Datasets:

---

mrqa-workshop

/

mrqa

like 24

Follow

Machine Reading for Question Answering Workshop 2

{ "tokens": [ "Jonathan", "Bellman", "writes", "that", "modern", "concert", "performance", "style", "—", "set", "in", "the", "\"", "conservatory", "\"", "tradition", "of", "late", "19th-", "and", "20th", "-", "century", "music", "schools", ",", "and", "suitable", "for", "large", "auditoria", "or", "recordings", "—", "militates", "against", "what", "is", "known", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "more", "intimate", "performance", "technique", ".", "The", "composer", "himself", "said", "to", "a", "pupil", "that", "\"", "concerts", "are", "never", "real", "music", ",", "you", "have", "to", "give", "up", "the", "idea", "of", "hearing", "in", "them", "all", "the", "most", "beautiful", "things", "of", "art", ".", "\"", "Contemporary", "accounts", "indicate", "that", "in", "performance", ",", "Chopin", "avoided", "rigid", "procedures", "sometimes", "incorrectly", "attributed", "to", "him", ",", "such", "as", "\"", "always", "crescendo", "to", "a", "high", "note", "\"", ",", "but", "that", "he", "was", "concerned", "with", "expressive", "phrasing", ",", "rhythmic", "consistency", "and", "sensitive", "colouring", ".", "Berlioz", "wrote", "in", "1853", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "has", "created", "a", "kind", "of", "chromatic", "embroidery", "...", "whose", "effect", "is", "so", "strange", "and", "piquant", "as", "to", "be", "impossible", "to", "describe", "...", "virtually", "nobody", "but", "Chopin", "himself", "can", "play", "this", "music", "and", "give", "it", "this", "unusual", "turn", "\"", ".", "Hiller", "wrote", "that", "\"", "What", "in", "the", "hands", "of", "others", "was", "elegant", "embellishment", ",", "in", "his", "hands", "became", "a", "colourful", "wreath", "of", "flowers", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 9, 17, 24, 29, 36, 44, 56, 61, 62, 66, 69, 73, 74, 86, 88, 98, 101, 106, 112, 116, 120, 121, 129, 135, 142, 144, 148, 157, 161, 167, 177, 180, 190, 191, 201, 209, 214, 217, 223, 226, 232, 235, 240, 249, 261, 270, 272, 276, 285, 293, 298, 301, 303, 309, 314, 315, 324, 328, 334, 339, 344, 346, 350, 355, 358, 363, 366, 370, 375, 378, 386, 389, 394, 398, 402, 407, 417, 424, 427, 430, 431, 433, 446, 455, 464, 469, 472, 483, 485, 492, 500, 506, 517, 527, 539, 550, 553, 556, 558, 563, 566, 567, 574, 584, 587, 589, 594, 598, 599, 601, 605, 610, 613, 617, 627, 632, 643, 651, 653, 662, 674, 678, 688, 697, 699, 707, 713, 716, 721, 726, 733, 734, 738, 746, 748, 753, 756, 766, 777, 781, 787, 794, 797, 800, 808, 812, 820, 823, 826, 829, 840, 843, 852, 856, 866, 873, 877, 884, 892, 896, 901, 906, 912, 916, 921, 924, 929, 937, 941, 942, 944, 951, 957, 962, 963, 968, 971, 975, 981, 984, 991, 995, 1003, 1016, 1018, 1021, 1025, 1031, 1038, 1040, 1050, 1057, 1060, 1067, 1068 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "did", "Chopin", "tend", "to", "avoid", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 16, 21, 24, 29 ] }

{ "text": [ "rigid procedures" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 500 ], "end": [ 515 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 91 ], "end": [ 92 ] } ] }

[ "rigid procedures" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Jonathan", "Bellman", "writes", "that", "modern", "concert", "performance", "style", "—", "set", "in", "the", "\"", "conservatory", "\"", "tradition", "of", "late", "19th-", "and", "20th", "-", "century", "music", "schools", ",", "and", "suitable", "for", "large", "auditoria", "or", "recordings", "—", "militates", "against", "what", "is", "known", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "more", "intimate", "performance", "technique", ".", "The", "composer", "himself", "said", "to", "a", "pupil", "that", "\"", "concerts", "are", "never", "real", "music", ",", "you", "have", "to", "give", "up", "the", "idea", "of", "hearing", "in", "them", "all", "the", "most", "beautiful", "things", "of", "art", ".", "\"", "Contemporary", "accounts", "indicate", "that", "in", "performance", ",", "Chopin", "avoided", "rigid", "procedures", "sometimes", "incorrectly", "attributed", "to", "him", ",", "such", "as", "\"", "always", "crescendo", "to", "a", "high", "note", "\"", ",", "but", "that", "he", "was", "concerned", "with", "expressive", "phrasing", ",", "rhythmic", "consistency", "and", "sensitive", "colouring", ".", "Berlioz", "wrote", "in", "1853", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "has", "created", "a", "kind", "of", "chromatic", "embroidery", "...", "whose", "effect", "is", "so", "strange", "and", "piquant", "as", "to", "be", "impossible", "to", "describe", "...", "virtually", "nobody", "but", "Chopin", "himself", "can", "play", "this", "music", "and", "give", "it", "this", "unusual", "turn", "\"", ".", "Hiller", "wrote", "that", "\"", "What", "in", "the", "hands", "of", "others", "was", "elegant", "embellishment", ",", "in", "his", "hands", "became", "a", "colourful", "wreath", "of", "flowers", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 9, 17, 24, 29, 36, 44, 56, 61, 62, 66, 69, 73, 74, 86, 88, 98, 101, 106, 112, 116, 120, 121, 129, 135, 142, 144, 148, 157, 161, 167, 177, 180, 190, 191, 201, 209, 214, 217, 223, 226, 232, 235, 240, 249, 261, 270, 272, 276, 285, 293, 298, 301, 303, 309, 314, 315, 324, 328, 334, 339, 344, 346, 350, 355, 358, 363, 366, 370, 375, 378, 386, 389, 394, 398, 402, 407, 417, 424, 427, 430, 431, 433, 446, 455, 464, 469, 472, 483, 485, 492, 500, 506, 517, 527, 539, 550, 553, 556, 558, 563, 566, 567, 574, 584, 587, 589, 594, 598, 599, 601, 605, 610, 613, 617, 627, 632, 643, 651, 653, 662, 674, 678, 688, 697, 699, 707, 713, 716, 721, 726, 733, 734, 738, 746, 748, 753, 756, 766, 777, 781, 787, 794, 797, 800, 808, 812, 820, 823, 826, 829, 840, 843, 852, 856, 866, 873, 877, 884, 892, 896, 901, 906, 912, 916, 921, 924, 929, 937, 941, 942, 944, 951, 957, 962, 963, 968, 971, 975, 981, 984, 991, 995, 1003, 1016, 1018, 1021, 1025, 1031, 1038, 1040, 1050, 1057, 1060, 1067, 1068 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "has", "been", "falsely", "credited", "to", "Chopin", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 14, 22, 31, 34, 40 ] }

{ "text": [ "\"always crescendo to a high note\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 566 ], "end": [ 598 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 101 ], "end": [ 108 ] } ] }

[ "\"always crescendo to a high note\"" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Jonathan", "Bellman", "writes", "that", "modern", "concert", "performance", "style", "—", "set", "in", "the", "\"", "conservatory", "\"", "tradition", "of", "late", "19th-", "and", "20th", "-", "century", "music", "schools", ",", "and", "suitable", "for", "large", "auditoria", "or", "recordings", "—", "militates", "against", "what", "is", "known", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "more", "intimate", "performance", "technique", ".", "The", "composer", "himself", "said", "to", "a", "pupil", "that", "\"", "concerts", "are", "never", "real", "music", ",", "you", "have", "to", "give", "up", "the", "idea", "of", "hearing", "in", "them", "all", "the", "most", "beautiful", "things", "of", "art", ".", "\"", "Contemporary", "accounts", "indicate", "that", "in", "performance", ",", "Chopin", "avoided", "rigid", "procedures", "sometimes", "incorrectly", "attributed", "to", "him", ",", "such", "as", "\"", "always", "crescendo", "to", "a", "high", "note", "\"", ",", "but", "that", "he", "was", "concerned", "with", "expressive", "phrasing", ",", "rhythmic", "consistency", "and", "sensitive", "colouring", ".", "Berlioz", "wrote", "in", "1853", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "has", "created", "a", "kind", "of", "chromatic", "embroidery", "...", "whose", "effect", "is", "so", "strange", "and", "piquant", "as", "to", "be", "impossible", "to", "describe", "...", "virtually", "nobody", "but", "Chopin", "himself", "can", "play", "this", "music", "and", "give", "it", "this", "unusual", "turn", "\"", ".", "Hiller", "wrote", "that", "\"", "What", "in", "the", "hands", "of", "others", "was", "elegant", "embellishment", ",", "in", "his", "hands", "became", "a", "colourful", "wreath", "of", "flowers", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 9, 17, 24, 29, 36, 44, 56, 61, 62, 66, 69, 73, 74, 86, 88, 98, 101, 106, 112, 116, 120, 121, 129, 135, 142, 144, 148, 157, 161, 167, 177, 180, 190, 191, 201, 209, 214, 217, 223, 226, 232, 235, 240, 249, 261, 270, 272, 276, 285, 293, 298, 301, 303, 309, 314, 315, 324, 328, 334, 339, 344, 346, 350, 355, 358, 363, 366, 370, 375, 378, 386, 389, 394, 398, 402, 407, 417, 424, 427, 430, 431, 433, 446, 455, 464, 469, 472, 483, 485, 492, 500, 506, 517, 527, 539, 550, 553, 556, 558, 563, 566, 567, 574, 584, 587, 589, 594, 598, 599, 601, 605, 610, 613, 617, 627, 632, 643, 651, 653, 662, 674, 678, 688, 697, 699, 707, 713, 716, 721, 726, 733, 734, 738, 746, 748, 753, 756, 766, 777, 781, 787, 794, 797, 800, 808, 812, 820, 823, 826, 829, 840, 843, 852, 856, 866, 873, 877, 884, 892, 896, 901, 906, 912, 916, 921, 924, 929, 937, 941, 942, 944, 951, 957, 962, 963, 968, 971, 975, 981, 984, 991, 995, 1003, 1016, 1018, 1021, 1025, 1031, 1038, 1040, 1050, 1057, 1060, 1067, 1068 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "did", "Chopin", "tell", "a", "student", "is", "given", "up", "in", "concerts", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 16, 21, 23, 31, 34, 40, 43, 46, 54 ] }

{ "text": [ "hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 378 ], "end": [ 429 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 70 ], "end": [ 79 ] } ] }

[ "hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Jonathan", "Bellman", "writes", "that", "modern", "concert", "performance", "style", "—", "set", "in", "the", "\"", "conservatory", "\"", "tradition", "of", "late", "19th-", "and", "20th", "-", "century", "music", "schools", ",", "and", "suitable", "for", "large", "auditoria", "or", "recordings", "—", "militates", "against", "what", "is", "known", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "more", "intimate", "performance", "technique", ".", "The", "composer", "himself", "said", "to", "a", "pupil", "that", "\"", "concerts", "are", "never", "real", "music", ",", "you", "have", "to", "give", "up", "the", "idea", "of", "hearing", "in", "them", "all", "the", "most", "beautiful", "things", "of", "art", ".", "\"", "Contemporary", "accounts", "indicate", "that", "in", "performance", ",", "Chopin", "avoided", "rigid", "procedures", "sometimes", "incorrectly", "attributed", "to", "him", ",", "such", "as", "\"", "always", "crescendo", "to", "a", "high", "note", "\"", ",", "but", "that", "he", "was", "concerned", "with", "expressive", "phrasing", ",", "rhythmic", "consistency", "and", "sensitive", "colouring", ".", "Berlioz", "wrote", "in", "1853", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "has", "created", "a", "kind", "of", "chromatic", "embroidery", "...", "whose", "effect", "is", "so", "strange", "and", "piquant", "as", "to", "be", "impossible", "to", "describe", "...", "virtually", "nobody", "but", "Chopin", "himself", "can", "play", "this", "music", "and", "give", "it", "this", "unusual", "turn", "\"", ".", "Hiller", "wrote", "that", "\"", "What", "in", "the", "hands", "of", "others", "was", "elegant", "embellishment", ",", "in", "his", "hands", "became", "a", "colourful", "wreath", "of", "flowers", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 9, 17, 24, 29, 36, 44, 56, 61, 62, 66, 69, 73, 74, 86, 88, 98, 101, 106, 112, 116, 120, 121, 129, 135, 142, 144, 148, 157, 161, 167, 177, 180, 190, 191, 201, 209, 214, 217, 223, 226, 232, 235, 240, 249, 261, 270, 272, 276, 285, 293, 298, 301, 303, 309, 314, 315, 324, 328, 334, 339, 344, 346, 350, 355, 358, 363, 366, 370, 375, 378, 386, 389, 394, 398, 402, 407, 417, 424, 427, 430, 431, 433, 446, 455, 464, 469, 472, 483, 485, 492, 500, 506, 517, 527, 539, 550, 553, 556, 558, 563, 566, 567, 574, 584, 587, 589, 594, 598, 599, 601, 605, 610, 613, 617, 627, 632, 643, 651, 653, 662, 674, 678, 688, 697, 699, 707, 713, 716, 721, 726, 733, 734, 738, 746, 748, 753, 756, 766, 777, 781, 787, 794, 797, 800, 808, 812, 820, 823, 826, 829, 840, 843, 852, 856, 866, 873, 877, 884, 892, 896, 901, 906, 912, 916, 921, 924, 929, 937, 941, 942, 944, 951, 957, 962, 963, 968, 971, 975, 981, 984, 991, 995, 1003, 1016, 1018, 1021, 1025, 1031, 1038, 1040, 1050, 1057, 1060, 1067, 1068 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "wrote", "about", "Chopin", "'s", "\"", "chromatic", "embroidery", "\"", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 10, 16, 22, 25, 26, 36, 46, 47 ] }

{ "text": [ "Berlioz" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 699 ], "end": [ 705 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 125 ], "end": [ 125 ] } ] }

[ "Berlioz" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Jonathan", "Bellman", "writes", "that", "modern", "concert", "performance", "style", "—", "set", "in", "the", "\"", "conservatory", "\"", "tradition", "of", "late", "19th-", "and", "20th", "-", "century", "music", "schools", ",", "and", "suitable", "for", "large", "auditoria", "or", "recordings", "—", "militates", "against", "what", "is", "known", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "more", "intimate", "performance", "technique", ".", "The", "composer", "himself", "said", "to", "a", "pupil", "that", "\"", "concerts", "are", "never", "real", "music", ",", "you", "have", "to", "give", "up", "the", "idea", "of", "hearing", "in", "them", "all", "the", "most", "beautiful", "things", "of", "art", ".", "\"", "Contemporary", "accounts", "indicate", "that", "in", "performance", ",", "Chopin", "avoided", "rigid", "procedures", "sometimes", "incorrectly", "attributed", "to", "him", ",", "such", "as", "\"", "always", "crescendo", "to", "a", "high", "note", "\"", ",", "but", "that", "he", "was", "concerned", "with", "expressive", "phrasing", ",", "rhythmic", "consistency", "and", "sensitive", "colouring", ".", "Berlioz", "wrote", "in", "1853", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "has", "created", "a", "kind", "of", "chromatic", "embroidery", "...", "whose", "effect", "is", "so", "strange", "and", "piquant", "as", "to", "be", "impossible", "to", "describe", "...", "virtually", "nobody", "but", "Chopin", "himself", "can", "play", "this", "music", "and", "give", "it", "this", "unusual", "turn", "\"", ".", "Hiller", "wrote", "that", "\"", "What", "in", "the", "hands", "of", "others", "was", "elegant", "embellishment", ",", "in", "his", "hands", "became", "a", "colourful", "wreath", "of", "flowers", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 9, 17, 24, 29, 36, 44, 56, 61, 62, 66, 69, 73, 74, 86, 88, 98, 101, 106, 112, 116, 120, 121, 129, 135, 142, 144, 148, 157, 161, 167, 177, 180, 190, 191, 201, 209, 214, 217, 223, 226, 232, 235, 240, 249, 261, 270, 272, 276, 285, 293, 298, 301, 303, 309, 314, 315, 324, 328, 334, 339, 344, 346, 350, 355, 358, 363, 366, 370, 375, 378, 386, 389, 394, 398, 402, 407, 417, 424, 427, 430, 431, 433, 446, 455, 464, 469, 472, 483, 485, 492, 500, 506, 517, 527, 539, 550, 553, 556, 558, 563, 566, 567, 574, 584, 587, 589, 594, 598, 599, 601, 605, 610, 613, 617, 627, 632, 643, 651, 653, 662, 674, 678, 688, 697, 699, 707, 713, 716, 721, 726, 733, 734, 738, 746, 748, 753, 756, 766, 777, 781, 787, 794, 797, 800, 808, 812, 820, 823, 826, 829, 840, 843, 852, 856, 866, 873, 877, 884, 892, 896, 901, 906, 912, 916, 921, 924, 929, 937, 941, 942, 944, 951, 957, 962, 963, 968, 971, 975, 981, 984, 991, 995, 1003, 1016, 1018, 1021, 1025, 1031, 1038, 1040, 1050, 1057, 1060, 1067, 1068 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "wrote", "that", "Chopin", "'s", "music", ",", "when", "played", "by", "him", ",", "became", "a", "\"", "colorful", "wreath", "of", "flowers", "\"", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 10, 15, 21, 24, 29, 31, 36, 43, 46, 49, 51, 58, 60, 61, 70, 77, 80, 87, 88 ] }

{ "text": [ "Hiller" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 944 ], "end": [ 949 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 171 ], "end": [ 171 ] } ] }

[ "Hiller" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Friederike", "Müller", ",", "a", "pupil", "of", "Chopin", ",", "wrote", ":", "\"", "[", "His", "]", "playing", "was", "always", "noble", "and", "beautiful", ";", "his", "tones", "sang", ",", "whether", "in", "full", "forte", "or", "softest", "piano", ".", "He", "took", "infinite", "pains", "to", "teach", "his", "pupils", "this", "legato", ",", "cantabile", "style", "of", "playing", ".", "His", "most", "severe", "criticism", "was", "'", "He", "—", "or", "she", "—", "does", "not", "know", "how", "to", "join", "two", "notes", "together", ".", "'", "He", "also", "demanded", "the", "strictest", "adherence", "to", "rhythm", ".", "He", "hated", "all", "lingering", "and", "dragging", ",", "misplaced", "rubatos", ",", "as", "well", "as", "exaggerated", "ritardandos", "...", "and", "it", "is", "precisely", "in", "this", "respect", "that", "people", "make", "such", "terrible", "errors", "in", "playing", "his", "works", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 11, 17, 19, 21, 27, 30, 36, 38, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 52, 60, 64, 71, 77, 81, 90, 92, 96, 102, 106, 108, 116, 119, 124, 130, 133, 141, 146, 148, 151, 156, 165, 171, 174, 180, 184, 191, 196, 202, 204, 214, 220, 223, 230, 232, 236, 241, 248, 258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 269, 272, 273, 278, 282, 287, 291, 294, 299, 303, 309, 317, 318, 320, 323, 328, 337, 341, 351, 361, 364, 370, 372, 375, 381, 385, 395, 399, 407, 409, 419, 426, 428, 431, 436, 439, 451, 463, 467, 471, 474, 477, 487, 490, 495, 503, 508, 515, 520, 525, 534, 541, 544, 552, 556, 561, 562 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "According", "to", "who", "did", "Chopin", "demand", "strictly", "sticking", "with", "rhythm", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 10, 13, 17, 21, 28, 35, 44, 53, 58, 64 ] }

{ "text": [ "Friederike Müller" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }

[ "Friederike Müller" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Friederike", "Müller", ",", "a", "pupil", "of", "Chopin", ",", "wrote", ":", "\"", "[", "His", "]", "playing", "was", "always", "noble", "and", "beautiful", ";", "his", "tones", "sang", ",", "whether", "in", "full", "forte", "or", "softest", "piano", ".", "He", "took", "infinite", "pains", "to", "teach", "his", "pupils", "this", "legato", ",", "cantabile", "style", "of", "playing", ".", "His", "most", "severe", "criticism", "was", "'", "He", "—", "or", "she", "—", "does", "not", "know", "how", "to", "join", "two", "notes", "together", ".", "'", "He", "also", "demanded", "the", "strictest", "adherence", "to", "rhythm", ".", "He", "hated", "all", "lingering", "and", "dragging", ",", "misplaced", "rubatos", ",", "as", "well", "as", "exaggerated", "ritardandos", "...", "and", "it", "is", "precisely", "in", "this", "respect", "that", "people", "make", "such", "terrible", "errors", "in", "playing", "his", "works", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 11, 17, 19, 21, 27, 30, 36, 38, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 52, 60, 64, 71, 77, 81, 90, 92, 96, 102, 106, 108, 116, 119, 124, 130, 133, 141, 146, 148, 151, 156, 165, 171, 174, 180, 184, 191, 196, 202, 204, 214, 220, 223, 230, 232, 236, 241, 248, 258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 269, 272, 273, 278, 282, 287, 291, 294, 299, 303, 309, 317, 318, 320, 323, 328, 337, 341, 351, 361, 364, 370, 372, 375, 381, 385, 395, 399, 407, 409, 419, 426, 428, 431, 436, 439, 451, 463, 467, 471, 474, 477, 487, 490, 495, 503, 508, 515, 520, 525, 534, 541, 544, 552, 556, 561, 562 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Which", "student", "said", "Chopin", "made", "sure", "his", "students", "knew", "his", "legato", ",", "cantabile", "style", "of", "playing", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 14, 19, 26, 31, 36, 40, 49, 54, 58, 64, 66, 76, 82, 85, 92 ] }

{ "text": [ "Friederike Müller" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }

[ "Friederike Müller" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Friederike", "Müller", ",", "a", "pupil", "of", "Chopin", ",", "wrote", ":", "\"", "[", "His", "]", "playing", "was", "always", "noble", "and", "beautiful", ";", "his", "tones", "sang", ",", "whether", "in", "full", "forte", "or", "softest", "piano", ".", "He", "took", "infinite", "pains", "to", "teach", "his", "pupils", "this", "legato", ",", "cantabile", "style", "of", "playing", ".", "His", "most", "severe", "criticism", "was", "'", "He", "—", "or", "she", "—", "does", "not", "know", "how", "to", "join", "two", "notes", "together", ".", "'", "He", "also", "demanded", "the", "strictest", "adherence", "to", "rhythm", ".", "He", "hated", "all", "lingering", "and", "dragging", ",", "misplaced", "rubatos", ",", "as", "well", "as", "exaggerated", "ritardandos", "...", "and", "it", "is", "precisely", "in", "this", "respect", "that", "people", "make", "such", "terrible", "errors", "in", "playing", "his", "works", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 11, 17, 19, 21, 27, 30, 36, 38, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 52, 60, 64, 71, 77, 81, 90, 92, 96, 102, 106, 108, 116, 119, 124, 130, 133, 141, 146, 148, 151, 156, 165, 171, 174, 180, 184, 191, 196, 202, 204, 214, 220, 223, 230, 232, 236, 241, 248, 258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 269, 272, 273, 278, 282, 287, 291, 294, 299, 303, 309, 317, 318, 320, 323, 328, 337, 341, 351, 361, 364, 370, 372, 375, 381, 385, 395, 399, 407, 409, 419, 426, 428, 431, 436, 439, 451, 463, 467, 471, 474, 477, 487, 490, 495, 503, 508, 515, 520, 525, 534, 541, 544, 552, 556, 561, 562 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "According", "to", "Friederike", "Müller", ",", "Chopin", "insisted", "his", "students", "have", "the", "strictest", "adherence", "to", "what", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 10, 13, 24, 30, 32, 39, 48, 52, 61, 66, 70, 80, 90, 93, 97 ] }

{ "text": [ "rhythm." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 364 ], "end": [ 370 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 78 ], "end": [ 79 ] } ] }

[ "rhythm." ]

{ "tokens": [ "Historians", "disagree", "on", "what", "the", "relationship", "was", "between", "the", "Ming", "court", "and", "Tibet", "and", "whether", "or", "not", "Ming", "China", "had", "sovereignty", "over", "Tibet", ".", "Van", "Praag", "writes", "that", "Chinese", "court", "historians", "viewed", "Tibet", "as", "an", "independent", "foreign", "tributary", "and", "had", "little", "interest", "in", "Tibet", "besides", "a", "lama", "-", "patron", "relationship", ".", "The", "historian", "Tsepon", "W.", "D.", "Shakabpa", "supports", "van", "Praag", "'s", "position", ".", "However", ",", "Wang", "Jiawei", "and", "Nyima", "Gyaincain", "state", "that", "these", "assertions", "by", "van", "Praag", "and", "Shakabpa", "are", "\"", "fallacies", "\"", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 11, 20, 23, 28, 32, 45, 49, 57, 61, 66, 72, 76, 82, 86, 94, 97, 101, 106, 112, 116, 128, 133, 138, 140, 144, 150, 157, 162, 170, 176, 187, 194, 200, 203, 206, 218, 226, 236, 240, 244, 251, 260, 263, 269, 277, 279, 283, 284, 291, 303, 305, 309, 319, 326, 329, 332, 341, 350, 354, 359, 362, 370, 372, 379, 381, 386, 393, 397, 403, 413, 419, 424, 430, 441, 444, 448, 454, 458, 467, 471, 472, 481, 482 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "supported", "van", "Praag", "'s", "beliefs", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 14, 18, 23, 26, 33 ] }

{ "text": [ "historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 309 ], "end": [ 339 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 52 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }

[ "historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Historians", "disagree", "on", "what", "the", "relationship", "was", "between", "the", "Ming", "court", "and", "Tibet", "and", "whether", "or", "not", "Ming", "China", "had", "sovereignty", "over", "Tibet", ".", "Van", "Praag", "writes", "that", "Chinese", "court", "historians", "viewed", "Tibet", "as", "an", "independent", "foreign", "tributary", "and", "had", "little", "interest", "in", "Tibet", "besides", "a", "lama", "-", "patron", "relationship", ".", "The", "historian", "Tsepon", "W.", "D.", "Shakabpa", "supports", "van", "Praag", "'s", "position", ".", "However", ",", "Wang", "Jiawei", "and", "Nyima", "Gyaincain", "state", "that", "these", "assertions", "by", "van", "Praag", "and", "Shakabpa", "are", "\"", "fallacies", "\"", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 11, 20, 23, 28, 32, 45, 49, 57, 61, 66, 72, 76, 82, 86, 94, 97, 101, 106, 112, 116, 128, 133, 138, 140, 144, 150, 157, 162, 170, 176, 187, 194, 200, 203, 206, 218, 226, 236, 240, 244, 251, 260, 263, 269, 277, 279, 283, 284, 291, 303, 305, 309, 319, 326, 329, 332, 341, 350, 354, 359, 362, 370, 372, 379, 381, 386, 393, 397, 403, 413, 419, 424, 430, 441, 444, 448, 454, 458, 467, 471, 472, 481, 482 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "did", "not", "agree", "with", "van", "Praag", "and", "Shakabpa", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 12, 18, 23, 27, 33, 37, 45 ] }

{ "text": [ "Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 381 ], "end": [ 411 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 65 ], "end": [ 69 ] } ] }

[ "Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Works", "published", "since", "1857", "have", "received", "alternative", "catalogue", "designations", "instead", "of", "opus", "numbers", ".", "The", "present", "standard", "musicological", "reference", "for", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "is", "the", "Kobylańska", "Catalogue", "(", "usually", "represented", "by", "the", "initials", "'", "KK", "'", ")", ",", "named", "for", "its", "compiler", ",", "the", "Polish", "musicologist", "Krystyna", "Kobylańska", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 16, 22, 27, 32, 41, 53, 63, 76, 84, 87, 92, 99, 101, 105, 113, 122, 136, 146, 150, 156, 159, 165, 168, 172, 183, 193, 194, 202, 214, 217, 221, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 237, 243, 247, 251, 259, 261, 265, 272, 285, 294, 304 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "The", "Kobylańska", "Catalogue", "was", "named", "for", "who", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 15, 25, 29, 35, 39, 42 ] }

{ "text": [ "Krystyna Kobylańska" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 285 ], "end": [ 303 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 47 ] } ] }

[ "Krystyna Kobylańska" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Works", "published", "since", "1857", "have", "received", "alternative", "catalogue", "designations", "instead", "of", "opus", "numbers", ".", "The", "present", "standard", "musicological", "reference", "for", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "is", "the", "Kobylańska", "Catalogue", "(", "usually", "represented", "by", "the", "initials", "'", "KK", "'", ")", ",", "named", "for", "its", "compiler", ",", "the", "Polish", "musicologist", "Krystyna", "Kobylańska", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 16, 22, 27, 32, 41, 53, 63, 76, 84, 87, 92, 99, 101, 105, 113, 122, 136, 146, 150, 156, 159, 165, 168, 172, 183, 193, 194, 202, 214, 217, 221, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 237, 243, 247, 251, 259, 261, 265, 272, 285, 294, 304 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Pieces", "published", "after", "what", "year", "stopped", "receiving", "opus", "numbers", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 17, 23, 28, 33, 41, 51, 56, 63 ] }

{ "text": [ "1857" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 3 ] } ] }

[ "1857" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Works", "published", "since", "1857", "have", "received", "alternative", "catalogue", "designations", "instead", "of", "opus", "numbers", ".", "The", "present", "standard", "musicological", "reference", "for", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "is", "the", "Kobylańska", "Catalogue", "(", "usually", "represented", "by", "the", "initials", "'", "KK", "'", ")", ",", "named", "for", "its", "compiler", ",", "the", "Polish", "musicologist", "Krystyna", "Kobylańska", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 16, 22, 27, 32, 41, 53, 63, 76, 84, 87, 92, 99, 101, 105, 113, 122, 136, 146, 150, 156, 159, 165, 168, 172, 183, 193, 194, 202, 214, 217, 221, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 237, 243, 247, 251, 259, 261, 265, 272, 285, 294, 304 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "have", "pieces", "published", "after", "1857", "been", "given", "rather", "than", "opus", "numbers", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 17, 27, 33, 38, 43, 49, 56, 61, 66, 73 ] }

{ "text": [ "alternative catalogue designations" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 74 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 8 ] } ] }

[ "alternative catalogue designations" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Works", "published", "since", "1857", "have", "received", "alternative", "catalogue", "designations", "instead", "of", "opus", "numbers", ".", "The", "present", "standard", "musicological", "reference", "for", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "is", "the", "Kobylańska", "Catalogue", "(", "usually", "represented", "by", "the", "initials", "'", "KK", "'", ")", ",", "named", "for", "its", "compiler", ",", "the", "Polish", "musicologist", "Krystyna", "Kobylańska", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 16, 22, 27, 32, 41, 53, 63, 76, 84, 87, 92, 99, 101, 105, 113, 122, 136, 146, 150, 156, 159, 165, 168, 172, 183, 193, 194, 202, 214, 217, 221, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 237, 243, 247, 251, 259, 261, 265, 272, 285, 294, 304 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "is", "the", "current", "musicologist", "reference", "for", "Chopin", "'s", "pieces", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 8, 12, 20, 33, 43, 47, 53, 56, 62 ] }

{ "text": [ "the Kobylańska Catalogue" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 168 ], "end": [ 191 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }

[ "the Kobylańska Catalogue" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Works", "published", "since", "1857", "have", "received", "alternative", "catalogue", "designations", "instead", "of", "opus", "numbers", ".", "The", "present", "standard", "musicological", "reference", "for", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "is", "the", "Kobylańska", "Catalogue", "(", "usually", "represented", "by", "the", "initials", "'", "KK", "'", ")", ",", "named", "for", "its", "compiler", ",", "the", "Polish", "musicologist", "Krystyna", "Kobylańska", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 16, 22, 27, 32, 41, 53, 63, 76, 84, 87, 92, 99, 101, 105, 113, 122, 136, 146, 150, 156, 159, 165, 168, 172, 183, 193, 194, 202, 214, 217, 221, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 237, 243, 247, 251, 259, 261, 265, 272, 285, 294, 304 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "is", "the", "shortened", "reference", "for", "the", "Kobylańska", "Catalogue", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 8, 12, 22, 32, 36, 40, 51, 60 ] }

{ "text": [ "KK" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 231 ], "end": [ 232 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 34 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }

[ "KK" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Works", "published", "since", "1857", "have", "received", "alternative", "catalogue", "designations", "instead", "of", "opus", "numbers", ".", "The", "present", "standard", "musicological", "reference", "for", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "is", "the", "Kobylańska", "Catalogue", "(", "usually", "represented", "by", "the", "initials", "'", "KK", "'", ")", ",", "named", "for", "its", "compiler", ",", "the", "Polish", "musicologist", "Krystyna", "Kobylańska", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 16, 22, 27, 32, 41, 53, 63, 76, 84, 87, 92, 99, 101, 105, 113, 122, 136, 146, 150, 156, 159, 165, 168, 172, 183, 193, 194, 202, 214, 217, 221, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 237, 243, 247, 251, 259, 261, 265, 272, 285, 294, 304 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "compiled", "the", "Kobylańska", "Catalogue", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 13, 17, 28, 37 ] }

{ "text": [ "Krystyna Kobylańska." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 285 ], "end": [ 304 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 48 ] } ] }

[ "Krystyna Kobylańska." ]

{ "tokens": [ "A", "reconciliation", "of", "these", "views", "is", "suggested", "by", "William", "Atwood", ":", "\"", "Undoubtedly", "[", "Chopin", "'s", "]", "use", "of", "traditional", "musical", "forms", "like", "the", "polonaise", "and", "mazurka", "roused", "nationalistic", "sentiments", "and", "a", "sense", "of", "cohesiveness", "amongst", "those", "Poles", "scattered", "across", "Europe", "and", "the", "New", "World", "...", "While", "some", "sought", "solace", "in", "[", "them", "]", ",", "others", "found", "them", "a", "source", "of", "strength", "in", "their", "continuing", "struggle", "for", "freedom", ".", "Although", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "undoubtedly", "came", "to", "him", "intuitively", "rather", "than", "through", "any", "conscious", "patriotic", "design", ",", "it", "served", "all", "the", "same", "to", "symbolize", "the", "will", "of", "the", "Polish", "people", "...", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 2, 17, 20, 26, 32, 35, 45, 48, 56, 62, 64, 65, 77, 78, 84, 86, 88, 92, 95, 107, 115, 121, 126, 130, 140, 144, 152, 159, 173, 184, 188, 190, 196, 199, 212, 220, 226, 232, 242, 249, 256, 260, 264, 268, 274, 278, 284, 289, 296, 303, 306, 307, 311, 312, 314, 321, 327, 332, 334, 341, 344, 353, 356, 362, 373, 382, 386, 393, 395, 404, 410, 413, 419, 431, 436, 439, 443, 455, 462, 467, 475, 479, 489, 499, 505, 507, 510, 517, 521, 525, 530, 533, 543, 547, 552, 555, 559, 566, 573, 576 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "A", "modern", "commentator", ",", "William", "Atwood", ",", "feels", "Poles", "not", "only", "sought", "solace", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "but", "also", "found", "them", "a", "source", "of", "strength", "as", "they", "continued", "to", "fight", "for", "what", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 2, 9, 20, 22, 30, 36, 38, 44, 50, 54, 59, 66, 73, 76, 82, 85, 91, 95, 100, 106, 111, 113, 120, 123, 132, 135, 140, 150, 153, 159, 163, 167 ] }

{ "text": [ "freedom" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 386 ], "end": [ 392 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 67 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ] }

[ "freedom" ]

{ "tokens": [ "A", "reconciliation", "of", "these", "views", "is", "suggested", "by", "William", "Atwood", ":", "\"", "Undoubtedly", "[", "Chopin", "'s", "]", "use", "of", "traditional", "musical", "forms", "like", "the", "polonaise", "and", "mazurka", "roused", "nationalistic", "sentiments", "and", "a", "sense", "of", "cohesiveness", "amongst", "those", "Poles", "scattered", "across", "Europe", "and", "the", "New", "World", "...", "While", "some", "sought", "solace", "in", "[", "them", "]", ",", "others", "found", "them", "a", "source", "of", "strength", "in", "their", "continuing", "struggle", "for", "freedom", ".", "Although", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "undoubtedly", "came", "to", "him", "intuitively", "rather", "than", "through", "any", "conscious", "patriotic", "design", ",", "it", "served", "all", "the", "same", "to", "symbolize", "the", "will", "of", "the", "Polish", "people", "...", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 2, 17, 20, 26, 32, 35, 45, 48, 56, 62, 64, 65, 77, 78, 84, 86, 88, 92, 95, 107, 115, 121, 126, 130, 140, 144, 152, 159, 173, 184, 188, 190, 196, 199, 212, 220, 226, 232, 242, 249, 256, 260, 264, 268, 274, 278, 284, 289, 296, 303, 306, 307, 311, 312, 314, 321, 327, 332, 334, 341, 344, 353, 356, 362, 373, 382, 386, 393, 395, 404, 410, 413, 419, 431, 436, 439, 443, 455, 462, 467, 475, 479, 489, 499, 505, 507, 510, 517, 521, 525, 530, 533, 543, 547, 552, 555, 559, 566, 573, 576 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Where", "were", "Poles", "scattered", "to", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 11, 17, 27, 29 ] }

{ "text": [ "Europe and the New World" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 249 ], "end": [ 272 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 40 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }

[ "Europe and the New World" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Chopin", "'s", "qualities", "as", "a", "pianist", "and", "composer", "were", "recognized", "by", "many", "of", "his", "fellow", "musicians", ".", "Schumann", "named", "a", "piece", "for", "him", "in", "his", "suite", "Carnaval", ",", "and", "Chopin", "later", "dedicated", "his", "Ballade", "No", ".", "2", "in", "F", "major", "to", "Schumann", ".", "Elements", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "can", "be", "traced", "in", "many", "of", "Liszt", "'s", "later", "works", ".", "Liszt", "later", "transcribed", "for", "piano", "six", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "Polish", "songs", ".", "A", "less", "fraught", "friendship", "was", "with", "Alkan", ",", "with", "whom", "he", "discussed", "elements", "of", "folk", "music", ",", "and", "who", "was", "deeply", "affected", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "death", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 9, 19, 22, 24, 32, 36, 45, 50, 61, 64, 69, 72, 76, 83, 92, 94, 103, 109, 111, 117, 121, 125, 128, 132, 138, 146, 148, 152, 159, 165, 175, 179, 187, 189, 191, 193, 196, 198, 204, 207, 215, 217, 226, 229, 235, 238, 244, 248, 251, 258, 261, 266, 269, 274, 277, 283, 288, 290, 296, 302, 314, 318, 324, 328, 331, 337, 340, 347, 352, 354, 356, 361, 369, 380, 384, 389, 394, 396, 401, 406, 409, 419, 428, 431, 436, 441, 443, 447, 451, 455, 462, 471, 474, 480, 483, 488 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "In", "what", "suite", "did", "Schumann", "name", "a", "work", "for", "Chopin", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 8, 14, 18, 27, 32, 34, 39, 43, 49 ] }

{ "text": [ "Carnaval" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 138 ], "end": [ 145 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }

[ "Carnaval" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Chopin", "'s", "qualities", "as", "a", "pianist", "and", "composer", "were", "recognized", "by", "many", "of", "his", "fellow", "musicians", ".", "Schumann", "named", "a", "piece", "for", "him", "in", "his", "suite", "Carnaval", ",", "and", "Chopin", "later", "dedicated", "his", "Ballade", "No", ".", "2", "in", "F", "major", "to", "Schumann", ".", "Elements", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "can", "be", "traced", "in", "many", "of", "Liszt", "'s", "later", "works", ".", "Liszt", "later", "transcribed", "for", "piano", "six", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "Polish", "songs", ".", "A", "less", "fraught", "friendship", "was", "with", "Alkan", ",", "with", "whom", "he", "discussed", "elements", "of", "folk", "music", ",", "and", "who", "was", "deeply", "affected", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "death", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 9, 19, 22, 24, 32, 36, 45, 50, 61, 64, 69, 72, 76, 83, 92, 94, 103, 109, 111, 117, 121, 125, 128, 132, 138, 146, 148, 152, 159, 165, 175, 179, 187, 189, 191, 193, 196, 198, 204, 207, 215, 217, 226, 229, 235, 238, 244, 248, 251, 258, 261, 266, 269, 274, 277, 283, 288, 290, 296, 302, 314, 318, 324, 328, 331, 337, 340, 347, 352, 354, 356, 361, 369, 380, 384, 389, 394, 396, 401, 406, 409, 419, 428, 431, 436, 441, 443, 447, 451, 455, 462, 471, 474, 480, 483, 488 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "piece", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "work", "was", "dedicated", "to", "Schumann", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 11, 14, 20, 23, 28, 32, 42, 45, 53 ] }

{ "text": [ "Ballade No. 2 in F major" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 179 ], "end": [ 202 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }

[ "Ballade No. 2 in F major" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Chopin", "'s", "qualities", "as", "a", "pianist", "and", "composer", "were", "recognized", "by", "many", "of", "his", "fellow", "musicians", ".", "Schumann", "named", "a", "piece", "for", "him", "in", "his", "suite", "Carnaval", ",", "and", "Chopin", "later", "dedicated", "his", "Ballade", "No", ".", "2", "in", "F", "major", "to", "Schumann", ".", "Elements", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "can", "be", "traced", "in", "many", "of", "Liszt", "'s", "later", "works", ".", "Liszt", "later", "transcribed", "for", "piano", "six", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "Polish", "songs", ".", "A", "less", "fraught", "friendship", "was", "with", "Alkan", ",", "with", "whom", "he", "discussed", "elements", "of", "folk", "music", ",", "and", "who", "was", "deeply", "affected", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "death", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 9, 19, 22, 24, 32, 36, 45, 50, 61, 64, 69, 72, 76, 83, 92, 94, 103, 109, 111, 117, 121, 125, 128, 132, 138, 146, 148, 152, 159, 165, 175, 179, 187, 189, 191, 193, 196, 198, 204, 207, 215, 217, 226, 229, 235, 238, 244, 248, 251, 258, 261, 266, 269, 274, 277, 283, 288, 290, 296, 302, 314, 318, 324, 328, 331, 337, 340, 347, 352, 354, 356, 361, 369, 380, 384, 389, 394, 396, 401, 406, 409, 419, 428, 431, 436, 441, 443, 447, 451, 455, 462, 471, 474, 480, 483, 488 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "How", "many", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "Polish", "songs", "did", "Liszt", "transliterate", "for", "piano", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 12, 18, 21, 28, 34, 38, 44, 58, 62, 67 ] }

{ "text": [ "six" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 324 ], "end": [ 326 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 64 ], "end": [ 64 ] } ] }

[ "six" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Chopin", "'s", "qualities", "as", "a", "pianist", "and", "composer", "were", "recognized", "by", "many", "of", "his", "fellow", "musicians", ".", "Schumann", "named", "a", "piece", "for", "him", "in", "his", "suite", "Carnaval", ",", "and", "Chopin", "later", "dedicated", "his", "Ballade", "No", ".", "2", "in", "F", "major", "to", "Schumann", ".", "Elements", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "can", "be", "traced", "in", "many", "of", "Liszt", "'s", "later", "works", ".", "Liszt", "later", "transcribed", "for", "piano", "six", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "Polish", "songs", ".", "A", "less", "fraught", "friendship", "was", "with", "Alkan", ",", "with", "whom", "he", "discussed", "elements", "of", "folk", "music", ",", "and", "who", "was", "deeply", "affected", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "death", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 9, 19, 22, 24, 32, 36, 45, 50, 61, 64, 69, 72, 76, 83, 92, 94, 103, 109, 111, 117, 121, 125, 128, 132, 138, 146, 148, 152, 159, 165, 175, 179, 187, 189, 191, 193, 196, 198, 204, 207, 215, 217, 226, 229, 235, 238, 244, 248, 251, 258, 261, 266, 269, 274, 277, 283, 288, 290, 296, 302, 314, 318, 324, 328, 331, 337, 340, 347, 352, 354, 356, 361, 369, 380, 384, 389, 394, 396, 401, 406, 409, 419, 428, 431, 436, 441, 443, 447, 451, 455, 462, 471, 474, 480, 483, 488 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "With", "who", "did", "Chopin", "feel", "comfortable", "speaking", "of", "folk", "music", "with", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 13, 20, 25, 37, 46, 49, 54, 60, 64 ] }

{ "text": [ "Alkan" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 389 ], "end": [ 393 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 77 ], "end": [ 77 ] } ] }

[ "Alkan" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Chopin", "'s", "qualities", "as", "a", "pianist", "and", "composer", "were", "recognized", "by", "many", "of", "his", "fellow", "musicians", ".", "Schumann", "named", "a", "piece", "for", "him", "in", "his", "suite", "Carnaval", ",", "and", "Chopin", "later", "dedicated", "his", "Ballade", "No", ".", "2", "in", "F", "major", "to", "Schumann", ".", "Elements", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "can", "be", "traced", "in", "many", "of", "Liszt", "'s", "later", "works", ".", "Liszt", "later", "transcribed", "for", "piano", "six", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "Polish", "songs", ".", "A", "less", "fraught", "friendship", "was", "with", "Alkan", ",", "with", "whom", "he", "discussed", "elements", "of", "folk", "music", ",", "and", "who", "was", "deeply", "affected", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "death", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 9, 19, 22, 24, 32, 36, 45, 50, 61, 64, 69, 72, 76, 83, 92, 94, 103, 109, 111, 117, 121, 125, 128, 132, 138, 146, 148, 152, 159, 165, 175, 179, 187, 189, 191, 193, 196, 198, 204, 207, 215, 217, 226, 229, 235, 238, 244, 248, 251, 258, 261, 266, 269, 274, 277, 283, 288, 290, 296, 302, 314, 318, 324, 328, 331, 337, 340, 347, 352, 354, 356, 361, 369, 380, 384, 389, 394, 396, 401, 406, 409, 419, 428, 431, 436, 441, 443, 447, 451, 455, 462, 471, 474, 480, 483, 488 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "was", "recognized", "about", "Chopin", "from", "his", "musical", "peers", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 20, 26, 33, 38, 42, 50, 55 ] }

{ "text": [ "qualities as a pianist and composer" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 43 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ] }

[ "qualities as a pianist and composer" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Chopin", "'s", "qualities", "as", "a", "pianist", "and", "composer", "were", "recognized", "by", "many", "of", "his", "fellow", "musicians", ".", "Schumann", "named", "a", "piece", "for", "him", "in", "his", "suite", "Carnaval", ",", "and", "Chopin", "later", "dedicated", "his", "Ballade", "No", ".", "2", "in", "F", "major", "to", "Schumann", ".", "Elements", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "can", "be", "traced", "in", "many", "of", "Liszt", "'s", "later", "works", ".", "Liszt", "later", "transcribed", "for", "piano", "six", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "Polish", "songs", ".", "A", "less", "fraught", "friendship", "was", "with", "Alkan", ",", "with", "whom", "he", "discussed", "elements", "of", "folk", "music", ",", "and", "who", "was", "deeply", "affected", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "death", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 9, 19, 22, 24, 32, 36, 45, 50, 61, 64, 69, 72, 76, 83, 92, 94, 103, 109, 111, 117, 121, 125, 128, 132, 138, 146, 148, 152, 159, 165, 175, 179, 187, 189, 191, 193, 196, 198, 204, 207, 215, 217, 226, 229, 235, 238, 244, 248, 251, 258, 261, 266, 269, 274, 277, 283, 288, 290, 296, 302, 314, 318, 324, 328, 331, 337, 340, 347, 352, 354, 356, 361, 369, 380, 384, 389, 394, 396, 401, 406, 409, 419, 428, 431, 436, 441, 443, 447, 451, 455, 462, 471, 474, 480, 483, 488 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "Schumann", "suite", "contained", "the", "name", "of", "a", "piece", "Schumann", "named", "for", "Chopin", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 14, 20, 30, 34, 39, 42, 44, 50, 59, 65, 69, 75 ] }

{ "text": [ "Carnaval" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 138 ], "end": [ 145 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }

[ "Carnaval" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Chopin", "'s", "qualities", "as", "a", "pianist", "and", "composer", "were", "recognized", "by", "many", "of", "his", "fellow", "musicians", ".", "Schumann", "named", "a", "piece", "for", "him", "in", "his", "suite", "Carnaval", ",", "and", "Chopin", "later", "dedicated", "his", "Ballade", "No", ".", "2", "in", "F", "major", "to", "Schumann", ".", "Elements", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "can", "be", "traced", "in", "many", "of", "Liszt", "'s", "later", "works", ".", "Liszt", "later", "transcribed", "for", "piano", "six", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "Polish", "songs", ".", "A", "less", "fraught", "friendship", "was", "with", "Alkan", ",", "with", "whom", "he", "discussed", "elements", "of", "folk", "music", ",", "and", "who", "was", "deeply", "affected", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "death", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 9, 19, 22, 24, 32, 36, 45, 50, 61, 64, 69, 72, 76, 83, 92, 94, 103, 109, 111, 117, 121, 125, 128, 132, 138, 146, 148, 152, 159, 165, 175, 179, 187, 189, 191, 193, 196, 198, 204, 207, 215, 217, 226, 229, 235, 238, 244, 248, 251, 258, 261, 266, 269, 274, 277, 283, 288, 290, 296, 302, 314, 318, 324, 328, 331, 337, 340, 347, 352, 354, 356, 361, 369, 380, 384, 389, 394, 396, 401, 406, 409, 419, 428, 431, 436, 441, 443, 447, 451, 455, 462, 471, 474, 480, 483, 488 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "piece", "did", "Chopin", "dedicate", "to", "Schumann", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 11, 15, 22, 31, 34, 42 ] }

{ "text": [ "Ballade No. 2 in F major" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 179 ], "end": [ 202 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }

[ "Ballade No. 2 in F major" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Chopin", "'s", "qualities", "as", "a", "pianist", "and", "composer", "were", "recognized", "by", "many", "of", "his", "fellow", "musicians", ".", "Schumann", "named", "a", "piece", "for", "him", "in", "his", "suite", "Carnaval", ",", "and", "Chopin", "later", "dedicated", "his", "Ballade", "No", ".", "2", "in", "F", "major", "to", "Schumann", ".", "Elements", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "can", "be", "traced", "in", "many", "of", "Liszt", "'s", "later", "works", ".", "Liszt", "later", "transcribed", "for", "piano", "six", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "Polish", "songs", ".", "A", "less", "fraught", "friendship", "was", "with", "Alkan", ",", "with", "whom", "he", "discussed", "elements", "of", "folk", "music", ",", "and", "who", "was", "deeply", "affected", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "death", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 9, 19, 22, 24, 32, 36, 45, 50, 61, 64, 69, 72, 76, 83, 92, 94, 103, 109, 111, 117, 121, 125, 128, 132, 138, 146, 148, 152, 159, 165, 175, 179, 187, 189, 191, 193, 196, 198, 204, 207, 215, 217, 226, 229, 235, 238, 244, 248, 251, 258, 261, 266, 269, 274, 277, 283, 288, 290, 296, 302, 314, 318, 324, 328, 331, 337, 340, 347, 352, 354, 356, 361, 369, 380, 384, 389, 394, 396, 401, 406, 409, 419, 428, 431, 436, 441, 443, 447, 451, 455, 462, 471, 474, 480, 483, 488 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "other", "musician", "shows", "to", "have", "elements", "of", "Chopin", "in", "his", "work", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 11, 20, 26, 29, 34, 43, 46, 53, 56, 60, 64 ] }

{ "text": [ "Liszt" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 269 ], "end": [ 273 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 54 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ] }

[ "Liszt" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Two", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "long", "-", "standing", "pupils", ",", "Karol", "Mikuli", "(", "1821–1897", ")", "and", "Georges", "Mathias", ",", "were", "themselves", "piano", "teachers", "and", "passed", "on", "details", "of", "his", "playing", "to", "their", "own", "students", ",", "some", "of", "whom", "(", "such", "as", "Raoul", "Koczalski", ")", "were", "to", "make", "recordings", "of", "his", "music", ".", "Other", "pianists", "and", "composers", "influenced", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "style", "include", "Louis", "Moreau", "Gottschalk", ",", "Édouard", "Wolff", "(", "1816–1880", ")", "and", "Pierre", "Zimmermann", ".", "Debussy", "dedicated", "his", "own", "1915", "piano", "Études", "to", "the", "memory", "of", "Chopin", ";", "he", "frequently", "played", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "during", "his", "studies", "at", "the", "Paris", "Conservatoire", ",", "and", "undertook", "the", "editing", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "piano", "music", "for", "the", "publisher", "Jacques", "Durand", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 7, 13, 16, 20, 21, 30, 36, 38, 44, 51, 52, 61, 63, 67, 75, 82, 84, 89, 100, 106, 115, 119, 126, 129, 137, 140, 144, 152, 155, 161, 165, 173, 175, 180, 183, 188, 189, 194, 197, 203, 212, 214, 219, 222, 227, 238, 241, 245, 250, 252, 258, 267, 271, 281, 292, 295, 301, 304, 310, 318, 324, 331, 341, 343, 351, 357, 358, 367, 369, 373, 380, 390, 392, 400, 410, 414, 418, 423, 429, 436, 439, 443, 450, 453, 459, 461, 464, 475, 482, 488, 491, 497, 504, 508, 516, 519, 523, 529, 542, 544, 548, 558, 562, 570, 573, 579, 582, 588, 594, 598, 602, 612, 620, 626 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "dedicated", "his", "1915", "piano", "Études", "to", "Chopin", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 14, 18, 23, 29, 36, 39, 45 ] }

{ "text": [ "Debussy" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 392 ], "end": [ 398 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 74 ], "end": [ 74 ] } ] }

[ "Debussy" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Two", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "long", "-", "standing", "pupils", ",", "Karol", "Mikuli", "(", "1821–1897", ")", "and", "Georges", "Mathias", ",", "were", "themselves", "piano", "teachers", "and", "passed", "on", "details", "of", "his", "playing", "to", "their", "own", "students", ",", "some", "of", "whom", "(", "such", "as", "Raoul", "Koczalski", ")", "were", "to", "make", "recordings", "of", "his", "music", ".", "Other", "pianists", "and", "composers", "influenced", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "style", "include", "Louis", "Moreau", "Gottschalk", ",", "Édouard", "Wolff", "(", "1816–1880", ")", "and", "Pierre", "Zimmermann", ".", "Debussy", "dedicated", "his", "own", "1915", "piano", "Études", "to", "the", "memory", "of", "Chopin", ";", "he", "frequently", "played", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "during", "his", "studies", "at", "the", "Paris", "Conservatoire", ",", "and", "undertook", "the", "editing", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "piano", "music", "for", "the", "publisher", "Jacques", "Durand", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 7, 13, 16, 20, 21, 30, 36, 38, 44, 51, 52, 61, 63, 67, 75, 82, 84, 89, 100, 106, 115, 119, 126, 129, 137, 140, 144, 152, 155, 161, 165, 173, 175, 180, 183, 188, 189, 194, 197, 203, 212, 214, 219, 222, 227, 238, 241, 245, 250, 252, 258, 267, 271, 281, 292, 295, 301, 304, 310, 318, 324, 331, 341, 343, 351, 357, 358, 367, 369, 373, 380, 390, 392, 400, 410, 414, 418, 423, 429, 436, 439, 443, 450, 453, 459, 461, 464, 475, 482, 488, 491, 497, 504, 508, 516, 519, 523, 529, 542, 544, 548, 558, 562, 570, 573, 579, 582, 588, 594, 598, 602, 612, 620, 626 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "For", "what", "publisher", "to", "Debussy", "edit", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "for", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 19, 22, 30, 35, 41, 44, 50, 53 ] }

{ "text": [ "Jacques Durand" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 612 ], "end": [ 625 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 113 ], "end": [ 114 ] } ] }

[ "Jacques Durand" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Two", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "long", "-", "standing", "pupils", ",", "Karol", "Mikuli", "(", "1821–1897", ")", "and", "Georges", "Mathias", ",", "were", "themselves", "piano", "teachers", "and", "passed", "on", "details", "of", "his", "playing", "to", "their", "own", "students", ",", "some", "of", "whom", "(", "such", "as", "Raoul", "Koczalski", ")", "were", "to", "make", "recordings", "of", "his", "music", ".", "Other", "pianists", "and", "composers", "influenced", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "style", "include", "Louis", "Moreau", "Gottschalk", ",", "Édouard", "Wolff", "(", "1816–1880", ")", "and", "Pierre", "Zimmermann", ".", "Debussy", "dedicated", "his", "own", "1915", "piano", "Études", "to", "the", "memory", "of", "Chopin", ";", "he", "frequently", "played", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "during", "his", "studies", "at", "the", "Paris", "Conservatoire", ",", "and", "undertook", "the", "editing", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "piano", "music", "for", "the", "publisher", "Jacques", "Durand", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 7, 13, 16, 20, 21, 30, 36, 38, 44, 51, 52, 61, 63, 67, 75, 82, 84, 89, 100, 106, 115, 119, 126, 129, 137, 140, 144, 152, 155, 161, 165, 173, 175, 180, 183, 188, 189, 194, 197, 203, 212, 214, 219, 222, 227, 238, 241, 245, 250, 252, 258, 267, 271, 281, 292, 295, 301, 304, 310, 318, 324, 331, 341, 343, 351, 357, 358, 367, 369, 373, 380, 390, 392, 400, 410, 414, 418, 423, 429, 436, 439, 443, 450, 453, 459, 461, 464, 475, 482, 488, 491, 497, 504, 508, 516, 519, 523, 529, 542, 544, 548, 558, 562, 570, 573, 579, 582, 588, 594, 598, 602, 612, 620, 626 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "was", "a", "student", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "former", "students", "and", "actually", "recorded", "some", "Chopin", "music", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 10, 18, 21, 27, 30, 37, 46, 50, 59, 68, 73, 80, 85 ] }

{ "text": [ "Raoul Koczalski" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 197 ], "end": [ 211 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 40 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ] }

[ "Raoul Koczalski" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Two", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "long", "-", "standing", "pupils", ",", "Karol", "Mikuli", "(", "1821–1897", ")", "and", "Georges", "Mathias", ",", "were", "themselves", "piano", "teachers", "and", "passed", "on", "details", "of", "his", "playing", "to", "their", "own", "students", ",", "some", "of", "whom", "(", "such", "as", "Raoul", "Koczalski", ")", "were", "to", "make", "recordings", "of", "his", "music", ".", "Other", "pianists", "and", "composers", "influenced", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "style", "include", "Louis", "Moreau", "Gottschalk", ",", "Édouard", "Wolff", "(", "1816–1880", ")", "and", "Pierre", "Zimmermann", ".", "Debussy", "dedicated", "his", "own", "1915", "piano", "Études", "to", "the", "memory", "of", "Chopin", ";", "he", "frequently", "played", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "during", "his", "studies", "at", "the", "Paris", "Conservatoire", ",", "and", "undertook", "the", "editing", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "piano", "music", "for", "the", "publisher", "Jacques", "Durand", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 7, 13, 16, 20, 21, 30, 36, 38, 44, 51, 52, 61, 63, 67, 75, 82, 84, 89, 100, 106, 115, 119, 126, 129, 137, 140, 144, 152, 155, 161, 165, 173, 175, 180, 183, 188, 189, 194, 197, 203, 212, 214, 219, 222, 227, 238, 241, 245, 250, 252, 258, 267, 271, 281, 292, 295, 301, 304, 310, 318, 324, 331, 341, 343, 351, 357, 358, 367, 369, 373, 380, 390, 392, 400, 410, 414, 418, 423, 429, 436, 439, 443, 450, 453, 459, 461, 464, 475, 482, 488, 491, 497, 504, 508, 516, 519, 523, 529, 542, 544, 548, 558, 562, 570, 573, 579, 582, 588, 594, 598, 602, 612, 620, 626 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "music", "did", "Debussy", "play", "a", "lot", "at", "the", "Paris", "Conservatoire", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 11, 15, 23, 28, 30, 34, 37, 41, 47, 60 ] }

{ "text": [ "Chopin's" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 3 ] } ] }

[ "Chopin's" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "exact", "nature", "of", "relations", "between", "Tibet", "and", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", "of", "China", "(", "1368–1644", ")", "is", "unclear", ".", "Analysis", "of", "the", "relationship", "is", "further", "complicated", "by", "modern", "political", "conflicts", "and", "the", "application", "of", "Westphalian", "sovereignty", "to", "a", "time", "when", "the", "concept", "did", "not", "exist", ".", "Some", "Mainland", "Chinese", "scholars", ",", "such", "as", "Wang", "Jiawei", "and", "Nyima", "Gyaincain", ",", "assert", "that", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", "had", "unquestioned", "sovereignty", "over", "Tibet", ",", "pointing", "to", "the", "Ming", "court", "'s", "issuing", "of", "various", "titles", "to", "Tibetan", "leaders", ",", "Tibetans", "'", "full", "acceptance", "of", "these", "titles", ",", "and", "a", "renewal", "process", "for", "successors", "of", "these", "titles", "that", "involved", "traveling", "to", "the", "Ming", "capital", ".", "Scholars", "within", "China", "also", "argue", "that", "Tibet", "has", "been", "an", "integral", "part", "of", "China", "since", "the", "13th", "century", "and", "that", "it", "was", "thus", "a", "part", "of", "the", "Ming", "Empire", ".", "But", "most", "scholars", "outside", "China", ",", "such", "as", "Turrell", "V.", "Wylie", ",", "Melvin", "C.", "Goldstein", ",", "and", "Helmut", "Hoffman", ",", "say", "that", "the", "relationship", "was", "one", "of", "suzerainty", ",", "that", "Ming", "titles", "were", "only", "nominal", ",", "that", "Tibet", "remained", "an", "independent", "region", "outside", "Ming", "control", ",", "and", "that", "it", "simply", "paid", "tribute", "until", "the", "Jiajing", "Emperor", "(", "1521–1566", ")", ",", "who", "ceased", "relations", "with", "Tibet", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 10, 17, 20, 30, 38, 44, 48, 52, 57, 65, 68, 74, 75, 84, 86, 89, 96, 98, 107, 110, 114, 127, 130, 138, 150, 153, 160, 170, 180, 184, 188, 200, 203, 215, 227, 230, 232, 237, 242, 246, 254, 258, 262, 267, 269, 274, 283, 291, 299, 301, 306, 309, 314, 321, 325, 331, 340, 342, 349, 354, 358, 363, 371, 375, 388, 400, 405, 410, 412, 421, 424, 428, 433, 438, 441, 449, 452, 460, 467, 470, 478, 485, 487, 495, 497, 502, 513, 516, 522, 528, 530, 534, 536, 544, 552, 556, 567, 570, 576, 583, 588, 597, 607, 610, 614, 619, 626, 628, 637, 644, 650, 655, 661, 666, 672, 676, 681, 684, 693, 698, 701, 707, 713, 717, 722, 730, 734, 739, 742, 746, 751, 753, 758, 761, 765, 770, 776, 778, 782, 787, 796, 804, 809, 811, 816, 819, 827, 830, 835, 837, 844, 847, 856, 858, 862, 869, 876, 878, 882, 887, 891, 904, 908, 912, 915, 925, 927, 932, 937, 944, 949, 954, 961, 963, 968, 974, 983, 986, 998, 1005, 1013, 1018, 1025, 1027, 1031, 1036, 1039, 1046, 1051, 1059, 1065, 1069, 1077, 1085, 1086, 1095, 1096, 1098, 1102, 1109, 1119, 1124, 1129 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "were", "Wang", "Jiawei", "and", "Nyima", "Gyaincain", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 14, 21, 25, 31, 40 ] }

{ "text": [ "Mainland Chinese scholars" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 274 ], "end": [ 298 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 49 ] } ] }

[ "Mainland Chinese scholars" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Polish", "composers", "of", "the", "following", "generation", "included", "virtuosi", "such", "as", "Moritz", "Moszkowski", ",", "but", ",", "in", "the", "opinion", "of", "J.", "Barrie", "Jones", ",", "his", "\"", "one", "worthy", "successor", "\"", "among", "his", "compatriots", "was", "Karol", "Szymanowski", "(", "1882–1937", ")", ".", "Edvard", "Grieg", ",", "Antonín", "Dvořák", ",", "Isaac", "Albéniz", ",", "Pyotr", "Ilyich", "Tchaikovsky", "and", "Sergei", "Rachmaninoff", ",", "among", "others", ",", "are", "regarded", "by", "critics", "as", "having", "been", "influenced", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "use", "of", "national", "modes", "and", "idioms", ".", "Alexander", "Scriabin", "was", "devoted", "to", "the", "music", "of", "Chopin", ",", "and", "his", "early", "published", "works", "include", "nineteen", "mazurkas", ",", "as", "well", "as", "numerous", "études", "and", "preludes", ";", "his", "teacher", "Nikolai", "Zverev", "drilled", "him", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "to", "improve", "his", "virtuosity", "as", "a", "performer", ".", "In", "the", "20th", "century", ",", "composers", "who", "paid", "homage", "to", "(", "or", "in", "some", "cases", "parodied", ")", "the", "music", "of", "Chopin", "included", "George", "Crumb", ",", "Bohuslav", "Martinů", ",", "Darius", "Milhaud", ",", "Igor", "Stravinsky", "and", "Heitor", "Villa", "-", "Lobos", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 17, 20, 24, 34, 45, 54, 63, 68, 71, 78, 88, 90, 93, 95, 98, 102, 110, 113, 116, 123, 128, 130, 134, 135, 139, 146, 155, 157, 163, 167, 179, 183, 189, 201, 202, 211, 212, 214, 221, 226, 228, 236, 242, 244, 250, 257, 259, 265, 272, 284, 288, 295, 307, 309, 315, 321, 323, 327, 336, 339, 347, 350, 357, 362, 373, 376, 382, 385, 389, 392, 401, 407, 411, 417, 419, 429, 438, 442, 450, 453, 457, 463, 466, 472, 474, 478, 482, 488, 498, 504, 512, 521, 529, 531, 534, 539, 542, 551, 558, 562, 570, 572, 576, 584, 592, 599, 607, 611, 614, 620, 623, 629, 632, 640, 644, 655, 658, 660, 669, 671, 674, 678, 683, 690, 692, 702, 706, 711, 718, 721, 722, 725, 728, 733, 739, 747, 749, 753, 759, 762, 769, 778, 785, 790, 792, 801, 808, 810, 817, 824, 826, 831, 842, 846, 853, 858, 859, 864 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "According", "to", "J.", "Barrie", "Jones", "who", "was", "the", "only", "true", "successor", "to", "Chopin", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 10, 13, 16, 23, 29, 33, 37, 41, 46, 51, 61, 64, 70 ] }

{ "text": [ "Karol Szymanowski" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 183 ], "end": [ 199 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }

[ "Karol Szymanowski" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Polish", "composers", "of", "the", "following", "generation", "included", "virtuosi", "such", "as", "Moritz", "Moszkowski", ",", "but", ",", "in", "the", "opinion", "of", "J.", "Barrie", "Jones", ",", "his", "\"", "one", "worthy", "successor", "\"", "among", "his", "compatriots", "was", "Karol", "Szymanowski", "(", "1882–1937", ")", ".", "Edvard", "Grieg", ",", "Antonín", "Dvořák", ",", "Isaac", "Albéniz", ",", "Pyotr", "Ilyich", "Tchaikovsky", "and", "Sergei", "Rachmaninoff", ",", "among", "others", ",", "are", "regarded", "by", "critics", "as", "having", "been", "influenced", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "use", "of", "national", "modes", "and", "idioms", ".", "Alexander", "Scriabin", "was", "devoted", "to", "the", "music", "of", "Chopin", ",", "and", "his", "early", "published", "works", "include", "nineteen", "mazurkas", ",", "as", "well", "as", "numerous", "études", "and", "preludes", ";", "his", "teacher", "Nikolai", "Zverev", "drilled", "him", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "to", "improve", "his", "virtuosity", "as", "a", "performer", ".", "In", "the", "20th", "century", ",", "composers", "who", "paid", "homage", "to", "(", "or", "in", "some", "cases", "parodied", ")", "the", "music", "of", "Chopin", "included", "George", "Crumb", ",", "Bohuslav", "Martinů", ",", "Darius", "Milhaud", ",", "Igor", "Stravinsky", "and", "Heitor", "Villa", "-", "Lobos", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 17, 20, 24, 34, 45, 54, 63, 68, 71, 78, 88, 90, 93, 95, 98, 102, 110, 113, 116, 123, 128, 130, 134, 135, 139, 146, 155, 157, 163, 167, 179, 183, 189, 201, 202, 211, 212, 214, 221, 226, 228, 236, 242, 244, 250, 257, 259, 265, 272, 284, 288, 295, 307, 309, 315, 321, 323, 327, 336, 339, 347, 350, 357, 362, 373, 376, 382, 385, 389, 392, 401, 407, 411, 417, 419, 429, 438, 442, 450, 453, 457, 463, 466, 472, 474, 478, 482, 488, 498, 504, 512, 521, 529, 531, 534, 539, 542, 551, 558, 562, 570, 572, 576, 584, 592, 599, 607, 611, 614, 620, 623, 629, 632, 640, 644, 655, 658, 660, 669, 671, 674, 678, 683, 690, 692, 702, 706, 711, 718, 721, 722, 725, 728, 733, 739, 747, 749, 753, 759, 762, 769, 778, 785, 790, 792, 801, 808, 810, 817, 824, 826, 831, 842, 846, 853, 858, 859, 864 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Many", "people", "were", "considered", "influenced", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "what", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 12, 17, 28, 39, 42, 48, 51, 55 ] }

{ "text": [ "national modes and idioms" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 392 ], "end": [ 416 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 71 ], "end": [ 74 ] } ] }

[ "national modes and idioms" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Polish", "composers", "of", "the", "following", "generation", "included", "virtuosi", "such", "as", "Moritz", "Moszkowski", ",", "but", ",", "in", "the", "opinion", "of", "J.", "Barrie", "Jones", ",", "his", "\"", "one", "worthy", "successor", "\"", "among", "his", "compatriots", "was", "Karol", "Szymanowski", "(", "1882–1937", ")", ".", "Edvard", "Grieg", ",", "Antonín", "Dvořák", ",", "Isaac", "Albéniz", ",", "Pyotr", "Ilyich", "Tchaikovsky", "and", "Sergei", "Rachmaninoff", ",", "among", "others", ",", "are", "regarded", "by", "critics", "as", "having", "been", "influenced", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "use", "of", "national", "modes", "and", "idioms", ".", "Alexander", "Scriabin", "was", "devoted", "to", "the", "music", "of", "Chopin", ",", "and", "his", "early", "published", "works", "include", "nineteen", "mazurkas", ",", "as", "well", "as", "numerous", "études", "and", "preludes", ";", "his", "teacher", "Nikolai", "Zverev", "drilled", "him", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "to", "improve", "his", "virtuosity", "as", "a", "performer", ".", "In", "the", "20th", "century", ",", "composers", "who", "paid", "homage", "to", "(", "or", "in", "some", "cases", "parodied", ")", "the", "music", "of", "Chopin", "included", "George", "Crumb", ",", "Bohuslav", "Martinů", ",", "Darius", "Milhaud", ",", "Igor", "Stravinsky", "and", "Heitor", "Villa", "-", "Lobos", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 17, 20, 24, 34, 45, 54, 63, 68, 71, 78, 88, 90, 93, 95, 98, 102, 110, 113, 116, 123, 128, 130, 134, 135, 139, 146, 155, 157, 163, 167, 179, 183, 189, 201, 202, 211, 212, 214, 221, 226, 228, 236, 242, 244, 250, 257, 259, 265, 272, 284, 288, 295, 307, 309, 315, 321, 323, 327, 336, 339, 347, 350, 357, 362, 373, 376, 382, 385, 389, 392, 401, 407, 411, 417, 419, 429, 438, 442, 450, 453, 457, 463, 466, 472, 474, 478, 482, 488, 498, 504, 512, 521, 529, 531, 534, 539, 542, 551, 558, 562, 570, 572, 576, 584, 592, 599, 607, 611, 614, 620, 623, 629, 632, 640, 644, 655, 658, 660, 669, 671, 674, 678, 683, 690, 692, 702, 706, 711, 718, 721, 722, 725, 728, 733, 739, 747, 749, 753, 759, 762, 769, 778, 785, 790, 792, 801, 808, 810, 817, 824, 826, 831, 842, 846, 853, 858, 859, 864 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "was", "Alexander", "Scriabin", "'s", "teacher", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 18, 26, 29, 36 ] }

{ "text": [ "Nikolai Zverev" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 584 ], "end": [ 597 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 105 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ] }

[ "Nikolai Zverev" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Polish", "composers", "of", "the", "following", "generation", "included", "virtuosi", "such", "as", "Moritz", "Moszkowski", ",", "but", ",", "in", "the", "opinion", "of", "J.", "Barrie", "Jones", ",", "his", "\"", "one", "worthy", "successor", "\"", "among", "his", "compatriots", "was", "Karol", "Szymanowski", "(", "1882–1937", ")", ".", "Edvard", "Grieg", ",", "Antonín", "Dvořák", ",", "Isaac", "Albéniz", ",", "Pyotr", "Ilyich", "Tchaikovsky", "and", "Sergei", "Rachmaninoff", ",", "among", "others", ",", "are", "regarded", "by", "critics", "as", "having", "been", "influenced", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "use", "of", "national", "modes", "and", "idioms", ".", "Alexander", "Scriabin", "was", "devoted", "to", "the", "music", "of", "Chopin", ",", "and", "his", "early", "published", "works", "include", "nineteen", "mazurkas", ",", "as", "well", "as", "numerous", "études", "and", "preludes", ";", "his", "teacher", "Nikolai", "Zverev", "drilled", "him", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "to", "improve", "his", "virtuosity", "as", "a", "performer", ".", "In", "the", "20th", "century", ",", "composers", "who", "paid", "homage", "to", "(", "or", "in", "some", "cases", "parodied", ")", "the", "music", "of", "Chopin", "included", "George", "Crumb", ",", "Bohuslav", "Martinů", ",", "Darius", "Milhaud", ",", "Igor", "Stravinsky", "and", "Heitor", "Villa", "-", "Lobos", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 17, 20, 24, 34, 45, 54, 63, 68, 71, 78, 88, 90, 93, 95, 98, 102, 110, 113, 116, 123, 128, 130, 134, 135, 139, 146, 155, 157, 163, 167, 179, 183, 189, 201, 202, 211, 212, 214, 221, 226, 228, 236, 242, 244, 250, 257, 259, 265, 272, 284, 288, 295, 307, 309, 315, 321, 323, 327, 336, 339, 347, 350, 357, 362, 373, 376, 382, 385, 389, 392, 401, 407, 411, 417, 419, 429, 438, 442, 450, 453, 457, 463, 466, 472, 474, 478, 482, 488, 498, 504, 512, 521, 529, 531, 534, 539, 542, 551, 558, 562, 570, 572, 576, 584, 592, 599, 607, 611, 614, 620, 623, 629, 632, 640, 644, 655, 658, 660, 669, 671, 674, 678, 683, 690, 692, 702, 706, 711, 718, 721, 722, 725, 728, 733, 739, 747, 749, 753, 759, 762, 769, 778, 785, 790, 792, 801, 808, 810, 817, 824, 826, 831, 842, 846, 853, 858, 859, 864 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "was", "Chopin", "'s", "worthy", "successor", "according", "to", "Jones", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 14, 17, 24, 34, 44, 47, 52 ] }

{ "text": [ "Karol Szymanowski" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 183 ], "end": [ 199 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }

[ "Karol Szymanowski" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Polish", "composers", "of", "the", "following", "generation", "included", "virtuosi", "such", "as", "Moritz", "Moszkowski", ",", "but", ",", "in", "the", "opinion", "of", "J.", "Barrie", "Jones", ",", "his", "\"", "one", "worthy", "successor", "\"", "among", "his", "compatriots", "was", "Karol", "Szymanowski", "(", "1882–1937", ")", ".", "Edvard", "Grieg", ",", "Antonín", "Dvořák", ",", "Isaac", "Albéniz", ",", "Pyotr", "Ilyich", "Tchaikovsky", "and", "Sergei", "Rachmaninoff", ",", "among", "others", ",", "are", "regarded", "by", "critics", "as", "having", "been", "influenced", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "use", "of", "national", "modes", "and", "idioms", ".", "Alexander", "Scriabin", "was", "devoted", "to", "the", "music", "of", "Chopin", ",", "and", "his", "early", "published", "works", "include", "nineteen", "mazurkas", ",", "as", "well", "as", "numerous", "études", "and", "preludes", ";", "his", "teacher", "Nikolai", "Zverev", "drilled", "him", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "to", "improve", "his", "virtuosity", "as", "a", "performer", ".", "In", "the", "20th", "century", ",", "composers", "who", "paid", "homage", "to", "(", "or", "in", "some", "cases", "parodied", ")", "the", "music", "of", "Chopin", "included", "George", "Crumb", ",", "Bohuslav", "Martinů", ",", "Darius", "Milhaud", ",", "Igor", "Stravinsky", "and", "Heitor", "Villa", "-", "Lobos", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 17, 20, 24, 34, 45, 54, 63, 68, 71, 78, 88, 90, 93, 95, 98, 102, 110, 113, 116, 123, 128, 130, 134, 135, 139, 146, 155, 157, 163, 167, 179, 183, 189, 201, 202, 211, 212, 214, 221, 226, 228, 236, 242, 244, 250, 257, 259, 265, 272, 284, 288, 295, 307, 309, 315, 321, 323, 327, 336, 339, 347, 350, 357, 362, 373, 376, 382, 385, 389, 392, 401, 407, 411, 417, 419, 429, 438, 442, 450, 453, 457, 463, 466, 472, 474, 478, 482, 488, 498, 504, 512, 521, 529, 531, 534, 539, 542, 551, 558, 562, 570, 572, 576, 584, 592, 599, 607, 611, 614, 620, 623, 629, 632, 640, 644, 655, 658, 660, 669, 671, 674, 678, 683, 690, 692, 702, 706, 711, 718, 721, 722, 725, 728, 733, 739, 747, 749, 753, 759, 762, 769, 778, 785, 790, 792, 801, 808, 810, 817, 824, 826, 831, 842, 846, 853, 858, 859, 864 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "was", "devoted", "to", "the", "music", "of", "Chopin", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 16, 19, 23, 29, 32, 38 ] }

{ "text": [ "Alexander Scriabin" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 419 ], "end": [ 436 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 76 ], "end": [ 77 ] } ] }

[ "Alexander Scriabin" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Polish", "composers", "of", "the", "following", "generation", "included", "virtuosi", "such", "as", "Moritz", "Moszkowski", ",", "but", ",", "in", "the", "opinion", "of", "J.", "Barrie", "Jones", ",", "his", "\"", "one", "worthy", "successor", "\"", "among", "his", "compatriots", "was", "Karol", "Szymanowski", "(", "1882–1937", ")", ".", "Edvard", "Grieg", ",", "Antonín", "Dvořák", ",", "Isaac", "Albéniz", ",", "Pyotr", "Ilyich", "Tchaikovsky", "and", "Sergei", "Rachmaninoff", ",", "among", "others", ",", "are", "regarded", "by", "critics", "as", "having", "been", "influenced", "by", "Chopin", "'s", "use", "of", "national", "modes", "and", "idioms", ".", "Alexander", "Scriabin", "was", "devoted", "to", "the", "music", "of", "Chopin", ",", "and", "his", "early", "published", "works", "include", "nineteen", "mazurkas", ",", "as", "well", "as", "numerous", "études", "and", "preludes", ";", "his", "teacher", "Nikolai", "Zverev", "drilled", "him", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "to", "improve", "his", "virtuosity", "as", "a", "performer", ".", "In", "the", "20th", "century", ",", "composers", "who", "paid", "homage", "to", "(", "or", "in", "some", "cases", "parodied", ")", "the", "music", "of", "Chopin", "included", "George", "Crumb", ",", "Bohuslav", "Martinů", ",", "Darius", "Milhaud", ",", "Igor", "Stravinsky", "and", "Heitor", "Villa", "-", "Lobos", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 17, 20, 24, 34, 45, 54, 63, 68, 71, 78, 88, 90, 93, 95, 98, 102, 110, 113, 116, 123, 128, 130, 134, 135, 139, 146, 155, 157, 163, 167, 179, 183, 189, 201, 202, 211, 212, 214, 221, 226, 228, 236, 242, 244, 250, 257, 259, 265, 272, 284, 288, 295, 307, 309, 315, 321, 323, 327, 336, 339, 347, 350, 357, 362, 373, 376, 382, 385, 389, 392, 401, 407, 411, 417, 419, 429, 438, 442, 450, 453, 457, 463, 466, 472, 474, 478, 482, 488, 498, 504, 512, 521, 529, 531, 534, 539, 542, 551, 558, 562, 570, 572, 576, 584, 592, 599, 607, 611, 614, 620, 623, 629, 632, 640, 644, 655, 658, 660, 669, 671, 674, 678, 683, 690, 692, 702, 706, 711, 718, 721, 722, 725, 728, 733, 739, 747, 749, 753, 759, 762, 769, 778, 785, 790, 792, 801, 808, 810, 817, 824, 826, 831, 842, 846, 853, 858, 859, 864 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "was", "Alexander", "Scriabin", "'s", "teacher", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 18, 26, 29, 36 ] }

{ "text": [ "Nikolai Zverev" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 584 ], "end": [ 597 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 105 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ] }

[ "Nikolai Zverev" ]

{ "tokens": [ "During", "the", "Five", "Dynasties", "and", "Ten", "Kingdoms", "period", "of", "China", "(", "907–960", ")", ",", "while", "the", "fractured", "political", "realm", "of", "China", "saw", "no", "threat", "in", "a", "Tibet", "which", "was", "in", "just", "as", "much", "political", "disarray", ",", "there", "was", "little", "in", "the", "way", "of", "Sino", "-", "Tibetan", "relations", ".", "Few", "documents", "involving", "Sino", "-", "Tibetan", "contacts", "survive", "from", "the", "Song", "dynasty", "(", "960–1279", ")", ".", "The", "Song", "were", "far", "more", "concerned", "with", "countering", "northern", "enemy", "states", "of", "the", "Khitan", "-", "ruled", "Liao", "dynasty", "(", "907–1125", ")", "and", "Jurchen", "-", "ruled", "Jin", "dynasty", "(", "1115–1234", ")", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 11, 16, 26, 30, 34, 43, 50, 53, 59, 60, 67, 68, 70, 76, 80, 90, 100, 106, 109, 115, 119, 122, 129, 132, 134, 140, 146, 150, 153, 158, 161, 166, 176, 184, 186, 192, 196, 203, 206, 210, 214, 217, 221, 222, 230, 239, 241, 245, 255, 265, 269, 270, 278, 287, 295, 300, 304, 309, 317, 318, 326, 327, 329, 333, 338, 343, 347, 352, 362, 367, 378, 387, 393, 400, 403, 407, 413, 414, 420, 425, 433, 434, 442, 444, 448, 455, 456, 462, 466, 474, 475, 484, 485 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "When", "did", "the", "Five", "Dynasties", "and", "Ten", "Kingdoms", "period", "of", "China", "take", "place", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 13, 18, 28, 32, 36, 45, 52, 55, 61, 66, 71 ] }

{ "text": [ "907–960" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 66 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }

[ "907–960" ]

{ "tokens": [ "During", "the", "Five", "Dynasties", "and", "Ten", "Kingdoms", "period", "of", "China", "(", "907–960", ")", ",", "while", "the", "fractured", "political", "realm", "of", "China", "saw", "no", "threat", "in", "a", "Tibet", "which", "was", "in", "just", "as", "much", "political", "disarray", ",", "there", "was", "little", "in", "the", "way", "of", "Sino", "-", "Tibetan", "relations", ".", "Few", "documents", "involving", "Sino", "-", "Tibetan", "contacts", "survive", "from", "the", "Song", "dynasty", "(", "960–1279", ")", ".", "The", "Song", "were", "far", "more", "concerned", "with", "countering", "northern", "enemy", "states", "of", "the", "Khitan", "-", "ruled", "Liao", "dynasty", "(", "907–1125", ")", "and", "Jurchen", "-", "ruled", "Jin", "dynasty", "(", "1115–1234", ")", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 11, 16, 26, 30, 34, 43, 50, 53, 59, 60, 67, 68, 70, 76, 80, 90, 100, 106, 109, 115, 119, 122, 129, 132, 134, 140, 146, 150, 153, 158, 161, 166, 176, 184, 186, 192, 196, 203, 206, 210, 214, 217, 221, 222, 230, 239, 241, 245, 255, 265, 269, 270, 278, 287, 295, 300, 304, 309, 317, 318, 326, 327, 329, 333, 338, 343, 347, 352, 362, 367, 378, 387, 393, 400, 403, 407, 413, 414, 420, 425, 433, 434, 442, 444, 448, 455, 456, 462, 466, 474, 475, 484, 485 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "When", "did", "the", "Song", "dynasty", "take", "place", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 13, 18, 26, 31, 36 ] }

{ "text": [ "960–1279" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 318 ], "end": [ 325 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 61 ], "end": [ 61 ] } ] }

[ "960–1279" ]

{ "tokens": [ "During", "the", "Five", "Dynasties", "and", "Ten", "Kingdoms", "period", "of", "China", "(", "907–960", ")", ",", "while", "the", "fractured", "political", "realm", "of", "China", "saw", "no", "threat", "in", "a", "Tibet", "which", "was", "in", "just", "as", "much", "political", "disarray", ",", "there", "was", "little", "in", "the", "way", "of", "Sino", "-", "Tibetan", "relations", ".", "Few", "documents", "involving", "Sino", "-", "Tibetan", "contacts", "survive", "from", "the", "Song", "dynasty", "(", "960–1279", ")", ".", "The", "Song", "were", "far", "more", "concerned", "with", "countering", "northern", "enemy", "states", "of", "the", "Khitan", "-", "ruled", "Liao", "dynasty", "(", "907–1125", ")", "and", "Jurchen", "-", "ruled", "Jin", "dynasty", "(", "1115–1234", ")", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 11, 16, 26, 30, 34, 43, 50, 53, 59, 60, 67, 68, 70, 76, 80, 90, 100, 106, 109, 115, 119, 122, 129, 132, 134, 140, 146, 150, 153, 158, 161, 166, 176, 184, 186, 192, 196, 203, 206, 210, 214, 217, 221, 222, 230, 239, 241, 245, 255, 265, 269, 270, 278, 287, 295, 300, 304, 309, 317, 318, 326, 327, 329, 333, 338, 343, 347, 352, 362, 367, 378, 387, 393, 400, 403, 407, 413, 414, 420, 425, 433, 434, 442, 444, 448, 455, 456, 462, 466, 474, 475, 484, 485 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "dynasty", "was", "concerned", "with", "countering", "northern", "enemy", "states", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 13, 17, 27, 32, 43, 52, 58, 64 ] }

{ "text": [ "Song dynasty" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 304 ], "end": [ 315 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 58 ], "end": [ 59 ] } ] }

[ "Song dynasty" ]

{ "tokens": [ "During", "the", "Five", "Dynasties", "and", "Ten", "Kingdoms", "period", "of", "China", "(", "907–960", ")", ",", "while", "the", "fractured", "political", "realm", "of", "China", "saw", "no", "threat", "in", "a", "Tibet", "which", "was", "in", "just", "as", "much", "political", "disarray", ",", "there", "was", "little", "in", "the", "way", "of", "Sino", "-", "Tibetan", "relations", ".", "Few", "documents", "involving", "Sino", "-", "Tibetan", "contacts", "survive", "from", "the", "Song", "dynasty", "(", "960–1279", ")", ".", "The", "Song", "were", "far", "more", "concerned", "with", "countering", "northern", "enemy", "states", "of", "the", "Khitan", "-", "ruled", "Liao", "dynasty", "(", "907–1125", ")", "and", "Jurchen", "-", "ruled", "Jin", "dynasty", "(", "1115–1234", ")", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 11, 16, 26, 30, 34, 43, 50, 53, 59, 60, 67, 68, 70, 76, 80, 90, 100, 106, 109, 115, 119, 122, 129, 132, 134, 140, 146, 150, 153, 158, 161, 166, 176, 184, 186, 192, 196, 203, 206, 210, 214, 217, 221, 222, 230, 239, 241, 245, 255, 265, 269, 270, 278, 287, 295, 300, 304, 309, 317, 318, 326, 327, 329, 333, 338, 343, 347, 352, 362, 367, 378, 387, 393, 400, 403, 407, 413, 414, 420, 425, 433, 434, 442, 444, 448, 455, 456, 462, 466, 474, 475, 484, 485 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "ruled", "the", "Liao", "dynasty", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 10, 14, 19, 26 ] }

{ "text": [ "the Khitan" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 403 ], "end": [ 412 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 76 ], "end": [ 77 ] } ] }

[ "the Khitan" ]

{ "tokens": [ "During", "the", "Five", "Dynasties", "and", "Ten", "Kingdoms", "period", "of", "China", "(", "907–960", ")", ",", "while", "the", "fractured", "political", "realm", "of", "China", "saw", "no", "threat", "in", "a", "Tibet", "which", "was", "in", "just", "as", "much", "political", "disarray", ",", "there", "was", "little", "in", "the", "way", "of", "Sino", "-", "Tibetan", "relations", ".", "Few", "documents", "involving", "Sino", "-", "Tibetan", "contacts", "survive", "from", "the", "Song", "dynasty", "(", "960–1279", ")", ".", "The", "Song", "were", "far", "more", "concerned", "with", "countering", "northern", "enemy", "states", "of", "the", "Khitan", "-", "ruled", "Liao", "dynasty", "(", "907–1125", ")", "and", "Jurchen", "-", "ruled", "Jin", "dynasty", "(", "1115–1234", ")", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 11, 16, 26, 30, 34, 43, 50, 53, 59, 60, 67, 68, 70, 76, 80, 90, 100, 106, 109, 115, 119, 122, 129, 132, 134, 140, 146, 150, 153, 158, 161, 166, 176, 184, 186, 192, 196, 203, 206, 210, 214, 217, 221, 222, 230, 239, 241, 245, 255, 265, 269, 270, 278, 287, 295, 300, 304, 309, 317, 318, 326, 327, 329, 333, 338, 343, 347, 352, 362, 367, 378, 387, 393, 400, 403, 407, 413, 414, 420, 425, 433, 434, 442, 444, 448, 455, 456, 462, 466, 474, 475, 484, 485 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "ruled", "the", " ", "Jin", "dynasty", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 10, 14, 15, 19, 26 ] }

{ "text": [ "Jurchen" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 448 ], "end": [ 454 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 86 ], "end": [ 86 ] } ] }

[ "Jurchen" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Some", "modern", "commentators", "have", "argued", "against", "exaggerating", "Chopin", "'s", "primacy", "as", "a", "\"", "nationalist", "\"", "or", "\"", "patriotic", "\"", "composer", ".", "George", "Golos", "refers", "to", "earlier", "\"", "nationalist", "\"", "composers", "in", "Central", "Europe", ",", "including", "Poland", "'s", "Michał", "Kleofas", "Ogiński", "and", "Franciszek", "Lessel", ",", "who", "utilised", "polonaise", "and", "mazurka", "forms", ".", "Barbara", "Milewski", "suggests", "that", "Chopin", "'s", "experience", "of", "Polish", "music", "came", "more", "from", "\"", "urbanised", "\"", "Warsaw", "versions", "than", "from", "folk", "music", ",", "and", "that", "attempts", "(", "by", "Jachimecki", "and", "others", ")", "to", "demonstrate", "genuine", "folk", "music", "in", "his", "works", "are", "without", "basis", ".", "Richard", "Taruskin", "impugns", "Schumann", "'s", "attitude", "toward", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "as", "patronizing", "and", "comments", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "felt", "his", "Polish", "patriotism", "deeply", "and", "sincerely", "\"", "but", "consciously", "modelled", "his", "works", "on", "the", "tradition", "of", "Bach", ",", "Beethoven", ",", "Schubert", "and", "Field", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 12, 25, 30, 37, 45, 58, 64, 67, 75, 78, 80, 81, 92, 94, 97, 98, 107, 109, 117, 119, 126, 132, 139, 142, 150, 151, 162, 164, 174, 177, 185, 191, 193, 203, 209, 212, 219, 227, 235, 239, 250, 256, 258, 262, 271, 281, 285, 293, 298, 300, 308, 317, 326, 331, 337, 340, 351, 354, 361, 367, 372, 377, 382, 383, 392, 394, 401, 410, 415, 420, 425, 430, 432, 436, 441, 450, 451, 454, 465, 469, 475, 477, 480, 492, 500, 505, 511, 514, 518, 524, 528, 536, 541, 543, 551, 560, 568, 576, 579, 588, 595, 601, 604, 610, 613, 625, 629, 638, 643, 650, 651, 656, 660, 667, 678, 685, 689, 698, 700, 704, 716, 725, 729, 735, 738, 742, 752, 755, 759, 761, 770, 772, 781, 785, 790 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "said", "that", "Chopin", "'s", "familiarity", "with", "Polish", "music", "was", "more", "\"", "urbanised", "\"", " ", "than", "true", "folk", "music", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 14, 20, 23, 35, 40, 47, 53, 57, 62, 63, 72, 74, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 ] }

{ "text": [ "Barbara Milewski" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 300 ], "end": [ 315 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 52 ] } ] }

[ "Barbara Milewski" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Some", "modern", "commentators", "have", "argued", "against", "exaggerating", "Chopin", "'s", "primacy", "as", "a", "\"", "nationalist", "\"", "or", "\"", "patriotic", "\"", "composer", ".", "George", "Golos", "refers", "to", "earlier", "\"", "nationalist", "\"", "composers", "in", "Central", "Europe", ",", "including", "Poland", "'s", "Michał", "Kleofas", "Ogiński", "and", "Franciszek", "Lessel", ",", "who", "utilised", "polonaise", "and", "mazurka", "forms", ".", "Barbara", "Milewski", "suggests", "that", "Chopin", "'s", "experience", "of", "Polish", "music", "came", "more", "from", "\"", "urbanised", "\"", "Warsaw", "versions", "than", "from", "folk", "music", ",", "and", "that", "attempts", "(", "by", "Jachimecki", "and", "others", ")", "to", "demonstrate", "genuine", "folk", "music", "in", "his", "works", "are", "without", "basis", ".", "Richard", "Taruskin", "impugns", "Schumann", "'s", "attitude", "toward", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "as", "patronizing", "and", "comments", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "felt", "his", "Polish", "patriotism", "deeply", "and", "sincerely", "\"", "but", "consciously", "modelled", "his", "works", "on", "the", "tradition", "of", "Bach", ",", "Beethoven", ",", "Schubert", "and", "Field", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 12, 25, 30, 37, 45, 58, 64, 67, 75, 78, 80, 81, 92, 94, 97, 98, 107, 109, 117, 119, 126, 132, 139, 142, 150, 151, 162, 164, 174, 177, 185, 191, 193, 203, 209, 212, 219, 227, 235, 239, 250, 256, 258, 262, 271, 281, 285, 293, 298, 300, 308, 317, 326, 331, 337, 340, 351, 354, 361, 367, 372, 377, 382, 383, 392, 394, 401, 410, 415, 420, 425, 430, 432, 436, 441, 450, 451, 454, 465, 469, 475, 477, 480, 492, 500, 505, 511, 514, 518, 524, 528, 536, 541, 543, 551, 560, 568, 576, 579, 588, 595, 601, 604, 610, 613, 625, 629, 638, 643, 650, 651, 656, 660, 667, 678, 685, 689, 698, 700, 704, 716, 725, 729, 735, 738, 742, 752, 755, 759, 761, 770, 772, 781, 785, 790 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "George", "Golos", "references", "what", "two", "musicians", "when", "claiming", "Chopin", "'s", "nationalism", "was", "overrated", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 13, 24, 29, 33, 43, 48, 57, 63, 66, 78, 82, 91 ] }

{ "text": [ "Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 212 ], "end": [ 255 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 37 ], "end": [ 42 ] } ] }

[ "Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Some", "modern", "commentators", "have", "argued", "against", "exaggerating", "Chopin", "'s", "primacy", "as", "a", "\"", "nationalist", "\"", "or", "\"", "patriotic", "\"", "composer", ".", "George", "Golos", "refers", "to", "earlier", "\"", "nationalist", "\"", "composers", "in", "Central", "Europe", ",", "including", "Poland", "'s", "Michał", "Kleofas", "Ogiński", "and", "Franciszek", "Lessel", ",", "who", "utilised", "polonaise", "and", "mazurka", "forms", ".", "Barbara", "Milewski", "suggests", "that", "Chopin", "'s", "experience", "of", "Polish", "music", "came", "more", "from", "\"", "urbanised", "\"", "Warsaw", "versions", "than", "from", "folk", "music", ",", "and", "that", "attempts", "(", "by", "Jachimecki", "and", "others", ")", "to", "demonstrate", "genuine", "folk", "music", "in", "his", "works", "are", "without", "basis", ".", "Richard", "Taruskin", "impugns", "Schumann", "'s", "attitude", "toward", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "as", "patronizing", "and", "comments", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "felt", "his", "Polish", "patriotism", "deeply", "and", "sincerely", "\"", "but", "consciously", "modelled", "his", "works", "on", "the", "tradition", "of", "Bach", ",", "Beethoven", ",", "Schubert", "and", "Field", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 12, 25, 30, 37, 45, 58, 64, 67, 75, 78, 80, 81, 92, 94, 97, 98, 107, 109, 117, 119, 126, 132, 139, 142, 150, 151, 162, 164, 174, 177, 185, 191, 193, 203, 209, 212, 219, 227, 235, 239, 250, 256, 258, 262, 271, 281, 285, 293, 298, 300, 308, 317, 326, 331, 337, 340, 351, 354, 361, 367, 372, 377, 382, 383, 392, 394, 401, 410, 415, 420, 425, 430, 432, 436, 441, 450, 451, 454, 465, 469, 475, 477, 480, 492, 500, 505, 511, 514, 518, 524, 528, 536, 541, 543, 551, 560, 568, 576, 579, 588, 595, 601, 604, 610, 613, 625, 629, 638, 643, 650, 651, 656, 660, 667, 678, 685, 689, 698, 700, 704, 716, 725, 729, 735, 738, 742, 752, 755, 759, 761, 770, 772, 781, 785, 790 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "said", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "were", "modeled", "after", "Bach", ",", "Beethoven", ",", "Schubert", "and", "Field", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 15, 18, 24, 29, 37, 43, 47, 49, 58, 60, 69, 73, 78 ] }

{ "text": [ "Richard Taruskin" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 543 ], "end": [ 558 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 95 ], "end": [ 96 ] } ] }

[ "Richard Taruskin" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Jones", "comments", "that", "\"", "Chopin", "'s", "unique", "position", "as", "a", "composer", ",", "despite", "the", "fact", "that", "virtually", "everything", "he", "wrote", "was", "for", "the", "piano", ",", "has", "rarely", "been", "questioned", ".", "\"", "He", "also", "notes", "that", "Chopin", "was", "fortunate", "to", "arrive", "in", "Paris", "in", "1831—\"the", "artistic", "environment", ",", "the", "publishers", "who", "were", "willing", "to", "print", "his", "music", ",", "the", "wealthy", "and", "aristocratic", "who", "paid", "what", "Chopin", "asked", "for", "their", "lessons\"—and", "these", "factors", ",", "as", "well", "as", "his", "musical", "genius", ",", "also", "fuelled", "his", "contemporary", "and", "later", "reputation", ".", "While", "his", "illness", "and", "his", "love", "-", "affairs", "conform", "to", "some", "of", "the", "stereotypes", "of", "romanticism", ",", "the", "rarity", "of", "his", "public", "recitals", "(", "as", "opposed", "to", "performances", "at", "fashionable", "Paris", "soirées", ")", "led", "Arthur", "Hutchings", "to", "suggest", "that", "\"", "his", "lack", "of", "Byronic", "flamboyance", "[", "and", "]", "his", "aristocratic", "reclusiveness", "make", "him", "exceptional", "\"", "among", "his", "romantic", "contemporaries", ",", "such", "as", "Liszt", "and", "Henri", "Herz", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 15, 20, 21, 27, 30, 37, 46, 49, 51, 59, 61, 69, 73, 78, 83, 93, 104, 107, 113, 117, 121, 125, 130, 132, 136, 143, 148, 158, 159, 161, 164, 169, 175, 180, 187, 191, 201, 204, 211, 214, 220, 223, 233, 242, 253, 255, 259, 270, 274, 279, 287, 290, 296, 300, 305, 307, 311, 319, 323, 336, 340, 345, 350, 357, 363, 367, 373, 386, 392, 399, 401, 404, 409, 412, 416, 424, 430, 432, 437, 445, 449, 462, 466, 472, 482, 484, 490, 494, 502, 506, 510, 514, 515, 523, 531, 534, 539, 542, 546, 558, 561, 572, 574, 578, 585, 588, 592, 599, 608, 609, 612, 620, 623, 636, 639, 651, 657, 664, 666, 670, 677, 687, 690, 698, 703, 704, 708, 713, 716, 724, 736, 737, 740, 742, 746, 759, 773, 778, 782, 793, 795, 801, 805, 814, 828, 830, 835, 838, 844, 848, 854, 858 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Arthur", "Hutchings", "stated", "that", "Chopin", "'s", "lack", "of", "what", "made", "him", "special", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 17, 24, 29, 35, 38, 43, 46, 51, 56, 60, 67 ] }

{ "text": [ "Byronic flamboyance" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 716 ], "end": [ 734 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 130 ], "end": [ 131 ] } ] }

[ "Byronic flamboyance" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Jones", "comments", "that", "\"", "Chopin", "'s", "unique", "position", "as", "a", "composer", ",", "despite", "the", "fact", "that", "virtually", "everything", "he", "wrote", "was", "for", "the", "piano", ",", "has", "rarely", "been", "questioned", ".", "\"", "He", "also", "notes", "that", "Chopin", "was", "fortunate", "to", "arrive", "in", "Paris", "in", "1831—\"the", "artistic", "environment", ",", "the", "publishers", "who", "were", "willing", "to", "print", "his", "music", ",", "the", "wealthy", "and", "aristocratic", "who", "paid", "what", "Chopin", "asked", "for", "their", "lessons\"—and", "these", "factors", ",", "as", "well", "as", "his", "musical", "genius", ",", "also", "fuelled", "his", "contemporary", "and", "later", "reputation", ".", "While", "his", "illness", "and", "his", "love", "-", "affairs", "conform", "to", "some", "of", "the", "stereotypes", "of", "romanticism", ",", "the", "rarity", "of", "his", "public", "recitals", "(", "as", "opposed", "to", "performances", "at", "fashionable", "Paris", "soirées", ")", "led", "Arthur", "Hutchings", "to", "suggest", "that", "\"", "his", "lack", "of", "Byronic", "flamboyance", "[", "and", "]", "his", "aristocratic", "reclusiveness", "make", "him", "exceptional", "\"", "among", "his", "romantic", "contemporaries", ",", "such", "as", "Liszt", "and", "Henri", "Herz", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 15, 20, 21, 27, 30, 37, 46, 49, 51, 59, 61, 69, 73, 78, 83, 93, 104, 107, 113, 117, 121, 125, 130, 132, 136, 143, 148, 158, 159, 161, 164, 169, 175, 180, 187, 191, 201, 204, 211, 214, 220, 223, 233, 242, 253, 255, 259, 270, 274, 279, 287, 290, 296, 300, 305, 307, 311, 319, 323, 336, 340, 345, 350, 357, 363, 367, 373, 386, 392, 399, 401, 404, 409, 412, 416, 424, 430, 432, 437, 445, 449, 462, 466, 472, 482, 484, 490, 494, 502, 506, 510, 514, 515, 523, 531, 534, 539, 542, 546, 558, 561, 572, 574, 578, 585, 588, 592, 599, 608, 609, 612, 620, 623, 636, 639, 651, 657, 664, 666, 670, 677, 687, 690, 698, 703, 704, 708, 713, 716, 724, 736, 737, 740, 742, 746, 759, 773, 778, 782, 793, 795, 801, 805, 814, 828, 830, 835, 838, 844, 848, 854, 858 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "were", "two", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "contemporaries", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 13, 16, 22, 25, 39 ] }

{ "text": [ "Liszt and Henri Herz" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 838 ], "end": [ 857 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 149 ], "end": [ 152 ] } ] }

[ "Liszt and Henri Herz" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Jones", "comments", "that", "\"", "Chopin", "'s", "unique", "position", "as", "a", "composer", ",", "despite", "the", "fact", "that", "virtually", "everything", "he", "wrote", "was", "for", "the", "piano", ",", "has", "rarely", "been", "questioned", ".", "\"", "He", "also", "notes", "that", "Chopin", "was", "fortunate", "to", "arrive", "in", "Paris", "in", "1831—\"the", "artistic", "environment", ",", "the", "publishers", "who", "were", "willing", "to", "print", "his", "music", ",", "the", "wealthy", "and", "aristocratic", "who", "paid", "what", "Chopin", "asked", "for", "their", "lessons\"—and", "these", "factors", ",", "as", "well", "as", "his", "musical", "genius", ",", "also", "fuelled", "his", "contemporary", "and", "later", "reputation", ".", "While", "his", "illness", "and", "his", "love", "-", "affairs", "conform", "to", "some", "of", "the", "stereotypes", "of", "romanticism", ",", "the", "rarity", "of", "his", "public", "recitals", "(", "as", "opposed", "to", "performances", "at", "fashionable", "Paris", "soirées", ")", "led", "Arthur", "Hutchings", "to", "suggest", "that", "\"", "his", "lack", "of", "Byronic", "flamboyance", "[", "and", "]", "his", "aristocratic", "reclusiveness", "make", "him", "exceptional", "\"", "among", "his", "romantic", "contemporaries", ",", "such", "as", "Liszt", "and", "Henri", "Herz", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 15, 20, 21, 27, 30, 37, 46, 49, 51, 59, 61, 69, 73, 78, 83, 93, 104, 107, 113, 117, 121, 125, 130, 132, 136, 143, 148, 158, 159, 161, 164, 169, 175, 180, 187, 191, 201, 204, 211, 214, 220, 223, 233, 242, 253, 255, 259, 270, 274, 279, 287, 290, 296, 300, 305, 307, 311, 319, 323, 336, 340, 345, 350, 357, 363, 367, 373, 386, 392, 399, 401, 404, 409, 412, 416, 424, 430, 432, 437, 445, 449, 462, 466, 472, 482, 484, 490, 494, 502, 506, 510, 514, 515, 523, 531, 534, 539, 542, 546, 558, 561, 572, 574, 578, 585, 588, 592, 599, 608, 609, 612, 620, 623, 636, 639, 651, 657, 664, 666, 670, 677, 687, 690, 698, 703, 704, 708, 713, 716, 724, 736, 737, 740, 742, 746, 759, 773, 778, 782, 793, 795, 801, 805, 814, 828, 830, 835, 838, 844, 848, 854, 858 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "place", "was", "considered", "lucky", "for", "Chopin", "to", "have", "arrived", "at", "considering", "how", "much", "he", "charged", "for", "piano", "lessons", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 11, 15, 26, 32, 36, 43, 46, 51, 59, 62, 74, 78, 83, 86, 94, 98, 104, 111 ] }

{ "text": [ "Paris" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 214 ], "end": [ 218 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ] }

[ "Paris" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Jones", "comments", "that", "\"", "Chopin", "'s", "unique", "position", "as", "a", "composer", ",", "despite", "the", "fact", "that", "virtually", "everything", "he", "wrote", "was", "for", "the", "piano", ",", "has", "rarely", "been", "questioned", ".", "\"", "He", "also", "notes", "that", "Chopin", "was", "fortunate", "to", "arrive", "in", "Paris", "in", "1831—\"the", "artistic", "environment", ",", "the", "publishers", "who", "were", "willing", "to", "print", "his", "music", ",", "the", "wealthy", "and", "aristocratic", "who", "paid", "what", "Chopin", "asked", "for", "their", "lessons\"—and", "these", "factors", ",", "as", "well", "as", "his", "musical", "genius", ",", "also", "fuelled", "his", "contemporary", "and", "later", "reputation", ".", "While", "his", "illness", "and", "his", "love", "-", "affairs", "conform", "to", "some", "of", "the", "stereotypes", "of", "romanticism", ",", "the", "rarity", "of", "his", "public", "recitals", "(", "as", "opposed", "to", "performances", "at", "fashionable", "Paris", "soirées", ")", "led", "Arthur", "Hutchings", "to", "suggest", "that", "\"", "his", "lack", "of", "Byronic", "flamboyance", "[", "and", "]", "his", "aristocratic", "reclusiveness", "make", "him", "exceptional", "\"", "among", "his", "romantic", "contemporaries", ",", "such", "as", "Liszt", "and", "Henri", "Herz", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 15, 20, 21, 27, 30, 37, 46, 49, 51, 59, 61, 69, 73, 78, 83, 93, 104, 107, 113, 117, 121, 125, 130, 132, 136, 143, 148, 158, 159, 161, 164, 169, 175, 180, 187, 191, 201, 204, 211, 214, 220, 223, 233, 242, 253, 255, 259, 270, 274, 279, 287, 290, 296, 300, 305, 307, 311, 319, 323, 336, 340, 345, 350, 357, 363, 367, 373, 386, 392, 399, 401, 404, 409, 412, 416, 424, 430, 432, 437, 445, 449, 462, 466, 472, 482, 484, 490, 494, 502, 506, 510, 514, 515, 523, 531, 534, 539, 542, 546, 558, 561, 572, 574, 578, 585, 588, 592, 599, 608, 609, 612, 620, 623, 636, 639, 651, 657, 664, 666, 670, 677, 687, 690, 698, 703, 704, 708, 713, 716, 724, 736, 737, 740, 742, 746, 759, 773, 778, 782, 793, 795, 801, 805, 814, 828, 830, 835, 838, 844, 848, 854, 858 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "said", "Chopin", "was", "unlike", "his", "romantic", "contemporaries", "Liszt", "and", "Henri", "Herz", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 16, 20, 27, 31, 40, 55, 61, 65, 71, 75 ] }

{ "text": [ "Arthur Hutchings" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 670 ], "end": [ 685 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 121 ], "end": [ 122 ] } ] }

[ "Arthur Hutchings" ]

{ "tokens": [ "J.", "Barrie", "Jones", "suggests", "that", "\"", "amongst", "the", "works", "that", "Chopin", "intended", "for", "concert", "use", ",", "the", "four", "ballades", "and", "four", "scherzos", "stand", "supreme", "\"", ",", "and", "adds", "that", "\"", "the", "Barcarolle", "Op", ".", "60", "stands", "apart", "as", "an", "example", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "rich", "harmonic", "palette", "coupled", "with", "an", "Italianate", "warmth", "of", "melody", ".", "\"", "Temperley", "opines", "that", "these", "works", ",", "which", "contain", "\"", "immense", "variety", "of", "mood", ",", "thematic", "material", "and", "structural", "detail", "\"", ",", "are", "based", "on", "an", "extended", "\"", "departure", "and", "return", "\"", "form", ";", "\"", "the", "more", "the", "middle", "section", "is", "extended", ",", "and", "the", "further", "it", "departs", "in", "key", ",", "mood", "and", "theme", ",", "from", "the", "opening", "idea", ",", "the", "more", "important", "and", "dramatic", "is", "the", "reprise", "when", "it", "at", "last", "comes", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 10, 16, 25, 30, 31, 39, 43, 49, 54, 61, 70, 74, 82, 85, 87, 91, 96, 105, 109, 114, 123, 129, 136, 137, 139, 143, 148, 153, 154, 158, 169, 171, 173, 176, 183, 189, 192, 195, 203, 206, 212, 215, 220, 229, 237, 245, 250, 253, 264, 271, 274, 280, 281, 283, 293, 300, 305, 311, 316, 318, 324, 332, 333, 341, 349, 352, 356, 358, 367, 376, 380, 391, 397, 398, 400, 404, 410, 413, 416, 425, 426, 436, 440, 446, 448, 452, 454, 455, 459, 464, 468, 475, 483, 486, 494, 496, 500, 504, 512, 515, 523, 526, 529, 531, 536, 540, 545, 547, 552, 556, 564, 568, 570, 574, 579, 589, 593, 602, 605, 609, 617, 622, 625, 628, 633, 638, 639 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "piece", "does", "J.", "Barrie", "Jones", "pinpoint", "as", "a", "great", "example", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "palette", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 11, 16, 19, 26, 32, 41, 44, 46, 52, 60, 63, 69, 72, 79 ] }

{ "text": [ "the Barcarolle Op. 60" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 154 ], "end": [ 174 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }

[ "the Barcarolle Op. 60" ]

{ "tokens": [ "J.", "Barrie", "Jones", "suggests", "that", "\"", "amongst", "the", "works", "that", "Chopin", "intended", "for", "concert", "use", ",", "the", "four", "ballades", "and", "four", "scherzos", "stand", "supreme", "\"", ",", "and", "adds", "that", "\"", "the", "Barcarolle", "Op", ".", "60", "stands", "apart", "as", "an", "example", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "rich", "harmonic", "palette", "coupled", "with", "an", "Italianate", "warmth", "of", "melody", ".", "\"", "Temperley", "opines", "that", "these", "works", ",", "which", "contain", "\"", "immense", "variety", "of", "mood", ",", "thematic", "material", "and", "structural", "detail", "\"", ",", "are", "based", "on", "an", "extended", "\"", "departure", "and", "return", "\"", "form", ";", "\"", "the", "more", "the", "middle", "section", "is", "extended", ",", "and", "the", "further", "it", "departs", "in", "key", ",", "mood", "and", "theme", ",", "from", "the", "opening", "idea", ",", "the", "more", "important", "and", "dramatic", "is", "the", "reprise", "when", "it", "at", "last", "comes", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 10, 16, 25, 30, 31, 39, 43, 49, 54, 61, 70, 74, 82, 85, 87, 91, 96, 105, 109, 114, 123, 129, 136, 137, 139, 143, 148, 153, 154, 158, 169, 171, 173, 176, 183, 189, 192, 195, 203, 206, 212, 215, 220, 229, 237, 245, 250, 253, 264, 271, 274, 280, 281, 283, 293, 300, 305, 311, 316, 318, 324, 332, 333, 341, 349, 352, 356, 358, 367, 376, 380, 391, 397, 398, 400, 404, 410, 413, 416, 425, 426, 436, 440, 446, 448, 452, 454, 455, 459, 464, 468, 475, 483, 486, 494, 496, 500, 504, 512, 515, 523, 526, 529, 531, 536, 540, 545, 547, 552, 556, 564, 568, 570, 574, 579, 589, 593, 602, 605, 609, 617, 622, 625, 628, 633, 638, 639 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "does", "J.", "Barrie", "Jones", "feel", "stands", "supreme", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "concert", "pieces", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 13, 20, 26, 31, 38, 46, 49, 55, 58, 66, 72 ] }

{ "text": [ "the four ballades and four scherzos" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 87 ], "end": [ 121 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }

[ "the four ballades and four scherzos" ]

{ "tokens": [ "J.", "Barrie", "Jones", "suggests", "that", "\"", "amongst", "the", "works", "that", "Chopin", "intended", "for", "concert", "use", ",", "the", "four", "ballades", "and", "four", "scherzos", "stand", "supreme", "\"", ",", "and", "adds", "that", "\"", "the", "Barcarolle", "Op", ".", "60", "stands", "apart", "as", "an", "example", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "rich", "harmonic", "palette", "coupled", "with", "an", "Italianate", "warmth", "of", "melody", ".", "\"", "Temperley", "opines", "that", "these", "works", ",", "which", "contain", "\"", "immense", "variety", "of", "mood", ",", "thematic", "material", "and", "structural", "detail", "\"", ",", "are", "based", "on", "an", "extended", "\"", "departure", "and", "return", "\"", "form", ";", "\"", "the", "more", "the", "middle", "section", "is", "extended", ",", "and", "the", "further", "it", "departs", "in", "key", ",", "mood", "and", "theme", ",", "from", "the", "opening", "idea", ",", "the", "more", "important", "and", "dramatic", "is", "the", "reprise", "when", "it", "at", "last", "comes", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 10, 16, 25, 30, 31, 39, 43, 49, 54, 61, 70, 74, 82, 85, 87, 91, 96, 105, 109, 114, 123, 129, 136, 137, 139, 143, 148, 153, 154, 158, 169, 171, 173, 176, 183, 189, 192, 195, 203, 206, 212, 215, 220, 229, 237, 245, 250, 253, 264, 271, 274, 280, 281, 283, 293, 300, 305, 311, 316, 318, 324, 332, 333, 341, 349, 352, 356, 358, 367, 376, 380, 391, 397, 398, 400, 404, 410, 413, 416, 425, 426, 436, 440, 446, 448, 452, 454, 455, 459, 464, 468, 475, 483, 486, 494, 496, 500, 504, 512, 515, 523, 526, 529, 531, 536, 540, 545, 547, 552, 556, 564, 568, 570, 574, 579, 589, 593, 602, 605, 609, 617, 622, 625, 628, 633, 638, 639 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "form", "does", "Temperley", "feel", "that", "Chopin", "'s", "ballades", "and", "scherzos", "are", "based", "on", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 30, 35, 41, 44, 53, 57, 66, 70, 76, 78 ] }

{ "text": [ "departure and return" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 426 ], "end": [ 445 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 82 ], "end": [ 84 ] } ] }

[ "departure and return" ]

{ "tokens": [ "In", "1358", ",", "the", "Sakya", "viceregal", "regime", "installed", "by", "the", "Mongols", "in", "Tibet", "was", "overthrown", "in", "a", "rebellion", "by", "the", "Phagmodru", "myriarch", "Tai", "Situ", "Changchub", "Gyaltsen", "(", "1302–1364", ")", ".", "The", "Mongol", "Yuan", "court", "was", "forced", "to", "accept", "him", "as", "the", "new", "viceroy", ",", "and", "Changchub", "Gyaltsen", "and", "his", "successors", ",", "the", "Phagmodrupa", "Dynasty", ",", "gained", "de", "facto", "rule", "over", "Tibet", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 7, 9, 13, 19, 29, 36, 46, 49, 53, 61, 64, 70, 74, 85, 88, 90, 100, 103, 107, 117, 126, 130, 135, 145, 154, 155, 164, 165, 167, 171, 178, 183, 189, 193, 200, 203, 210, 214, 217, 221, 225, 232, 234, 238, 248, 257, 261, 265, 275, 277, 281, 293, 300, 302, 309, 312, 318, 323, 328, 333 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "year", "was", "the", "Sakya", "viceregal", "regime", "eradicated", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 14, 18, 24, 34, 41, 51 ] }

{ "text": [ "1358" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }

[ "1358" ]

{ "tokens": [ "In", "1358", ",", "the", "Sakya", "viceregal", "regime", "installed", "by", "the", "Mongols", "in", "Tibet", "was", "overthrown", "in", "a", "rebellion", "by", "the", "Phagmodru", "myriarch", "Tai", "Situ", "Changchub", "Gyaltsen", "(", "1302–1364", ")", ".", "The", "Mongol", "Yuan", "court", "was", "forced", "to", "accept", "him", "as", "the", "new", "viceroy", ",", "and", "Changchub", "Gyaltsen", "and", "his", "successors", ",", "the", "Phagmodrupa", "Dynasty", ",", "gained", "de", "facto", "rule", "over", "Tibet", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 7, 9, 13, 19, 29, 36, 46, 49, 53, 61, 64, 70, 74, 85, 88, 90, 100, 103, 107, 117, 126, 130, 135, 145, 154, 155, 164, 165, 167, 171, 178, 183, 189, 193, 200, 203, 210, 214, 217, 221, 225, 232, 234, 238, 248, 257, 261, 265, 275, 277, 281, 293, 300, 302, 309, 312, 318, 323, 328, 333 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "placed", "the", "Sakya", "viceregal", "regime", "position", "of", "authority", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 11, 15, 21, 31, 38, 47, 50, 59 ] }

{ "text": [ "the Mongols in Tibet" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 68 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }

[ "the Mongols in Tibet" ]

{ "tokens": [ "In", "1358", ",", "the", "Sakya", "viceregal", "regime", "installed", "by", "the", "Mongols", "in", "Tibet", "was", "overthrown", "in", "a", "rebellion", "by", "the", "Phagmodru", "myriarch", "Tai", "Situ", "Changchub", "Gyaltsen", "(", "1302–1364", ")", ".", "The", "Mongol", "Yuan", "court", "was", "forced", "to", "accept", "him", "as", "the", "new", "viceroy", ",", "and", "Changchub", "Gyaltsen", "and", "his", "successors", ",", "the", "Phagmodrupa", "Dynasty", ",", "gained", "de", "facto", "rule", "over", "Tibet", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 7, 9, 13, 19, 29, 36, 46, 49, 53, 61, 64, 70, 74, 85, 88, 90, 100, 103, 107, 117, 126, 130, 135, 145, 154, 155, 164, 165, 167, 171, 178, 183, 189, 193, 200, 203, 210, 214, 217, 221, 225, 232, 234, 238, 248, 257, 261, 265, 275, 277, 281, 293, 300, 302, 309, 312, 318, 323, 328, 333 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "eradicated", "the", "Sakya", "viceregal", "regime", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 15, 19, 25, 35, 41 ] }

{ "text": [ "the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 103 ], "end": [ 152 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }

[ "the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen" ]

{ "tokens": [ "In", "1358", ",", "the", "Sakya", "viceregal", "regime", "installed", "by", "the", "Mongols", "in", "Tibet", "was", "overthrown", "in", "a", "rebellion", "by", "the", "Phagmodru", "myriarch", "Tai", "Situ", "Changchub", "Gyaltsen", "(", "1302–1364", ")", ".", "The", "Mongol", "Yuan", "court", "was", "forced", "to", "accept", "him", "as", "the", "new", "viceroy", ",", "and", "Changchub", "Gyaltsen", "and", "his", "successors", ",", "the", "Phagmodrupa", "Dynasty", ",", "gained", "de", "facto", "rule", "over", "Tibet", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 7, 9, 13, 19, 29, 36, 46, 49, 53, 61, 64, 70, 74, 85, 88, 90, 100, 103, 107, 117, 126, 130, 135, 145, 154, 155, 164, 165, 167, 171, 178, 183, 189, 193, 200, 203, 210, 214, 217, 221, 225, 232, 234, 238, 248, 257, 261, 265, 275, 277, 281, 293, 300, 302, 309, 312, 318, 323, 328, 333 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Which", "dynasty", "became", "ruler", "of", "Tibet", "?", " " ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 14, 21, 27, 30, 35, 37 ] }

{ "text": [ "the Phagmodrupa Dynasty" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 277 ], "end": [ 299 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 53 ] } ] }

[ "the Phagmodrupa Dynasty" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Wang", "and", "Nyima", "argue", "that", "the", "Ming", "emperor", "sent", "edicts", "to", "Tibet", "twice", "in", "the", "second", "year", "of", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", ",", "and", "demonstrated", "that", "he", "viewed", "Tibet", "as", "a", "significant", "region", "to", "pacify", "by", "urging", "various", "Tibetan", "tribes", "to", "submit", "to", "the", "authority", "of", "the", "Ming", "court", ".", "They", "note", "that", "at", "the", "same", "time", ",", "the", "Mongol", "Prince", "Punala", ",", "who", "had", "inherited", "his", "position", "as", "ruler", "of", "areas", "of", "Tibet", ",", "went", "to", "Nanjing", "in", "1371", "to", "pay", "tribute", "and", "show", "his", "allegiance", "to", "the", "Ming", "court", ",", "bringing", "with", "him", "the", "seal", "of", "authority", "issued", "by", "the", "Yuan", "court", ".", "They", "also", "state", "that", "since", "successors", "of", "lamas", "granted", "the", "title", "of", "\"", "prince", "\"", "had", "to", "travel", "to", "the", "Ming", "court", "to", "renew", "this", "title", ",", "and", "since", "lamas", "called", "themselves", "princes", ",", "the", "Ming", "court", "therefore", "had", "\"", "full", "sovereignty", "over", "Tibet", ".", "\"", "They", "state", "that", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", ",", "by", "issuing", "imperial", "edicts", "to", "invite", "ex", "-", "Yuan", "officials", "to", "the", "court", "for", "official", "positions", "in", "the", "early", "years", "of", "its", "founding", ",", "won", "submission", "from", "ex", "-", "Yuan", "religious", "and", "administrative", "leaders", "in", "the", "Tibetan", "areas", ",", "and", "thereby", "incorporated", "Tibetan", "areas", "into", "the", "rule", "of", "the", "Ming", "court", ".", "Thus", ",", "they", "conclude", ",", "the", "Ming", "court", "won", "the", "power", "to", "rule", "Tibetan", "areas", "formerly", "under", "the", "rule", "of", "the", "Yuan", "dynasty", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 15, 21, 26, 30, 35, 43, 48, 55, 58, 64, 70, 73, 77, 84, 89, 92, 96, 101, 108, 110, 114, 127, 132, 135, 142, 148, 151, 153, 165, 172, 175, 182, 185, 192, 200, 208, 215, 218, 225, 228, 232, 242, 245, 249, 254, 259, 261, 266, 271, 276, 279, 283, 288, 292, 294, 298, 305, 312, 318, 320, 324, 328, 338, 342, 351, 354, 360, 363, 369, 372, 377, 379, 384, 387, 395, 398, 403, 406, 410, 418, 422, 427, 431, 442, 445, 449, 454, 459, 461, 470, 475, 479, 483, 488, 491, 501, 508, 511, 515, 520, 525, 527, 532, 537, 543, 548, 554, 565, 568, 574, 582, 586, 592, 595, 596, 602, 604, 608, 611, 618, 621, 625, 630, 636, 639, 645, 650, 655, 657, 661, 667, 673, 680, 691, 698, 700, 704, 709, 715, 725, 729, 730, 735, 747, 752, 757, 758, 760, 765, 771, 776, 780, 785, 792, 794, 797, 805, 814, 821, 824, 831, 833, 834, 839, 849, 852, 856, 862, 866, 875, 885, 888, 892, 898, 904, 907, 911, 919, 921, 925, 936, 941, 943, 944, 949, 959, 963, 978, 986, 989, 993, 1001, 1006, 1008, 1012, 1020, 1033, 1041, 1047, 1052, 1056, 1061, 1064, 1068, 1073, 1078, 1080, 1084, 1086, 1091, 1099, 1101, 1105, 1110, 1116, 1120, 1124, 1130, 1133, 1138, 1146, 1152, 1161, 1167, 1171, 1176, 1179, 1183, 1188, 1195 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "believed", "that", "the", "Ming", "court", "had", "full", "sovereignty", "over", "Tibet", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 13, 18, 22, 27, 33, 37, 42, 54, 59, 64 ] }

{ "text": [ "Wang and Nyima" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }

[ "Wang and Nyima" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Wang", "and", "Nyima", "argue", "that", "the", "Ming", "emperor", "sent", "edicts", "to", "Tibet", "twice", "in", "the", "second", "year", "of", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", ",", "and", "demonstrated", "that", "he", "viewed", "Tibet", "as", "a", "significant", "region", "to", "pacify", "by", "urging", "various", "Tibetan", "tribes", "to", "submit", "to", "the", "authority", "of", "the", "Ming", "court", ".", "They", "note", "that", "at", "the", "same", "time", ",", "the", "Mongol", "Prince", "Punala", ",", "who", "had", "inherited", "his", "position", "as", "ruler", "of", "areas", "of", "Tibet", ",", "went", "to", "Nanjing", "in", "1371", "to", "pay", "tribute", "and", "show", "his", "allegiance", "to", "the", "Ming", "court", ",", "bringing", "with", "him", "the", "seal", "of", "authority", "issued", "by", "the", "Yuan", "court", ".", "They", "also", "state", "that", "since", "successors", "of", "lamas", "granted", "the", "title", "of", "\"", "prince", "\"", "had", "to", "travel", "to", "the", "Ming", "court", "to", "renew", "this", "title", ",", "and", "since", "lamas", "called", "themselves", "princes", ",", "the", "Ming", "court", "therefore", "had", "\"", "full", "sovereignty", "over", "Tibet", ".", "\"", "They", "state", "that", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", ",", "by", "issuing", "imperial", "edicts", "to", "invite", "ex", "-", "Yuan", "officials", "to", "the", "court", "for", "official", "positions", "in", "the", "early", "years", "of", "its", "founding", ",", "won", "submission", "from", "ex", "-", "Yuan", "religious", "and", "administrative", "leaders", "in", "the", "Tibetan", "areas", ",", "and", "thereby", "incorporated", "Tibetan", "areas", "into", "the", "rule", "of", "the", "Ming", "court", ".", "Thus", ",", "they", "conclude", ",", "the", "Ming", "court", "won", "the", "power", "to", "rule", "Tibetan", "areas", "formerly", "under", "the", "rule", "of", "the", "Yuan", "dynasty", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 15, 21, 26, 30, 35, 43, 48, 55, 58, 64, 70, 73, 77, 84, 89, 92, 96, 101, 108, 110, 114, 127, 132, 135, 142, 148, 151, 153, 165, 172, 175, 182, 185, 192, 200, 208, 215, 218, 225, 228, 232, 242, 245, 249, 254, 259, 261, 266, 271, 276, 279, 283, 288, 292, 294, 298, 305, 312, 318, 320, 324, 328, 338, 342, 351, 354, 360, 363, 369, 372, 377, 379, 384, 387, 395, 398, 403, 406, 410, 418, 422, 427, 431, 442, 445, 449, 454, 459, 461, 470, 475, 479, 483, 488, 491, 501, 508, 511, 515, 520, 525, 527, 532, 537, 543, 548, 554, 565, 568, 574, 582, 586, 592, 595, 596, 602, 604, 608, 611, 618, 621, 625, 630, 636, 639, 645, 650, 655, 657, 661, 667, 673, 680, 691, 698, 700, 704, 709, 715, 725, 729, 730, 735, 747, 752, 757, 758, 760, 765, 771, 776, 780, 785, 792, 794, 797, 805, 814, 821, 824, 831, 833, 834, 839, 849, 852, 856, 862, 866, 875, 885, 888, 892, 898, 904, 907, 911, 919, 921, 925, 936, 941, 943, 944, 949, 959, 963, 978, 986, 989, 993, 1001, 1006, 1008, 1012, 1020, 1033, 1041, 1047, 1052, 1056, 1061, 1064, 1068, 1073, 1078, 1080, 1084, 1086, 1091, 1099, 1101, 1105, 1110, 1116, 1120, 1124, 1130, 1133, 1138, 1146, 1152, 1161, 1167, 1171, 1176, 1179, 1183, 1188, 1195 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "year", "did", "Wang", "and", "Nyima", "believe", "that", "the", "Mongol", "Prince", "Punala", "went", "to", "Nanjing", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 14, 19, 23, 29, 37, 42, 46, 53, 60, 67, 72, 75, 82 ] }

{ "text": [ "1371" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 398 ], "end": [ 401 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 78 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ] }

[ "1371" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Wang", "and", "Nyima", "argue", "that", "the", "Ming", "emperor", "sent", "edicts", "to", "Tibet", "twice", "in", "the", "second", "year", "of", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", ",", "and", "demonstrated", "that", "he", "viewed", "Tibet", "as", "a", "significant", "region", "to", "pacify", "by", "urging", "various", "Tibetan", "tribes", "to", "submit", "to", "the", "authority", "of", "the", "Ming", "court", ".", "They", "note", "that", "at", "the", "same", "time", ",", "the", "Mongol", "Prince", "Punala", ",", "who", "had", "inherited", "his", "position", "as", "ruler", "of", "areas", "of", "Tibet", ",", "went", "to", "Nanjing", "in", "1371", "to", "pay", "tribute", "and", "show", "his", "allegiance", "to", "the", "Ming", "court", ",", "bringing", "with", "him", "the", "seal", "of", "authority", "issued", "by", "the", "Yuan", "court", ".", "They", "also", "state", "that", "since", "successors", "of", "lamas", "granted", "the", "title", "of", "\"", "prince", "\"", "had", "to", "travel", "to", "the", "Ming", "court", "to", "renew", "this", "title", ",", "and", "since", "lamas", "called", "themselves", "princes", ",", "the", "Ming", "court", "therefore", "had", "\"", "full", "sovereignty", "over", "Tibet", ".", "\"", "They", "state", "that", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", ",", "by", "issuing", "imperial", "edicts", "to", "invite", "ex", "-", "Yuan", "officials", "to", "the", "court", "for", "official", "positions", "in", "the", "early", "years", "of", "its", "founding", ",", "won", "submission", "from", "ex", "-", "Yuan", "religious", "and", "administrative", "leaders", "in", "the", "Tibetan", "areas", ",", "and", "thereby", "incorporated", "Tibetan", "areas", "into", "the", "rule", "of", "the", "Ming", "court", ".", "Thus", ",", "they", "conclude", ",", "the", "Ming", "court", "won", "the", "power", "to", "rule", "Tibetan", "areas", "formerly", "under", "the", "rule", "of", "the", "Yuan", "dynasty", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 15, 21, 26, 30, 35, 43, 48, 55, 58, 64, 70, 73, 77, 84, 89, 92, 96, 101, 108, 110, 114, 127, 132, 135, 142, 148, 151, 153, 165, 172, 175, 182, 185, 192, 200, 208, 215, 218, 225, 228, 232, 242, 245, 249, 254, 259, 261, 266, 271, 276, 279, 283, 288, 292, 294, 298, 305, 312, 318, 320, 324, 328, 338, 342, 351, 354, 360, 363, 369, 372, 377, 379, 384, 387, 395, 398, 403, 406, 410, 418, 422, 427, 431, 442, 445, 449, 454, 459, 461, 470, 475, 479, 483, 488, 491, 501, 508, 511, 515, 520, 525, 527, 532, 537, 543, 548, 554, 565, 568, 574, 582, 586, 592, 595, 596, 602, 604, 608, 611, 618, 621, 625, 630, 636, 639, 645, 650, 655, 657, 661, 667, 673, 680, 691, 698, 700, 704, 709, 715, 725, 729, 730, 735, 747, 752, 757, 758, 760, 765, 771, 776, 780, 785, 792, 794, 797, 805, 814, 821, 824, 831, 833, 834, 839, 849, 852, 856, 862, 866, 875, 885, 888, 892, 898, 904, 907, 911, 919, 921, 925, 936, 941, 943, 944, 949, 959, 963, 978, 986, 989, 993, 1001, 1006, 1008, 1012, 1020, 1033, 1041, 1047, 1052, 1056, 1061, 1064, 1068, 1073, 1078, 1080, 1084, 1086, 1091, 1099, 1101, 1105, 1110, 1116, 1120, 1124, 1130, 1133, 1138, 1146, 1152, 1161, 1167, 1171, 1176, 1179, 1183, 1188, 1195 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "did", "the", "lamas", "called", "themselves", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 13, 19, 26, 36 ] }

{ "text": [ "princes" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 691 ], "end": [ 697 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 136 ], "end": [ 136 ] } ] }

[ "princes" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Wang", "and", "Nyima", "argue", "that", "the", "Ming", "emperor", "sent", "edicts", "to", "Tibet", "twice", "in", "the", "second", "year", "of", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", ",", "and", "demonstrated", "that", "he", "viewed", "Tibet", "as", "a", "significant", "region", "to", "pacify", "by", "urging", "various", "Tibetan", "tribes", "to", "submit", "to", "the", "authority", "of", "the", "Ming", "court", ".", "They", "note", "that", "at", "the", "same", "time", ",", "the", "Mongol", "Prince", "Punala", ",", "who", "had", "inherited", "his", "position", "as", "ruler", "of", "areas", "of", "Tibet", ",", "went", "to", "Nanjing", "in", "1371", "to", "pay", "tribute", "and", "show", "his", "allegiance", "to", "the", "Ming", "court", ",", "bringing", "with", "him", "the", "seal", "of", "authority", "issued", "by", "the", "Yuan", "court", ".", "They", "also", "state", "that", "since", "successors", "of", "lamas", "granted", "the", "title", "of", "\"", "prince", "\"", "had", "to", "travel", "to", "the", "Ming", "court", "to", "renew", "this", "title", ",", "and", "since", "lamas", "called", "themselves", "princes", ",", "the", "Ming", "court", "therefore", "had", "\"", "full", "sovereignty", "over", "Tibet", ".", "\"", "They", "state", "that", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", ",", "by", "issuing", "imperial", "edicts", "to", "invite", "ex", "-", "Yuan", "officials", "to", "the", "court", "for", "official", "positions", "in", "the", "early", "years", "of", "its", "founding", ",", "won", "submission", "from", "ex", "-", "Yuan", "religious", "and", "administrative", "leaders", "in", "the", "Tibetan", "areas", ",", "and", "thereby", "incorporated", "Tibetan", "areas", "into", "the", "rule", "of", "the", "Ming", "court", ".", "Thus", ",", "they", "conclude", ",", "the", "Ming", "court", "won", "the", "power", "to", "rule", "Tibetan", "areas", "formerly", "under", "the", "rule", "of", "the", "Yuan", "dynasty", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 15, 21, 26, 30, 35, 43, 48, 55, 58, 64, 70, 73, 77, 84, 89, 92, 96, 101, 108, 110, 114, 127, 132, 135, 142, 148, 151, 153, 165, 172, 175, 182, 185, 192, 200, 208, 215, 218, 225, 228, 232, 242, 245, 249, 254, 259, 261, 266, 271, 276, 279, 283, 288, 292, 294, 298, 305, 312, 318, 320, 324, 328, 338, 342, 351, 354, 360, 363, 369, 372, 377, 379, 384, 387, 395, 398, 403, 406, 410, 418, 422, 427, 431, 442, 445, 449, 454, 459, 461, 470, 475, 479, 483, 488, 491, 501, 508, 511, 515, 520, 525, 527, 532, 537, 543, 548, 554, 565, 568, 574, 582, 586, 592, 595, 596, 602, 604, 608, 611, 618, 621, 625, 630, 636, 639, 645, 650, 655, 657, 661, 667, 673, 680, 691, 698, 700, 704, 709, 715, 725, 729, 730, 735, 747, 752, 757, 758, 760, 765, 771, 776, 780, 785, 792, 794, 797, 805, 814, 821, 824, 831, 833, 834, 839, 849, 852, 856, 862, 866, 875, 885, 888, 892, 898, 904, 907, 911, 919, 921, 925, 936, 941, 943, 944, 949, 959, 963, 978, 986, 989, 993, 1001, 1006, 1008, 1012, 1020, 1033, 1041, 1047, 1052, 1056, 1061, 1064, 1068, 1073, 1078, 1080, 1084, 1086, 1091, 1099, 1101, 1105, 1110, 1116, 1120, 1124, 1130, 1133, 1138, 1146, 1152, 1161, 1167, 1171, 1176, 1179, 1183, 1188, 1195 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "edicts", "did", "the", "Ming", "issue", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30 ] }

{ "text": [ "imperial edicts" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 805 ], "end": [ 819 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 159 ], "end": [ 160 ] } ] }

[ "imperial edicts" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "his", "mazurkas", "and", "polonaises", ",", "Chopin", "has", "been", "credited", "with", "introducing", "to", "music", "a", "new", "sense", "of", "nationalism", ".", "Schumann", ",", "in", "his", "1836", "review", "of", "the", "piano", "concertos", ",", "highlighted", "the", "composer", "'s", "strong", "feelings", "for", "his", "native", "Poland", ",", "writing", "that", "\"", "Now", "that", "the", "Poles", "are", "in", "deep", "mourning", "[", "after", "the", "failure", "of", "the", "November", "1830", "rising", "]", ",", "their", "appeal", "to", "us", "artists", "is", "even", "stronger", "...", "If", "the", "mighty", "autocrat", "in", "the", "north", "[", "i.e.", "Nicholas", "I", "of", "Russia", "]", "could", "know", "that", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", ",", "in", "the", "simple", "strains", "of", "his", "mazurkas", ",", "there", "lurks", "a", "dangerous", "enemy", ",", "he", "would", "place", "a", "ban", "on", "his", "music", ".", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "are", "cannon", "buried", "in", "flowers", "!", "\"", "The", "biography", "of", "Chopin", "published", "in", "1863", "under", "the", "name", "of", "Franz", "Liszt", "(", "but", "probably", "written", "by", "Carolyne", "zu", "Sayn", "-", "Wittgenstein", ")", "claims", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "must", "be", "ranked", "first", "among", "the", "first", "musicians", "...", "individualizing", "in", "themselves", "the", "poetic", "sense", "of", "an", "entire", "nation", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 18, 22, 32, 34, 41, 45, 50, 59, 64, 76, 79, 85, 87, 91, 97, 100, 111, 113, 121, 123, 126, 130, 135, 142, 145, 149, 155, 164, 166, 178, 182, 190, 193, 200, 209, 213, 217, 224, 230, 232, 240, 245, 246, 250, 255, 259, 265, 269, 272, 277, 286, 287, 293, 297, 305, 308, 312, 321, 326, 332, 333, 335, 341, 348, 351, 354, 362, 365, 370, 379, 383, 386, 390, 397, 406, 409, 413, 419, 420, 425, 434, 436, 439, 445, 447, 453, 458, 463, 466, 472, 475, 480, 482, 485, 489, 496, 504, 507, 511, 519, 521, 527, 533, 535, 545, 550, 552, 555, 561, 567, 569, 573, 576, 580, 585, 587, 593, 596, 602, 606, 613, 620, 623, 630, 631, 633, 637, 647, 650, 657, 667, 670, 675, 681, 685, 690, 693, 699, 705, 706, 710, 719, 727, 730, 739, 742, 746, 747, 759, 761, 768, 773, 780, 781, 786, 789, 796, 802, 808, 812, 818, 828, 832, 848, 851, 862, 866, 873, 879, 882, 885, 892, 898, 899 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Chopin", "was", "noted", "as", "introducing", "music", "to", "what", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 11, 17, 20, 32, 38, 41, 45 ] }

{ "text": [ "sense of nationalism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 91 ], "end": [ 110 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 18 ] } ] }

[ "sense of nationalism" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "his", "mazurkas", "and", "polonaises", ",", "Chopin", "has", "been", "credited", "with", "introducing", "to", "music", "a", "new", "sense", "of", "nationalism", ".", "Schumann", ",", "in", "his", "1836", "review", "of", "the", "piano", "concertos", ",", "highlighted", "the", "composer", "'s", "strong", "feelings", "for", "his", "native", "Poland", ",", "writing", "that", "\"", "Now", "that", "the", "Poles", "are", "in", "deep", "mourning", "[", "after", "the", "failure", "of", "the", "November", "1830", "rising", "]", ",", "their", "appeal", "to", "us", "artists", "is", "even", "stronger", "...", "If", "the", "mighty", "autocrat", "in", "the", "north", "[", "i.e.", "Nicholas", "I", "of", "Russia", "]", "could", "know", "that", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", ",", "in", "the", "simple", "strains", "of", "his", "mazurkas", ",", "there", "lurks", "a", "dangerous", "enemy", ",", "he", "would", "place", "a", "ban", "on", "his", "music", ".", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "are", "cannon", "buried", "in", "flowers", "!", "\"", "The", "biography", "of", "Chopin", "published", "in", "1863", "under", "the", "name", "of", "Franz", "Liszt", "(", "but", "probably", "written", "by", "Carolyne", "zu", "Sayn", "-", "Wittgenstein", ")", "claims", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "must", "be", "ranked", "first", "among", "the", "first", "musicians", "...", "individualizing", "in", "themselves", "the", "poetic", "sense", "of", "an", "entire", "nation", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 18, 22, 32, 34, 41, 45, 50, 59, 64, 76, 79, 85, 87, 91, 97, 100, 111, 113, 121, 123, 126, 130, 135, 142, 145, 149, 155, 164, 166, 178, 182, 190, 193, 200, 209, 213, 217, 224, 230, 232, 240, 245, 246, 250, 255, 259, 265, 269, 272, 277, 286, 287, 293, 297, 305, 308, 312, 321, 326, 332, 333, 335, 341, 348, 351, 354, 362, 365, 370, 379, 383, 386, 390, 397, 406, 409, 413, 419, 420, 425, 434, 436, 439, 445, 447, 453, 458, 463, 466, 472, 475, 480, 482, 485, 489, 496, 504, 507, 511, 519, 521, 527, 533, 535, 545, 550, 552, 555, 561, 567, 569, 573, 576, 580, 585, 587, 593, 596, 602, 606, 613, 620, 623, 630, 631, 633, 637, 647, 650, 657, 667, 670, 675, 681, 685, 690, 693, 699, 705, 706, 710, 719, 727, 730, 739, 742, 746, 747, 759, 761, 768, 773, 780, 781, 786, 789, 796, 802, 808, 812, 818, 828, 832, 848, 851, 862, 866, 873, 879, 882, 885, 892, 898, 899 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "year", "did", "Schumann", "review", "Chopin", "'s", "piano", "concertos", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 14, 23, 30, 36, 39, 45, 54 ] }

{ "text": [ "1836" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 130 ], "end": [ 133 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ] }

[ "1836" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "his", "mazurkas", "and", "polonaises", ",", "Chopin", "has", "been", "credited", "with", "introducing", "to", "music", "a", "new", "sense", "of", "nationalism", ".", "Schumann", ",", "in", "his", "1836", "review", "of", "the", "piano", "concertos", ",", "highlighted", "the", "composer", "'s", "strong", "feelings", "for", "his", "native", "Poland", ",", "writing", "that", "\"", "Now", "that", "the", "Poles", "are", "in", "deep", "mourning", "[", "after", "the", "failure", "of", "the", "November", "1830", "rising", "]", ",", "their", "appeal", "to", "us", "artists", "is", "even", "stronger", "...", "If", "the", "mighty", "autocrat", "in", "the", "north", "[", "i.e.", "Nicholas", "I", "of", "Russia", "]", "could", "know", "that", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", ",", "in", "the", "simple", "strains", "of", "his", "mazurkas", ",", "there", "lurks", "a", "dangerous", "enemy", ",", "he", "would", "place", "a", "ban", "on", "his", "music", ".", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "are", "cannon", "buried", "in", "flowers", "!", "\"", "The", "biography", "of", "Chopin", "published", "in", "1863", "under", "the", "name", "of", "Franz", "Liszt", "(", "but", "probably", "written", "by", "Carolyne", "zu", "Sayn", "-", "Wittgenstein", ")", "claims", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "must", "be", "ranked", "first", "among", "the", "first", "musicians", "...", "individualizing", "in", "themselves", "the", "poetic", "sense", "of", "an", "entire", "nation", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 18, 22, 32, 34, 41, 45, 50, 59, 64, 76, 79, 85, 87, 91, 97, 100, 111, 113, 121, 123, 126, 130, 135, 142, 145, 149, 155, 164, 166, 178, 182, 190, 193, 200, 209, 213, 217, 224, 230, 232, 240, 245, 246, 250, 255, 259, 265, 269, 272, 277, 286, 287, 293, 297, 305, 308, 312, 321, 326, 332, 333, 335, 341, 348, 351, 354, 362, 365, 370, 379, 383, 386, 390, 397, 406, 409, 413, 419, 420, 425, 434, 436, 439, 445, 447, 453, 458, 463, 466, 472, 475, 480, 482, 485, 489, 496, 504, 507, 511, 519, 521, 527, 533, 535, 545, 550, 552, 555, 561, 567, 569, 573, 576, 580, 585, 587, 593, 596, 602, 606, 613, 620, 623, 630, 631, 633, 637, 647, 650, 657, 667, 670, 675, 681, 685, 690, 693, 699, 705, 706, 710, 719, 727, 730, 739, 742, 746, 747, 759, 761, 768, 773, 780, 781, 786, 789, 796, 802, 808, 812, 818, 828, 832, 848, 851, 862, 866, 873, 879, 882, 885, 892, 898, 899 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "In", "his", "review", "Schumann", "made", "note", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "emotions", "for", "what", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 7, 14, 23, 28, 33, 36, 42, 45, 54, 58, 62 ] }

{ "text": [ "Poland" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 224 ], "end": [ 229 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 40 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }

[ "Poland" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "his", "mazurkas", "and", "polonaises", ",", "Chopin", "has", "been", "credited", "with", "introducing", "to", "music", "a", "new", "sense", "of", "nationalism", ".", "Schumann", ",", "in", "his", "1836", "review", "of", "the", "piano", "concertos", ",", "highlighted", "the", "composer", "'s", "strong", "feelings", "for", "his", "native", "Poland", ",", "writing", "that", "\"", "Now", "that", "the", "Poles", "are", "in", "deep", "mourning", "[", "after", "the", "failure", "of", "the", "November", "1830", "rising", "]", ",", "their", "appeal", "to", "us", "artists", "is", "even", "stronger", "...", "If", "the", "mighty", "autocrat", "in", "the", "north", "[", "i.e.", "Nicholas", "I", "of", "Russia", "]", "could", "know", "that", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", ",", "in", "the", "simple", "strains", "of", "his", "mazurkas", ",", "there", "lurks", "a", "dangerous", "enemy", ",", "he", "would", "place", "a", "ban", "on", "his", "music", ".", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "are", "cannon", "buried", "in", "flowers", "!", "\"", "The", "biography", "of", "Chopin", "published", "in", "1863", "under", "the", "name", "of", "Franz", "Liszt", "(", "but", "probably", "written", "by", "Carolyne", "zu", "Sayn", "-", "Wittgenstein", ")", "claims", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "must", "be", "ranked", "first", "among", "the", "first", "musicians", "...", "individualizing", "in", "themselves", "the", "poetic", "sense", "of", "an", "entire", "nation", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 18, 22, 32, 34, 41, 45, 50, 59, 64, 76, 79, 85, 87, 91, 97, 100, 111, 113, 121, 123, 126, 130, 135, 142, 145, 149, 155, 164, 166, 178, 182, 190, 193, 200, 209, 213, 217, 224, 230, 232, 240, 245, 246, 250, 255, 259, 265, 269, 272, 277, 286, 287, 293, 297, 305, 308, 312, 321, 326, 332, 333, 335, 341, 348, 351, 354, 362, 365, 370, 379, 383, 386, 390, 397, 406, 409, 413, 419, 420, 425, 434, 436, 439, 445, 447, 453, 458, 463, 466, 472, 475, 480, 482, 485, 489, 496, 504, 507, 511, 519, 521, 527, 533, 535, 545, 550, 552, 555, 561, 567, 569, 573, 576, 580, 585, 587, 593, 596, 602, 606, 613, 620, 623, 630, 631, 633, 637, 647, 650, 657, 667, 670, 675, 681, 685, 690, 693, 699, 705, 706, 710, 719, 727, 730, 739, 742, 746, 747, 759, 761, 768, 773, 780, 781, 786, 789, 796, 802, 808, 812, 818, 828, 832, 848, 851, 862, 866, 873, 879, 882, 885, 892, 898, 899 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Why", "did", "Schumann", "say", "the", "Poles", "were", "in", "mourning", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 17, 21, 25, 31, 36, 39, 47 ] }

{ "text": [ "the failure of the November 1830" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 293 ], "end": [ 324 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 55 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ] }

[ "the failure of the November 1830" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "his", "mazurkas", "and", "polonaises", ",", "Chopin", "has", "been", "credited", "with", "introducing", "to", "music", "a", "new", "sense", "of", "nationalism", ".", "Schumann", ",", "in", "his", "1836", "review", "of", "the", "piano", "concertos", ",", "highlighted", "the", "composer", "'s", "strong", "feelings", "for", "his", "native", "Poland", ",", "writing", "that", "\"", "Now", "that", "the", "Poles", "are", "in", "deep", "mourning", "[", "after", "the", "failure", "of", "the", "November", "1830", "rising", "]", ",", "their", "appeal", "to", "us", "artists", "is", "even", "stronger", "...", "If", "the", "mighty", "autocrat", "in", "the", "north", "[", "i.e.", "Nicholas", "I", "of", "Russia", "]", "could", "know", "that", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", ",", "in", "the", "simple", "strains", "of", "his", "mazurkas", ",", "there", "lurks", "a", "dangerous", "enemy", ",", "he", "would", "place", "a", "ban", "on", "his", "music", ".", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "are", "cannon", "buried", "in", "flowers", "!", "\"", "The", "biography", "of", "Chopin", "published", "in", "1863", "under", "the", "name", "of", "Franz", "Liszt", "(", "but", "probably", "written", "by", "Carolyne", "zu", "Sayn", "-", "Wittgenstein", ")", "claims", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "must", "be", "ranked", "first", "among", "the", "first", "musicians", "...", "individualizing", "in", "themselves", "the", "poetic", "sense", "of", "an", "entire", "nation", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 18, 22, 32, 34, 41, 45, 50, 59, 64, 76, 79, 85, 87, 91, 97, 100, 111, 113, 121, 123, 126, 130, 135, 142, 145, 149, 155, 164, 166, 178, 182, 190, 193, 200, 209, 213, 217, 224, 230, 232, 240, 245, 246, 250, 255, 259, 265, 269, 272, 277, 286, 287, 293, 297, 305, 308, 312, 321, 326, 332, 333, 335, 341, 348, 351, 354, 362, 365, 370, 379, 383, 386, 390, 397, 406, 409, 413, 419, 420, 425, 434, 436, 439, 445, 447, 453, 458, 463, 466, 472, 475, 480, 482, 485, 489, 496, 504, 507, 511, 519, 521, 527, 533, 535, 545, 550, 552, 555, 561, 567, 569, 573, 576, 580, 585, 587, 593, 596, 602, 606, 613, 620, 623, 630, 631, 633, 637, 647, 650, 657, 667, 670, 675, 681, 685, 690, 693, 699, 705, 706, 710, 719, 727, 730, 739, 742, 746, 747, 759, 761, 768, 773, 780, 781, 786, 789, 796, 802, 808, 812, 818, 828, 832, 848, 851, 862, 866, 873, 879, 882, 885, 892, 898, 899 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "A", "biography", "on", "Chopin", "released", "under", "Franz", "Liszt", "'s", "name", "was", "likely", "written", "by", "who", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 2, 12, 15, 22, 31, 37, 43, 48, 51, 56, 60, 67, 75, 78, 81 ] }

{ "text": [ "Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 730 ], "end": [ 758 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 146 ], "end": [ 150 ] } ] }

[ "Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "his", "mazurkas", "and", "polonaises", ",", "Chopin", "has", "been", "credited", "with", "introducing", "to", "music", "a", "new", "sense", "of", "nationalism", ".", "Schumann", ",", "in", "his", "1836", "review", "of", "the", "piano", "concertos", ",", "highlighted", "the", "composer", "'s", "strong", "feelings", "for", "his", "native", "Poland", ",", "writing", "that", "\"", "Now", "that", "the", "Poles", "are", "in", "deep", "mourning", "[", "after", "the", "failure", "of", "the", "November", "1830", "rising", "]", ",", "their", "appeal", "to", "us", "artists", "is", "even", "stronger", "...", "If", "the", "mighty", "autocrat", "in", "the", "north", "[", "i.e.", "Nicholas", "I", "of", "Russia", "]", "could", "know", "that", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", ",", "in", "the", "simple", "strains", "of", "his", "mazurkas", ",", "there", "lurks", "a", "dangerous", "enemy", ",", "he", "would", "place", "a", "ban", "on", "his", "music", ".", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "are", "cannon", "buried", "in", "flowers", "!", "\"", "The", "biography", "of", "Chopin", "published", "in", "1863", "under", "the", "name", "of", "Franz", "Liszt", "(", "but", "probably", "written", "by", "Carolyne", "zu", "Sayn", "-", "Wittgenstein", ")", "claims", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "must", "be", "ranked", "first", "among", "the", "first", "musicians", "...", "individualizing", "in", "themselves", "the", "poetic", "sense", "of", "an", "entire", "nation", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 18, 22, 32, 34, 41, 45, 50, 59, 64, 76, 79, 85, 87, 91, 97, 100, 111, 113, 121, 123, 126, 130, 135, 142, 145, 149, 155, 164, 166, 178, 182, 190, 193, 200, 209, 213, 217, 224, 230, 232, 240, 245, 246, 250, 255, 259, 265, 269, 272, 277, 286, 287, 293, 297, 305, 308, 312, 321, 326, 332, 333, 335, 341, 348, 351, 354, 362, 365, 370, 379, 383, 386, 390, 397, 406, 409, 413, 419, 420, 425, 434, 436, 439, 445, 447, 453, 458, 463, 466, 472, 475, 480, 482, 485, 489, 496, 504, 507, 511, 519, 521, 527, 533, 535, 545, 550, 552, 555, 561, 567, 569, 573, 576, 580, 585, 587, 593, 596, 602, 606, 613, 620, 623, 630, 631, 633, 637, 647, 650, 657, 667, 670, 675, 681, 685, 690, 693, 699, 705, 706, 710, 719, 727, 730, 739, 742, 746, 747, 759, 761, 768, 773, 780, 781, 786, 789, 796, 802, 808, 812, 818, 828, 832, 848, 851, 862, 866, 873, 879, 882, 885, 892, 898, 899 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Chopin", "was", "able", "to", "bring", "about", "a", "new", "sense", "of", "nationalism", "with", "his", "music", "because", "of", "his", "mazurkas", "and", "what", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 11, 16, 19, 25, 31, 33, 37, 43, 46, 58, 63, 67, 73, 81, 84, 88, 97, 101, 105 ] }

{ "text": [ "polonaises" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }

[ "polonaises" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "his", "mazurkas", "and", "polonaises", ",", "Chopin", "has", "been", "credited", "with", "introducing", "to", "music", "a", "new", "sense", "of", "nationalism", ".", "Schumann", ",", "in", "his", "1836", "review", "of", "the", "piano", "concertos", ",", "highlighted", "the", "composer", "'s", "strong", "feelings", "for", "his", "native", "Poland", ",", "writing", "that", "\"", "Now", "that", "the", "Poles", "are", "in", "deep", "mourning", "[", "after", "the", "failure", "of", "the", "November", "1830", "rising", "]", ",", "their", "appeal", "to", "us", "artists", "is", "even", "stronger", "...", "If", "the", "mighty", "autocrat", "in", "the", "north", "[", "i.e.", "Nicholas", "I", "of", "Russia", "]", "could", "know", "that", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", ",", "in", "the", "simple", "strains", "of", "his", "mazurkas", ",", "there", "lurks", "a", "dangerous", "enemy", ",", "he", "would", "place", "a", "ban", "on", "his", "music", ".", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "are", "cannon", "buried", "in", "flowers", "!", "\"", "The", "biography", "of", "Chopin", "published", "in", "1863", "under", "the", "name", "of", "Franz", "Liszt", "(", "but", "probably", "written", "by", "Carolyne", "zu", "Sayn", "-", "Wittgenstein", ")", "claims", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "must", "be", "ranked", "first", "among", "the", "first", "musicians", "...", "individualizing", "in", "themselves", "the", "poetic", "sense", "of", "an", "entire", "nation", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 18, 22, 32, 34, 41, 45, 50, 59, 64, 76, 79, 85, 87, 91, 97, 100, 111, 113, 121, 123, 126, 130, 135, 142, 145, 149, 155, 164, 166, 178, 182, 190, 193, 200, 209, 213, 217, 224, 230, 232, 240, 245, 246, 250, 255, 259, 265, 269, 272, 277, 286, 287, 293, 297, 305, 308, 312, 321, 326, 332, 333, 335, 341, 348, 351, 354, 362, 365, 370, 379, 383, 386, 390, 397, 406, 409, 413, 419, 420, 425, 434, 436, 439, 445, 447, 453, 458, 463, 466, 472, 475, 480, 482, 485, 489, 496, 504, 507, 511, 519, 521, 527, 533, 535, 545, 550, 552, 555, 561, 567, 569, 573, 576, 580, 585, 587, 593, 596, 602, 606, 613, 620, 623, 630, 631, 633, 637, 647, 650, 657, 667, 670, 675, 681, 685, 690, 693, 699, 705, 706, 710, 719, 727, 730, 739, 742, 746, 747, 759, 761, 768, 773, 780, 781, 786, 789, 796, 802, 808, 812, 818, 828, 832, 848, 851, 862, 866, 873, 879, 882, 885, 892, 898, 899 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "wrote", "a", "glowing", "review", "of", "Chopin", "'s", "love", "for", "his", "country", "through", "his", "music", "in", "1836", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 10, 12, 20, 27, 30, 36, 39, 44, 48, 52, 60, 68, 72, 78, 81, 85 ] }

{ "text": [ "Schumann" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 113 ], "end": [ 120 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }

[ "Schumann" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "his", "mazurkas", "and", "polonaises", ",", "Chopin", "has", "been", "credited", "with", "introducing", "to", "music", "a", "new", "sense", "of", "nationalism", ".", "Schumann", ",", "in", "his", "1836", "review", "of", "the", "piano", "concertos", ",", "highlighted", "the", "composer", "'s", "strong", "feelings", "for", "his", "native", "Poland", ",", "writing", "that", "\"", "Now", "that", "the", "Poles", "are", "in", "deep", "mourning", "[", "after", "the", "failure", "of", "the", "November", "1830", "rising", "]", ",", "their", "appeal", "to", "us", "artists", "is", "even", "stronger", "...", "If", "the", "mighty", "autocrat", "in", "the", "north", "[", "i.e.", "Nicholas", "I", "of", "Russia", "]", "could", "know", "that", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", ",", "in", "the", "simple", "strains", "of", "his", "mazurkas", ",", "there", "lurks", "a", "dangerous", "enemy", ",", "he", "would", "place", "a", "ban", "on", "his", "music", ".", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "are", "cannon", "buried", "in", "flowers", "!", "\"", "The", "biography", "of", "Chopin", "published", "in", "1863", "under", "the", "name", "of", "Franz", "Liszt", "(", "but", "probably", "written", "by", "Carolyne", "zu", "Sayn", "-", "Wittgenstein", ")", "claims", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "must", "be", "ranked", "first", "among", "the", "first", "musicians", "...", "individualizing", "in", "themselves", "the", "poetic", "sense", "of", "an", "entire", "nation", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 18, 22, 32, 34, 41, 45, 50, 59, 64, 76, 79, 85, 87, 91, 97, 100, 111, 113, 121, 123, 126, 130, 135, 142, 145, 149, 155, 164, 166, 178, 182, 190, 193, 200, 209, 213, 217, 224, 230, 232, 240, 245, 246, 250, 255, 259, 265, 269, 272, 277, 286, 287, 293, 297, 305, 308, 312, 321, 326, 332, 333, 335, 341, 348, 351, 354, 362, 365, 370, 379, 383, 386, 390, 397, 406, 409, 413, 419, 420, 425, 434, 436, 439, 445, 447, 453, 458, 463, 466, 472, 475, 480, 482, 485, 489, 496, 504, 507, 511, 519, 521, 527, 533, 535, 545, 550, 552, 555, 561, 567, 569, 573, 576, 580, 585, 587, 593, 596, 602, 606, 613, 620, 623, 630, 631, 633, 637, 647, 650, 657, 667, 670, 675, 681, 685, 690, 693, 699, 705, 706, 710, 719, 727, 730, 739, 742, 746, 747, 759, 761, 768, 773, 780, 781, 786, 789, 796, 802, 808, 812, 818, 828, 832, 848, 851, 862, 866, 873, 879, 882, 885, 892, 898, 899 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Schumann", "described", "Chopin", "'s", "music", "as", "cannons", "buried", "in", "what", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 9, 19, 25, 28, 34, 37, 45, 52, 55, 59 ] }

{ "text": [ "flowers" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 623 ], "end": [ 629 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 125 ], "end": [ 125 ] } ] }

[ "flowers" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "his", "mazurkas", "and", "polonaises", ",", "Chopin", "has", "been", "credited", "with", "introducing", "to", "music", "a", "new", "sense", "of", "nationalism", ".", "Schumann", ",", "in", "his", "1836", "review", "of", "the", "piano", "concertos", ",", "highlighted", "the", "composer", "'s", "strong", "feelings", "for", "his", "native", "Poland", ",", "writing", "that", "\"", "Now", "that", "the", "Poles", "are", "in", "deep", "mourning", "[", "after", "the", "failure", "of", "the", "November", "1830", "rising", "]", ",", "their", "appeal", "to", "us", "artists", "is", "even", "stronger", "...", "If", "the", "mighty", "autocrat", "in", "the", "north", "[", "i.e.", "Nicholas", "I", "of", "Russia", "]", "could", "know", "that", "in", "Chopin", "'s", "works", ",", "in", "the", "simple", "strains", "of", "his", "mazurkas", ",", "there", "lurks", "a", "dangerous", "enemy", ",", "he", "would", "place", "a", "ban", "on", "his", "music", ".", "Chopin", "'s", "works", "are", "cannon", "buried", "in", "flowers", "!", "\"", "The", "biography", "of", "Chopin", "published", "in", "1863", "under", "the", "name", "of", "Franz", "Liszt", "(", "but", "probably", "written", "by", "Carolyne", "zu", "Sayn", "-", "Wittgenstein", ")", "claims", "that", "Chopin", "\"", "must", "be", "ranked", "first", "among", "the", "first", "musicians", "...", "individualizing", "in", "themselves", "the", "poetic", "sense", "of", "an", "entire", "nation", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 18, 22, 32, 34, 41, 45, 50, 59, 64, 76, 79, 85, 87, 91, 97, 100, 111, 113, 121, 123, 126, 130, 135, 142, 145, 149, 155, 164, 166, 178, 182, 190, 193, 200, 209, 213, 217, 224, 230, 232, 240, 245, 246, 250, 255, 259, 265, 269, 272, 277, 286, 287, 293, 297, 305, 308, 312, 321, 326, 332, 333, 335, 341, 348, 351, 354, 362, 365, 370, 379, 383, 386, 390, 397, 406, 409, 413, 419, 420, 425, 434, 436, 439, 445, 447, 453, 458, 463, 466, 472, 475, 480, 482, 485, 489, 496, 504, 507, 511, 519, 521, 527, 533, 535, 545, 550, 552, 555, 561, 567, 569, 573, 576, 580, 585, 587, 593, 596, 602, 606, 613, 620, 623, 630, 631, 633, 637, 647, 650, 657, 667, 670, 675, 681, 685, 690, 693, 699, 705, 706, 710, 719, 727, 730, 739, 742, 746, 747, 759, 761, 768, 773, 780, 781, 786, 789, 796, 802, 808, 812, 818, 828, 832, 848, 851, 862, 866, 873, 879, 882, 885, 892, 898, 899 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Though", "Franz", "Liszt", "is", "credited", "with", "Chopin", "'s", "1863", "biography", ",", "who", "probably", "actually", "wrote", "it", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 13, 19, 22, 31, 36, 42, 45, 50, 59, 61, 65, 74, 83, 89, 91 ] }

{ "text": [ "Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 730 ], "end": [ 758 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 146 ], "end": [ 150 ] } ] }

[ "Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "Ming", "initiated", "sporadic", "armed", "intervention", "in", "Tibet", "during", "the", "14th", "century", ",", "but", "did", "not", "garrison", "permanent", "troops", "there", ".", "At", "times", "the", "Tibetans", "also", "used", "armed", "resistance", "against", "Ming", "forays", ".", "The", "Wanli", "Emperor", "(", "r.", "1572–1620", ")", "made", "attempts", "to", "reestablish", "Sino", "-", "Tibetan", "relations", "after", "the", "Mongol", "-", "Tibetan", "alliance", "initiated", "in", "1578", ",", "which", "affected", "the", "foreign", "policy", "of", "the", "subsequent", "Qing", "dynasty", "(", "1644–1912", ")", "of", "China", "in", "their", "support", "for", "the", "Dalai", "Lama", "of", "the", "Gelug", "school", ".", "By", "the", "late", "16th", "century", ",", "the", "Mongols", "were", "successful", "armed", "protectors", "of", "the", "Gelug", "Dalai", "Lama", ",", "after", "increasing", "their", "presence", "in", "the", "Amdo", "region", ".", "This", "culminated", "in", "Güshi", "Khan", "'s", "(", "1582–1655", ")", "conquest", "of", "Tibet", "from", "1637–1642", "and", "the", "establishment", "of", "the", "Ganden", "Phodrang", "regime", "by", "the", "5th", "Dalai", "Lama", "with", "his", "help", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 19, 28, 34, 47, 50, 56, 63, 67, 72, 79, 81, 85, 89, 93, 102, 112, 119, 124, 126, 129, 135, 139, 148, 153, 158, 164, 175, 183, 188, 194, 196, 200, 206, 214, 215, 218, 227, 229, 234, 243, 246, 258, 262, 263, 271, 281, 287, 291, 297, 298, 306, 315, 325, 328, 332, 334, 340, 349, 353, 361, 368, 371, 375, 386, 391, 399, 400, 409, 411, 414, 420, 423, 429, 437, 441, 445, 451, 456, 459, 463, 469, 475, 477, 480, 484, 489, 494, 501, 503, 507, 515, 520, 531, 537, 548, 551, 555, 561, 567, 571, 573, 579, 590, 596, 605, 608, 612, 617, 623, 625, 630, 641, 644, 650, 654, 657, 658, 667, 669, 678, 681, 687, 692, 702, 706, 710, 724, 727, 731, 738, 747, 754, 757, 761, 765, 771, 776, 781, 785, 789 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "did", "the", "Tibetans", "use", "against", "Ming", "forays", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 13, 22, 26, 34, 39, 45 ] }

{ "text": [ "armed resistance" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 158 ], "end": [ 173 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }

[ "armed resistance" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "Ming", "initiated", "sporadic", "armed", "intervention", "in", "Tibet", "during", "the", "14th", "century", ",", "but", "did", "not", "garrison", "permanent", "troops", "there", ".", "At", "times", "the", "Tibetans", "also", "used", "armed", "resistance", "against", "Ming", "forays", ".", "The", "Wanli", "Emperor", "(", "r.", "1572–1620", ")", "made", "attempts", "to", "reestablish", "Sino", "-", "Tibetan", "relations", "after", "the", "Mongol", "-", "Tibetan", "alliance", "initiated", "in", "1578", ",", "which", "affected", "the", "foreign", "policy", "of", "the", "subsequent", "Qing", "dynasty", "(", "1644–1912", ")", "of", "China", "in", "their", "support", "for", "the", "Dalai", "Lama", "of", "the", "Gelug", "school", ".", "By", "the", "late", "16th", "century", ",", "the", "Mongols", "were", "successful", "armed", "protectors", "of", "the", "Gelug", "Dalai", "Lama", ",", "after", "increasing", "their", "presence", "in", "the", "Amdo", "region", ".", "This", "culminated", "in", "Güshi", "Khan", "'s", "(", "1582–1655", ")", "conquest", "of", "Tibet", "from", "1637–1642", "and", "the", "establishment", "of", "the", "Ganden", "Phodrang", "regime", "by", "the", "5th", "Dalai", "Lama", "with", "his", "help", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 19, 28, 34, 47, 50, 56, 63, 67, 72, 79, 81, 85, 89, 93, 102, 112, 119, 124, 126, 129, 135, 139, 148, 153, 158, 164, 175, 183, 188, 194, 196, 200, 206, 214, 215, 218, 227, 229, 234, 243, 246, 258, 262, 263, 271, 281, 287, 291, 297, 298, 306, 315, 325, 328, 332, 334, 340, 349, 353, 361, 368, 371, 375, 386, 391, 399, 400, 409, 411, 414, 420, 423, 429, 437, 441, 445, 451, 456, 459, 463, 469, 475, 477, 480, 484, 489, 494, 501, 503, 507, 515, 520, 531, 537, 548, 551, 555, 561, 567, 571, 573, 579, 590, 596, 605, 608, 612, 617, 623, 625, 630, 641, 644, 650, 654, 657, 658, 667, 669, 678, 681, 687, 692, 702, 706, 710, 724, 727, 731, 738, 747, 754, 757, 761, 765, 771, 776, 781, 785, 789 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "were", "the", "armed", "protectors", "for", "the", "Gelug", "Dalai", "Lama", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 13, 19, 30, 34, 38, 44, 50, 54 ] }

{ "text": [ "the Mongols" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 503 ], "end": [ 513 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 91 ], "end": [ 92 ] } ] }

[ "the Mongols" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "Ming", "initiated", "sporadic", "armed", "intervention", "in", "Tibet", "during", "the", "14th", "century", ",", "but", "did", "not", "garrison", "permanent", "troops", "there", ".", "At", "times", "the", "Tibetans", "also", "used", "armed", "resistance", "against", "Ming", "forays", ".", "The", "Wanli", "Emperor", "(", "r.", "1572–1620", ")", "made", "attempts", "to", "reestablish", "Sino", "-", "Tibetan", "relations", "after", "the", "Mongol", "-", "Tibetan", "alliance", "initiated", "in", "1578", ",", "which", "affected", "the", "foreign", "policy", "of", "the", "subsequent", "Qing", "dynasty", "(", "1644–1912", ")", "of", "China", "in", "their", "support", "for", "the", "Dalai", "Lama", "of", "the", "Gelug", "school", ".", "By", "the", "late", "16th", "century", ",", "the", "Mongols", "were", "successful", "armed", "protectors", "of", "the", "Gelug", "Dalai", "Lama", ",", "after", "increasing", "their", "presence", "in", "the", "Amdo", "region", ".", "This", "culminated", "in", "Güshi", "Khan", "'s", "(", "1582–1655", ")", "conquest", "of", "Tibet", "from", "1637–1642", "and", "the", "establishment", "of", "the", "Ganden", "Phodrang", "regime", "by", "the", "5th", "Dalai", "Lama", "with", "his", "help", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 19, 28, 34, 47, 50, 56, 63, 67, 72, 79, 81, 85, 89, 93, 102, 112, 119, 124, 126, 129, 135, 139, 148, 153, 158, 164, 175, 183, 188, 194, 196, 200, 206, 214, 215, 218, 227, 229, 234, 243, 246, 258, 262, 263, 271, 281, 287, 291, 297, 298, 306, 315, 325, 328, 332, 334, 340, 349, 353, 361, 368, 371, 375, 386, 391, 399, 400, 409, 411, 414, 420, 423, 429, 437, 441, 445, 451, 456, 459, 463, 469, 475, 477, 480, 484, 489, 494, 501, 503, 507, 515, 520, 531, 537, 548, 551, 555, 561, 567, 571, 573, 579, 590, 596, 605, 608, 612, 617, 623, 625, 630, 641, 644, 650, 654, 657, 658, 667, 669, 678, 681, 687, 692, 702, 706, 710, 724, 727, 731, 738, 747, 754, 757, 761, 765, 771, 776, 781, 785, 789 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Which", "regime", "did", "Güshi", "Khan", "help", "establish", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 13, 17, 23, 28, 33, 42 ] }

{ "text": [ "the Ganden Phodrang" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 727 ], "end": [ 745 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 130 ], "end": [ 132 ] } ] }

[ "the Ganden Phodrang" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "Ming", "initiated", "sporadic", "armed", "intervention", "in", "Tibet", "during", "the", "14th", "century", ",", "but", "did", "not", "garrison", "permanent", "troops", "there", ".", "At", "times", "the", "Tibetans", "also", "used", "armed", "resistance", "against", "Ming", "forays", ".", "The", "Wanli", "Emperor", "(", "r.", "1572–1620", ")", "made", "attempts", "to", "reestablish", "Sino", "-", "Tibetan", "relations", "after", "the", "Mongol", "-", "Tibetan", "alliance", "initiated", "in", "1578", ",", "which", "affected", "the", "foreign", "policy", "of", "the", "subsequent", "Qing", "dynasty", "(", "1644–1912", ")", "of", "China", "in", "their", "support", "for", "the", "Dalai", "Lama", "of", "the", "Gelug", "school", ".", "By", "the", "late", "16th", "century", ",", "the", "Mongols", "were", "successful", "armed", "protectors", "of", "the", "Gelug", "Dalai", "Lama", ",", "after", "increasing", "their", "presence", "in", "the", "Amdo", "region", ".", "This", "culminated", "in", "Güshi", "Khan", "'s", "(", "1582–1655", ")", "conquest", "of", "Tibet", "from", "1637–1642", "and", "the", "establishment", "of", "the", "Ganden", "Phodrang", "regime", "by", "the", "5th", "Dalai", "Lama", "with", "his", "help", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 19, 28, 34, 47, 50, 56, 63, 67, 72, 79, 81, 85, 89, 93, 102, 112, 119, 124, 126, 129, 135, 139, 148, 153, 158, 164, 175, 183, 188, 194, 196, 200, 206, 214, 215, 218, 227, 229, 234, 243, 246, 258, 262, 263, 271, 281, 287, 291, 297, 298, 306, 315, 325, 328, 332, 334, 340, 349, 353, 361, 368, 371, 375, 386, 391, 399, 400, 409, 411, 414, 420, 423, 429, 437, 441, 445, 451, 456, 459, 463, 469, 475, 477, 480, 484, 489, 494, 501, 503, 507, 515, 520, 531, 537, 548, 551, 555, 561, 567, 571, 573, 579, 590, 596, 605, 608, 612, 617, 623, 625, 630, 641, 644, 650, 654, 657, 658, 667, 669, 678, 681, 687, 692, 702, 706, 710, 724, 727, 731, 738, 747, 754, 757, 761, 765, 771, 776, 781, 785, 789 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "When", "was", "the", "Mongol", "-", "Tibetan", "alliance", "started", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 13, 19, 20, 28, 37, 44 ] }

{ "text": [ "1578" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 328 ], "end": [ 331 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }

[ "1578" ]

{ "tokens": [ "As", "evident", "in", "his", "imperial", "edicts", ",", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "was", "well", "aware", "of", "the", "Buddhist", "link", "between", "Tibet", "and", "China", "and", "wanted", "to", "foster", "it", ".", "Rolpe", "Dorje", ",", "4th", "Karmapa", "Lama", "(", "1340–1383", ")", "rejected", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "'s", "invitation", ",", "although", "he", "did", "send", "some", "disciples", "as", "envoys", "to", "the", "court", "in", "Nanjing", ".", "The", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "also", "entrusted", "his", "guru", "Zongluo", ",", "one", "of", "many", "Buddhist", "monks", "at", "court", ",", "to", "head", "a", "religious", "mission", "into", "Tibet", "in", "1378–1382", "in", "order", "to", "obtain", "Buddhist", "texts", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 11, 14, 18, 27, 33, 35, 39, 46, 54, 58, 63, 69, 72, 76, 85, 90, 98, 104, 108, 114, 118, 125, 128, 135, 137, 139, 145, 150, 152, 156, 164, 169, 170, 179, 181, 190, 194, 201, 208, 211, 221, 223, 232, 235, 239, 244, 249, 259, 262, 269, 272, 276, 282, 285, 292, 294, 298, 305, 313, 318, 328, 332, 337, 344, 346, 350, 353, 358, 367, 373, 376, 381, 383, 386, 391, 393, 403, 411, 416, 422, 425, 435, 438, 444, 447, 454, 463, 468 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "was", "the", "fourth", "Karmapa", "Lama", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 12, 19, 27, 31 ] }

{ "text": [ "Rolpe Dorje" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 139 ], "end": [ 149 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }

[ "Rolpe Dorje" ]

{ "tokens": [ "As", "evident", "in", "his", "imperial", "edicts", ",", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "was", "well", "aware", "of", "the", "Buddhist", "link", "between", "Tibet", "and", "China", "and", "wanted", "to", "foster", "it", ".", "Rolpe", "Dorje", ",", "4th", "Karmapa", "Lama", "(", "1340–1383", ")", "rejected", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "'s", "invitation", ",", "although", "he", "did", "send", "some", "disciples", "as", "envoys", "to", "the", "court", "in", "Nanjing", ".", "The", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "also", "entrusted", "his", "guru", "Zongluo", ",", "one", "of", "many", "Buddhist", "monks", "at", "court", ",", "to", "head", "a", "religious", "mission", "into", "Tibet", "in", "1378–1382", "in", "order", "to", "obtain", "Buddhist", "texts", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 11, 14, 18, 27, 33, 35, 39, 46, 54, 58, 63, 69, 72, 76, 85, 90, 98, 104, 108, 114, 118, 125, 128, 135, 137, 139, 145, 150, 152, 156, 164, 169, 170, 179, 181, 190, 194, 201, 208, 211, 221, 223, 232, 235, 239, 244, 249, 259, 262, 269, 272, 276, 282, 285, 292, 294, 298, 305, 313, 318, 328, 332, 337, 344, 346, 350, 353, 358, 367, 373, 376, 381, 383, 386, 391, 393, 403, 411, 416, 422, 425, 435, 438, 444, 447, 454, 463, 468 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "rejected", "an", "invitation", "by", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 13, 16, 27, 30, 34, 41, 48 ] }

{ "text": [ "Rolpe Dorje" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 139 ], "end": [ 149 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }

[ "Rolpe Dorje" ]

{ "tokens": [ "As", "evident", "in", "his", "imperial", "edicts", ",", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "was", "well", "aware", "of", "the", "Buddhist", "link", "between", "Tibet", "and", "China", "and", "wanted", "to", "foster", "it", ".", "Rolpe", "Dorje", ",", "4th", "Karmapa", "Lama", "(", "1340–1383", ")", "rejected", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "'s", "invitation", ",", "although", "he", "did", "send", "some", "disciples", "as", "envoys", "to", "the", "court", "in", "Nanjing", ".", "The", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "also", "entrusted", "his", "guru", "Zongluo", ",", "one", "of", "many", "Buddhist", "monks", "at", "court", ",", "to", "head", "a", "religious", "mission", "into", "Tibet", "in", "1378–1382", "in", "order", "to", "obtain", "Buddhist", "texts", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 11, 14, 18, 27, 33, 35, 39, 46, 54, 58, 63, 69, 72, 76, 85, 90, 98, 104, 108, 114, 118, 125, 128, 135, 137, 139, 145, 150, 152, 156, 164, 169, 170, 179, 181, 190, 194, 201, 208, 211, 221, 223, 232, 235, 239, 244, 249, 259, 262, 269, 272, 276, 282, 285, 292, 294, 298, 305, 313, 318, 328, 332, 337, 344, 346, 350, 353, 358, 367, 373, 376, 381, 383, 386, 391, 393, 403, 411, 416, 422, 425, 435, 438, 444, 447, 454, 463, 468 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "did", "the", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "want", "to", "continue", "to", "promote", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 13, 17, 24, 32, 37, 40, 49, 52, 59 ] }

{ "text": [ "the Buddhist link between Tibet and China" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 72 ], "end": [ 112 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }

[ "the Buddhist link between Tibet and China" ]

{ "tokens": [ "As", "evident", "in", "his", "imperial", "edicts", ",", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "was", "well", "aware", "of", "the", "Buddhist", "link", "between", "Tibet", "and", "China", "and", "wanted", "to", "foster", "it", ".", "Rolpe", "Dorje", ",", "4th", "Karmapa", "Lama", "(", "1340–1383", ")", "rejected", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "'s", "invitation", ",", "although", "he", "did", "send", "some", "disciples", "as", "envoys", "to", "the", "court", "in", "Nanjing", ".", "The", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "also", "entrusted", "his", "guru", "Zongluo", ",", "one", "of", "many", "Buddhist", "monks", "at", "court", ",", "to", "head", "a", "religious", "mission", "into", "Tibet", "in", "1378–1382", "in", "order", "to", "obtain", "Buddhist", "texts", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 11, 14, 18, 27, 33, 35, 39, 46, 54, 58, 63, 69, 72, 76, 85, 90, 98, 104, 108, 114, 118, 125, 128, 135, 137, 139, 145, 150, 152, 156, 164, 169, 170, 179, 181, 190, 194, 201, 208, 211, 221, 223, 232, 235, 239, 244, 249, 259, 262, 269, 272, 276, 282, 285, 292, 294, 298, 305, 313, 318, 328, 332, 337, 344, 346, 350, 353, 358, 367, 373, 376, 381, 383, 386, 391, 393, 403, 411, 416, 422, 425, 435, 438, 444, 447, 454, 463, 468 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "did", "Rolpe", "Dorje", "send", "as", "envoys", "to", "court", "in", "Nanjing", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 14, 20, 25, 28, 35, 38, 44, 47, 54 ] }

{ "text": [ "disciples" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 249 ], "end": [ 257 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 48 ], "end": [ 48 ] } ] }

[ "disciples" ]

{ "tokens": [ "However", ",", "the", "early", "Ming", "government", "enacted", "a", "law", ",", "later", "rescinded", ",", "which", "forbade", "Han", "Chinese", "to", "learn", "the", "tenets", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", ".", "There", "is", "little", "detailed", "evidence", "of", "Chinese", "—", "especially", "lay", "Chinese", "—", "studying", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", "until", "the", "Republican", "era", "(", "1912–1949", ")", ".", "Despite", "these", "missions", "on", "behalf", "of", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", ",", "Morris", "Rossabi", "writes", "that", "the", "Yongle", "Emperor", "(", "r.", "1402–1424", ")", "\"", "was", "the", "first", "Ming", "ruler", "actively", "to", "seek", "an", "extension", "of", "relations", "with", "Tibet", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 9, 13, 19, 24, 35, 43, 45, 48, 50, 56, 65, 67, 73, 81, 85, 93, 96, 102, 106, 113, 116, 124, 132, 134, 140, 143, 150, 159, 168, 171, 178, 179, 190, 194, 201, 202, 211, 219, 228, 234, 238, 249, 253, 254, 263, 264, 266, 274, 280, 289, 292, 299, 302, 306, 313, 320, 322, 329, 337, 344, 349, 353, 360, 368, 369, 372, 381, 383, 384, 388, 392, 398, 403, 409, 418, 421, 426, 429, 439, 442, 452, 457, 462, 463 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "created", "a", "law", "that", "did", "not", "allow", "Han", "Chinese", "to", "learn", "the", "beliefs", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 12, 14, 18, 23, 27, 31, 37, 41, 49, 52, 58, 62, 70, 73, 81, 89 ] }

{ "text": [ "Ming government" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }

[ "Ming government" ]

{ "tokens": [ "However", ",", "the", "early", "Ming", "government", "enacted", "a", "law", ",", "later", "rescinded", ",", "which", "forbade", "Han", "Chinese", "to", "learn", "the", "tenets", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", ".", "There", "is", "little", "detailed", "evidence", "of", "Chinese", "—", "especially", "lay", "Chinese", "—", "studying", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", "until", "the", "Republican", "era", "(", "1912–1949", ")", ".", "Despite", "these", "missions", "on", "behalf", "of", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", ",", "Morris", "Rossabi", "writes", "that", "the", "Yongle", "Emperor", "(", "r.", "1402–1424", ")", "\"", "was", "the", "first", "Ming", "ruler", "actively", "to", "seek", "an", "extension", "of", "relations", "with", "Tibet", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 9, 13, 19, 24, 35, 43, 45, 48, 50, 56, 65, 67, 73, 81, 85, 93, 96, 102, 106, 113, 116, 124, 132, 134, 140, 143, 150, 159, 168, 171, 178, 179, 190, 194, 201, 202, 211, 219, 228, 234, 238, 249, 253, 254, 263, 264, 266, 274, 280, 289, 292, 299, 302, 306, 313, 320, 322, 329, 337, 344, 349, 353, 360, 368, 369, 372, 381, 383, 384, 388, 392, 398, 403, 409, 418, 421, 426, 429, 439, 442, 452, 457, 462, 463 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "years", "did", "the", "Yongle", "Emperor", "reign", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 11, 15, 19, 26, 34, 39 ] }

{ "text": [ "1402–1424" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 372 ], "end": [ 380 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 67 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ] }

[ "1402–1424" ]

{ "tokens": [ "However", ",", "the", "early", "Ming", "government", "enacted", "a", "law", ",", "later", "rescinded", ",", "which", "forbade", "Han", "Chinese", "to", "learn", "the", "tenets", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", ".", "There", "is", "little", "detailed", "evidence", "of", "Chinese", "—", "especially", "lay", "Chinese", "—", "studying", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", "until", "the", "Republican", "era", "(", "1912–1949", ")", ".", "Despite", "these", "missions", "on", "behalf", "of", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", ",", "Morris", "Rossabi", "writes", "that", "the", "Yongle", "Emperor", "(", "r.", "1402–1424", ")", "\"", "was", "the", "first", "Ming", "ruler", "actively", "to", "seek", "an", "extension", "of", "relations", "with", "Tibet", ".", "\"" ], "offsets": [ 0, 7, 9, 13, 19, 24, 35, 43, 45, 48, 50, 56, 65, 67, 73, 81, 85, 93, 96, 102, 106, 113, 116, 124, 132, 134, 140, 143, 150, 159, 168, 171, 178, 179, 190, 194, 201, 202, 211, 219, 228, 234, 238, 249, 253, 254, 263, 264, 266, 274, 280, 289, 292, 299, 302, 306, 313, 320, 322, 329, 337, 344, 349, 353, 360, 368, 369, 372, 381, 383, 384, 388, 392, 398, 403, 409, 418, 421, 426, 429, 439, 442, 452, 457, 462, 463 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "worked", "towards", "obtaining", "a", "extension", "of", "relations", "with", "Tibet", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 11, 19, 29, 31, 41, 44, 54, 59, 64 ] }

{ "text": [ "the Yongle Emperor" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 349 ], "end": [ 366 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 64 ] } ] }

[ "the Yongle Emperor" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "Mongol", "prince", "Godan", ",", "a", "grandson", "of", "Genghis", "Khan", ",", "raided", "as", "far", "as", "Lhasa", ".", "During", "his", "attack", "in", "1240", ",", "Prince", "Godan", "summoned", "Sakya", "Pandita", "(", "1182–1251", ")", ",", "leader", "of", "the", "Sakya", "school", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", ",", "to", "his", "court", "in", "what", "is", "now", "Gansu", "in", "Western", "China", ".", "With", "Sakya", "Pandita", "'s", "submission", "to", "Godan", "in", "1247", ",", "Tibet", "was", "officially", "incorporated", "into", "the", "Mongol", "Empire", "during", "the", "regency", "of", "Töregene", "Khatun", "(", "1241–1246", ")", ".", "Michael", "C.", "van", "Walt", "van", "Praag", "writes", "that", "Godan", "granted", "Sakya", "Pandita", "temporal", "authority", "over", "a", "still", "politically", "fragmented", "Tibet", ",", "stating", "that", "\"", "this", "investiture", "had", "little", "real", "impact", "\"", "but", "it", "was", "significant", "in", "that", "it", "established", "the", "unique", "\"", "Priest", "-", "Patron", "\"", "relationship", "between", "the", "Mongols", "and", "the", "Sakya", "lamas", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 11, 18, 23, 25, 27, 36, 39, 47, 51, 53, 60, 63, 67, 70, 75, 77, 84, 88, 95, 98, 102, 104, 111, 117, 126, 132, 140, 141, 150, 151, 153, 160, 163, 167, 173, 180, 183, 191, 199, 201, 204, 208, 214, 217, 222, 225, 229, 235, 238, 246, 251, 253, 258, 264, 271, 274, 285, 288, 294, 297, 301, 303, 309, 313, 324, 337, 342, 346, 353, 360, 367, 371, 379, 382, 391, 398, 399, 408, 409, 411, 419, 422, 426, 431, 435, 441, 448, 453, 459, 467, 473, 481, 490, 500, 505, 507, 513, 525, 536, 541, 543, 551, 556, 557, 562, 574, 578, 585, 590, 596, 598, 602, 605, 609, 621, 624, 629, 632, 644, 648, 655, 656, 662, 663, 669, 671, 684, 692, 696, 704, 708, 712, 718, 723 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "was", "the", "Mongol", "prince", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 12, 19, 25 ] }

{ "text": [ "Godan" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 3 ] } ] }

[ "Godan" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "Mongol", "prince", "Godan", ",", "a", "grandson", "of", "Genghis", "Khan", ",", "raided", "as", "far", "as", "Lhasa", ".", "During", "his", "attack", "in", "1240", ",", "Prince", "Godan", "summoned", "Sakya", "Pandita", "(", "1182–1251", ")", ",", "leader", "of", "the", "Sakya", "school", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", ",", "to", "his", "court", "in", "what", "is", "now", "Gansu", "in", "Western", "China", ".", "With", "Sakya", "Pandita", "'s", "submission", "to", "Godan", "in", "1247", ",", "Tibet", "was", "officially", "incorporated", "into", "the", "Mongol", "Empire", "during", "the", "regency", "of", "Töregene", "Khatun", "(", "1241–1246", ")", ".", "Michael", "C.", "van", "Walt", "van", "Praag", "writes", "that", "Godan", "granted", "Sakya", "Pandita", "temporal", "authority", "over", "a", "still", "politically", "fragmented", "Tibet", ",", "stating", "that", "\"", "this", "investiture", "had", "little", "real", "impact", "\"", "but", "it", "was", "significant", "in", "that", "it", "established", "the", "unique", "\"", "Priest", "-", "Patron", "\"", "relationship", "between", "the", "Mongols", "and", "the", "Sakya", "lamas", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 11, 18, 23, 25, 27, 36, 39, 47, 51, 53, 60, 63, 67, 70, 75, 77, 84, 88, 95, 98, 102, 104, 111, 117, 126, 132, 140, 141, 150, 151, 153, 160, 163, 167, 173, 180, 183, 191, 199, 201, 204, 208, 214, 217, 222, 225, 229, 235, 238, 246, 251, 253, 258, 264, 271, 274, 285, 288, 294, 297, 301, 303, 309, 313, 324, 337, 342, 346, 353, 360, 367, 371, 379, 382, 391, 398, 399, 408, 409, 411, 419, 422, 426, 431, 435, 441, 448, 453, 459, 467, 473, 481, 490, 500, 505, 507, 513, 525, 536, 541, 543, 551, 556, 557, 562, 574, 578, 585, 590, 596, 598, 602, 605, 609, 621, 624, 629, 632, 644, 648, 655, 656, 662, 663, 669, 671, 684, 692, 696, 704, 708, 712, 718, 723 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "was", "the", "leader", "of", "the", "Sakya", "school", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 12, 19, 22, 26, 32, 39, 42, 50, 58 ] }

{ "text": [ "Sakya Pandita" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 126 ], "end": [ 138 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }

[ "Sakya Pandita" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "Mongol", "prince", "Godan", ",", "a", "grandson", "of", "Genghis", "Khan", ",", "raided", "as", "far", "as", "Lhasa", ".", "During", "his", "attack", "in", "1240", ",", "Prince", "Godan", "summoned", "Sakya", "Pandita", "(", "1182–1251", ")", ",", "leader", "of", "the", "Sakya", "school", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", ",", "to", "his", "court", "in", "what", "is", "now", "Gansu", "in", "Western", "China", ".", "With", "Sakya", "Pandita", "'s", "submission", "to", "Godan", "in", "1247", ",", "Tibet", "was", "officially", "incorporated", "into", "the", "Mongol", "Empire", "during", "the", "regency", "of", "Töregene", "Khatun", "(", "1241–1246", ")", ".", "Michael", "C.", "van", "Walt", "van", "Praag", "writes", "that", "Godan", "granted", "Sakya", "Pandita", "temporal", "authority", "over", "a", "still", "politically", "fragmented", "Tibet", ",", "stating", "that", "\"", "this", "investiture", "had", "little", "real", "impact", "\"", "but", "it", "was", "significant", "in", "that", "it", "established", "the", "unique", "\"", "Priest", "-", "Patron", "\"", "relationship", "between", "the", "Mongols", "and", "the", "Sakya", "lamas", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 11, 18, 23, 25, 27, 36, 39, 47, 51, 53, 60, 63, 67, 70, 75, 77, 84, 88, 95, 98, 102, 104, 111, 117, 126, 132, 140, 141, 150, 151, 153, 160, 163, 167, 173, 180, 183, 191, 199, 201, 204, 208, 214, 217, 222, 225, 229, 235, 238, 246, 251, 253, 258, 264, 271, 274, 285, 288, 294, 297, 301, 303, 309, 313, 324, 337, 342, 346, 353, 360, 367, 371, 379, 382, 391, 398, 399, 408, 409, 411, 419, 422, 426, 431, 435, 441, 448, 453, 459, 467, 473, 481, 490, 500, 505, 507, 513, 525, 536, 541, 543, 551, 556, 557, 562, 574, 578, 585, 590, 596, 598, 602, 605, 609, 621, 624, 629, 632, 644, 648, 655, 656, 662, 663, 669, 671, 684, 692, 696, 704, 708, 712, 718, 723 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "was", "the", "regent", "of", "the", "Mongol", "Empire", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 12, 19, 22, 26, 33, 39 ] }

{ "text": [ "Töregene Khatun" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 382 ], "end": [ 396 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 75 ], "end": [ 76 ] } ] }

[ "Töregene Khatun" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "Mongol", "prince", "Godan", ",", "a", "grandson", "of", "Genghis", "Khan", ",", "raided", "as", "far", "as", "Lhasa", ".", "During", "his", "attack", "in", "1240", ",", "Prince", "Godan", "summoned", "Sakya", "Pandita", "(", "1182–1251", ")", ",", "leader", "of", "the", "Sakya", "school", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", ",", "to", "his", "court", "in", "what", "is", "now", "Gansu", "in", "Western", "China", ".", "With", "Sakya", "Pandita", "'s", "submission", "to", "Godan", "in", "1247", ",", "Tibet", "was", "officially", "incorporated", "into", "the", "Mongol", "Empire", "during", "the", "regency", "of", "Töregene", "Khatun", "(", "1241–1246", ")", ".", "Michael", "C.", "van", "Walt", "van", "Praag", "writes", "that", "Godan", "granted", "Sakya", "Pandita", "temporal", "authority", "over", "a", "still", "politically", "fragmented", "Tibet", ",", "stating", "that", "\"", "this", "investiture", "had", "little", "real", "impact", "\"", "but", "it", "was", "significant", "in", "that", "it", "established", "the", "unique", "\"", "Priest", "-", "Patron", "\"", "relationship", "between", "the", "Mongols", "and", "the", "Sakya", "lamas", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 11, 18, 23, 25, 27, 36, 39, 47, 51, 53, 60, 63, 67, 70, 75, 77, 84, 88, 95, 98, 102, 104, 111, 117, 126, 132, 140, 141, 150, 151, 153, 160, 163, 167, 173, 180, 183, 191, 199, 201, 204, 208, 214, 217, 222, 225, 229, 235, 238, 246, 251, 253, 258, 264, 271, 274, 285, 288, 294, 297, 301, 303, 309, 313, 324, 337, 342, 346, 353, 360, 367, 371, 379, 382, 391, 398, 399, 408, 409, 411, 419, 422, 426, 431, 435, 441, 448, 453, 459, 467, 473, 481, 490, 500, 505, 507, 513, 525, 536, 541, 543, 551, 556, 557, 562, 574, 578, 585, 590, 596, 598, 602, 605, 609, 621, 624, 629, 632, 644, 648, 655, 656, 662, 663, 669, 671, 684, 692, 696, 704, 708, 712, 718, 723 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "In", "what", "years", "was", "Töregene", "Khatun", "the", "regent", "of", "the", "Mongol", "Empire", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 8, 14, 18, 27, 34, 38, 45, 48, 52, 59, 65 ] }

{ "text": [ "1241–1246" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 399 ], "end": [ 407 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 78 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ] }

[ "1241–1246" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Starting", "in", "1236", ",", "the", "Mongol", "prince", "Kublai", ",", "who", "later", "ruled", "as", "Khagan", "from", "1260–1294", ",", "was", "granted", "a", "large", "appanage", "in", "North", "China", "by", "his", "superior", ",", "Ögedei", "Khan", ".", "Karma", "Pakshi", ",", "2nd", "Karmapa", "Lama", "(", "1203–1283)—the", "head", "lama", "of", "the", "Karma", "Kagyu", "lineage", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", "—", "rejected", "Kublai", "'s", "invitation", ",", "so", "instead", "Kublai", "invited", "Drogön", "Chögyal", "Phagpa", "(", "1235–1280", ")", ",", "successor", "and", "nephew", "of", "Sakya", "Pandita", ",", "who", "came", "to", "his", "court", "in", "1253", ".", "Kublai", "instituted", "a", "unique", "relationship", "with", "the", "Phagpa", "lama", ",", "which", "recognized", "Kublai", "as", "a", "superior", "sovereign", "in", "political", "affairs", "and", "the", "Phagpa", "lama", "as", "the", "senior", "instructor", "to", "Kublai", "in", "religious", "affairs", ".", "Kublai", "also", "made", "Drogön", "Chögyal", "Phagpa", "the", "director", "of", "the", "government", "agency", "known", "as", "the", "Bureau", "of", "Buddhist", "and", "Tibetan", "Affairs", "and", "the", "ruling", "priest", "-", "king", "of", "Tibet", ",", "which", "comprised", "thirteen", "different", "states", "ruled", "by", "myriarchies", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 9, 12, 16, 18, 22, 29, 36, 42, 44, 48, 54, 60, 63, 70, 75, 84, 86, 90, 98, 100, 106, 115, 118, 124, 130, 133, 137, 145, 147, 154, 158, 160, 166, 172, 174, 178, 186, 191, 192, 207, 212, 217, 220, 224, 230, 236, 244, 247, 255, 263, 264, 273, 279, 282, 292, 294, 297, 305, 312, 320, 327, 335, 342, 343, 352, 353, 355, 365, 369, 376, 379, 385, 392, 394, 398, 403, 406, 410, 416, 419, 423, 425, 432, 443, 445, 452, 465, 470, 474, 481, 485, 487, 493, 504, 511, 514, 516, 525, 535, 538, 548, 556, 560, 564, 571, 576, 579, 583, 590, 601, 604, 611, 614, 624, 631, 633, 640, 645, 650, 657, 665, 672, 676, 685, 688, 692, 703, 710, 716, 719, 723, 730, 733, 742, 746, 754, 762, 766, 770, 777, 783, 784, 789, 792, 797, 799, 805, 815, 824, 834, 841, 847, 850, 861 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "How", "many", "states", "were", "ruled", "by", "myriarchies", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 16, 21, 27, 30, 41 ] }

{ "text": [ "thirteen" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 815 ], "end": [ 822 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 148 ], "end": [ 148 ] } ] }

[ "thirteen" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Starting", "in", "1236", ",", "the", "Mongol", "prince", "Kublai", ",", "who", "later", "ruled", "as", "Khagan", "from", "1260–1294", ",", "was", "granted", "a", "large", "appanage", "in", "North", "China", "by", "his", "superior", ",", "Ögedei", "Khan", ".", "Karma", "Pakshi", ",", "2nd", "Karmapa", "Lama", "(", "1203–1283)—the", "head", "lama", "of", "the", "Karma", "Kagyu", "lineage", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", "—", "rejected", "Kublai", "'s", "invitation", ",", "so", "instead", "Kublai", "invited", "Drogön", "Chögyal", "Phagpa", "(", "1235–1280", ")", ",", "successor", "and", "nephew", "of", "Sakya", "Pandita", ",", "who", "came", "to", "his", "court", "in", "1253", ".", "Kublai", "instituted", "a", "unique", "relationship", "with", "the", "Phagpa", "lama", ",", "which", "recognized", "Kublai", "as", "a", "superior", "sovereign", "in", "political", "affairs", "and", "the", "Phagpa", "lama", "as", "the", "senior", "instructor", "to", "Kublai", "in", "religious", "affairs", ".", "Kublai", "also", "made", "Drogön", "Chögyal", "Phagpa", "the", "director", "of", "the", "government", "agency", "known", "as", "the", "Bureau", "of", "Buddhist", "and", "Tibetan", "Affairs", "and", "the", "ruling", "priest", "-", "king", "of", "Tibet", ",", "which", "comprised", "thirteen", "different", "states", "ruled", "by", "myriarchies", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 9, 12, 16, 18, 22, 29, 36, 42, 44, 48, 54, 60, 63, 70, 75, 84, 86, 90, 98, 100, 106, 115, 118, 124, 130, 133, 137, 145, 147, 154, 158, 160, 166, 172, 174, 178, 186, 191, 192, 207, 212, 217, 220, 224, 230, 236, 244, 247, 255, 263, 264, 273, 279, 282, 292, 294, 297, 305, 312, 320, 327, 335, 342, 343, 352, 353, 355, 365, 369, 376, 379, 385, 392, 394, 398, 403, 406, 410, 416, 419, 423, 425, 432, 443, 445, 452, 465, 470, 474, 481, 485, 487, 493, 504, 511, 514, 516, 525, 535, 538, 548, 556, 560, 564, 571, 576, 579, 583, 590, 601, 604, 611, 614, 624, 631, 633, 640, 645, 650, 657, 665, 672, 676, 685, 688, 692, 703, 710, 716, 719, 723, 730, 733, 742, 746, 754, 762, 766, 770, 777, 783, 784, 789, 792, 797, 799, 805, 815, 824, 834, 841, 847, 850, 861 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "title", "did", "prince", "Kublai", "rule", "as", "from", "1260", "to", "1294", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 11, 15, 22, 29, 34, 37, 42, 47, 50, 54 ] }

{ "text": [ "Khagan" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 63 ], "end": [ 68 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }

[ "Khagan" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Starting", "in", "1236", ",", "the", "Mongol", "prince", "Kublai", ",", "who", "later", "ruled", "as", "Khagan", "from", "1260–1294", ",", "was", "granted", "a", "large", "appanage", "in", "North", "China", "by", "his", "superior", ",", "Ögedei", "Khan", ".", "Karma", "Pakshi", ",", "2nd", "Karmapa", "Lama", "(", "1203–1283)—the", "head", "lama", "of", "the", "Karma", "Kagyu", "lineage", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", "—", "rejected", "Kublai", "'s", "invitation", ",", "so", "instead", "Kublai", "invited", "Drogön", "Chögyal", "Phagpa", "(", "1235–1280", ")", ",", "successor", "and", "nephew", "of", "Sakya", "Pandita", ",", "who", "came", "to", "his", "court", "in", "1253", ".", "Kublai", "instituted", "a", "unique", "relationship", "with", "the", "Phagpa", "lama", ",", "which", "recognized", "Kublai", "as", "a", "superior", "sovereign", "in", "political", "affairs", "and", "the", "Phagpa", "lama", "as", "the", "senior", "instructor", "to", "Kublai", "in", "religious", "affairs", ".", "Kublai", "also", "made", "Drogön", "Chögyal", "Phagpa", "the", "director", "of", "the", "government", "agency", "known", "as", "the", "Bureau", "of", "Buddhist", "and", "Tibetan", "Affairs", "and", "the", "ruling", "priest", "-", "king", "of", "Tibet", ",", "which", "comprised", "thirteen", "different", "states", "ruled", "by", "myriarchies", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 9, 12, 16, 18, 22, 29, 36, 42, 44, 48, 54, 60, 63, 70, 75, 84, 86, 90, 98, 100, 106, 115, 118, 124, 130, 133, 137, 145, 147, 154, 158, 160, 166, 172, 174, 178, 186, 191, 192, 207, 212, 217, 220, 224, 230, 236, 244, 247, 255, 263, 264, 273, 279, 282, 292, 294, 297, 305, 312, 320, 327, 335, 342, 343, 352, 353, 355, 365, 369, 376, 379, 385, 392, 394, 398, 403, 406, 410, 416, 419, 423, 425, 432, 443, 445, 452, 465, 470, 474, 481, 485, 487, 493, 504, 511, 514, 516, 525, 535, 538, 548, 556, 560, 564, 571, 576, 579, 583, 590, 601, 604, 611, 614, 624, 631, 633, 640, 645, 650, 657, 665, 672, 676, 685, 688, 692, 703, 710, 716, 719, 723, 730, 733, 742, 746, 754, 762, 766, 770, 777, 783, 784, 789, 792, 797, 799, 805, 815, 824, 834, 841, 847, 850, 861 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "was", "the", "superior", "of", "prince", "Kublai", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 12, 21, 24, 31, 37 ] }

{ "text": [ "Ögedei Khan" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 147 ], "end": [ 157 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ] }

[ "Ögedei Khan" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Starting", "in", "1236", ",", "the", "Mongol", "prince", "Kublai", ",", "who", "later", "ruled", "as", "Khagan", "from", "1260–1294", ",", "was", "granted", "a", "large", "appanage", "in", "North", "China", "by", "his", "superior", ",", "Ögedei", "Khan", ".", "Karma", "Pakshi", ",", "2nd", "Karmapa", "Lama", "(", "1203–1283)—the", "head", "lama", "of", "the", "Karma", "Kagyu", "lineage", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", "—", "rejected", "Kublai", "'s", "invitation", ",", "so", "instead", "Kublai", "invited", "Drogön", "Chögyal", "Phagpa", "(", "1235–1280", ")", ",", "successor", "and", "nephew", "of", "Sakya", "Pandita", ",", "who", "came", "to", "his", "court", "in", "1253", ".", "Kublai", "instituted", "a", "unique", "relationship", "with", "the", "Phagpa", "lama", ",", "which", "recognized", "Kublai", "as", "a", "superior", "sovereign", "in", "political", "affairs", "and", "the", "Phagpa", "lama", "as", "the", "senior", "instructor", "to", "Kublai", "in", "religious", "affairs", ".", "Kublai", "also", "made", "Drogön", "Chögyal", "Phagpa", "the", "director", "of", "the", "government", "agency", "known", "as", "the", "Bureau", "of", "Buddhist", "and", "Tibetan", "Affairs", "and", "the", "ruling", "priest", "-", "king", "of", "Tibet", ",", "which", "comprised", "thirteen", "different", "states", "ruled", "by", "myriarchies", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 9, 12, 16, 18, 22, 29, 36, 42, 44, 48, 54, 60, 63, 70, 75, 84, 86, 90, 98, 100, 106, 115, 118, 124, 130, 133, 137, 145, 147, 154, 158, 160, 166, 172, 174, 178, 186, 191, 192, 207, 212, 217, 220, 224, 230, 236, 244, 247, 255, 263, 264, 273, 279, 282, 292, 294, 297, 305, 312, 320, 327, 335, 342, 343, 352, 353, 355, 365, 369, 376, 379, 385, 392, 394, 398, 403, 406, 410, 416, 419, 423, 425, 432, 443, 445, 452, 465, 470, 474, 481, 485, 487, 493, 504, 511, 514, 516, 525, 535, 538, 548, 556, 560, 564, 571, 576, 579, 583, 590, 601, 604, 611, 614, 624, 631, 633, 640, 645, 650, 657, 665, 672, 676, 685, 688, 692, 703, 710, 716, 719, 723, 730, 733, 742, 746, 754, 762, 766, 770, 777, 783, 784, 789, 792, 797, 799, 805, 815, 824, 834, 841, 847, 850, 861 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "became", "the", "second", "Karmapa", "Lama", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 11, 15, 22, 30, 34 ] }

{ "text": [ "Karma Pakshi" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 160 ], "end": [ 171 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }

[ "Karma Pakshi" ]

{ "tokens": [ "Starting", "in", "1236", ",", "the", "Mongol", "prince", "Kublai", ",", "who", "later", "ruled", "as", "Khagan", "from", "1260–1294", ",", "was", "granted", "a", "large", "appanage", "in", "North", "China", "by", "his", "superior", ",", "Ögedei", "Khan", ".", "Karma", "Pakshi", ",", "2nd", "Karmapa", "Lama", "(", "1203–1283)—the", "head", "lama", "of", "the", "Karma", "Kagyu", "lineage", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", "—", "rejected", "Kublai", "'s", "invitation", ",", "so", "instead", "Kublai", "invited", "Drogön", "Chögyal", "Phagpa", "(", "1235–1280", ")", ",", "successor", "and", "nephew", "of", "Sakya", "Pandita", ",", "who", "came", "to", "his", "court", "in", "1253", ".", "Kublai", "instituted", "a", "unique", "relationship", "with", "the", "Phagpa", "lama", ",", "which", "recognized", "Kublai", "as", "a", "superior", "sovereign", "in", "political", "affairs", "and", "the", "Phagpa", "lama", "as", "the", "senior", "instructor", "to", "Kublai", "in", "religious", "affairs", ".", "Kublai", "also", "made", "Drogön", "Chögyal", "Phagpa", "the", "director", "of", "the", "government", "agency", "known", "as", "the", "Bureau", "of", "Buddhist", "and", "Tibetan", "Affairs", "and", "the", "ruling", "priest", "-", "king", "of", "Tibet", ",", "which", "comprised", "thirteen", "different", "states", "ruled", "by", "myriarchies", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 9, 12, 16, 18, 22, 29, 36, 42, 44, 48, 54, 60, 63, 70, 75, 84, 86, 90, 98, 100, 106, 115, 118, 124, 130, 133, 137, 145, 147, 154, 158, 160, 166, 172, 174, 178, 186, 191, 192, 207, 212, 217, 220, 224, 230, 236, 244, 247, 255, 263, 264, 273, 279, 282, 292, 294, 297, 305, 312, 320, 327, 335, 342, 343, 352, 353, 355, 365, 369, 376, 379, 385, 392, 394, 398, 403, 406, 410, 416, 419, 423, 425, 432, 443, 445, 452, 465, 470, 474, 481, 485, 487, 493, 504, 511, 514, 516, 525, 535, 538, 548, 556, 560, 564, 571, 576, 579, 583, 590, 601, 604, 611, 614, 624, 631, 633, 640, 645, 650, 657, 665, 672, 676, 685, 688, 692, 703, 710, 716, 719, 723, 730, 733, 742, 746, 754, 762, 766, 770, 777, 783, 784, 789, 792, 797, 799, 805, 815, 824, 834, 841, 847, 850, 861 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "With", "whom", "did", "Kublai", "Khan", "have", "a", "unique", "relationship", "with", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 14, 21, 26, 31, 33, 40, 53, 57 ] }

{ "text": [ "the Phagpa lama" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 470 ], "end": [ 484 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 88 ], "end": [ 90 ] } ] }

[ "the Phagpa lama" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "two", "mature", "piano", "sonatas", "(", "No", ".", "2", ",", "Op", ".", "35", ",", "written", "in", "1839", "and", "No", ".", "3", ",", "Op", ".", "58", ",", "written", "in", "1844", ")", "are", "in", "four", "movements", ".", "In", "Op", ".", "35", ",", "Chopin", "was", "able", "to", "combine", "within", "a", "formal", "large", "musical", "structure", "many", "elements", "of", "his", "virtuosic", "piano", "technique—\"a", "kind", "of", "dialogue", "between", "the", "public", "pianism", "of", "the", "brilliant", "style", "and", "the", "German", "sonata", "principle", "\"", ".", "The", "last", "movement", ",", "a", "brief", "(", "75-bar", ")", "perpetuum", "mobile", "in", "which", "the", "hands", "play", "in", "unmodified", "octave", "unison", "throughout", ",", "was", "found", "shocking", "and", "unmusical", "by", "contemporaries", ",", "including", "Schumann", ".", "The", "Op", ".", "58", "sonata", "is", "closer", "to", "the", "German", "tradition", ",", "including", "many", "passages", "of", "complex", "counterpoint", ",", "\"", "worthy", "of", "Brahms", "\"", "according", "to", "the", "music", "historians", "Kornel", "Michałowski", "and", "Jim", "Samson", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 15, 21, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 53, 56, 61, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 88, 91, 95, 97, 101, 104, 109, 118, 120, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 138, 142, 147, 150, 158, 165, 167, 174, 180, 188, 198, 203, 212, 215, 219, 229, 235, 248, 253, 256, 265, 273, 277, 284, 292, 295, 299, 309, 315, 319, 323, 330, 337, 346, 347, 349, 353, 358, 366, 368, 370, 376, 377, 383, 385, 395, 402, 405, 411, 415, 421, 426, 429, 440, 447, 454, 464, 466, 470, 476, 485, 489, 499, 502, 516, 518, 528, 536, 538, 542, 544, 546, 549, 556, 559, 566, 569, 573, 580, 589, 591, 601, 606, 615, 618, 626, 638, 640, 641, 648, 651, 657, 659, 669, 672, 676, 682, 693, 700, 712, 716, 720, 726 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "How", "many", "movements", "are", "No", ".", "2", ",", "Op", ".", "35", "and", "No", ".", "3", ",", "Op", "58", "in", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 19, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 37, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 51, 54, 56 ] }

{ "text": [ "four" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 104 ], "end": [ 107 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }

[ "four" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "two", "mature", "piano", "sonatas", "(", "No", ".", "2", ",", "Op", ".", "35", ",", "written", "in", "1839", "and", "No", ".", "3", ",", "Op", ".", "58", ",", "written", "in", "1844", ")", "are", "in", "four", "movements", ".", "In", "Op", ".", "35", ",", "Chopin", "was", "able", "to", "combine", "within", "a", "formal", "large", "musical", "structure", "many", "elements", "of", "his", "virtuosic", "piano", "technique—\"a", "kind", "of", "dialogue", "between", "the", "public", "pianism", "of", "the", "brilliant", "style", "and", "the", "German", "sonata", "principle", "\"", ".", "The", "last", "movement", ",", "a", "brief", "(", "75-bar", ")", "perpetuum", "mobile", "in", "which", "the", "hands", "play", "in", "unmodified", "octave", "unison", "throughout", ",", "was", "found", "shocking", "and", "unmusical", "by", "contemporaries", ",", "including", "Schumann", ".", "The", "Op", ".", "58", "sonata", "is", "closer", "to", "the", "German", "tradition", ",", "including", "many", "passages", "of", "complex", "counterpoint", ",", "\"", "worthy", "of", "Brahms", "\"", "according", "to", "the", "music", "historians", "Kornel", "Michałowski", "and", "Jim", "Samson", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 15, 21, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 53, 56, 61, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 88, 91, 95, 97, 101, 104, 109, 118, 120, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 138, 142, 147, 150, 158, 165, 167, 174, 180, 188, 198, 203, 212, 215, 219, 229, 235, 248, 253, 256, 265, 273, 277, 284, 292, 295, 299, 309, 315, 319, 323, 330, 337, 346, 347, 349, 353, 358, 366, 368, 370, 376, 377, 383, 385, 395, 402, 405, 411, 415, 421, 426, 429, 440, 447, 454, 464, 466, 470, 476, 485, 489, 499, 502, 516, 518, 528, 536, 538, 542, 544, 546, 549, 556, 559, 566, 569, 573, 580, 589, 591, 601, 606, 615, 618, 626, 638, 640, 641, 648, 651, 657, 659, 669, 672, 676, 682, 693, 700, 712, 716, 720, 726 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "two", "people", "claimed", "that", "Op", "58", "was", "\"", "worthy", "of", "Brahms", "\"", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 16, 24, 29, 32, 35, 39, 40, 47, 50, 56, 57 ] }

{ "text": [ "Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 693 ], "end": [ 725 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 138 ], "end": [ 142 ] } ] }

[ "Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "two", "mature", "piano", "sonatas", "(", "No", ".", "2", ",", "Op", ".", "35", ",", "written", "in", "1839", "and", "No", ".", "3", ",", "Op", ".", "58", ",", "written", "in", "1844", ")", "are", "in", "four", "movements", ".", "In", "Op", ".", "35", ",", "Chopin", "was", "able", "to", "combine", "within", "a", "formal", "large", "musical", "structure", "many", "elements", "of", "his", "virtuosic", "piano", "technique—\"a", "kind", "of", "dialogue", "between", "the", "public", "pianism", "of", "the", "brilliant", "style", "and", "the", "German", "sonata", "principle", "\"", ".", "The", "last", "movement", ",", "a", "brief", "(", "75-bar", ")", "perpetuum", "mobile", "in", "which", "the", "hands", "play", "in", "unmodified", "octave", "unison", "throughout", ",", "was", "found", "shocking", "and", "unmusical", "by", "contemporaries", ",", "including", "Schumann", ".", "The", "Op", ".", "58", "sonata", "is", "closer", "to", "the", "German", "tradition", ",", "including", "many", "passages", "of", "complex", "counterpoint", ",", "\"", "worthy", "of", "Brahms", "\"", "according", "to", "the", "music", "historians", "Kornel", "Michałowski", "and", "Jim", "Samson", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 15, 21, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 53, 56, 61, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 88, 91, 95, 97, 101, 104, 109, 118, 120, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 138, 142, 147, 150, 158, 165, 167, 174, 180, 188, 198, 203, 212, 215, 219, 229, 235, 248, 253, 256, 265, 273, 277, 284, 292, 295, 299, 309, 315, 319, 323, 330, 337, 346, 347, 349, 353, 358, 366, 368, 370, 376, 377, 383, 385, 395, 402, 405, 411, 415, 421, 426, 429, 440, 447, 454, 464, 466, 470, 476, 485, 489, 499, 502, 516, 518, 528, 536, 538, 542, 544, 546, 549, 556, 559, 566, 569, 573, 580, 589, 591, 601, 606, 615, 618, 626, 638, 640, 641, 648, 651, 657, 659, 669, 672, 676, 682, 693, 700, 712, 716, 720, 726 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "How", "many", "movements", "are", "in", "No", ".", "2", ",", "Op", ".", "35", "and", "No", ".", "3", ",", "Op", "58", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 19, 23, 26, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 40, 44, 46, 48, 49, 51, 54, 56 ] }

{ "text": [ "four" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 104 ], "end": [ 107 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }

[ "four" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "two", "mature", "piano", "sonatas", "(", "No", ".", "2", ",", "Op", ".", "35", ",", "written", "in", "1839", "and", "No", ".", "3", ",", "Op", ".", "58", ",", "written", "in", "1844", ")", "are", "in", "four", "movements", ".", "In", "Op", ".", "35", ",", "Chopin", "was", "able", "to", "combine", "within", "a", "formal", "large", "musical", "structure", "many", "elements", "of", "his", "virtuosic", "piano", "technique—\"a", "kind", "of", "dialogue", "between", "the", "public", "pianism", "of", "the", "brilliant", "style", "and", "the", "German", "sonata", "principle", "\"", ".", "The", "last", "movement", ",", "a", "brief", "(", "75-bar", ")", "perpetuum", "mobile", "in", "which", "the", "hands", "play", "in", "unmodified", "octave", "unison", "throughout", ",", "was", "found", "shocking", "and", "unmusical", "by", "contemporaries", ",", "including", "Schumann", ".", "The", "Op", ".", "58", "sonata", "is", "closer", "to", "the", "German", "tradition", ",", "including", "many", "passages", "of", "complex", "counterpoint", ",", "\"", "worthy", "of", "Brahms", "\"", "according", "to", "the", "music", "historians", "Kornel", "Michałowski", "and", "Jim", "Samson", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 15, 21, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 53, 56, 61, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 88, 91, 95, 97, 101, 104, 109, 118, 120, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 138, 142, 147, 150, 158, 165, 167, 174, 180, 188, 198, 203, 212, 215, 219, 229, 235, 248, 253, 256, 265, 273, 277, 284, 292, 295, 299, 309, 315, 319, 323, 330, 337, 346, 347, 349, 353, 358, 366, 368, 370, 376, 377, 383, 385, 395, 402, 405, 411, 415, 421, 426, 429, 440, 447, 454, 464, 466, 470, 476, 485, 489, 499, 502, 516, 518, 528, 536, 538, 542, 544, 546, 549, 556, 559, 566, 569, 573, 580, 589, 591, 601, 606, 615, 618, 626, 638, 640, 641, 648, 651, 657, 659, 669, 672, 676, 682, 693, 700, 712, 716, 720, 726 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Which", "movement", "was", "found", "lacking", "in", "musicality", "by", "Schumann", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 15, 19, 25, 33, 36, 47, 50, 58 ] }

{ "text": [ "The last movement" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 349 ], "end": [ 365 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 76 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ] }

[ "The last movement" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "two", "mature", "piano", "sonatas", "(", "No", ".", "2", ",", "Op", ".", "35", ",", "written", "in", "1839", "and", "No", ".", "3", ",", "Op", ".", "58", ",", "written", "in", "1844", ")", "are", "in", "four", "movements", ".", "In", "Op", ".", "35", ",", "Chopin", "was", "able", "to", "combine", "within", "a", "formal", "large", "musical", "structure", "many", "elements", "of", "his", "virtuosic", "piano", "technique—\"a", "kind", "of", "dialogue", "between", "the", "public", "pianism", "of", "the", "brilliant", "style", "and", "the", "German", "sonata", "principle", "\"", ".", "The", "last", "movement", ",", "a", "brief", "(", "75-bar", ")", "perpetuum", "mobile", "in", "which", "the", "hands", "play", "in", "unmodified", "octave", "unison", "throughout", ",", "was", "found", "shocking", "and", "unmusical", "by", "contemporaries", ",", "including", "Schumann", ".", "The", "Op", ".", "58", "sonata", "is", "closer", "to", "the", "German", "tradition", ",", "including", "many", "passages", "of", "complex", "counterpoint", ",", "\"", "worthy", "of", "Brahms", "\"", "according", "to", "the", "music", "historians", "Kornel", "Michałowski", "and", "Jim", "Samson", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 15, 21, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 53, 56, 61, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 88, 91, 95, 97, 101, 104, 109, 118, 120, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 138, 142, 147, 150, 158, 165, 167, 174, 180, 188, 198, 203, 212, 215, 219, 229, 235, 248, 253, 256, 265, 273, 277, 284, 292, 295, 299, 309, 315, 319, 323, 330, 337, 346, 347, 349, 353, 358, 366, 368, 370, 376, 377, 383, 385, 395, 402, 405, 411, 415, 421, 426, 429, 440, 447, 454, 464, 466, 470, 476, 485, 489, 499, 502, 516, 518, 528, 536, 538, 542, 544, 546, 549, 556, 559, 566, 569, 573, 580, 589, 591, 601, 606, 615, 618, 626, 638, 640, 641, 648, 651, 657, 659, 669, 672, 676, 682, 693, 700, 712, 716, 720, 726 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "According", "to", "music", "historians", ",", "which", "sonata", "is", "similar", "to", "German", "tradition", "and", "worthy", "of", "Brahms", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 10, 13, 19, 29, 31, 37, 44, 47, 55, 58, 65, 75, 79, 86, 89, 95 ] }

{ "text": [ "Op. 58" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 72 ], "end": [ 77 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ] }

[ "Op. 58" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "Ming", "court", "appointed", "three", "Princes", "of", "Dharma", "(", "法王", ")", "and", "five", "Princes", "(", "王", ")", ",", "and", "granted", "many", "other", "titles", ",", "such", "as", "Grand", "State", "Tutors", "(", "大國師", ")", "and", "State", "Tutors", "(", "國師", ")", ",", "to", "the", "important", "schools", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", ",", "including", "the", "Karma", "Kagyu", ",", "Sakya", ",", "and", "Gelug", ".", "According", "to", "Wang", "Jiawei", "and", "Nyima", "Gyaincain", ",", "leading", "officials", "of", "these", "organs", "were", "all", "appointed", "by", "the", "central", "government", "and", "were", "subject", "to", "the", "rule", "of", "law", ".", "Yet", "Van", "Praag", "describes", "the", "distinct", "and", "long", "-", "lasting", "Tibetan", "law", "code", "established", "by", "the", "Phagmodru", "ruler", "Tai", "Situ", "Changchub", "Gyaltsen", "as", "one", "of", "many", "reforms", "to", "revive", "old", "Imperial", "Tibetan", "traditions", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 15, 25, 31, 39, 42, 49, 50, 52, 54, 58, 63, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 80, 88, 93, 99, 105, 107, 112, 115, 121, 127, 134, 135, 138, 140, 144, 150, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 166, 170, 180, 188, 191, 199, 207, 209, 219, 223, 229, 234, 236, 241, 243, 247, 252, 254, 264, 267, 272, 279, 283, 289, 298, 300, 308, 318, 321, 327, 334, 339, 343, 353, 356, 360, 368, 379, 383, 388, 396, 399, 403, 408, 411, 414, 416, 420, 424, 430, 440, 444, 453, 457, 461, 462, 470, 478, 482, 487, 499, 502, 506, 516, 522, 526, 531, 541, 550, 553, 557, 560, 565, 573, 576, 583, 587, 596, 604, 614 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "How", "many", "princes", "of", "Dharma", "were", "assigned", "by", "the", "Ming", "court", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 17, 20, 27, 32, 41, 44, 48, 53, 58 ] }

{ "text": [ "three" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }

[ "three" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "Ming", "court", "appointed", "three", "Princes", "of", "Dharma", "(", "法王", ")", "and", "five", "Princes", "(", "王", ")", ",", "and", "granted", "many", "other", "titles", ",", "such", "as", "Grand", "State", "Tutors", "(", "大國師", ")", "and", "State", "Tutors", "(", "國師", ")", ",", "to", "the", "important", "schools", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", ",", "including", "the", "Karma", "Kagyu", ",", "Sakya", ",", "and", "Gelug", ".", "According", "to", "Wang", "Jiawei", "and", "Nyima", "Gyaincain", ",", "leading", "officials", "of", "these", "organs", "were", "all", "appointed", "by", "the", "central", "government", "and", "were", "subject", "to", "the", "rule", "of", "law", ".", "Yet", "Van", "Praag", "describes", "the", "distinct", "and", "long", "-", "lasting", "Tibetan", "law", "code", "established", "by", "the", "Phagmodru", "ruler", "Tai", "Situ", "Changchub", "Gyaltsen", "as", "one", "of", "many", "reforms", "to", "revive", "old", "Imperial", "Tibetan", "traditions", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 15, 25, 31, 39, 42, 49, 50, 52, 54, 58, 63, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 80, 88, 93, 99, 105, 107, 112, 115, 121, 127, 134, 135, 138, 140, 144, 150, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 166, 170, 180, 188, 191, 199, 207, 209, 219, 223, 229, 234, 236, 241, 243, 247, 252, 254, 264, 267, 272, 279, 283, 289, 298, 300, 308, 318, 321, 327, 334, 339, 343, 353, 356, 360, 368, 379, 383, 388, 396, 399, 403, 408, 411, 414, 416, 420, 424, 430, 440, 444, 453, 457, 461, 462, 470, 478, 482, 487, 499, 502, 506, 516, 522, 526, 531, 541, 550, 553, 557, 560, 565, 573, 576, 583, 587, 596, 604, 614 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "established", "the", "Tibetan", "law", "code", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 16, 20, 28, 32, 36 ] }

{ "text": [ "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 522 ], "end": [ 548 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 104 ], "end": [ 107 ] } ] }

[ "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen" ]

{ "tokens": [ "The", "Ming", "court", "appointed", "three", "Princes", "of", "Dharma", "(", "法王", ")", "and", "five", "Princes", "(", "王", ")", ",", "and", "granted", "many", "other", "titles", ",", "such", "as", "Grand", "State", "Tutors", "(", "大國師", ")", "and", "State", "Tutors", "(", "國師", ")", ",", "to", "the", "important", "schools", "of", "Tibetan", "Buddhism", ",", "including", "the", "Karma", "Kagyu", ",", "Sakya", ",", "and", "Gelug", ".", "According", "to", "Wang", "Jiawei", "and", "Nyima", "Gyaincain", ",", "leading", "officials", "of", "these", "organs", "were", "all", "appointed", "by", "the", "central", "government", "and", "were", "subject", "to", "the", "rule", "of", "law", ".", "Yet", "Van", "Praag", "describes", "the", "distinct", "and", "long", "-", "lasting", "Tibetan", "law", "code", "established", "by", "the", "Phagmodru", "ruler", "Tai", "Situ", "Changchub", "Gyaltsen", "as", "one", "of", "many", "reforms", "to", "revive", "old", "Imperial", "Tibetan", "traditions", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 9, 15, 25, 31, 39, 42, 49, 50, 52, 54, 58, 63, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 80, 88, 93, 99, 105, 107, 112, 115, 121, 127, 134, 135, 138, 140, 144, 150, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 166, 170, 180, 188, 191, 199, 207, 209, 219, 223, 229, 234, 236, 241, 243, 247, 252, 254, 264, 267, 272, 279, 283, 289, 298, 300, 308, 318, 321, 327, 334, 339, 343, 353, 356, 360, 368, 379, 383, 388, 396, 399, 403, 408, 411, 414, 416, 420, 424, 430, 440, 444, 453, 457, 461, 462, 470, 478, 482, 487, 499, 502, 506, 516, 522, 526, 531, 541, 550, 553, 557, 560, 565, 573, 576, 583, 587, 596, 604, 614 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "was", "the", "Phagmodru", "ruler", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 12, 22, 27 ] }

{ "text": [ "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 522 ], "end": [ 548 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 104 ], "end": [ 107 ] } ] }

[ "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen" ]

{ "tokens": [ "In", "1368", ",", "a", "Han", "Chinese", "revolt", "known", "as", "the", "Red", "Turban", "Rebellion", "toppled", "the", "Mongol", "Yuan", "dynasty", "in", "China", ".", "Zhu", "Yuanzhang", "then", "established", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", ",", "ruling", "as", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "(", "r.", "1368–1398", ")", ".", "It", "is", "not", "clear", "how", "much", "the", "early", "Ming", "court", "understood", "the", "civil", "war", "going", "on", "in", "Tibet", "between", "rival", "religious", "sects", ",", "but", "the", "first", "emperor", "was", "anxious", "to", "avoid", "the", "same", "trouble", "that", "Tibet", "had", "caused", "for", "the", "Tang", "dynasty", ".", "Instead", "of", "recognizing", "the", "Phagmodru", "ruler", ",", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "sided", "with", "the", "Karmapa", "of", "the", "nearer", "Kham", "region", "and", "southeastern", "Tibet", ",", "sending", "envoys", "out", "in", "the", "winter", "of", "1372–1373", "to", "ask", "the", "Yuan", "officeholders", "to", "renew", "their", "titles", "for", "the", "new", "Ming", "court", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 7, 9, 11, 15, 23, 30, 36, 39, 43, 47, 54, 64, 72, 76, 83, 88, 96, 99, 104, 106, 110, 120, 125, 137, 141, 146, 153, 155, 162, 165, 169, 176, 184, 185, 188, 197, 198, 200, 203, 206, 210, 216, 220, 225, 229, 235, 240, 246, 257, 261, 267, 271, 277, 280, 283, 289, 297, 303, 313, 318, 320, 324, 328, 334, 342, 346, 354, 357, 363, 367, 372, 380, 385, 391, 395, 402, 406, 410, 415, 422, 424, 432, 435, 447, 451, 461, 466, 468, 472, 479, 487, 493, 498, 502, 510, 513, 517, 524, 529, 536, 540, 553, 558, 560, 568, 575, 579, 582, 586, 593, 596, 606, 609, 613, 617, 622, 636, 639, 645, 651, 658, 662, 666, 670, 675, 680 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "created", "the", "Ming", "Dynasty", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 12, 16, 21, 28 ] }

{ "text": [ "Zhu Yuanzhang" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 106 ], "end": [ 118 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 21 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }

[ "Zhu Yuanzhang" ]

{ "tokens": [ "In", "1368", ",", "a", "Han", "Chinese", "revolt", "known", "as", "the", "Red", "Turban", "Rebellion", "toppled", "the", "Mongol", "Yuan", "dynasty", "in", "China", ".", "Zhu", "Yuanzhang", "then", "established", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", ",", "ruling", "as", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "(", "r.", "1368–1398", ")", ".", "It", "is", "not", "clear", "how", "much", "the", "early", "Ming", "court", "understood", "the", "civil", "war", "going", "on", "in", "Tibet", "between", "rival", "religious", "sects", ",", "but", "the", "first", "emperor", "was", "anxious", "to", "avoid", "the", "same", "trouble", "that", "Tibet", "had", "caused", "for", "the", "Tang", "dynasty", ".", "Instead", "of", "recognizing", "the", "Phagmodru", "ruler", ",", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "sided", "with", "the", "Karmapa", "of", "the", "nearer", "Kham", "region", "and", "southeastern", "Tibet", ",", "sending", "envoys", "out", "in", "the", "winter", "of", "1372–1373", "to", "ask", "the", "Yuan", "officeholders", "to", "renew", "their", "titles", "for", "the", "new", "Ming", "court", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 7, 9, 11, 15, 23, 30, 36, 39, 43, 47, 54, 64, 72, 76, 83, 88, 96, 99, 104, 106, 110, 120, 125, 137, 141, 146, 153, 155, 162, 165, 169, 176, 184, 185, 188, 197, 198, 200, 203, 206, 210, 216, 220, 225, 229, 235, 240, 246, 257, 261, 267, 271, 277, 280, 283, 289, 297, 303, 313, 318, 320, 324, 328, 334, 342, 346, 354, 357, 363, 367, 372, 380, 385, 391, 395, 402, 406, 410, 415, 422, 424, 432, 435, 447, 451, 461, 466, 468, 472, 479, 487, 493, 498, 502, 510, 513, 517, 524, 529, 536, 540, 553, 558, 560, 568, 575, 579, 582, 586, 593, 596, 606, 609, 613, 617, 622, 636, 639, 645, 651, 658, 662, 666, 670, 675, 680 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "caused", "the", "Yuan", "dynasty", "to", "fall", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 11, 15, 20, 28, 31, 35 ] }

{ "text": [ "the Red Turban Rebellion" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }

[ "the Red Turban Rebellion" ]

{ "tokens": [ "In", "1368", ",", "a", "Han", "Chinese", "revolt", "known", "as", "the", "Red", "Turban", "Rebellion", "toppled", "the", "Mongol", "Yuan", "dynasty", "in", "China", ".", "Zhu", "Yuanzhang", "then", "established", "the", "Ming", "dynasty", ",", "ruling", "as", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "(", "r.", "1368–1398", ")", ".", "It", "is", "not", "clear", "how", "much", "the", "early", "Ming", "court", "understood", "the", "civil", "war", "going", "on", "in", "Tibet", "between", "rival", "religious", "sects", ",", "but", "the", "first", "emperor", "was", "anxious", "to", "avoid", "the", "same", "trouble", "that", "Tibet", "had", "caused", "for", "the", "Tang", "dynasty", ".", "Instead", "of", "recognizing", "the", "Phagmodru", "ruler", ",", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "sided", "with", "the", "Karmapa", "of", "the", "nearer", "Kham", "region", "and", "southeastern", "Tibet", ",", "sending", "envoys", "out", "in", "the", "winter", "of", "1372–1373", "to", "ask", "the", "Yuan", "officeholders", "to", "renew", "their", "titles", "for", "the", "new", "Ming", "court", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 7, 9, 11, 15, 23, 30, 36, 39, 43, 47, 54, 64, 72, 76, 83, 88, 96, 99, 104, 106, 110, 120, 125, 137, 141, 146, 153, 155, 162, 165, 169, 176, 184, 185, 188, 197, 198, 200, 203, 206, 210, 216, 220, 225, 229, 235, 240, 246, 257, 261, 267, 271, 277, 280, 283, 289, 297, 303, 313, 318, 320, 324, 328, 334, 342, 346, 354, 357, 363, 367, 372, 380, 385, 391, 395, 402, 406, 410, 415, 422, 424, 432, 435, 447, 451, 461, 466, 468, 472, 479, 487, 493, 498, 502, 510, 513, 517, 524, 529, 536, 540, 553, 558, 560, 568, 575, 579, 582, 586, 593, 596, 606, 609, 613, 617, 622, 636, 639, 645, 651, 658, 662, 666, 670, 675, 680 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Who", "ruled", "as", "the", "the", "Hongwu", "Emperor", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 10, 13, 17, 21, 28, 35 ] }

{ "text": [ "Zhu Yuanzhang" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 106 ], "end": [ 118 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 21 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }

[ "Zhu Yuanzhang" ]