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Frontal lobe function | The frontal lobe plays a large role in voluntary movement. It houses the primary motor coex. The function of the frontal lobe involves the ability to project future consequences resulting from current actions, the choice between good and bad actions (or better and best) (also known as conscience), the override and suppression of socially unacceptable responses, and the determination of similarities and differences between things or events. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:841,842,843 | 4,700 | medmcqa_train |
Enterobacteriaceae are A/E - rpt | rpt question | 4,701 | medmcqa_train |
Movements taking place during abduction of shoulder joint are all except? | Medial rotation of scapula. Abduction of the ann involves rotation of the scapula as well as movement at the shoulder joint. For every 3deg abduction, a 2 deg abduction occurs in the shoulder joint & 1 deg abduction occurs by rotation of the scapula Also know: Abduction is initiated by the supraspinatus but the deltoid muscle is the main abductor. | 4,702 | medmcqa_train |
Tentative cuts are seen in - | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Suicidal attempt * Hesitation cuts (Tentative cuts or trial cuts) are characteristic features of suicidal attempt. | 4,703 | medmcqa_train |
Nucleus ambiguos is related to all cranial nerve except | Cells in nucleus ambiguous contain motor neurons associated with three cranial nerves : (rostral pole-glossopharyngeal; middle pa-vagus; caudal pole-spine accessory). Axons arising from nucleus ambiguous pass laterally and slightly ventrally to exit the medulla just dorsal to the inferior olive. Facial nerve nuclei are located in the pons. (Ref: vishram Singh textbook of clinical neuroanatomy second edition pg 94) | 4,704 | medmcqa_train |
Chandler Index is 225. What is the interpretation? | Chandler Index This is the average number of hookworm eggs per gram of faeces for the entire community (Average number of eggs per gram of stools). (Ref. Park PSM 18thed.195) | 4,705 | medmcqa_train |
According to cephalo caudal gradient of growth axis of growth: | Axis of growth increases from Head towards Feet
3rd month IU = Head 50% of Body length
Birth : Head 30% of body length
Adult = Head 12% of that of body length. | 4,706 | medmcqa_train |
Capsule of pneumococcus is: | Polysaccharide | 4,707 | medmcqa_train |
Vectors for Plague transmission | The commonest and the most efficient vector of plague is the rat flea , X. cheopis, but other fleas may also transmit the infection, e.g., X. astia, X. brasiliensis and Pulex irritans(human flea). Both sexes of the flea bite and transmit the disease. Ref: Pg No:320;park Textbook ,25th Edition | 4,708 | medmcqa_train |
Drug of choice for cheese reaction is | Phentolamine is the drug of choice in CHEESE REACTION It is a rapidly acting alpha blocker with sho duration of action (in minutes). It is non selective alpha blocker therefore blocks both alpha 1 and 2 Non Selective a Blockers Selective a1 Blockers Irreversible - Phenoxybenzamine - Used for pheochromocytoma Reversible - Phentolamine, Tolazoline,ergotamine - DOC for cheese reaction and clonidine withdrawal Prazosin Terazosin Doxazosin Alfuzosin - These drugs are used for BHP and HTN. - Also used for scorpion sting | 4,709 | medmcqa_train |
Referred pain in external haemorrhoids is due to - | Pain sensation below the pectinate line is carried by inferior rectal nerve, a branch of pudendal nerve. | 4,710 | medmcqa_train |
Which testicular tumor produces feminizing symptoms? | Interstitial cell tumours arise from Leydig or Seoli cells. A Leydig cell tumour masculinises; a Seoli cell tumour feminises.Seoli cell tumours typically present as a testicular mass or firmness, and their presence may be accompanied by gynaecomastia (25%)Bailey and Love 26e pg: 1386 | 4,711 | medmcqa_train |
A child presents with Hepatosplenomegaly, Abdominal distension, Jaundice, Anemia and Adrenal calcification. Which of the following is the Diagnosis? | Wolman disease is caused by mutations in the lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA) gene and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
Wolman disease is the most severe expression of LAL deficiency; a milder form of LAL deficiency is known as cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD). | 4,712 | medmcqa_train |
In exhausted child with severe bronchiolitis, for every 10 mm Hg increase in PCO2, how many milliEq of bicarbonate will increase:- | Bronchiolitis is most common type of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children and young infants. Most common causative agent is respiratory syncytial virus. It's mostly seen in age group 6months to 3years C/F hyperinflated chest, respiratory distress of varying degree, hypoxia. Rx is mainly suppoive as no role of antibiotics as it's a viral infection. When pco2 is increased results is respiratory acidosis. In order to compensate that body tries to save more bicarbonate. Compensation in primary respiratory disorders For every 10 mm increase in pco2: DISORDER RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS Acute HCO3 increases by 1 HCO3 decreases by 2 Chronic HCO3 increased by 3.5 HCO3 decreases by 4 Compensation in metabolic disorders DISORDER EXPECTED COMPENSATION Metabolic acidosis PCO2 = 1.5 * (HCO3) + 8 +/-2 Metabolic alkalosis pco2 increases by 7 for each 10 mEq/L increases in H From the above picture we see that for every acute process hco3 increases by 1 in respiratory acidosis | 4,713 | medmcqa_train |
Ionising radiation acts on tissue depending upon: | Ans. Excitation of electron from orbit | 4,714 | medmcqa_train |
The most malignant form of malignant melanoma is ? | Ans. is 'a' i.e. Nodular Schwaz 9/e p415 writes that- "In general, there is no significant difference between different histologic tumor types in terms of prognosis, when matched for tumor thickness, gender, age, or other. Nodular melanomas have the same prognosis as superficial spreading types when lesions are matched for depth of invasion. Lentigo maligna types, however, have a better prognosis even after correcting for thickness, and acral lentiginous lesions have a worse prognosis." | 4,715 | medmcqa_train |
Pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt pathway) produces - | HMP shunt pathway gives NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate. | 4,716 | medmcqa_train |
Which of the following methods can be used to detect rubella infection in children - | Ans. is 'c' i.e., IgM antibody in fetal blood Laboratory diagnosis o Isolation of virus in cell cultures of throat samples, urine or other secretions. o Normally, maternal rubella antibodies in the form of IgG is transferred to infants and is gradually last over a period of 6 months. Persistent beyond 1 year in an unvaccinated child suggests the diagnosis of congenital rubella. o Presence of Ig M antibodies is diagnostic. o PCR for rubella RNA. | 4,717 | medmcqa_train |
The most important cause of the death in septic shock is: | Ans. (d) CardiacRef: Sabiston 85/19th Edition* Most common cause of death in septic shock - Hypotension* Hypotension is due to decreased cardiac output leading to hypotension | 4,718 | medmcqa_train |
A 26 years old female suffers from PPH on her second postnatal day. Her APTT is prolonged while bleeding time and prothrombin time and platelet count are normal. Likely diagnosis is: | This is a case of acquired hemophilia A. Approximately 50 percent of acquired hemophilia A patients have an underlying condition, such as an autoimmune disorder (e.g., rheumatoid ahritis or systemic lupus erythematosus), malignancy, pregnancy, or a history consistent with a drug reaction. Patients with acquired hemophilia A have a prolonged aPTT caused by decreased or absent factor VIII activity in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. The diagnosis of acquired hemophilia A is made by the demonstration of a solitary prolonged activated paial thromboplastin time (aPTT) that fails to correct on mixing with equal volumes of normal plasma (50:50 mix). The prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), and fibrinogen activity are all normal. Specific factor assays then are performed to determine whether a specific coagulation factor inhibitor or a lupus anticoagulant is present. Ref: Lollar P. (2010). Chapter 128. Antibody-Mediated Coagulation Factor Deficiencies. In J.T. Prchal, K. Kaushansky, M.A. Lichtman, T.J. Kipps, U. Seligsohn (Eds), Williams Hematology, 8e. | 4,719 | medmcqa_train |
Chalky white optic disc on fundus examination is seen in all, except: | Chalky white optic disc is not seen in traumatic injury of the optic nerve. Ref: Practical Approach to Ophthalmoscopic Retinal Diagnosis By A. K. Gupta, Shahana Mazumdar, Saurabh Choudhry, M.D, Page 68 ; Clinical Ophthalmology By Kanski, 4th Edition, Pages 588-9 | 4,720 | medmcqa_train |
Nocardia is differentiated from Actinomyces by: | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Ziehl Neelsen stainRef: (Ananthanarayan, 8th/e, p. 393; 9th/e, p. 394; Harrison, 18th/e, p. 1324; Jawetz, 24th/e, p. 182)Nocardia - Partially acid fast, obligate aerobe, habitat is soil and infections occur exogenously.Actinomyces - Nonacid fast, facultative anaerobe, habitat is oral flora so infections occur endogenously. | 4,721 | medmcqa_train |
Patient presents with Hb-5 g%, TLC-9000/cc,DLC- Neutrophils-3%, Lymphoblasts-75% and fever for 1 mth. Drug used is - | Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.This includes bone and joint infections, intra abdominal infections, ceain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others.For some infections it is used in addition to other antibiotics. It can be taken by mouth, as eye drops, as ear drops, or intravenously Ref Harrison 20th edition pg 580 | 4,722 | medmcqa_train |
Outer layer of the pars tensa called the cutaneous layer is lined by which of the following type of epithelium? | Pars tensa of the tympanic membrane is a funnel shaped area that stretches between the malleus handle and bony ear canal. It is composed of 3 layers, outer cutaneous layer, middle lamina propria and the inner mucosal layer. The cutaneous layer is lined by smooth stratified squamous epithelium. Inner mucosal layer consist of a single layer of squamous epithelium. | 4,723 | medmcqa_train |
Floaters are seen in following except - | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Acute congestive glaucoma {Ref: Clinical ophthalmology 5th/e p. 139]Floaterso A floater is something in the fluids of the eye that casts a shadow on the retina and looks like a dark spot or spots floating around in the field of vision. Floaters are usually described by patients, as small, semitranslucent particles of varying shapes moving across the visual field with the movement of the eye. Floater can only be seen with the eyes open and in a lighted environment. Floaters are usually grey or black, since they are actually shadow on the retina.o Causes of floaters arei) Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)ii) Retinal detachmentiii) High myopiaiv) Bleeding (vitreous hemorrhage)v) Inflammation of eye (uveitis) | 4,724 | medmcqa_train |
A person on fasting for 7 days, the source of energy is: NIMS 11 | Ans. Acetone | 4,725 | medmcqa_train |
A woman with a history of repeated aboions gave bih to a low bih weight baby. The child is having rashes over palm and rhinitis. The most probable diagnosis is September 2009 | Ans. B: Congenital Syphilis Symptoms in newborns with congenital syphilis may include: Failure to gain weight or failure to thrive Fever Irritability No bridge to nose (saddle nose) Early rash -- small blisters on the palms and soles Later rash -- copper-colored, flat or bumpy rash on the face, palms, and soles Rash of the mouth, genitalia, and anus Watery discharge from the nose Congenital rubella predominantly include cochlear (sensori-neural deafness), cardiac (septal defects, PDA), hematologic, ophthalmic (cataracts, retinopathy) and chromosomal abnormalities. | 4,726 | medmcqa_train |
Ambulatory patients after a Disaster are categorized into ____ colour of Triage: | Triage - Disaster categorization of victims 1. Red - Immediate Resuscitation 2. Yellow - possible resuscitation 3. Green - Minor injuries (Ambulatory) 4. Black - Dead/ moribund patient | 4,727 | medmcqa_train |
All of the following shows positive myoclonus except? | Negative myoclonus: Metabolic cause which contributes to development of myoclonus. E.g. Metabolic encephalopathies Variant CJD- stale / reflex myoclonus variant (loud noise causes a myoclonus) Janz syndrome- Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Hypnogogic jerks: Falling to sleep and sudden jerky movement e.g. while going off to sleep | 4,728 | medmcqa_train |
Which of the following transmits mandibular nerve? | Key concept:
The foramen ovale transmits the mandibular nerve, the lesser petrosal nerve, the accessory meningeal artery, an emissary vein connecting the cavernous sinus with the pterygoid plexus of veins, and occasionally the anterior trunk of the middle meningeal vein. | 4,729 | medmcqa_train |
Which is true about measurement of BP with sphygmomanometer versus intra-aerial pressure measurements? | The reason for this is - "dissipation of pressure". When BP is measured by sphygmomanometry, the principle is 'balancing of pressure between the cuff and the brachial aery'. Suppose the pressure in the aery is, say, 100 mm Hg. When the pressure just outside the aery is 100 mm Hg, the aery will be occluded completely, or when the pressure outside the aery becomes just less than 100, the aery will open up and the flow will sta in the aery. However, for pressure just outside the aery to be 100, pressure in the cuff has to be about 106 mm Hg; about 6 mm Hg is dissipated in the intervening tissue (muscle, fat) between the cuff and the aery. Thus, if we are looking for a point at which the aery is just occluded (with aerial pressure being 100), the cuff pressure at which it happens is about 106 mm Hg Hence, by sphygmomanometry, the pressure measured is higher as compared to direct intravascular pressure measurement. | 4,730 | medmcqa_train |
A 28-year-old woman with diabetes presents with lesions on her leg. They are not painful, and have a central depression and raised irregular margin. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | (b) Source: (Kasper, p. 2169)This lesion is more frequent in females and may antedate other clinical signs and symptoms of diabetes. The plaques are round, firm, and reddish-brown to yellow in color. They most commonly involve the legs but can also involve the hands, arms, abdomen, and head. | 4,731 | medmcqa_train |
Stratified cuboidal epithelium seen in | Stratified cuboidal epithelium is seen in large ducts of exocrine glands like sweat glands ,pancreas and salivary glands The ovarian surface epithelium, also called the germinal epithelium of Waldeyer, is a layer of simple squamous-to-cuboidal epithelial cells covering the ovary. The upper cervix (endocervix) is lined by a simple columnar epithelium that contains mucous-secreting cells. In contrast, the lower cervix (ectocervix) is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium. The transition point between these two epithelia is known as the external os. Larynx is lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium except vocal cords (lined by stratified squamous epithelium). Inderbir Singh's textbook of Human Histology Seventh edition Pg no;48 | 4,732 | medmcqa_train |
A 3-year-old child presented with fatigue, malaise, fever, sore throat, headache, nausea, abdominal pain and myalgia. O/E Generalized lymphadenopathy Hepatosplenomegaly Tonsillar enlargement Palatal petechiae Rashes and edema of the eyelids. the above condition can't occur in which of the following: - | This is a case of Infectious mononucleosis. So, there are no B-cells in X-linked agammaglobulinemia to be affected. In rest all the 3 conditions, B-cells are normal. Di-George and Wiskott-aldrich syndrome are T-cell deficiencies. 1st image shows tonsillitis with membrane formation Peripheral blood film shows atypical lymphocytes or Downey cells are lymphocytes that become large as a result of antigen stimulation. B cells are the main reservoir of infection. An EBV envelope glycoprotein binds CD21 (CR2), the receptor for the C3d component of complement, which is present on B cells. | 4,733 | medmcqa_train |
Vectors may transmit infection by all of the following methods, EXCEPT: | Methods by which vectors transmit an infectious agents are: Biting Regurgitation Scratching in infected faeces Contamination of host by body fluids of vectors Ref: Preventive and Social Medicine, by K.Park, 19th edition, Page 92. | 4,734 | medmcqa_train |
A 15-year-old boy presented with fever and chills for the last 3 days. A peripheral blood smear revealed the following. Which of the following is the most probable causative agent? | The given clinical scenario and the peripheral smear showing the Maurer&;s dots are suggestive of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Features of Plasmodium falciparum on peripheral smear are Maurer's dots, ring form, accole form, and banana-shaped gametocytes. Reference: Paniker&;s Textbook of Medical Parasitology 8th edition | 4,735 | medmcqa_train |
Thyrotoxicosis can be differentiated from anxiety neurosis clinically by | Pulse rate in thyrotoxicosis Ref image - reasearchgate.net | 4,736 | medmcqa_train |
Halstaed's mastectomy is | Ans. (c) Radical Mastectomy(Ref Internet Sources)Halstaed Radical mastectomy is historical.* It involves removal of Entire breast, Nipple and areola with tumor* Also removes all level 1,2,3 nodes* Muscles like Pectoralis major, Serratus Anterior are also removed.* It's a very high morbid procedure and hence not done now a days after the wide usage of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.* Now we commonly do MRM- in which Pectoralis major muscle is preserved. | 4,737 | medmcqa_train |
Renal calculi are commonly made up of | There are four main types of kidney stones Calcium stones are the most common type of kidney stones. They are usually made of calcium and oxalate (a natural chemical found in most foods), but are sometimesmade of calcium and phosphate. Uric acid stones form when your urine is often too acidic. Refer robbins 9/e p951 | 4,738 | medmcqa_train |
Regarding color vision, which of the following is TRUE? | The color opponent process is a color theory that states that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from cones and rods in an antagonistic manner. The opponent-process theory states that the cone photoreceptors are linked together to form three opposing color pairs: blue/yellow, red/green, and black/white. The Young-Helmholtz theory postulates that the retina contains three types of cones, each with a different photopigment maximally sensitive to one of the primary colors (red, blue, and green). The sensation of any given color is determined by the relative frequency of impulses from each type of cone. Parvocellular ganglion cells receive color-specific signals from the three types of cones and relay them to the brain the optic nerve. Ref: Waxman S.G. (2010). Chapter 15. The Visual System. In S.G. Waxman (Ed),Clinical Neuroanatomy, 26e. | 4,739 | medmcqa_train |
A young permanent incisor with an open apex has a pinpoint exposure due to a traumatic injury that occurred 24 hours previously. The best treatment is | Because the exposure site is likely significantly contaminated from the injury that occurred 24 hours previously, direct pulp capping with calcium hydroxide is contraindicated. A calcium hydroxide pulpectomy should not be the automatic procedure accomplished because continued root elongation and closure of the pulp canal will likely not occur. A calcium hydroxide pulpotomy is preferable for a traumatized tooth with an open apex with either a large exposure or a small exposure of several hours or days postinjury. Clinically, the tooth should be anesthetized and, under sterile conditions, and the clinician should open the pulp chamber in search of healthy pulp tissue. It is likely that vital tissue will be present within 24 hours of the injury. | 4,740 | medmcqa_train |
Battle's sign is:TN 11 | Ans. Mastoid ecchymosis | 4,741 | medmcqa_train |
Most commonly involved bone in Paget's disease? | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Pelvis The pelvis and tibia being the commonest sites, and femur, skull, spine (veebrae) and clavicle the next commonest. | 4,742 | medmcqa_train |
Fox Fordyce's disease is a disease of ? | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Apocrine sweat glands See explanation- I of session- 9 of Skin of All India 2014-15 pattern of this book. | 4,743 | medmcqa_train |
The scalp
A. Is attached by occipitalis muscle to the skull
B. Is attached by the frontalis muscle to the skull
C. Receives sensory innervation from the dorsal rami of first 3 cervical
nerves
D. Is supplied, in part, by the ophthalmic artery
E. Drains directly to the subcutaneous lymph nodes at the base of the
skull | Frontalis is attached to orbicularis oculi and not to bone. | 4,744 | medmcqa_train |
Generalised anxiety disorder is characterized by | GAD is characterized by free floating anxiety and negative apprehension about day today tril life events. Anxiety about specific situations are more likely to be seen in phobia. Reference: Kaplon and sadock, 11 th edition, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg no. 407 | 4,745 | medmcqa_train |
Raw material used in nylon suture is:- | Raw material used in nylon suture is Polyamide polymer. Suture Types Raw material Tensile strength Absorption rate Silk Braided or twisted multifilament; Coated (with wax or silicone) or uncoated Natural proteinRaw silk from silkworm Loses 20% when wet; 80-100% lostby 6 months Fibrous encapsulation in body at 2-3 weeks ; Absorbed slowly over 1-2 yearQ Catgut Plain Collagen derived from healthy sheep or cattle Lost within 7-10 days Phagocytosis and enzymatic degradation within 7-10 daysQ Catgut Chromic Tanned with chromium salts to improve handling and resist degradation in tissueQ Lost within 21-28 days Phagocytosis and enzymatic degradation within 90 days Polyglactin (Vicryl) Braided multifilament Copolymer of lactide & glycolideQ in a ratio of 90:10, coated with polyglactin & calcium stearate Approx, 60% remains at 2 weeks; 30% remains at 3 weeks Hydrolysis minimal until 5-6 weeks; Complete absorption 60-90 daysQ Polyglyconate Monofilament Dyed or undyed Copolymer of glycolic acid and trimethylene carbonateQ Approx, 70% remains at 2 weeks; 55% remains at 3 weeks Hydrolysis minimal until 8-9 weeks; Complete absorption 180 daysQ Polyglycaprone (Monocryl) Monofilament Coplymer of glycolide & caprolactoneQ 21 days maximum 90-120 daysQ Polyglycolic acid (Dexon) Braided multifilament Dyed or undyed Coated or Uncoated Polymer of polyglycolic acidQ Approx, 40% remains at 1 week; 20% remains at 3 weeks HydrolysisQ minimal at 2 weeks; significant at 4 weeks; Complete absorption 60-90 daysQ Polydioxanone (PDS) Monofilament dyed or undyed Polyester polymerQ Approx, 70% remains at 2 weeks; 50% remains at 4 weeks; 14% remains at 8 weeks Hydrolysis minimal at 90 days; Complete absorption 180 daysQ Nylon Monofilament or braided multifilament Dyed or undyed Polyamide polymer Loses 15-20% per year Degrades at approximately 15-20% per year Polypropylene Monofilament. Dyed or undyed Polymer of propylene Infinite (>1 year) Non-absorbable: remains encapsulated in body tissues | 4,746 | medmcqa_train |
Characteristic radiological finding in sarcoidosis- | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy "The characteristic radiologicalfinding in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis is bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy ". | 4,747 | medmcqa_train |
Which of the following does not causes pneumonia? | ANSWER: (A) MumpsREF: Nelson's 18th ed p. 1795"Pneumonia is known complication of measles"Viruses commonly causing pneumonia in childrenRSVInfluenzaAdenovirusRhinovirusPara influenza virus | 4,748 | medmcqa_train |
An infant presents with bilateral white pupillary reflex. On slit lamp examination a zone of opacity is observed around the fetal nucleus with spoke like radial opacities. The most likely diagnosis is: | B i.e. Lamellar cataract | 4,749 | medmcqa_train |
Agents recommended in treatment of aortic dissection are all except | Diazoxide is vasodilator ,which can aggravate dissection, so containdicated in aortic dissection. | 4,750 | medmcqa_train |
Magnesium sulphate toxicity include all EXCEPT | MgSo4 acts by inhibition of neuromuscular transmission. NOTE: we monitor urine output while patient is on MgSO4, not because it is a sign of MgSO4 toxicity, but because oliguria is secondary to PIH (glomerular endotheliosis) and decreased urine output would decrease MgSO4 clearance and increase risk of toxicity. Serum Mg2+ levels(meq/l) Clinical effects 4-7 Normal therapeutic level 8 - 10 Patellar reflex disappear 10-15 Respiratory depression 12-15 Respiratory paralysis 25 - 30 Cardiac arrest | 4,751 | medmcqa_train |
A 25 year-old-male presents with sudden painless loss of vision. The ocular and systemic examination is normal. What is probable diagnosis? | Optic neuritis is an inflammatory, demyelinating condition that causes acute, usually monocular, visual loss. Most cases of acute demyelinating optic neuritis occur in women (two-thirds) and typically develop in patients between the ages of 20 and 40. | 4,752 | medmcqa_train |
The first step in fatty acid synthesis involves | Acetyl CoA carboxylase
Production of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA is the initial and rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis. The reaction is catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. | 4,753 | medmcqa_train |
Deep transverse arrest occurs in ...... pelvis : | Android | 4,754 | medmcqa_train |
What is the wavelength of UV rays used in Woods lamp? | Ans. A. 360nMA Wood's lamp generates 360-nm ultraviolet (or "black") light produced by a mercury vapor source passed through a nickel oxide filter that can be used to aid the evaluation of certain skin disorders. | 4,755 | medmcqa_train |
A 7-year-old girl is brought with complaints of generalized swelling of the body. Urinary examination reveals grade 3 proteinuria and the presence of hyaline and fatty casts. She has no history of hematuria. Which of the following statements about her condition is true? | Grade 3 proteinuria, and the presence of hyaline and fatty cast in urine suggest the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome.
Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in a child is minimal change disease ( not IgA nephropathy or Alport syndrome)
In minimal change disease there is no deposition of immune reactants (immunoglobulin or complement), and serum complement levels are normal. | 4,756 | medmcqa_train |
A 8.5-year-old child with missing 11 reported to your clinic. 21 erupted at 6.5 years of age. The child had trauma to 21, 4 months back and got it endodontically treated for that. What is your further treatment about missing teeth? | In question patient is of 8.5 years of age with missing right maxillary central incisor and has his Maxillary left Central Incisor Erupted on Schedule.
Now non-eruption of a tooth beyond normal possible age of eruption while the contralateral tooth is being erupted on usual time can be due to its presence in impacted state or it can be congenitally missing.
To rule out of these conditions radiographic examination is essential
If tooth is impacted due to presence of any supernumerary tooth or due to any other region or tooth is congenitally missing we can plan further treatment with that situation. | 4,757 | medmcqa_train |
Cat acts as a reservoir in which of the following? | “Toxoplasma gondii is a coccidian protozoa of worldwide distribution that infects a wide range of animals and birds but does not appear to cause disease in them.
The normal final hosts are strictly the cat and its relatives in the family Felidae, the only hosts in which the oocyst-producing sexual stage of Toxoplasma can develop” | 4,758 | medmcqa_train |
`Coronory steal phenomenon' is caused by ? | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Dipyridamole o There are two types of vessels in coronary circulaton ? 1. Larger conducting aeries which run epicardially and send perforating branches. 2. Smaller resistance aerioles - These are perforating branches of conducting aeries. These aerioles supply blood to endocardium. o During ischemia, adenosine (a local mediator) causes dilatation of resistance aerioles in ischemic area only, tone of resistance vessels of nonischemic area does not change --> increased flow to ischemic area. o Dipyridamole is a powerful coronary dilator; increases total coronary flow by preventing uptake and degradation of adenosine. o It dilates resistance vessels in nonischemic zone as well ----> Dives the already reduced blood flow away from ischemic zone - Coronary steal phenomenon. o It has no effect on larger conducting vessels (contrast nitrates which dilate larger conducting vessels and cause redistribution of blood towards ischemic zone). o Dipyridamole inhibits platelet aggregation by increasing cAMP (by inhibiting phosphodiesterase) which potentiates PGI, and interferes with aggregation. o It is not useful as an antianginal drug (due to coronary steal phenomenon), but can be used for prophylaxis of coronary and cerebral thrombosis in post MI and post stroke patients as well as to prevent thrombosis in patients with prosthetic hea valve. | 4,759 | medmcqa_train |
Rupak, a 22-year-old, unmarried man is suffering from sudden onset of third person hallucination for the past 12 days. He is suspicious of his relatives and close friends and is having reduced appetite and improper sleep. He is probably suffering from: September 2010 | Ans. D: Schizophrenia Psychosis means abnormal condition of the mind, and is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a "loss of contact with reality". Psychosis is given to the more severe forms of psychiatric disorder, during which hallucinations and delusions and impaired insight may occur. | 4,760 | medmcqa_train |
Lordaceous spleen is seen in - | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Diffuse amyloidosis Focal amyloidosis cause sago spleen | 4,761 | medmcqa_train |
Central stellate scar on CT scans are seen in: | Central stellate Scar is seen in 1. FNH 2. Fibrolamellar HCC 3.Serous cystadenoma (Pancreas) 4.Renal Oncocytoma | 4,762 | medmcqa_train |
Which of the following is the causative organism for formation of Baholin cyst? | Baholin's glands (great vestibular glands) are located at the vaginal orifice at the 4 and 8 o'clock positions. Their ducts are lined with transitional epithelium and their obstruction secondary to inflammation may lead to the development of a Baholin's cyst or abscess. Baholin's cysts range in size from 1 to 3 cm. Infections are often polymicrobial; however, sexually transmitted Neisseria gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis are sometimes implicated. Treatment consists of incision and drainage and placement of a Word catheter, a small catheter with a balloon tip, for 2 to 3 weeks to allow for formation and epithelialization of a new duct. Ref: Cain J., ElMasri W.M., Gregory T., Kohn E.C. (2010). Chapter 41. Gynecology. In F.C. Brunicardi, D.K. Andersen, T.R. Billiar, D.L. Dunn, J.G. Hunter, J.B. Matthews, R.E. Pollock (Eds), Schwaz's Principles of Surgery, 9e. | 4,763 | medmcqa_train |
Supraspinatus injury leads to which of the following: | Ans. (c) Cannot abductRef. Apley's System of Orthopaedics & Fractures, 8th ed. 281-82In case of supraspinatus injury, abduction is restricted.Function of Rotator Cuff Muscle* Supraspinatus: Assists deltoid in abduction of arm by fixing head of humerus against the glenoid cavity.* Infraspinatus & Teres minor: Laterally (externally) rotates arm & stabilizes the shoulder joint.* Subscapularis: Internal rotation | 4,764 | medmcqa_train |
Antidepressant drug is: | Classification I Reversible inhibitors of MAO-A (RIMAs) Moclobemide, Clorgyline II. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) NA + 5-HT reuptake inhibitors Imipramine, Amitriptyline, Trimipramine, Doxepin, Dothiepin, Clomipramine B. Predominantly NA reuptake inhibitors Desipramine, Noriptyline, Amoxapine, Reboxetine Ill. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRis) Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine, Seraline, Citalopram, Escitalopram IV. Atypical antidepressants Trazodone, Mianserin, Miazapine, Venlafaxine, Duloxetine, Tianeptine, Amineptine, Bupropion Ref: K D Tripathi 8th edition | 4,765 | medmcqa_train |
Metabolism of xenobiotics is done by - | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Cytochrome p450 o Biotransformation reactions (metabolism) of drugs can be classified :A. Non-synthetic (phase I) reactions# Metabolism brings about a change in the drug molecule by:1. Oxidation2. Reduction3. Hydrolysis4. Cyclization5. Decyclization# The new metabolite may retain biological activity or it may be an inactive metabolite.# Oxidation is the most important metabolizing reaction.# The most important enzyme for oxidation reaction is cytochrome P450B.Synthetic (phase II or conjugation) reaction# Metabolism involves union of the drug with one of several polar (water-soluble) endogenous molecules that are products of intermediary metabolism, to form a water-soluble conjugate which is readily eliminated by kidney or, if the molecular weight exceeds 300, in the bile.# Phase II metabolism almost invariably terminates biological activity, i.e. metabolites are usually inactive.# Reactions are:-1. Acetylation2. Glucuronide conjugation3. Glycine conjugation4. Glutathione conjugation5. Sulfate conjugation6. Methylation7. Neucleotide synthesis | 4,766 | medmcqa_train |
Relationship of neurovascular bundle from above downward in intercostal space - | Ans. is'd' i.e., Vein - Artery - Nerveo All intercostal muscles are supplied by the intercostal nerves of the spaces in which they lie.o The neurovascular plane of thorax lies between internal intercostal and intercostalis initimi or innermost intercostal (transversus thoracis).o Neurovascular bundle lies in costal groove and the relationship from above downw ard is posterior intercostal vein and artery and intercostal nerve (VAN). | 4,767 | medmcqa_train |
True about Post traumatic fat embolism syndrome is A/E | D i.e. Associated diabetes pose a risk. Fat Embolism Syndrome A syndrome caused by an inflammatory response to embolized fat globules Symptoms usually occur 1-3 days after a traumatic injury and are predominantly pulmonary (shoness of breath, hypoxemia), neurological (agitation, delirium, or coma), dermatological (petechial rash), and haematological (anaemia, low platelets). Epidemiologyincidence 3-4% with isolated long bone trauma 10-15% with polytrauma Pathophysiologyfat and marrow elements are embolized into the bloodstream during acute long bone fractures intramedullary instrumentation intramedullary nailing hip & knee ahroplasty pathophysiologytwo theories regarding the causes of fat embolism includemechanical theory embolism is caused by droplets of bone marrow fat released into venous system metabolic theory stress from trauma causes changes in chylomicrons which result in formation of fat emboli Diagnosis CriteriaMajor (1) hypoxemia (PaO2 < 60) CNS depression (changes in mental status) petechial rash pulmonary edema Minor (4) tachycardia pyrexia retinal emboli fat in urine or sputum thrombocytopenia decreased HCT Additional PCO2 > 55 pH < 7.3 RR > 35 dyspnea anxiety TreatmentNonoperative mechanical ventilation with high levels of PEEP (positive end expiratory pressure) indications acute fat emboli syndrome Preventionearly fracture stabilization indications early fracture stabilization (within 24 hours) of long bone fracture is most impoant factor in prevention of FES techniques to reduce the risk of fat emboli overreaming of the femoral canal during a TKA use of reamers with decreased shaft width reduces the risk during femoral reaming for intramedullary fixation use of external fixation for definitive fixation of long bone fractures in medically unstable patients decreases the risk | 4,768 | medmcqa_train |
In the length tension relationship of skeletal muscle, the length at which active tension is maximum is: | Ans. (d) E(Ref: Guyton and Hall Physiology Review, 3rd ed/p.14)Active tension produced in the muscle is at point E.In the graph, A is the active tension curve.C is the passive tension curve. | 4,769 | medmcqa_train |
Peripheral most unit for planning of Family planning and other services under RCH program is | The sub-centre level is the peripheral outpost of the existing health delivery system. Categorization Type A: Provide all recommended services except the facilities for conducting delivery is not available here. Type B (MCH sub-centre): All recommended services including facilities for conducting deliveries are available. | 4,770 | medmcqa_train |
All are seen in organic psychosis except : | D. i.e. Normal common knowledge | 4,771 | medmcqa_train |
False about annular pancreas | Non bilious voimiting is seen in annular pancreas. | 4,772 | medmcqa_train |
Glucose detection can be done by the all except | Ans: b (Ferric Chloride rest). Ref: Vasudevan 4th ed/p 191,102Ferric chloride test is positive in phenylketonuria and alkaptonuria. A transient blue green colour is seen when ferric chloride is added to the urine.Glucose oxidase test:-It is the most widely used. Used by autoanalysers. Glucose oxidase is very specific and acts only on beta-D-glucose. It is a quantitative test.Follin and Wu method is a reductometric method to estimate glucose colourimetrically. A later modification was Nelson Somogyi method.Dextrostix are strips used in glucometer. | 4,773 | medmcqa_train |
All are cerebral neurotics except | Neurotics: Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 399 | 4,774 | medmcqa_train |
A scooter is hit from behind. The rider is thrown off and he lands with his head hitting the kerb. He does not move, complains of severe pain in the neck and is unable to turn his head. Well-meaning onlookers rush up to him and try to make him sit up. What would be the best course of action in this situation? | Patients are usually transported to the emergency department on a hard backboard with neck immobilized by hard cervical collor.
The head and neck to be aligned with the long axis of trunk and immobilized in supine position.
The patient should be secured so that in the event of emesis; the backboard may be rotated 90° while the patient remains fully immobilize in a neutral position. | 4,775 | medmcqa_train |
Delirium & dementia can be differentiated by? | ANSWER: (D) Altered sensoriumREF: Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry 10th ed chapter-10Repeat Psychiatry 2013 Session 1, June 2010 | 4,776 | medmcqa_train |
Most common site of rhabdomyosarcoma is: | Most common site of rhabdomyosarcoma is HEAD & NECK (orbit among the given options). RHABDOMYOSARCOMA Rhabdomyosarcoma arises from mesenchymal tissues. MC sites of origin: Head & neckQ (parameningealQ)>Extremities >Genitourinary tract >Trunk MC pediatric soft tissue sarcoma: RhabdomyosarcomaQ Associated with: NF, Beckwith-Weidman syndrome, Li-fraumeni and Fetal alcohol syndrome | 4,777 | medmcqa_train |
MIS is secreted by? | ANSWER: (A) Sertoli cellREF: Ganong's 22nd ed chapter 23See previous question for explanation | 4,778 | medmcqa_train |
A 30-year-old athlete complains of amenorrhea for 1 year. Her BMI is 20 kg/m2. LH and FSH are in low normal range. Clinical and USG findings are normal. Most likely cause is: | Ans. is b, i.e. Excessive exerciseThis athlete has BMI =20kg/m2, i.e. she is underweightHer FSH and LH are in low normal rangeAll these findings point towards that either there is a problem in hypothalamus or pituitary.One of the causes of hypothalamic amenorrhea is excessive exercise which is the most probable cause in this case. | 4,779 | medmcqa_train |
Nikolsky's sign seen in all of the following, except: | Nikolsky's Sign
A bulla can be induced on normal-appearing skin if firm lateral pressure is exerted.
It is acharacteristic feature of pemphigus vulgaris
Nikolsky's sign absent in- Bullous pemphigoid
Positive Nikolsky's Sign Present in
Pemphigus vulgaris
Pemphigus foliaceus
Familial benign pemphigus (Halley- Hailey disease)
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophic, Recessive
Erythema multiforme
Bullous lichen planus
Cicatricial Pemphigoid (Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid, ocular pemphigus
Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Drug reaction)
Scalded skin syndrome (Bacterial infection) | 4,780 | medmcqa_train |
Hypercalcemia in ECG is diagnosed by: | Answer is B (Decreased QT interval) Hypercalcemia is characterized by a decreased QT interval. | 4,781 | medmcqa_train |
Allergic reactions to radiological contrast agents are - | Acute non-renal reaction to a radiocontrast agent may be -
Non-IgE mediated anaphylactic reactions
Vasomotor / vasovagal reactions. | 4,782 | medmcqa_train |
Type I hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by: | In immediate hypersensitivity (type I hypersensitivity)- the injury is caused by TH2 cells, IgE antibodies, and mast cells and other leukocytes. Mast cells release mediators that act on vessels and smooth muscle and pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit inflammatory cells. | 4,783 | medmcqa_train |
Which one of the following fungus does NOT infect hair? rpt | trichophyton- hair, skin and nail. microsporum- hair and skin. epidermophyton- skin and nail. REF:Baveja textbook of microbiology 4th edition. | 4,784 | medmcqa_train |
An athletic teenage girl complains of anterior knee pain on climbing stairs and on getting up after prolonged sitting. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | CAUSES: Mechanical overload of the patellofemoral joint. a) Malcongruence - patellofemoral surfaces b) Malalignment -- extensor mechanism - weakness of vastus medialis ingle injury -- damage to aicular surface CLINICAL FEATURES * Introspective teenage girl or athletic young adult * Flat foot / Knock kneed athletes * Spontaneous Pain in front of knee/ beneath the knew cap * Maybe h/o recurrent displacements/injury * Aggravated by activity/climbing down stairs/standing after prolonged sitting with knees flexed * Both knees * Swelling-give way-catching(not true locking) * Grating/grinding sensation when knee is extended Conservative Rx * Reassurance * Ice Application * Physiotherapy * Avoid stressful activities * Stretching and strengthening medial quadriceps in 15 mins 4 times/day -- Quad sets (bicycling, pool running, swimming flutter kick * Aspirin / Ibuprofen / Naproxen * Suppo for a valgus foot STEROIDS BEST AVOIDED ref : maheswari 9th ed | 4,785 | medmcqa_train |
Which of the following is true about ventilation and perfusion in alveoli in an erect posture | Apical alveoli have low ventilation and perfusion per unit volume of the lung, whereas the basal alveoli have high ventilation and perfusion.
Ventilation-perfusion ratio and the PaO2 is maximum at the apex. PCO2 is maximum at the base. | 4,786 | medmcqa_train |
'Endemic Disease' means that a disease: | Endemic refers to the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group without impoation from outside. Ref: Park's Textbook Of Preventive And Social Medicine By K. Park, 19th Edition, Page 88; Park's Textbook Of Preventive And Social Medicine By K. Park, 18th Edition, Page 86 | 4,787 | medmcqa_train |
The following are example of apoptosis except? | Ans. is 'None' | 4,788 | medmcqa_train |
Regarding point source epidemic, false statement (s) is/are:a) Rapid rise & fallb) Only infectious disease can causec) Explosived) Cases occur even after incubation periode) No secondary wave | Features of point source (single exposure) epidemics
The exposure to the disease agent is brief and essentially simultaneous → single exposure.
Because disease agent enters into all exposed persons at same time → the resultant cases all develop within one incubation period of the disease.
The epidemic curve rises and falls rapidly.
Because exposure is single (simultaneous) with no further exposure → No secondary wave (no secondary case).
Epidemic tends to be explosive, there is clustering of cases within a narrow interval of time.
Point source epidemics are mostly (not always) due to exposure to an infectious agent.
Examples → Food poisoning, Bhopal gas tragedy, Minamata disease in Japan, Chernobyl tragedy. | 4,789 | medmcqa_train |
All of the following factors increases the level of respiratory neuron activity in the medulla, EXCEPT: | A rise in the PCO2 or H+ concentration of aerial blood or a drop in its Po2 increases the level of respiratory neuron activity in the medulla, and changes in the opposite direction have a slight inhibitory effect. The effects of variations in blood chemistry on ventilation are mediated respiratory chemoreceptors--the carotid and aoic bodies and collections of cells in the medulla. They initiate impulses that stimulate the respiratory center. Stimuli Affecting the Respiratory Center: Chemical control: CO2 ( CSF and brain interstitial fluid H+ concentration) O2& H+ ( carotid and aoic bodies) Nonchemical control: Vagal afferents from receptors in the airways and lungs Afferents from the pons, hypothalamus, and limbic system Afferents from proprioceptors Afferents from baroreceptors: aerial, atrial, ventricular, pulmonary Ref: Barrett K.E., Barman S.M., Boitano S., Brooks H.L. (2012). Chapter 36. Regulation of Respiration. In K.E. Barrett, S.M. Barman, S. Boitano, H.L. Brooks (Eds), Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 24e. | 4,790 | medmcqa_train |
All the following are characteristic of Turner Syndrome EXCEPT: | ANSWER: (C) Umbilical HerniaREF: Robbins 7th edition page 179, http://en.vrikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndromeTurner syndrome or Ullrich-Tumer syndrome (also known as 'Gonadal dysgenesis") encompasses several conditions in human females, of which monosomy X (absence of an entire sex chromosome, the Barr body) is most common. It is a chromosomal abnormality in which all or part of one of the sex chromosomes is absentClinical features:Short statureLymphedema (swelling) of the hands and feetBroad chest (shield chest) and widely spaced nipplesLow hairlineLow-set earssmall kwer jaw (micrognathia)cubitus valgus (turned-in elbows)soft upturned nailspalmar creaseReproductive sterilityRudimentary ovaries gonadal streak (underdeveloped gonadal structures that later become fibrosed)Amenorrhoea, or the absence of a menstrual periodIncreased weight, obesityShield shaped thorax of heartShortened metacarpal IVSmall fingernailsWebbed neck from cystic hygroma in infancyCoarctation of the aortaBicuspid aortic valvePoor breast developmentHorseshoe kidneyVisual impairments sclera, cornea, glaucoma, etc.Ear infections and hearing lossHigh waist-to-hip ratio (the hips are not much bigger than the waist)Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD (problems with concentration, memory, attention with hyperactivity seen mostly in childhood and adolescense)Nonverbal Learning Disability (problems with math, social skills and spatial relations) | 4,791 | medmcqa_train |
Triglycerides are maximum in: | A i.e. Chylomicron | 4,792 | medmcqa_train |
A patient comes with sudden respiratory distress, on examination, bilateral basal crepts are present over chest suggestive of pulmonary edema with normal alveolar wedge pressure. The likely cause is | Answer is A (Narcotic overdose): Pulmonary edema with normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure suggests a diagnosis of ARDS or non cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Narcotic overdose is the only non cardiogenic cause for pulmonary edema (ARDS) amongst the options provided and hence the answer here. | 4,793 | medmcqa_train |
Which is the most important feature to differentiate carcinoma in situ from invasive carcinoma? | Penetration of basement membrane is the hallmark of invasive carcinoma. In carcinoma in situ basement membrane is not involved. | 4,794 | medmcqa_train |
First case to come to notice of physician is: | Index case | 4,795 | medmcqa_train |
Cariostatic level of fluoride in drinking water is: | Fluoridation is the adjustment of water supply to a fluoride content such that reduction of 50 to 70% in dental caries would occur without damage to teeth or other structures.
In 1958, WHO produced the first report by an expert committee on water fluoridation (TRS 146) and concluded that drinking water containing about 1 ppm fluoride had marked caries - preventive action and that controlled fluoridation of drinking water was a practicable and effective public health measure.
Essentials of preventive and community dentistry
Soben Peter
5th edition | 4,796 | medmcqa_train |
Temperature in autoclaving - | Ans. is 'c' i.e., 120degC for 15 minutes MethodTemperature (degC)Holding time (in minutes)Autoclave12115 12610 1343Hot air oven16045 17018 1807.5 1901.5 | 4,797 | medmcqa_train |
Token economy is used in the treatment of | Token economy: It is a form of behavior modification designed to increase desirable behavior and decrease undesirable behavior with the use of tokens. Individuals receive tokens immediately after displaying desirable behavior. The tokens are collected and later exchanged for a meaningful object or privilege. The primary goal of a token economy is to increase desirable behavior and decrease undesirable behavior. Often token economies are used in institutional settings (such as psychiatric hospitals or correctional facilities) to manage the behavior of individuals who may be aggressive or unpredictable. | 4,798 | medmcqa_train |
Tarsal tunnel syndrome is caused with which ahritis: | Rheumatoid ahritis "Inflammation from rheumatoid ahritis results in a higher incidence of tarsal tunnel syndrome."- Current geriatric diagnosis,& treatment By C. Seth Landefeld, Robe Palmer, Mary Anne Johnson p459 "Carpal tunnel syndrome may be the presenting feature of rheumatoid ahritis."- Oxford textbook of rheumatology By David Alan Isenberg, Peter Maddison, Patricia Woo, David Glass, Ferdinand Breedveld 3/e p151 "Thus, compressive neuropathy of the branches of the posterior tibial nerve is a relatively frequent finding in patients with definite or classical RA."- Oxford Journals Medicine Rheumatology Volume 20, Number 3 Pp. 148-150 Tarsal tunnel syndrome Is entrapment neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve (with or without involvement of the medial calcaneal nerve) within the fibro-osseous tunnel posterior and inferior to the medial malleolus. The tarsal tunnel is bounded superficially by the flexor retinaculum (laciniate ligament). The tibial nerve may be constricted by pressure from without or within this tunnel. Sources of constriction beneath and adjacent to the tarsal tunnel include bone fragments from displaced distal tibial, talar, or calcaneal fractures; tenosynovitis or ganglia of an adjacent tendon sheath; and bone and soft-tissue encroachment in rheumatoid ahritis or ankylosing spondylitis, varicosities, neural tumor (neurilemoma) or perineural fibrosis. Compression of the nerve leads to pain and sensory disturbances over the plantar surface of the foot. The pain may be precipitated by prolonged weight bearing. It is often worse at night and the patient may seek relief by walking around or stamping his or her foot. Paraesthesia and numbness can also be seen. Tinel's percussion test over the posterior tibial nerve may be positive. imaging Studies and Special Tests: Electromyography and nerve conduction studies should be performed but can be normal early in the entrapment. MRI provides excellent visualization of the tarsal tunnel and is indicated if there is suspicion of a space-occupying lesion within the tunnel. Treatment is conservative with ohotic modifications and measures to decrease the inflammation surrounding the involved nerve. A medial arch suppo can be fitted to hold the foot in slight varus. Surgical decompression is performed only in refractory cases | 4,799 | medmcqa_train |
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