill or inactivate microorganisms by destroying nucleic acids and disrupting their DNA, leaving them unable to perform vital cellular functions. UVGI is used in a variety of applications, such as food, air, and water purification.
UV-C light is weak at the Earth's surface since the ozone layer of the atmosphere blocks it. UVGI devices can produce strong enough UV-C light in circulating air or water systems to make them inhospitable environments to microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, molds, and other pathogens. UVGI can be coupled with a filtration system to sanitize air and water.
The application of UVGI to disinfection has been an accepted practice since the mid-20th century. It has been used primarily in medical sanitation and sterile work facilities. Increasingly, it has been employed to sterilize drinking and wastewater since the holding facilities are enclosed and can be circulated to ensure a higher exposure to the UV. UVGI has found renewed application in air purifiers.
History
In 1878, Arthur Downes and Thomas P. Blunt published a paper describing the sterilization of bacteria exposed to short-wavelength light. UV has been a known mutagen at the cellular level for over 100 years. The 1903 Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded to Niels Finsen for his use of UV against lupus vulgaris, tuberculosis of the skin.
Using UV light for disinfection of drinking water dates back to 1910 in Marseille, France. The prototype plant was shut down after a short time due to poor reliability. In 1955, UV water treatment systems were applied in Austria and Switzerland; by 1985 about 1,500 plants were employed in Europe. In 1998 it was discovered that protozoa such as cryptosporidium and giardia were more vulnerable to UV light than previously thought; this opened the way to wide-scale use of UV water treatment in North America. By 2001, over 6,000 UV water treatment plants were operating in Europe.
Over time, UV costs have declined as researchers develop and use new UV methods to disinfect water and wastewater. Several countries have published regulations and guidance for the use of UV to disinfect drinking water supplies Examples include the US. and in the UK.
Method of operation
UV light is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays. UV is categorised into several wavelength ranges, with short-wavelength UV (UV-C) considered "germicidal UV". Wavelengths between about 200 nm and 300 nm are strongly absorbed by nucleic acids. The absorbed energy can result in defects including pyrimidine dimers. These dimers can prevent replication or can prevent the expression of necessary proteins, resulting in the death or inactivation of the organism.
Mercury-based lamps operating at low vapor pressure emit UV light at the 253.7 nm line.
Ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-C LED) lamps emit UV light at selectable wavelengths between 255 and 280 nm.
Pulsed-xenon lamps emit UV light across the entire UV spectrum with a peak emission near 230 nm.
This process is similar to, but stronger than, the effect of longer wavelengths (UV-B) producing sunburn in humans. Microorganisms have less protection against UV and cannot survive prolonged exposure to it.
A UVGI system is designed to expose environments such as water tanks, sealed rooms and forced air systems to germicidal UV. Exposure comes from germicidal lamps that emit germicidal UV at the correct wavelength, thus irradiating the environment. The forced flow of air or water through this environment ensures exposure.
Effectiveness
The effectiveness of germicidal UV depends on the duration a microorganism is exposed to UV, the intensity and wavelength of the UV radiation, the presence of particles that can protect the microorganisms from UV, and a microorganism's ability to withstand UV during its exposure.
In many systems, redundancy in exposing microorganisms to UV is achieved by circulating the air or water repeatedly. This ensures multiple passes so that the UV is effective against the highest number of microorganisms and will irradiate resistant microorganisms more than once to break them down.
"Sterilization" is often misquoted as being achievable. While it is theoretically possible in a controlled environment, it is very difficult to prove and the term "disinfection" is generally used by companies offering this service as to avoid legal reprimand. Specialist companies will often advertise a certain log reduction, e.g., 6-log reduction or 99.9999% effective, instead of sterilization. This takes into consideration a phenomenon known as light and dark repair (photoreactivation and base excision repair, respectively), in which a cell can repair DNA that has been damaged by UV light.
The effectiveness of this form of disinfection depends on line-of-sight exposure of the microorganisms to the UV light. Environments where design creates obstacles that block the UV light are not as effective. In such an environment, the effectiveness is then reliant on the placement of the UVGI system so that line of sight is optimum for disinfection.
Dust and films coating the bulb lower UV output. Therefore, bulbs require periodic cleaning and replacement to ensure effectiveness. The lifetime of germicidal UV bulbs varies depending on design. Also, the material that the bulb is made of can absorb some of the germicidal rays.
Lamp cooling under airflow can also lower UV output. Increases in effectiveness and UV intensity can be achieved by using reflection. Aluminum has the highest reflectivity rate versus other metals and is recommended when using UV.
One method for gauging UV effectiveness in water disinfection applications is to compute UV dose. EPA published UV dosage guidelines for water treatment applications in 1986. UV dose cannot be measured directly but can be inferred based on the known or estimated inputs to the process:
Flow rate (contact time)
Transmittance (light reaching the target)
Turbidity (cloudiness)
Lamp age or fouling or outages (reduction in UV intensity)
In air and surface disinfection applications the UV effectiveness is estimated by calculating the UV dose which will be delivered to the microbial population. The UV dose is calculated as follows:
UV dose (μW·s/cm2) = UV intensity (μW/cm2) × exposure time (seconds)
The UV intensity is specified for each lamp at a distance of 1 meter. UV intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance so it decreases at longer distances. Alternatively, it rapidly increases at distances shorter than 1m. In the above formula, the UV intensity must always be adjusted for distance unless the UV dose is calculated at exactly from the lamp. Also, to ensure effectiveness, the UV dose must be calculated at the end of lamp life (EOL is specified in number of hours when the lamp is expected to reach 80% of its initial UV output) and at the furthest distance from the lamp on the periphery of the target area. Some shatter-proof lamps are coated with a fluorated ethylene polymer to contain glass shards and mercury in case of breakage; this coating reduces UV output by as much as 20%.
To accurately predict what UV dose will be delivered to the target, the UV intensity, adjusted for distance, coating, and end of lamp life, will be multiplied by the exposure time. In static applications the exposure time can be as long as needed for an effective UV dose to be reached. In case of rapidly moving air, in AC air ducts, for example, the exposure time is short, so the UV intensity must be increased by introducing multiple UV lamps or even banks of lamps. Also, the UV installation must be located in a long straight duct section with the lamps perpendicular to the airflow to maximize the exposure time.
These calculations actually predict the UV fluence and it is assumed that the UV fluence will be equal to the UV dose. The UV dose is the amount of germicidal UV energy absorbed by a microbial population over a period of time. If the microorganisms are planktonic (free floating) the UV fluence will be equal the UV dose. However, if the microorganisms are protected by mechanical particles, such as dust and dirt, or have formed biofilm a much higher UV fluence will be needed for an effective UV dose to be introduced to the microbial population.
Inactivation of microorganisms
The degree of inactivation by ultraviolet radiation is directly related to the UV dose applied to the water. The dosage, a product of UV light intensity and exposure time, is usually measured in microjoules per square centimeter, or equivalently as microwatt seconds per square centimeter (μW·s/cm2). Dosages for a 90% kill of most bacteria and viruses range between 2,000 and 8,000 μW·s/cm2. Larger parasites such as cryptosporidium require a lower dose for inactivation. As a result, US EPA has accepted UV disinfection as a method for drinking water plants to obtain cryptosporidium, giardia or virus inactivation credits. For example, for a 90% reduction of cryptosporidium, a minimum dose of 2,500 μW·s/cm2 is required based on EPA's 2006 guidance manual.
Strengths and weaknesses
Advantages
UV water treatment devices can be used for well water and surface water disinfection. UV treatment compares favourably with other water disinfection systems in terms of cost, labour and the need for technically trained personnel for operation. Water chlorination treats larger organisms and offers residual disinfection, but these systems are expensive because they need special operator training and a steady supply of a potentially hazardous material. Finally, boiling of water is the most reliable treatment method but it demands labour and imposes a high economic cost. UV treatment is rapid and, in terms of primary energy use, approximately 20,000 times more efficient than boiling.
Disadvantages
UV disinfection is most effective for treating high-clarity, purified reverse osmosis distilled water. Suspended particles are a problem because microorganisms buried within particles are shielded from the UV light and pass through the unit unaffected. However, UV systems can be coupled with a pre-filter to remove those larger organisms that would otherwise pass through the UV system unaffected. The pre-filter also clarifies the water to improve light transmittance and therefore UV dose throughout the entire water column. Another key factor of UV water treatment is the flow rate—if the flow is too high, water will pass through without sufficient UV exposure. If the flow is too low, heat may build up and damage the UV lamp.
A disadvantage of UVGI is that while water treated by chlorination is resistant to reinfection (until the chlorine off-gasses), UVGI water is not resistant to reinfection. UVGI water must be transported or delivered in such a way as to avoid reinfection.
Safety
To humans
UV light is hazardous to most living things. Skin exposure to germicidal wavelengths of UV light can produce rapid sunburn and skin cancer. Exposure of the eyes to this UV radiation can produce extremely painful inflammation of the cornea and temporary or permanent vision impairment, up to and including blindness in some cases. Common precautions are:
Warning labels warn humans about dangers of UV light. In home settings with children and pets, doors are additionally necessary.
Interlock systems. Shielded systems where the light is blocked inside, such as a closed water tank or closed air circulation system, often has interlocks that automatically shut off the UV lamps if the system is opened for access by humans. Clear viewports that block UVC are available.
Protective gear. Most protective eyewear (in particular, all ANSI Z87.1-compliant eyewear) block UVC. Clothing, plastics, and most types of glass (but not fused silica) are effective in blocking UVC.
Another potential danger is the UV production of ozone, which can be harmful when inhaled. US EPA designated 0.05 parts per million (ppm) of ozone to be a safe level. Lamps designed to release UV and higher frequencies are doped so that any UV light below 254 nm wavelengths will not be released, to minimize ozone production. A full-spectrum lamp will release all UV wavelengths and produce ozone when UV-C hits oxygen (O2) molecules.
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Committee on Physical Agents has established a threshold limit value (TLV) for UV exposure to avoid such skin and eye injuries among those most susceptible. For 254 nm UV, this TLV is 6 mJ/cm2 over an eight-hour period. The TLV function differs by wavelengths because of variable energy and potential for cell damage. This TLV is supported by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and is used in setting lamp safety standards by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. When the Tuberculosis Ultraviolet Shelter Study was planned, this TLV was interpreted as if eye exposure in rooms was continuous over eight hours and at the highest eye-level irradiance found in the room. In those highly unlikely conditions, a 6.0 mJ/cm2 dose is reached under the ACGIH TLV after just eight hours of continuous exposure to an irradiance of 0.2 μW/cm2. Thus, 0.2 μW/cm2 was widely interpreted as the upper permissible limit of irradiance at eye height.
According to the FDA, a germicidal excimer lamp that emits 222 nm Far-UVC light instead of the common 254 nm light is safer to mamallian skin.
To items
UVC radiation is able to break down chemical bonds. This leads to rapid aging of plastics, insulation, gaskets, and other materials. Note that plastics sold to be "UV-resistant" are tested only for the lower-energy UVB since UVC does not normally reach the surface of the Earth. When UV is used near plastic, rubber, or insulation, these materials may be protected by metal tape or aluminum foil.
Uses
Air disinfection
UVGI can be used to disinfect air with prolonged exposure. In the 1930s and 40s, an experiment in public schools in Philadelphia showed that upper-room ultraviolet fixtures could significantly reduce the transmission of measles among students. In 2020, UVGI is again being researched as a possible countermeasure against COVID-19.
UV and violet light are able to neutralize the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2. Viral titers usually found in the sputum of COVID-19 patients are completely inactivated by levels of UV-A and UV-B irradiation that are similar to those levels experienced from natural sun exposure. This finding suggests that the reduced incidence of SARS-COV-2 in the summer may be, in part, due to the neutralizing activity of solar UV irradiation.
Various UV-emitting devices can be used for SARS-CoV-2 disinfection, and these devices may help in reducing the spread of infection. SARS-CoV-2 can be inactivated by a wide range of UVC wavelengths, and the wavelength of 222nm provides the most effective disinfection performance.
Disinfection is a function of UV intensity and time. For this reason, it is in theory not as effective on moving air, or when the lamp is perpendicular to the flow, as exposure times are dramatically reduced. However, numerous professional and scientific publications have indicated that the overall effectiveness of UVGI actually increases when used in conjunction with fans and HVAC ventilation, which facilitate whole-room circulation that exposes more air to the UV source. Air purification UVGI systems can be free-standing units with shielded UV lamps that use a fan to force air past the UV light. Other systems are installed in forced air systems so that the circulation for the premises moves microorganisms past the lamps. Key to this form of sterilization is placement of the UV lamps and a good filtration system to remove the dead microorganisms. For example, forced air systems by design impede line-of-sight, thus creating areas of the environment that will be shaded from the UV light. However, a UV lamp placed at the coils and drain pans of cooling systems will keep microorganisms from forming in these naturally damp places.
Water disinfection
Ultraviolet disinfection of water is a purely physical, chemical-free process. Even parasites such as Cryptosporidium or Giardia, which are extremely resistant to chemical disinfectants, are efficiently reduced. UV can also be used to remove chlorine and chloramine species from water; this process is called photolysis, and requires a higher dose than normal disinfection. The dead microorganisms are not removed from the water. UV disinfection does not remove dissolved organics, inorganic compounds or particles in the water. The world's largest water disinfection plant treats drinking water for New York City. The Catskill-Delaware Water Ultraviolet Disinfection Facility, commissioned on 8 October 2013, incorporates a total of 56 energy-efficient UV reactors treating up to a day.
Ultraviolet can also be combined with ozone or hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl radicals to break down trace contaminants through an advanced oxidation process.
It used to be thought that UV disinfection was more effective for bacteria and viruses, which have more-exposed genetic material, than for larger pathogens that have outer coatings or that form cyst states (e.g., Giardia) that shield their DNA from UV light. However, it was recently discovered that ultraviolet radiation can be somewhat effective for treating the microorganism Cryptosporidium. The findings resulted in the use of UV radiation as a viable method to treat drinking water. Giardia in turn has been shown to be very susceptible to UV-C when the tests were based on infectivity rather than excystation. It has been found that protists are able to survive high UV-C doses but are sterilized at low doses.
Developing countries
A 2006 project at University of California, Berkeley produced a design for inexpensive water disinfection in resource deprived settings. The project was designed to produce an open source design that could be adapted to meet local conditions. In a somewhat similar proposal in 2014, Australian students designed a system using potato chip (crisp) packet foil to reflect solar UV radiation into a glass tube that disinfects water without power.
Wastewater treatment
Ultraviolet in sewage treatment is commonly replacing chlorination. This is in large part because of concerns that reaction of the chlorine with organic compounds in the waste water stream could synthesize potentially toxic and long lasting chlorinated organics and also because of the environmental risks of storing chlorine gas or chlorine containing chemicals. Individual wastestreams to be treated by UVGI must be tested to ensure that the method will be effective due to potential interferences such as suspended solids, dyes, or other substances that may block or absorb the UV radiation. According to the World Health Organization, "UV units to treat small batches (1 to several liters) or low flows (1 to several liters per minute) of water at the community level are estimated to have costs of US$20 per megaliter, including the cost of electricity and consumables and the annualized capital cost of the unit."
Large-scale urban UV wastewater treatment is performed in cities such as Edmonton, Alberta. The use of ultraviolet light has now become standard practice in most municipal wastewater treatment processes. Effluent is now starting to be recognized as a valuable resource, not a problem that needs to be dumped. Many wastewater facilities are being renamed as water reclamation facilities, whether the wastewater is discharged into a river, used to irrigate crops, or injected into an aquifer for later recovery. Ultraviolet light is now being used to ensure water is free from harmful organisms.
Aquarium and pond
Ultraviolet sterilizers are often used to help control unwanted microorganisms in aquaria and ponds. UV irradiation ensures that pathogens cannot reproduce, thus decreasing the likelihood of a disease outbreak in an aquarium.
Aquarium and pond sterilizers are typically small, with fittings for tubing that allows the water to flow through the sterilizer on its way from a separate external filter or water pump. Within the sterilizer, water flows as close as possible to the ultraviolet light source. Water pre-filtration is critical as water turbidity lowers UV-C penetration.
Many of the better UV sterilizers have long dwell times and limit the space between the UV-C source and the inside wall of the UV sterilizer device.
Laboratory hygiene
UVGI is often used to disinfect equipment such as safety goggles, instruments, pipettors, and other devices. Lab personnel also disinfect glassware and plasticware this way. Microbiology laboratories use UVGI to disinfect surfaces inside biological safety cabinets ("hoods") between uses.
Food and beverage protection
Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a rule in 2001 requiring that virtually all fruit and vegetable juice producers follow HACCP controls, and mandating a 5-log reduction in pathogens, UVGI has seen some use in sterilization of juices such as fresh-pressed.
Technology
Lamps
Germicidal UV for disinfection is most typically generated by a mercury-vapor lamp. Low-pressure mercury vapor has a strong emission line at 254 nm, which is within the range of wavelengths that demonstrate strong disinfection effect. The optimal wavelengths for disinfection are close to 260 nm.
Mercury vapor lamps may be categorized as either low-pressure (including amalgam) or medium-pressure lamps. Low-pressure UV lamps offer high efficiencies (approx. 35% UV-C) but lower power, typically 1 W/cm power density (power per unit of arc length). Amalgam UV lamps utilize an amalgam to control mercury pressure to allow operation at a somewhat higher temperature and power density. They operate at higher temperatures and have a lifetime of up to 16,000 hours. Their efficiency is slightly lower than that of traditional low-pressure lamps (approx. 33% UV-C output), and power density is approximately 2–3 W/cm3. Medium-pressure UV lamps operate at much higher temperatures, up to about 800 degrees Celsius, and have a polychromatic output spectrum and a high radiation output but lower UV-C efficiency of 10% or less. Typical power density is 30 W/cm3 or greater.
Depending on the quartz glass used for the lamp body, low-pressure and amalgam UV emit radiation at 254 nm and also at 185 nm, which has chemical effects. UV radiation at 185 nm is used to generate ozone.
The UV lamps for water treatment consist of specialized low-pressure mercury-vapor lamps that produce ultraviolet radiation at 254 nm, or medium-pressure UV lamps that produce a polychromatic output from 200 nm to visible and infrared energy. The UV lamp never contacts the water; it is either housed in a quartz glass sleeve inside the water chamber or mounted externally to the water, which flows through the transparent UV tube. Water passing through the flow chamber is exposed to UV rays, which are absorbed by suspended solids, such as microorganisms and dirt, in the stream.
Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
Recent developments in LED technology have led to commercially available UV-C LEDs. UV-C LEDs use semiconductors to emit light between 255 nm and 280 nm. The wavelength emission is tuneable by adjusting the material of the semiconductor. , the electrical-to-UV-C conversion efficiency of LEDs was lower than that of mercury lamps. The reduced size of LEDs opens up options for small reactor systems allowing for point-of-use applications and integration into medical devices. Low power consumption of semiconductors introduce UV disinfection systems that utilized small solar cells in remote or Third World applications.
UV-C LEDs don't necessarily last longer than traditional germicidal lamps in terms of hours used, instead having more-variable engineering characteristics and better tolerance for short-term operation. A UV-C LED can achieve a longer installed time than a traditional germicidal lamp in intermittent use. Likewise, LED degradation increases with heat, while filament and HID lamp output wavelength is dependent on temperature, so engineers can design LEDs of a particular size and cost to have a higher output and faster degradation or a lower output and slower decline over time.
Water treatment systems
Sizing of a UV system is affected by three variables: flow rate, lamp power, and UV transmittance in the water. Manufacturers typically developed sophisticated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models validated with bioassay testing. This involves testing the UV reactor's disinfection performance with either MS2 or T1 bacteriophages at various flow rates, UV transmittance, and power levels in order to develop a regression model for system sizing. For example, this is a requirement for all public water systems in the United States per the EPA UV manual.
The flow profile is produced from the chamber geometry, flow rate, and particular turbulence model selected. The radiation profile is developed from inputs such as water quality, lamp type (power, germicidal efficiency, spectral output, arc length), and the transmittance and dimension of the quartz sleeve. Proprietary CFD software simulates both the flow and radiation profiles. Once the 3D model of the chamber is built, it is populated with a grid or mesh that comprises thousands of small cubes.
Points of interest—such as at a bend, on the quartz sleeve surface, or around the wiper mechanism—use a higher resolution mesh, whilst other areas within the reactor use a coarse mesh. Once the mesh is produced, hundreds of thousands of virtual particles are "fired" through the chamber. Each particle has several variables of interest associated with it, and the particles are "harvested" after the reactor. Discrete phase modeling produces delivered dose, head loss, and other chamber-specific parameters.
When the modeling phase is complete, selected systems are validated using a professional third party to provide oversight and to determine how closely the model is able to predict the reality of system performance. System validation uses non-pathogenic surrogates such as MS 2 phage or Bacillus subtilis to determine the Reduction Equivalent Dose (RED) ability of the reactors. Most systems are validated to deliver 40 mJ/cm2 within an envelope of flow and transmittance.
To validate effectiveness in drinking water systems, the method described in the EPA UV guidance manual is typically used by US water utilities, whilst Europe has adopted Germany's DVGW 294 standard. For wastewater systems, the NWRI/AwwaRF Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidelines for Drinking Water and Water Reuse protocols are typically used, especially in wastewater reuse applications.
See also
HEPA filter
Portable water purification
Sanitation
Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures
Solar water disinfection
References
External links
International Ultraviolet Association
Radiobiology
Ultraviolet radiation
Hygiene
Waste treatment technology
Sterilization (microbiology) |
17340400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlak%20SC | Dahlak SC | Dahlak is an Eritrean football club based in Asmara.
Current squad
Organisations based in Asmara
Football clubs in Eritrea |
17340412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio%20Annarumma | Antonio Annarumma | Antonio Annarumma (10 January 1947, Monteforte Irpino, Campania – 19 November 1969, Milan) was an Italian policeman who was killed at age 22 while serving during a demonstration organized by the Italian (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party and from the Student Movement. He is sometimes considered to be the first victim of the Years of Lead, a period of social and political upheaval in Italy.
The demonstration passed in front of the Teatro Lirico, Milan, where a union rally was held by CISL with speaker Bruno Storti.
During attacks on the police, Annarumma was hit by an iron tube, according to the court inquiry. After he was struck the vehicle he was driving hit another police officer.
Students believe it is the accident which killed him, but this claim was repudiated by the medical examination.
Notes
1947 births
1969 deaths
Italian police officers
People from Milan
Deaths related to the Years of Lead (Italy)
Male murder victims
1969 murders in Italy |
6907587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20NFL%20Today%20personalities | List of NFL Today personalities |
Notes and references
NFL Today personalites
NFL Today personalities
NFL Today personalities |
23578738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple%20J%20Hottest%20100%2C%202009 | Triple J Hottest 100, 2009 | The 2009 Triple J's Hottest 100 Volume 17, was announced on Australia Day 26 January 2010. It is the seventeenth countdown of the most popular songs of the year, as chosen by the listeners of Australian radio station Triple J.
Voting commenced on Boxing Day, 26 December 2009, and closed on 17 January 2010. 1.1 million votes were received, a record number.
Controversy began when it was rumoured that the winner had been unintentionally leaked by the ABC. The ABC Shop website promoted the February issue of Jmag with a description stating "Topping the 2009 countdown is Mumford & Sons' 'Little Lion Man'". Triple J neither confirmed nor denied the rumour with some even claiming it was a hoax, amounting to a clever marketing campaign. The leak led Sportingbet Australia to close all betting on the countdown. The leak proved to be accurate. For the first time, the number one song was performed live on air by the winning artist, Mumford & Sons, from Triple J studios, followed by the studio version of the song.
Full list
Note: Australian artists
101 was "(Ain't) Telling the Truth" by Bluejuice.
Artists with multiple entries
Four entries
Muse (9, 19, 35, 84)
Florence and the Machine (10, 44, 45, 90)
Three entries
Kasabian (17, 51, 85)
The Temper Trap (21, 48, 58)
Flight of the Conchords (24, 30, 86)
Sia (Two solo and one with Flight of the Conchords) (24, 50, 72)
Two entries
Mumford & Sons (1, 81)
Art vs. Science (2, 74)
Hilltop Hoods (3, 37)
Phoenix (4, 13)
La Roux (6, 27)
Lily Allen (8, 60)
Yeah Yeah Yeahs (11, 25)
Dizzee Rascal (12, 80)
Passion Pit (20, 38)
Vampire Weekend (22, 52)
The Bloody Beetroots (23, 43)
Sarah Blasko (28, 29)
Karnivool (47, 63)
Bertie Blackman (71, 93)
The Middle East (64, 87)
Regina Spektor (94, 97)
Dave Grohl (Once with Them Crooked Vultures and once with the Foo Fighters) (98, 100)
Countries represented
: 37
: 29
: 23
: 4
: 3
: 2
: 2
: 1
The 37 Australian songs is the fewest since 1997.
This was the first year to not feature an artist from USA in the top 10.
Top 20 Albums of 2009
Bold indicates winner. Sarah Blasko won the J Award for As Day Follows Night.
Nations represented
– 7
– 7
– 4
– 1
– 1
CD release
Triple J's Hottest 100 Volume 17 is the compilation featuring the best of the Top 100 voted tracks on two CDs.
Notes
References
Official list from abc.net.au
2009 in Australian music
Australia Triple J Hottest 100
2009 |
44504313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song%20Seon-mi | Song Seon-mi | Song Seon-mi (born September 13, 1974) is a South Korean actress.
Career
Song Seon-mi won second place at the Super Elite Model Contest in 1996, then transitioned from a modeling career to acting a year later in the television drama Model (1997).
In 1998, Song made her film debut playing dual roles as an art gallery employee and a soldier's ex-girlfriend in Lee Jeong-hyang's critically acclaimed romantic comedy Art Museum by the Zoo, opposite Ahn Sung-ki. This was followed by the gangster comedy My Boss, My Hero (2001). Though Song is more active in television, notable in her filmography are two arthouse films by auteur Hong Sang-soo. For Woman on the Beach (2006), she and her co-stars agreed to appear in the film even without reading Hong's script. While in The Day He Arrives (2011), Song played a film studies professor who frequents a bar in Bukchon.
Back on the small screen, her popularity rose when she played a young housewife in Precious Family (2004), written by Kim Soo-hyun. Leading roles followed in The Secret Lovers (2005), One Day Suddenly (2006), Green Coach (2009), Mrs. Town (2009), and Dandelion Family (2010), as well as a supporting role in the well-received medical drama Behind the White Tower (2007).
In 2012, Song was cast as a capable trauma nurse in Golden Time. She later reunited with its director Kwon Seok-jang in Miss Korea (2013), set in 1997 during the IMF crisis.
Song starred in her first ever period drama in 2013's Blooded Palace: The War of Flowers. She drew praise for her portrayal of the Crown Princess Lady Kang, Crown Prince Sohyeon's wife, despite controversy involving a breastfeeding scene.
Personal life
Song married art director Go Woo-seok, who she met through mutual acquaintances and dated for one year, on June 29, 2006.
In 2009, she left talent agency Contents Entertainment to join a new agency set up by her former manager Mr. Yu, Hoya Entertainment; this resulted in a breach of contract lawsuit.
Then in January 2013, Song was charged with slander for allegedly insulting Mr. Kim, CEO of Contents Entertainment, at a press conference for a drama held in July 2012.
On August 21, 2017, her husband, Go Woo-seok, was murdered by a 28-year-old man during an argument.
Filmography
Television series
Film
Variety show
Theater
Book
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
20th-century South Korean actresses
21st-century South Korean actresses
L&Holdings artists
People from South Chungcheong Province
South Korean film actresses
South Korean stage actresses
South Korean television actresses |
6907588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Wiltsie | Irving Wiltsie | Irving Day Wiltsie (14 November 1898 – 24 November 1943) was a United States Navy captain who was killed in action in 1943 while commanding an escort carrier in the Gilbert Islands location, in the Central Pacific during World War II. He was awarded the Navy Cross posthumously, the second highest combat decoration for valor after the Medal of Honor.
Biography
Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Wiltsie graduated in the United States Naval Academy class of 1921. He then served at sea in a succession of ships, including Arizona (BB-39), Wyoming (BB-32), Raleigh (CL-7), and Cleveland (CL-21). Next he underwent flight instruction at NAS Pensacola, Florida, from 1925 to 1927 and was designated as a Naval Aviator. He subsequently served in seaplane aviation units embarked aboard Milwaukee (CL-5), Memphis (CL-13), and Texas (BB-35) before he returned to NAS Pensacola as an instructor. After another tour of sea duty—in Louisville (CA-28)—Wiltsie commanded the Naval Reserve Aviation Base at Minneapolis, Minnesota, from 29 June 1935 to 4 June 1937. He later commanded the bombing squadrons attached to Saratoga (CV-3) from June 1937 to June 1939, before he served at the Naval Air Station San Diego, California. He subsequently joined Yorktown (CV-5) as navigator on 27 June 1941 and received a promotion to commander on 1 July.
Wiltsie remained in Yorktown until her loss at the pivotal Battle of Midway from 4 to 6 June 1942. During the early stages of the action, Wiltsie displayed "outstanding professional ability" as he provided complete and accurate navigational information to air plot, thus enabling the carrier's air group to pinpoint their targets.
During the Japanese torpedo attacks on 4 June, when "Kates" from the carrier Hiryū located Yorktown and carried put a successful attack against her, Wiltsie, on instructions from the captain, conned the ship from his battle station in the conning tower and was later deemed directly responsible for the ship's evading a pair of torpedoes. When injuries sustained during the attack incapacitated the carrier's executive officer, Commander Wiltsie assumed these duties and directed the organization of a salvage party which fought valiantly to save the ship.
When Yorktown eventually succumbed to her damage and the coup de grace administered by Japanese submarine I-168, Wiltsie directed the salvage party and the wounded to rescuing vessels alongside the doomed carrier.
Wiltsie was promoted to captain in September 1942 and commanded the seaplane tender Albemarle (AV-5) from 6 October 1942 to 12 June 1943. After this tour, he supervised the fitting-out of escort carrier Glacier (CVE-33) at the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Company and went on to supervise the same kind of activities of Liscome Bay (CVE-56). Captain Wiltsie would command this escort carrier from August 1943 until the ship's loss off Makin, in the Gilbert Islands, the following November.
In the predawn darkness of 24 November, Japanese submarine I-175 torpedoed Liscome Bay—the flagship of Rear Admiral Henry M. Mullinnix—which caused a mass detonation of aircraft bombs and ammunition and started fires fed by aviation gasoline. The flames spread rapidly, and the carrier rocked with explosions. Wiltsie immediately left the bridge and proceeded along the starboard gallery deck level to ascertain the damage to his ship, as communications had been severed early on. Despite the tremendous structural damage and raging fires, the captain headed aft to determine the full extent of the damage. Damage control efforts failed, however, and the carrier sank in less than 30 minutes thereafter, carrying down with it Captain Wiltsie, Admiral Mullinix, and 644 officers and men, including Third Class Cook Dorie Miller, who was awarded a Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism on a battleship during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
The citation for Captain Wiltsie's posthumous Navy Cross noted his "calm, courageous action and valiant devotion to duty" which inspired the surviving members of the crew.
Namesake
USS Wiltsie (DD-716) was named for him.
References
Noles, James L. (2004). Twenty-Three Minutes to Eternity: The Final Voyage of the Escort Carrier USS Liscome Bay, University of Alabama Press.
1898 births
1943 deaths
United States Navy personnel killed in World War II
Captains who went down with the ship
Military personnel from Hartford, Connecticut
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
United States Navy officers |
44504315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypenodinae | Hypenodinae | The Hypenodinae are a subfamily of moths in the family Erebidae. Adult moths of most species of this subfamily lack small, simple eyes near the large, compound eyes and have quadrifine (four-veined) hindwing cells. The micronoctuid moths are an exception because they possess simple eyes and bifine (two-veined) hindwing cells.
Taxonomy
Phylogenetic studies have shown that this subfamily should include the micronoctuid moths as a Micronoctuini tribe.
Genera
Tribe unassigned
Anachrostis Hampson, 1893
Dasyblemma Dyar, 1923
Dyspyralis Warren, 1891
Hypenodes Doubleday, 1850
Luceria Walker, 1859
Parahypenodes Barnes & McDunnough, 1918
Schrankia Hübner, [1825]
Tribe Micronoctuini
See Micronoctuini for subtribes and genera.
References
Moth subfamilies |
23578746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuglow%20River | Tuglow River | The Tuglow River, a perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Tuglow River rises on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range south of Shooters Hill, and flows generally south southeast and then northeast, before reaching its confluence with the Kowmung River, near its junction with the Hollanders River. The river descends over its course.
In its lower reaches, the river adjoins Nattai National Park.
See also
List of rivers of Australia
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
Rivers of New South Wales
References
Rivers of New South Wales
Central Tablelands |
44504321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Copeland | Ann Copeland | Ann Copeland is the pen name of Virginia Walsh Furtwangler (born December 16, 1932), an American-Canadian writer. She was a shortlisted nominee for the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction at the 1989 Governor General's Awards for her short story collection The Golden Thread.
Biography
Born and raised in Hartford, Connecticut, she was educated at the Catholic University of America and Cornell University. She married Albert Furtwangler in 1968, and moved to Sackville, New Brunswick, where Albert taught at Mount Allison University.
She has published five short story collections and an instructional guide to writing fiction.
She returned to the United States in 1996, and is currently a professor emeritus at Willamette University in Salem, Oregon.
Selected works
At Peace (1978)
The Back Room (1979)
Earthen Vessels (1984)
The Golden Thread (1989)
Strange Bodies on a Stranger Shore (1994)
The ABCs of Writing Fiction (1996)
Season of Apples (1996)
Awards and honors
Shortlisted nominee for the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction at the 1989 Governor General's Awards
References
1932 births
Living people
American women short story writers
Canadian women short story writers
20th-century Canadian short story writers
Cornell University alumni
Writers from New Brunswick
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
20th-century Canadian women writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women |
17340421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%20Baker | Annie Baker | Annie Baker (born April 1981) is an American playwright and teacher who won the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for her play The Flick. Among her works are the Shirley, Vermont plays, which take place in the fictional town of Shirley: Circle Mirror Transformation, Body Awareness, and The Aliens. She was named a MacArthur Fellow for 2017.
Early life
Baker's family lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts, when Baker was born, but soon moved to Amherst, Massachusetts, where she grew up and where her father, Conn Nugent, was an administrator for the Five Colleges consortium and her mother Linda Baker was a psychology doctoral student. Her brother is author Benjamin Baker Nugent. Baker graduated from the Department of Dramatic Writing at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. She earned her Master of Fine Arts degree in playwriting from Brooklyn College in 2009. One of her early jobs was as a guest-wrangler helping to oversee contestants on the reality-television program The Bachelor.
She is married to Nico Baumbach, with whom she has one child. Her brother-in-law is Noah Baumbach.
Career
Plays
Body Awareness, her first play produced Off-Broadway, was staged by the Atlantic Theater Company in May and June 2008. The play featured JoBeth Williams. Circle Mirror Transformation premiered Off-Broadway at Playwrights Horizons in October 2009 and received the Obie Award for Best New American Play and Performance.
The Aliens, which premiered Off-Broadway at Rattlestick Playwrights Theater in April 2010, was a finalist for the 2010 Susan Smith Blackburn Prize and shared the 2010 Obie Award for Best New American Play with Circle Mirror Transformation.
Her adaptation of Anton Chekhov's Uncle Vanya premiered at the Soho Repertory Theatre in June 2012, running through August 26, and was called a "funky, fresh new production" by The New York Times reviewer. Directed by Sam Gold, the cast featured Reed Birney (as Vanya), Maria Dizzia, Georgia Engel, Peter Friedman, Michael Shannon (as Astrov), Rebecca Schull and Merritt Wever (as Sonya). Michael Shannon and Merritt Wever received the 2012 Joe A. Callaway Award for their performances.
The Flick premiered at Playwrights Horizons in March 2013, and received the Obie Award for Playwriting in 2013. The Flick won the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the 2016 Critics’ Circle Theatre Award for Best New Play.
Baker's The Antipodes premiered Off-Broadway at the Signature Theatre Company with previews on April 4, 2017; it opened officially on April 23, directed by Lila Neugebauer. The cast featured Phillip James Brannon, Josh Charles, Josh Hamilton, Danny Mastrogiorgio, Danny McCarthy, Emily Cass McDonnell, Brian Miskell, Will Patton, and Nicole Rodenburg. The engagement was extended to June 4.
John
John opened Off-Broadway at the Signature Theatre on July 22, 2015 (previews). It was directed by Sam Gold and starred Georgia Engel and Lois Smith. The play ran to September 6. This marked the fifth time that Baker and Gold worked together, starting with Circle Mirror Transformation in 2009. The play is set in a bed and breakfast in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Time ranked it at No. 8 on its list of Top Ten Plays and Musicals for 2015. It is No. 8 in The Hollywood Reporter's "Best New York Theater of 2015". The New York Times wrote that the play is a "...haunting and haunted meditation on topics she has made so singularly her own: the omnipresence of loneliness in human life, and the troubled search for love and lasting connection."
John was nominated for the 2016 Lucille Lortel Awards, Outstanding Play; Outstanding Lead Actress in a Play (Georgia Engel); Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play (Lois Smith); Outstanding Scenic Design (Mimi Lien); and Outstanding Lighting Design (Mark Barton). John received six 2016 Drama Desk Award nominations: Outstanding Play; Outstanding Actress in a Play (Georgia Engel); Outstanding Director of a Play; Outstanding Set Design for a Play (Mimi Lien); Outstanding Lighting Design for a Play (Mike Barton); and Outstanding Sound Design in a Play (Bray Poor). John won the 2016 Obie Awards for Performance for Georgia Engel and a Special Citations: Collaboration, for Annie Baker, Sam Gold and the design team.
John opened in the West End at the National Theatre in January 2018. It was directed by James Macdonald, and starred Marylouise Burke (Mertis) and June Watson (Genevieve). Andy Propst of Time Out ranked it the 40th best play ever written, and it made a 2019 list by The Independent.
The Shirley, Vermont Plays Festival
In October and November 2010, three Boston theatre companies produced Baker's three plays that are set in the fictional town of Shirley, Vermont: Circle Mirror Transformation, produced by the Huntington Theatre Company, Body Awareness, produced by SpeakEasy Stage Company, and The Aliens, produced by Company One.
Teaching
Baker teaches playwriting at New York University, Barnard College, and in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton. She is also on the faculty of the Rita and Burton Goldberg MFA in Playwriting program of Hunter College.
Political activism
In July 2017, Baker was among 60 artists who signed an open letter organized by the group Adalah-NY that called on Lincoln Center to cancel performances of a play by Israeli author and peace activist David Grossman.
Style
Time Out New York wrote in 2008 that Baker "creates normal individuals coping with everyday issues in their small-town lives," and that her play Body Awareness "marks the arrival of a new playwright who would seem to fit the quirky bill, but aims for sincerity instead. Even though there's goofiness aplenty in her work, [she] sticks to straightforward narrative and simple dialogue. The writing isn't superficially clever, it's smart." The New Yorker said Baker "wants life onstage to be so vivid, natural, and emotionally precise that it bleeds into the audience’s visceral experience of time and space. Drawing on the immediacy of overheard conversation, she has pioneered a style of theatre made to seem as untheatrical as possible, while using the tools of the stage to focus audience attention...." The website The Daily Beast found that, "Baker’s skill is to make us work hard as an audience to make our own sense of her play[s] — the best, most enriching way to view any theatrical performance. Baker’s works are not for those who want easy, A-leads-to-B plots, and spoon-fed meanings... Baker, as all great playwrights do, is holding a mirror up to us all."
Honors
Baker was one of seven playwrights selected to participate in the 2008 Sundance Institute Theatre Lab.
In 2011 she was named a Fellow of United States Artists. In 2013 she received The Steinberg Playwright Award, which included a $50,000 prize.
She was a 2014 Guggenheim Fellow, Creative Arts Drama & Performance Art. A new play, titled The Last of the Little Hours, written by Baker was chosen for development at the Sundance Institute's 2014 Theatre Lab in Utah to be presented in July. Annie Baker directed the play herself. The play "follows the daily life of a group of Benedictine monks."
She was a New York Public Library 2015 Cullman Center Fellow and worked on a play about Benedictine monks. She is a MacDowell Colony Fellow taking residence in 2009 and 2014.
Baker is part of the Signature Theatre's "Residency Five" program, which "guarantees each playwright three world-premiere productions of new plays over the course of a five-year residency." John is Baker's first play under this program. The Antipodes is her second play under this program, and premiered on April 18, 2017.
She has been named a 2017 MacArthur Fellow (also known as a "Genius" Grant), which has a monetary amount of $625,000 over a five-year period. She was awarded for “mining the minutiae of how we speak, act, and relate to one another and the absurdity and tragedy that result from the limitations of language.”
Works
Body Awareness, world premiere at Atlantic Theater Company, June 2008
Circle Mirror Transformation, world premiere at Playwrights Horizons, October 2009
The Aliens, world premiere at Rattlestick Playwrights Theater (Off-Broadway), April 2010
Nocturama, reading, May 10, 2010 at Manhattan Theatre Club
Uncle Vanya (adaptation), June 2012 at Soho Repertory Theatre
The Flick, world premiere at Playwrights Horizons, March 2013
John, world premiere at Signature Theatre Company, July 2015
The Antipodes, world premiere at Signature Theatre Company, April 2017
References
External links
1981 births
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
Screenwriters from Massachusetts
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Writers from Amherst, Massachusetts
Writers from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Living people
American women dramatists and playwrights
Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners
Obie Award recipients
Stony Brook University faculty
Barnard College faculty
MacArthur Fellows
21st-century American women writers
Brooklyn College alumni |
17340422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TYN | TYN | TYN may stand for:
Taiyuan Wusu International Airport (IATA code)
Traditionalist Youth Network, an ideological group in the United States of America
See also
Tyn (disambiguation) |
23578752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuross%20River | Tuross River | The Tuross River, an open semi-mature wave dominated barrier estuary or perennial stream, is located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Tuross River rises of the eastern slopes of the Kybeyan Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, below Mount Kydra on the western edge of Wadbilliga National Park, not far from Cooma. The river flows generally north, east and northeast, joined by fourteen tributaries including the Back River and Wadbilliga rivers, before spilling into Tuross Lake and reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean at Tuross Head. The river descends over its course.
The catchment area of the river is with a volume of over a surface area of , at an average depth of .
North of the town of Bodalla, the Princes Highway crosses the Tuross River.
Gallery
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Mordacia praecox
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
South Coast (New South Wales) |
17340458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%20drill%20%28hieroglyph%29 | Hand drill (hieroglyph) | The Hand drill is a hieroglyph, (and tool), used in ancient Egypt from the earliest dynasties. As a hieroglyph, it can also be used as a determinative for words related to the profession of vase, bowl, pot-making, etc., typically from fine-grained, colorful rare stone, for example unguent jars. The size of drills was small-to-large, small for small unguent jars, and large for more massive, grain-storing pottery. The original jars found in tombs were more often used for ceremonial usages, presumably the reason they are found as grave goods or tomb offerings.
Hand drill hieroglyph and tool explanation
The hand drill was a vertical type of weighted, and counterbalanced boring bar, (used today in horizontal lathe-work boring, for example: rifle tubes). The hieroglyph shows the weights used as pictured on temple reliefs; the weight of the stones does the tool work, and the artisan simply supplies the rotational motion of the tool, for boring the hole.
Of note: with the weighted device, the Egyptians were performing a lathe operation long before the invention. Instead of the lathe-(massive metal: weight and forces) doing the work, essentially the Egyptians were using a form of a vertical lathe-using gravity-weights, with the boring bar doing the cutting.
See also
Gardiner's Sign List#U. Agriculture, Crafts, and Professions
List of Egyptian hieroglyphs
References
Budge. An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, E.A.Wallace Budge, (Dover Publications), c 1978, (c 1920), Dover edition, 1978. (In two volumes) (softcover, )
External links
Egyptian hieroglyphs: arts and trades
Egyptian hieroglyphs: agriculture-crafts-and-professions
Egyptian artefact types |
17340504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-stringing | Cross-stringing | Cross-stringing (sometimes called overstringing) is a method of arranging piano strings inside the case of a piano so that the strings are placed in a vertically overlapping slanted arrangement, with two heights of bridges on the soundboard instead of just one. This permits larger, but not necessarily longer, strings to fit within the case of the piano. The invention of cross-stringing in the 1820s is variously credited to Alpheus Babcock and Jean-Henri Pape. The first patented use in grand pianos in the United States was by Henry Steinway Jr. in 1859. In the late 19th century, cross-stringing gradually took the place of straight-stringing, in which all the strings are perpendicular to the keyboard and do not overlap.
The advantages of cross-stringing is that the case of the piano can be smaller, the bass strings can be longer and the placement of the bass strings is in the center of the piano case, where they receive more resonance than when placed at the side.
Cross-stringing is criticized by some as producing a "murky" sound. According to the pianist Gwendolyn Mok, "If you look inside your own piano, you will notice that the strings are all crossing each other. With the straight strung piano you get distinct registral differences--almost like listening to a choir where you have the bass, tenor, alto, and soprano voices. It is very clear and there is no blending or homogenizing of the sound."
Some Challen pianos made in the 1920s are "double overstrung", where the strings are at 3 different heights and cross over in 2 different locations.
References
Piano |
23578754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undowah%20River | Undowah River | The Undowah River, a perennial river of the Snowy River catchment, is located in the Monaro region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Undowah River rises on the southern slopes of Thoko Hill, near the locality of Bellevue, southwest of Bemboka. The river flows generally south by west, joined by one minor tributary before reaching its confluence with the Bombala River near the village of Bibbenluke, northeast of Bombala. The river descends over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
Rivers of New South Wales |
17340512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight%20%28Keller%20Williams%20video%29 | Sight (Keller Williams video) | Sight was a DVD released in 2005. The film is a recording of a two-day concert run by Keller Williams in November 2004 at Mr. Small's theater facility in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The video includes 100 minutes of concert footage, including covers of songs by The Grateful Dead (Ship of Fools), Ani DiFranco (Swing) and Harold Arlen/Ted Koehler (Stormy Weather).
Video Track Listings
Roshambo
People Watching
Juggler
Fuel for the Road
Freeker by the Speaker
Mental Brunette Instra
Ninja
Dear Emily
Above the Thunder
You Are What You Eat
Ship of Fools
Stormy Weather
Dogs
Not Tomorrow
Swing
Garage Night
Best Feeling
Smurd
Credits
Megan Agosto - Editing
Mark Berger - Package Design
Jeff Covert - Mixing
Randy Grosclaude - Lighting Designer
Larry Luther - Engineer
Sara Maher - Producer
Kevin Morris - Executive Producer
Joe Rice Technical - Director, Authoring
Keller Williams - Mixing
References
Keller Williams video albums
2005 video albums
2005 live albums
Live video albums |
23578756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumbilum%20River | Urumbilum River | Urumbilum River, a perennial stream of the Clarence River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands and Northern Rivers districts of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Urumbilum River rises on the eastern slopes of the Dorrigo Plateau, Great Dividing Range, east of Dorrigo in Bindarri National Park, and flows generally northeast and east, before reaching its confluence with the Orara River, northwest of Upper Orara. The river descends over its course; and flows through the Bindarri National Park in its upper reaches.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
References
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Tablelands
Northern Rivers |
17340515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Lapczyk | Henry Lapczyk | Henry William Lapczyk Vera (born 17 April 1978) is a retired Paraguayan footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He was most recently the head coach of Real Potosí.
Career
Lapczyk began playing professionally in his native Paraguay, most notably for Club Olimpia where his success led to a brief spell with the Paraguay national football team. He moved to Chile to join CD Huachipato, but returned to Paraguay shortly after. He spent the last seven years of his career in Bolivia with Club Real Potosí.
References
External links
Henry Lapczyk at Football-Lineups
1978 births
Living people
People from Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay
Paraguayan footballers
Paraguay international footballers
Club Olimpia footballers
Cerro Corá footballers
General Caballero Sport Club footballers
Sportivo Luqueño players
Chilean Primera División players
C.D. Huachipato footballers
Club Real Potosí players
Association football goalkeepers
Expatriate footballers in Chile
Expatriate footballers in Bolivia
Paraguayan people of Polish descent |
23578759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadbilliga%20River | Wadbilliga River | The Wadbilliga River is a perennial stream of the Tuross River catchment that is located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Wadbilliga River rises on the western slopes of Mount Wadbilliga, located within Wadbilliga National Park and part of the Kybeyan Range, within the Great Dividing Range. The river flows generally north, east northeast, east by south, and then northeast, before reaching its confluence with the Tuross River, east of the locale of Belowa. The river descends over its course.
See also
List of rivers of Australia
List of rivers in New South Wales (L-Z)
Rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
South Coast (New South Wales) |
17340550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s%20Head%20Mill | King's Head Mill | King's Mead Mill (also Battle Windmill or Caldbec Hill Mill) is a grade II listed smock mill at Battle, Sussex, England, which has been converted to residential accommodation.
History
King's Mead Mill was built in 1805, replacing a post mill. The mill was working until the First World War and in 1924 was stripped of its machinery and house converted. The work was done by Neve's, the Heathfield millwrights.
Description
King's Mead Mill is a four-storey smock mill on a single-storey brick base. It has a Kentish-style cap winded by a fantail. When working it had four shuttered sails carried on a cast-iron windshaft, driving three pairs of millstones. The current windshaft is a dummy, added when the mill was converted. The original windshaft is displayed at Polegate windmill.
Millers
William Neve 1805 - 1839
Porter 1839 - 1860
Henry Harmer
1911-1914 freeman
Jenner - WWI
References
External links
Windmill World Page on Battle Windmill.
Further reading
Online version
Smock mills in England
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Grade II listed buildings in East Sussex
Windmills completed in 1805
Windmills in East Sussex
Octagonal buildings in the United Kingdom
1805 establishments in England |
17340566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TouchStone%20Software | TouchStone Software | TouchStone Software Corporation, Inc., founded in 1982, is an American software developer for the personal computer (PC) industry, specializing in system update technology. It also owns and operates a network of Internet Web properties. Based in Marco Island, Florida, the company is a subsidiary of Phoenix Technologies.
The company’s portfolio of Internet properties serve as the main outlet to deliver its software products, such as RegistryWizard, DriverAgent and BIOS Agent.
Products
PC Works / Unihost / Macline - communications programs that allow computers to link with IBM PC's using modems
Checklt & WinChecklt - Diagnostic Kit
PC-cillin - Antivirus
e.support
e.checkit
Mergers and acquisitions
62nds
On May 9, 2007, the company acquired 62nds Solutions Ltd.
PCDrivers
In May 2007, it acquired PCDrivers.com, an original device driver resource website. The acquisition includes the PCDrivers.com domain name and PCDrivers.com's device driver library. On July 9, 2007, the company acquired DriversPlanet.com.
The acquisition includes the domain name and DriversPlanet.com's device driver library. DriversPlanet.com is a device driver resource website on the Internet.
Drivermagic and hijackpro
On June 6, 2007, the company acquired Doncaster (England) based companies: hijackpro and DriverMagic and their related assets from e2sms designer and entrepreneur Glenn Bluff.
References
External links
Software companies based in Massachusetts
Software companies of the United States |
17340630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Aero%20California%20destinations | List of Aero California destinations | This is a list of cities and airports in Mexico that Aero California was serving in July 2008. The airline was not serving any destinations in the U.S. at this time but had previously served Los Angeles, Phoenix, San Diego and Tucson.
Mexico
Baja California
Tijuana (General Abelardo L. Rodríguez International Airport) - focus city
Baja California Sur
La Paz (Manuel Márquez de León International Airport)
Chihuahua
Ciudad Juárez (Abraham González International Airport)
Chihuahua (Roberto Fierro Villalobos International Airport)
Coahuila
Torreón (Francisco Sarabia International Airport)
Colima
Colima (Lic. Miguel de la Madrid Airport)
Durango
Durango (General Guadalupe Victoria International Airport)
Mexican Federal District
Mexico City (Mexico City International Airport) - hub
Jalisco
Guadalajara (Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport) - focus city
Nayarit
Tepic (Amado Nervo National Airport)
Nuevo León
Monterrey (General Mariano Escobedo International Airport)
Puebla
Puebla (Hermanos Serdán International Airport)
Sinaloa
Culiacán (Federal de Bachigualato International Airport)
Los Mochis (Federal del Valle del Fuerte International Airport)
Mazatlán (General Rafael Buelna International Airport)
Sonora
Ciudad Obregón (Ciudad Obregón International Airport)
Hermosillo (General Ignacio Pesqueira Garcia International Airport)
Terminated destinations
Mexico - León (Del Bajío International Airport), Mérida (Manuel Crescencio Rejón International Airport), San Luis Potosí (Ponciano Arriaga International Airport), Veracruz (General Heriberto Jara International Airport), Villahermosa (Carlos Rovirosa Pérez International Airport)
USA - Los Angeles (Los Angeles International Airport), Phoenix, (Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport), San Diego (Lindbergh Field), Tucson (Tucson International Airport)
References
Aero California |
17340634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Luther%20Whitaker | Arthur Luther Whitaker | Arthur L. Whitaker (July 23, 1921 – October 16, 2007) was an American minister, professor, psychologist, sociologist, writer and World War II army veteran.
A Baptist minister, Whitaker was the first African-American to graduate from the Harvard Divinity School in (1952), as well as the first African-American to be appointed as an executive minister within the American Baptist Churches USA, a position he held from 1978 to 1983.
Early life and military service
Born and raised in Massachusetts, Whitaker was a National Honor Society graduate at Malden High School, where he also participated in marching band, student government and various sports including track and field, where he held the record for the 100m dash for over 50 years.
After his graduation, Whitaker was drafted into the United States Army on March 5, 1943. In the army he was the band leader and first trumpet for the Ninth Cavalry Army band. After serving for three years he was honorably discharged as a technical sergeant (January 12, 1946). He received four battle stars for tours in Tunisia, Naples, Foggia, Rhineland and Central Europe under General Patton. Along with these he was also awarded with the Good Conduct Medal, the Victory Medal and the European African Middle Eastern Theater Campaign Ribbon.
Ministry and beyond
Upon returning to the United States, Reverend Whitaker married Virginia A. Carter in 1948, and together they had four sons, Ronald, Paul, Mark and Keith.
After graduating from Harvard Divinity School where he earned his S.T.D. (doctorate in sacred theology), he went on to get his S.T.M. (masters in sacred theology) from Andover Newton Theological School (1954).
Following college, Whitaker moved his family to Rochester, NY where he served as a minister at the Mt. Olivet Baptist Church, and taught sociology at the University of Rochester. During the Reverend's time here while the nation was immersed in the Civil Rights Movement he wrote the thesis Anatomy of a Riot documenting the Rochester 1964 race riot, which was put into the National Congressional Record soon after it was written.
For a short time after, the Reverend and his family moved to St. Paul, MN where he was the minister at the Pilgrim Baptist Church founded by escaped slaves in 1863.
When this tour was over he moved his family back to Boston, MA. Here he started work for the American Baptist Churches of Massachusetts as an associate minister stationed at the Tremont Temple. In 1973 he received his doctorate degree from Andover Newton Theological and Missions College in Ministry and became certified as a licensed psychologist in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
The American Baptist Churches of New York called Whitaker back in 1978 to serve as the executive minister, which he did until 1983. He had the honor of being the first African-American to be appointed as executive minister within The American Baptist Churches of America. In 1984 the Reverend moved to Randolph, MA permanently where he began teaching and counseling at Harvard Divinity School. Retiring in 2001, at 80 years of age, he continued his psychology practice and served as an interim minister at various churches in the greater Boston area.
Throughout his lifetime as a minister and teacher he published many articles in magazines and newspapers. His name was entered in "Who's Who in The East, "Who's Who in America", "Who's Who Among Black Americans" and "Who's Who in Religion" throughout the 1960s and 1980s. He continued his ministry and counseling via hospitals and churches until his death in 2007.
See also
References
Randolph Herald - Obituary
Harvard Divinity School – Alumni/ae Relations
Biography at Weir Mac Cuish Family Funeral Home
"Who's Who in The East" 1962–1965, 1983 and 1984, 1986 and 1987
"Who's Who in America" 1962–1965, 1983 and 1984, 1986 and 1987
"Who's Who Among Black Americans"
"Who's Who in Religion"
External links
American Baptist Churches of Massachusetts
American Baptist Churches of New York
Andover Newton Theological and Missions College
The papers of Arthur Luther Whitaker are in the Andover-Harvard Theological Library at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
United States Army soldiers
Harvard Divinity School alumni
American religious leaders
United States Army personnel of World War II
1921 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American male writers |
17340648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20portal | Video portal | A video portal is a website offering user created or professionally created video content.
Online video
Online video is video content distributed by the Internet. Recently, several different studies have shown that, at least in the United States, online video reaches a majority of the population.
This is due in part to the penetration of broadband internet, and also to the emergence of highly successful video portals. These portals offer user created or professionally created content.
The majority of online videos are shorter than 5 minutes in duration, a length generally preferred by users who view such content on computers or portable equipment, like cellphones, MP3 players or video game consoles.
Some portals offer videos in the 320x240 pixel resolution, while others opt for a larger format, such as 480x360 pixels (for a typical display) and 640x360 (for a widescreen 16:9 display).
Many portals use Adobe Flash Player for their videos, the player which is becoming a de facto industry standard. Others use Windows Media Player, QuickTime, DivX Web Player or RealPlayer.
Devices like Apple TV or Netgear's Digital Entertainer, capable of transferring video files from the Internet to the television screen, will cause an increase in the length of the size of videos, both in definition and duration.
Most video portals generate their revenue through advertising. There are currently many advertising formats related to online video, such as preroll (commercials like those on television and played before the video) and branded channels.
External links
Comprehensive and up-to-date list of science video portals
Video Portal Example
See also
Video hosting service
Video hosting
de:Videoportal |
17340676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Carrassi | Ryan Carrassi | Ryan Carrassi (born August 1, 1971) is an Italian voice actor, score composer, film producer, screenwriter, song-writer, talent scout, writer and journalist. His credits as a screenwriter include Sunset Beach.
Career
Ryan Carrassi, (real name Nicola Carrassi), was born in Italy. His family moved to London in 1974. In 1987, at 14, he began his career as voice actor, in English language for Tv commercial, in Italian language for animation Tv Show.
In 1999 moved to Hollywood, California, and changed his name to the more American sounding Ryan Carrassi. He wrote storylines for the Aaron Spelling TV series Sunset Beach, and for award winning daytime shows like Days of Our Lives and Passions. In Hollywood, he worked as producer and consultant for television broadcasters and US content producers.
References
External links
1971 births
Italian film producers
Italian male voice actors
Italian screenwriters
Living people
Male television composers
Television composers
Italian voice directors
Italian male screenwriters |
17340684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Shadows%20%28Howard%20book%29 | Red Shadows (Howard book) | Red Shadows is a collection of Fantasy short stories and poems by Robert E. Howard. It was first published in 1968 by Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. in an edition of 896 copies. The stories and poems feature Howard's character, Solomon Kane. Many of the stories first appeared in the magazine Weird Tales.
Contents
"Skulls in the Stars"
"The Right Hand of Doom"
"Red Shadows"
"Rattle of Bones"
"The Castle of the Devil"
"The Moon of Skulls"
"The One Black Stain"
"Blades of the Brotherhood"
"The Hills of the Dead"
"Hawk of Basti"
"The Return of Sir Richard Grenville"
"Wings in the Night"
"The Footfalls Within"
"The Children of Asshur"
"Solomon Kane’s Homecoming"
Publication history
1968, US, Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. , Pub date 1968, Hardback, 896 copies
1971, US, Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. , Pub date 1971, Hardback, 741 copies
1978, US, Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. , Pub date 1978, Hardback, 1,350 copies, new cover and illustrations
References
External links
The Solomon Kane Chronology
Poetry Reading: The Savage Tales of Solomon Kane
1968 short story collections
Short story collections by Robert E. Howard
Donald M. Grant, Publisher books |
23578761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei%20Nangang%20Exhibition%20Center%20metro%20station | Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center metro station | Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center () is a metro station in Taipei, Taiwan served by Taipei Metro. It is a terminal station on both Wenhu line and Bannan line, and serves the Nangang, Neihu, and Xizhi districts.
Station overview
The station is a three-level, divided into an elevated and underground portion, each serving different lines. The elevated portion of the station serving the medium-capacity Wenhu line features an island platform and a platform elevator located on the west side of the concourse level. The station is long and wide, while the elevated platform is long. It is equipped with platform screen doors.
The station is a two-level, underground station high-capacity, and is also equipped with platform screen doors. It has an island platform and is long and meters wide. The station (serving the Blue Line eastern extension) passes through tunnels belonging to the Taiwan Railways Administration and Taiwan High Speed Rail before terminating at this station. The station is expected to serve as a transfer station for around 200,000 commuters per month. Preliminary inspections began on 9 January 2011, and the extension opened on 27 February 2011. The opening of the station is responsible for increasing the system's ridership by over 16,000 passengers per day.
Before Blue Line portion of the station was completed, the station already served as a transfer station via a free shuttle bus to Nangang Station. The shuttle bus service came to an end with the opening of Blue Line platform.
Public art
As one of the stations chosen for public art projects on the Neihu Line, the station design and artwork reflect the development of the adjacent business park. The design theme of the station is "Light and Shadow". The roof of the platform utilizes a large-span truss space and the sides of the platform use ripples to reflect sunlight. Public art consists of three pieces: "Fleeting Light", "Flying Shadow", and "River in the Sky". "Fleeting Light" uses images of flowing water to decorate the entrance columns, "Flying Shadow" is located outside the curtain wall, and "River in the Sky" (above the Neihu Line platform) shows the flickers of flowing water.
The Nangang Line concourse features a piece called "Our Personal Public Art" featuring LCD screen displaying images of chronicling the development of human civilization. In the underground passageway, another piece titled "Fast and Slow" has anodized aluminum panels and light panels controlled by motion sensors. The Wenhu line has lights.
History
The station was initially named Nangang Business Park South, but later changed to its current name.
Construction of the Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center station begins on 16 June 2003; and completed on 28 February 2009 for the Neihu Line, before opening on 4 July 2009.
Taipei Mayor Hau Lung-pin made a special inspection visit to the station to assess construction of the Bannan Line extension on 3 December 2010. Heat, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems had been completed, along with tunneling and trackwork. Stability testing of the electrical and mechanical systems were still ongoing.
The station passed preliminary inspections on 9 January 2011 before opening on 27 February 2011. The second and third phase inspections occurred in the following weeks. Although the extension opened at 2 PM, by 6 PM over 1.1 million people had used the entire system, a 229,000 passenger increase from the same period the previous week.
Station layout
Around the station
Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center
Lingnan Fine Arts Museum
References
Wenhu line stations
Bannan line stations
Railway stations opened in 2009 |
23578767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walcrow%20River | Walcrow River | Walcrow River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands and Mid North Coast districts of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Walcrow River rises within the Tia Range on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, below Mount Carrington, south southeast of Walcha and flows generally southeast by south, before reaching its confluence with the Cooplacurripa River, north of Giro, northwest of Taree. The river descends over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers in New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Tablelands
Mid North Coast
Mid-Coast Council |
17340699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27nai%20Israel%20Synagogue%20%28Baltimore%29 | B'nai Israel Synagogue (Baltimore) | B'nai Israel is a Modern Orthodox synagogue located in the historic Jonestown neighborhood, near downtown and the Inner Harbor of Baltimore. The synagogue is one of the oldest synagogue buildings still standing in the United States.
Architecture
The synagogue is noted for its Moorish Revival architecture. The Aron Kodesh is an architectural fantasy in carved wood, with the cabinet in which the Torah scrolls are stored, surrounded by a pair of tall minarets.
Leadership
Rabbi Etan Mintz is the spiritual leader of B'nai Israel Synagogue.
History
A group of members of Baltimore Hebrew Congregation believed that the congregation had become too liberal and modernistic. In 1873 they formed a new congregation, Chizuk Amuno.
Members of a Russian speaking congregation made of immigrants from the pale of settlement broke off from a Polish speaking congregation. The "Ruschie Shul" would practice wherever they could: people's houses, the upper levels of grocery stores. In the years between 1880 and 1910, hundreds of thousands of Jews came from the Pale of Settlement, and the longstanding German Jews moved to North West Baltimore.
The building itself was built by Chizuk Amuno Congregation in 1876. Chizuk Amuno Congregation sold the building to B'nai Israel for $12,000 in 1895 when it moved to Northwest Baltimore.
In 1973, the congregation began raising funds for the restoration of the synagogue.
B'nai Israel donated land to the City of Baltimore to build a park near the synagogue in 1975. Named Freedom Park, the park honors victims of oppression.
References
External links
1873 establishments in Maryland
Jonestown, Baltimore
Modern Orthodox Judaism in Maryland
Modern Orthodox synagogues in the United States
Moorish Revival architecture in Maryland
Moorish Revival synagogues
Orthodox Judaism in Baltimore
Orthodox synagogues in Maryland
Lithuanian-American culture in Baltimore
Lithuanian-Jewish culture in Maryland
Polish-Jewish culture in Baltimore
Synagogues completed in 1845
Religious organizations established in 1873
Russian-Jewish culture in Baltimore
Synagogues in Baltimore
Synagogues preserved as museums
Ukrainian-Jewish culture in Baltimore
Baltimore City Landmarks |
6907589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh%2C%20My%20Nola | Oh, My Nola | Oh, My NOLA is an album from Harry Connick Jr. with his big band. The album was released in 2007, and contains well-known songs associated with New Orleans, as well as 4 new songs composed by Connick, who sings and plays the piano, conducts, arranges and orchestrates the album.
A portion of the royalties of Oh, My NOLA will be donated to Musicians' Village in New Orleans. He was honored with a "Strength and Spirit Award" from Redbook magazine in October 2006, for contributing proceeds from various music sales, and for his work on the Musicians' Village.
The album was released at the same day as his big band instrumental album Chanson du Vieux Carre.
The album debuted at #1 on the Billboard Top Jazz Albums, and at #11 on the Billboard 200, with 44,000 copies sold.
A concert tour, the My New Orleans Tour, started on February 23, 2007 in North America, went on to Europe, and continued to Asia and Australia in 2008.
Track listing
"Working In The Coal Mine" (Allen Toussaint) – 3:36
"Won't You Come Home, Bill Bailey?" (Hughie Cannon) – 3:56
"Something You Got" (Chris Kenner) – 3:24
"Let Them Talk" (Sonny Thompson) – 5:01
"Jambalaya (On the Bayou)" (Hank Williams) – 3:40
"Careless Love" (Martin Kaelin, Mac Rebennack) – 4:13
"All These People" (Harry Connick Jr.) – 4:12 – featuring Kim Burrell
"Yes We Can Can" (Allen Toussaint) – 4:32
"Someday" (Dave Bartholomew, Pearl King) – 2:38
"Oh, My NOLA" (Connick) – 3:58
"Elijah Rock" (traditional) – 4:43
"Sheik Of Araby" (Harry Smith, Francis Wheeler, Ted Snyder) – 4:57
"Lazy Bones" (Hoagy Carmichael, Johnny Mercer) – 3:47
"We Make A Lot Of Love" (Connick) – 3:31
"Hello Dolly" (Jerry Herman) – 4:25
"Do Dat Thing" (Connick) – 5:33
Bonus tracks
Borders: "Just Come Home"
Wal-Mart: "Take Her To The Mardi Gras" (Connick)
Japan release: "Just Come Home", "Take Her To The Mardi Gras"
Charts
Credits
Musicians
Vocals: Harry Connick Jr., Kim Burrell
Piano: Harry Connick Jr., Jonathan Batiste
Organ: Harry Connick Jr.
Keyboards: Kim Burrell, Jonathan Batiste, Harry Connick Jr.
Background Vocals: Jonathan Batiste, Bill Huntington, Evan Vidar, Jonathan DuBose Jr., The Honolulu Heartbreakers
Trombone: Craig Klein, John Allred, Lucien Barbarin, Troy Andrews, Mark Mullins
Bass Trombone: Joe Barati
Trumpet: Roger Ingram, Derrick Gardner, Joe Magnarelli, Leonard Brown, Mark Braud, Wynton Marsalis
Tuba: John Allred
Bass: Neal Caine
Guitar: Jonathan DuBose Jr., Evan Vidar
Alto saxophone: Charles Goold, James Greene
Baritone saxophone: David Schumacher
Tenor saxophone: Jerry Weldon, Mike Karn, Geoff Burke
Banjo: Bill Huntington
Flugelhorn: Joe Magnarelli, Roger Ingram
Drums: Arthur Latin II
Percussion: Arthur Latin II
Other
Arranger: Harry Connick Jr.
Conductor: Harry Connick Jr., John David Miller
Orchestration: Harry Connick Jr.
Soloist: Charles Goold, Jerry Weldon, Lucien Barbarin, Mark Braud
Coordination: Maria S. Betro
Music Preparation: Geoff Burke
Copyist: Geoff Burke
Engineer: Vincent Caro
Mixing: Vincent Caro
Producer: Tracey Freeman
Assistant Engineer: Hyomin Kang, Rick Kwan
Art Direction: Arnold Levine
Design: Arnold Levine
Mastering: Vlado Meller
Digital Editing: Alex Venguer, Anthony Ruotolo, Bryant Pugh
Art Producer: Mary Ellen Stefanides
Executive Producer: Ann Marie Wilkins
Cover Photo: Palma Kolansky
References
External links
Audio samples at Harry Connick Jr.'s official Sony website.
2007 albums
Columbia Records albums
Harry Connick Jr. albums |
6907591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFGI | WFGI | WFGI may refer to:
WFGI-FM, a radio station (95.5 FM) licensed to Johnstown, Pennsylvania, United States
WFGI (AM), a radio station (940 AM) licensed to Charleroi, Pennsylvania, United States |
23578769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallagaraugh%20River | Wallagaraugh River | The Wallagaraugh River is a perennial river of the Genoa River catchment, with its headwaters located in the South Coast region of New South Wales and its lower reaches located in the East Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia.
Course and features
The Wallagaraugh River rises below Mount Poole, approximately northeast of Nungatta, in New South Wales. The river flows generally south, then east, and then south, crossing the Black-Allan Line that forms part of the border between Victoria and New South Wales, joined by eight minor tributaries and flowing through Nadgee Nature Reserve, before reaching its confluence with the Genoa River at Coleman Inlet, east of Genoa in Victoria. The river descends over its course.
North of the Black-Allan Line and within Nadgee State Forest, the Princes Highway crosses the river.
See also
Croajingolong National Park
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
South Coast (New South Wales)
Rivers of Victoria (Australia)
East Gippsland catchment
Rivers of Gippsland (region) |
6907593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFGI-FM | WFGI-FM | WFGI-FM (95.5 FM, "Froggy 95.5") is a Froggy branded country music formatted radio station in Pennsylvania serving the Johnstown area. The station is owned and operated by Forever Media Inc.
History
The station began at 96.5 (now WKYE) as WJNL-FM in 1973 as the sister station to WJNL. They played easy to listen to music and had news updates hourly. It was known as this until it was purchased in 1996 by Clear Channel Communications. Then it became "96.5 the Mountain" with the callsign WMTZ and began playing country music. In 2005, Clear Channel decided to leave the Johnstown market and sold its station properties to Altoona-based Forever Broadcasting. Forever wanted to expand its Froggyland into the Pittsburgh area and the 96.5 signal was not able to do so. The 95.5 signal was able to with no problem, so in February 2005 the station became Froggy 95 (as it is still today).
Signal abilities
WFGI-FM has a very strong signal that can be heard as far west as western suburbs of Pittsburgh and even eastern Ohio and as far east as Mifflin County, where it starts conflicting with WMRF on 95.7 FM from Lewistown. In recent years however the coverage area has faded, due to short space same and adjacent stations (e.g. WZWW on 95.3 FM from Bellefonte) and also weather conditions having effect on coverage presumably from flora.
Multipath issues
WFGI-FM has always suffered from signal degradation in the city of license, primarily because of the excessive height above the city as well as multipath caused by the local terrain of the Allegheny plateau. There are multiple areas in Johnstown that cause that station to have multipath.
Weekday Programming
5 a.m. to 10 a.m. - The Morning Splash with Boss Frog
10 a.m. to 3 p.m. - Russell Croak
3 p.m. to 7 p.m. - Gator
7p.m. to 12 a.m. - The Lia Show (referred to as Hoppin Lia)
Saturday Programming
7 a.m. to 12 a.m. - The Lia Show (referred to as Hoppin Lia)
Sunday Programming
8 a.m. to 12 p.m. - Bob Kingsley's Country Top 40 with Fitz
8 p.m. to 10 p.m. - The Road with Steve Stuart
External links
FGY
Radio stations established in 1971 |
Subsets and Splits
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