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6901601	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna%20Beach%20Fire%20Department	Laguna Beach Fire Department	The Laguna Beach Fire Department is the agency that provides fire protection and emergency medical services for Laguna Beach, California. Stations & Apparatus References Fire departments in California Laguna Beach, California Emergency services in Orange County, California
23573536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C5%99%C3%ADn	Hořín	Hořín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants. The village of Hořín is protected by a flood wall, due to a high amount of flooded buildings in European floods in 2002. Administrative parts Villages of Brozánky, Vrbno and Zelčín are administrative parts of Hořín. Sights There is the burial vault of the Lobkowicz family. Notable people Jan August Vitásek (1770–1839), composer References Villages in Mělník District
6901630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony%20Kill%20Falls	Stony Kill Falls	Stony Kill Falls is the site of one of many access points to the Delaware Aqueduct. It is located in the town of Wawarsing, on the northwestern edge of the Minnewaska Preserve on land acquired in 2001 by the State of New York, The Open Space Institute and the New York-New Jersey Trail Conference from Napanoch Sand and Gravel Company that once owned the land. Long a little known back entrance into the Minnewaska Preserve, utilized by curiosity seekers and more experienced mountaineers, as a more convenient access point to Stony Kill Falls. The area only provides access to Stony Kill Falls, no other trails are allowed to be accessed from this area. Parking is limited, no parking is permitted on town roads please respect the neighbors and stay off private property. Hiking guide From the parking area walk East along a gravel woods road into an open clearing. On the left and right views begin to open. Steep cliffs are visible on the left and right as you continue further along the path. The higher section of the clearing features the fenced in shaft, a deep water valve, running hundreds of feet below the earth to the Delaware Aqueduct, one of the major sources of water for New York City. On the right is an aging helipad, possible utilized as a quick access point for repairs to the Aqueduct. Continuing along the woods road the path dips down into an expansive gravel pit. Care is needed in this area as the shale is loose and sure footing is not guaranteed. Cast iron bars and solid chunks of limestone, shale, and granite litter the area. There are steep embankments all along the left side of the gravel pit. Closer inspection of the gaps in the embankment find a view nearly 60 feet down to the bed of the Stony Kill Creek. Use caution as the embankment becomes very thin and should not be walked upon, especially in wet weather as it is slowly falling into the Stony Kill and the gravel pit. Technical information Stony Kill Falls is 87 feet high and one of the highest in the Minnewaska Preserve. Leaving the base of the falls and returning to the main trail the path ascends the side of the valley slowly gaining elevation. As it nears the top there is a 30-foot cascade near the side of the trail. Linking up with the Stony Kill Carriage Way at 1550 feet, the trail angles due west to the top of Stony Kill Falls. Views are expansive from the top of the falls, looking East, one can view the Stony Creek and Rondout Valleys. On a clear day there are views as far as Sullivan County. Other information to consider: Use caution when exploring this area. Ice on the falls, especially the top is common throughout the fall, winter, and into late spring. There are no facilities here including bathrooms and trash service. Please carry out what you carry in, practice leave no trace ethics, and bring out any trash that you find. Be very careful parking and turning around on this road as it is very narrow with a steep decline on the left side. Waterfalls of New York (state) Landforms of Ulster County, New York Plunge waterfalls
23573537	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila%20Cockrel	Sheila Cockrel	Sheila M. Cockrel née Sheila Murphy (born November 3, 1947) is an American politician and consultant. She was a member of the Detroit City Council from 1994 to 2009. The widow of Kenneth Cockrel, Sr. and stepmother of Kenneth Cockrel, Jr., she "had [a] fractious relationship with" Monica Conyers, whose resignation she called "an appropriate decision". When Dave Bing proposed a water rate hike, she was among those who voted in favor. 2009 activities In 2009, Cockrel joined the adjunct faculty of Wayne State University's Irvin D. Reid Honors College. She taught two seminars and joined the Board of Visitors. She became the founder, CEO and president of Crossroads Consulting Group, a firm that assists companies in helping local governments. Testimony In 2008, Cockrel testified to a grand jury regarding John Clark, former chief-of-staff to Kenneth Cockrel, Jr., allegedly taking bribes from Synagro Technologies, which won a $47-million sludge disposal contract with the city. She was one of five members of the council who voted in favor of this deal despite protests from residents. Education Cockrel has a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy and a Master of Arts in urban planning from Wayne State University. Personal life Cockrel is a Detroit native whose parents, Louis and Justine Murphy, founded the Catholic Worker Movement there. They oversaw the operations of the St. Martha House of Hospitality, a home for men and a soup kitchen for the needy. She married Ken, Sr. in 1978 and they had a daughter, Katherine, in 1985. In 1988, Ken died. Archival collection Some of Cockrel and her husband's work is preserved in the Ken and Sheila Cockrel Papers, at the Walter P. Reuther Library in Detroit. References Detroit City Council members Living people 1947 births Women city councillors in Michigan Wayne State University alumni 21st-century American women
6901638	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why%20I%20Want%20to%20Fuck%20Ronald%20Reagan	Why I Want to Fuck Ronald Reagan	Why I Want to Fuck Ronald Reagan is a short work by English author J. G. Ballard, first published as a pamphlet by the Unicorn Bookshop, Brighton, in 1968. It was later collected in The Atrocity Exhibition. It is written in the style of a scientific paper and catalogues an apocryphal series of bizarre experiments intended to measure the psychosexual appeal of Ronald Reagan, who was then the Governor of California and candidate for the 1968 Republican presidential nomination. History Ballard himself was inspired by the then-new phenomenon of "media politicians" and in his preface to the 1990 edition of The Atrocity Exhibition, explained: A bookseller who sold the pamphlet was charged with obscenity. In 1970, the pamphlet was added as an appendix to Doubleday's first American edition of The Atrocity Exhibition, which was destroyed prior to release. At the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit, a copy furnished with the seal of the Republican Party was distributed by ex-Situationists to the convention delegates. According to Ballard, it was accepted for what it resembled: a psychological position paper on the candidate's subliminal appeal, commissioned by a think tank. Quotes Patients were provided with assembly kit photographs of sexual partners during intercourse. In each case Reagan's face was super imposed upon the original partner. Vaginal intercourse with "Reagan" proved uniformly disappointing, producing orgasm in 2% of subjects. "Faces were seen as either circumcised (JFK, Khrushchev) or uncircumcised (LBJ, Adenauer). In assembly-kit tests Reagan's face was uniformly perceived as a penile erection. Patients were encouraged to devise the optimum sex-death of Ronald Reagan." See also Crash, a Ballard novel which focuses on similar themes Ronald Reagan in music References 1968 short stories Pamphlets Political books Psychology books Books about Ronald Reagan Short stories by J. G. Ballard Cultural depictions of Ronald Reagan
6901659	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Min%20National%20Type%20Secondary%20School	San Min National Type Secondary School	Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan San Min (Chinese: 三民国民型中学，abbreviated as SMJK San Min or SMSM), which literally translates to San Min National Type Secondary School (or simply San Min Secondary School), is located in Teluk Intan in Perak, Malaysia. It was first established in 1929 and has since survived the many changes and hardships, including the Japanese Occupation, and attained many achievements. It was then classified as a National Type Secondary School after the enforcement of the Malaysian Education Act 1957. It was first located beside Jalan Woo Saik Hong in the town area. In 1998, after receiving a plot of land from a generous Indian donor, the school had then moved to its current location beside Jalan Merbok (formerly Jalan Brewster) off Jalan Sultan Abdullah. The name The Name of the school is believed to have originated from Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People (Chinese:三民主义). The Three Principles of the People can also be found in part of the school anthem, "兴民族兮，树民权兮，兴民生责任" (Literal translation: Live nationalism, build democracy, and live social responsibility). History Being the only National Type Secondary School in Hilir Perak, the school one of the hundred-odd secondary schools in Malaysia which enlist Chinese and Chinese Literature subject in their standard timetable. Prior to moving to the current location, the school compound was small and was in a deplorable condition. It was only able to provide secondary education up to PMR level. After moving to the current location, it started SPM classes and the school is now one of the biggest school in Teluk Intan with about 2,000 students. External links SMJK San Min School Portal Schools in Perak
23573542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%C3%ADn	Hostín	Hostín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. References Villages in Mělník District
6901665	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainwashed	Brainwashed	Brainwashed may refer to: Brainwashing, to affect a person's mind by using extreme mental pressure or any other mind-affecting process Music Albums Brainwashed (George Harrison album), 2002, or the title song Brainwashed (While She Sleeps album), 2015, or the title song Songs "Brainwashed", a song by The Kinks from their 1969 concept album Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire) "Brainwash", a song by Rick Danko from his 1977 eponymous debut album, Rick Danko "Brainwashed", a song by Iced Earth from their 1995 album Burnt Offerings "Brainwash", a song by Simon Curtis from his 2010 debut album 8Bit Heart "Brainwashed" (Devlin song), from the 2011 album Bud, Sweat and Beers "Brainwashed" (Tom MacDonald song), a song by Tom MacDonald Other Brainwashed (film), originally titled Die Schachnovelle, a chess movie based on Stefan Zweig's novella The Royal Game Brainwashed (website), a non-profit online music publication that specializes in the review of and news relating to eclectic music Brainwashed is a 4th season story arc of Pinky and the Brain Brainwash, a novel by British author John Wainwright, upon which the movies Garde à Vue and Under Suspicion are based
23573544	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%C3%ADn%20u%20Vojkovic	Hostín u Vojkovic	Hostín u Vojkovic is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. References Villages in Mělník District
6901687	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivin%27%20%28Pearl%20Harbor%20and%20the%20Explosions%20song%29	Drivin' (Pearl Harbor and the Explosions song)	"Drivin'" was a moderately successful hit single for San Francisco band Pearl Harbor and the Explosions. It first was released on 415 Records, November 21, 1979. Shortly after, it was re-recorded for the band's self-titled debut LP on Warner Bros, and that version was also released as a single. After hearing the 415 single, the band Jane Aire and the Belvederes recorded a cover version of "Drivin'", which was released almost at the same time as Pearl Harbor's own WB version. Track listing 7" (415 Version) "Drivin'" "Release It" 7" (Warner Bros. Version) "Drivin'" "The Big One" References 1980 singles 1979 songs Song recordings produced by David Kahne Warner Records singles
23573546	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlum%C3%ADn	Chlumín	Chlumín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants. Gallery References Villages in Mělník District
23573549	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choru%C5%A1ice	Chorušice	Chorušice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants. Administrative parts Villages of Choroušky, Velký Újezd and Zahájí are administrative parts of Chorušice. References Villages in Mělník District
20469513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20films%20shot%20in%20Oregon	List of films shot in Oregon	Throughout film history, the U.S. state of Oregon has been a popular shooting location for filmmakers due to its wide range of landscapes, as well as its proximity to California, specifically Hollywood. The first documented commercial film made in Oregon was a short silent film titled The Fisherman's Bride, shot in Astoria by the Selig Polyscope Company, and released in 1909. Another documentary short, Fast Mail, Northern Pacific Railroad, was shot in Portland in 1897. Since then, numerous major motion pictures have been shot in the state, including F.W. Murnau's City Girl (1930), One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Animal House (1978), Stand by Me (1986), Free Willy (1993), and Wild (2014). Portland—Oregon's largest city—has been a major shooting location for filmmakers, and has been featured prominently in the films of Gus Van Sant, namely Mala Noche (1985), Drugstore Cowboy (1989), My Own Private Idaho (1991), and Elephant (2003). This list of films shot is organized first by region, and then chronologically by year. Some films may appear more than once if they were shot in more than one region. Northeast Southeast Southwest Northwest Central Coastal Other According to a list provided by the Oregon Film Council, the following films were shot in Oregon; however, specific locations and cities were not documented. Notes References External links Oregon Film, a catalogue of films shot in Oregon by the Oregon Governor's Office of Film & Television The Oregon Film Museum, an online database of films shot in Oregon Oregon Films Films
23573550	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clap%20Hands%21%20Here%20Comes%20Rosie%21	Clap Hands! Here Comes Rosie!	Clap Hands! Here Comes Rosie! is a 1960 studio album by Rosemary Clooney, arranged by Bob Thompson and released by RCA Victor. The album earned Clooney a 1961 Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Vocal Performance (Album), but she lost to Ella Fitzgerald for Ella in Berlin: Mack the Knife. Track listing "Clap Hands! Here Comes Rosie!"/"Everything's Coming up Rosie" (Ballard MacDonald, Joseph Meyer, Billy Rose)/(Stephen Sondheim, Jule Styne) – 2:20 "Give Me the Simple Life" (Rube Bloom, Harry Ruby) – 2:33 "Bye Bye Blackbird" (Mort Dixon, Ray Henderson) – 2:43 "Aren't You Glad You're You?" (Johnny Burke, Jimmy Van Heusen) – 2:17 "You Got" (Bernard) – 2:44 "Too Marvelous for Words" (Johnny Mercer, Richard Whiting) – 2:10 "Something's Gotta Give" (Mercer) – 2:20 "Hooray for Love" (Harold Arlen, Leo Robin) – 2:26 "Mean to Me" (Fred E. Ahlert, Roy Turk) – 3:36 "Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Richard Rodgers) – 2:14 "It Could Happen to You" (Burke, Van Heusen) – 2:30 "Makin' Whoopee" (Walter Donaldson, Gus Kahn) – 3:16 Personnel Performance Rosemary Clooney – vocal Bob Thompson – arranger, conductor References 1960 albums Rosemary Clooney albums Albums arranged by Bob Thompson (musician) RCA Victor albums Albums conducted by Bob Thompson (musician)
6901696	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20McKelvey	Joe McKelvey	Joseph McKelvey (17 June 1898 – 8 December 1922) was an Irish Republican Army officer who was executed during the Irish Civil War. He participated in the anti-Treaty IRA's repudiation of the authority of the Dáil (civil government of the Irish Republic declared in 1919) in March 1922 and was elected to the IRA Army Executive. In April 1922 he helped command the occupation of the Four Courts in defiance of the new Irish Free State. This action helped to spark the civil war, between pro- and anti-Treaty factions. McKelvey was among the most hardline of the anti-Treaty republicans and briefly, in June 1922, became IRA Chief of Staff. Background McKelvey was born in Stewartstown, County Tyrone, the only son of Patrick McKelvey, a Royal Irish Constabulary constable who later became a sergeant, and Rose O’Neill, a post office employee. During World War I, McKelvey Snr enlisted in the special reserve of the British Army and, in 1917, was posted to the Northumberland Fusiliers. He died in 1919 in Belfast, due to a perforation of his stomach, at the age of 57. Joe McKelvey had a keen interest in the Gaelic Athletic Association and the Irish language. He studied as an accountant and gained some of the qualifications necessary for this profession, but never fully qualified. He worked for a time at the Income Tax Office on Queen's Square in Belfast and later found work in the city's engineering industry with Mackies on the Springfield road. He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Irish Volunteers, which during 1919 became known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA). He was a founder member of the O'Donovan Rossa Club, Belfast – established in 1916 on the Falls Road. Each year the club honour him with a juvenile hurling blitz, an invitational competition which is participated in by clubs throughout Ireland. War of Independence McKelvey participated in the Irish War of Independence 1919–1921 against the British, in which he commanded the IRA's Belfast Brigade. In April 1920, he and other Volunteers burned the tax office in Belfast Customs House and two other Income Tax Offices. In July 1920, during a wave of violence in the wake of the IRA assassination of a northern police inspector (Gerard Smyth) in Cork, McKelvey was expelled from his job by loyalist intimidation. Roughly 7,000 other Catholics and left-wing Protestant political activists also lost their jobs in this manner at the time. Many of these unemployed Catholics were later recruited into the IRA. McKelvey later wrote to the IRA leadership that 75% of his volunteers were unemployed. On 22 August 1920, McKelvey helped to organise the killing of RIC Detective Oswald Swanzy in Lisburn. The killing itself was carried out by IRA men from Cork, but McKelvey arranged a taxi to carry the assassins to and from the scene and disposed of their weapons. In reprisal for this shooting, 300 Catholic homes in Lisburn were burned out. McKelvey was forced to lie low in Dublin for some time after these events. In March 1921, the IRA was re-organised by GHQ into divisions, and McKelvey was appointed commander of the Third Northern Division, responsible for Belfast and the surrounding area. McKelveys three brigades covered Belfast, County Antrim and north County Down. He was criticized by some of the younger, more radical Volunteers in the IRA Belfast Brigade (led by Roger McCorley), for being reluctant to sanction the killing of police and British Army personnel in Belfast. McKelvey feared (and was proved correct) that such actions would provoke retaliatory attacks on the Catholic and Irish nationalist community by loyalists. Nevertheless, he was unable to control some of his younger volunteers, who formed an "active service unit" on their own initiative and killed policemen and soldiers on a regular basis. When such attacks occurred, loyalists, generally supported by the Ulster Special Constabulary, attacked Catholic areas in reprisal. The IRA was then forced to try to defend Catholic areas, and McKelvey feared that the organisation was being drawn into sectarian conflict as opposed to what he saw as the "real" struggle for Irish independence. In May 1921, McKelvey's command suffered a severe setback when fifty of his best men were sent to County Cavan to train and link up with the IRA units there, only to be surrounded and captured by the British Army on Lappanduff hill on 9 May. In most of Ireland, hostilities were ended with a truce declared on 11 July 1921. However, in the north and particularly in Belfast, violence intensified over the following year. McKelvey wrote to GHQ at this time that his command was very short of both arms and money. In March 1922, many of his papers, detailing the names and units of the roughly 1,000 IRA members in Belfast, were captured by the B-Specials in a raid on St Mary's Hall in Belfast. Civil War McKelvey was alone among the leadership of the Belfast IRA in going against the acceptance of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Most of his comrades supported Michael Collins' assurances that, although the Treaty accepted the partition of Northern Ireland from the rest of the country, this was only a temporary concession which would be dealt with later. McKelvey did not accept this. As a result, he left his command as head of the IRA Third Northern Division and joined the Anti-Treaty IRA in Dublin. McKelvey was replaced by Seamus Woods as O/C of the Third Northern Division. Seamus Woods would go on to senior positions within the Free State Army (Assistant Chief of Staff). McKelvey participated in the Anti-Treaty IRA's repudiation of the authority of the Dáil (civil government of the Irish Republic declared in 1919) in March 1922 and was elected as the IRA Army Chief of Staff of the Executive. In April 1922 he helped command the occupation of the Four Courts in defiance of the new Irish Free State. This action helped to spark the Irish Civil War, between pro and anti Treaty factions. McKelvey was among the most hardline of the anti-Treaty republicans and briefly, in June 1922, became IRA Chief of Staff, replacing Liam Lynch. On 28 June 1922, the new Irish Free State government shelled the Four Courts to assert its authority over the militants defending it. The Republicans in the Four Courts surrendered after two days of fighting and McKelvey was captured. He was held for the following five months in Mountjoy Prison in Dublin. Execution On 8 December 1922, Joe McKelvey was executed by firing squad along with three other Anti-Treaty militants, Rory O'Connor, Liam Mellows and Richard Barrett. The executions had been ordered in reprisal for the Anti-Treaty IRA's murder of Sean Hales, a Pro-Treaty member of the Third Dáil.McKelvey was a well respected Irish Republican leader and many Pro-Treaty Officers and men took his execution very badly. On the morning of his execution, he wrote this letter to Mrs Florrie Sullivan (née O'Meara) of Lower Mount Street' Dublin: Letter written by McKelvey to Mrs Sullivan, 8 December 1922. See also Executions during the Irish Civil War, References External links Irish Independent, 17 February 2002, The truth behind the murder of Sean Hales. 1898 births 1922 deaths People from County Tyrone Irish republicans Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members People of the Irish Civil War (Anti-Treaty side) People executed by Ireland by firing squad Executed Irish people People executed by the Irish Free State
23573553	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chvat%C4%9Bruby	Chvatěruby	Chvatěruby is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants. References Villages in Mělník District
20469522	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%20Day%20Leavitt	Hart Day Leavitt	Hart Day Leavitt (1909–2008) was a longtime English teacher at Phillips Andover Academy, amateur jazz musician, the author of a bestselling book on grammar and writing, and the professor of many notable Andover graduates, including Jack Lemmon, H. G. Bissinger and President George H. W. Bush. A native of Concord, New Hampshire, where his father, Congregational minister Ashley Day Leavitt, was pastor of a church, Leavitt was born December 29, 1909. Ironically, he attended Andover's archrival, nearby Phillips Exeter Academy, and subsequently graduated from Yale University, his father's alma mater, in 1934. Following his Yale graduation, Leavitt studied at the Bread Loaf school at Middlebury College. Soon afterwards, Leavitt took a $22-a-week job as a cub reporter on a New Hampshire newspaper. During his time as a reporter, the mother of Leavitt's fiancée suggested that he read And Gladly Teach, a book by Perry Bliss, brother of Phillips Exeter's principal. The book so captivated Leavitt that he immediately presented himself at the office of the Exeter principal, where he asked for a job. But with no graduate degrees, he was rejected. Leavitt next turned to the competition: Phillips Andover in Andover, Massachusetts, where headmaster Claude M. Fuess was intrigued by the thought of hiring a graduate of his archrival. "I was a bit disappointed not to go back to my old school," Leavitt said years later, "but not for long." Leavitt joined the Massachusetts preparatory school's English department, where he taught for nearly 40 years. During his time at Andover, Leavitt authored three books about creative writing, including Stop, Look, and Write, which became a bestseller with over a million copies in print. He also indulged his first love, jazz, by playing sax and clarinet in several jazz ensembles. At age 14 Leavitt received a saxophone from his father, and he played through Exeter and Yale, and at one time considered a career as a musician. "At one point," the teacher recalled, "I thought I'd make jazz my profession." But when Leavitt joined the Andover faculty, jazz was somewhat outré. "Back in the 1940s the school was run by old conservatives, most of whom thought jazz was evil music", Leavitt later told musician and Andover graduate Thomas Chapin, recalling an invitation by some of his students to play with their band. "So I decided to go in and ask the headmaster who hired me if it would be all right to perform with the boys and their band. The boss looked at me disapprovingly. 'Well, Hart if you want to do that kind of thing!''' So I had to refuse." In his faculty role on the Andover campus, Leavitt wore several hats, including five years coaching the varsity hockey team (1945–50). The team normally played on Rabbit Pond as an ice hockey rink had not yet been built. Following his stint as a coach, Leavitt switched gears, and embracing his love of carpentry and theater, headed up the stage crew at the old George Washington Hall theater. In his one on-stage performance, the English teacher appeared as one of the gangsters in Kiss Me, Kate, crooning "Brush Up Your Shakespeare" in a thick gangster accent. Leavitt often joked with colleagues about his education at rival Exeter. A handful of other Andover faculty were also Exeter graduates, and the group referred to themselves as "the red cell" among the blue. (Exeter's school colors are maroon and white; Andover's blue and white.) "For this teenager it all began," said Andover alum and fellow teacher of English Thomas Regan, "with the mystery of how an Exonian could develop such lifelong loyalty to Andover." Former President George H. W. Bush told Time magazine in an interview that he recalled writing several book reviews for Leavitt's English class, including one for Moby Dick. Bush received a grade of 67 in the class. (A grade of 60 was a failing grade). About his former student Leavitt was circumspect, recalling that "his grades in my course were not very good. He was in my eleventh-grade English class, but my remaining impression is that he just sat in the class and handed in his papers." Leavitt recalled having "very little respect for George's mentality." But, Leavitt allowed, "I have to go back and say that when he was in my class maybe he was an underdeveloped young man like a lot of them." "He showed no imagination or originality", Leavitt told Time, although he added that Bush was pleasant and had good manners. Leavitt also taught George's brother, Prescott Bush Jr., and noted that the Bush brothers' Senator father was too self-possessed to engage in small talk. Nearing the end of his Andover career, a former student recalled Leavitt as "on the verge of retirement and still playing regular saxophone gigs with a big band." Following his retirement from Phillips Andover at age 65, Leavitt was appointed to the faculty of Harvard University, where he taught expository writing to freshmen for five years. At the end of his Harvard stint, and again facing retirement, Leavitt got himself appointed to a job teaching English at Tufts University. Leavitt was married to Carol for 63 years. Among their shared interests were music – she loved classical, and he loved jazz. His wife encouraged Leavitt to take up the clarinet, and he dragged her to smoky jazz clubs to listen to his favorite jazz artists, including Ella Fitzgerald. Together they were instrumental in bringing the Andover Chamber Music Series to the town. Hart Day Leavitt died October 10, 2008, in North Andover, Massachusetts. A memorial service was held at Kemper Auditorium at Phillips Andover on November 15. See also Ashley Day Leavitt References Further reading Stop, Look, and Write, Hart Day Leavitt, Bantam Books, New York, 1967 The Writer's Eye: Effective Writing Through Pictures, Hart Day Leavitt, Bantam Books, New York, 1969 The Looking Glass Book of Stories, Hart Day Leavitt (editor), Random House, New York, 1960 An Eye for People: A Writer's Guide to Character, Hart Day Leavitt, Bantam Books, Look, Think, and Write: Using Pictures to Stimulate Thinking and Improve Your Writing'', Hart Day Leavitt, David A. Sohn, National Textbook Co., Lincolnwood, Ill., 1985, External links Obituary for Hart Day Leavitt, The Boston Globe, Boston, Mass., November 2, 2008 1909 births 2008 deaths People from Concord, New Hampshire Leavitt family Yale University alumni Phillips Exeter Academy alumni 20th-century American educators Harvard University faculty Tufts University faculty People from Southport, Maine 20th-century American male writers
23573554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelis%20ornata	Stelis ornata	Stelis ornata is a species of orchid found from Mexico through Guatemala and El Salvador as a miniature epiphyte at elevations of 1500 to 2500 meters above sea level. The plant is characterized by erect ramicauls enveloped by two basal sheaths and carrying a single apical, erect, coriaceous leaf where it blooms on an apical, single successive flowered, 2 inch [4 to 5 cm] long, fractiflex inflorescence that holds the successive opening, single flowers amid or just above the leaves occurring at any time of the year. In cultivation it prefers cool temperatures, shade, and high humidity as well as mounting on tree fern, and good air movement. References External links ornata Epiphytic orchids Orchids of El Salvador Orchids of Guatemala Orchids of Mexico
23573559	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevin%C4%9Bves	Jeviněves	Jeviněves is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. References Villages in Mělník District
44496752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Wolfers	Arnold Wolfers	Arnold Oscar Wolfers (June 14, 1892July 16, 1968) was a Swiss-American lawyer, economist, historian, and international relations scholar, most known for his work at Yale University and for being a pioneer of classical international relations realism. Educated in his native Switzerland and in Germany, Wolfers was a lecturer at the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik in Berlin in the late 1920s and then became its director in the early 1930s. Initially having some sympathies with the ideas of Nazi Germany, he left that country to become a visiting professor at Yale in 1933, stayed there, and became a U.S. citizen in 1939. In 1935 he was co-founder of the influential Yale Institute of International Studies. As master of Pierson College at Yale, he played a significant role during World War II by recruiting for the Office of Strategic Services. In 1957 he left Yale and became director of the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research at Johns Hopkins University, where he served in that role until his retirement in 1965. Wolfers' two most known works are Britain and France Between Two Wars (1940), a study of two foreign policies during the interwar period, and Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics (1962), a collection of papers on international relations theory. Early life and education Arnold Oskar Wolfers (the spelling of the middle name later changed to Oscar) was born on June 14, 1892, in St. Gallen, Switzerland, to parents Otto Gustav Wolfers (1860–1945) and the former Clara Eugenie Hirschfeld (1869–1950). His father was a New York merchant who emigrated and became a naturalized Swiss citizen in 1905, while his mother was from a Jewish family in St. Gallen. Arnold grew up in St. Gallen and attended the gymnasium secondary school there, gaining his Abitur qualification. Wolfers studied law at the University of Lausanne, University of Munich, and University of Berlin beginning in 1912, gaining a certificate (Zeugnis) from the last of these. He served as a first lieutenant in the infantry of the Swiss Army, with some of the service taking place from May 1914 to March 1915, part of which included Switzerland's maintaining a state of armed neutrality during World War I. He first began studying at the University of Zurich in the summer of 1915. He graduated summa cum laude from there with a J.U.D. degree, in both civil and church law,<ref name="whos-66">Who's Who in America 1966–1967, p. 2339.</ref> in April 1917. Admitted to the bar in Switzerland in 1917, Wolfers practiced law in St. Gallen from 1917 to 1919. His observing of the war, and of the difficulties the Geneva-based League of Nations faced in the aftermath of the war, enhanced his natural Swiss skepticism and led him towards a conservative view regarding the ability of countries to avoid armed conflict. On the other hand, his Swiss background did provide to him an example of how a multi-lingual federation of cantons could prosper. In 1918, Wolfers married Doris Emmy Forrer. She was the daughter of the Swiss politician Robert Forrer, who as a member of the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland from St. Gallen had been elected to the National Council in the 1908 Swiss federal election, retaining that seat until 1924 and chairing the radical-democratic group (1918–1924). She studied art, attending the École des Beaux-Arts in Geneva as well as the University of Geneva, and spent a year at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich during the early stages of World War I. Wolfers studied economics and political science at the Universities of Zurich and Berlin from 1920 to 1924, with his study at the University of Zurich concluding with a certificate in April 1920. He received a Ph.D. from the University of Giessen in Germany in 1924. During this time, Wolfers' abilities with languages allowed him to act as an interpreter in some situations. He first traveled to the United States in 1924 and delivered lectures to various audiences. Academic career in Germany By one later account, Wolfers emigrated to Germany following the conclusion of World War I, while another had him living in Germany starting in 1921. Contemporary newspaper stories published in the United States portray Wolfers as a Swiss citizen through at least 1926. In 1933, stories describe him as Swiss-German or a native Swiss and naturalized German. But in 1940 he is described as having been a Swiss before being naturalized as an American, something that a later historical account also states. From 1924 to 1930, Wolfers was a lecturer in political science at the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik (Institute of Politics) in Berlin. Headed by Ernst Jaeckh, it was considered Berlin's best school for the study of political behavior. In 1927, he took on the additional duties of being studies supervisor. Wolfers was one of the early people in the circle around Lutheran theologian Paul Tillich, with he and Doris giving much-needed economic support to Tillich in Berlin during the hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic period. As such Wolfers might have been considered a religious socialist. The Hochschule attracted many religious socialists, who were interested in combining spiritual development with social reform in an effort to provide an attractive alternative to Marxism. Wolfers became the director of the Hochschule für Politik from 1930 until 1933, with Jaeckh as president and chair. Wolfers and Jaeckh both gave lecture tours in America, made contacts there, and secured funding for the Hochschule's library and publications from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Rockefeller Foundation. Two endowed visiting lectureships were sponsored by Carnegie, one of which would be held by Hajo Holborn. In a period where there was considerable student unrest, Wolfers led popular classroom discussion sessions regarding the state of world affairs. Between 1929 and 1933, Wolfers was a privatdozent (roughly, assistant professor) in economics at the University of Berlin. He was active in the International Student Service and presided over their annual conference in 1931, held in the midst of the Great Depression, at Mount Holyoke College in the United States. In his address before them, Wolfers urged more financial help from Great Britain and the United States to Continental Europe: "What Europe needs is not general declarations for peace and cooperation – people are getting sick of them. We need proposals to help overcome concrete pressing difficulties." Wolfers, like other German academics, witnessed first-hand the demise of the Weimar Republic and the rise to power of the Nazi Party.Korenblat, "A School for the Republic?", p. 413. While some of the academics perceived immediately the reality of the Nazis, Wolfers, along with Jaeckh, did not. Wolfers had a belief in the great man theory, extended to the role of great nations, and was drawn to the notion of spectacular actions in international relations; as such he found some Nazi rhetoric appealing. In this manner Wolfers tended to be in agreement with some of the foreign policy objectives of the Nazi regime, especially in the East, thinking that those objectives could play a part in restoring the European balance of power. As for other aspects of the Nazis, Wolfers failed to comprehend the amount of racism and authoritarianism essential to Nazi ideology. In a November 1932 article in the journal International Affairs, Wolfers prophesized that "Hitler, with all his anti-democratic tendencies, is caught by the fact that he leads a mass movement... He may therefore become, against his own original programme, a force making for democracy. ... The further we go, the more this character of his movement as a safeguard against social reaction is likely to come to the fore." Hitler seized control in the Machtergreifung in January 1933. At some point, Wolfers, a "half-Jew" (Halbjude) in the language of the Third Reich, was classified as "undesirable" (unerwünscht) by the new regime. In late April 1933, Wolfers was offered a position as a visiting professor of international relations at Yale University, and in late May, the appointment was publicly announced by Yale, with Wolfers being assigned to Yale's graduate school, where he was to lecture on world economics and European governments. Also in May, Wolfers served as general rapporteur to that year's International Studies Conference in London. Master at Yale Wolfers traveled to the United States on the SS Albert Ballin, arriving on August 11, 1933. He commented that Europeans generally felt threatened by U.S. monetary policy, but that people in Germany were sympathetic to U.S. leadership in trying to overcome the Depression. In a November 1933 address at Yale, Wolfers described Hitler as saying that Germany would return to the League of Nations if reparations-based discrimination against her ended and that France and Germany could be allied against the Bolshevik threat from the east. Wolfers added, "Hitler's policy is not only an outgrowth of dire necessity. His party's emphasis is on domestic affairs. The 'militant' energies of Germany's soldier-like citizens are at last finding a field of action at home that satisfies all needs." In a February 1934 speech before the Foreign Policy Association in New York, Wolfers said, "The cause of present unrest is France's extravagant demands. ... Germany has lost her territorial cohesion; she has been forced to live in conflict with her Eastern neighbors, and is deprived of the most meager of self-defense." In 1934 the German embassy in Washington expressed satisfaction with the contents of Wolfers' lectures in the United States. The contradictions inherent in the Nazi government's classification of Wolfers, compared to the Nazis' and Wolfers' somewhat complimentary views of each other at this time, have been noted by the German political scientist Rainer Eisfeld. Wolfers destroyed his personal and work files several times over the course of his career and thus it is difficult to know if his leaving Germany was for academic or political reasons or exactly what his thinking was at the time. Intellectually, Wolfers' early work on international politics and economics was influenced by European conflicts and their effect upon the world and revealed something of a Realpolitik point of view. However he was not as heavily devoted to this perspective as was his colleague Nicholas J. Spykman. In terms of economics, Wolfers spoke somewhat favorably of New Deal initiatives such as the National Recovery Administration that sought to manage some competitive forces. In 1935, Wolfers was named as professor of international relations at Yale. In taking the position, Wolfers was essentially proclaiming his lack of desire to return to Germany under Nazi rule. As part of gaining the position, Wolfers received an honorary A.M. from Yale in 1935, a standard practice at Yale when granting full professorships to scholars who did not previously have a Yale degree. Also in 1935, Wolfers was appointed master of Pierson College at Yale, succeeding Alan Valentine. The college system had just been created at Yale two years earlier and masterships were sought after by faculty for the extra stipend and larger living environment they allotted. A master was expected to provide a civilizing influence to the resident students and much of that role was filled by Doris Wolfers. She decorated with eighteenth century Swiss furniture, played the host with enthusiasm, and together the couple made the Master's House at Pierson a center for entertaining on the campus second only to the house of the president of the university. When diplomats visited the campus, it was the Wolferses who provided the entertainment. The couple collected art and in 1936 loaned some of their modern art to an exhibit at the Yale Gallery of the Fine Arts. Doris Wolfers became a frequent attendee or patroness at tea dances and other events to celebrate debutantes. He would accompany her to some university dances. One former Yale undergraduate later said that he had lived in Pierson and that as head of the hall, Wolfers had been wiser and more useful regarding the practical issues of foreign policy than any of the faculty in political science. Veterans returning after the war would express how much they had missed Doris. Another development in 1935 was that the Yale Institute of International Studies was created, with Wolfers as one of three founding members along with Frederick S. Dunn and Nicholas J. Spykman with Spykman as the first director. The new entity sought to use a "realistic" perspective to produce scholarly but useful research that would be useful to government decision makers. Wolfers was one of the senior academics who gave both the institute and Yale as a whole gravitas in the area and the nickname of the "Power School". The members of the institute launched a weekly seminar called "Where Is the World Going?" at which various current issues would be discussed, and from this Wolfers developed small study groups to address problems sent from the U.S. Department of State. Wolfers traveled to the State Department in Washington frequently and also discussed these matters with his friend and Yale alumnus Dean Acheson. Wolfers gained campus renown for his lectures on global interests and strategy. Politically, Wolfers styled himself a "Tory-Liberal", perhaps making reference to the Tory Liberal coalition in Britain of that time. Wolfers had a distinctive image on campus: tall and well-dressed with an aristocratic demeanor and a crisp voice that rotated between people in conversation "rather like a searchlight" in the words of one observer. Whatever appeal the Nazis had held for Wolfers was had ended by the conclusion of the 1930s, and in 1939, Wolfers was naturalized as an American citizen. His 1940 book Britain and France Between Two Wars, a study of the foreign policies of the two countries in the interwar period, became influential. An assessment in The New York Times Book Review by Edgar Packard Dean said that the book was a "substantial piece of work" and that Wolfers handled his descriptions with "extraordinary impartiality" but that his analysis of French policy was stronger than of British policy. Another review in the same publication referred to Britain and France Between Two Wars as "a most excellent and carefully documented study" by an "eminent Swiss scholar". World War II involvements Wolfers actively assisted the U.S. war effort during World War II. From 1942 to 1944 he served as a special advisor and lecturer at the School of Military Government in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he conveyed his knowledge of Germany's society and government to those taking training courses to become part of a future occupying force. He served as an expert consultant to the Office of Provost Marshal General, also from 1942 to 1944. He was also a consultant to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in 1944 and 1945. The masters at Yale served as contact points for recruiting appropriate students into the intelligence services, and according to the historian Robin Winks, none did so more than Wolfers, who made excellent use of his connections in Washington through the Yale Institute of International Studies. Overall a disproportionate number of intelligence workers came from Pierson College; in addition to Wolfers, other Pierson fellows who did recruiting included Wallace Notestein and C. Bradford Welles. Pierson College residents who later became intelligence figures included James Jesus Angleton, who often spent time in Wolfers' living room listening to poets such as Robert Frost that Wolfers brought in to read. Other attendees to these sessions included a future U.S. Poet Laureate, Reed Whittemore. Wolfers liked the young Angleton and kept in touch with him in subsequent years. Another protégé of Wolfers was Robert I. Blum, who became one of the early core members of the X-2 Counter Espionage Branch of the OSS, which provided liaison with the British in the exploitation of Ultra signals intelligence. Wolfers had worked on a study of American diplomatic communications, including telecommunications and codes and ciphers. He thus became one of the few people to have a professional-level interest in intelligence matters before the war. In addition, Anita Forrer, Doris's sister, became an OSS agent and conducted secret and dangerous operations in Switzerland on behalf of Allen Dulles. Before that, she had been a correspondent of poet Rainer Maria Rilke. In June 1944, Wolfers was among a group of ten prominent Protestant clergy and laymen organized by the Commission on a Just and Durable Peace who issued a signed statement advocating a way of dealing with Germany after war. The statement said that Germany should not be left economically destitute or subjected to excessive reparations, as "an impoverished Germany will continue to be a menace to the peace of the world," and that punishment for German extermination campaigns against Jews and war crimes against those in occupied territories should be limited to those responsible and not extended to those just carrying out orders. A month after V-E Day, Wolfers had a letter published wherein he remarked upon "the shocking revelations" of Nazi concentration camps but still recommended "stern but humane rules" for directing the future of the German people. Later Yale years Wolfers was one of the contributors to Bernard Brodie's landmark 1946 volume The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order, which focused on the effect of the new atomic bomb on U.S.-Soviet relations. He worked with Basil Duke Henning, the master of Saybrook College, on a study of what Soviet leaders would judge American foreign policy options to be if they used the European press for their information. Wolfers continued to serve as a recruiter for the Central Intelligence Agency when it was formed after the war. He was a strong influence on John A. McCone, who later became Director of Central Intelligence (1961–65). A distinguishing feature of Wolfers' career was his familiarity with power and his policy-oriented focus, which assumed that academia should try to shape the policies of government. A noted American international relations academic, Kenneth W. Thompson, subsequently wrote that Wolfers, as the most policy-oriented of the Yale institute's scholars, "had an insatiable yearning for the corridors of power" and because of that may have compromised his scholarly detachment and independence. Wolfers was a member of the resident faculty of the National War College in 1947 and a member of its board of consultants from 1947 to 1951. He was a consultant to the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs during 1951 and served as President of the World Peace Foundation during 1953. In 1953 he was named a member of the board of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation. The Wolferses, who had spent summers in Switzerland in the prewar years, considered moving back to Switzerland after the war, but decided to stay in the United States. In 1947 the couple commissioned a summer home on a Naskeag Point bluff in Brooklin, Maine. Designed by Walter Gropius and The Architect's Collective, the innovative Bauhaus-influenced design incorporated a gull-wing roof and large overhangs; the adventuresome design reflected the couple's artistic nature and cosmopolitan outlook. The home was featured in House & Garden magazine in 1948 (and would be featured again in Portland Monthly Magazine in 2013). Wolfers was named a Sterling professor of international relations in 1949, which remains Yale's highest level of academic rank. He was, as one author later stated, "a revered doyen in the field of international relations". He was also named to direct two new entities at Yale, the Division of Social Sciences and the Social Science Planning Center. He stepped down as master of Pierson College at that time; President of Yale Charles Seymour said, "I regret exceedingly that we must take from Pierson College a master who has conducted its affairs with wisdom and understanding for fourteen years." The Wolferses continued to reside in New Haven. In 1950 and 1951, the Yale Institute of International Studies ran into conflict with a new President of Yale University, A. Whitney Griswold, who felt that scholars should conduct research as individuals rather than in cooperative groups and that the institute should do more historical, detached analysis rather than focus on current issues and recommendations on policy. Most of the institute's scholars left Yale, with many of them going to Princeton University and founding the Center of International Studies there in 1951, but Wolfers remained at Yale for several more years. In May 1954, Wolfers attended the Conference on International Politics, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation and convened in Washington, D.C., which brought together Hans Morgenthau, Reinhold Niebuhr, Walter Lippmann, Paul Nitze, Kenneth W. Thompson, Kenneth Waltz, Dean Rusk, and others. The conference has since been seen as an attempt to define an international relations theory through modern realism. Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research Wolfers left Yale in 1957, at the age of 65, but retained an emeritus title there. He was appointed director of the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research at Johns Hopkins University. This was a new institute founded by Paul Nitze, who wanted to create a center within the School of Advanced International Studies that would join academics and policymakers. Unsettled by some feuding going on at Yale regarding the future of international relations study there, Wolfers was willing to leave Yale and move to Washington to take on the new position. At the Washington Center, Wolfers brought academics and government officials together to discuss national security policy. Nitze would later say that Wolfers had been an asset in running discussions wherein members were encouraged to bring forth their ideas and defend them while others kept an open mind. Wolfers was willing to question prevailing academic opinions and ideologies and, in Nitze's words, "brought a wind of fresh air to what had been a fairly stodgy and opinionated group. He was a joy to work with." Wolfers' own thoughts at the time still revolved around classical balance of power relationships. Overall, the directorship of Wolfers added an academic prestige to the center that it had previously not had. Wolfers consulted for the Institute for Defense Analyses in 1960 and 1961 and was a consultant to the State Department from 1960 on. He also consulted for the U.S. Department of the Army. A 1962 book from Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics, presented sixteen essays on international relations theory, most of which had already been published in some form but some of which were completely new. Many of the essays had been influential when first published, and the book came to be viewed as a classic. In a foreword, Reinhold Niebuhr said that Wolfers was more of political philosopher than a political scientist who nonetheless sought empirical verification of his theories and suppositions. Wolfers belonged to a number of academic organizations and clubs, including the International Institute for Strategic Studies (for which he was a member of the international advisory council), the American Political Science Association, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Century Association, and the Cosmos Club. Final years Wolfers retired from the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research in 1965 but remained affiliated to it with the status of special adviser. Wolfers destroyed his files on three occasions when undergoing changes of position, in 1949, 1957, and 1966. Beginning in 1958, the Wolferses spent more time at their Maine house, even though he officially still lived in Washington. They entertained in Maine often, bringing in guests of all different political persuasions and artistic endeavors. Encouraged by the Wolferses' acquaintance Carl Jung, who thought that Doris had a greater creative instinct than her role as Arnold's secretary and amanuensis made use of, she had resumed her career as an artist in the early-to-mid 1950s. She specialized in embroidery-based textual montages. Beginning in 1960, she had her work exhibited at galleries in Washington, New York, Rhode Island, and Maine. Wolfers died on July 16, 1968, in a hospital in Blue Hill, Maine. Doris focused even more on her artistic endeavors after he was gone and would live until 1987. Awards and honors Wolfers received an honorary Litt.D. from Mount Holyoke College in 1934. He had a long relationship with that school, including giving the Founder's Day address in 1933, conducting public assemblies in 1941, and delivering a commencement address in 1948. Wolfers was also granted an honorary LL.D. from the University of Rochester in 1945. An endowed chair, the Arnold Wolfers Professor of Political Science, was created at Yale following Wolfers' death, funded by a $600,000 gift from Arthur K. Watson of IBM. Watson's gift was subsequently increased to $1 million. Legacy Two Festschrift volumes were published in tribute to Wolfers. The first, Foreign Policy in the Sixties: The Issues and the Instruments: Essays in Honor of Arnold Wolfers, edited by Roger Hilsman and Robert C. Good, came out in 1965 during Wolfers' lifetime. It largely featured contributions from his former students, including ones from Raymond L. Garthoff, Laurence W. Martin, Lucian W. Pye, W. Howard Wriggins, Ernest W. Lefever, and the editors. The second, Discord and Collaboration in a New Europe: Essays in Honor of Arnold Wolfers, edited by Douglas T. Stuart and Stephen F. Szabo, came out in 1994 based on a 1992 conference at Dickinson College. It featured contributions from Martin again, Catherine McArdle Kelleher, Vojtech Mastny, and others, as well as the editors. In terms of international relations theory, the editors of the second Festschrift characterize Wolfers as "the reluctant realist". Wolfers could be categorized as belonging to "progressive realists", figures who often shared legal training, left-leaning traits in their thinking, and institutionally reformist goals. Wolfers' focus on morality and ethics in international relations, which he viewed as something that could transcend demands for security depending upon circumstances, is also unusual for a realist. Martin views Wolfers as having "swam against the tide" within the realist school, taking "a middle line that makes him seem in retrospect a pioneer revisionist of realism." But Wolfers did not subscribe to alternative explanations for international relations, such as behaviorism or quantification, instead preferring to rely upon, as he said, "history, personal experience, introspection, common sense and the gift of logical reason". The progressive, democratic reputation that the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik enjoyed for decades became diminished as a result of scholarly research performed in the latter part of the twentieth century which showed that the Hochschule's relationship with the Nazi Party was not the one of pure opposition that had been portrayed. With those findings, Wolfers' reputation in connection to his role there suffered somewhat as well. By one account, it took six decades for any of Wolfers' former students in the United States to concede that Wolfers, even after having left Germany and finding a secure position at Yale, had still during the 1930s shown some ideological sympathies with the Nazi regime. Two of Wolfers' formulations have often been repeated. The first provides a metaphor for one model of who the participants are in international relations: states-as-actors behaving as billiard balls that collide with one another. The second provides two components for the notion of national security; Wolfers wrote that "security, in an objective sense, measures the absence of threats to acquired values, in a subjective sense, the absence of fear that such values will be attacked." Wolfers found composition difficult and his written output was small, with Britain and France Between Two Wars and Discord and Collaboration being his two major works. Much of his influence lay in how he brought people and discussions together in productive ways and bridged gaps between theory and practice. But what Wolfers did write found an audience; by 1994, Discord and Collaboration was in its eighth printing, twenty-five years after his death. In the introduction to the second Festschrift, Douglas T. Stuart wrote, "The book stands the test of time for two reasons. First, the author addresses enduring aspects of international relations and offers insightful recommendations about the formulation and execution of foreign policy. Second, Wolfers's writings are anchored in a sophisticated theory of situational ethics that is valid for any historical period, but that is arguably more relevant today than it was when Wolfers was writing." Nevertheless, Wolfers' name is often not remembered as well as it might. In a 2008 interview, Robert Jervis, the Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics at Columbia University, listed international relations scholars who had influenced him, and he concluded by saying, "then there is one scholar who's not as well known as he should be: Arnold Wolfers, who was I think the most sophisticated, subtle, and well-grounded of the early generation of Realists." In his 2011 book, political theorist William E. Scheuerman posits three "towering figures" of mid-twentieth century classical realism – E. H. Carr, Hans J. Morgenthau, Reinhold Niebuhr – and next includes Wolfers, along with John H. Herz and Frederick L. Schuman, in a group of "prominent postwar US political scientists, relatively neglected today but widely respected at mid century". On the other hand, in a 2011 remark the British international relations scholar Michael Cox mentioned Wolfers as one of the "giants" of international relations theory, along with Hans Morgenthau, Paul Nitze, William T. R. Fox, and Reinhold Niebuhr. In the 2011 Encyclopedia of Power, Douglas T. Stuart wrote that "More than 40 years after his death, Arnold Wolfers remains one of the most influential experts in the field of international relations." Published works Die Verwaltungsorgane der Aktiengesellschaft nach schweizerischem Recht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Verhältnisses von Verwaltungsrat und Direktion (Sauerländer, 1917) (Zürcher Beiträge zur Rechtswissenschaft 66). Die Aufrichtung der Kapitalherrschaft in der abendländischen Geschichte (1924, thesis). "Über monopolistische und nichtmonopolistische Wirtschaftsverbände", Archiv für Sozialwissenschaften und Sozialpolitik 59 (1928), 291–321. "Ueberproduktion, fixe Kosten und Kartellierung", Archiv für Sozialwissenschaften und Sozialpolitik 60 (1928), 382–395. Amerikanische und deutsche Löhne: eine Untersuchung über die Ursachen des hohen Lohnstandes in den Vereinigten Staaten (Julius Springer, 1930). Das Kartellproblem im Licht der deutschen Kartellliteratur (Duncker & Humblot, 1931). "Germany and Europe", Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs 9 (1930), 23–50. "The Crisis of the Democratic Régime in Germany", International Affairs 11 (1932), 757–783. Britain and France Between Two Wars: Conflicting Strategies of Peace Since Versailles (Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1940); revised edition (W. W. Norton, 1966) The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order (Harcourt Brace, 1946) [co-author with Bernard Brodie, Frederick Sherwood Dunn, William T. R. Fox, Percy Ellwood Corbett] The Anglo-American Tradition in Foreign Affairs (Yale University Press, 1956) [co-editor with Laurence W. Martin] Alliance Policy in the Cold War (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959) [editor] Developments in Military Technology and Their Impact on United States Strategy and Foreign Policy (Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research for U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 1959) [co-author with Paul Nitze and James E. King] Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962) Bibliography References External links Guide to the Arnold Oscar Wolfers Papers – Yale University Library Entry at Personenlexikon Internationale Beziehungen virtuell (in German) Interview with Arnold Wolfers (in German) in the online archive of the Österreichische Mediathek 1892 births 1968 deaths University of Zurich alumni University of Giessen alumni Humboldt University of Berlin faculty Swiss lawyers Swiss military officers Swiss emigrants to Germany Swiss economists Swiss political scientists Swiss emigrants to the United States American people of Swiss-German descent Yale University faculty Yale Sterling Professors Johns Hopkins University people People from the canton of St. Gallen People from Berlin Writers from New Haven, Connecticut People from Hancock County, Maine Writers from Washington, D.C. International relations scholars American political philosophers 20th-century American philosophers Naturalized citizens of the United States Historians from Connecticut Deutsche Hochschule für Politik faculty
44496760	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoppen	Hoppen	Hoppen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Dave Hoppen (born 1964), American basketball player Kelly Hoppen (born 1959), British interior designer, writer, and entrepreneur Larry Hoppen (1951–2012), American musician See also Joppen
23573561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadl%C3%ADn	Kadlín	Kadlín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. Administrative parts The village of Ledce is an administrative part of Kadlín. Etymology The name was probably derived from tkáti, tkadlec, i.e. "to weave, weaver". It was probably originally a weavers' settlement. Geography Kadlín is located about northeast of Mělník and west of Mladá Boleslav. The highest point of the municipality is Hradiště hill with an elevation of . History The first written mention of Kadlín is from 1346. Among the notable owners of the village were Hynek Berka of Dubá, Augustinian monastery in Bělá pod Bezdězem, or Rudolf II. In 1445, the territory of the village was divided, and until 1849 the two parts were administered separately and had different owners. Sights The landmark of Kadlín is the Church of Saint James the Great. It was first mentioned in 1384. The local municipal museum focuses on rural themes and includes an exhibition with rural technology, blacksmith's work, a collection of hoes and local field crops. On Hradiště hill there is an observation tower. It was built in 2006 in the shape of a watchtower and its height is . References External links Villages in Mělník District
20469536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldeburgh%20branch%20line	Aldeburgh branch line	The Aldeburgh branch line was a railway branch line linking the town of on the East Suffolk line and the seaside resort of . There were intermediate stops at and . Part of the line remains in use for nuclear flask trains servicing Sizewell nuclear power station. Early history The line opened as far as Leiston on 1 June 1859 and was extended by four miles to Aldeburgh on 12 April 1860. The line was proposed by Samuel Morton Peto and supported by local agricultural machine manufacturer Richard Garrett. The Leiston Works Railway operated to link the line to Garrett's Leiston works. Operated initially by the Eastern Counties Railway, it was taken over by the Great Eastern Railway in 1862. Route Most trains started their journey at Saxmundham railway station and travelled half a mile northwards along the East Suffolk line to Saxmundham Junction where the Aldeburgh branch diverged eastwards across fields towards Leiston. The line climbs sharply over a ridge of higher ground before falling gently towards the coast. The first station is Leiston ( miles) which, in addition to having goods sidings, also had the branch line to the south serving the Richard Garrett & Sons works. Part of that line is still extant as Leiston Works Railway. 16 chains east of the station was a siding on the north side of the line, to the south of Carr Avenue, east of what is now the Jehovah's Witnesses Hall. It originally served the town gasworks, but was later in service as a coal siding until the 1960s. There was another industrial siding at Sizewell which was originally provided for cattle traffic from the local marshes, and this location (to the east of Sizewell Sports Club, south of King George's Avenue) is the present day terminus of the line. It is believed this siding was opened in 1860. Thorpeness station ( miles) was a single platform affair, and in latter years its station buildings consisted of three former carriage bodies supported at the back by concrete sleepers. The three carriages were recorded as: GER No. 51 into service May 1883 – 5-compartment third class 6-wheeler withdrawn 23 September 1920 GER No. 1480 into service September 1880 – 5-compartment second class 6-wheeler withdrawn 17 July 1914 GER No. 435 into service March 1897 – first class 4-wheeler withdrawn 19 September 1926 There was a siding provided here from 1921 for goods traffic. The terminus of the line at Aldeburgh consisted of a single platform with an attractive overall roof – quite an unusual feature for the Great Eastern. The station building was a two storey affair. There was a small goods shed as well as a small engine shed at this location. A hotel (The Railway Hotel) was built at the same time next to the station; it later became The Railway Tavern and exists today as The Railway Inn. Historical timeline 1859 – Line completed as far as Leiston. Garrett’s branch to brickworks and engineering works opened at same time (1 June). 1860 – Line opened Leiston to Aldeburgh 1912 – Leiston East siding opened to serve gasworks 1914 – Thorpeness station opens 1920 – Goods siding at Thorpeness opens 1923 – The London and North Eastern Railway take over operation of services 1929 – Locomotive Sirapite starts operating Garrett’s branch previously worked by horse, gravity and cable 1944 – Leiston east siding takes delivery of 1,383 wagon loads in 4 months 1948 – Railways nationalised – branch operated by British Railways (Eastern Region) 1959 – goods traffic withdrawn from Thorpeness and Aldeburgh (November) 1962 – Sirapite is retired and replaced by a battery locomotive 1963 – The Beeching Report recommends closure of the branch but there is significant local opposition 1965 – Overall roof at Aldeburgh demolished (August) 1966 – Passenger services withdrawn (12 September). Operations cease south of Sizewell. 1968 – Garrett's Leiston branch is closed and battery locomotive scrapped. 1972 – Saxmundham Junction signal box demolished and replaced by ground frame. 1975 – Aldeburgh station building demolished and houses built on site 1987–1990 – Operation of construction trains for building of Sizewell B nuclear power station 2004 – Sirapite returns to Leiston's Long Shop Museum 2009 – Sirapite returned to working order at Long Shop Museum in Leiston Passenger train services In April 1860 there were 5 trains each way between Aldeburgh and Saxmundham. In October 1921 there were 8 services each way, two of which were shown as mixed. In 1922 there were direct services to Aldeburgh from London Liverpool Street Station (journey time 3 hours 33 minutes). These consisted of a carriage(s) dropped off the Lowestoft express services and operated between 1906 and 1939. In the Winter 1951/52 timetable there were six trains per day each way. In the September 1964 timetable there were seven trains each way with three through trains to Ipswich one of which continued to Colchester (Mondays to Fridays only). In the opposite direction only one service originated at Ipswich. No Sunday services. The final 1965/66 timetable showed seven trains each way. The final passenger train was worked over the branch by British Rail Metro-Cammell diesel multiple units numbers 79066 and 79282. Driver Skeels from Ipswich engine shed was at the controls. The event was filmed. In September 2011, Suffolk County Council investigated the possibility of running train services between Saxmundham and Leiston Stations using a Parry People Mover light railcar. In connection with the construction of Sizewell C train operator DRS were in June 2012 considering passenger services to serve the power station. Whether this will mean the re-opening of Leiston station or a new station is unclear. Freight train services Initial freight services would have included agricultural produce and coal. Up until 1914 there was a good trade in fish but when Aldeburgh harbour became blocked by shingle banks this traffic ceased. From the line's opening, Garrett's establishment was responsible for significant freight traffic; that lasted until the 1960s. Indeed, the goods yard there was still open in 1972 when it was recorded as handling military traffic. During the 1920s a concrete factory existed at Thorpeness and was served by the siding. Building material for both Sizewell A in the 1960s and Sizewell B power stations between 1987 and 1990 was bought in by rail. Nuclear trains are the only regular source of traffic on the branch today and these are operated by Direct Rail Services who have a depot at nearby Stowmarket. On 18 October 2010 the British government announced that Sizewell was one of the eight sites it considered suitable for future nuclear power stations. If so the Aldeburgh branch may see construction traffic return. Locomotives Locomotives known to have worked the branch include: GER Class Y14 0-6-0 LNE classification J15 GER Class T26 2-4-0 LNE classification E4 'Intermediates' GER Class S69 4-6-0 LNE classification B12 GER Class G69 2-4-2T LNE classification F6 'Gobblers' LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-2T These locomotives would have most likely been allocated to Ipswich engine shed and it is possible that other smaller classes of engine from that depot would have worked the line. As mentioned Aldeburgh had a small engine shed which was a sub-shed of Ipswich and used to stable the branch locomotive overnight. In the diesel era the following locomotive classes worked freight services: Class 15 Class 20 Class 21 Class 24 Class 31 Class 37 Ipswich shed was one of the first depots to convert to diesel only power and as a result operation of passenger services passed to Diesel Multiple Units based at Norwich. DMU types that are known to have worked the branch include: British Rail Class 105 Derby Lightweight British Rail Metro-Cammell References External links Aldeburgh line on 1946 O. S. map Pictures of branch at local museum website Sub Brit Aldeburgh station page 1957 Saxmundham to Aldeburgh Railway line with Flanders and Swann, the slow train. Rail transport in Suffolk Railway lines in the East of England Railway lines opened in 1859 Great Eastern Railway 1859 establishments in England Aldeburgh
23573563	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanina%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29	Kanina (Mělník District)	Kanina is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 90 inhabitants. History The first written mention of Kanina is from 1207. References Villages in Mělník District
23573566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kly%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29	Kly (Mělník District)	Kly is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,600 inhabitants. Administrative parts Villages of Dolní Vinice, Hoření Vinice, Krauzovna, Lom, Větrušice and Záboří are administrative parts of Kly. References Villages in Mělník District
23573569	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koko%C5%99%C3%ADn	Kokořín	Kokořín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. Kokořín is known for the Kokořín Castle. Administrative parts Villages of Březinka, Janova Ves, Kokořínský Důl, Šemanovice and Truskavna are administrative parts of Kokořín. Sights The main landmark is the Kokořín Castle. It is a medieval fortress carved in the local sandstone. The first written mention of the castle and the settlement is from 1320. Notable people Václav Bolemír Nebeský (1818–1882), poet and translator References External links Villages in Mělník District
23573571	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozom%C3%ADn	Kozomín	Kozomín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants. History The first written mention of Kozomín is from 1400. References Villages in Mělník District
23573573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krenek	Krenek	Krenek may refer to: Ernst Krenek (1900–1991), Austrian and American composer Křenek (Prague-East District)
44496764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Rivera-Parr	Angela Rivera-Parr	Angela Rivera-Parr is an American female kickboxer and mixed martial artist, as well as wife of John Wayne Parr and mother of Jasmine Parr. Fight career Angela Rivera-Parr has fought the likes of Miriam Nakamoto, Germaine de Randamie, Julie Kitchen for WMC titles. Titles 1999 IKF World Classic – IKF USA National Amateur Kickboxing Championship Muay Thai Rules Flyweight Champion 2010 – WKBF World Full Thai Rules Lightweight Champion 2001 – IAMTF Muay Thai World Championships, Bangkok, Thailand (Gold) 8x USA Muay Thai Champion Professional boxing record Kickboxing record \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Win \| Sandy Furner \|Boonchu Cup: Caged Muay Thai 2 \| Sydney, Australia \| style="text-align:center;"\|Decision (Unanimous) \|align=center\|3 \|align=center\|3:00 \| style="text-align:center;"\|30-12-1 \|- \|- style="background:#fdd;" \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Loss \| Miriam Nakamoto \|Muay Thai in America \| Santa Monica, California, United States \| style="text-align:center;"\|Decision (Unanimous) \|align=center\|5 \|align=center\|3:00 \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|- ! style=background:white colspan=9 \| \|- \|- style="background:#fdd;" \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Loss \| Julie Kitchen \| \| Kingston, Jamaica \| style="text-align:center;"\|Decision (Unanimous) \|align=center\| \|align=center\| \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|- ! style=background:white colspan=9 \| \|- \|- style="background:#c5d2ea;" \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Draw \| Nicole Brolan \|Evolution Muay Thai \| Melbourne, Australia \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|align=center\| \|align=center\| \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|- \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Win \| Tenille May \| \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Decision \|align=center\|3 \|align=center\|3:00 \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|- \|- style="background:#fdd;" \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Loss \| Stephynee Bouquet \|King of the Cage \| Sydney, Australia \| style="text-align:center;"\|Decision \|align=center\|5 \|align=center\|3:00 \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|- \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Win \| Karen Lynch \| \| Sydney, Australia \| style="text-align:center;"\|Decision \|align=center\| \|align=center\| \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|- \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Win \| Shari Ranger \| \| Australia \| style="text-align:center;"\|Decision \|align=center\| \|align=center\| \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|- \|- style="background:#fdd;" \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Loss \| Germaine de Randamie \| \| Victorville, California, United States \| style="text-align:center;"\|KO (High kick) \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|2:35 \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|- ! style=background:white colspan=9 \| \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Win \| Melissa Godfrey \| \| Australia \| style="text-align:center;"\|Decision (Majority) \|align=center\| \|align=center\| \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|- \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Win \| Shari Ranger \|Boonchu Cup Tournament, Super Fight \| Southport, Queensland, Australia \| style="text-align:center;"\|Decision \|align=center\|5 \|align=center\|2:00 \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|- \|- style="background:#fdd;" \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Loss \| Trisha Hill \| \| Monterey, California, United States \| style="text-align:center;"\|Decision (Split) \|align=center\|5 \|align=center\|2:00 \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|- \|- style="background:#fdd;" \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Loss \| Jackie Nava \| \| \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|align=center\| \|align=center\| \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|- \|- \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| \| style="text-align:center;"\|Win \| Lisa Peterson \| \| \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|align=center\| \|align=center\| \| style="text-align:center;"\| \|- \|- \| colspan=9 \| Legend: Mixed martial arts record \|Loss \|align=center\|0–2 \|Kate Da Silva \|Decision (Unanimous) \|EFG - Elite Fight Night 11 \| \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|4:34 \|Perth, Australia \| \|- \|Loss \|align=center\|0–1 \|Claire Haigh \|Rear-Naked Choke \|CWA - Cage Wars Australia 2 \| \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|2:40 \|Queensland, Australia \| References 1979 births Living people People from Apple Valley, California Sportspeople from the Gold Coast, Queensland American women boxers Australian women boxers American female kickboxers Australian female kickboxers Kickboxers from California American female mixed martial artists Australian female mixed martial artists Mixed martial artists from the Gold Coast Bantamweight mixed martial artists Mixed martial artists utilizing boxing Mixed martial artists utilizing Muay Thai Lightweight kickboxers American Muay Thai practitioners Australian Muay Thai practitioners Female Muay Thai practitioners 21st-century American women
23573575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led%C4%8Dice	Ledčice	Ledčice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants. References Villages in Mělník District
23573578	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotka%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29	Lhotka (Mělník District)	Lhotka is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. Administrative parts The village of Hleďsebe is an administrative part of Lhotka. References Villages in Mělník District
44496783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C.%20Bridgnorth	A.F.C. Bridgnorth	AFC Bridgnorth is a football club based in the town of Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at Crown Meadow. The club badge depicts the town hall in Bridgnorth's high town. History Bridgnorth Town A Bridgnorth Town existed in the 19th century, joining the Shropshire & District League in 1899. Another club by the same name was formed in July 1938 and joined the Worcestershire Combination for the 1938–39 season. However, the club folded after one season due to the outbreak of World War II. After being refounded, in 1968 the club moved up to the Worcestershire Combination, which had just been renamed the Midland Combination, joining Division One. In 1970–71 the club became one of a small number of English clubs to win the Welsh Amateur Cup, beating Welshpool 2–1 in the final. They were runners-up in 1976–77 and won the league title in 1979–80. After finishing as runners-up again the following season, the club won a second Division One title in 1982–83, earning promotion to the Midland Division of the Southern League. After thirteen seasons in the Southern League Midland Division, Bridgnorth finished bottom of the table in Southern League and were relegated to the Midland Alliance. They remained in the Alliance until finishing bottom of the league in 2004–05, after which they were relegated to the Premier Division of the Midland Combination. After a season in the Combination the club transferred laterally to the Premier Division of the West Midlands (Regional) League. They were league champions in 2007–08 and were promoted back to the Midland Alliance. Despite finishing seventh in the league in 2012–13, the club folded due to financial problems. AFC Bridgnorth After Bridgnorth Town folded, AFC Bridgnorth were established as a replacement. The new club started two levels lower, in Division One of the West Midlands (Regional) League. They won Division One at the first attempt, earning promotion to the Premier Division. In 2014–15 they were Premier Division runners-up, a feat matched the following season. At the end of the 2020–21 season the club were transferred to Division One of the Midland League when the Premier Division of the West Midlands (Regional) League lost its status as a step six division. Honours Bridgnorth Town Midland Combination Champions 1979–80, 1982–83 West Midlands (Regional) League Premier Division champions 2007–08 Welsh Amateur Cup Winners 1970–71 Shropshire Senior Cup Winners 1985–86 AFC Bridgnorth West Midlands (Regional) League Division One champions 2013–14 Records Bridgnorth Town Best FA Cup performance: Third qualifying round, 1983–84, 1984–85 Best FA Trophy performance: Second qualifying round, 1994–95 Best FA Vase performance: Fifth round, 1975–76, 1993–94 AFC Bridgnorth Best FA Cup performance: Preliminary round, 2015–16 Best FA Vase performance: Second round, 2015–16 See also AFC Bridgnorth players AFC Bridgnorth managers Bridgnorth Town F.C. players Bridgnorth Town F.C. managers References External links Football clubs in England Football clubs in Shropshire Association football clubs established in 2013 2013 establishments in England Bridgnorth Bridgnorth Midland Football Combination Southern Football League clubs Midland Football Alliance Bridgnorth Midland Football League
23573583	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi%C5%A1	Libiš	Libiš is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,300 inhabitants. References Villages in Mělník District
6901697	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Farjeon	Harry Farjeon	Harry Farjeon (6 May 1878 – 29 December 1948) was a British composer and an influential teacher of harmony and composition at the Royal Academy of Music for more than 45 years. Early life and studies Harry Farjeon was born in Hohokus Township, New Jersey, United States, the eldest son of author Benjamin Farjeon, who was from the East End of London, and Margaret, the daughter of American actor Joseph Jefferson. His parents returned to Britain when he was a baby, and he lived in Hampstead in London for the rest of his life. His younger sister, Eleanor Farjeon (b. 1881), with whom he shared a rich imaginary life, wrote children's books and poetry, including the hymn, Morning Has Broken. His younger brothers were J. Jefferson Farjeon (b. 1883), novelist, and Herbert Farjeon (b. 1887), writer of theatrical revues. Harry studied music privately with Landon Ronald and John Storer, then in 1895 he entered the Royal Academy of Music in London, where he studied composition with Battison Haynes and Frederick Corder, and piano with Septimus Webbe. There he was a contemporary of Arnold Bax, York Bowen, Adam Carse, Eric Coates, Benjamin Dale and Percy Hilder Miles. An opera, Floretta, to a libretto by his sister, Eleanor, was produced at the Academy in 1899, and two operettas were performed at St George's Hall in 1901 and 1902. Career in music Farjeon left the Royal Academy of Music in 1900, but in 1901 he returned to teach composition. Two years later, at the age of 25, he became the Academy's youngest ever professor, having become the family wage-earner after the death of his father. Among his pupils were Mary Chandler, George Lloyd, Christian Darnton, Geraldine Mucha, Phyllis Tate, Daniel Jones and Steve Race. He also taught at the Blackheath Conservatoire. Harry Farjeon composed music throughout most of his life. His compositions are mostly for piano (many grouped into suites and collections, some also published separately) with the illustrative pieces mostly intended to appeal to amateur home pianists. But he also wrote a piano sonata, chamber music (including four string quartets), full scale orchestral works and many separate songs, song cycles and dramatic works, often setting texts by his sister Eleanor. He also wrote about music for the Daily Telegraph, the Musical Times and other periodicals. On 3 September 1903 his Piano Concerto in D minor was performed at the Proms. His Hans Andersen suite for small orchestra was played with great success at a Patron's Fund concert of the Royal College of Music in 1905, and also played by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra and elsewhere. The song cycle The Lute of Jade, which sets classical Chinese poetry from the popular translations by Launcelot Cranmer-Byng, was premiered in July 1917 by the Welsh mezzo-soprano and composer Morfydd Owen at the Birkenhead National Eisteddfod. His Phantasy Piano Concerto and the St. Dominic Mass were both published as part of the Carnegie Collection of British Music in 1925 and 1926 respectively, and both were frequently performed. In 1937 Farjeon's close friend, the pianist Eileen Joyce, recorded the Tarantella in A minor in what became one of her most successful gramophone records. It seems likely that he composed it especially for Joyce and gave her the manuscript, as it wasn't published and doesn't appear in any catalogue entries. The Christmas Masque A Room at the Inn (written by Herbert and Eleanor Farjeon with music by Harry Farjeon) was broadcast five times between 1932 and 1945. And on 10 July 1942 his symphonic poem Pannychis (inspired by Eleanor Farjeon's short story of the same name) was played at The Proms, conducted by Basil Cameron. Farjeon regarded the symphonic poem Summer Vision as his best work, but the score was sent to Germany shortly before World War I and was lost. His eyesight had been bad since childhood, and it grew worse as he became older. His students wrote their compositions on specially printed brown paper. Steve Race has said that writing on this paper cured him of writing long rambling compositions. Farjeon taught at the Academy for 47 years, despite developing Parkinson's disease in later life. He was still teaching thirty students a week when, at the end of the July 1948 term, he fell and broke his hip. He died in Hampstead on 29 December 1948. Selected works Orchestral 1903 - Characteristic Variations for orchestra 1905 - Hans Andersen Suite for small orchestra 1907 - Mowgli, symphonic poem 1913 - Summer Vision, symphonic poem (score lost) 1915 - The Ballet of the Trees for orchestra 1929 - Caldicot Suite for orchestra 1942 - Pannychis, symphonic poem Symphony in D major Elegy for strings Air on a Ground Bass for strings Pantomime, suite for strings Concertante 1903 - Piano Concerto in D minor 1924-5 - Phantasy Piano Concerto (also version for 2 pianos) 1925? Idyll for oboe and orchestra (fp 7 January 1926, Bournemouth, soloist Leon Goossens) Chamber 1901 - Two Romances for violin and piano (pub. Boosey) 1906 - Chant d'Ete and Berceuse for violin and piano, Op.14 (pub. Augener) Suite for violin and piano Op. 20 1911 - Deaux morceaux for viola and piano (pub. Schott) 1915 - Air for violins upon a ground bass for violin and piano, Op.38 (pub. Augener) 1917 - Poem for violins and violas 1925 - Three tone pictures for violin and piano, Op.57 1925? - The Sleeping Beauty Op.60/2 for flute, cello and piano 1927 - String Quartet No.4 in C major Op.65 (pub. W Paxton) 1928 - Humoresque for cello and piano 1928 Two Italian Sketches for piano duet (Recorded by Christopher Howell and Ermanno de Stefani) 1931 Vignettes Op. 72 for two pianos Cello Sonata in G minor Cello Sonata in D Piano Trio in B minor Piano Trio in G minor String Quartet No.1 In G String Quartet No.2 in B flat String Quartet No.3 Violin Sonata No.1 Violin Sonata No.2 in F sharp minor Violin Sonata No.3 in E flat Op.69 (publ. Joseph Williams, 1931) Opera and Dramatic 1899 - Floretta (text by Eleanor Farjeon) 1900 - The Registry Office, operetta 1902 - A Gentleman of the Road, operetta in 1 act, Op. 6 1932 - A Room at the Inn, Christmas Masque (with Herbert Farjeon and Eleanor Farjeon) Choral 1923 - St Dominic Mass, Op. 51 1924 - Salvator Mundi (anthem) 1925 - Down-adown-Derry for women's voices, flute and strings 1925? - The Sleeping Beauty Op.60/1, choral ballad for female voices and piano (words Walter de la Mare) Op.60/1 Lament for women's choir Piano 1905 - Night Music Op. 11, piano suite, 7 pieces (pub. Augener) 1905 - Swan Song (pub. Augener) 1906 - Miniature Sonata Op. 12 (pub. Augener) 1906 - Pictures from Greece Op. 13, piano suite, 6 pieces (pub. Augener) Two Bohemian Sketches, Op. 16 1906 - The Four Winds Op. 18, piano suite, 4 pieces (pub. Augener) 1907 - Musical Sketch Book 4 pieces (pub. Augener) Tone-Pictures Opp. 19, 23, 29 and 31, piano pieces, four volumes (pub. Augener) Three Venetian Idylls Op. 20 (pub. Augener). (Recorded by Christopher Howell) A Summer Suite Op. 21, six pieces (pub. Augener) 3 Moments Musicaux Op. 24 (pub. Augener) Aquarelles- Five idylls in Water Colour Op. 25 (pub. Ricordi) 1909? - Prelude From The Forest of Andaine Op. 27 (pub. Augener) 1910 - Two Idylls, Op. 28 (pub. Vincent) From the Three-Cornered Kingdom Op.30, 6 pieces (pub. Augener) Four Twilight Pieces Op. 34 (pub. Augener) 1914 - Variations in A Op. 35, theme and 5 variations (pub. Augener) Lyric Pieces, Op. 40 1918 - Peter Pan Sketches Op. 44, piano suite, 5 pieces (pub. Newman) 1920 - Piano Sonata Op.43 (pub. Edwin Ashdown) 1923 - The Art of Piano Pedalling 2 volumes 1923 - Tunes Without Tales Op. 53, piano suite, 10 pieces Two Free Fugues, Op 54 1925 - Six Preludes, Op 56 1926 - Contrasts, suite 1930 - Sports, suite 1931 - The Art of Piano Phrasing, Op. 66 1931 - Five Love Poems for Piano Op. 67 1931 - Rhapsody for two pianos Op. 70 193? - Tarantella in A minor (recorded by Eileen Joyce, 1937) Song Cycles 1900 - Vagrant Songs for baritone and piano, Op. 26 (E.Farjeon) 1906 - Three Toy Songs, (E.Farjeon) 1908 - Child Songs, (E.Farjeon) 1917 - The Lute of Jade 1924 - A Sussex Alphabet, (26 songs) Peacock Pie (Walter de la Mare) Further reading Eleanor Farjeon: A Nursery in the Nineties (Gollancz, 1935) Annabel Farjeon: Morning has broken: a biography of Eleanor Farjeon (Julia MacRae, 1986) Harry Farjeon: Musical Words Explained (OUP, 1933) "The Music of Harry Farjeon: A short survey of his work", in The Musical Mirror VII/6, London, 1927, p. 137 References External links Harry Farjeon website Herbert Farjeon archive at the University of Bristol Theatre Collection, University of Bristol Eileen Joyce plays Tarantella in A minor by Harry Farjeon Daniel Kasparian plays A Swan Song, 3 December, 2009 Royal Academy of Music: Portrait of Harry Farjeon by William Townsend. Pencil drawing, 1946 1878 births 1948 deaths British classical composers British male classical composers British Jews 20th-century classical composers Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music Jewish American classical composers Harry People from Bergen County, New Jersey People from Hampstead Musicians from London Academics of the Royal Academy of Music American emigrants to England American people of English descent American people of English-Jewish descent American male classical composers American classical composers 20th-century British composers 20th-century American composers Classical musicians from New Jersey 20th-century American male musicians
23573584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe%C4%8D	Lobeč	Lobeč is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. Sights There is a museum dedicated to life and work of Eduard Štorch. Notable people Václav Emanuel Horák (1800–1871), composer and liturgical musician Eduard Štorch (1878–1956), archaeologist and writer; worked here and is buried here References Villages in Mělník District
23573586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronika%20Pol%C3%A1%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1	Veronika Poláčková	Veronika Poláčková (sometimes as Veronika Poláček) is Czech actress. Biography She was born 28 August 1982 in Prague. Education After graduating from the Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts (JAMU) in Brno in 2004 she completed her doctoral program in Dramaturgy in 2012. Since 2006 Poláčková works as guest lecturer and pedagogical adviser at the JAMU in Brno. Professional career 2004 – 2009 actress at the Brno City Theatre 2009 – 2013 presenter and editor at the local Brno TV station ("BRNĚNSKÁ TELEVIZE") 2012–present actress at the "Malého divadla komedie " " Movies and TV shows (selection) 2014 Poslední z Aporveru 2013 Pionýři hororu (TV show) 2012 Tady hlídám já (movie) 2010 Cesty domů (TV show) 2009 Dům U Zlatého úsvitu (TV movie) 2003 Janek nad Janky (TV movie) Theatre City Theatre, Brno Slaměný klobouk .... Helena The Chioggia Scuffles .... Orsetta Death of Paul I .... Mrs. Volkova Peklo .... Shade Three Musketeers .... Nun/Maid of honour/Aunt Twelfth Night, or What You Will .... Valentin Henry VIII .... Anne Boleyn Máj .... Hanka Arcadia ... Thomasina Coverly Romance for Bugle .... Village Woman Maškaráda .... niece Ginger and Fred .... Cover Girl in TV Commercial Labyrint světa a ráj srdce .... 1st picture Jak je důležité míti Filipa .... Gwendoline Fairfax Odysseia .... Aphrodite Ferdinand, kd´Este? .... ensemble Kdyby tisíc klarinetů .... girl from boarding school Oliver! .... Off-stage Zahrada divů .... Skřet External links City Theatre (Czech) References Czech stage actresses Living people 1982 births Actresses from Prague
23573588	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C5%BEec%20nad%20Vltavou	Lužec nad Vltavou	Lužec nad Vltavou is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,400 inhabitants. Administrative parts The village of Chramostek is an administrative part of Lužec nad Vltavou. Notable people Miloš Jiránek (1875–1911), painter, art critic and writer References Villages in Mělník District
44496802	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moola%20Bulla	Moola Bulla	Moola Bulla Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It is approximately west of Halls Creek and south of Warmun, and occupies an area of . It bisects the watershed of the Fitzroy River and Ord Rivers. Moola Bulla was established in 1910 as a government-run station for the punishment of Aboriginal people, and remains an area that indigenous peoples avoid. With increasingly bloody conflict between Aborigines and pastoralists, it was hoped that opening a ration station would reduce the need for Aborigines to kill livestock for food, and that they could instead be trained for work on other cattle stations. The station was acquired for £18,061, and a manager and staff were appointed. The station was proclaimed a reserve and used as a camping ground for the local Aboriginal peoples, who were free to come and go as they pleased. The property's name is Aboriginal [which language?] for meat plenty. By 1912, the property carried a herd of approximately 12,000 head of cattle, and the following year turned off 650 head and slaughtered 400 head for their own consumption. In 1916, it occupied an area of , about long and wide. The homestead was stocked with 13,000 head of cattle and 500 head of horses in 1916. In 1917 the property recorded over rain, far above the average of the previous few years and guaranteeing a good next season. By 1920 the property occupied an area of and was stocked with 14,000 cattle. Employees of the station numbered close to 260, of which seven were of European descent. Aboriginal people such as young artist Daisy Andrews and her family, originally from the Walmajarri desert tribe, were sent to work at the station by authorities to prevent them from returning to their former tribal lands. In 1955, the state government sold the station to Queensland pastoralist Allan Goldman for £100,000. When Goldman bought Moola Bulla station, its 200 Aboriginal residents were given 24 hours to leave, and Moola Bulla sent truckloads of them to United Aborigines Mission at Fitzroy Crossing. Goldman sold the station two years later, for £150,000, to a syndicate of investors including Northern Territory grazier H. J. Mortimer. Peter Camm had been poised to buy the station, but the deal fell through when he was charged with cattle theft. The property was then acquired in 2001 by a syndicate of investors, including Andrew Cranswick, for 18 million. In 2006, the syndicate sold it to agribusiness company Great Southern Group for an estimated 30 million. Following Great Southern Group's 2009 collapse, Moola Bulla was sold in 2010 to its former part-owner, the South African Western Australian Pastoral Company (also owner of Beefwood Park) for 20 million, with 25,000 head of cattle. In December 2014, the pastoral lease, along with Mt. Amhurst, Beefwood Park and Shamrock Stations, was to become part of Gina Rinehart's Liveringa Station Beef company, pending approval of higher stock numbers by the Western Australian Pastoral Board. However, the deal fell through and the property is still owned by SAWA. See also List of ranches and stations List of pastoral leases in Western Australia List of the largest stations in Australia References Pastoral leases in Western Australia Stations (Australian agriculture) Kimberley (Western Australia) 1910 establishments in Australia
23573593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%BD%20%C3%9Ajezd	Malý Újezd	Malý Újezd is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants. Administrative parts Villages of Jelenice and Vavřineč are administrative parts of Malý Újezd. References Villages in Mělník District
23573596	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medonosy	Medonosy	Medonosy () is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. The village of Nové Osinalice within the municipality has well preserved examples of folk architecture is protected by law as a village monument reservation. Administrative parts Villages and hamlets of Chudolazy, Nové Osinalice, Osinalice and Osinaličky are administrative parts of Medonosy. History The first written mention of Medonosy is from 1352. Gallery References External links Villages in Mělník District
23573597	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelis%20quinquenervia	Stelis quinquenervia	Stelis quinquenervia is a species of orchid endemic to western South America. quinquenervia
44496804	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20McCarthy%20%28pianist%29	Nicholas McCarthy (pianist)	Nicholas McCarthy is a British classical pianist. Born without a right hand, he was the first left-hand-only pianist to graduate from the Royal College of Music in London in its 130-year history. McCarthy was raised in Tadworth, Surrey. He began his piano studies at 14, and by 17 was accepted into the Junior department at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, where he won the annual piano prize, on the proviso that he focus on repertoire written specifically for the left hand. He then enrolled in the keyboard department at the Royal College of Music, becoming its first left-hand-only graduate in 2012. McCarthy was an original member of the Paraorchestra, an ensemble founded by conductor Charles Hazlewood in 2011, which performed alongside Coldplay during the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London in September 2012. He left the Paraorchestra shortly after to pursue several international solo tours. On 23 September 2013 McCarthy spoke of his experiences at a TED conference held at the Royal Albert Hall. In 2014 he featured as a guest presenter for the BBC Proms televised broadcast. On 4 November 2015, McCarthy appeared on BBC Radio 4's Front Row programme, during which he discussed the recording of his debut album Solo, which had recently reached Number 4 in the classical music charts. Arrangements Gershwin Summertime (Porgy and Bess) Arranged for the Left Hand Alone Mascagni Intermezzo (Cavalleria Rusticana) Arranged for the Left Hand Alone Rachmaninov Prelude Op. 23 No. 5 G minor Arranged for the Left Hand Alone References External links Official website Living people English classical pianists Male classical pianists Alumni of the Royal College of Music Classical pianists who played with one arm 21st-century classical pianists Year of birth missing (living people) 21st-century British male musicians
23573600	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Blnick%C3%A9%20Vtelno	Mělnické Vtelno	Mělnické Vtelno is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants. Administrative parts Villages of Radouň and Vysoká Libeň are administrative parts of Mělnické Vtelno. References Villages in Mělník District
23573604	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebu%C5%BEely	Nebužely	Nebužely is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. References Villages in Mělník District
44496805	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Rosas%20Pfingsthorn	Fernando Rosas Pfingsthorn	Fernando Rosas Pfingsthorn (Valparaíso, August 7, 1931 – Santiago, October 5, 2007) was a Chilean orchestra conductor and one of the founders of the Youth and Children's Orchestras Foundation of Chile. Academics Fernando Rosas completed studies in law and social sciences in the Catholic University of Valparaíso in 1953. While he was there, he pushed for the creation of the university's arts and music institute. He studied and completed his musical education privately in Detmold, Germany, with a scholarship provided by the German Academic Exchange Service. He also completed a bachelor's degree in Musical Interpretation at the Catholic University of Chile. He won a scholarship on the Fulbright Program to Juilliard School, where he studied between 1968 and 1970. Life and work Fernando Rosas married twice and had six children: Felipe, Magdalena, Bernardita, Jimena, Fernando and Ana Maria. In 1960, he founded the music department of the Catholic University of Valparaíso. In 1964, he was made director of the music department at the Catholic University of Chile, where he founded its Chamber Orchestra and Music School. He remained as director of the orchestra for 12 years, performing concerts, recording several albums, and on many occasions taking part in TV shows. He took the first Chilean orchestra on tour through Europe, and performed in the USA and the other countries of America with the same orchestra. In 1976 he created the “Fundación Beethoven” (Beethoven foundation), with Adolfo Flores, and was its president from 1989 until his death in 2007. One of the achievements of this foundation was the creation of Radio Beethoven, one of the radio stations in Chile dedicated to classical music. The same year, he organized the first edition of the "Temporada Internacional de Conciertos del Teatro Oriente" (Teatro Oriente International Season of Concerts) in Santiago. This festival featured some of the greatest international performers and soloists in classical music. In 1982, Rosas became director of the Chilean Education Ministry Orchestra, known today as Chilean Chamber Orchestra. or "Orquesta de Cámara de Chile" With this orchestra he toured throughout Chile, Europe and America several times, taking part in international festivals. He died on Friday October 5, 2007. Youth and Children's Orchestras Foundation of Chile In 1991, Fernando Rosas received a special invitation from the Venezuelan Minister of Culture, José Antonio Abreu, to meet the country's Youth Orchestras. As a result of this experience, the Beethoven Foundation (directed by him) and Chilean Education Ministry launched a program to create and support youth orchestras in Chile in 1992. The program worked with the help of instructors that travelled to Antofagasta, Copiapó, La Serena, Talca, Chillán, Valdivia and Temuco (the cities covered by the program) teaching orchestra members and encouraging other young people to join. As part of this program, he created the National Youth Symphony Orchestra in 1994, a group of 100 young adults and teenagers between the ages of 14 and 25, selected in a public competition. Rosas would be its chief conductor until late 2001, performing throughout Chile. In May 2001, he proposed and helped create the "Fundación Nacional de Orquestas Juveniles" or Youth and Children's Orchestras Foundation of Chile, along with Luisa Durán, and became its executive director. Awards Fernando Rosas Pfingsthorn received many awards throughout his career, including: Premio Annual de la Crítica Chilena (Annual Chilean Critics Award) Medalla de Oro de la Municipalidad de Providencia (Municipality of Providencia Gold Medal) Medalla de la ciudad de Frankfurt (Frankfurt Medal) Medalla al Director Cultural más Destacado otorgada por Amigos del Arte (Friends of Art Medal for Best Cultural Director). Cruz de Plata de la República de Austria (Austria Silver Cross) Premio “Figura Fundamental de la Música Chilena” (SCD Leading Figure in Chilean Music). Condecoración “Andrés Bello” otorgada por el Presidente Rafael Caldera, por la labor desarrollada en el ámbito cultural, con ocasión de su visita a Venezuela junto a la Orquesta Nacional Juvenil. (Distinction awarded by Venezuelan President Rafael Caldera, for work in the cultural field during his visit to Venezuela with the National Youth Orchestra. Premio a la Música Presidente de la República(Presidential Prize for Music, 2002) Premio "Domingo Santa Cruz" de la Academia de Bellas Artes del Instituto de Chile (Domingo Santa Cruz Prize from the Fine Arts Academy, 2003) Orden al Mérito Gabriela Mistral en grado de Gran Oficial (Gabriela Mistral Order of Merit, Grand Officer, 2004) Premio TVN a la trayectoria (TVN Lifetime Achievement Award, 2005) Premio APES por aporte a la formación y desarrollo de orquestas juveniles (APES Award for contribution to the training and development of youth orchestras, 2005). National Prize for Musical Arts of Chile, in recognition for his constant efforts to promote classical music among young people (2006) Medalla Héroe de la Paz San Alberto Hurtado, otorgada por la Universidad Alberto Hurtado, (Saint Alberto Hurtado Peace Medal, August 30, 2007). See also Music of Chile Youth and Children's Orchestras Foundation of Chile References External links Fundacion Beethoven 20th-century American conductors (music) 21st-century American conductors (music) Juilliard School alumni 1931 births 2007 deaths Chilean conductors (music) Musicians from Valparaíso American male conductors (music) 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male musicians
23573606	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedomice	Nedomice	Nedomice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. References Villages in Mělník District
44496809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20opertalis	Cliniodes opertalis	Cliniodes opertalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found at low elevations in Peru, southern Venezuela and Brazil (Rondônia). The length of the forewings is 12–15 mm. The forewing costa and basal area are brownish grey, sometimes with dark red scales. The medial area is greyish brown and the postmedial and terminal areas are brown or reddish brown. The hindwings are translucent white with a black marginal band. Adults have been recorded on wing in May, August and November. Etymology The species name refers to the similarity to Cliniodes opalalis and is derived from Latin opertus (meaning hidden). References Moths described in 2011 Eurrhypini
44496818	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioglossa%20argodora	Idioglossa argodora	Idioglossa argodora is a species of moth of the family Batrachedridae. It is known from India. The wingspan is about 10 mm. References Moths described in 1913 Batrachedridae
23573610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos%C3%A1lov	Nosálov	Nosálov () is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. The village with well preserved examples of folk architecture is protected by law as a village monument reservation. Administrative parts Villages of Brusné 1.díl, Libovice and Příbohy are administrative parts of Nosálov. History The first written mention of Nosálov is from 1324. Sights The village of Nosálov consists of a unique complex of original wooden cottages from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, so called hop houses. They are a remnant of the times when there was a hop-growing area. The small Chapel of the Holy Trinity in the centre of Nosálov was built in 1808 and is a valuable example of a small village building of this period. References External links Villages in Mělník District
23573613	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A1%20Ves%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29	Nová Ves (Mělník District)	Nová Ves is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants. Administrative parts Villages of Miřejovice, Nové Ouholice, Staré Ouholice and Vepřek are administrative parts of Nová Ves. History The first written mention of Nová Ves is from 1421. Economy Vepřek Solar Park, the largest photovoltaic power station by area and the second biggest by nameplate capacity, is located in Vepřek. Sights There are four cultural monuments in the municipality: Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a belfry in Nová Ves, a belfry in Vepřek and a watermill in Vepřek. Galery References Villages in Mělník District
44496834	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeemania%20%2840%20Timeless%20Hits%29	Monkeemania (40 Timeless Hits)	Monkeemania (40 Timeless Hits) is a Monkees compilation released in Australia in 1979. It contains 40 of the Monkees' songs, including hit singles, B-sides, album tracks and three previously unreleased tracks: "Love to Love," "Steam Engine" and a live version of "Circle Sky." Due to the unavailability of the Monkees' master tapes in Australia at this time, "needledrop" vinyl recordings of songs had to be used, resulting in various sound quality issues. The photo of the band used on the cover is a reversed image from the original. Track listing LP 1 "(Theme from) The Monkees" (Tommy Boyce, Bobby Hart) – 2:17 "Last Train to Clarksville" (Boyce, Hart) – 2:48 "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone" (Boyce, Hart) – 2:21 "I'm a Believer" (Neil Diamond) – 2:42 "A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You" (Diamond) – 2:49 "Look Out (Here Comes Tomorrow)" (Diamond) – 2:12 "She" (Boyce, Hart) – 2:37 "Words" (Boyce, Hart) – 2:46 "Saturday's Child" (David Gates) - 2:40 "Cuddly Toy" (Harry Nilsson) - 2:35 "Take a Giant Step" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King) - 2:30 "Sometime in the Morning" (Goffin, King) - 2:27 "Pleasant Valley Sunday" (Goffin, King) - 3:12 "Star Collector" (Goffin, King) - 3:30 "Sweet Young Thing" (Goffin, King, Michael Nesmith) - 1:54 "Porpoise Song" (Theme from Head) (Goffin, King) - 4:00 "As We Go Along" (King, Toni Stern) - 3:53 "Shades of Gray" (Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil) - 3:20 "Love Is Only Sleeping" (Mann, Weil) - 2:23 "The Girl I Left Behind Me" (Neil Sedaka, Carole Bayer Sager) - 2:42 LP 2 "Mary, Mary" (Nesmith) - 2:10 "Randy Scouse Git (Alternate Title)" (Micky Dolenz) – 2:32 "The Girl I Knew Somewhere" (Nesmith) – 2:32 "You and I" (Bill Chadwick, Davy Jones) - 2:10 "Tapioca Tundra" (Nesmith) - 3:06 "Mommy and Daddy" (Dolenz) - 2:10 "For Pete's Sake" (Joey Richards, Peter Tork) - 2:10 "Good Clean Fun" (Nesmith) - 2:15 "Listen to the Band" (Nesmith) - 2:45 "Circle Sky" (live) (Nesmith) - 2:32 "Daydream Believer" (John Stewart) – 2:55 "What Am I Doing Hanging 'Round" (Michael Martin Murphey, Owen Castleman) – 3:02 "D.W. Washburn" (Leiber & Stoller) - 2:43 "Valleri" (Boyce, Hart) - 2:15 "Looking for the Good Times" (Boyce, Hart) - 2:00 "Someday Man" (Roger Nichols, Paul Williams) – 2:38 "Oh, My, My" (Jeff Barry, Andy Kim) - 2:56 "Steam Engine" (Chip Douglas) - 2:21 "Love to Love" (Diamond) - 2:35 "Goin' Down" (Dolenz, Diane Hildebrand, Jones, Nesmith, Tork) - 3:57 "Tema Dei Monkees" (Boyce, Hart, Nistri) - 2:16 References 1979 greatest hits albums The Monkees compilation albums Arista Records compilation albums
23573614	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C5%99%C3%ADstv%C3%AD	Obříství	Obříství is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,600 inhabitants. Administrative parts Villages of Dušníky and Semilkovice are administrative parts of Obříství. Notable people Bedřich Smetana (1824–1884), composer; lived and married here Svatopluk Čech (1846–1908), writer and poet; lived here in 1895–1903 References Villages in Mělník District
44496840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frutillar%20Musical%20Weeks	Frutillar Musical Weeks	The Frutillar Musical Weeks (Semanas Musicales de Frutillar) is a classical music festival that takes place every year in the southern Chilean town of Frutillar, Los Lagos Region. History The Frutillar Musical Weeks were conceived in 1968 by a group of Frutillar residents supported by the German Chilean League of Santiago. Robert Dick, Arturo Yunge, Alfredo Daetz and Flora Inostroza made up the organizing committee for the first 12 years of the festival's existence, and much of the credit for the success of the festival should be granted to them. Thanks to Flora Inostroza, the Universidad de Chile and the Chilean Air Force have been close collaborators in the festival since its launch. In the early days, the Musical Weeks were held in Catholic or Lutheran church and then at the municipal gym, until they became so popular that they needed a larger venue. The Musical Weeks have been held every summer since 1968. Today the festival is one of the most important classical music events in Chile. Location and venues Frutillar is a small town and commune located in southern Chile in the Los Lagos Region, 983 km (630 mi) south of Santiago, the capital. The bay of Frutillar is found on the shores of Lake Llanquihue, the largest lake lying entirely within Chile. Frutillar (which translates as “strawberry fields”) is known as the "City of Music" thanks to the festival, and was originally populated mainly by German settlers from Hamburg in the 1850s. The main venue of the festival since 2010 is the Teatro del Lago (Theatre of the Lake), a theatre and concert hall housed in a 10,000 m2 building. Opening on November 6, 2010 after 12 years in development, it is located right on the shore of Llanquihue Lake so that the interior auditorium enjoys a view of the snow-capped Osorno Volcano across the lake. The architecture of the building is contemporary, but retains links with the traditional southern Chilean style, strongly influenced by German immigrants. Native materials were used in construction, such as wood, stone and copper. The largest room in the venue is the "Espacio Tronador", which can seat almost 1,200 spectators. The auditorium is made completely of wood, and the spaces are outlined by the curved lines of the stage, rows of seats and high balconies. There is also a range of other multipurpose salons and foyers, exhibition areas, rehearsal spaces, conference rooms and congress halls. The festival The festival takes place between January and February every year and lasts for 10 days. It features more than 40 classical concerts performed by both Chilean and international artists. The program includes music and composers from different periods as well as famous Chilean and international performers and conductors, chamber orchestras, choirs and soloists. In addition to the events that take place in Frutillar, other nearby towns also hold free concerts. Sculptures on musical and festival themes can be found all along the Frutillar lakeshore, such as an amphitheatre, a Steinway grand piano and a gazebo, to name a few. See also List of classical music festivals in South America List of music festivals in Chile Music of Chile Classical Music Frutillar External links Municipality of Frutillar Teatro del Lago References Music festivals in Chile Llanquihue Province Recurring events established in 1968 Chamber music festivals Classical music festivals in Chile
23573616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olovnice	Olovnice	Olovnice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants. References Villages in Mělník District
44496848	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20European%20Road%20Championships	1997 European Road Championships	The 1997 European Road Championships were held in Villach, Austria, in September 1997. Regulated by the European Cycling Union. The event consisted of a road race and time trial for under-23 women and under-23 men. Events summary Medal table References External links The European Cycling Union European Road Championships, 1997 European Road Championships by year International cycle races hosted by Austria 1997 in Austrian sport Villach
20469544	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance%20India%20Dance	Dance India Dance	Dance India Dance (also called by the acronym DID; tagline:Dance Ka Asli ID D.I.D.) is an Indian dance competition reality television series that airs on Zee TV, created and produced by Essel Vision Productions. It premiered on 30 January 2009. Here the judges are called Masters and Mithun Chakraborty was called Grand Master (till season 6). Season 7 premiered with a different concept. The show features a format where dancers from a variety of styles enter open auditions held in Indian metropolitan cities to showcase their unique style and talents and, if allowed to move forward, are then put through mega-audition rounds of auditions to test their ability to adapt to different styles. At the end of mega audition, the top 18 dancers are chosen as finalists who move on to compete in the competition's main phase where they will perform solo, duet and group dance numbers in a variety of styles in competition for the votes of the broadcast viewing audience which, combined with the input of a panel of judges, determine which dancers will advance to the next stage from week to week. The show features a variety of Indian cultural and international dance styles ranging across a broad spectrum of classical, Contemporary, Bollywood, Hip-hop, Jazz, Kalaripayattu, Salsa, and Musical theatre styles, among others, with many sub-genres within these categories represented. Competitors attempt to master these styles in an attempt to survive successive weeks of elimination and win a cash prize and often other awards, as well as the title of India's Best Dancer. The show is choreographed by Indian choreographers, such as Mudassar Khan, Marzi Pestonji, Tanuj Jaggi and Mini Pradhan. The show has won several television awards for Most Popular Dance Reality Show. Format Selection process The selection process can be further broken down into two distinct stages: the Open Auditions and the second phase referred to as the Mega Auditions. The Open Auditions take place in 5–6 major Indian cities and are typically open to anyone aged 15–30 at the time of their audition. The cities in which auditions are held vary from season to season but some, such as New Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata have featured in almost every season. During this stage, dancers perform a brief routine (typically individually) before three masters. The masters will then make an on-the-spot decision as to whether the dancer demonstrated enough ability. If the dancer impressed the masters with his/her dancing abilities, masters will award a Hat called Taqdeer Ki Topi (Hat of Destiny), moving them instantly one step forward in the competition. The second stage of the selection process, the Mega Auditions, is a several-day-long process in which the 100 hopefuls are tested for overall well-rounded dance, stamina, and their ability to perform under pressure. The dancers are put through a battery of rounds which test their ability to pick up various dance styles (typically some of the more well-represented genres that will later be prominent in the competition phase, such as Hip hop, Bollywood, Jazz, Bharat Natyam, Kathak, Mohiniyattam, Odissi and Contemporary). At the end of this process, only the top 36 competitors will be chosen. The top 36 are then again asked to give solo performances, after which 18 are chosen in the final auditions. Then, those top 18 get divided into 3 teams which are named according to the 3 masters of the show such as, Mudassar Ki Mandali, Marzi Ke Mastane and Mini Ke Masterblasters. Each team containing 6 dancers then competes in the show, learning new skills throughout the journey. Judges Grand Master Mithun Chakraborty has been being the head judge of the series. When any contestant performs an extraordinary performance, Grand Master gives him/her a salute. It's called Grand Salute and it is the highest respect for any contestant here. Every season, 3 Indian choreographers (who are called Coaches) choreograph the contestants and judge them too with Grand Master. The first three seasons were judged by 3 regular judges Master Geeta Kapoor, Master Terence Lewis & Master Remo D'Souza with Grand Master. Then the judges were changed season by season from season 4. When any contestant performs a perfect act, the judges give him/her a special speech which is as respect for the contestant. List of the judges: Adaptations Dance Bangla Dance (Zee Bangla) Dance Jodi Dance (Zee Tamil) Dance Karnataka Dance (Zee Kannada) Dance Kerala Dance (Zee Keralam) Dance Maharashtra Dance (Zee Marathi) Dance Odisha Dance (Zee Sarthak) Dance Tamizha Dance (Zee Tamil) Dance Punjab Dance (Zee Punjabi) Seasons Season 1 First season was started on 30 January 2009. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 30 May 2009 and winner was Salman Yusuff Khan. Masters: Remo D'Souza, his team was named Remo Ke Rangeelay. Terence Lewis, his team was named Terence Ki Toli. Geeta Kapoor, her team was named Geeta Ki Gang. Top 18 Contestants: Remo Ke Rangeelay: Salman Yusuff Khan Prince R. Gupta Khushboo Purohit Mangesh Mondal Bhavana Purohit Rakhee Sharma Terence Ki Toli: Alisha Singh Jai Kumar Nair Mayuresh Wadkar Vrushali Chavan Kiran Sutavne Shubho Das Geeta Ki Gang: Siddhesh Pai Sunita Gogoi Paulson Mandakini Jena Nonie Sachdeva Jigar Ghatge Finalists: Salman Yusuff Khan (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was the winner. Alisha Singh (from Terence Ki Toli) was 1st runner-up. Siddhesh Pai (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 2nd runner-up. Jai Kumar Nair (from Terence Ki Toli) was 3rd runner-up. Season 2 Second season was started on 18 December 2009. This season was also hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 23 April 2010 and winner was Shakti Mohan. Masters: Remo D'Souza, his team was named Remo Ke Rangeelay. Terence Lewis, his team was named Terence Ki Toli. Geeta Kapoor, her team was named Geeta Ki Gang. Top 21 Contestants: Remo Ke Rangeelay: Punit Pathak Bhavna Khanduja Nikkitasha Marwaha Shashank Dogra Meenu Panchal Naresh Mondal Terence Ki Toli: Shakti Mohan Kunwar Amar Kruti Mahesh Parvez Rehmani Vandana Ameet Jack Gill (Wildcard) Geeta Ki Gang: Dharmesh Yelande Binny Sharma Amrita Mitra (wildcard) Kishore Aman Tina Pradkar Altaf Shruti Finalists: Shakti Mohan (from Terence Ki Toli) was the winner. Dharmesh Yelande (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 1st runner-up. Punit Pathak (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 2nd runner-up. Binny Sharma (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 3rd runner-up. Season 3 Third season was started on 24 December 2011. This season was also hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 21 April 2012 and winner was Rajasmita Kar. Masters: Remo D'Souza, his team was named Remo Ke Rangeelay. Terence Lewis, his team was named Terence Ki Toli. Geeta Kapoor, her team was named Geeta Ki Gang. Top 18 Contestants: Remo Ke Rangeelay: Sanam Johar Mohena Singh Vaibhav Ghuge Lipsa Acharya Hardik Raval Manju Sharma Terence Ki Toli: Pradeep Gurung Raghav Juyal (wildcard) Neerav Balvecha (wildcard) Sneha Gupta Piyali Saha Varoon Kumar Sneha Kapoor Chotu Lohar Geeta Ki Gang: Rajasmita Kar Abheek Banerjee Paul Marshal Urvashi Gandhi Riddhika Singh Shafeer Finalists: Rajasmita Kar (from Geeta Ki Gang) was the winner. Pradeep Gurung (from Terence Ki Toli) was 1st runner-up. Raghav Juyal (from Terence Ki Toli) was 2nd runner-up. Sanam Johar (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 3rd runner-up. Mohena Singh (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 4th runner-up. Season 4 Fourth season was started on 26 October 2013. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Ishita Sharma. The grand finale was aired on 22 February 2014 and winner was Shyam Yadav from Mudassar ki Mandli. Masters: Mudassar Khan, his team was named Mudassar Ki Mandali. Shruti Merchant, her team was named Shruti Ke Shandar. Feroz Khan, his team was named Feroz Ki Fauj. Karan Dhar, his team was named Karan Ke Kekde. Top 11 Contestants: Mudassar Ki Mandali: Shyam Yadav Swarali Karulkar Dhiraj Bakshi Shruti Ke Shandar: Manan Sachdeva Sumedh Mudgalkar Shrishti Jain Suniketa Bore Feroz Ki Fauj: Biki Das Arundhati Garnaik Ashutosh Pawar Sapna Suryawanshi Finalists: Shyam Yadav (from Mudassar Ki Mandali) was the winner. Manan Sachdeva (from Shruti Ke Shandar) was 1st runner-up. Biki Das (from Firoz Ki Fauj) was 2nd runner-up. Sumedh Mudgalkar (from Shruti Ke Shandar) was 3rd runner-up. Season 5 Fifth season was started on 27 June 2015. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali. The grand finale was aired on 10 October 2015 and winner was Proneeta Swargiary. Masters: Mudassar Khan, his team was named Mudassar Ki Mandali. Punit Pathak, his team was named Punit Ke Panthers. Gaiti Siddiqui, her team was named Gaiti Ke Gangsters. Top 11 Contestants: Mudassar Ki Mandali: Kaushik Mandal Saddam Hussain Sheikh Anuradha Iyengar Vicky Alhat Punit Ke Panthers: Proneeta Swargiary Ashish Vashistha Sally Sheikh Pankaj Thapa Gaiti Ke Gangsters: Nirmal Tamang Sahil Adanaya Anila Rajan Finalists: Proneeta Swargiary (from Punit Ke Panthers) was the winner. Nirmal Tamang (from Gaiti Ke Gangsters) was 1st runner-up. Sahil Adanaya (from Gaiti Ke Gangsters) was 2nd runner-up. Kaushik Mandal (from Mudassar Ki Mandali) was 3rd runner-up. Ashish Vashistha (from Punit Ke Panthers) was 4th runner-up. Season 6 Sixth season is being aired from 4 November 2017. This season is being hosted by Amruta Khanvilkar and Sahil Khattar. Masters: Mudassar Khan, his team is named Mudassar Ki Mandali. Marzi Pestonji, his team is named Marzi Ke Mastane. Mini Pradhan, her team is named Mini Ke Masterblasters. Top Contestants: Mudassar Ki Mandali: Shivam Wankhede Paramdeep Singh Alphons Chetty Daphisha Kharbani Ria Chatterjee Deepak Marzi Ke Mastane: Sachin Sharma Kalpita Kachroo Punyakar Upadhyay Shweta Warrier Shweta Sharda Rahul Burman Mini Ke Masterblasters: Sanket Gaonkar Piyush Gurbhele Nainika Anasuru Sujan Marpa Deepak Hulsure (Wildcard Entry) Sonal Vichare Mitesh Roy Sarang Roy Top 5 Finalists: Sanket Gaonkar Piyush Gurbhele Nainika Anasuru (Wildcard Entry) Sachin Sharma Shivam Wankhede Sanket Gaonkar (from Mini Ke Masterblasters) is the winner Sachin Sharma (from Marzi Ke Mastane) is the first runner up Piyush Gurbhele (from Mini Ke Masterblasters) is the second runner up Nainika Anasuru (from Mini Ke Masterblasters) is the third runner up Shivam Wankhede (from Mudassar Ki Mandali) is fourth runner up Season 7 Season 7 - "Battle Of The Champions" being aired from 22 June 2019. This season is being hosted by Karan Wahi. Judges Bosco Martis Kareena Kapoor Khan Raftaar Zones Coaches Paul Marshal (West Ke Singhams) Pranshu & Kuldeep (Lyrical) (2nd Runner-Up)Akshay Pal (Popping) (4th Runner-Up)Saakshi & Shambhavi (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 11 August 2019)Akash & Suraj (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 18 August 2018)Kings Squad (Hip-Hop) (Eliminated on 1 September 2019)Mansi Dhruv (Bollywood) (Eliminated on 22 September 2019) Palden Lama Mawroh/Nirmal Tamang (East Ke Tigers) Mukul Gain (Contemporary) (3rd Runner-Up)Nrutya Naivedya (Odissi) (Eliminated on 7 July 2019)Pop & Flex (Popping) (Eliminated on 14 July 2019)M.D. Hasan (B-Boying) (Eliminated on 28 July 2019)Richika Sinha (Contemporary) (Eliminated on 8 September 2019) Bhawna Khanduja (North Ke Nawabs) Unreal Crew (Tuttmation - Tutting and Animation) (Winner)Malka Praveen (Hip-Hop and Freestyle) (Eliminated on 21 July 2019)Hardik Rawat (Contemporary and Hip-Hop) (Withdrew Due to Injury on 28 July 2019) N-House Crew (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 22 September 2019) Sneha Kapoor (South Ke Thalaiwa) I Am Hip-Hop (Hip-Hop) (Runner-Up)Ramya & Bhaskar (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 7 July 2019)Loyala Dream Team (Hip-Hop and Urban Choreography) (Eliminated on 14 July 2019)Anil & Tejas (Freestyle) (Eliminated on 21 July 2019)The Soul Queens (Bollywood and Hip-Hop) (Eliminated on 25 August 2019) Li'l Masters li'l Master season 1 The first season of DID L'il Masters was judged by Farah Khan and Sandip Soparrkar. It was hosted by Manish Paul. The four skippers were Jai (DID 1), Vrushali and Mayuresh (DID 1), Amrutha (DID 2), and Dharmesh (DID 2). Their teams were: Dharmesh ke Dhinchak: Jeetumoni Kalita, Vaishnavi Patil, Ruturaj Mahalim, Khyati Patel Jai ke Jhatang-Fatang: Vatsal Vithlani, Papiya Sarkar, Atul Banmoria, Divyam Viajyvergia Vrushali aur Mayuresh ke Dhum-Dhadake: Manoj Rathod, Hansika Singh, Avneet Kaur, Neel Shah Amritha ke Aflatoon: Anurag Sarmah, Khushabu Kargutkar, Shubham Maheshwari, Shivani Baranwal Top 4 Finalists Jeetumoni Kalita (winner) Atul Banmoria (1st Runner Up) Vaishnavi Patil (2nd Runner Up) Manoj Rathod (3rd Runner Up) li'l Master season 2 DID L'il Masters 2 was judged by Geeta Kapoor and Marzi Pestonji. It was hosted by Jay Bhanushali. The four skippers were Prince (DID 1), Raghav (DID 3), Kruti (DID 2), Neerav (DID 3) Prince ke Paltan: Faisal, Shalini, Deep, Shreya Raghav ke Rockstars: Saummya, Rohan, Yash, Susanket Kruti ke Kracters: Om, Uday, Rimsha, Jnana Neerav ke Ninjas: Shreya, Tanay (WC), Jeet (WC), Rishi, Shivam Top Finalists Faisal Khan (Winner) Om Chetry (1st Runner Up) Rohan Parkale (2nd Runner Up) Saumya Rai (3rd Runner Up) li'l Master season 3 The third season began broadcasting on 1 March 2014. Geeta Kapoor, Ahmad Khan, and Mudassar Khan were judges, along with Sanam Johar (did3), Raghav Crockroaz Juyal(did3),(Lil M2)/ Omkar Shinde, Rahul Shetty and Paul Marshal Cardoz(did3) and Swarali Karulkar(did1), as skippers. The teams were Raghav/Omkar ke Rockstar, Sanam ke Superheroes, Rahul and Paul ke Rapchik Punters and Swarali ke Sparklers. Teriya Magar from Nepal was declared the winner, and Anushka Chetry became the 1st runner-up. Sadhwin Shetty was the 2nd runner-up. Hardik Ruparel was declared the 3rd runner-up li'l Master season 4 DID Li'l Masters returned with its 4th season after 4 years. It began broadcasting on 3 March 2018. Marzi Pestonji, Chitrangnda Singh and Siddharth Anand are the judges along with Vaishnavi Patil (li'l M1),(JDJ5),(JDJ6),(JDJ7),(JDJ8),(JDJ9),(DC1),(DD3) Jitumoni Kalita (li'l M1), Tanay Malhara (Li'l M2),(D+2,) and Bir Radha Sherpa (li'l M2),(D+3),(DC1) as the skippers. The teams are Vaishnavi Ke Veer, Jitumoni ke Janbaaz, Tanay ke Tigers and Bir ke Baahubali. Jiya Thakur from Vaishnavi ke Veer wins the title. Urva Bhavsar from Jitumoni ke Janbaaz is the first runner up followed by Tamman Gamnu from Bir ke Baahubali. The season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Vighnesh Pande. li'l Master season 5 DID Li'l Masters returned with its 5th season. It began broadcasting on 12 March 2022 with Remo D'Souza, Sonali Bendre and Mouni Roy as the judges with Jay Bhanushali as the host. The skippers for the season are Paul Marshal (DID3),(DID7),(Li'l M2),(SD1),(SD2),(SD3),(SD4),(IBD1),(IBD2) Vartika Jha (DD1),(D+4),(SD4),(IBD1),(IBD2) and Vaibhav Ghuge (DID3),(SD1),(SD2),(SD3),(SD4),(IBD1),(IBD2) Contestant Status Guest Jacky shroff, Shahid kapoor, Aruna irani, Tiger shroff, Akshay kumar, Kartik aryan, Ranveer singh, Geeta kapoor, Terence lewis, Dharmesh sir, Salman yusuff khan, Shilpa Shetty, Basco martis, Varun davan, Anil kapoor, Kaira adwani, Manish paul, Bharti singh for finale episode Dancing with the stars Dipali with adheshry, Rupesh, Sumya with sadia, Rupesh bane, Rohan, Sanket, Pankaj thapa, Rutuja, Shayam yadav, Sadwi Dance India Dance L'il Masters North America Edition Auditions were conducted in April 2014 with over 10,000 contestants auditioning from all across the US, Canada and Europe. Out of them 10 contestants were chosen and were flown to Mumbai, India to compete in the finals. The winner was Akhil and the second winner was Avantika Vandanapu. Doubles The shows consisted of 12 finalist couples. The Grand Finale was scheduled for filming 7 April 2011 at the Andheri Sports Complex for broadcast on 9 April 2011. Amit and Falon were voted the winners of the season. Super Moms Super Moms Season 1 Mithu Chowdhury from Kolkata was declared the winner of Dance India Dance Super Moms 2013 Season, and Cecille Rodrigues from Goa was the 1st runner-up, and Shraddha Shah Raj from Surat was the 2nd runner-up. Skiper raguv (DID3), (Lil M1), (Li'l M2), skiper jay (DID1), Farah khan and master marzi judge Super Moms Season 2 The second season started in March 2015. Harpreet Khatri who hails from Mumbai was announced the winner of Dance India Dance Super Moms Season 2 in 2015. Season 2 was anchored by popular TV actor Karan Wahi. Skiper sanam johar (DID3), skiper sidesh (DID2),skiper mayuresh (DID1). Season 2 was judged by Geeta Kapoor, Govinda, and Terence Lewis. Super Moms Season 3 Season 3 will be judged by Remo D'Souza, Bhagyashree & Urmila Matondkar and hosted by Jay Bhanushali.It will start on 2 July 2022. Special shows Dance Ke Superstars Dance Ke Superstars featured contestants from the first two seasons to compete against each other. The show was judged by choreographers Remo D'Souza and Shiamak Davar, and featured a guest judge every week. Team Jalwa, the Season 2 DID contestants, won the series. Dance Ke Superkids Dance ke Superkids- Battle of the Baaps! featured contestants from the first two seasons of DID L'iL Masters. It was judged by Geeta Kapoor, Farah Khan and Marzi Pestonji and hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Shreya Acharya. Team Yahoo, also known as DID L'il Masters Season 2, was led by Captain Raghav Juyal and choreographers: Kruti Mahesh and Prince Gupta. They won the competition with Faisal Khan, Soumya Rai, Rohan Parkale, Om Chetri, Jeet Das, Shalini Moitra and Tanay Malhara dancing their way to victory. Team Wakao, also known as DID L'il Masters Season 1, was led by Captain Dharmesh Yelande and choreographers: Mayuresh Vadkar and Vrushali Chavan; with dancing contestants: Jeetumoni Kalita, Vatsal Vithlani, Ruturaj Mahalim, Vaishnavi Patil, Atul Banmoria, Anurag Sarmah and Khyati Patel. The team fell just short of victory but thoroughly celebrated their time on the show all the same. Dance Ka Tashan DID Dance Ka Tashan featured contestants from Dance India Dance Super Moms competing against contestants from Dance India Dance L'il Masters 2. The show aired in November 2013 and was judged by choreographer Ahmed Khan and Geeta Kapoor and hosted by TV actor Rithvik Dhanjani and India's Best Dramebaaz, Nihar. The show was won by Team Todu, the DID L'il Masters Season 2 contestants, Faisal, Soumya, Rohan, Om, Shalini, Deep, Tanay, Jeet and Shreya. Notes References External links ZEE TV Official Channel Dance India Dance Streaming on ZEE5 Dance India Dance 2009 Indian television series debuts Zee TV original programming Frames Production series Indian reality television series
44496861	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%27%20space	James' space	In the area of mathematics known as functional analysis, James' space is an important example in the theory of Banach spaces and commonly serves as useful counterexample to general statements concerning the structure of general Banach spaces. The space was first introduced in 1950 in a short paper by Robert C. James. James' space serves as an example of a space that is isometrically isomorphic to its double dual, while not being reflexive. Furthermore, James' space has a basis, while having no unconditional basis. Definition Let denote the family of all finite increasing sequences of integers of odd length. For any sequence of real numbers and we define the quantity James' space, denoted by J, is defined to be all elements x from c0 satisfying , endowed with the norm . Properties James' space is a Banach space. The canonical basis {en} is a (conditional) Schauder basis for J. Furthermore, this basis is both monotone and shrinking. J has no unconditional basis. James' space is not reflexive. Its image into its double dual under the canonical embedding has codimension one. James' space is however isometrically isomorphic to its double dual. James' space is somewhat reflexive, meaning every closed infinite-dimensional subspace contains an infinite dimensional reflexive subspace. In particular, every closed infinite-dimensional subspace contains an isomorphic copy of ℓ2. See also Banach space Tsirelson space References Functional analysis Banach spaces
44496868	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20additalis	Cliniodes additalis	Cliniodes additalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found in Mexico, where it has been recorded from San Luis Potosí. The length of the forewings is about 14 mm. The forewing costa, basal and medial areas are brown. The medial area has some rust red scales. The postmedial and terminal areas are filled with reddish brown. The hindwings are translucent white, with a black marginal band. Adults have been recorded on wing in June. Etymology The species name is derived from Latin additus (meaning added). References Moths described in 2011 Eurrhypini
20469560	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incontinence%20%28philosophy%29	Incontinence (philosophy)	Incontinence ("a want of continence or self-restraint") is often used by philosophers to translate the Greek term Akrasia (ἀκρασία). Used to refer to a lacking in moderation or self-control, especially related to sexual desire, incontinence may also be called wantonness. Aristotle Aristotle devoted book VII of the Nicomachean Ethics to the discussion of continence and incontinence, having previously linked the latter both to prodigality in its effects, and to those dominated by irrational feeling in its failure to obey knowledge of the good: a case of knowing virtue, but not having habituated it to control passion. Aristotle considered one could be incontinent with respect to money or temper or glory, but that its core relation was to bodily enjoyment. Its causes could be weakness of will, or an impetuous refusal to think. At the same time, he did not consider it a vice, because it is not so much a product of moral choice, but instead, a failure to act on one's better knowledge. Later developments For Augustine, incontinence was not so much a problem of knowledge (knowing but not acting) but of the will: he considered it a matter of everyday experience that men incontinently choose lesser over greater goods. In the structural division of Dante's Inferno, incontinence is the sin punished in the second through fifth circles. The mutual incontinence of lust was for Dante the lightest of the deadly sins, even if its lack of self-control would open the road to deeper layers of Hell. Akrasia appeared later as a character in Spenser's The Faerie Queene, representing the incontinence of lust, followed in the next canto by a study of that of anger; and as late as Jane Austen the sensibility of such figures as Marianne Dashwood would be treated as a form of (spiritual) incontinence. With the triumph of Romanticism, however, the incontinent choice of feeling over reason became increasingly valorised in Western culture. Blake wrote that "those who restrain desire, do so because theirs is weak enough to be restrained". Encouraged by Rousseau, there was a rise of what Arnold J. Toynbee would describe as "an abandon (ακρατεια)...a state of mind in which antinomianism is accepted – consciously or unconsciously, in theory or in practice – as a substitute for creativeness". A peak of such acrasia was perhaps reached in the 1960s cult of letting it all hang out – of breakdown, acting out and emotional self-indulgence and drama. Partly in reaction, the proponents of emotional intelligence would look back to Aristotle in the search for impulse control and delayed gratification – to his dictum that "a person is called continent or incontinent according as his reason is or is not in control". See also Akrasia Seven deadly sins References Further reading Dahl, N.O. 1984. Practical Reason, Aristotle, and the Weakness of Will. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Wedin, M. 1988. Mind and Imagination in Aristotle. New Haven: Yale University Press. External links Aristotle: Ethics and the Virtues (Weakness of the Will) Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII Concepts in ethics Philosophy of love
44496888	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangarap%20Ka	Mangarap Ka	Mangarap Ka (International title: You Dreamed / ) is a Philippine afternoon television drama on ABS-CBN starring Piolo Pascual and Angelica Panganiban. It aired from March 29 to October 8, 2004. Plot A light drama with elements of action and adventure, "Mangarap Ka" marks a new direction for its makers ABS-CBN, which has created and perfected the teleserye genre over the years. Spotlighting the colorful sights and sounds of downtown Manila, "Mangarap Ka" is set in Quiapo, where we meet Oslec (Piolo Pascual), a street-smart young man whose life is about to be changed when he meets a lost young boy named Tikoy (newcomer Steven Christian Fermo). Cast Main cast Piolo Pascual as Celso "Oslec" Macapinlac Jr./Dragon King Angelica Panganiban as Catherine Sita "Cutie" Carter Steven Christian Fermo as Tikoy Supporting cast Patrick Garcia as Tristan Miles Ocampo as Pepe/Pepay Rio Locsin as Jacqueline Catacutan Carter Nova Villa as Zoila Catacutan Nanding Josef as Samuel Ilonah Jean See also List of programs aired by ABS-CBN List of telenovelas of ABS-CBN References ABS-CBN drama series 2004 Philippine television series debuts 2004 Philippine television series endings 2000s Philippine television series Television series by Star Creatives Filipino-language television shows Television shows set in Manila
20469619	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Greece%20relations	Cyprus–Greece relations	Cyprus–Greece relations are the bilateral relations between the Republic of Cyprus and the Hellenic Republic. Cyprus has an embassy in Athens and a consulate-general in Thessaloniki. Greece has an embassy in Nicosia. Both countries are full members of the United Nations, European Union, Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Relations between the two countries have been exceptionally close since antiquity. The Greek Cypriot majority in Cyprus and the ethnic Greek population of Greece share a common ethnicity, heritage, language, and religion, leading to an exceptionally close relationship between the two countries. Traditionally, Greece has been the major export and import partner of Cyprus. In 2019, Greece produced $257,165.64 US Dollars in exports $1,855,624.30 US Dollars in imports for Cyprus, being Cyprus's first ranking import partner. Similarity of Anthems Greece and Cyprus have the same anthem. Greece adopted the anthem in 1865, while Cyprus adopted it in 1966. Country comparison Diplomacy Republic of Cyprus Athens (Embassy) Thessaloniki (Consulate-General) Republic of Greece Nicosia (Embassy) Embassies The Embassy of Cyprus is located in Athens, Greece. The Embassy of Greece is located in Nicosia, Cyprus. See also Foreign relations of Cyprus Foreign relations of Greece Energy Triangle Greek Cypriots Cypriot Greek Enosis 1981 enlargement of the European Communities 2004 enlargement of the European Union Foreign Relations of Cyprus Politics of Cyprus References External links Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Greece Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Cyprus Greek Embassy in Nicosia Greece Cyprus
44496889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxata	Artaxata	Artashat (); Hellenized as Artaxata () and Artaxiasata (), was a large commercial city and the capital of ancient Armenia during the reign of king Artaxias I; the founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty of the ancient Kingdom of Armenia. The name of the city is derived from Iranian languages and means the "joy of Arta" (see also; -shat). Founded by King Artaxias I in 176 BC, Artaxata served as the capital of the Kingdom of Armenia from 185 BC until 120 AD, and was known as the "Vostan Hayots" ("court/seal of the Armenians"). History Antiquity King Artashes I founded Artashat in 176 BC in the Vostan Hayots canton within the historical province of Ayrarat, at the point where Araks river was joined by Metsamor river during that ancient eras, near the heights of Khor Virap. The story of the foundation is given by the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi of the fifth century: "Artashes traveled to the location of the confluence of the Yeraskh and Metsamor [rivers] and taking a liking to the position of the hills [adjacent to Mount Ararat], he chose it as the location of his new city, naming it after himself." According to the accounts given by Greek historians Plutarch and Strabo, Artashat is said to have been chosen and developed on the advice of the Carthaginian general Hannibal: However, modern historians argue that there is no direct evidence to support the above. Some sources have also indicated that Artashes built his city upon the remains of an old Urartian settlement. Strabo and Plutarch describe Artashat as a large and beautiful city and call it the "Armenian Carthage". A focal point of Hellenistic culture, Armenia's first theatre was built here. Movses Khorenatsi points that in addition to numerous copper pagan statues of the gods and goddesses of Anahit, Artemis and Tir brought from the religious center of Bagaran and other regions to the city, Jews from the former Armenian capital of Armavir were relocated to Artashat. Artashes also built a citadel (which was later named Khor Virap and gained prominence as the location where Gregory the Illuminator was to be imprisoned by Tiridates III of Armenia) and added other fortifications, including a moat. Given the city's strategic position on the Araks valley, Artashat soon became a center of bustling economic activity and thriving international trade, linking Persia and Mesopotamia with the Caucasus and Asia Minor. Its economic wealth can be gauged in the numerous bathhouses, markets, workshops administrative buildings that sprang up during the reign of Artashes I. The city had its own treasury and customs. The amphitheater of Artashat was built during the reign of king Artavasdes II (55-34 BC). The remains of the huge walls surrounding the city built by King Artashes I could be found in the area. Wars against Romans and Persians During the reign of Tigranes II, the Armenian kingdom expanded and conquered many territories in the south and west, ultimately reaching the Mediterranean Sea. Due to the remoteness of Artashat in the greater context of the empire, Tigranes built a new capital called Tigranocerta. However, in 69 the Roman general Lucullus invaded Armenia, defeated Tigranes' forces at the outskirts of Tigranocerta, and sacked the new capital. As the harassed Roman forces continued to move northeast in pursuit of the Armenian king, a second prominent battle took place, this time at Artashat where, according to Roman sources, Tigranes II was defeated once again. Artashat was restored as capital of Armenia in 60 B.C. However, the city remained a hotly contested military target for the next two centuries. It was occupied by Capadocian legions under the Roman general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, who razed it to the ground in 59 AD as part of the first, short-lived, Roman conquest of Armenia. After Emperor Nero recognized Tiridates I as king of Armenia in 66, he granted him 50 million sesterces and sent architects and construction experts to help in the reconstruction of the ruined city. The city was temporarily renamed Neronia, in honor of its sponsor, Nero. Artashat remained the capital of Armenia until 120 when the see of power was moved to Vagharshapat during the reign of Vologases I (Vagharsh I) 117/8–144. After his death, the Romans led by Statius Priscus invaded Armenia and destroyed Artashat in 162 A.D. Archaeological excavations conducted during the Soviet era uncovered a Latin inscription bearing the full titles of the Emperor Trajan that was probably inscribed upon the governor's palace, dating back to the first quarter of the second century. Artashat remained one of the principal political and cultural centres of Armenia until 369 when it was thoroughly destroyed by the Sassanid Persian invading army of king Shapur II. In 449, just prior to the Battle of Avarayr, the city witnessed the gathering of the Artashat Council, where the political and religious leaders of Christian Armenia gathered to discuss the threats of the Sassanid king Yazdegerd II. However, after losing its status as a capital to Vagharshapat and later Dvin, Artashat gradually lost its significance, though it continued to be a notable settlement for centuries. In 587 during the reign of emperor Maurice, Artashat and much of Armenia came under Roman administration after the Romans defeated the Sassanid Persian Empire at the battle of the Blarathon. The exact location of ancient Artashat was identified during the 1920s, with archaeological excavations beginning in 1970. The archaeological site is south of the modern city of Artashat, near the monastery of Khor Virap. Soviet period and independence The modern town of Artashat was founded by the Soviet government in 1945, 8 km northwest of the ancient city, within the Armenian SSR. It was given the status of an urban community with the merger of three villages, Upper Ghamarlu, Lower Ghamarlu, and Narvezlu. The town grew gradually as an industrial hub during the Soviet period, mainly in the sphere of food-processing and building materials production. In 1995, with the new law of the territorial administration of Armenia, Artashat became the provincial centre of the newly created Ararat Province. References Further reading Former capitals of Armenia Archaeological sites in Armenia Forts in Armenia Buildings and structures in Ararat Province Ararat Province
20469635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro%20Armenise	Alessandro Armenise	Alessandro Armenise (born 23 October 1984 in Pisa) is an Italian footballer. He plays as a defender. External links Profile at Lega-Calcio.it Living people 1984 births Sportspeople from the Province of Foggia Italian footballers S.S. Fidelis Andria 1928 players S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 players U.S. Catanzaro 1929 players A.S.D. Martina Calcio 1947 players S.S.D. Varese Calcio players A.S. Noicattaro Calcio players Association football defenders Footballers from Apulia
44496890	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilia%20parathicta	Tortilia parathicta	Tortilia parathicta is a species of moth in the Stathmopodidae family. It is found in India. References Stathmopodidae
20469639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20P.%20Roberts	John P. Roberts	John P. Roberts (1945 – October 27, 2001) was an American businessman who bankrolled the Woodstock Festival. He was the heir to the Polident/Poli-Grip denture adhesive fortune. Biography After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania Roberts and his friend Joel Rosenman tried to pitch a story for a television series about entrepreneurs who had more money than ideas. Each week their antics would get them into a new series of problems. Roberts and Rosenman had met at a golf course in 1966 and shared an apartment in 1967. To do research they placed an advertisement in The Wall Street Journal identifying themselves as "young men with unlimited capital" who were looking for business ideas. Among the 5,000 responding were Michael Lang and Artie Kornfeld who proposed building a recording studio in Woodstock, New York to encourage recordings by local residents Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix and The Band. Eventually this idea was dropped in favor of staging an outdoor music festival. As they developed a plan, once it became clear there was no area around Woodstock that would meet their requirements, they moved the proposed location to Wallkill, New York. But protests from local residents prompted another move in turn to its eventual site in Bethel, New York. The concert cost between $2.4 million and $3.1 million to produce and brought in $1.8 million from gate receipts. While the producers would make money on the movie and soundtrack of the events, Roberts said he did not get out of debt from the event until 1980. After the concert they produced subsequent events of the same type and operated a leveraged buyout firm in Manhattan. Roberts lived in Manhattan, where he died of cancer on October 27, 2001, at the age of 56. Portrayals In the 2009 film Taking Woodstock he is portrayed by Skylar Astin. References 1945 births 2001 deaths 20th-century American businesspeople University of Pennsylvania alumni
44496895	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20European%20Road%20Championships	1998 European Road Championships	The 1998 European Road Championships were held in Uppsala, Sweden, in August 1998. Regulated by the European Cycling Union. The event consisted of a road race and time trial for under-23 women and under-23 men. Events summary Medal table References External links The European Cycling Union European Road Championships, 1998 European Road Championships by year International cycle races hosted by Sweden 1998 in Swedish sport Sports competitions in Uppsala August 1998 sports events in Europe
44496907	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Naughty%20Otter	The Naughty Otter	The Naughty Otter is a 1916 British short silent film directed by American filmmaker Charles Urban. He made the film, probably as part of his 'Curious Pals' series of animal films while visiting England during World War I. It features an otter on a table up to mischievous tricks and ends up knocking over a bowl of water. References 1916 films British silent short films British black-and-white films Films about otters
44496919	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20European%20Road%20Championships	1999 European Road Championships	The 1999 European Road Championships were held in Lisbon, Portugal, in August 1999. Regulated by the European Cycling Union. The event consisted of a road race and time trial for under-23 women and under-23 men. Events summary Medal table References External links The European Cycling Union European Road Championships, 1999 European Road Championships by year International cycle races hosted by Portugal 1999 in Portugal Sports competitions in Lisbon August 1999 sports events in Europe 1990s in Lisbon
44496921	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20inferalis	Cliniodes inferalis	Cliniodes inferalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found in Costa Rica and the eastern Andes from the Valle de Cauca in Colombia to Peru (Junín). The length of the forewings is 15–17 mm for males and 17–18 mm for females. The forewing costa is dark red and the basal area is grey with dark violet scales. The medial area is dark violet-brown and postmedial area is brownish violet. The hindwings are translucent white with a black marginal band. Adults have been recorded on wing in January, February and from May to November. Etymology The species name refers to the maculation that is darker than Cliniodes superbalis, from which its distinct status is inferred. The name is derived from Latin infera (meaning the lower world). References Moths described in 2011 Eurrhypini
23573619	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C4%8D%C3%A1ry%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29	Ovčáry (Mělník District)	Ovčáry is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants. References Villages in Mělník District
44496924	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20A.%20Krohn	Chester A. Krohn	Chester A. Krohn (April 16, 1915 – October 18, 1996) was an American teacher and politician. Born in Marshfield, Wisconsin, Krohn graduated from University of Wisconsin–Madison and was a high school teacher. He served as clerk of the Marshfield Board of Education. In 1941, Krohn served in the Wisconsin State Assembly and was elected on the Wisconsin Progressive Party ticket. Notes 1915 births 1996 deaths People from Marshfield, Wisconsin University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni Educators from Wisconsin Wisconsin Progressives (1924) School board members in Wisconsin Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly 20th-century American politicians 20th-century American educators
44496928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilia%20hemitorna	Tortilia hemitorna	Tortilia hemitorna is a species of moth in the Stathmopodidae family. It is found in India. References Stathmopodidae
23573624	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%C5%99i%C5%BE%C3%ADn	Postřižín	Postřižín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,700 inhabitants. Notable people František Janda-Suk (1878–1955), discus thrower, the first Czech Olympic medalist Gallery References Villages in Mělník District
6901703	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm%20characterizations	Algorithm characterizations	Algorithm characterizations are attempts to formalize the word algorithm. Algorithm does not have a generally accepted formal definition. Researchers are actively working on this problem. This article will present some of the "characterizations" of the notion of "algorithm" in more detail. The problem of definition Over the last 200 years the definition of algorithm has become more complicated and detailed as researchers have tried to pin down the term. Indeed, there may be more than one type of "algorithm". But most agree that algorithm has something to do with defining generalized processes for the creation of "output" integers from other "input" integers – "input parameters" arbitrary and infinite in extent, or limited in extent but still variable—by the manipulation of distinguishable symbols (counting numbers) with finite collections of rules that a person can perform with paper and pencil. The most common number-manipulation schemes—both in formal mathematics and in routine life—are: (1) the recursive functions calculated by a person with paper and pencil, and (2) the Turing machine or its Turing equivalents—the primitive register-machine or "counter-machine" model, the random-access machine model (RAM), the random-access stored-program machine model (RASP) and its functional equivalent "the computer". When we are doing "arithmetic" we are really calculating by the use of "recursive functions" in the shorthand algorithms we learned in grade-school, for example, adding and subtracting. The proofs that every "recursive function" we can calculate by hand we can compute by machine and vice versa—note the usage of the words calculate versus compute—is remarkable. But this equivalence together with the thesis (unproven assertion) that this includes every calculation/computation indicates why so much emphasis has been placed upon the use of Turing-equivalent machines in the definition of specific algorithms, and why the definition of "algorithm" itself often refers back to "the Turing machine". This is discussed in more detail under Stephen Kleene's characterization. The following are summaries of the more famous characterizations (Kleene, Markov, Knuth) together with those that introduce novel elements—elements that further expand the definition or contribute to a more precise definition. [ A mathematical problem and its result can be considered as two points in a space, and the solution consists of a sequence of steps or a path linking them. Quality of the solution is a function of the path. There might be more than one attribute defined for the path, e.g. length, complexity of shape, an ease of generalizing, difficulty, and so on. ] Chomsky hierarchy There is more consensus on the "characterization" of the notion of "simple algorithm". All algorithms need to be specified in a formal language, and the "simplicity notion" arises from the simplicity of the language. The Chomsky (1956) hierarchy is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars that generate formal languages. It is used for classifying of programming languages and abstract machines. From the Chomsky hierarchy perspective, if the algorithm can be specified on a simpler language (than unrestricted), it can be characterized by this kind of language, else it is a typical "unrestricted algorithm". Examples: a "general purpose" macro language, like M4 is unrestricted (Turing complete), but the C preprocessor macro language is not, so any algorithm expressed in C preprocessor is a "simple algorithm". See also Relationships between complexity classes. Features of a good algorithm The following are desirable features of a well-defined algorithm, as discussed in Scheider and Gersting (1995): Unambiguous Operations: an algorithm must have specific, outlined steps. The steps should be exact enough to precisely specify what to do at each step. Well-Ordered: The exact order of operations performed in an algorithm should be concretely defined. Feasibility: All steps of an algorithm should be possible (also known as effectively computable). Input: an algorithm should be able to accept a well-defined set of inputs. Output: an algorithm should produce some result as an output, so that its correctness can be reasoned about. Finiteness: an algorithm should terminate after a finite number of instructions. Properties of specific algorithms that may be desirable include space and time efficiency, generality (i.e. being able to handle many inputs), or determinism. 1881 John Venn's negative reaction to W. Stanley Jevons's Logical Machine of 1870 In early 1870 W. Stanley Jevons presented a "Logical Machine" (Jevons 1880:200) for analyzing a syllogism or other logical form e.g. an argument reduced to a Boolean equation. By means of what Couturat (1914) called a "sort of logical piano [,] ... the equalities which represent the premises ... are "played" on a keyboard like that of a typewriter. ... When all the premises have been "played", the panel shows only those constituents whose sum is equal to 1, that is, ... its logical whole. This mechanical method has the advantage over VENN's geometrical method..." (Couturat 1914:75). For his part John Venn, a logician contemporary to Jevons, was less than thrilled, opining that "it does not seem to me that any contrivances at present known or likely to be discovered really deserve the name of logical machines" (italics added, Venn 1881:120). But of historical use to the developing notion of "algorithm" is his explanation for his negative reaction with respect to a machine that "may subserve a really valuable purpose by enabling us to avoid otherwise inevitable labor": (1) "There is, first, the statement of our data in accurate logical language", (2) "Then secondly, we have to throw these statements into a form fit for the engine to work with – in this case the reduction of each proposition to its elementary denials", (3) "Thirdly, there is the combination or further treatment of our premises after such reduction," (4) "Finally, the results have to be interpreted or read off. This last generally gives rise to much opening for skill and sagacity." He concludes that "I cannot see that any machine can hope to help us except in the third of these steps; so that it seems very doubtful whether any thing of this sort really deserves the name of a logical engine."(Venn 1881:119–121). 1943, 1952 Stephen Kleene's characterization This section is longer and more detailed than the others because of its importance to the topic: Kleene was the first to propose that all calculations/computations—of every sort, the totality of—can equivalently be (i) calculated by use of five "primitive recursive operators" plus one special operator called the mu-operator, or be (ii) computed by the actions of a Turing machine or an equivalent model. Furthermore, he opined that either of these would stand as a definition of algorithm. A reader first confronting the words that follow may well be confused, so a brief explanation is in order. Calculation means done by hand, computation means done by Turing machine (or equivalent). (Sometimes an author slips and interchanges the words). A "function" can be thought of as an "input-output box" into which a person puts natural numbers called "arguments" or "parameters" (but only the counting numbers including 0—the nonnegative integers) and gets out a single nonnegative integer (conventionally called "the answer"). Think of the "function-box" as a little man either calculating by hand using "general recursion" or computing by Turing machine (or an equivalent machine). "Effectively calculable/computable" is more generic and means "calculable/computable by some procedure, method, technique ... whatever...". "General recursive" was Kleene's way of writing what today is called just "recursion"; however, "primitive recursion"—calculation by use of the five recursive operators—is a lesser form of recursion that lacks access to the sixth, additional, mu-operator that is needed only in rare instances. Thus most of life goes on requiring only the "primitive recursive functions." 1943 "Thesis I", 1952 "Church's Thesis" In 1943 Kleene proposed what has come to be known as Church's thesis: "Thesis I. Every effectively calculable function (effectively decidable predicate) is general recursive" (First stated by Kleene in 1943 (reprinted page 274 in Davis, ed. The Undecidable; appears also verbatim in Kleene (1952) p.300) In a nutshell: to calculate any function the only operations a person needs (technically, formally) are the 6 primitive operators of "general" recursion (nowadays called the operators of the mu recursive functions). Kleene's first statement of this was under the section title "12. Algorithmic theories". He would later amplify it in his text (1952) as follows: "Thesis I and its converse provide the exact definition of the notion of a calculation (decision) procedure or algorithm, for the case of a function (predicate) of natural numbers" (p. 301, boldface added for emphasis) (His use of the word "decision" and "predicate" extends the notion of calculability to the more general manipulation of symbols such as occurs in mathematical "proofs".) This is not as daunting as it may sound – "general" recursion is just a way of making our everyday arithmetic operations from the five "operators" of the primitive recursive functions together with the additional mu-operator as needed. Indeed, Kleene gives 13 examples of primitive recursive functions and Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey add some more, most of which will be familiar to the reader—e.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, exponentiation, the CASE function, concatenation, etc., etc.; for a list see Some common primitive recursive functions. Why general-recursive functions rather than primitive-recursive functions? Kleene et al. (cf §55 General recursive functions p. 270 in Kleene 1952) had to add a sixth recursion operator called the minimization-operator (written as μ-operator or mu-operator) because Ackermann (1925) produced a hugely growing function—the Ackermann function—and Rózsa Péter (1935) produced a general method of creating recursive functions using Cantor's diagonal argument, neither of which could be described by the 5 primitive-recursive-function operators. With respect to the Ackermann function: "...in a certain sense, the length of the computation algorithm of a recursive function which is not also primitive recursive grows faster with the arguments than the value of any primitive recursive function" (Kleene (1935) reprinted p. 246 in The Undecidable, plus footnote 13 with regards to the need for an additional operator, boldface added). But the need for the mu-operator is a rarity. As indicated above by Kleene's list of common calculations, a person goes about their life happily computing primitive recursive functions without fear of encountering the monster numbers created by Ackermann's function (e.g. super-exponentiation). 1952 "Turing's thesis" Turing's Thesis hypothesizes the computability of "all computable functions" by the Turing machine model and its equivalents. To do this in an effective manner, Kleene extended the notion of "computable" by casting the net wider—by allowing into the notion of "functions" both "total functions" and "partial functions". A total function is one that is defined for all natural numbers (positive integers including 0). A partial function is defined for some natural numbers but not all—the specification of "some" has to come "up front". Thus the inclusion of "partial function" extends the notion of function to "less-perfect" functions. Total- and partial-functions may either be calculated by hand or computed by machine. Examples: "Functions": include "common subtraction m − n" and "addition m + n" "Partial function": "Common subtraction" m − n is undefined when only natural numbers (positive integers and zero) are allowed as input – e.g. 6 − 7 is undefined Total function: "Addition" m + n is defined for all positive integers and zero. We now observe Kleene's definition of "computable" in a formal sense: Definition: "A partial function φ is computable, if there is a machine M which computes it" (Kleene (1952) p. 360) "Definition 2.5. An n-ary function f(x1, ..., xn) is partially computable if there exists a Turing machine Z such that f(x1, ..., xn) = ΨZ(n)(x1, ..., [xn) In this case we say that [machine] Z computes f. If, in addition, f(x1, ..., xn) is a total function, then it is called computable" (Davis (1958) p. 10) Thus we have arrived at Turing's Thesis: "Every function which would naturally be regarded as computable is computable ... by one of his machines..." (Kleene (1952) p.376) Although Kleene did not give examples of "computable functions" others have. For example, Davis (1958) gives Turing tables for the Constant, Successor and Identity functions, three of the five operators of the primitive recursive functions: Computable by Turing machine: Addition (also is the Constant function if one operand is 0) Increment (Successor function) Common subtraction (defined only if x ≥ y). Thus "x − y" is an example of a partially computable function. Proper subtraction x┴y (as defined above) The identity function: for each i, a function UZn = ΨZn(x1, ..., xn) exists that plucks xi out of the set of arguments (x1, ..., xn) Multiplication Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002) give the following as prose descriptions of Turing machines for: Doubling: 2p Parity Addition Multiplication With regards to the counter machine, an abstract machine model equivalent to the Turing machine: Examples Computable by Abacus machine (cf Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002)) Addition Multiplication Exponention: (a flow-chart/block diagram description of the algorithm) Demonstrations of computability by abacus machine (Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002)) and by counter machine (Minsky 1967): The six recursive function operators: Zero function Successor function Identity function Composition function Primitive recursion (induction) Minimization The fact that the abacus/counter-machine models can simulate the recursive functions provides the proof that: If a function is "machine computable" then it is "hand-calculable by partial recursion". Kleene's Theorem XXIX : "Theorem XXIX: "Every computable partial function φ is partial recursive..." (italics in original, p. 374). The converse appears as his Theorem XXVIII. Together these form the proof of their equivalence, Kleene's Theorem XXX. 1952 Church–Turing Thesis With his Theorem XXX Kleene proves the equivalence of the two "Theses"—the Church Thesis and the Turing Thesis. (Kleene can only hypothesize (conjecture) the truth of both thesis – these he has not proven): THEOREM XXX: The following classes of partial functions ... have the same members: (a) the partial recursive functions, (b) the computable functions ..."(p. 376) Definition of "partial recursive function": "A partial function φ is partial recursive in [the partial functions] ψ1, ... ψn if there is a system of equations E which defines φ recursively from [partial functions] ψ1, ... ψn" (p. 326) Thus by Kleene's Theorem XXX: either method of making numbers from input-numbers—recursive functions calculated by hand or computated by Turing-machine or equivalent—results in an "effectively calculable/computable function". If we accept the hypothesis that every calculation/computation can be done by either method equivalently we have accepted both Kleene's Theorem XXX (the equivalence) and the Church–Turing Thesis (the hypothesis of "every"). A note of dissent: "There's more to algorithm..." Blass and Gurevich (2003) The notion of separating out Church's and Turing's theses from the "Church–Turing thesis" appears not only in Kleene (1952) but in Blass-Gurevich (2003) as well. But while there are agreements, there are disagreements too: "...we disagree with Kleene that the notion of algorithm is that well understood. In fact the notion of algorithm is richer these days than it was in Turing's days. And there are algorithms, of modern and classical varieties, not covered directly by Turing's analysis, for example, algorithms that interact with their environments, algorithms whose inputs are abstract structures, and geometric or, more generally, non-discrete algorithms" (Blass-Gurevich (2003) p. 8, boldface added) 1954 A. A. Markov Jr.'s characterization Andrey Markov Jr. (1954) provided the following definition of algorithm: "1. In mathematics, "algorithm" is commonly understood to be an exact prescription, defining a computational process, leading from various initial data to the desired result...." "The following three features are characteristic of algorithms and determine their role in mathematics: "a) the precision of the prescription, leaving no place to arbitrariness, and its universal comprehensibility -- the definiteness of the algorithm; "b) the possibility of starting out with initial data, which may vary within given limits -- the generality of the algorithm; "c) the orientation of the algorithm toward obtaining some desired result, which is indeed obtained in the end with proper initial data -- the conclusiveness of the algorithm." (p.1) He admitted that this definition "does not pretend to mathematical precision" (p. 1). His 1954 monograph was his attempt to define algorithm more accurately; he saw his resulting definition—his "normal" algorithm—as "equivalent to the concept of a recursive function" (p. 3). His definition included four major components (Chapter II.3 pp. 63ff): "1. Separate elementary steps, each of which will be performed according to one of [the substitution] rules... [rules given at the outset] "2. ... steps of local nature ... [Thus the algorithm won't change more than a certain number of symbols to the left or right of the observed word/symbol] "3. Rules for the substitution formulas ... [he called the list of these "the scheme" of the algorithm] "4. ...a means to distinguish a "concluding substitution" [i.e. a distinguishable "terminal/final" state or states] In his Introduction Markov observed that "the entire significance for mathematics" of efforts to define algorithm more precisely would be "in connection with the problem of a constructive foundation for mathematics" (p. 2). Ian Stewart (cf Encyclopædia Britannica) shares a similar belief: "...constructive analysis is very much in the same algorithmic spirit as computer science...". For more see constructive mathematics and Intuitionism. Distinguishability and Locality: Both notions first appeared with Turing (1936–1937) -- "The new observed squares must be immediately recognizable by the computer [sic: a computer was a person in 1936]. I think it reasonable to suppose that they can only be squares whose distance from the closest of the immediately observed squares does not exceed a certain fixed amount. Let us stay that each of the new observed squares is within L squares of one of the previously observed squares." (Turing (1936) p. 136 in Davis ed. Undecidable) Locality appears prominently in the work of Gurevich and Gandy (1980) (whom Gurevich cites). Gandy's "Fourth Principle for Mechanisms" is "The Principle of Local Causality": "We now come to the most important of our principles. In Turing's analysis the requirement that the action depend only on a bounded portion of the record was based on a human limitiation. We replace this by a physical limitation which we call the principle of local causation. Its justification lies in the finite velocity of propagation of effects and signals: contemporary physics rejects the possibility of instantaneous action at a distance." (Gandy (1980) p. 135 in J. Barwise et al.) 1936, 1963, 1964 Gödel's characterization 1936: A rather famous quote from Kurt Gödel appears in a "Remark added in proof [of the original German publication] in his paper "On the Length of Proofs" translated by Martin Davis appearing on pp. 82–83 of The Undecidable. A number of authors—Kleene, Gurevich, Gandy etc. -- have quoted the following: "Thus, the concept of "computable" is in a certain definite sense "absolute," while practically all other familiar metamathematical concepts (e.g. provable, definable, etc.) depend quite essentially on the system with respect to which they are defined." (p. 83) 1963: In a "Note" dated 28 August 1963 added to his famous paper On Formally Undecidable Propositions (1931) Gödel states (in a footnote) his belief that "formal systems" have "the characteristic property that reasoning in them, in principle, can be completely replaced by mechanical devices" (p. 616 in van Heijenoort). ". . . due to "A. M. Turing's work a precise and unquestionably adequate definition of the general notion of formal system can now be given [and] a completely general version of Theorems VI and XI is now possible." (p. 616). In a 1964 note to another work he expresses the same opinion more strongly and in more detail. 1964: In a Postscriptum, dated 1964, to a paper presented to the Institute for Advanced Study in spring 1934, Gödel amplified his conviction that "formal systems" are those that can be mechanized: "In consequence of later advances, in particular of the fact that, due to A. M. Turing's work, a precise and unquestionably adequate definition of the general concept of formal system can now be given . . . Turing's work gives an analysis of the concept of "mechanical procedure" (alias "algorithm" or "computational procedure" or "finite combinatorial procedure"). This concept is shown to be equivalent with that of a "Turing machine".* A formal system can simply be defined to be any mechanical procedure for producing formulas, called provable formulas . . . ." (p. 72 in Martin Davis ed. The Undecidable: "Postscriptum" to "On Undecidable Propositions of Formal Mathematical Systems" appearing on p. 39, loc. cit.) The * indicates a footnote in which Gödel cites the papers by Alan Turing (1937) and Emil Post (1936) and then goes on to make the following intriguing statement: "As for previous equivalent definitions of computability, which however, are much less suitable for our purpose, see Alonzo Church, Am. J. Math., vol. 58 (1936) [appearing in The Undecidable pp. 100-102]). Church's definitions encompass so-called "recursion" and the "lambda calculus" (i.e. the λ-definable functions). His footnote 18 says that he discussed the relationship of "effective calculatibility" and "recursiveness" with Gödel but that he independently questioned "effectively calculability" and "λ-definability": "We now define the notion . . . of an effectively calculable function of positive integers by identifying it with the notion of a recursive function of positive integers18 (or of a λ-definable function of positive integers. "It has already been pointed out that, for every function of positive integers which is effectively calculable in the sense just defined, there exists an algorithm for the calculation of its value. "Conversely it is true . . ." (p. 100, The Undecidable). It would appear from this, and the following, that far as Gödel was concerned, the Turing machine was sufficient and the lambda calculus was "much less suitable." He goes on to make the point that, with regards to limitations on human reason, the jury is still out: ("Note that the question of whether there exist finite non-mechanical procedures not equivalent with any algorithm, has nothing whatsoever to do with the adequacy of the definition of "formal system" and of "mechanical procedure.") (p. 72, loc. cit.) "(For theories and procedures in the more general sense indicated in footnote the situation may be different. Note that the results mentioned in the postscript do not establish any bounds for the powers of human reason, but rather for the potentialities of pure formalism in mathematics.) (p. 73 loc. cit.) Footnote *: "I.e., such as involve the use of abstract terms on the basis of their meaning. See my paper in Dial. 12(1958), p. 280." (this footnote appears on p. 72, loc. cit). 1967 Minsky's characterization Minsky (1967) baldly asserts that "an algorithm is "an effective procedure" and declines to use the word "algorithm" further in his text; in fact his index makes it clear what he feels about "Algorithm, synonym for Effective procedure"(p. 311): "We will use the latter term [an effective procedure] in the sequel. The terms are roughly synonymous, but there are a number of shades of meaning used in different contexts, especially for 'algorithm'" (italics in original, p. 105) Other writers (see Knuth below) use the word "effective procedure". This leads one to wonder: What is Minsky's notion of "an effective procedure"? He starts off with: "...a set of rules which tell us, from moment to moment, precisely how to behave" (p. 106) But he recognizes that this is subject to a criticism: "... the criticism that the interpretation of the rules is left to depend on some person or agent" (p. 106) His refinement? To "specify, along with the statement of the rules, the details of the mechanism that is to interpret them". To avoid the "cumbersome" process of "having to do this over again for each individual procedure" he hopes to identify a "reasonably uniform family of rule-obeying mechanisms". His "formulation": "(1) a language in which sets of behavioral rules are to be expressed, and "(2) a single machine which can interpret statements in the language and thus carry out the steps of each specified process." (italics in original, all quotes this para. p. 107) In the end, though, he still worries that "there remains a subjective aspect to the matter. Different people may not agree on whether a certain procedure should be called effective" (p. 107) But Minsky is undeterred. He immediately introduces "Turing's Analysis of Computation Process" (his chapter 5.2). He quotes what he calls "Turing's thesis" "Any process which could naturally be called an effective procedure can be realized by a Turing machine" (p. 108. (Minsky comments that in a more general form this is called "Church's thesis"). After an analysis of "Turing's Argument" (his chapter 5.3) he observes that "equivalence of many intuitive formulations" of Turing, Church, Kleene, Post, and Smullyan "...leads us to suppose that there is really here an 'objective' or 'absolute' notion. As Rogers [1959] put it: "In this sense, the notion of effectively computable function is one of the few 'absolute' concepts produced by modern work in the foundations of mathematics'" (Minsky p. 111 quoting Rogers, Hartley Jr (1959) The present theory of Turing machine computability, J. SIAM 7, 114-130.) 1967 Rogers' characterization In his 1967 Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability Hartley Rogers' characterizes "algorithm" roughly as "a clerical (i.e., deterministic, bookkeeping) procedure . . . applied to . . . symbolic inputs and which will eventually yield, for each such input, a corresponding symbolic output"(p. 1). He then goes on to describe the notion "in approximate and intuitive terms" as having 10 "features", 5 of which he asserts that "virtually all mathematicians would agree [to]" (p. 2). The remaining 5 he asserts "are less obvious than 1 to *5 and about which we might find less general agreement" (p. 3). The 5 "obvious" are: 1 An algorithm is a set of instructions of finite size, 2 There is a capable computing agent, 3 "There are facilities for making, storing, and retrieving steps in a computation" 4 Given #1 and #2 the agent computes in "discrete stepwise fashion" without use of continuous methods or analogue devices", 5 The computing agent carries the computation forward "without resort to random methods or devices, e.g. , dice" (in a footnote Rogers wonders if #4 and #5 are really the same) The remaining 5 that he opens to debate, are: 6 No fixed bound on the size of the inputs, 7 No fixed bound on the size of the set of instructions, 8 No fixed bound on the amount of memory storage available, 9 A fixed finite bound on the capacity or ability of the computing agent (Rogers illustrates with example simple mechanisms similar to a Post–Turing machine or a counter machine), 10 A bound on the length of the computation -- "should we have some idea, 'ahead of time', how long the computationwill take?" (p. 5). Rogers requires "only that a computation terminate after some finite number of steps; we do not insist on an a priori ability to estimate this number." (p. 5). 1968, 1973 Knuth's characterization Knuth (1968, 1973) has given a list of five properties that are widely accepted as requirements for an algorithm: Finiteness: "An algorithm must always terminate after a finite number of steps ... a very finite number, a reasonable number" Definiteness: "Each step of an algorithm must be precisely defined; the actions to be carried out must be rigorously and unambiguously specified for each case" Input: "...quantities which are given to it initially before the algorithm begins. These inputs are taken from specified sets of objects" Output: "...quantities which have a specified relation to the inputs" Effectiveness: "... all of the operations to be performed in the algorithm must be sufficiently basic that they can in principle be done exactly and in a finite length of time by a man using paper and pencil" Knuth offers as an example the Euclidean algorithm for determining the greatest common divisor of two natural numbers (cf. Knuth Vol. 1 p. 2). Knuth admits that, while his description of an algorithm may be intuitively clear, it lacks formal rigor, since it is not exactly clear what "precisely defined" means, or "rigorously and unambiguously specified" means, or "sufficiently basic", and so forth. He makes an effort in this direction in his first volume where he defines in detail what he calls the "machine language" for his "mythical MIX...the world's first polyunsaturated computer" (pp. 120ff). Many of the algorithms in his books are written in the MIX language. He also uses tree diagrams, flow diagrams and state diagrams. "Goodness" of an algorithm, "best" algorithms: Knuth states that "In practice, we not only want algorithms, we want good algorithms...." He suggests that some criteria of an algorithm's goodness are the number of steps to perform the algorithm, its "adaptability to computers, its simplicity and elegance, etc." Given a number of algorithms to perform the same computation, which one is "best"? He calls this sort of inquiry "algorithmic analysis: given an algorithm, to determine its performance characteristcis" (all quotes this paragraph: Knuth Vol. 1 p. 7) 1972 Stone's characterization Stone (1972) and Knuth (1968, 1973) were professors at Stanford University at the same time so it is not surprising if there are similarities in their definitions (boldface added for emphasis): "To summarize ... we define an algorithm to be a set of rules that precisely defines a sequence of operations such that each rule is effective and definite and such that the sequence terminates in a finite time." (boldface added, p. 8) Stone is noteworthy because of his detailed discussion of what constitutes an “effective” rule – his robot, or person-acting-as-robot, must have some information and abilities within them, and if not the information and the ability must be provided in "the algorithm": "For people to follow the rules of an algorithm, the rules must be formulated so that they can be followed in a robot-like manner, that is, without the need for thought... however, if the instructions [to solve the quadratic equation, his example] are to be obeyed by someone who knows how to perform arithmetic operations but does not know how to extract a square root, then we must also provide a set of rules for extracting a square root in order to satisfy the definition of algorithm" (p. 4-5) Furthermore, "...not all instructions are acceptable, because they may require the robot to have abilities beyond those that we consider reasonable.” He gives the example of a robot confronted with the question is “Henry VIII a King of England?” and to print 1 if yes and 0 if no, but the robot has not been previously provided with this information. And worse, if the robot is asked if Aristotle was a King of England and the robot only had been provided with five names, it would not know how to answer. Thus: “an intuitive definition of an acceptable sequence of instructions is one in which each instruction is precisely defined so that the robot is guaranteed to be able to obey it” (p. 6) After providing us with his definition, Stone introduces the Turing machine model and states that the set of five-tuples that are the machine’s instructions are “an algorithm ... known as a Turing machine program” (p. 9). Immediately thereafter he goes on say that a “computation of a Turing machine is described by stating: "1. The tape alphabet "2. The form in which the [input] parameters are presented on the tape "3. The initial state of the Turing machine "4. The form in which answers [output] will be represented on the tape when the Turing machine halts "5. The machine program" (italics added, p. 10) This precise prescription of what is required for "a computation" is in the spirit of what will follow in the work of Blass and Gurevich. 1995 Soare's characterization "A computation is a process whereby we proceed from initially given objects, called inputs, according to a fixed set of rules, called a program, procedure, or algorithm, through a series of steps and arrive at the end of these steps with a final result, called the output. The algorithm, as a set of rules proceeding from inputs to output, must be precise and definite with each successive step clearly determined. The concept of computability concerns those objects which may be specified in principle by computations . . ."(italics in original, boldface added p. 3) 2000 Berlinski's characterization While a student at Princeton in the mid-1960s, David Berlinski was a student of Alonzo Church (cf p. 160). His year-2000 book The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-year Journey from an Idea to the Computer contains the following definition of algorithm: "In the logician's voice: "an algorithm is a finite procedure, written in a fixed symbolic vocabulary, governed by precise instructions, moving in discrete steps, 1, 2, 3, . . ., whose execution requires no insight, cleverness, intuition, intelligence, or perspicuity, and that sooner or later comes to an end." (boldface and italics in the original, p. xviii) 2000, 2002 Gurevich's characterization A careful reading of Gurevich 2000 leads one to conclude (infer?) that he believes that "an algorithm" is actually "a Turing machine" or "a pointer machine" doing a computation. An "algorithm" is not just the symbol-table that guides the behavior of the machine, nor is it just one instance of a machine doing a computation given a particular set of input parameters, nor is it a suitably programmed machine with the power off; rather an algorithm is the machine actually doing any computation of which it is capable. Gurevich does not come right out and say this, so as worded above this conclusion (inference?) is certainly open to debate: " . . . every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine . . . a program can be simulated and therefore given a precise meaning by a Turing machine." (p. 1) " It is often thought that the problem of formalizing the notion of sequential algorithm was solved by Church [1936] and Turing [1936]. For example, according to Savage [1987], an algorithm is a computational process defined by a Turing machine. Church and Turing did not solve the problem of formalizing the notion of sequential algorithm. Instead they gave (different but equivalent) formalizations of the notion of computable function, and there is more to an algorithm than the function it computes. (italics added p. 3) "Of course, the notions of algorithm and computable function are intimately related: by definition, a computable function is a function computable by an algorithm. . . . (p. 4) In Blass and Gurevich 2002 the authors invoke a dialog between "Quisani" ("Q") and "Authors" (A), using Yiannis Moshovakis as a foil, where they come right out and flatly state: "A: To localize the disagreement, let's first mention two points of agreement. First, there are some things that are obviously algorithms by anyone's definition -- Turing machines , sequential-time ASMs [Abstract State Machines], and the like. . . .Second, at the other extreme are specifications that would not be regarded as algorithms under anyone's definition, since they give no indication of how to compute anything . . . The issue is how detailed the information has to be in order to count as an algorithm. . . . Moshovakis allows some things that we would call only declarative specifications, and he would probably use the word "implementation" for things that we call algorithms." (paragraphs joined for ease of readability, 2002:22) This use of the word "implementation" cuts straight to the heart of the question. Early in the paper, Q states his reading of Moshovakis: "...[H]e would probably think that your practical work [Gurevich works for Microsoft] forces you to think of implementations more than of algorithms. He is quite willing to identify implementations with machines, but he says that algorithms are something more general. What it boils down to is that you say an algorithm is a machine and Moschovakis says it is not." (2002:3) But the authors waffle here, saying "[L]et's stick to "algorithm" and "machine", and the reader is left, again, confused. We have to wait until Dershowitz and Gurevich 2007 to get the following footnote comment: " . . . Nevertheless, if one accepts Moshovakis's point of view, then it is the "implementation" of algorithms that we have set out to characterize."(cf Footnote 9 2007:6) 2003 Blass and Gurevich's characterization Blass and Gurevich describe their work as evolved from consideration of Turing machines and pointer machines, specifically Kolmogorov-Uspensky machines (KU machines), Schönhage Storage Modification Machines (SMM), and linking automata as defined by Knuth. The work of Gandy and Markov are also described as influential precursors. Gurevich offers a 'strong' definition of an algorithm (boldface added): "...Turing's informal argument in favor of his thesis justifies a stronger thesis: every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine....In practice, it would be ridiculous...[Nevertheless,] [c]an one generalize Turing machines so that any algorithm, never mind how abstract, can be modeled by a generalized machine?...But suppose such generalized Turing machines exist. What would their states be?...a first-order structure ... a particular small instruction set suffices in all cases ... computation as an evolution of the state ... could be nondeterministic... can interact with their environment ... [could be] parallel and multi-agent ... [could have] dynamic semantics ... [the two underpinings of their work are:] Turing's thesis ...[and] the notion of (first order) structure of [Tarski 1933]" (Gurevich 2000, p. 1-2) The above phrase computation as an evolution of the state differs markedly from the definition of Knuth and Stone—the "algorithm" as a Turing machine program. Rather, it corresponds to what Turing called the complete configuration (cf Turing's definition in Undecidable, p. 118) -- and includes both the current instruction (state) and the status of the tape. [cf Kleene (1952) p. 375 where he shows an example of a tape with 6 symbols on it—all other squares are blank—and how to Gödelize its combined table-tape status]. In Algorithm examples we see the evolution of the state first-hand. 1995 – Daniel Dennett: evolution as an algorithmic process Philosopher Daniel Dennett analyses the importance of evolution as an algorithmic process in his 1995 book Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Dennett identifies three key features of an algorithm: Substrate neutrality: an algorithm relies on its logical structure. Thus, the particular form in which an algorithm is manifested is not important (Dennett's example is long division: it works equally well on paper, on parchment, on a computer screen, or using neon lights or in skywriting). (p. 51) Underlying mindlessness: no matter how complicated the end-product of the algorithmic process may be, each step in the algorithm is sufficiently simple to be performed by a non-sentient, mechanical device. The algorithm does not require a "brain" to maintain or operate it. "The standard textbook analogy notes that algorithms are recipes of sorts, designed to be followed by novice cooks."(p. 51) Guaranteed results: If the algorithm is executed correctly, it will always produce the same results. "An algorithm is a foolproof recipe." (p. 51) It is on the basis of this analysis that Dennett concludes that "According to Darwin, evolution is an algorithmic process". (p. 60). However, in the previous page he has gone out on a much-further limb. In the context of his chapter titled "Processes as Algorithms", he states: "But then . . are there any limits at all on what may be considered an algorithmic process? I guess the answer is NO; if you wanted to, you can treat any process at the abstract level as an algorithmic process. . . If what strikes you as puzzling is the uniformity of the [ocean's] sand grains or the strength of the [tempered-steel] blade, an algorithmic explanation is what will satisfy your curiosity -- and it will be the truth. . . . "No matter how impressive the products of an algorithm, the underlying process always consists of nothing but a set of mindless steps succeeding each other without the help of any intelligent supervision; they are 'automatic' by definition: the workings of an automaton." (p. 59) It is unclear from the above whether Dennett is stating that the physical world by itself and without observers is intrinsically algorithmic (computational) or whether a symbol-processing observer is what is adding "meaning" to the observations. 2002 John Searle adds a clarifying caveat to Dennett's characterization Daniel Dennett is a proponent of strong artificial intelligence: the idea that the logical structure of an algorithm is sufficient to explain mind. John Searle, the creator of the Chinese room thought experiment, claims that "syntax [that is, logical structure] is by itself not sufficient for semantic content [that is, meaning]" . In other words, the "meaning" of symbols is relative to the mind that is using them; an algorithm—a logical construct—by itself is insufficient for a mind. Searle cautions those who claim that algorithmic (computational) processes are intrinsic to nature (for example, cosmologists, physicists, chemists, etc.): 2002: Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey specification of Turing machine calculation For examples of this specification-method applied to the addition algorithm "m+n" see Algorithm examples. An example in Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey (2002) (pp. 31–32) demonstrates the precision required in a complete specification of an algorithm, in this case to add two numbers: m+n. It is similar to the Stone requirements above. (i) They have discussed the role of "number format" in the computation and selected the "tally notation" to represent numbers: "Certainly computation can be harder in practice with some notations than others... But... it is possible in principle to do in any other notation, simply by translating the data... For purposes of framing a rigorously defined notion of computability, it is convenient to use monadic or tally notation" (p. 25-26) (ii) At the outset of their example they specify the machine to be used in the computation as a Turing machine. They have previously specified (p. 26) that the Turing-machine will be of the 4-tuple, rather than 5-tuple, variety. For more on this convention see Turing machine. (iii) Previously the authors have specified that the tape-head's position will be indicated by a subscript to the right of the scanned symbol. For more on this convention see Turing machine. (In the following, boldface is added for emphasis): "We have not given an official definition of what it is for a numerical function to be computable by a Turing machine, specifying how inputs or arguments are to be represented on the machine, and how outputs or values represented. Our specifications for a k-place function from positive integers to positive integers are as follows: "(a) [Initial number format:] The arguments m1, ... mk, ... will be represented in monadic [unary] notation by blocks of those numbers of strokes, each block separated from the next by a single blank, on an otherwise blank tape. Example: 3+2, 111B11 "(b) [Initial head location, initial state:] Initially, the machine will be scanning the leftmost 1 on the tape, and will be in its initial state, state 1. Example: 3+2, 11111B11 "(c) [Successful computation -- number format at Halt:] If the function to be computed assigns a value n to the arguments that are represented initially on the tape, then the machine will eventually halt on a tape containing a block of strokes, and otherwise blank... Example: 3+2, 11111 "(d) [Successful computation -- head location at Halt:] In this case [c] the machine will halt scanning the left-most 1 on the tape... Example: 3+2, 1n1111 "(e) [Unsuccessful computation -- failure to Halt or Halt with non-standard number format:] If the function that is to be computed assigns no value to the arguments that are represented initially on the tape, then the machine either will never halt, or will halt in some nonstandard configuration..."(ibid) Example: Bn11111 or B11n111 or B11111n This specification is incomplete: it requires the location of where the instructions are to be placed and their format in the machine-- (iv) in the finite state machine's TABLE or, in the case of a Universal Turing machine on the tape, and (v) the Table of instructions in a specified format This later point is important. Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey give a demonstration (p. 36) that the predictability of the entries in the table allow one to "shrink" the table by putting the entries in sequence and omitting the input state and the symbol. Indeed, the example Turing machine computation required only the 4 columns as shown in the table below (but note: these were presented to the machine in rows): 2006: Sipser's assertion and his three levels of description For examples of this specification-method applied to the addition algorithm "m+n" see Algorithm examples. Sipser begins by defining '"algorithm" as follows: "Informally speaking, an algorithm is a collection of simple instructions for carrying out some task. Commonplace in everyday life, algorithms sometimes are called procedures or recipes (italics in original, p. 154) "...our real focus from now on is on algorithms. That is, the Turing machine merely serves as a precise model for the definition of algorithm .... we need only to be comfortable enough with Turing machines to believe that they capture all algorithms" ( p. 156) Does Sipser mean that "algorithm" is just "instructions" for a Turing machine, or is the combination of "instructions + a (specific variety of) Turing machine"? For example, he defines the two standard variants (multi-tape and non-deterministic) of his particular variant (not the same as Turing's original) and goes on, in his Problems (pages 160-161), to describe four more variants (write-once, doubly infinite tape (i.e. left- and right-infinite), left reset, and "stay put instead of left). In addition, he imposes some constraints. First, the input must be encoded as a string (p. 157) and says of numeric encodings in the context of complexity theory: "But note that unary notation for encoding numbers (as in the number 17 encoded by the unary number 11111111111111111) isn't reasonable because it is exponentially larger than truly reasonable encodings, such as base k notation for any k ≥ 2." (p. 259) Van Emde Boas comments on a similar problem with respect to the random-access machine (RAM) abstract model of computation sometimes used in place of the Turing machine when doing "analysis of algorithms": "The absence or presence of multiplicative and parallel bit manipulation operations is of relevance for the correct understanding of some results in the analysis of algorithms. ". . . [T]here hardly exists such as a thing as an "innocent" extension of the standard RAM model in the uniform time measures; either one only has additive arithmetic or one might as well include all reasonable multiplicative and/or bitwise Boolean instructions on small operands." (Van Emde Boas, 1990:26) With regard to a "description language" for algorithms Sipser finishes the job that Stone and Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey started (boldface added). He offers us three levels of description of Turing machine algorithms (p. 157): High-level description: "wherein we use ... prose to describe an algorithm, ignoring the implementation details. At this level we do not need to mention how the machine manages its tape or head." Implementation description: "in which we use ... prose to describe the way that the Turing machine moves its head and the way that it stores data on its tape. At this level we do not give details of states or transition function." Formal description: "... the lowest, most detailed, level of description... that spells out in full the Turing machine's states, transition function, and so on." 2011: Yanofsky In Yanofsky (2011) an algorithm is defined to be the set of programs that implement that algorithm: the set of all programs is partitioned into equivalence classes. Although the set of programs does not form a category, the set of algorithms form a category with extra structure. The conditions that describe when two programs are equivalent turn out to be coherence relations which give the extra structure to the category of algorithms. Notes References David Berlinski (2000), The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-Year Journey from an Idea to the Computer, Harcourt, Inc., San Diego, (pbk.) George Boolos, John P. Burgess, Richard Jeffrey (2002), Computability and Logic: Fourth Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (pbk). Andreas Blass and Yuri Gurevich (2003), Algorithms: A Quest for Absolute Definitions, Bulletin of European Association for Theoretical Computer Science 81, 2003. Includes an excellent bibliography of 56 references. Burgin, M. Super-recursive algorithms, Monographs in computer science, Springer, 2005. . A source of important definitions and some Turing machine-based algorithms for a few recursive functions. Davis gives commentary before each article. Papers of Gödel, Alonzo Church, Turing, Rosser, Kleene, and Emil Post are included. Robin Gandy, Church's Thesis and principles for Mechanisms, in J. Barwise, H. J. Keisler and K. Kunen, eds., The Kleene Symposium, North-Holland Publishing Company 1980) pp. 123–148. Gandy's famous "4 principles of [computational] mechanisms" includes "Principle IV -- The Principle of Local Causality". Yuri Gurevich, Sequential Abstract State Machines Capture Sequential Algorithms, ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, Vol 1, no 1 (July 2000), pages 77–111. Includes bibliography of 33 sources. Reprinted in The Undecidable, p. 255ff. Kleene refined his definition of "general recursion" and proceeded in his chapter "12. Algorithmic theories" to posit "Thesis I" (p. 274); he would later repeat this thesis (in Kleene 1952:300) and name it "Church's Thesis"(Kleene 1952:317) (i.e., the Church Thesis). Excellent — accessible, readable — reference source for mathematical "foundations". The first of Knuth's famous series of three texts. Lewis, H.R. and Papadimitriou, C.H. Elements of the Theory of Computation, Prentice-Hall, Uppre Saddle River, N.J., 1998 A. A. Markov (1954) Theory of algorithms. [Translated by Jacques J. Schorr-Kon and PST staff] Imprint Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954 [i.e. Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1961; available from the Office of Technical Services, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington] Description 444 p. 28 cm. Added t.p. in Russian Translation of Works of the Mathematical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, v. 42. Original title: Teoriya algerifmov. [QA248.M2943 Dartmouth College library. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, number OTS 60-51085.] Minsky expands his "...idea of an algorithm — an effective procedure..." in chapter 5.1 Computability, Effective Procedues and Algorithms. Infinite machines. Hartley Rogers, Jr, (1967), Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability, MIT Press (1987), Cambridge MA, (pbk.) Robert Soare, (1995 to appear in Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, August 19–25, 1995, Florence Italy), Computability and Recursion), on the web at ??. Michael Sipser, (2006), Introduction to the Theory of Computation: Second Edition, Thompson Course Technology div. of Thompson Learning, Inc. Boston, MA. . Ian Stewart, Algorithm, Encyclopædia Britannica 2006. Cf in particular the first chapter titled: Algorithms, Turing Machines, and Programs. His succinct informal definition: "...any sequence of instructions that can be obeyed by a robot, is called an algorithm" (p. 4). Peter van Emde Boas (1990), "Machine Models and Simulations" pp 3–66, appearing in Jan van Leeuwen (1990), Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science. Volume A: Algorithms & Complexity, The MIT Press/Elsevier, 1990, (Volume A) Computability theory Models of computation Formal methods Algorithms
23573625	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%20Golden%20Rule	That Golden Rule	"That Golden Rule" is the second single to be taken from Scottish alternative rock trio Biffy Clyro's fifth studio album, Only Revolutions, released on 23 August 2009. The band describe the song as a mixture of prog and stoner rock, citing that "[it's] like Kyuss and Tool playing with some Scottish freaks screaming over the top of it". It received its first radio play in early July 2009, on Zane Lowe's Hottest Record in the World slot on Radio 1. The single debuted at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart on 30 August 2009, as well as number one on the Scottish Singles Chart, making the song the band's fourth and most recent number-one single on that chart. The song was used by Sky Sports in its coverage of Super League from 2011 to 2013. Music video The video for That Golden Rule was shot in Chiswick House, West London. It was released on NME's official website on 22 July 2009. The video received heavy airplay on British rock television stations Scuzz and Kerrang! TV and has been A-listed by BBC Radio 1. Artwork Storm Thorgerson's artwork for the single references the band's previous studio album, Puzzle, with a missing jigsaw piece resting in front of a sailor. The other man, sailing into the distance, appears to have a jigsaw shaped hole in his side – it is likely that this represents the man depicted on the front cover of Puzzle. Thorgerson later confirmed this on his official website, stating: Track listing CD single 14FLR38CD "That Golden Rule" "Prey Hey" 7" Picture Vinyl 14FLR38 "That Golden Rule" "Eye Lids" 7" Orange Vinyl 14FLR38X "That Golden Rule" "Time Jazz" iTunes Digital EP "That Golden Rule" "Prey Hey" "Eye Lids" "Time Jazz" Charts References Biffy Clyro songs Song recordings produced by Garth Richardson 2009 singles 2009 songs 14th Floor Records singles Songs written by Simon Neil Number-one singles in Scotland
23573627	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98ep%C3%ADn	Řepín	Řepín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants. Administrative parts The village of Živonín is an administrative part of Řepín. Notable people Josef Seger (1716–1782), organist, composer and educator References Villages in Mělník District
23573628	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelis%20tricardium	Stelis tricardium	Stelis tricardium is a species of orchid occurring from Ecuador to Peru. tricardium
6901706	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YoungArts	YoungArts	YoungArts (previously National YoungArts Foundation and National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts, or NFAA) is an American charity established in 1981 by Lin and Ted Arison to help nurture emerging high-school artists. The foundation is based in Miami, Florida. Alumni of the program include Timothée Chalamet, Jessica Darrow, Kerry Washington, Matt Bomer, Billy Porter, Anna Gunn, Andrew Rannells, Kimiko Glenn, Ben Levi Ross, Sam Lipsyte, Chris Young, Neal Dodson, Viola Davis, Nicki Minaj, Doug Aitken, and Max Schneider. In 1981, Ted Arison gave $5 million to launch the National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts. YoungArts nominates up to 60 candidates for consideration as U.S. Presidential Scholars in the Arts following participation in YoungArts week. YoungArts disciplines The YoungArts application consists of ten disciplines across the visual, literary, design and performing arts: Classical Music – composition and instrumental Cinematic Arts – narrative, documentary, experimental, and animation Dance – ballet, choreography, hip hop, jazz, modern, tap, and world dance forms Design Arts - architecture, interior, product, graphic, fashion and theater design Jazz – composers and instrumentalists Photography Theater – musical, classical and contemporary spoken theater Visual Arts Voice – classical, jazz, popular and singer/songwriter Writing – creative non-fiction, novel, play or script, poetry, short story, spoken word Other programs and activities Several documentaries have been produced highlighting this unique program and its award recipients. Most notably, Rehearsing a Dream, produced by the Simon and Goodman Picture Company, was nominated for the Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject. A documentary television series entitled YoungArts MasterClass, in which program alumni are teamed with famous mentors, is in its second season on HBO. YoungArts has developed a study guide, based on the HBO series, for high school teachers with Teachers College, Columbia University. Alumni opportunities Every YoungArts winner becomes a part of the YoungArts alumni community, an artistic family of more than 20,000 alumni. YoungArts makes open calls to alumni to provide opportunities and inclusion in its programming and events. Budget YoungArts has an endowment of $42 million. Its $6 million annual budget is expected to increase as much as 40 percent as its operating expenses grow. References External links YoungArts website Presidential Scholars Program Arts foundations based in the United States Educational foundations in the United States Scholarships in the United States
23573629	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spomy%C5%A1l	Spomyšl	Spomyšl is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants. References Villages in Mělník District
44496929	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism%20in%20the%20United%20States	Pacifism in the United States	Pacifism has manifested in the United States in a variety of forms (such as peace movements), and in myriad contexts (such as opposition to the Civil War and to nuclear weapons). In general, it exists in contrast to an acceptance of the necessity of war for national defense. Pacifist ideas In early America religious groups such as the Brethren, Mennonites, and Quakers disseminated "antiwar sentiments...fostered by a growing colonial aversion to the carnage of the European imperial wars." In the 1930s influential theologian Reinhold Niebuhr rejected overly idealist pacifism as "perverse sentimentality," in favor of just war. In contrast to pacifism based on religious beliefs, some in the U.S. have opposed violent conflict on economic grounds, or for other practical, non-religious reasons. U.S. Congress created the United States Institute of Peace in 1984 to promote international peace through education. Wartime War of 1812 The war ended in February 1815. New peace groups formed shortly thereafter: the New York Peace Society (est. August 1815) and Massachusetts Peace Society (est. December 1815). Civil War World War I World War II Korean War The American Peace Crusade formed in 1951, in opposition to U.S. involvement in the Korean War. Vietnam War 2001 Afghanistan War Iraq War See also Peace movement in the United States List of anti-war organizations in the United States United States Pacifist Party Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (est. 1910) War is a Racket Pacifism in Germany References Bibliography Published in 20th century C. Chatfield (1971). For peace and justice: Pacifism in America, 1914-1941 (University of Tennessee Press) L.S. Witner (1984). Rebels against war: The American peace movement, 1933-1983 (Temple University Press, Philadelphia) 1990s R.C. Peace III (1991). A just and lasting peace: The US peace movement from the Cold War to desert storm (Noble Press, Chicago) C. Chatfield (1992). The American peace movement: Ideal and activism (New York) C. Smith (1996). Resisting Reagan: The US-Central America peace movement. University of Chicago Press Published in 21st century 2000s C.F. Howlett (2005). History of the American peace movement 1890-2000: The emergence of a new scholarly discipline. Edwin Mellen Press, New York 2010s (About the 1940s-1970s) External links Images
23573630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A1nka	Stránka	Stránka is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. Administrative parts Villages of Ostrý and Tajná are administrative parts of Stránka. References Villages in Mělník District
6901745	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Stember	Jeff Stember	Jeffrey Alan Stember (born March 2, 1958) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. Biography The right-hander was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, is Jewish, and attended Westfield High School. He was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the 26th round of the 1976 amateur draft, and appeared in one game for the Giants in 1980. Stember's only outing was a start against the Houston Astros at the Astrodome on August 5, 1980. He pitched the first three innings and gave up three runs, but only one earned run. In the top of the fourth, trailing 3-1, the Giants loaded the bases with one out and the pitcher's spot due up. Manager Dave Bristol decided to pinch-hit for Stember, and it worked out as the Giants scored four runs in the inning and ended up with a 9-3 win. Stember, however, had to take his 0-0 record and 3.00 earned run average back to Triple-A Phoenix, and never again pitched in a big league game. References External links Major League Baseball pitchers Baseball players from New Jersey San Francisco Giants players Sportspeople from Elizabeth, New Jersey 1958 births Living people People from Westfield, New Jersey Westfield High School (New Jersey) alumni Jewish American baseball players Jewish Major League Baseball players 21st-century American Jews
44496966	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20abscess	Cold abscess	Cold abscess refers to an abscess that lacks the intense inflammation usually associated with infection. This may be associated with infections due to bacteria like tuberculosis and fungi like blastomycosis that do not tend to stimulate acute inflammation. Alternatively, cold abscesses are typical in persons with hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, even when infected with an organism like Staphylococcus aureus that causes abscesses with inflammation in others. Signs of acute inflammation are absent, so the abscess is not hot and red as in a typical abscess filled with pus. Cold abscesses are generally painless cysts that may be subcutaneous, ocular, or in deep tissue such as the spine. See also Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis References Tuberculosis
23573635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99emy	Střemy	Střemy is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants. Administrative parts The village of Jenichov is an administrative part of Střemy. References Villages in Mělník District
23573638	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C5%A1ice	Tišice	Tišice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,400 inhabitants. Administrative parts Villages of Chrást and Kozly are administrative parts of Tišice. References Villages in Mělník District
23573641	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuha%C5%88%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29	Tuhaň (Mělník District)	Tuhaň is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants. References Villages in Mělník District
44496973	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinu%20Udani%20Siriwardhana	Vinu Udani Siriwardhana	Vinu Udani Siriwardana (Sinhala:විනු උදානි සිරිවර්ධන) (born March 10, 1992) is a Sri Lankan actress, model and TV presenter. In 2012 she participated in the "Derana Veet Miss Sri Lanka for Miss World 2012" pageant and succeeded in becoming the joint winner for the title 'Derana Veet Miss Sri Lanka for Miss World 2012' with Sumudu Prasadini (the latter represented Sri Lanka at the Miss World 2012 beauty pageant). Miss Sri Lanka for Miss World 2012 Error in calculation Vinu won the 'Derana Veet Miss Sri Lanka for Miss World 2012' title at the official event held on 31 March 2012 at Blue Water, Wadduwa. On that day Sumudu Prasadini was chosen as the 1st runner- up of the beauty pageant. However, it was later revealed that a calculation error had occurred and on 4 April 2012, Sumudu Prasadini was crowned the winner of the pageant at a ceremony held at Galle Face Hotel, Colombo. It was concluded that both, Vinu and Sumudu would share the main title and that Sumudu would represent Sri Lanka at the Miss World 2012 pageant held in China on August 18, 2012. In addition to the main title, Vinu also won the title 'Miss Talent' at one of the mini pageants held during the event and the title 'Sunday Observer Most Popular contestant' by receiving the highest number of public votes through the Sunday Observer newspaper. Miss Tourism Queen of the Year International Vinu also represented Sri Lanka at 18th Miss Tourism Queen of the Year International pageant, which was held in Nanjing, China and competed for the main title as well as two mini titles - 'Best in Talent' and 'Best National Costume'. At this competition, she succeeded in making into the top ten finalists in 'Best in Talent' and top 25 in 'Best National Costume' titles. Acting career Vinu started her acting career through the teledrama Pipena Mal playing the supporting role of Parami. But her most notable performance as an actress was the character "Tharumalee" in the teledrama Tharumalee and Wes teledrama. In addition to acting in teledramas, Vinu has also proven her talent through acting in several music videos. Filmography Personal life Vinu is the second in her family with an elder brother (Sanu) and a younger sister (Ruvi). She is a past pupil of Anula Vidyalaya. Currently she lives in Dehiwala with her family. She is married. Recently she was awarded the Nelson Mendala Peace Awards 2019. In addition, she worked as the host of the Friday Hada Redi Peya program. She also plans to write a book.She got married to an Advance level Economics and Business studies lecturer Mr.Kasun Liyanage on 28th August 2020 References External links News in Pictures 1992 births Living people Sri Lankan film actresses Sri Lankan television actresses Sri Lankan beauty pageant winners
23573643	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupadly%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29	Tupadly (Mělník District)	Tupadly is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. References Villages in Mělník District
44496994	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Football%20Club%20Social%20Alliance	The Football Club Social Alliance	The Football Club Social Alliance (FCSA) is a network of professional European football clubs that team up for social change on a global level. The FCSA runs international projects in crisis- and development regions, and projects in disability football within Europe. History The FCSA was established by the Scort Foundation, a politically and religiously independent non-profit foundation headquartered in Basel, Switzerland. The foundation was established according to Swiss foundation law on 27 January 2010. In 2012, the Queens Park Rangers F.C. joined the FCSA's partnership programme. In May 2016, the FCSA launched the young coach education programme in Jordan. In September 2017, the FCSA launched its programme in Lebanon in collaboration with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Lebanese Football Association. In March 2018, the 1. FSV Mainz 05 joined the FCSA's partnership programme. Description The FCSA aim to empower young people from conflict and crisis regions and work with disadvantaged children. Experts of the football clubs train these young dedicated women and men together with local aid organisations to become certified “Young Coaches”– football coaches and social role models. Scort Foundation is responsible for all conceptual and organisational tasks, including the project management, fundraising and partnerships of the FCSA. The curriculum of the Young Coach Education programme was developed by Scort. Evaluations ensure that programme quality is maintained, and social impact is maximised. Partners FC Basel 1893 SV Werder Bremen Bayer 04 Leverkusen FK Austria Wien FC Schalke 04 1. FSV Mainz 05 (since 2018) Board of Directors Gigi Oeri (President) Pierino Lardi (Vice President) Pierre Jaccoud Claudio Sulser References External links Official website Basel Foundations based in Switzerland Sports charities Organizations established in 2007 2007 establishments in Switzerland Association football organizations Charities based in Switzerland Sports organizations established in 2007
23573646	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajezdec%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29	Újezdec (Mělník District)	Újezdec is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. History The first written mention of Újezdec is from 1380. References Villages in Mělník District
44497011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patanotis	Patanotis	Patanotis is a genus of moths in the family Momphidae. The species of this genus are found in Sri Lanka. Species Patanotis harmosta Meyrick, 1913 Patanotis metallidias Meyrick, 1913 References ftp.funet.fr Momphidae Moths of Sri Lanka
23573648	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9A%C5%BEice%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29	Úžice (Mělník District)	Úžice () is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants. Administrative parts Villages and hamlets of Červená Lhota, Kopeč and Netřeba are administrative parts of Úžice. References Villages in Mělník District
20469712	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.%20Michael%20White	L. Michael White	L. Michael White is an American Biblical scholar. He is Ronald Nelson Smith Chair in Classics and Christian Origins, and director of the Institute for the Study of Antiquity and Christian Origins, at the University of Texas at Austin. He is the author or co-author of seven books, editor of four volumes and collected essays, and author of twenty-six articles. In 2011, White won the University of Texas' Robert W. Hamilton Book Award, a $10,000 prize, for his newest book Scripting Jesus (2010). White also won the same award in 2006 for his book From Jesus to Christianity. In addition, White is Project Director of the Ostia Synagogue Area Excavations, "Ostia Synagogue Masonry Analysis Project" or OSMAP, an archaeological field project to reevaluate the area around the ancient synagogue of Ostia Antica, the port city of ancient Rome.The Ostia Synagogue is the oldest synagogue in Europe, and is thought to be one of the oldest in the world. White has served as consultant and co-writer, as well as featured in, two PBS/Frontline documentaries: From Jesus to Christ: The First Christians and Apocalypse! Time, History, and Revelation. Published works Books The Tabula of Cebes: Text and Translation, Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1983 The HarperCollins Concise Atlas of the Bible, San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1991 From Jesus to Christianity, San Francisco: HarperCollins, 2004. Scripting Jesus, San Francisco: HarperCollins, 2010. Notes Further reading Houston Chronicle interview (2004) External links Biography at PBS.org Homepage at the University of Texas at Austin Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American biblical scholars American religion academics University of Texas at Austin faculty Place of birth missing (living people) Members of the Jesus Seminar
23573652	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%BD%20Borek	Velký Borek	Velký Borek is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,200 inhabitants. Administrative parts Villages of Mělnická Vrutice and Skuhrov are administrative parts of Velký Borek. References Villages in Mělník District
44497051	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku%20Park	Suku Park	Suck-Woo Park (born 1947), also known as Suku Park , is a South Korean contemporary ceramic artist and a council member of the International Academy of Ceramics (IAC). Early life and education Park was born in Seoul in 1947 and attended the Fine Arts College of the Seoul National University in South Korea (1966–1970) before moving to Stockholm, Sweden in 1974 to graduate from the Swedish State School of Arts & Design (Konstfack). Work In early 1980s Suku Park was the art director for Pentik and lived with his family in Posio, Finland. He worked there 1984-1987 and has since his international career returned to Posio in 2011. In 1984 Suku Park moved his studio and his family to Espoo, and later in 1997 was one of the first members of Onoma (The Cooperative of Artisans, Designers and Artists in Fiskars). Park's international career began from Posio and he has since exhibited in multiple countries with collections amongst others in the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, Museum of Painting and Sculpture in Istanbul and Musée Ariana in Geneva. Park was a professor at Sangmyung University in Seoul, South Korea from early 2000 and has since moved back to Finland and Lapland where he lives and works. On Posio and living in Finland affecting his work, Park stated that "My language of form and expression is not Korean, but a reaction inside myself to form things with my own hands in order to give an object its own character. When I'm designing I'm thinking function, but I'm thinking humour too". He continues that his works is influenced by the environment and was fascinated with Posio and the focus he could have there. Park is the council member of IAC in Geneva, Switzerland, member of Konsthantverkarna, Stockholm, Sweden, Ceramic Group Kuusi, Finland. Exhibitions Park's selected solo exhibitions include: Anthony Shaw Gallery, London, United Kingdom (1978); Lotte Gallery, Seoul, South Korea (1980); Retretti Art Center, Retretti, Finland (1985); Illums Bolighus, Copenhagen, Denmark (1985); Norway Design Center, Oslo, Norway (1985); Konsthantverkarna, Stockholm, Sweden (1986, 1989); Andrew Shire Gallery, Los Angeles, United States (1990); Mikimoto Art Hall, Ginza, Tokyo, Japan (1989, 1992); SSamjigil Seoul, South Korea; Gallery Park Ryusook Seoul, South Korea; Reuchinhaus, Pforzheim, Germany and Galerie Marian Heller Sandhausen, Germany; Mokkumto Gallery, Seoul, South Korea; and Tong-in Gallery, New York City, United States. Collections Park's contemporary ceramic art pieces are held at: The Victoria and Albert Museum, London, United Kingdom The British Crafts Council, London, United Kingdom National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden National Museum Of Contemporary Art, Seoul, South Korea Malmö Museum, Malmo, Sweden Röhsska Museum, Gothenburg, Sweden Museum Of Painting and Sculpture, Istanbul, Turkey Musée Ariana, Geneva, Switzerland Museum of Decorative Art, Prague, Czech Republic Museum of International Ceramics, Bechyne, Czech Republic Museum of Porcelain, Loket, Czech Republic Iris Collection, Porvoo, Finland Coffee Cup Museum, Posio, Finland Youngone Plaza, Seoul, South Korea Total Museum, Seoul, South Korea Daeyoo Cultural Foundation, South Korea Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada Ceramic and Glass Gallery, Waterloo, Canada References External links Official Website Gallery Marianne Heller, Suku Park exhibition Kouvola.fi: Dialogue: Anu Pentik and Suku Park Yourlapland.com: Dialogue: Anu Pentik and Suku Park Tong-In Gallery, New York, Suku Park profile "Amazon: International Competition - Fifth World Ceramic Biennale 2009 Korea, Introduction by Suku Park Arctic Clay, Auction 2014 1947 births Living people South Korean artists Seoul National University alumni South Korean expatriates in Finland
23573657	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidim%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29	Vidim (Mělník District)	Vidim is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. Notable people Ivan Mrkvička (1856–1938), painter References Villages in Mělník District
20469721	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20Wickwire	Chester Wickwire	Chester "Chet" L. Wickwire (December 11, 1913 – August 31, 2008) was the American chaplain emeritus of the Johns Hopkins University. He was a prominent fighter for civil rights and an international peace activist. Reverend Wickwire was remembered as a "consummate humanist" after his death. Personal life and education Wickwire was born in Nebraska but was raised in rural Colorado where he received a religious upbringing as a Seventh-day Adventist. He received his B.A. from Union College in Lincoln, Neb. During the 1940s he earned the first of two degrees (B.D and Ph.D) from the Yale Divinity School. While at Yale, he contracted poliomyelitis, which resulted in a thirteen-month stay in a local pauper's hospital; "an experience which he credited as providing him with a broader perspective on the world." Despite his need for crutches afterwards, "Chet the Jet" earned his moniker with his boundless energy. He was ordained in the United Church of Christ. He was married to Mary Ann Wickwire for 71 years until his death. Dr. Wickwire was also an avid poet with two published collections. His memorial service was attended by numerous community leaders and former U.S. Senator Paul Sarbanes. Sen. Barbara Mikulski wrote a remembrance for the occasion. Activities at the Johns Hopkins University In 1953, after graduating from the Yale Divinity School, Dr. Wickwire was hired as the Executive Secretary of the Levering Hall YMCA, located at the Johns Hopkins University. He later became the University chaplain until his retirement in 1984. He became involved in activities both on campus and in Baltimore. In 1958 he started the Tutorial Project, in which Hopkins students volunteered to help tutor Baltimore's underprivileged, largely black urban youth. This community program is still in operation. The University created the Chester Wickwire Diversity Award to honor an "undergraduate student of any race or ethnic background who promotes multicultural harmony on the Homewood Campus." Civil rights endeavors Dr. Wickwire organized the first integrated concert to happen in Baltimore. It was held in 1959 at the 5th regiment armory and included Maynard Ferguson and Dave Brubeck. He worked with Baltimore's community leaders, including Walter P. Carter, and ministers in the 1960s to integrate Gwynn Oak Amusement Park. Through his work with community organizations, Dr. Wickwire came to occupy a place of high respect amongst community leaders. Upon the death of its president, Rev. Wickwire was elected the first and only white leader of the Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance, an organization of mostly African-American ministers in Baltimore. In the spring of 1970, when police were searching for members of the Baltimore Black Panthers, they agreed to surrender only to Dr. Wickwire. He was at one time the chairman of the Maryland Advisory Committee to the U.S. Civil Rights Commission. Peace and labor activism He was often at odds with the Johns Hopkins University administration as he pursued peace initiatives. He regularly invited speakers such as Philip Berrigan to speak on campus. In 1962, he was detained in Moscow along with Johns Hopkins exchange students for allegedly distributing anti-Soviet literature. He supported a labor boycott of J.P. Stevens & Co. for its anti-union actions in 1977 as co-chairman of a citizens committee. He pushed for better rights and conditions in 1982 for migrant workers in Maryland as chairman of a panel advising the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Later, with the same panel, he worked to improve rights of Korean-American storeowners. During the 1990s, Dr. Wickwire made a series of trips to Central America to oppose political oppression as member of Ecumenical Program in Central America (EPICA). For his work, his was given an honorary doctorate from the University of El Salvador. References External links CURRICULUM VITAE: Chester L. Wickwire (Archived from University of Baltimore Langsdale Library Special Collections) Chester Wickwire. Longs Peak. Chestnut Hill Press, Baltimore. 1998. Chester Wickwire. The Wonder Horse. Chestnut Hill Press, Baltimore. 2000. Harold Mcdougall. Black Baltimore. Temple University Press. 1993. 1913 births 2008 deaths Activists for African-American civil rights Anti-racism in the United States American Christian pacifists American humanists Johns Hopkins University faculty Nonviolence advocates Yale Divinity School alumni Union College (Nebraska) alumni
23573659	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojkovice%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29	Vojkovice (Mělník District)	Vojkovice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants. Administrative parts Villages of Bukol, Dědibab and Křivousy are administrative parts of Vojkovice. History The first written mention of Vojkovice is from 1088. Notable people Bohuslava Kecková (1854–1911), physician References Villages in Mělník District
6901750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20and%20administrators%20of%20Seychelles	List of colonial governors and administrators of Seychelles	This is a list of colonial governors of Seychelles, an archipelagic island country in the Indian Ocean. Seychelles were first colonized by the French in 1770, and captured by the British in 1810, who governed it under the subordination to Mauritius until 1903, when it became a separate crown colony. Seychelles achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 29 June 1976. List of governors Italics indicate de facto continuation of office For continuation after independence, see: List of presidents of Seychelles See also Seychelles Politics of Seychelles List of presidents of Seychelles Vice-President of Seychelles Prime Minister of Seychelles Lists of office-holders References External links World Statesmen – Seychelles Governor Governors Seychelles Seychelles European colonisation in Africa
23573661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vra%C5%88any	Vraňany	Vraňany is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants. Administrative parts The village of Mlčechvosty is an administrative part of Vraňany. References Villages in Mělník District

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