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You can write browser plug-ins with the native WebKit plug-in API. Written in Objective-C, WebKit-based plug-ins are supported only by WebKit-based applications and cannot be ported to other platforms. The API is extremely simple, so many fewer lines of code are required to deploy a WebKit plug-in versus a Netscape one and you can use Xcode and Interface Builder to design and implement a plug-in’s functionality.
Introduction To WebKit Plug-ins
Becoming A Plug-in
Using Plug-in Scripting
Implementing a Plug-in
WebKit plug-ins are based on core Cocoa API. The plug-in itself is simply an instance of an NSView, a common class in many other Objective-C applications. It provides a cornucopia of features, including the management of events such as mouse and keyboard inputs. Your plug-in inherits these “for free.” URL loading is also inherited, via NSURLConnection. You can access WebKit classes through the plug-in’s WebFrame and the browser scripting environment through the WebKit WebScriptMethods protocol.
For the plug-in to act like a standard web browser plug-in, it needs to conform to the
WebPlugIn informal protocol. This protocol has just one required constructor method,
plugInViewWithArguments:, which your NSView subclass should implement.
Optional methods you can implement include:
webPlugInInitialize, which is called just after the plug-in is created and allows you to perform any prestartup actions in the plug-in.
webPlugInStart, which is called when the plug-in should begin doing whatever it has been designed to do.
webPlugInStop, which is called to tell the plug-in to cease its usual actions.
webPlugInDestroy, which is called to give the plug-in a chance to deallocate any objects or resources it may have created or retained.
webPlugInSetIsSelected:, which is called when the selection state of the plug-in has changed, allowing you to do any custom drawing or actions based off that event.
These methods are implemented by the container of the plug-in; that is, they affect the web view that surrounds the plug-in:
webPlugInContainerLoadRequest:inFrame: allows you to tell the browser to load a URL request into a given frame (or the container’s frame itself).
webPlugInContainerShowStatus: allows you to tell the container to print a status message to the browser’s status bar.
webPlugInContainerSelectionColor returns the color that the container should use to draw plug-in’s selection state when it is selected.
webFrame allows you to access the other WebKit elements of the container, such as its
WebView.
The WebKit API allows your plug-ins to easily access a scripting environment (such as JavaScript) from the plug-in, and vice versa. Your plug-in can call JavaScript methods and read JavaScript properties, while your containing page can call methods from your plug-in from its JavaScript environment.
When the browser encounters your plug-in, it will use JavaScript to request the object representing your plug-in using
objectForWebScript. The object that you return from that method represents the interface to your plug-in. This can be, but is not required to be, the same object as your plug-in. In that case, your implementation of
objectForWebScript would simply look like:
The object you return needs to have control over which of its methods should be visible to the scripting environment. In all likelihood, you don’t want all of your methods exposed to the environment, which they will be, by default. To counteract this, implement these methods:
webScriptNameForSelector: returns the name that a given selector should inherit so that it can be called from the JavaScript environment. The default renaming scheme (to prevent against namespace conflicts) can lead to confusing method names in the scripting environment, so you should make a habit of rewriting the names of all your exposed methods. For example, if you had an Objective-C method called
startMovieAtBeginning, you might want it to reflect its own name in the scripting environment instead of going through a rewrite. An implementation example would look like:
isSelectorExcludedFromWebScript: lets the scripting environment know whether or not a given Objective-C method in your plug-in can be called from the scripting environment. A common mistake first-time plug-in developers make is forgetting to implement this method, causing the plug-in to expose no methods and making the plug-in unscriptable. As a security precation this method returns
YES by default exposing no methods. You want to expose only methods that you know are secure, to do this the function should return
NO. You may only want to export a couple of your Objective-C methods to JavaScript. In this example, the plug-in’s
play method can be called from JavaScript, but any other method cannot::
Similarly, you want to give the scripting environment access to all of your properties. The syntax is very similar for restricting those:
webScriptNameForKey: should be implemented to return a more human-readable name for a method to the scripting environment.
isKeyExcludedFromWebScript: allows you to selectively expose properties to the scripting environment.
In this example, you create a QuickTime movie plug-in. This is a powerful example, because it requires very few lines of code and yet provides a useful extension to a web browser or WebKit application.
First, you need to create the view class. In this case, you use Cocoa’s built-in NSMovieView and subclass it to create your
PlugInMovieView (see Listing 1).
Listing 1 PlugInMovieView header (PlugInMovieView.h)
Now you can write the implementation. You first need to conform to the
WebPlugIn protocol, by implementing
plugInViewWithArguments: (see Listing 2). Create an instance of your movie view, assign it the arguments passed into your method, and return it. Notice that an accessor method is being used to set the arguments—this is good Cocoa coding style.
Listing 2 Returning your plug-in’s view
Now that you’ve returned the view, you need to make a decision. Do you have any operations to perform on initialization? In the case of NSMovieView, you can set a movie’s controller to be visible (or not) and also specify whether or not you’d like the user to be able to adjust its size. In this case, you should show the controller but prevent the user from resizing the movie in the frame—the most common layout for embedded movies (see Listing 3).
Listing 3 Initializing the movie plug-in
From the enclosing container, nestled in an embed tag, you’ll receive a URL pointing to a movie. This will arrive in one of the keys specified by the arguments dictionary that you set in Listing 2. Use that URL to load and play the movie (see Listing 4).
Listing 4 Loading and playing a movie from a URL
Eventually, all good things must come to an end, and so shall your plug-in. This will be announced by a call to
webPlugInStop. You should take the opportunity to stop the movie from playing (see Listing 5).
Listing 5 Stopping the movie
You’ve just implemented a fully functional WebKit movie-playing plug-in. You could build this code, install the plug-in, and have your own working QuickTime player embedded in Safari or a WebKit-based application. However, you might want to add a little more flair and use a form—with HTML buttons—to play and pause the movie. It just takes a few more lines of code (see Listing 6).
Listing 6 Opening the plug-in to JavaScript
You only had to add two extra methods,
play and
pause, so that the buttons in the interface could be tied to public methods. Then you exposed those methods to the JavaScript scripting environment.
If you want to explore further, this example is available at:
Last updated: 2008-10-15
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Ruby Programming/Syntax/Method Calls
From Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection
A method in Ruby is a set of expressions that returns a value. Other languages sometimes refer to this as a function. A method may be defined as a part of a class or separately.
[edit] Method Calls
Methods are called using the following syntax:
method_name(parameter1, parameter2,…)
If the method has no parameters the parentheses can usually be omitted as in the following:
method_name
If you don't have code that needs to use method result immediately, Ruby allows to specify parameters omitting parentheses:
results = method_name parameter1, parameter2 # calling method, not using parentheses # You need to use parentheses if you want to work with the result immediately. # e.g., if a method returns an array and we want to reverse element order: results = method_name(parameter1, parameter2).reverse
[edit] Method Definitions
[edit] Return Values, i will have the value 6.
[edit] Default Values
A default parameter value can be specified during method definition to replace the value of a parameter if it is not passed into the method or the parameter's value is
nil.
def some_method(value='default', arr=[]) puts value puts arr.length end
some_method('something')
The method call above will output:
something 0
[edit] Variable Length Argument List, Asterisk Operator to accepts_hash got rolled up into one hash variable. This technique is used in Ruby On Rails API heavily.
Notice missing parens around arguments to accepts_hash function, and notice there is no { } Hash declaration syntax around the :arg1 => '...' code. The above code is equivalent
[edit] The Ampersand Operator)
[edit] Understanding blocks, Procs and methods
[edit] Introduction
Ruby provides the programmer with a set of very powerful features borrowed from the domain of functional programming, namely closures, high-order functions and first-class functions [1]. These features are implemented in Ruby by means of code blocks, Proc objects and methods (that are also objects) - concepts that are closely related and yet differ in subtle ways. In fact I found myself quite confused about this topic, having a difficulty to understand the difference between blocks, procs and methods’m.
[edit] Shivang's PROC.
From the example and the definition above, it is obvious that Ruby Procs can also act as closures. On Wikipedia, a closure is defined as a function that refers to free variables in its lexical context. Note how closely it maps to the Ruby definition blocks of code that have been bound to a set of local variables.
[edit] More on Procs:
lamb = lambda {|x, y| puts x + y} pnew = Proc.new { way cooler a whopping two characters shorter, its behavior is less surprising.
Ruby's lambda is unusual in that choice of parameter names does affect behavior:
x = 3 lambda{|x| "x still refers to the outer variable"}.call(4) puts x # x is now 4, not 3
[edit] Methods sending messages. Given a receiver - an object that has some method defined, we can send it a message - by calling the method, optionally providing some arguments. In the example above, calling arbo is akin to sending a message “arbo”, without arguments. Ruby supports the message sending idiom more directly, by including the send method in class Object (which is the parent of all objects in Ruby). So the following two lines are equivalent to the arbo method call:
# method/message name is given as a string b.send("arbo") # method/message name is given as a symbol b.send(:arbo)
Note that methods can also be defined in the “top-level” scope, not inside any class. For example:
def say (something) puts something end say "Hello"
While it seems that say is “free-standing”, it is not. When methods such as this are defined, Ruby silently tucks them into the Object class..
[edit] Blocks
Blocks are so powerfully.
[edit] Passing a block to a method IMHO part of what makes Ruby the clean, readable and wonderful language it is. What happens here behind the scenes is quite simple, or at least may be depicted in a very simple way. Perhaps Ruby doesn’t implement it exactly the way I’m didn, for sure."}) it’s simply a matter of taste, understanding both approaches is vital.
[edit] The ampersand (&))
[edit] Special methods a important part of meta-programming in Ruby. In Ruby on Rails it is used extensively to create methods dynamically.
Another special methods is
initialize that ruby calls whenever a class instance is created, but that belong is the next chapter: Classes.
[edit] Conclusion.
[edit] Notes
!
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XQuery, the Server LanguageXQuery, the Server Language.
For instance, we can create the traditional "Hello, World!" application as a web service, as shown in Listing 1 (hello_world.xq).
let $user := request:get-parameter("user","World") let $message := if ($<input type="submit" value="Go!"/></p> else <p>Hi, {$user}! Welcome to the Hello, World Example!</p> let $page := <html> <head> <title>Hello, {$user}!</title> </head> <body> <h1>Hello, {$user}!</h1> <form method="get" action="hello_world.xq"> {$message} </form> </body> </html> return $page
Listing 1: Hello, World, rendered in eXist's XQuery language
The eXist engine runs this XQuery as a REST based service, invocable from the command line. For instance, the document above might be given as.
where this particular file is actually stored within the database itself.
The (: :) characters serve as comment delimiters The let keyword indicates the declaration and definition of a variable, with assignment being made explicitly using the := notation (with the bare equal sign serving to act as a Boolean comparison operator). Where things get a little strange is in the notion of containment. A single XML node (with or without children) also carries with it its own sense of "blockness," so that expressions such as if/then/else require either static values (such as numbers or strings), single XML elements (with or without children) or sequences of nodes and values delimited by parentheses. Thus, in the $message declaration, both the then and the else clauses return single elements.
The bracket notation within elements and attributes serves the same
purpose as bracket notation within XSLT: it evaluates the XPath
expressions and returns the results in the appropriate context, though
unlike XSLT bracketed expressions can return elements or attributes,
not just strings (meaning that you have to be more careful when
writing bracketed XQuery that you're not attempting to test a string
vs. an element or attribute inadvertently. This can be seen in the
insertion of the
$message element within the larger XHTML
template.
XQuery makes use of what has become known as FLWOR (flower) notation, where the term is an acronym for the five primary keywords of XQuery notation: For, Let, Where, Order by and Return. Typically all XQuery statements have at a minimum at least one for or let expression, and then has a final return statement indicating what gets passed back out of the overall filter. Similarly, assignment statements can contain secondary for/let/if/then/else expressions, with the return keyword indicating the returned value or expression to be passed back to the assigned variable. Thus, in Listing 1, the line:
return $ page
at the very end of the XQuery returns the element defined in the variable $page. In an open query like the one above, this final return is used by eXist to pass the information to the servlet's output, in essence writing the buffers and sending the contents to the client.
I've deliberately held off discussing the first line of listing 1. The expression
let $user := request:get-parameter("user","World")
assigns to the variable user the results of the
get-parameter() function in the request
namespace. Put another way, this looks at either the incoming query
string (if the HTML form in question used the GET method) or the post
name/value data (if the method was POST) for the
parameter user. If the parameter exists,
then use it, otherwise, use the parameter value
"World".
This call is a staple of just about any server language. The ability to pull parameters from user input was one of the first reasons for building server-side scripting languages, but this is an eXist feature, not an XQuery one. However, the benefits of this particular feature should be obvious: if you can access information from the client, modify your outgoing streams (something that can be accomplished with the corresponding response: namespace) and maintain session and authentication information, then you have all of the functions necessary for a server language.
One of the more important features of XPath 2, upon which XQuery is based, comes from the realization that extensions are inevitable. There will always be things that fall beyond the immediate scope of the language but that are important to you as the developer. For this reason, XPath 2 (and hence XQuery) includes very clear conventions for defining additional functionality to the language...a fact which implies that other XML database vendors may very well want to look at this functionality and see whether it enhances their own products.
The eXist database defines a number of these namespaces out of the box. From the standpoint of servlet development, perhaps the most important namespaces are as follows:
request: provides access to information sent from the client. Functions include get-cookie-names, get-cookie-value, get-data, get-header, get-header-names, get-method, get-parameter, get-parameter-names, get-server-name, get-uploaded-file, get-uploaded-file-name, and get-url.
response: lets the developer control the stream of data being sent back to the client. Functions include redirect-to, set-cookie, set-header, and stream-binary.
session: provides control over the user's HTTP sesssion. Functions include create, encode-url, get-attribute, get-attribute-names, get-id, invalidate, set-attribute, and set-current-user.
transform: lets the developer transform an XML node using XSLT from within the xquery. Functions include transform and stream-transform.
update: The update commands (distinct from a namespace) let you perform live updates of the data in the eXist XML database, either at the granular level of changing a value in the database or at the level of inserting or removing whole documents. This addresses one of the big shortcomings of XQuery, in that it provides for an effective read-write solution that can be invoked from within an XQuery.
Other extensions can be compiled in by rebuilding the Java JAR (a shell or batch script automates this process) for doing such things as writing SQL queries and updates designed to work with any JDBC compliant SQL database, such as Oracle, mySQL, Postgres, or SQL Server. This capability is especially important because it provides a bridge between the SQL and XML worlds, letting you perform complex queries (or updates) on your SQL database then passing this information to the XQuery to be additionally processed, filtered, sorted, or transformed.
Additionally, other extensions give access to a full range of math functions (including the oh-so-useful math:random function), let you send mail through an SMTP server, retrieve (and to a certain extent modify) images (which can also be stored in the database, by the way), and other functions that provide functionality more associated with a full bore server-side scripting language than an XML query language..
XML.com Copyright © 1998-2006 O'Reilly Media, Inc.
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In ordinary C, if you want to limit the visibility of a function or variable to the current file, you apply the
static keyword to it. In a shared library containing many files, though, if you want a symbol to be available in several files inside the library, but not available outside the library, hiding that symbol is more difficult. Most linkers provide convenient ways to hide or show all symbols in a module, but if you want to be more selective, it takes a lot more work.
Prior to Mac OS X v10.4, there were two mechanisms for controlling symbol visibility. The first technique was to declare individual symbols as private to the library but external to the current file using the
__private_extern__ keyword. This keyword could be used in the same places you would use either the
static or
extern keywords. The second technique was to use an export list.
An export list is a file containing the names of symbols you explicitly want to hide or show. Although symbol names in C are easily determined (by prepending an underscore character to the name), determining symbol names in C++ is far more complicated. Because of classes and namespaces, compilers must include more information to identify each symbol uniquely, and so compilers create what is known as a mangled name for each symbol. This mangled name is often compiler-dependent, difficult to deduce, and difficult to find within a large list of symbols defined by your library.
Luckily, GCC 4.0 provides some new ways to change the visibility of symbols. The following sections describe these new techniques along with reasons why this might be important to you.
Using GCC 4.0 to Mark Symbol Visibility
Reasons for Limiting Symbol Visibility
Reasons for Making Symbols Visible
Visibility of Inline Functions
Symbol Visibility and Objective-C
Beginning with Mac OS X v10.4, hiding C++ symbol names is much easier. The GCC 4.0 compiler supports new options for hiding or showing symbols and also supports a new pragma and compiler attributes for changing the visibility of symbols in your code.
Note: The following features are available only in GCC 4.0 and later. For information on how to use these features with Xcode, see Xcode 2.1 User Guide. “Dynamic Library Design Guidelines“ in Dynamic Library Programming Topics provides general information about symbol definition and method implementation.
GCC 4.0 supports a new flag for setting the default visibility of symbols in a file. The
-fvisibility=vis compiler option lets you set the visibility for symbols in the current compilation. The value for this flag can be either
default or
hidden. When set to
default, symbols not explicitly marked as hidden are made visible. When set to
hidden, symbols not explicitly marked as visible are hidden. If you do not specify the
-fvisibility flag during compilation, the compiler assumes
default visibility.
Note: The name
default does not refer to compiler defaults. Like the name
hidden, it comes from visibility names defined by the ELF format. A symbol with
default visibility has the kind of visibility that all symbols do if no special mechanisms are used—that is, it is exported as part of the public interface.
The compiler also supports the
-fvisibility-inlines-hidden flag for forcing all inline functions to be hidden. You might use this flag in situations where you want to use default visibility for most items but still want to hide all inline functions. For more information why this might be necessary for inline functions, see “Visibility of Inline Functions.”
If you are compiling your code with GCC 4.0, you can mark individual symbols as default or hidden using the visibility attribute:
Visibility attributes override the value specified with the
-fvisibility flag at compile-time. Thus, adding the
default visibility attribute causes a symbol to be exported in all cases, whereas adding the
hidden visibility attribute hides it.
Visibility attributes may be applied to functions, variables, templates, and C++ classes. If a class is marked as hidden, all of its member functions, static member variables, and compiler-generated metadata, such as virtual function tables and RTTI information, are also hidden.
Note: Although template declarations can be marked with the visibility attribute, template instantiations cannot. This is a known limitation and may be fixed in a future version of GCC.
To demonstrate how these attributes work at compile-time, take a look at the following declarations:
Compiling this code with the
-fvisibility=default flag would cause the symbols for functions
a and
c and classes
X and
Z to be exported by the library. Compiling this code with the
-fvisibility=hidden flag would cause the symbols for the function
c and the class
Z to be exported.
Using the visibility attribute to mark symbols as visible or hidden is better practice than using the
__private_extern__ keyword to hide individual symbols. Using the
__private_extern__ keyword takes the approach of exposing all symbols by default and then selectively hiding ones that are private. In a large shared library, the reverse approach is usually better. Thus, it is usually better to hide all symbols and then selectively expose the ones you want clients to use.
To simplify the task of marking symbols for export, you might also want to define a macro with the
default visibility attribute set, such as in the following example:
The advantage of using a macro is that if your code is also compiled on other platforms, you can change the macro to the appropriate keywords for the compilers on the other platforms.
Another way to mark symbols as default or hidden is with a new pragma in GCC 4.0. The GCC visibility pragma has the advantage of being able to mark a block of functions quickly, without the need to apply the visibility attribute to each one. The use of this pragma is as follows:
In this example, the functions
g and
h are marked as default, and are therefore exported regardless of the
-fvisibility flag, while the function
f conforms to whatever value is set for the
-fvisibility flag. As the names
push and
pop suggest, this pragma can be nested.
It is good practice to export as few symbols as possible from your dynamic shared libraries. Exporting a limited set of symbols improves program modularity and hides implementation details. Reducing the number of symbols in your libraries also decreases the footprint of your library and reduces the amount of work that must be done by the dynamic linker. With fewer symbols to load and resolve, the dynamic linker is able to get your program up and running more quickly.
Although it is likely that most C++ symbols in your shared library do not need to be visible, there are some situations where you do need to export them:
If your library exports a C++ interface, the symbols associated with that interface must be visible..
If you expect the address of an inline function used in different code modules to be the same for each module, the function must be exported from each code module.
If your inline function contains a static object and you expect there to be only one copy of that object, your symbol for that static object must be visible.
You might think that the visibility of inline functions is not an issue, but it is. Inline functions are normally expanded at the call site, and thus never emitted as symbols in the object file at all. In a number of cases, however, the compiler may emit the body of the function, and therefore generate a symbol for it, for some very good reasons. In the most common case, the compiler may decide not to respect the inline optimization if all optimizations are disabled. In more rare cases, the function may be too big to inline or the address of the function might be used elsewhere and thus require a symbol.
Although you can apply the visibility attribute (see “Visibility Attributes”) to inline functions in C++ just as you can any other symbol, it is usually better to hide all inline functions. Some complex issues arise when you export inline functions from dynamic shared libraries. Because there are several variables involved in the compiler’s decision to emit a function or inline it, you may run into errors when building clients for different builds of your shared library.
It is also important to remember that there are subtle differences between the inline function semantics for C and C++. In C programs, only one source file may provide an out-of-line definition for an inline function. This means that C programmers have precise control over where out-of-line copies reside. So for a C-based dynamic shared library, it is possible to export only one copy of an inline function. For C++, the definition of an inline function must be included in every translation unit that uses the function. So, if the compiler does emit an out-of-line copy, there can potentially be several copies of the function residing in different translation units.
In the end, if you want to hide all inline functions (but not necessarily all of your other code), you can use the
-fvisibility-inlines-hidden flag when compiling your code. If you are already passing the
-fvisibility=hidden flag to the compiler, use of the
-fvisibility-inlines-hidden flag is unnecessary.
Objective-C is a strict superset of C, and Objective-C++ is a strict superset of C++. This means that all of the discussion regarding symbol visibility in C and C++ applies to Objective-C and Objective-C++ too. You can use the compiler flags, visibility attributes, and the visibility pragma to hide C and C++ code in your Objective-C code files. However, these visibility controls apply only to the C or C++ subset of your code. They do not apply to Objective-C classes and methods.
Objective-C class and message names are bound by the Objective-C runtime, not by the linker, so the notion of visibility does not apply to them. There is no mechanism for hiding an Objective-C class defined in a dynamic library from the clients of that library.
Last updated: 2006-06-28
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Using ASSERT(), VERIFY(), and TRACE() in non-MFC Applications
by Gabriel Fleseriu
When it comes to game development under C++, few people choose to use MFC. Still, I find
the ASSERT(), VERIFY() and TRACE() macros useful. So I thought to write my own versions
that work for any kind of project for Windows platforms.
A few reminders:
ASSERT() is supposed to evaluate its parameter, and if this is zero, to break the execution.
In release mode, assert should expand to nothing.
VERIFY() is very similar to ASSERT(), except that in Release mode, it is supposed to expand
to its parameter.
ASSERT() should be used with expressions that do not include any function call. For expressions
that include a function call, you should use VERIFY(), so the function call is preserved in
release mode.
TRACE() is the counterpart of printf(), except that it prints to the debug window. In Release
mode, TRACE() also should expand to nothing.
None of the three macros imply any runtime penalty in release mode. The macros distinguish
between debug and release mode by the pre-defined _DEBUG macro. This is specific to Microsoft
Visual C++. If you are using some other compiler you might have to use some appropriate macro.
There are two files needed to support ASSERT(), VERIFY and TRACE(): debug.h and debug.cpp.
You should include debug.h in some main header of your project. It does not pollute recurrent
inclusions, since it does not include any file itself. You also should add debug.cpp to the
source files of your project.
Here they are:
// file debug.h
#ifndef __DEBUG_H__
#define __DEBUG_H__
#ifdef _DEBUG
void _trace(char *fmt, ...);
#define ASSERT(x) {if(!(x)) _asm{int 0x03}}
#define VERIFY(x) {if(!(x)) _asm{int 0x03}}
#else
#define ASSERT(x)
#define VERIFY(x) x
#endif
#ifdef _DEBUG
#define TRACE _trace
#else
inline void _trace(LPCTSTR fmt, ...) { }
#define TRACE 1 ? (void)0 : _trace
#endif
#endif // __DEBUG_H__
//file debug.cpp
#ifdef _DEBUG
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <windows.h>
void _trace(char *fmt, ...)
{
char out[1024];
va_list body;
va_start(body, fmt);
vsprintf(out, fmt, body);
va_end(body);
OutputDebugString(out);
}
#endif
Discuss this article in the forums
Date this article was posted to GameDev.net: 7/23/2002
(Note that this date does not necessarily correspond to the date the article was written)
See Also:
Sweet Snippets
© 1999-2009 Gamedev.net. All rights reserved. Terms of Use Privacy Policy
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#if MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5or
...
#endif
- (void)aNewMethod AVAILABLE_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5_AND_LATER;The basic definitions for these come from AvailabilityMacros.h, a standard system header. This is included from Cocoa.h, AppKit.h, and Foundation.h imports.
APPKIT_EXTERN double NSAppKitVersionNumber;One typical use of this is to floor() the value, and check against the values provided in NSApplication.h:
#define NSAppKitVersionNumber10_0 577
#define NSAppKitVersionNumber10_1 620
#define NSAppKitVersionNumber10_2 663
#define NSAppKitVersionNumber10_3 743
#define NSAppKitVersionNumber10_4 824
if (floor(NSAppKitVersionNumber) <= NSAppKitVersionNumber10_0) .0.x or earlier system */
} else if (floor(NSAppKitVersionNumber) <= NSAppKitVersionNumber10_1) {
/* On a 10.1 - 10.1.x system */
} else if (floor(NSAppKitVersionNumber) <= NSAppKitVersionNumber10_2) {
/* On a 10.2 - 10.2.x system */
} else if (floor(NSAppKitVersionNumber) <= NSAppKitVersionNumber10_3) {
/* On a 10.3 - 10.3.x system */
} else if (floor(NSAppKitVersionNumber) <= NSAppKitVersionNumber10_4) {
/* On a 10.4 - 10.4.x system */
} else {
/* Leopard or later system */
}
#define NSAppKitVersionWithSuchAndSuchBadBugFix 582.1
- (NSInteger)integerValue;The existing intValue and related methods continue to take the native int type, which is 32-bit on both 32 and 64-bit platforms. These are among the very few methods remaining in Cocoa that take native int or unsigned int, rather than NSInteger or NSUInteger.
- (void)setIntegerValue:(NSInteger)val;
- (void)takeIntegerValueFrom:(id)sender;
[view setLayer:rootLayer];AppKit responds by setting up a Core Animation renderer that animates and composites the layer tree on a background thread.
[view setWantsLayer:YES];
[[someDescendantOfTheRootView animator] setFrame:newFrame];To specify a duration in place of the global default of 0.25 seconds, enclose such messages in an NSAnimationContext that specifies the duration for animation:
[NSAnimationContext beginGrouping];Basic default animation parameters are provided for the following NSView and NSWindow properties, such that they will animate automatically when assigned a new target value via the view or window's animator:
[[NSAnimationContext currentContext] setDuration:0.25];
[[someDescendantOfTheRootView animator] setFrame:newFrame];
[NSAnimationContext endGrouping];
[NSAnimationContext beginGrouping];NSAnimationContexts can be nested, allowing a given block of code to initiate animations using its own specified duration without affecting animations initiated by surrounding code.
[[NSAnimationContext currentContext] setDuration:1.0]; // Animate enclosed operations with a duration of 1 sec
[[aView animator] setFrame:newFrame];
[NSAnimationContext endGrouping];
[NSAnimationContext beginGrouping];Since an "animator" proxy can be handed off to code that expects an ordinary object of the kind the proxy targets (presently, an NSView or NSWindow), it might in rare circumstances be necessary to suppress animation for code that does not explicitly go through "animator" proxy objects. This can be accomplished using an animation context with a duration of zero:
[[NSAnimationContext currentContext] setDuration:1.0]; // Animate enclosed operations with a duration of 1 sec
[[aView animator] setFrame:newFrame];
...
[NSAnimationContext beginGrouping];
[[NSAnimationContext currentContext] setDuration:0.5]; // Animate alpha fades with half-second duration
[[aView animator] setAlphaValue:0.75];
[[bView animator] setAlphaValue:0.75];
[NSAnimationContext endGrouping];
...
[[bView animator] setFrame:secondFrame]; // Will animate with a duration of 1 sec
[NSAnimationContext endGrouping];
[NSAnimationContext beginGrouping];
[[NSAnimationContext currentContext] setDuration:0.0]; // Makes value-set operations take effect immediately
[aViewOrMaybeAnAnimator setFrame:newFrame];
[NSAnimationContext endGrouping];
- (void)setWantsLayer:(BOOL)flag;The "wantsLayer" property determines whether a view and its descendants should be composited and animated using a Core Animation layer tree, enabling the use of advanced animation and compositing effects. Defaults to NO. Setting this property to YES for the rootmost view for which Core Animation-based compositing is desired is all that's needed to activate Core Animation-based view buffering, compositing, and animation for a given view subtree. The view subtree is then said to be "layer-backed", since each view is given a corresponding Core Animation layer that serves as its backing store.
- (BOOL)wantsLayer;
- (CALayer *)layer;The -layer method returns the view's corresponding AppKit-created-and-managed CALayer, if the view is layer-backed. Callers may use the returned pointer to message the layer directly, as a means of accessing features that aren't re-exported as NSView properties. May return nil for a view that's currently marked as layer-hosted, if AppKit hasn't yet displayed the view for the first time and thus created the view's layer. For most ordinary usage of animating views' frames and content and applying effects, awareness of and direct access to views' underlying layers is unlikely to be needed, as AppKit will be able to manage them automatically.
- (void)setLayer:(CALayer *)newLayer;The -setLayer: method sets a given CALayer to be a view's backing layer. This causes the view to dissociate from its previously assigned layer (if any), removing that layer from its surrounding layer tree and releasing the view's reference to the layer. The new layer takes on the old layer's position in the layer tree (or is simply added to the layer tree in the appropriate place, if it isn't replacing an existing layer). A view retains its layer, but AppKit maintains only a weak reference from the layer back to the view. This method manages both associations.
- (void)setAlphaValue:(CGFloat)viewAlpha;Sets the overall opacity value with which the view and its descendants are composited into their superview (analogous to a window's alphaValue). Defaults to 1.0. This setting may be varied independently of the class' return value for -isOpaque, and the implementation of the latter needn't take the view's alphaValue into account, since AppKit consults both values when necessary. A view's alphaValue will affect both Core Animation-based and conventional view compositing.
- (CGFloat)alphaValue;
- (NSShadow *)shadow;Sets an optional shadow to be drawn behind the view subtree. Defaults to nil. This setting only has an effect for Core Animation-based view compositing. Note that, although Core Animation's shadow model uses the same parameters as a Quartz shadow, the rendered results may differ from those achieved using Quartz shadow rendering. NSShadow is used here merely as an appropriate Cocoa encapsulation for the identical set of shadow parameters.
- (void)setShadow:(NSShadow *)shadow;
maskop(mask, compositeop(layerop(layer), backgroundop(background)), background)
- (CIFilter *)compositingFilter;Sets a CIFilter that will be used to composite the view subtree over its (possibly filtered) background. Defaults to nil, which implies that source-over compositing should be used. This setting only has an effect for Core Animation-based view compositing.
- (void)setCompositingFilter:(CIFilter *)filter;
- (NSArray *)contentFilters;Allows the view's content to be filtered through an optional chain of CIFilters before being composited into the render destination. The supplied array of filters needn't be connected to one another, as they will be connected in series automatically by Core Animation. Defaults to nil. This setting only has an effect for Core Animation-based view compositing.
- (void)setContentFilters:(NSArray *)filters;
- (NSArray *)backgroundFilters;Allows the background behind the view's subtree to be filtered through an optional chain of CIFilters before the view subtree is composited into it. The supplied array of filters needn't be connected to one another, as they will be connected in series automatically by Core Animation. Defaults to nil. This setting only has an effect for Core Animation-based view compositing.
- (void)setBackgroundFilters:(NSArray *)filters;
[view lockFocus];This was sometimes used to replace some animated content in response to a timer callback, for example.
/* Perform some drawing. */
[view unlockFocus];
- (void)translateRectsNeedingDisplayInRect:(NSRect)clipRect by:(NSSize)delta;This method should rarely be needed, but may be useful to clients that implement their own copy-on-scroll logic.
- (NSRect)convertRectToBase:(NSRect)aRect;For conventional view rendering, in which a view hierarchy is drawn flattened into a window backing store, this "base" space is the same as the coordinate system of the window, and the results of using these new methods are the same as converting geometry to and from view "nil" using the existing -covert[Rect/Point/Size]:[to/from]View: methods.
- (NSPoint)convertPointToBase:(NSPoint)aPoint;
- (NSSize)convertSizeToBase:(NSSize)aSize;
- (NSRect)convertRectFromBase:(NSRect)aRect;
- (NSPoint)convertPointFromBase:(NSPoint)aPoint;
- (NSSize)convertSizeFromBase:(NSSize)aSize;
- (void)viewDidHide;A view will receive a "viewDidHide" message when its "isHiddenOrHasHiddenAncestor" state goes from NO to YES. This can happen when the view or an ancestor is marked as hidden, or when the view or an ancestor is spliced into a new view hierarchy.)
- (void)viewDidUnhide;
- (void)viewWillDraw;Most often, the activity to be performed at this time consists of some combination of view layout (assigning new frame sizes and/or positions to views) and marking additional view areas as needing display (typically as the result of performing layout of non-view content, such as text glyphs, graphics, or web content). The desired effect is to perform such computations on demand, deferred until their results are about to actually be needed, allowing for the same kind of update coalescing performance benefits that we get with the deferred display mechanism itself, rather than forcing content layout to be performed immediately when the content is established or deferred until a subsequent drawing pass.
@implementation NSViewSo an override of this method could do:
- (void)viewWillDraw {
if (any descendant of self overrides "-viewWillDraw") {
for (each subview that intersects the window area being drawn in back-to-front order) {
[subview viewWillDraw];
}
}
}
@end
- (void)viewWillDraw {
/* Perform some operations before recursing for descendants. */
/* Now recurse to handle all our descendants. Overrides must call up to super like this. */
[super viewWillDraw];
/* Perform some operations that might depend on descendants already having had a chance to update. */During the -viewWillDraw recursion, sending of -setNeedsDisplay: and -setNeedsDisplayInRect: messages to views in the hierarchy that's about to be drawn is valid and supported, and will affect AppKit's assessment of the total area to be rendered in that drawing pass.
}
- (void)setSubviews:(NSArray *)newSubviews;With this single method, one can:
- (id)animator;The -animator method returns a proxy object for the receiver that can be used to initiate implied animation of property changes. An object's "animator" should be treated as if it was the object itself, and may be passed to any code that accepts the object as a parameter. Sending of KVC-compliant "set" messages to the proxy will trigger animation for automatically animated properties of its target object, if the active NSAnimationContext in the current thread has a duration value greater than zero, and an animation to use for the property key is found by the -animationForKey: search mechanism defined below. An object's automatically animated properties are those for which [theObject animationForKey:] finds and returns an CAAnimation instead of nil, often because [[theObject class] defaultAnimationForKey:] specifies a default animation for the key.
- (NSDictionary *)animations;An animatable property container's optional "animations" dictionary maps NSString keys to CAAnimation values. When an occurrence matching the key fires for the view, -animationForKey: first looks in this dictionary for an animation to execute in response.
- (void)setAnimations:(NSDictionary *)dict;
- (id)animationForKey:(NSString *)key;When the occurrence specified by "key" fires for an object, -animationForKey: is consulted to find the animation, if any, that should be performed in response. Like its Core Animation counterpart, -[CALayer actionForKeyPath:], this method is a funnel point that defines the standard order in which the search for an animation proceeds, and is not one that clients would typically need to override. This method first checks the receiver's "animations" dictionary, then falls back to +defaultAnimationForKey: for the receiver's class.
+ (id)defaultAnimationForKey:(NSString *)key;As described above, -animationForKey: next consults the class method +defaultAnimationForKey: when its search of an instance's "animations" dictionary doesn't turn up an animation to use for a given property change.
Key:key];
}
}
@end
- (void)reshape {
NSSize bounds = [self bounds];
// This is technically INCORRECT, because bounds is not expressed in pixel units.To help ease the transition to resolution independence for applications that use this common code pattern, Leopard AppKit automatically configures the bounds of any view that has an associated NSOpenGLContext (thus, NSOpenGLViews, as well as ordinary NSViews that are drawn into using an NSOpenGLContext) so that the bounds are expressed in pixel units, according to the current user interface scale factor. So for example, if an application has an NSOpenGLView whose frame size is 100x100 points, and that application is run at a user interface scale factor of 1.25, the NSOpenGLView's frame will remain 100x100 points, but its bounds will be reported as 125x125. That enables commonly used code constructs such as the above -reshape method to function correctly without code changes.
glViewport(0, 0, bounds.size.width, bounds.size.height);
}
- (void)reshape {
// Convert up to window space, which is in pixel units.
NSSize boundsInPixelUnits = [self convertRect:[self bounds] toView:nil];
// Now the result is glViewport()-compatible.Code that targets Mac OS 10.5 and later can use the -convertRectToBase: method instead of converting to view nil, which has the advantage of correctly producing a result in pixel units regardless of whether the view is layer-backed. (If the view is layer-backed, -convertRectToBase: converts to the coordinate space of the layer's backing store, instead of to the window's coordinate space.)
glViewport(0, 0, boundsInPixelUnits.size.width, boundsInPixelUnits.size.height);
}
- (void)setRowTemplates:(NSArray *)rowTemplates;Developers will typically configure NSPredicateEditor with some NSPredicateEditorRowTemplates, either programmatically or in Interface Builder, and then set and get NSPredicates on the NSPredicateEditor. Changes to the predicate are announced with the usual target/action mechanism.
- (NSArray *)rowTemplates;
- (void)setView:(NSView *)view;The custom view takes over all aspects of the menu item's drawing. Mouse event processing is handled normally for the view, including mouse down, mouse up, mouse moved, mouse entered, mouse exited, mouse dragged, and scroll wheel events. In non-sticky tracking mode (manipulating menus with the mouse button held down), the view will receive mouseDragged: events. See the header file NSMenuItem.h for more information about custom menu item views.
- (NSView *)view;
- (void)addAccessoryController:(NSViewController *)accessoryController;When the page setup panel is presented to the user each accessory controller is automatically sent a -setRepresentedObject: message with this object's NSPrintInfo. Each controller is also automatically sent a -title message. If that returns nil the application's short name is used in the popup menu that lets the user choose an accessory view.
- (void)removeAccessoryController:(NSViewController *)accessoryController;
- (NSArray *)accessoryControllers;
- (void)addAccessoryController:(NSViewController<NSPrintPanelAccessorizing> *)accessoryController;These are very similar to their NSPageLayout equivalents, except the accessory controller must also conform to the new NSPrintPanelAccessorizing protocol, which has just two methods:
- (void)removeAccessoryController:(NSViewController<NSPrintPanelAccessorizing> *)accessoryController;
- (NSArray *)accessoryControllers;
- (NSArray *)localizedSummaryItems;Return the text that summarizes the settings that the user has chosen using this print panel accessory view and that should appear in the summary pane of the print panel. It must be an array of dictionaries (not nil), each of which has an NSPrintPanelAccessorySummaryItemNameKey entry and an NSPrintPanelAccessorySummaryItemDescriptionKey entry whose values are strings. A print panel acccessory view must be KVO-compliant for "localizedSummaryItems" because NSPrintPanel observes it to keep what it displays in its Summary view up to date. (In Mac OS 10.5 there is no way for the user to see your accessory view and the Summary view at the same time, but that might not always be true in the future.)
- (NSSet *)keyPathsForValuesAffectingPreview;Return the key paths for properties whose values affect what is drawn in the print panel's built-in preview. NSPrintPanel observes these key paths and redraws the preview when the values for any of them change. For example, if you write an accessory view that lets the user turn printing of page numbers on and off in the print panel you might provide an implementation of this method that returns a set that includes a string like @"pageNumbering", as in TextEdit's PrintPanelAccessoryController class. This protocol method is optional because it's not necessary if you're not using NSPrintPanel's built-in preview, but if you use preview you almost certainly have to implement this method properly too.
enum {
NSPrintPanelShowsCopies = 0x01,
NSPrintPanelShowsPageRange = 0x02,
NSPrintPanelShowsPaperSize = 0x04,
NSPrintPanelShowsOrientation = 0x08,
NSPrintPanelShowsScaling = 0x10,
NSPrintPanelShowsPageSetupAccessory = 0x100,
NSPrintPanelShowsPreview = 0x20000
};
typedef NSInteger NSPrintPanelOptions;
- (void)setOptions:(NSPrintPanelOptions)options;In Mac OS 10.5 an -options message sent to a freshly-created NSPrintPanel will return (NSPrintPanelShowsCopies | NSPrintPanelShowsPageRange) unless it was created by an NSPrintOperation, in which case it will also return NSPrintPanelShowsPreview. To allow your application to take advantage of controls that may be added by default in future versions of Mac OS X, get the options from the print panel you've just created, turn on and off the flags you care about, and then set the options.
- (NSPrintPanelOptions)options;
- (void)setDefaultButtonTitle:(NSString *)defaultButtonTitle;The title of the default button in the print panel. You can override the standard button title, "Print," when you're using an NSPrintPanel in such a way that printing isn't actually going to happen when the user presses that button.
- (NSString *)defaultButtonTitle;
- (void)setHelpAnchor:(NSString *)helpAnchor;The HTML help anchor for the print panel. You can override the standard anchor of the print panel's help button.
- (NSString *)helpAnchor;
- (NSInteger)runModalWithPrintInfo:(NSPrintInfo *)printInfo;The default implementation of -runModal now simply invokes [self runModalWithPrintInfo:[[NSPrintOperation currentOperation] printInfo]].
- (NSPrintInfo *)printInfo;A simple accessor. Your -beginSheetWithPrintInfo:... delegate can use this so it doesn't have to keep a pointer to the NSPrintInfo elsewhere while waiting for the user to dismiss the print panel.
- (NSMutableDictionary *)printSettings;The print info's print settings. You can put values in this dictionary to store them in any preset that the user creates while editing this print info with a print panel. Such values must be property list objects. You can also use this dictionary to get values that have been set by other parts of the printing system, like a printer driver's print dialog extension (the same sort of values that are returned by the Carbon Printing Manager's PMPrintSettingsGetValue() function). Other parts of the printing system often use key strings like "com.apple.print.PrintSettings.PMColorSyncProfileID" but dots like those in key strings wouldn't work well with KVC, so those dots are replaced with underscores in keys that appear in this dictionary, as in "com_apple_print_PrintSettings_PMColorSyncProfileID". You should use the same convention when adding entries to this dictionary.
- (void * /* PMPrintSession */)PMPrintSession;Return a Core Printing PMPrintSession, PMPageFormat, or PMPrintSettings object, respectively. The returned object is always consistent with the state of the NSPrintInfo at the moment the method is invoked, but isn't necessarily updated immediately if other NSPrintInfo methods like -setPaperSize: and -setPaperOrientation: are invoked. The returned object will always be valid (in the Core Printing sense). If you set any values in the returned PMPageFormat or PMPrintSettings you should afterward invoke -updateFromPMPageFormat or -updateFromPMPrintSettings, respectively. You don't also have to call PMSessionValidatePageFormat() or PMSessionValidatePrintSettings() if you do that. You should not call PMRelease() for the returned object, except of course to balance any calls of PMRetain() you do.
- (void * /* PMPageFormat */)PMPageFormat;
- (void * /* PMPrintSettings */)PMPrintSettings;
- (void)updateFromPMPageFormat;Given that the NSPrintInfo's PMPageFormat or PMPrintSettings has been changed by something other than the NSPrintInfo itself, updates the NSPrintInfo to be consistent.
- (void)updateFromPMPrintSettings;
- (void)setJobTitle:(NSString *)jobTitle;If a job title is set it overrides anything that might be gotten by sending the printed view an [NSView(NSPrinting) printJobTitle] message.
- (NSString *)jobTitle;
- (NSRange)pageRange;The first page number might not be 1, depending on what the printed view returned when sent an -[NSView(NSPrinting) knowsPageRange:] message.
- (NSString *)fileNameExtensionForType:(NSString *)typeName saveOperation:(NSSaveOperationType)saveOperation;For a specified type, and a particular kind of save operation, return a file name extension that can be appended to a base file name. The default implementation of this method invokes [[NSWorkspace sharedWorkspace] preferredFilenameExtensionForType:typeName] if the type is a UTI or, for backward binary compatibility with Mac OS 10.4 and earlier, invokes [[NSDocumentController sharedDocumentController] fileExtensionsFromType:typeName] and chooses the first file name extension in the returned array if not.
-beginSheetForDirectory:file:types:modalForWindow:modalDelegate:didEndSelector:contextInfo:NSOpenPanel will let the user choose files whose types conform to those identified by the passed-in UTIs. So, you can let the user select any image file by passing in a UTI like public.image. Be aware however that the set of types conforming to another can be extended by any application installed on the computer, so this might not be a good idea if your application actually has to open the files the user chooses with the open panel. Typically you'll pass in UTIs for more concrete types, like public.tiff, com.adobe.pdf, or com.apple.sketch2.
-beginForDirectory:file:types:modelessDelegate:didEndSelector:contextInfo:
-runModalForDirectory:file:types:
-runModalForTypes:
-setAllowedFileTypes:
-setRequiredFileType:
-allowedFileTypes:
-requiredFileType:
- (NSString *)typeOfFile:(NSString *)absoluteFilePath error:(NSError **)outError;Given an absolute file path, return the uniform type identifier (UTI) of the file, if one can be determined. Otherwise, return nil after setting *outError to an NSError that encapsulates the reason why the file's type could not be determined. If the file at the end of the path is a symbolic link the type of the symbolic link itself will be returned, not the type of the linked file. You can invoke this method to get the UTI of an existing file.
- (NSString *)localizedDescriptionForType:(NSString *)typeName;Given a UTI, return a string that describes the document type and is fit to present to the user, or nil for failure. You can invoke this method to get the name of a type that must be shown to the user, in an alert about your application's inability to handle the type, for instance.
- (NSString *)preferredFilenameExtensionForType:(NSString *)typeName;Given a UTI, return the best file name extension to use when creating a file of that type, or nil for failure. You can invoke this method when your application has only the base name of a file that's being written and it has to append a file name extension so that the file's type can be reliably identified later on.
- (BOOL)filenameExtension:(NSString *)filenameExtension isValidForType:(NSString *)typeName;Given a file name extension and a UTI, return YES if the file name extension is a valid tag for the identified type, NO otherwise. You can invoke this method when your application needs to check if a file name extension can be used to reliably identify the type later on. For example, NSSavePanel uses this method to validate any extension that the user types in the panel's file name field.
- (BOOL)type:(NSString *)firstTypeName conformsToType:(NSString *)secondTypeName;Given two UTIs, return YES if the first "conforms to" to the second in the uniform type identifier hierarchy, NO otherwise. This method will always return YES if the two strings are equal, so you can also use it with other kinds of type name, including those declared in CFBundleTypeName Info.plist entries in apps that don't take advantage of the support for UTIs that was added to Cocoa in Mac OS 10.5. You can invoke this method when your application must determine whether it can handle a file of a known type, returned by -typeOfFile:error: for instance. Use this method instead of merely comparing UTIs for equality.
+ (NSArray *)imageTypes;join these methods, which might be deprecated in a future release of Mac OS X, but are not yet:
+ (NSArray *)imageUnfilteredTypes;
+ (NSArray *)imageFileTypes;(The old methods are not yet deprecated because you might still have a reason to override them, because the -initWithContentsOfFile:, -initWithContentsOfURL:, -initByReferencingFile:, -initByReferencingURL:, -initWithPasteboard:, and +canInitWithPasteboard: methods have not yet been updated to use UTIs when deciding which subclass of NSImageRep should be instantiated. The same is true of -[NSBundle(NSBundleImageExtension) pathForImageResource:].)
+ (NSArray *)imagePasteboardTypes;
+ (NSArray *)imageUnfilteredFileTypes;
+ (NSArray *)imageUnfilteredPasteboardTypes;
+ (Class)imageRepClassForType:(NSString *)type;join these methods, which might be deprecated in a future release of Mac OS X, but are not yet:
+ (NSArray *)imageTypes;
+ (NSArray *)imageUnfilteredTypes;
+ (Class)imageRepClassForFileType:(NSString *)type;(The old methods are not yet deprecated because you might still have a reason to override them, because the +imageRepsWithContentsOfFile:, +imageRepWithContentsOfFile:, +imageRepsWithContentsOfURL:, +imageRepWithContentsOfURL:, +imageRepsWithPasteboard:, +imageRepWithPasteboard:, and +canInitWithPasteboard: methods have not yet been updated to use UTIs when deciding which subclass of NSImageRep should be instantiated, or whether a subclass can be instantiated, in the case of the last method.)
+ (Class)imageRepClassForPasteboardType:(NSString *)type;
+ (NSArray *)imageFileTypes;
+ (NSArray *)imagePasteboardTypes;
+ (NSArray *)imageUnfilteredFileTypes;
+ (NSArray *)imageUnfilteredPasteboardTypes;
+ (NSArray*)soundUnfilteredTypes;replaces these deprecated methods:
+ (NSArray *)soundUnfilteredFileTypes;
+ (NSArray *)soundUnfilteredPasteboardTypes;
+ (NSArray *)textTypes;replace these deprecated methods:
+ (NSArray *)textUnfilteredTypes;
+ (NSArray *)textFileTypes;The -initWithURL:options:documentAttributes:error:, -initWithPath:documentAttributes:, and -initWithURL:documentAttributes: methods have all been updated to use UTIs when appropriate. So have NSMutableAttributedString(NSMutableAttributedStringKitAdditions)'s -readFromURL:options:documentAttributes:error: and -readFromURL:options:documentAttributes: methods.
+ (NSArray *)textPasteboardTypes;
+ (NSArray *)textUnfilteredFileTypes;
+ (NSArray *)textUnfilteredPasteboardTypes;
- (id)openUntitledDocumentAndDisplay:(BOOL)displayDocument error:(NSError **)outError;etc. When overriding such methods take care to follow this rule: a method that takes an error:(NSError **)outError argument must, if it returns a value that signals failure (typically nil or NO), and if outError!=NULL, set the value of *outError to point to an NSError. It is not the responsibility of code that invokes such methods to nil-initialize the variable whose address is taken and passed as the error parameter, just so it can safely check to see if the variable's value is no longer nil after the invocation.
- (id)openDocumentWithContentsOfURL:(NSURL *)absoluteURL display:(BOOL)displayDocument error:(NSError **)outError;
- (id)openDocumentWithContentsOfURL:(NSURL *)absoluteURL display:(BOOL)displayDocument error:(NSError **)outError {
/* The user double-clicked on a document in the Finder or something, but we don't want to
open it yet if our application's custom licensing panel (for example) is being shown
as an application-modal dialog right now.
*/
id openedDocument = nil;
if (_licensingPanelIsShown) {
/* Defer the opening of the document until the user has dismissed the licensing panel.
*/
... Left as an exercise to the reader ...
/* We're about to return nil, so we _must_ set *outError to something, unless of course outError is NULL.
Return an error that won't result in the presentation of an error alert. Regular Cocoa memory
management rules dictate that the invoker of this method is not responsible
for releasing the NSError, but of course +[NSError error:code:userInfo:] returns an autoreleased
object, so this is all correct.
*/
if (outError) {
*outError = [NSError errorWithDomain:NSCocoaErrorDomain code:NSUserCancelledError userInfo:nil];
}
} else {
/* Just do the regular Cocoa thing. We don't have to touch outError here.
NSDocumentController's implementation of this method has
to follow the rules too, so it sets *outError if it returns nil and outError!=NULL.
*/
openedDocument = [super openDocumentWithContentsOfURL:absoluteURL display:displayDocument error:outError];
}
return openedDocument;
}
- (void)canCloseDocumentWithDelegate:(id)delegate
shouldCloseSelector:(SEL)shouldCloseSelector
contextInfo:(void *)contextInfo {
/* No matter what happens, the original delegate must be messaged (to prevent memory leaks, at the
very least). Because we're not going to pass the passed-in parameters to super, we have
to record them somewhere. The easy place to record them is in the NSInvocation we're going
to create anyway to message the original delegate. The method selected by shouldCloseSelector
must have the same signature as...
- (void)document:(NSDocument *)document shouldClose:(BOOL)shouldClose contextInfo:(void *)contextInfo;
...and that dictates how we build our invocation. We don't set a value for the shouldClose:
argument (atIndex:3) because we don't know the value yet.
*/
NSInvocation *originalDelegateInvocation = [NSInvocation invocationWithMethodSignature:
[delegate methodSignatureForSelector:shouldCloseSelector]];
[originalDelegateInvocation setTarget:delegate];
[originalDelegateInvocation setSelector:shouldCloseSelector];
[originalDelegateInvocation setArgument:&self atIndex:2]; // document:
[originalDelegateInvocation setArgument:&contextInfo atIndex:4]; // contextInfo:
/* Do the regular NSDocument thing, arranging to take back control afterward. We must retain
the invocation object here because contextInfo: arguments are not automatically retained.
*/
[super canCloseDocumentWithDelegate:self
shouldCloseSelector:@selector(thisDocument:shouldClose:contextInfo:)
contextInfo:[originalDelegateInvocation retain]];
}
- (void)thisDocument:(NSDocument *)document shouldClose:(BOOL)shouldClose contextInfo:(void *)contextInfo {
NSInvocation *originalDelegateInvocation = (NSInvocation *)contextInfo;
// Is the document about to be closed?
if (shouldClose) {
// Here we can do all sorts of things with this document that's about to be closed.
}
/* A little bit of UI advice: changing the value of shouldClose here might result in confusing
behavior. For example, if the user hit the Save button in a "Do you want to save the changes..."
panel, and the save succeeded, and shouldClose is YES, canceling closing by changing
shouldClose to NO before messaging the delegate would be an odd thing to do.
*/
// Tell the original delegate that the decision to close this document or not has been made.
[originalDelegateInvocation setArgument:&shouldClose atIndex:3];
[originalDelegateInvocation invoke];
// Balance the retain we did up above.
[originalDelegateInvocation release];
}
- (BOOL)canBecomeVisibleWithoutLogin;
- (void)setCanBecomeVisibleWithoutLogin:(BOOL)flag;
enum {
NSWindowSharingNone = 0, // Window contents may not be read by another process
NSWindowSharingReadOnly = 1, // Window contents may be read but not modified by another process
NSWindowSharingReadWrite = 2 // Window contents may be read or modified by another process
};
typedef NSUInteger NSWindowSharingType;
- (void)setSharingType:(NSWindowSharingType)type;
- (NSWindowSharingType)sharingType;
enum {
NSWindowBackingLocationDefault = 0, // System determines if window backing store is in VRAM or main memory
NSWindowBackingLocationVideoMemory = 1, // Window backing store is in VRAM
NSWindowBackingLocationMainMemory = 2 // Window backing store is in main memory
};
typedef NSUInteger NSWindowBackingLocation;
- (void)setPreferredBackingLocation:(NSWindowBackingLocation)backingLocation;
- (NSWindowBackingLocation)preferredBackingLocation;
- (NSWindowBackingLocation)backingLocation;
- (void)setRepresentedURL:(NSURL *)url;If a window has a representedURL, the window will by default show a path popup menu for a command-click on a rectangle containing the window document icon button and the window title. The window delegate may implement -window:shouldPopupDocumentPathMenu: to override NSWindow's default behavior for path popup menu. A return of NO will prevent the menu from being shown. A return of YES will cause the window to show the menu passed to this method, which by default will contain a menuItem for each path component of the representedURL. If the representedURL has no path components, the menu will have no menu items. Before returning YES, the window delegate may customize the menu by changing the menuItems. menuItems may be added or deleted, and each menuItem title, action, or target may be modified.
- (NSURL *)representedURL;
- (BOOL)window:(NSWindow *)window shouldPopUpDocumentPathMenu:(NSMenu *)menu;The window delegate may implement -window:shouldDragDocumentWithEvent:from:withPasteboard: to override NSWindow document icon's default drag behavior. The delegate can prohibit the drag by returning NO. Before returning NO, the delegate may implement its own dragging behavior using -[NSWindow dragImage:at:offset:event:pasteboard:source:slideBack:]. Alternatively, the delegate can enable a drag by returning YES, for example to override NSWindow's default behavior of prohibiting the drag of an edited document. Lastly, the delegate can customize the pasteboard contents before returning YES.
- (BOOL)window:(NSWindow *)window
shouldDragDocumentWithEvent:(NSEvent *)event
from:(NSPoint)dragImageLocation
withPasteboard:(NSPasteboard *)pasteboard;
- (NSDockTile *)dockTile;
enum {
NSWindowCollectionBehaviorDefault = 0,
NSWindowCollectionBehaviorCanJoinAllSpaces = 1 << 0,
NSWindowCollectionBehaviorMoveToActiveSpace = 1 << 1
};
typedef NSUInteger NSWindowCollectionBehavior;
- (void)setCollectionBehavior:(NSWindowCollectionBehavior)behavior;The setCanBeVisibleOnAllSpaces/canBeVisibleOnAllSpaces API, introduced earlier in Leopard, is deprecated in favor of setCollectionBehavior:/collectionBehavior
- (NSWindowCollectionBehavior)collectionBehavior;
-(void)setCanBeVisibleOnAllSpaces:(BOOL)flag AVAILABLE_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5_AND_LATER_BUT_DEPRECATED;
-(BOOL)canBeVisibleOnAllSpaces AVAILABLE_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5_AND_LATER_BUT_DEPRECATED;
- (void)setShowsSuppressionButton:(BOOL)flag;suppressionButton returns a suppression button which may be customized, including the title and the initial state. You can also use this method to get the state of the button after the alert is dismissed, which may be stored in user defaults and checked before showing the alert again. In order to show the suppression button in the alert panel, you must call -setShowsSuppressionButton:YES.
- (BOOL)showsSuppressionButton;
- (NSButton *)suppressionButton;
- (void)setAccessoryView:(NSView *)view;The following method can be used to indicate that the alert panel should do immediate layout, overriding the default behavior of laying out lazily just before showing the panel. You should only call this method if you want to do your own custom layout after it returns. You should call this method only after you have finished with NSAlert customization, including setting message and informative text, and adding buttons and an accessory view if needed. You can make layout changes after this method returns, in particular to adjust the frame of an accessory view. Note that the standard layout of the alert may change in the future, so layout customization should be done with caution.
- (NSView *)accessoryView;
- (void)layout;
@interface NSDockTile : NSObject
- (NSSize)size;
- (void)setContentView:(NSView *)view;
- (NSView *)contentView;
- (void)display;
- (void)setShowsApplicationBadge:(BOOL)flag;
- (BOOL)showsApplicationBadge;
- (void)setBadgeLabel:(NSString *)string;
- (NSString *)badgeLabel;
- (id)owner;Please refer to <AppKit/NSDockTile.h> and the documentation for further details on NSDockTile.
@end
- (NSDockTile *)dockTile;For applications built on Leopard or later, the dock tile icon is now restored to its default state when the application terminates, meaning badge labels and such are removed automatically. Some applications previously accomplished this by calling RestoreApplicationDockTileImage. This is incompatible with NSDockTile on Leopard, so you should modify your application if you are doing this. If you need to restore the dock tile icon on Tiger in a Leopard compatible way, you can do so by calling -[NSApp setApplicationIconImage:nil].
@interface NSTrackingArea : NSObject <NSCopying, NSCoding>Please refer to <AppKit/NSTrackingArea.h> and the documentation for further details on NSTrackingArea.
- (NSTrackingArea *)initWithRect:(NSRect)rect
options:(NSTrackingAreaOptions)options
owner:(id)owner
userInfo:(NSDictionary *)userInfo;
- (NSRect)rect;
- (NSTrackingAreaOptions)options;
- (id)owner;
- (NSDictionary *)userInfo;
@end
- (void)addTrackingArea:(NSTrackingArea *)trackingArea;A view or other object creates an NSTrackingArea, then adds it to a view using this API. Not meant to be overridden.
- (void)removeTrackingArea:(NSTrackingArea *)trackingArea;This API is used to remove a trackingArea from a view. Not meant to be overridden.
- (NSArray *)trackingAreas;Get the list of trackingAreas that have been added to the view. Not meant to be overridden.
- (void)updateTrackingAreas;This will be sent to a view when something has changed which is likely to require recomputation of trackingAreas, for example a change in the size of the visibleRect. Moving a view into or out of a window will not cause this message to be sent, except that it will be sent once when the view is first created and added to a window. Should be overridden by a view to remove and add its tracking areas, and should call super.
- (void)cursorUpdate:(NSEvent *)event;Override to set cursor. Default implementation uses cursorRect if cursorRects are valid. If no cursorRect calls super, to send up responder chain.
- (NSTrackingArea *)trackingArea;-trackingArea can be sent to an NSMouseEntered, NSMouseExited, or NSCursorUpdate event. It is not valid for an NSMouseMoved event. If the event was generated by an old-style trackingRect, -trackingArea will return nil.
- (const void * /* EventRef */)eventRef;We also added methods to convert between an NSEvent and a CGEventRef. -CGEvent is valid for all events and returns an autoreleased CGEventRef corresponding to the NSEvent. If you want to control the lifetime of the CGEventRef, you should retain it. If there is no CGEventRef corresponding to the NSEvent, -CGEvent will return NULL. + eventWithCGEvent: returns an autoreleased NSEvent corresponding to the CGEventRef. If there is no NSEvent corresponding to the EventRef, +eventWithCGEvent: will return nil. Converting from an NSEvent to a CGEventRef can be lossy, and you should not attempt to use the key event handling facilities provided by CGEventRef.
+ (NSEvent *)eventWithEventRef:(const void * /* EventRef */)eventRef;
- (CGEventRef)CGEvent;There is now a method to enable or disable mouse coalescing, and a method to query the current state. Mouse coalescing is on by default.
+ (NSEvent *)eventWithCGEvent:(CGEventRef)cgEvent;
+ (void)setMouseCoalescingEnabled:(BOOL)flag;If you build your application on Leopard, and your application installs an event handler on the event monitor target using GetEventMonitorTarget, the monitored event will be sent to the event handler you installed rather than to -[NSApplication sendEvent:]. For applications built on Tiger or previous, the monitored event will be sent to sendEvent:. You can override this default behavior by setting NSDispatchMonitoredEvents. If NSDispatchMonitoredEvents is YES, the event will be sent to sendEvent:; if NO, it will be sent to the installed event handler.
+ (BOOL)isMouseCoalescingEnabled;
- (void)setAllowsNonContiguousLayout:(BOOL)flag;The first allows non-contiguous layout to be turned on and off, and the second examines the state of that setting. Note that turning the flag on allows but does not require the layout manager to use non-contiguous layout, and it may in fact choose not to do so depending on the configuration of the layout manager. In addition, there may be times at which there is no non-contiguous layout, such as when layout is complete; the third method allows the layout manager to report that to clients.
- (BOOL)allowsNonContiguousLayout;
- (BOOL)hasNonContiguousLayout;
- (void)ensureGlyphsForCharacterRange:(NSRange)charRange;
- (void)ensureGlyphsForGlyphRange:(NSRange)glyphRange;
- (void)ensureLayoutForCharacterRange:(NSRange)charRange;
- (void)ensureLayoutForGlyphRange:(NSRange)glyphRange;
- (void)ensureLayoutForTextContainer:(NSTextContainer *)container;
- (void)ensureLayoutForBoundingRect:(NSRect)bounds inTextContainer:(NSTextContainer *)container;
- (NSUInteger)glyphIndexForCharacterAtIndex:(NSUInteger)charIndex;that now plays a symmetric role. Thus characterIndexForGlyphAtIndex: returns the index for the first character associated with the specified glyph, and glyphIndexForCharacterAtIndex: returns the index for the first glyph associated with the specified character. In neither case is there any special treatment for null glyphs. In the 'fi' ligature case, for example, if the null padding is used, then these methods would report an identity mapping between glyph and character indexes. Both methods also accept indexes beyond the last character or glyph; they return an index extrapolated from the last actual character or glyph index. Thus if there is an identity mapping between glyph and character indexes, then both characterIndexForGlyphAtIndex: and glyphIndexForCharacterAtIndex: will always return results numerically equal to their arguments.
- (void)invalidateLayoutForCharacterRange:(NSRange)charRange actualCharacterRange:(NSRangePointer)actualCharRange;has been provided to supersede the existing invalidateLayoutForCharacterRange:isSoft:actualCharacterRange:, as the equivalent of the latter with the soft flag set to NO. For code intended to run on Leopard only, the new method can be used. For code intended to run on both Leopard and Tiger, the old method should be used as before, in two calls, first with the soft flag set to NO, for the range actually being changed, and subsequently with the soft flag set to YES, for the range following the portion changed, to the end of the document.
- (void)invalidateGlyphsOnLayoutInvalidationForGlyphRange:(NSRange)glyphRange;to specify that a certain range of glyphs is layout-dependent, and therefore the glyphs should be invalidated the next time their layout is invalidated, so that they will be regenerated before being laid out again.
- (void)setLocations:(NSPointArray)locationsAll of the glyph indexes should lie within the specified glyph range, the first of them should be equal to glyphRange.location, and the remainder should increase monotonically. Each location will be set as the location for the range beginning at the corresponding glyph index, and continuing until the subsequent glyph index, or until the end of the glyph range for the last location. Thus this method is equivalent to calling setLocation:forStartOfGlyphRange: for a set of ranges covering all of the glyphs in glyphRange.
startingGlyphIndexes:(NSUInteger *)glyphIndexes
count:(NSUInteger)count
forGlyphRange:(NSRange)glyphRange;
- (CGFloat)defaultBaselineOffsetForFont:(NSFont *)theFont;to allow clients to obtain the baseline offset appropriate for a particular font within a particular layout manager, given its typesetter behavior and other settings.
- (BOOL)usesFontLeading;that control whether the layout manager will use leading as specified by the font. The default is YES, since in most cases this is appropriate, but there are some cases where it is not; for example, for UI text a fixed leading is often specified by UI layout guidelines. All three of these methods are available going back to Mac OS X 10.2.
- (void)setUsesFontLeading:(BOOL)flag;
- (id)temporaryAttribute:(NSString *)attrName atCharacterIndex:(NSUInteger)location effectiveRange:(NSRangePointer)range;There is a new NSLayoutManager method to obtain insertion points in bulk for a given line fragment. Previously the rects used for the insertion point indicator were obtained by calling rectArrayForCharacterRange:withinSelectedCharacterRange:inTextContainer:rectCount: or the glyph-based equivalent with a zero-length range; that is still available, but it has the limitation that only one insertion point can be obtained at a time. There are many cases in which one wishes to retrieve multiple insertion points at once--for example, when one is trying to move from one to another. The method
- (id)temporaryAttribute:(NSString *)attrName atCharacterIndex:(NSUInteger)location
longestEffectiveRange:(NSRangePointer)range inRange:(NSRange)rangeLimit;
- (NSDictionary *)temporaryAttributesAtCharacterIndex:(NSUInteger)location
longestEffectiveRange:(NSRangePointer)range inRange:(NSRange)rangeLimit;
- (void)addTemporaryAttribute:(NSString *)attrName value:(id)value forCharacterRange:(NSRange)charRange;
- (NSUInteger)getLineFragmentInsertionPointsForCharacterAtIndex:(NSUInteger)charIndexallows clients to obtain all insertion points for a line fragment in one call. The caller specifies the line fragment by supplying one character index within it, and can choose whether to obtain primary or alternate insertion points, and whether they should be in logical or in display order. The return value is the number of insertion points returned. Each pointer passed in should either be NULL, or else point to sufficient memory to hold as many elements as there are insertion points in the line fragment (which cannot be more than the number of characters + 1). The positions buffer passed in will be filled in with the positions of the insertion points, in the order specified, and the charIndexes buffer passed in will be filled in with the corresponding character indexes. Positions indicate a transverse offset relative to the line fragment rect's origin. Internal caching is used to ensure that repeated calls to this method for the same line fragment (possibly with differing values for other arguments) will not be significantly more expensive than a single call.
alternatePositions:(BOOL)aFlag
inDisplayOrder:(BOOL)dFlag
positions:(CGFloat *)positions
characterIndexes:(NSUInteger *)charIndexes;
- (NSDictionary *)layoutManager:(NSLayoutManager *)layoutManagerThis is sent when the layout manager is drawing and needs to decide whether to use temporary attributes or not. The delegate returns a dictionary of temporary attributes to be used, or nil to suppress the use of temporary attributes altogether. The effectiveCharRange argument is both an in and out by-reference effective range for those attributes. The default behavior if this method is not implemented is to use temporary attributes only when drawing to the screen, so an implementation to match that behavior would return attrs if toScreen is YES and nil otherwise, without changing effectiveCharRange.
shouldUseTemporaryAttributes:(NSDictionary *)attrs
forDrawingToScreen:(BOOL)toScreen
atCharacterIndex:(NSUInteger)charIndex
effectiveRange:(NSRangePointer)effectiveCharRange;
- (NSArray *)allowedInputSourceLocales;Command-delete is now bound to -deleteToBeginningOfLine:.
- (void)setAllowedInputSourceLocales:(NSArray *)localeIdentifiers;
- (void)showFindIndicatorForRange:(NSRange)charRange;that causes a temporary indicator or indicators to appear around the visible portion(s) of the specified range. The indicators will automatically disappear after a certain period of time, or when the method is called again, or when any of a number of changes occur to the view (such as changes to text, to view size, or to view position). Note that this method does not itself scroll the specified range to be visible; any desired scrolling should be done before this method is called, first because the method acts only on the visible portion of the specified range, and second because scrolling will cause the indicators to disappear. Calling this method with a zero-length range will always remove any existing indicators.
- (void)setDisplaysLinkToolTips:(BOOL)flag;The flag for displaying link tooltips controls whether the text view will automatically supply the destination of a link as a tooltip for text with a link attribute. The default value for this is YES; clients who do not wish this must explicitly disable it. In a related change, NSTextView will no longer automatically open file: URLs in links; by default, file: URLs will be revealed in the Finder. Clients wishing to override this should implement textView:clickedOnLink:atIndex: (as a delegate) or clickedOnLink:atIndex: (in a subclass).
- (BOOL)displaysLinkToolTips;
- (void)setAllowsImageEditing:(BOOL)flag;
- (BOOL)allowsImageEditing;
- (void)setAutomaticQuoteSubstitutionEnabled:(BOOL)flag;
- (BOOL)isAutomaticQuoteSubstitutionEnabled;
- (void)toggleAutomaticQuoteSubstitution:(id)sender;
- (void)setAutomaticLinkDetectionEnabled:(BOOL)flag;
- (BOOL)isAutomaticLinkDetectionEnabled;
- (void)toggleAutomaticLinkDetection:(id)sender;
- (void)toggleSmartInsertDelete:(id)sender;In support of automatic link detection, there is a new method on NSAttributedString,
- (NSURL *)URLAtIndex:(NSUInteger)location effectiveRange:(NSRangePointer)effectiveRange;that returns a URL from the contents of text at the given location, if the text at the location appears to be a string representing a URL. The effective range is the range of the URL string, or of non-URL text if no apparent URL is found.
- (NSUInteger)characterIndexForInsertionAtPoint:(NSPoint)point;which takes a point in view coordinates and returns a character index appropriate for placing a zero-length selection for an insertion point when the mouse is over the given point. NSTextInput protocol methods generally are not suitable for uses other than those associated with text input methods, and the NSTextInput protocol method characterIndexForPoint: is no exception; it is intended only for usages related to text input methods. The new characterIndexForInsertionAtPoint: should be used for insertion points associated with mouse clicks, drag events, and so forth. For other purposes, it is better to use NSLayoutManager methods, as demonstrated in a variety of code examples.
- (NSMenu *)textView:(NSTextView *)view menu:(NSMenu *)menu forEvent:(NSEvent *)event atIndex:(NSUInteger)charIndex;which allows clients to control the context menu via the delegate, instead of having to subclass and override menuForEvent:. The menu parameter is the context menu that NSTextView would otherwise provide, and the charIndex argument is the index of the character that was right-clicked.
NSString *NSMultipleTextSelectionPboardType;This type is used only when the pasteboard is representing a multiple selection. The contents for this type should be an array of NSNumbers, one for each subrange of the selection, indicating the number of paragraphs contained in each subrange. The plain or rich text contents of the pasteboard will be a string representing the contents of each subrange concatenated with paragraph breaks in between them (where they do not already end in paragraph breaks); that combined with the paragraph counts in the NSMultipleTextSelectionPboardType is sufficient to determine which portions of the contents are associated with which subrange. This mechanism has been chosen because it is consistent across plain and rich text, and across different representations of rich text. The counts may be checked for consistency by comparing the total number of paragraphs in the plain or rich text contents of the pasteboard with the total of the numbers in the NSMultipleTextSelectionPboardType array; if the two do not match, then the NSMultipleTextSelectionPboardType contents should be ignored.
- (NSRange)layoutCharactersInRange:(NSRange)characterRange
forLayoutManager:(NSLayoutManager *)layoutManager
maximumNumberOfLineFragments:(NSUInteger)maxNumLines;
- (BOOL)truncatesLastVisibleLine;
- (void)setTruncatesLastVisibleLine:(BOOL)flag;
NSString *NSFontFeatureSettingsAttribute;
NSString *NSFontFeatureTypeIdentifierKey;
NSString *NSFontFeatureSelectorIdentifierKey;
- (NSFontAction)currentFontAction;
- (NSFontTraitMask)convertFontTraits:(NSFontTraitMask)traits;
- (void)setTarget:(id)aTarget;
- (id)target;
- (NSRange)spellServer:(NSSpellServer *)sender checkGrammarInString:(NSString *)stringToCheckThe return value is intended to be the range of the next sentence or other grammatical unit that contains sections to be flagged for grammar, since grammar checking generally must be performed sentence by sentence. The details argument optionally returns by reference an array of dictionaries, each one describing a grammatical issue detected in the sentence (since a single sentence may contain more than one problem). In these dictionaries the following keys will be recognized:
language:(NSString *)language details:(NSArray **)details;
NSString *NSGrammarRange;The value for the NSGrammarRange key should be an NSValue containing an NSRange, a subrange of the sentence range used as the return value, whose location should be an offset from the beginning of the sentence--so, for example, an NSGrammarRange for the first four characters of the overall sentence range should be {0, 4}. The value for the NSGrammarUserDescription key should be an NSString containing descriptive text about that range, to be presented directly to the user; it is intended that the user description should provide enough information to allow the user to correct the problem. A value may also be provided for the NSGrammarCorrections key, consisting of an NSArray of NSStrings representing potential substitutions to correct the problem, but it is expected that this may not be available in all cases. It is recommended that NSGrammarUserDescription be supplied in all cases; in any event, either NSGrammarUserDescription or NSGrammarCorrections must be supplied in order for something to be presented to the user. If NSGrammarRange is not present, it will be assumed to be equal to the overall sentence range. Additional keys may be added in future releases.
NSString *NSGrammarUserDescription;
NSString *NSGrammarCorrections;
- (NSRange)checkGrammarOfString:(NSString *)stringToChecksimilar to the existing spellchecking methods. NSSpellChecker also has a new method,
startingAt:(NSInteger)startingOffset
language:(NSString *)language
wrap:(BOOL)wrapFlag
inSpellDocumentWithTag:(NSInteger)tag
details:(NSArray **)details;
- (NSArray *)availableLanguages;suitable for use with the existing -language and -setLanguage:. This returns the list of available languages for spellchecking, in the forms specified by the spelling servers; usually these will be language abbreviations such as "fr" or "en_GB", of the sort used by NSBundle for identifying localizations. The -setLanguage: method preferentially accepts one of these, but will attempt to find an inexact match for any value it is given. Also new are the NSSpellChecker methods
- (void)learnWord:(NSString *)word;that allow clients access to the learning and unlearning features of the spellchecker. The learnWord: method is not actually new, but is newly public; it has always been present on NSSpellChecker. The other methods are new, but there was a previous equivalent of unlearnWord:, named forgetWord:.
- (BOOL)hasLearnedWord:(NSString *)word;
- (void)unlearnWord:(NSString *)word;
- (void)setGrammarCheckingEnabled:(BOOL)flag;If grammar checking is enabled, then it will be performed alongside spellchecking, whenever the text view checks spelling, whether continuously or manually.
- (BOOL)isGrammarCheckingEnabled;
- (void)toggleGrammarChecking:(id)sender;
NSString *NSSpellingStateAttributeName;This key is available going back to Mac OS X 10.2, but its interpretation has changed. Previously, any non-zero value would cause the spelling indicator to be displayed. For Mac OS X 10.5, the (integer) value will be treated as being composed of the following flags:
enum {There is a new method on NSTextView for setting the spelling state, which may be called by clients or overridden by subclassers.
NSSpellingStateSpellingFlag = (1 << 0),
NSSpellingStateGrammarFlag = (1 << 1)
};
- (void)setSpellingState:(NSInteger)value range:(NSRange)charRange;This method in turn calls a new NSTextView delegate method,
- (NSInteger)textView:(NSTextView *)textView shouldSetSpellingState:(NSInteger)value range:(NSRange)affectedCharRange;which allows the delegate to control any change in the value of the spelling state.
enum {
NSImageScaleProportionallyDown = 0, // Scale image down if it is too large for destination. Preserve aspect ratio.
NSImageScaleAxesIndependently, // Scale each dimension to exactly fit destination. Do not preserve aspect ratio.
NSImageScaleNone, // Do not scale.
NSImageScaleProportionallyUpOrDown // Scale image to maximum possible dimensions while (1) staying within destination area
// and (2) preserving aspect ratio
};
typedef NSUInteger NSImageScaling;
- (NSRect)alignmentRect;The alignmentRect of an image has no effect on methods such as drawInRect:fromRect:operation:Fraction: or drawAtPoint:fromRect:operation:fraction:. Rather, an interested client may use the alignmentRect to improve layout where applicable.
- (void)setAlignmentRect:(NSRect)rect;
- (NSRect)expansionFrameWithFrame:(NSRect)cellFrame inView:(NSView *)view;An expansion tool tip allows one to see truncated text in a special floating window that is similar but different from a normal ToolTip. Currently, NSTableView, NSOutlineView and NSBrowser display expansion tool tips when the text is truncated. If you have a cell that will be displayed in one of these controls, it is recommended that you implement the above methods to properly support the expansion tool tip feature. By default, the methods are properly implemented in NSTextFieldCell and NSBrowserCell. NSCell will always return NSZeroRect, and prevent the expansion from happening. For an example of how to implement it, see the SimpleBrowser demo app.
- (void)drawWithExpansionFrame:(NSRect)cellFrame inView:(NSView *)view;
- (BOOL)wantsNotificationForMarkedText;The bug introduced in Tiger that NSCell's various sizing methods such as -cellSizeForBounds: ignoring bounds sizes smaller than 0.0 is fixed.
- (NSArray *)allowedInputSourceLocales;NSTextFieldCell no longer disables itself temporarily in -trackMouse:inRect:ofView:untilMouseUp:. It is the application's responsibility now to properly set up the action invocation configuration via -sendActionOn: method.
- (void)setAllowedInputSourceLocales:(NSArray *)localeIdentifiers;
NSBitmapImageRep *bitmapImageRep = [[NSBitmapImageRep alloc] initWithBitmapDataPlanes:planesOne can also set a new replacement color profile for an NSBitmapImageRep that is initialized from an existing TIFF, PNG, etc. file using the same "-setProperty:withValue:" technique.
/* ...more parameters... */
colorSpaceName:NSCalibratedRGBColorSpace
/* ...more parameters... */
];
[bitmapImageRep setProperty:NSImageColorSyncProfileData withValue:iccProfileData];
NSColorSpace *colorSpace = [NSColorSpace sRGBColorSpace];It can also be obtained by initializing an NSData instance with the contents of an ".icc" profile file:
NSData *iccProfileData = [colorSpace ICCProfileData];
NSData *iccProfileData = [NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:@"/System/Library/ColorSync/Profiles/sRGB Profile.icc"];
- (id)initWithCIImage:(CIImage *)ciImage;The CIImage is required to be of finite extent (if not, -initWithCIImage: raises an exception). The -initWithCIImage: method produces an NSBitmapImageRep whose pixel dimensions equal the incoming CIImage's extent.
- (id)initWithCGImage:(CGImageRef)cgImage;An NSBitmapImageRep that is created in this way retains the given CGImage as its primary underlying representation, reflecting the CGImage's properties as its own and using the CGImage to draw when asked to draw.
- (CGImageRef)CGImage;Using this method may cause the CGImage to be created, if the NSBitmapImageRep does not already have a CGImage representation of itself. Once created, the CGImage is owned by the NSBitmapImageRep, which is responsible for releasing it when the NSBitmapImageRep itself is deallocated.
NSString* NSImageFallbackBackgroundColor AVAILABLE_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5_AND_LATER; // JPEG output (NSColor)This allows clients to specify the background color to use for the image data that's written out, in the event that the NSBitmapImageRep being encoded has an alpha channel. It corresponds to the kCGImageDestinationBackgroundColor property defined by the ImageIO framework.
- (CGFloat)borderWidth;
- (void)setBorderWidth:(CGFloat)borderWidth;
- (CGFloat)cornerRadius;
- (void)setCornerRadius:(CGFloat)cornerRadius;
- (NSColor *)borderColor;
- (void)setBorderColor:(NSColor *)borderColor;
- (NSColor *)fillColor;These properties only apply to boxes of type NSBoxCustom. The word 'custom' refers to these boxes having nothing to do with the human interface guidelines for Mac OS X. As such, the style should be used sparingly. It may be useful for simple custom drawing, or as a placard of some sort, but should not be used as a general control grouping box.
- (void)setFillColor:(NSColor *)fillColor;
- (BOOL)isTransparent;Bind the transparent property to the selected property of NSCollectionViewItem. The semantics of NSBox's transparent property of are the same as the semantics of NSButton's transparent property.
- (void)setTransparent:(BOOL)flag;
- (id)initWithColors:(NSArray *)colorArray atLocations:(CGFloat *)locations colorSpace:(NSColorSpace *)colorSpace;Three additional initializers handle common cases. The first takes a start and end color to create a two-color gradient. The second takes an array of colors, and will space the provided colors at equal intervals from 0.0 to 1.0. The third takes a nil-terminated variable length list of color/location pairs. The generic RGB color space will be used for gradients created with these init methods.
- (id)initWithStartingColor:(NSColor *)color endingColor:(NSColor *)endingColor;Once a color gradient is defined, it can be used to draw both linear and radial gradients.
- (id)initWithColors:(NSArray *)colorArray;
- (id)initWithColorsAndLocations:(NSColor *)firstColor, ...;
- (void)drawInRect:(NSRect)rect angle:(CGFloat)angle;For radial gradients, a relative center position can be specified, using NSZeroPoint specifies a radial gradient centered within the rectangle or path bounding rect. The radial gradient drawn by these methods always draws from an inner point to an outer circle, with the inner point at the center of the outer circle.
- (void)drawInBezierPath:(NSBezierPath *)path angle:(CGFloat)angle;
- (void)drawInRect:(NSRect)rect relativeCenterPosition:(NSPoint)relativeCenterPosition;These drawing methods provide an easy way to draw gradient fills. Developers who wish other drawing behavior can use the primitive drawing methods described below, and create additional convenience methods as categories which calculate where the primitive methods should draw.
- (void)drawInBezierPath:(NSBezierPath *)path relativeCenterPosition:(NSPoint)relativeCenterPosition;
NSGradientDrawsBeforeStartingLocationThese options control whether drawing extends before and after the gradient start and end locations. These options are only present for the primitive drawing methods, since the rect and path-centric drawing methods ensure that the entire rect or path is filled by the gradient. These drawing primitive methods draw a linear gradient and a radial gradient, respectively.
NSGradientDrawsAfterEndingLocation
- (void)drawFromPoint:(NSPoint)startingPoint toPoint:(NSPoint)endingPoint options:(NSGradientDrawingOptions)options;
- (void)drawFromCenter:(NSPoint)startCenter radius:(CGFloat)startRadius
toCenter:(NSPoint)endCenter radius:(CGFloat)endRadius options:(NSGradientDrawingOptions)options;
- (NSInteger)numberOfColorStops;Overriding this method to provide different color values will not affect the underlying calculation of the color gradient, and will not affect how the color gradient is drawn.
- (void)getColor:(NSColor **)color location:(CGFloat *)location atIndex:(NSInteger)index;
- (NSColorSpace *)colorSpace;
- (NSColor *)interpolatedColorAtLocation:(CGFloat)location;
- (NSIndexSet *)tableView:(NSTableView *)tableViewto:
selectionIndexesForProposedSelection:(NSIndexSet *)proposedSelectionIndexes
byExtendingSelection:(BOOL)extend;
- (NSIndexSet *)outlineView:(NSOutlineView *)outlineView
selectionIndexesForProposedSelection:(NSIndexSet *)proposedSelectionIndexes
byExtendingSelection:(BOOL)extend;
- (NSIndexSet *)tableView:(NSTableView *)tableViewIn releases prior to Mac OS 10.5, for the following delegate method:
selectionIndexesForProposedSelection:(NSIndexSet *)proposedSelectionIndexes;
- (NSIndexSet *)outlineView:(NSOutlineView *)outlineView
selectionIndexesForProposedSelection:(NSIndexSet *)proposedSelectionIndexes;
- (void)tableView:(NSTableView*)tableView didDragTableColumn:(NSTableColumn *)column;the tableColumn parameter would incorrectly be the NSTableColumn that existed at the dragged column's original index. For applications linked on or after Leopard, the tableColumn will correctly be the column that was dragged.
- (BOOL)outlineView:(NSOutlineView *)outlineView writeItems:(NSArray *)items toPasteboard:(NSPasteboard *)pboard;or
- (BOOL)tableView:(NSTableView *)tableView writeRowsWithIndexes:(NSIndexSet *)rowIndexes toPasteboard:(NSPasteboard *)pboard;In Leopard, it will now clear out the pasteboard. You should declare the types you support for drag and drop with:
NSMutableArray *types = [[pboard types] mutableCopy];The new delegate method:
// Add our custom type and leave the ones NSOutlineView supports in the list.
[types addObject:MyType];
// Make ourselves the owner. For any types we don't handle we can forward to NSOutlineView/NSTableView.
[pboard declareTypes:types owner:self];
- (BOOL)tableView:(NSTableView *)tableViewallows a cell to be tracked, even if the row isn't selectable or selected. This allows you make a table view that will not allow any rows to be selected, but still allow the user to interact with the cells, as seen below (using outline view as an example):
shouldTrackCell:(NSCell *)cell
forTableColumn:(NSTableColumn *)column
row:(NSInteger)row;
- (BOOL)outlineView:(NSOutlineView *)ov shouldSelectItem:(id)item {
return NO;
}
- (BOOL)outlineView:(NSOutlineView *)ov shouldTrackCell:(NSCell *)cell forTableColumn:(NSTableColumn *)column item:(id)item {Another example is to not allow check box button cells to change the selection, but still allow them to be clicked on and tracked. [NSApp currentEvent] will always be correct when this method is called, and you may use it to perform additional hit testing of the current mouse location. See the DragNDropOutlineView demo application for an example of how to do this.
return YES;
}
- (NSDragOperation)outlineView:(NSOutlineView *)outlineViewPrior to Leopard, it would get called constantly, which is not needed.
validateDrop:(id <NSDraggingInfo>)info
proposedItem:(id)item
proposedChildIndex:(NSInteger)index;
- (NSIndexSet *)columnIndexesInRect:(NSRect)rect;
- (void)setHidden:(BOOL)hidden;Columns which are hidden still exist in the the -[NSTableView tableColumns] array and -[NSTableView numberOfColumns] includes columns which are hidden. Hidden columns are not included in the indexes returned by the new columnIndexesInRect: method.
- (BOOL)isHidden;
- (void)setHeaderToolTip:(NSString *)string;
- (NSString *)headerToolTip;
- (NSArray *)childNodes;and
- (NSTreeNode *)descendantNodeAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath;With these two methods, it is now possible to navigate the tree controller's arranged tree.
- (void)moveNode:(NSTreeNode *)node toIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath;When a node is moved from one location to another, its represented objects in the new and old parent will be updated using Key Value Coding and the tree controller's childrenKeyPath. You are encouraged to use these methods to modify relationships in the tree, rather than modify the represented objects directly. This will ensure better selection handling and improve outline view's ability to maintain item "expanded" state.
- (void)moveNodes:(NSArray *)nodes toIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)startingIndexPath;
[treeController selectedObjects]with code like
[[treeController selectedNodes] valueForKey:@"representedObject"]This will produce an array that accurately represents the treeController's selected objects, even if objects are deleted via manipulating model objects' relationship containers.
- (void)setAutomaticallyRearrangesObjects:(BOOL)flag; // default: NO
- (BOOL)automaticallyRearrangesObjects;
- (NSArray *)automaticRearragementKeyPaths;This method returns the array of key paths that trigger automatic rearranging from the sort descriptors and filter predicates; subclasses may override this method to customize the default behavior (for example if additional arrangement criteria are used in custom implementations of -rearrangeObjects).
- (void)didChangeArrangementCriteria;This method is invoked by the controller itself when any criteria for arranging objects change (sort descriptors or filter predicates) to reset the key paths for automatic rearranging; subclasses should invoke this method if additional arrangement criteria are used in custom implementations of -rearrangeObjects and those criteria change.
- (NSString *)buttonToolTip;and setting the minimum size for your picker:
- (NSSize)minContentSize;NSColorPanel will not allow resizing smaller than this size. By default, you will not have to do anything if you properly setup the autosizing attributes in IB for your view.
- (NSColorRenderingIntent)colorRenderingIntent;
- (void)setColorRenderingIntent:(NSColorRenderingIntent)renderingIntent;
+ (NSBezierPath *)bezierPathWithRoundedRect:(NSRect)rect xRadius:(CGFloat)xRadius yRadius:(CGFloat)yRadius;
- (void)appendBezierPathWithRoundedRect:(NSRect)rect xRadius:(CGFloat)xRadius yRadius:(CGFloat)yRadius;
|
http://developer.apple.com/releasenotes/Cocoa/AppKit.html
|
crawl-002
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
The QWebView class provides a widget that is used to view and edit web documents. More...
#include <QWebView>
Inherits QWidget.
This class was introduced in Qt 4.4.
The QWebView class provides a widget that is used to view and edit web documents.
QWebView is the main widget component of the QtWebKit web browsing module. It can be used in various applications to display web content live from the Internet.
The image below shows QWebView previewed in Qt Designer with the Nokia();
Alternatively, setUrl() can also be used to load a web site. If you have the HTML content readily available, you can use setHtml() instead.
The loadStarted() signal is emitted when the view begins loading. The loadProgress() signal, on the other hand, is emitted whenever an element of the web view completes loading, such as an embedded image, a script, etc. Finally, the loadFinished() signal is emitted when the view has loaded completely. It's argument - either true or false - indicates load success or failure.
The page() function returns a pointer to the web page object. See Elements of QWebView for an explanation of how the web page is related to the view. To modify your web view's settings, you can access the QWebSettings object with the settings() function. With QWebSettings, you can change the default fonts, enable or disable features such as JavaScript and plugins.
The title of an HTML document can be accessed with the title() property. Additionally, a web site web view.
If you require a custom context menu, you can implement it by reimplementing contextMenuEvent() and populating your QMenu with the actions obtained from pageAction(). More functionality such as reloading the view, copying selected text to the clipboard, or pasting into the view, is also encapsulated within the QAction objects returned by pageAction(). These actions can be programmatically triggered using triggerPageAction(). Alternatively, the actions can be added to a toolbar or a menu directly. QWebView maintains the state of the returned actions but allows modification of action properties such as text or icon.
A QWebView can be printed onto a QPrinter using the print() function. This function is marked as a slot and can be conveniently connected to QPrintPreviewDialog's paintRequested() signal.
If you want to provide support for web sites that allow the user to open new windows, such as pop-up windows, you can subclass QWebView and reimplement the createWindow() function.
QWebView consists of other objects such as QWebFrame and QWebPage. The flowchart below shows these elements are related.
Note: It is possible to use QWebPage and QWebFrame, without using QWebView, if you do not require QWidget attributes. Nevertheless, QtWebKit depends on QtGui, so you should use a QApplication instead of QCoreApplication.
See also Previewer Example and Browser.
This property holds the icon associated with the web page currently viewed.
By default, this property contains a null icon.
Access functions: text currently selected.
By default, this property contains an empty string.
Access functions:
See also findText() and selectionChanged().
This property holds the scaling factor for all text in the frame.
By default, this property contains a value of 1.0.
Access functions:().
Constructs an empty QWebView with parent parent.
See also load().
Destroys the web view.
Convenience slot that loads the previous document in the list of documents built by navigating links. Does nothing if there is no previous document.
It is equivalent to
view->page()->triggerAction(QWebPage::GoForward);
See also back() and pageAction().
Returns a pointer to the view's history of navigated web pages.
It is equivalent to
view->page()->history();
This signal is emitted whenever the icon of the page is loaded or changes.
See also icon().().
This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience.().
Sets the content of the web view to the specified content data. If the mimeType argument is empty it is currently assumed that the content is HTML but in future versions we may introduce auto-detection.
External objects referenced in the content are located relative to baseUrl.
See also load(), setHtml(), and QWebFrame::toHtml().
Sets the content of the web view to the specified html.
External objects referenced in the HTML document are located relative to baseUrl.
When using this method, WebKit assumes that external resources such as JavaScript programs or style sheets are encoded in UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. For example, the encoding of an external script can be specified through the charset attribute of the HTML script tag. Alternatively, the encoding can also be specified by the web server.
See also load(), setContent(), and QWebFrame::toHtml().
Makes page the new web page of the web view.
The parent QObject of the provided page remains the owner of the object. If the current document is a child of the web view, it will be deleted.
See also page().Action(QWebPage::Stop);
See also reload(), pageAction(), and loadFinished().().
|
http://doc.trolltech.com/4.4/qwebview.html
|
crawl-002
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
Mac OS X bundles Suns Java 2 Standard Edition (J2SE). This version is based on the Solaris Java Development Kit (JDK) version 1.3.1, including the client version of HotSpot 1.3.1.
This version may be discussed in public forums like Apples java-dev mailing list (preferred) or the comp.lang.java newsgroups.
For more technical information about Java on Mac OS X, see Java Developer Documentation.
The Mac OS X 10.1.1 update addresses an Apple-specific issue in HotSpot with implicit or explicit use of java.lang.String.intern() and System.identityHashCode().
You can verify that this update has been applied by looking at the os.version system property (see System Properties).
If you install Mac OS X 10.1 over any version of Mac OS X 10.0, you should be aware of two limitations of the installer, and the steps you can take to work around them.
Preferred locations for installing Java extensions have changed. See Java extension locations for more details.
Doing an update install with the User CD will not preserve any files which you may have installed in $JAVA_HOME/lib/ext (/System/Library/Frameworks/JavaVM.framework/Versions/1.3/Home/lib/ext). Before you install, you should move these extensions to a safe place, and later reinstall them in the Local domain. If you did not save your extensions prior to installing, you will have to reinstall them from your original source disks or downloads. Be careful when reinstalling extensions that you do not inadvertently reinstall older versions of extensions which Apple has provided as part of Java on Mac OS X 10.1.
The Developer CD update installer does not update MRJAppBuilder. To assure that MRJAppBuilder is properly installed, you should remove MRJAppBuilder from /Developer/Applications before running the installer on the Developer CD. If you have already run the installer, you can check the version of MRJAppBuilder to determine whether the correct version has been installed. The correct MRJAppBuilder version is 1.1. The older version of MRJAppBuilder was 10.0. If you still have the older version of MRJAppBuilder, remove it and then rerun the Installer on the Developer CD, selecting only the Developer Tools Software package.
Mac OS X ships with the client version of the HotSpot virtual machine from the JDK 1.3.1 technology train.
Some options available in prior VMs (e.g. JITC settings) are not
applicable to the HotSpot VM. In addition, HotSpot VM options are in
the "non-standard" group that are of the form
-X
optionname. For a list of these
options, type
java -X in a Terminal window.
The HotSpot VMs memory performance is excellent and its compilation performance is very good in real-world applications, but the engine has not been tuned for micro-benchmarks such as CaffeineMark.
Java threads are mapped directly to native Mach threads and are therefore fully preemptive, even (unlike MRJ on Mac OS 9) with regard to the host application and other applications. Java thread priorities are mapped to native thread priorities such that higher priority threads will get preferentially scheduled. You should not, however, rely on any particular scheduling behavior other than that.
Some notable Java system properties include:
Java on Mac OS X sets a default locale based on the choice in System Preferences -> International: French maps to fr_FR, English to en_US, Japanese to ja_JP, French Canadian to fr_CA, etc.
In order to get a locale and language combination not supported by System Preferences, such as French language in the U.S. (fr_US), the default locale can be overridden by the following settings before the Java VM starts up. The options listed first override the later ones.
user.languageand
user.region, defined on the
javacommand line, or in MRJAppBuilder property settings
LC_ALLenvironment variable, set to one of the ISO standard language (optionally plus region) codes.
LC_ALLis mapped to locale using a set of default rules derived from the language codes outlined in ISO 639 and the country codes outlined in ISO 3166, such as en -> en_US, fr -> fr_FR, ja -> ja_JP, etc. See for more details on these ISO specifications.
LANGenvironment variable
Specifying a locale within Java code using
Locale.setDefault(
newLocale
)
can be done after the VM is running, and overrides all other
options.
Java debugging is now fully operational in Project Builder, and is the recommended way to debug your Java applications.
jdb, the command-line Java debugger, works with the HotSpot Java Virtual Machine. To debug your code with jdb, do:
$
jdb
nameofjavaclass
arguments
See the
jdb man page for more details.
Currently, "/usr/bin/java" is a script. Because gdb wont recognize the script as an executable format, you cant simply type "gdb java" to debug your native code. To debug using gdb, you must type the full path to the java executable, like this:
$
gdb /System/Library/Frameworks/JavaVM.framework/Versions/1.3.1/Commands/java
Once gdb starts, you may establish a different CLASSPATH for loading java code from within gdb:
(gdb)
set environment CLASSPATH
foo
:
bar
(gdb)
run
nameofjavaclass
arguments
The ps() and pss() gdb utility functions that were described in previous releases are no longer recommended for displaying stack trace information.
To display Java stack traces, use one of these methods:
pscommand line tool, then deliver a SIGQUIT to that process. Here is the command sequence:
$
ps -auxwww | grep "Applet Launcher"
user 557 0.2 6.2 211952 16236 ?? S 0:06.47 /Applications/.../Applet Launcher -psn_0_1703937
user 559 0.0 0.1 5724 188 std UV+ 0:00.00 grep AppletLauncher
$
kill -QUIT 557
Note that if you deliver a signal to a process that is running in
gdb, gdb will break on the signal. You can just continue on (with the
command "
c") as you are actually not interested in the
signal itself, but in the output the signal handler gives you.
You can have monitor status included in the the stack trace
information. There are several ways to enable this option (this
applies also to all other
-XX: based VM options):
-XX:+JavaMonitorsInStackTraceon the java command line.
.hotspotrcfile in your home directory. This file gets parsed every time a Java VM starts up, so this gives you a way to set options even for double-clickable binaries or when embedding within another application. Include a line containing:
+JavaMonitorsInStackTracein your
.hotspotrcfile.
If you are reporting a bug that results in a crash or a deadlock,
please include the Java stack trace information as described above.
In the case of a crash, please include the native stack trace as
well. To get a native stack trace, reproduce the bug while running in
gdb, and run the
bt command after the crash. To
get all native backtraces, use the gdb command "
thread apply
all bt".
See the
gdb man page for more details.
The default heap size on Mac OS X is 64MB. Since the Mac OS X Java HotSpot VM uses generational garbage collection, more memory is actually reserved to accommodate the various generations.
For applications which allocate large numbers of objects/data, you
may want to increase the heap size. This may have an effect on overall performance, either positively or negatively,
so if you decide to do
this, you should test your application under various different scenarios with
different heap sizes. Generally speaking, a larger heap will result
in fewer garbage collections, but those will take longer. You can study this effect by
invoking the java command line program with the
-verbose:gc flag. This will
give you a measure of how long each garbage collection is taking.
There is a limitation in the Java VM as shipped in 10.0 and 10.1 that
the heap maximum cannot be made larger than 590MB. If the heap is larger, the java command line
program will crash. This will be fixed
in an upcoming release. If you do need a larger heap, you can turn off the
shared classes support in our Java VM passing the
-XX:-UseSharedGen flag
to HotSpot. This will allow a maximum heap size of up to about 986MB.
Java on Mac OS X provides hprof as a basic profiling tool. The reliability of data provided by hprof is better than in previous releases, though some features are still not thoroughly tested.
The HotSpot Java VM includes the
-Xprof option which
provides basic flat CPU usage on a per-thread basis, which we have
found useful.
See Java Development Tools for more information about other tools.
In Mac OS X, native methods that are implemented using the Java Native Interface are built into JNI libraries. Only the application that dynamically loads a JNI library has access to it. JNI libraries must be mach-o. CFM libraries are not supported. See TechNote 2003: Moving Your Code to Mac OS X, and the Mac OS X Technology Overview book for more details on mach-o and CFM.
JNI libraries are always named
lib
name
.jnilib, where
name is the value of the string used in the call
to
System.loadLibrary(). For example, to load the
library named
libhello.jnilib, you would make the
following call in your Java code:
System.loadLibrary("hello");
To build a JNI library, execute the following command:
$
cc -bundle -I/System/Library/Frameworks/JavaVM.framework/Headers -o lib
name
.jnilib -framework JavaVM
sourceFiles
For example, if the files
hello.c and
goodbye.c contain the implementations of the native
methods to be built into
libhello.jnilib, you would
build
libhello.jnilib with the following command:
$
cc -bundle -I/System/Library/Frameworks/JavaVM.framework/Headers -o libhello.jnilib -framework JavaVM hello.c goodbye.c
A common problem for JNI developers is that JNI dynamic libraries have interdependencies. For example: libA.jnilib contains a function foo(). libB.jnilib needs to link against libA.jnilib to make use of foo(). This will not work on Mac OS X because JNI libraries are bundles (all symbols are private to a bundle). One solution to this dependency problem is to put the common functions into a separate dynamic library (libC.dylib in this example) and link both libA.jnilib and libB.jnilib to libC.dylib.
To build a C application that starts a Java VM session, you must link with the JavaVM framework; e.g.
$
cc myapp.c -I/System/Library/Frameworks/JavaVM.framework/Headers -framework JavaVM -o myapp
Window titles, controls, menu titles and menu items can use any Unicode characters supported by Mac OS X. (In MRJ on Mac OS 9, characters of different non-Roman writing systems, e.g. Kanji and Arabic, couldnt be mixed in a single title.)
Window coordinates and insets are compatible with the JDK. In a
nutshell: Window bounds refer to the outside of the
windows frame, and the coordinates of the window put (0,0) at
the top left of the title bar (not at the top left of the content
region as in MRJ on Mac OS 9). The
getInsets method
returns the amount by which content needs to be inset in the Window
to avoid the window border. This should only affect applications that
are doing precision positioning of windows (especially full-screen
windows), or those that bypass LayoutManagers to do their own
hardcoded component positioning.
Windows in Mac OS X are double-buffered. Java on Mac OS X attempts to flush the buffer to the screen often enough to have good drawing behavior without compromising performance. If for some reason you need to force window buffers to be flushed immediately, just call Toolkit.sync().
Java processes that are launched from a shell will not show up in the Dock or the floating Application List until/unless they show a window. In the Dock, these processes will then show up as items with a default Java icon. This allows server-type processes to run behind the scenes with no user visible manifestation. In contrast, any app built with MRJAppBuilder will always be user visible, and have the icon you have selected for it.
Live window resizing is off by default. To enable live window resize, see the section on GUI customization.
Our Graphics/Java2D implementation is based on Apples Quartz graphics engine. Java2D and Quartz have very similar feature sets, inherited largely from PostScript. Java on Mac OS X uses Quartz for all graphics&emdash;as opposed to the JDK, which drops down to GDI or X-Windows for simple 1.1-style drawing&emdash;and while Quartz is very fast at complex rendering, it has not yet been optimized for some basic shapes like diagonal lines.
Anti-aliasing is on by default for text and graphics, but can be
turned off using the properties described in the section on GUI
customization, or by calling
setRenderingHint()
within your Java application.
To enable experimental code that uses hardware acceleration for graphics where possible, see the section on GUI customization.
Compatibility issues to note:
There is a new Mac OS look-and-feel which uses the Appearance
Manager to do its rendering, giving it full support for the Mac OS X
Aqua interface. This is the default look-and-feel, and is set as such
in the
swing.properties file. Most Swing-based
applications have preference settings that allow you to switch the
look-and-feel.
Things to note about the Mac OS look-and-feel:
Known bugs:
To allow developers more flexibility in dealing with Mac appBundles and packages, weve added properties to the Mac FileChooser:
Possible values for these properties are "always", "never". They can be applied globally by setting them with UIManager.put and per-instance with fileChooser.putClientProperty. Theyre set to "always" by default.
The Aqua JFileChooser also supports alias traversal, but this only works with the default FileView, so if you replace it (as FileChooserDemo does), aliases will not be traversable, because Unix sees aliases as files.
Known problems with event handling:
There are many system properties that can be set (via a
.properties file in your home directory, via
MRJAppBuilder, via Project Builder, or on the
java
command line) to customize various aspects of the GUI:
The properties that apply to windows can be changed at runtime, but the changes apply only to windows that do not yet have peers (those that have not yet been shown or packed).
Unsigned applets cant access the above properties. The one
current exception is com.apple.macos.useScreenMenuBar. If
you need to use other internal properties from an applet, you can
grant permission to access them by adding a line like the following
to your system-wide policy file, which is located at
${JAVA_HOME}/lib/security/java.policy:
java.util.PropertyPermission "
internal.property.goes.here
", "read,write";
If there are spaces in the path containing a Java class, RMI may not work correctly. This problem occurs with Java on other platforms, but paths containing spaces are more common on Mac OS.
Any AWT FileDialog can now be resized by the user.
Non-Roman file and directory names are now properly handled.
Calling setDirectory() on a FileDialog before it is shown will now set the initial location. Using setFile() still has no effect because the underlying Navigation Services implementation does not support initial file selection.
Application packages are no longer grayed out in a FileDialog. If the System property "com.apple.macos.use-file-dialog-packages" is "true", then they can be selected and returned; otherwise you can navigate inside the application package directory, but not return the directory itself. Note: Since application packages are directories, the java application that sets this property must be able to handle a directory being returned by FileDialog.
When using directory picker mode of FileDialog (setMode(3)), the way the selected directory is returned has changed. In Mac OS X 10.0, getDirectory() returned the full path, and getFile() always returned null. In Mac OS X 10.1, getDirectory() returns the full path to the parent of the selected directory, and getFile() returns the selected directory name, or null if the user cancelled the dialog. Therefore, your directory picker code can be the same as for files: check getFile() for null to see if user cancelled; then use newFile(fd.getDirectory(), fd.getFile()).
Java on Mac OS X supports sound output. However, audio input is not currently supported.
Mac OS X implements JDirect3, which allows access to pre-existing native code libraries from Java. JDirect2 code will require minor modifications to run under JDirect3. JDirect1, which has been deprecated since 1997, is no longer supported.
The JDirect sample code supplied in source form in the MRJ 2.2 SDK will not work on OS X. That code is not Carbonized and it does not use JDirect3.
Read Compatibility between JDirect 2 and JDirect 3 for more information on how to convert JDirect2 code to use JDirect3 on Mac OS X.
It is imperative that you synchronize all Toolbox calls. Java threads are native Mach threads and can preempt Toolbox calls made by the host app or by other Java threads. Carbon is not yet reentrant or thread-safe, and reentrant calls can corrupt memory or crash the app, so its imperative that only one thread be inside Carbon at any time.
The correct method for Toolbox synchronization has changed since
Public Beta. Java on Mac OS X no longer supports the synchronization
method (
Toolbox.LOCK) described in the 10.0 Public Beta
Java release notes. The correct way to call the Toolbox (aka Carbon)
from Java on Mac OS X is:
import com.apple.mrj.macos.carbon.CarbonLock; try { CarbonLock.acquire(); <Carbon call here> } finally { CarbonLock.release(); }
This way the CarbonLock handling can easily be reversed for JDirect callbacks.
Be sure to use CarbonLock around all Carbon calls. Since threads are preemptive on Mac OS X, one should hold the CarbonLock for the very least amount of time possible. Deadlocks occur more often when the CarbonLock is held too long.
Also, dont do anything which may throw exceptions in the
finally block that calls
CarbonLock.release(). Structure your code so that the
CarbonLocking is separate from other
finally blocks.
To help debug JDirect on Mac OS X, if you define a shell variable
named
JDIRECT_VERBOSE, JDirect will write verbose
loading info to stderr. Note that this only works when launching java
code from the command line&emdash;not when double-clicking the
bundled application in the Finder. But you can launch any
double-clickable application from the command line by specifying the
path to the applications executable.
For example, to set the shell variable, and then launch an
application called
Foo.app, you would do the following
in csh:
% setenv JDIRECT_VERBOSE % /path/Foo.app/Contents/MacOS/Foo
The class MethodClosureUPP was created for use on Mac OS 9 and is not supported on Mac OS X (the design of that class assumes the existence of MixedMode). If you are using Toolbox callbacks and want code that will run on Mac OS 9 or Mac OS X, you will need to have a helper class that creates a new MethodClosureUPP when on Mac OS 9 or a new MethodClosure when on Mac OS X.
For this release of Mac OS X, any use of JDirect will cause Carbon to be initialized, a Dock entry added, and a menu bar installed. This was necessary because Carbon is not thread safe and must be initialized from the correct thread. A future release of JDirect will provide a way to specify which JDirect native calls do not load Carbon, and thus are safe to run without initializing Carbon.
Normally, your
JDirect_MacOSX String is a full path
to a dylib which is the standard packaging for shared mach-o code on
Mac OS X. But you can also specify a full path to a CFBundle. The
CFBundle path name must end in "
.bundle" and be a
properly constructed directory. The CFBundle supports both mach-o
code and CFM code. See the Bundle
Services Documentation for more details.
New functionality in Mac OS X has enabled us to replace JManager (the embedding technology for MRJ on Mac OS 9) with a Carbon-based Java Embedding API. JManager is not supported in Mac OS X.
The Java Embedding API is contained in the JavaEmbedding framework (/System/Library/Frameworks/JavaEmbedding.framework). There are three header files: JavaApplet.h, JavaControl.h, and JavaEmbedding.h.
The new Java Embedding API is smaller and simpler than JManager. The functionality previously supplied by JManager is available through the JNI Invocation API, the CoreFoundation API, or is unnecessary and has been removed. The functions that remain in the new Java Embedding API are primarily applet embedding and utility functions.
Native applications that want to invoke Java should launch a Java VM using the standard JNI Invocation API, and be sure to make the first call into the JavaEmbedding framework on the main thread.
Only native applications that want to embed a Java applet into their own windows need to use the new Java Embedding control creation APIs in <JavaVM/JavaControl.h>. These create a "Java Control"&emdash;a standard Control Manager control that contains a Java applet. The control creation APIs take a native Carbon WindowRef that references the window into which the Java Control is to be embedded. Most of the interaction with the control is through the calls in JavaControl.h.
The MRJToolkit utility routines from MRJ on Mac OS 9 are present in this release, but there are differences.
Several of the MRJToolkit routines do not work:
openURL(),
setDefaultFileCreator(), and
setDefaultFileType(). In a future release,
openURL() may be implemented, but the other two will be
removed entirely.
The
MRJ
Thing
Handler
interfaces (
MRJAboutHandler,
MRJCoercionHandler,
MRJOpenDocumentHandler,
MRJPrintDocumentHandler,
MRJQuitHandler)
will not work until the AWT is initialized. For packaged
double-clickable applications, the AWT is initialized before your
applications
main() is called. If you launch your
java application from the command line, you must either register your
handlers after your code has initialized the AWT, or force the AWT to
be initialized via a simple snippet such as:
new Frame().pack();
Every Java application with UI automatically gets an Apple menu
and an application menu. The application menu follows the standard
Aqua guidelines and contains a Quit menu item. By default, that Quit
menu item will call
System.exit(). If you have your own
Quit (or Exit) item in your own menu, then when running on Mac OS X,
you should change your menu to remove the Quit item. You can install
an MRJQuitHandler, which will be called when the user chooses the
Quit menu item in the application menu.
Known problems with MRJQuitHandler:
MRJQuitHandlercannot directly field events. For instance, you cannot run a modal dialog which asks the user to confirm the Quit. The workaround is to create a new thread and run the modal dialog on it.
If a jar file has a manifest that specifies the main class, it can be launched directly from the Finder by double-clicking it.:
In general, third party developers should install extensions in the Local domain. Apple extensions, such as QTJava.zip, are installed in the System domain, and Sun JDK extensions are installed in $JAVA_HOME.
Project Builder is a complete development environment that supports editing, compiling, packaging, running, and debugging Java applications, using the Java runtime on Mac OS X. See the Project Builder Documentation for more information.
MRJAppBuilder is a utility for packaging already-compiled Java applications to run on Mac OS X. MRJAppBuilder constructs applications in the new Carbon application bundle format. In order to package your application, you must specify (at a minimum) the main class name and the location of the output file. If you are not merging your Java class or jar files into the output, you will need to add them to the classpath. Each of these values can be set from within the Application panel.
The main class field is where you must enter the name of the class
that contains
main(). This field represents the value of
the property
com.apple.mrj.application.main. Remember to
include any package information, such as
com.foo.myclass. You can also press the "Choose..."
button to choose a jar file that contains the main class.
The classpath field allows you to modify the classpath. Usually, this will be automatically set to point to the jar file that youre bundling into your application. In the case where you wish to use a jar file that remains outside the application bundle, you need to add a classpath entry of the form:
$APP_PACKAGE is a special path string that represents the application bundle directory.
The last required field is the output file field. You must specify the name and location of the output file. You may either enter the path in the text field provided, or you may press the "Set..." button to set the location of the output file using the file chooser dialog.
You can add a custom icon to your application. Click on the icon
in the Output file section to bring up a file chooser dialog for
selecting an
icns file.
Using the other tabbed panels is optional. The Mac OS X panel allows you to set values specific to the Mac OS X application bundle format. If you do not specify the CFBundleExecutable or CFBundleName, they will be set based on the name of the output file you choose.
The Java Properties panel allows you to set Java runtime properties. The main and classpath fields are not editable&emdash;they can only be set in the Application panel. The remaining properties are the standard properties supported by Java on Mac OS along with their default values. To set additional properties not listed in the table, simply add them to the end of the list. In previous versions of MRJAppBuilder, you were required to create a configuration file defining the Java runtime properties. This panel is a replacement for the configuration file.
The Merge Files panel provides a means for adding files to
the application, such as zips or jars. Choose the "Add..." button to
add files to the list. Each item added to the merge list will be
copied into the applications
Contents/Resources/Java/ directory. Each item you add to
the merge list gets automatically added to the classpath.
Console output from packaged Java applications built by MRJAppBuilder, or from applets running inside Applet Launcher, appears in the system console, which can be viewed by launching /Applications/Utilities/Console.
If you want application output to appear in a Terminal window,
youll have to launch the application from that Terminal. You
can either use a "
java" command directly with your jar
or class files, as described in Launching
java from the command line below, or launch the packaged
application from the Terminal by specifying the path to the
executable. Assuming the current directory is the parent directory of
the application, you launch a packaged application like this:
MyJavaApp.app/Contents/MacOS/MyJavaApp
There are magic strings for IO redirection:
$CONSOLE
causes output to be displayed in a Java console window.
$SYSTEM leaves stderr and stdout as is (directed to
Console for double-clickable applications, or directed to the parent
shell for applications launched from the command line).
When you build your application with MRJAppBuilder or Project
Builder, the current Java working directory defaults to the parent
directory of the application bundle directory. For example, if
youve built an application named
myApp.app inside
the folder
/Volumes/HD/myJavaApplications/, then the
current directory would be
/Volumes/HD/myJavaApplications/. Note that this is a
change in behavior from pre-release versions of Mac OS X 10.0.
You can override the current Java working directory by setting the
property
com.apple.mrj.application.workingdirectory.
This property must be an absolute path, or must start with
$APP_PACKAGE, which is a special path string that
represents the application bundle directory. Therefore, in this
example, these are equivalent current working directory
specifications:
com.apple.mrj.application.workingdirectory =
$APP_PACKAGE/Contents/Resources/Java
com.apple.mrj.application.workingdirectory =
/Volumes/HD/myJavaApplications/myApp.app/Contents/Resources/Java
Lets assume you have a simple Java program, such as
HelloWorld. Use
javac and
jar in the
Terminal (in
/Applications/Utilities/) to compile the
source and create a jar file named
HelloWorld.jar.
Launch MRJAppBuilder from
/Developer/Applications/. The
active panel will be the Application panel.
Step 1: Set the Main classname
Click on the "Choose..." button and navigate to and select the
HelloWorld.jarfile. Click on "Select". In the "Choose Main Class" dialog, you should see only the name
HelloWorld, since there is only one class containing a
main()method. Click "OK". The main classname field should be automatically filled out and the classpath updated with the item
Contents/Resources/Java/HelloWorld.jar.
Step 2: Set the Output file
Click on the "Set..." button and navigate to the desired output directory. In the "Select" dialog, type the name of the output file in the "Name" field. If you dont enter one, the default will be the name of the folder you last clicked on. Click on "Select". The Output file field should be filled out with the full path to the output file. If you dont append a "
.app" extension to the name of your application, MRJAppBuilder will add the extension when it builds the application.
Step 3: Build the application
Click on "Build Application". Thats it! Your application can now be launched from the Finder. The
HelloWorld.jarfile was copied into the application, so you can move the application to any location and it will run.
Notes on the example:
- All of the text fields in the Application panel are editable, so instead of using the dialogs, you could type the values for each field directly.
- For more complex applications that have more than one jar file, use the Merge Files panel to add those files to your application.
- We recommend that you add jar files to your application as opposed to individual class files.
Known problems with MRJAppBuilder:
A java application can be packaged as a double-clickable Mac OS X application via two methods:
There are two ways to specify Java configuration information in a packaged Java application.
Javakey
MRJApp.propertiesfile in the applications
Resourcesdirectory
Either way will launch properly on Mac OS X 10.0 and 10.1, but the MRJApp.properties way is deprecated. In the 10.1 Developer release, the ProjectBuilder templates have been updated to use the Info.plist while MRJAppBuilder still generates MRJApp.properties based files. A future release of MRJAppBuilder will create Info.plist based applications.
The Info.plist system will allow your application to run on both Mac OS X 10.0 and 10.1 as long as you build your application with the tools on Mac OS X 10.1. The stub of executable code inserted in a packaged application by MRJAppBuilder and by ProjectBuilder on Mac OS X 10.1 will first check for a key named "Java" in the Info.plist and if it exists, launch using the Info.plist mechanism. Otherwise, it uses the MRJApp.properties file. The executable stub inserted in a packaged application by MRJAppBuilder and by ProjectBuilder on Mac OS X 10.0 will only use MRJApp.properties.
An application Info.plist is an XML document containing static application information such as icons and version (see Mac OS X Technology Overview for more details).
All Java configuration information is stored in a sub-dictionary
of the main Info.plist dictionary. The sub-dictionary has
the key
Java. For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <plist version="0.9"> <dict> <key>CFBundleExecutable</key> <string>JavaApplicationStub</string> ... <key>Java</key> <dict> <key>ClassPath</key> <string>$JAVAROOT/SurfWriter.jar</string> <key>MainClass</key> <string>com.apple.SurfWriter</string> </dict> </dict> </plist>
The following is a table of valid key/values that can be used in the Java dictionary:
The MRJApp.properties file is stored inside a .app
package in the
Contents/Resources/ directory. Its format
is that of a standard java .properties file. Any property name that
begins with
com.apple.mrj.application is used to
configure Java. All other properties are passed onto the VM as
initial properties (i.e. -D
prop=value).
The following is a table of properties which affect the launch:
Known bugs:
In order to run correctly on Mac OS X in non-English locales, packaged Java applications need to have the appropriate .lproj folders inside the application package. This is true even if the Java application handles its localization through Java ResourceBundles.
Specifically, you need to have a localename.lproj folder present in the applications Resources folder for any locale that you wish to use. For example, you need a Japanese.lproj folder inside Appname.pkg/Contents/Resources/ in order for Japanese localization to work correctly.
These .lproj folders can be empty, but a folder corresponding to the current locale must be present in order for Mac OS X to set the locale correctly when the application launches. If you do not have a .lproj folder that corresponds to the current system locale, your application will be launched with the English US locale.
See the Bundle Services Documentation for more details about .lproj folders and the application bundle format.
If you are running an application from the command line that has a user interface, we now use the name of your applications main class as the application name that appears in the Dock. Alternatively, you can specify the name and/or icon that will used by using the following command-line option:
-Xdock:name=<application name>[:icon=<path to icon file>]
The icon file must be an icns file, identical to what you would use for any other Mac OS X application. If either the application name or path to the icon file has spaces in it you can wrap each option in double quotes and specify multiple -X:dock options. Only the first of each kind ('name' and/or 'icon') will be recognized.
This release of Java for Mac OS X contains Java Web Start. It is a product-quality reference implementation (RI) of the Java Network Launching Protocol & API (JNLP) Specification, v1.0.1. To find out more about Java Web Start, see Java Web Start on Mac OS X, or try the sample applications available when you launch the application.
Apples implementation of Java Web Start differs from the Windows and Solaris versions in the following ways:
Java Web Start caches its data in your login directory in the hidden directory .javaws. Removing this directory or clearing the cache can free up hard disk space.
The version of JBuilder for Mac OS X that was distributed at WWDC 2001 has a bug in its Web Start Launcher wizard that causes an incorrect .jnlp file to be generated. It inserts a tag for the version like this:
<j2se version="1.3.1+">
A version tag in this format is a 'platform version' tag, not a 'product version' tag. As a result, Web Start apps generated by JBuilder wont run unmodified because they are requesting the non-existent 1.3.1 Java platform. Instead this version tag should be "1.3+" to get the Java2 platform v1.3. You will need to modify the generated .jnlp file to work on Mac OS X.
Apache does not ship configured to serve Web Start files. To fix this, add this entry to Apaches mime.types file:
application/x-java-jnlp-file jnlp
and restart the web server.
If your download location is located on an NFS-mounted server, Internet Explorer will not automatically open JNLP files after they are downloaded (this applies to all downloads, not just JNLP files). To work around this problem, change your download location to some place other than the NFS-mounted server.
Applet Launcher allows you to run Java applets without the
overhead of launching a web browser. Applet Launcher provides a
graphical user interface to the
sun.applet.AppletViewer
class, with more features than the appletviewer command-line
tool from Sun, which is based on the same class. You can enter the
path to an applet using its fully-qualified URL, and then press the
Launch button. For example, entering the following URL will launch
the Sun Tumbling Duke example applet:
Applet Launcher has an Applets menu that displays all applets
listed in the
/Developer/Examples/Java/Applets
directory. These applets are provided by Sun Microsystems as
examples.
JDK-style command-line launching from the Terminal app is fully supported (as are all your favorite JDK tools like javac and rmic). You can still use "java" to launch apps and "appletviewer" to launch applets. (Invoking these with no arguments will print a brief help message.) The Terminal window serves as the Java console. You can kill a Java process by activating the Terminal window that launched it and pressing Ctrl-C.
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Welcome to the Enterprise Java Technologies Tech Tips for August 24, 2004. Here you'll get tips on using enterprise Java technologies and APIs, such as those in Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE).
This issue covers:
Using JAX-RPC to Expose a Java Object as a Web Service
Component Systems and Class Loader Boundaries
These tips were developed using the Java 2, Enterprise Edition, v 1.4 SDK. You can download the SDK at.
This issue of the Tech Tips is written by N. Alex Rupp, a professional Open Source developer and software architect for Open Technology Systems.
See the Subscribe/Unsubscribe note at the end of this newsletter to subscribe to Tech Tips that focus on technologies and products in other Java platforms.
You can download the sample archive for these tips..
JAX-RPC is the Java API for XML-based Remote Procedural Calls. You might recognize the acronym RPC right away -- it's been around for years. A Remote Procedural Call (RPC) occurs when a component on one system passes a message to a component on a remote system, over the network. This long-distance communication technique lies very near the heart of the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), Java Management eXtensions (JMX), and Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI) APIs.
Unlike EJB, JMX and RMI, JAX-RPC allows you to make remote procedural calls to components on a non-Java operating platform, such as .NET. This is because the data transport mechanism is XML. The movement to bridge the Java and .NET operating platforms with a neutral, XML-based medium is called WS-I, or WebServices Interoperability. WS-I is being orchestrated by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and brings a host of other W3C technologies together -- such as XML, HTTP, SOAP, MIME and the Web Services Definition Language (WSDL) -- to build XML-RPC. Because it's maintained by the W3C, the XML-RPC standard is sufficiently platform-neutral to allow systems designed both on Java and .NET to seamlessly interoperate.
JAX-RPC is the Java standard implementation of SOAP 1.1 and WSDL 1.1. To understand JAX-RPC, you must also understand WSDL. Don't let that dissuade you -- WSDL is just a specialized XML dialect that describes the structure and behavior of a web service. WSDL files play the same role in web services that deployment descriptors play in Enterprise JavaBean components. They describe, in XML semantics, the interfaces and implementation objects that are used to generate component stubs inside the container. WSDL files also define the ports to the outside world and transport protocols through which web services communicate.
Because the data in transport is encapsulated in XML, clients on different platforms have a standard way to communicate with remote services. All of the platform-specific data conversions between XML and language primitives or complex data types are handled automatically by the JAX-RPC container. Also, JAX-RPC can make SOAP calls using HTTP as the transport protocol, allowing the communications to take place over port 80. This means that a JAX-RPC web service can run like any other application component in a web services-enabled servlet container (such as Tomcat).
Anatomy of a Web Service
The first step in understanding how web services are built is to understand WSDL terminology. This language provides a high-level "anatomical reference" to web service concepts. Let's go over each of the terms, in order of increasing abstraction:
wsdl:types
So a web service in terms of the WSDL is really a collection of protocol bindings between publicly accessible ports and port type operations. One example of this (in familiar J2EE terms) is a collection of SOAP bindings between URLs in a servlet container and a Service Endpoint Interface implementation object. Or, even more simply, a web service is a mapping between a Java interface object and a URL, which lets you perform method (or procedure) calls, remotely.
Writing A Service Descriptor
If you haven't already done so, install the J2SE 1.4.2 SDK, Tomcat 5.0 for Java WSDP 1.4, and Java WSDP 1.4. You can find installation instructions on the corresponding web pages for these technologies. However, it's important to note the order in which you install the technologies. If you install Java and Tomcat for JWSDP first, it will simplify the JWSDP installation. During Java WSDP 1.4 installation. A screen will prompt you to select the web container option on you would like to integrate this product. If you've already installed the Tomcat for JWSDP 1.4 download, you can browse for it and add it to the web containers menu. Then, the JWSDP will integrate itself into your Tomcat installation directory.
The Tomcat web services installation includes samples for all of the newly-released Java web service APIs. However the documentation is fairly sparse. So this tip uses a modified version of the JAX-RPC example taken from the samples. The modified example is a simple web service that reports the current time on the server. It's nothing special, but it should get the point across. It will give you something to compare with when you begin writing your own web services.
Download the example application for this tip and unzip it into <JWSDP_HOME>/jaxrpc/samples, beside the HelloWorld directory. After you unzip the files, navigate to the /etc directory. Inside the /etc directory you'll find the TimeService.wsdl file.
<JWSDP_HOME>/jaxrpc/samples
HelloWorld
/etc
TimeService.wsdl
When you open this WSDL file, you should immediately recognize the terminology. You'll find a top-level wsdl:definitions element, and several wsdl:message elements. Let's take a look:
wsdl:definitions
wsdl:message
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- TimeService.wsdl -->
<definitions
name="TimeService"
targetNamespace=""
xmlns:tns=""
xmlns=""
xmlns:ns2=""
xmlns:xsd=""
xmlns:
<message name="TimeSEI_sayTimeBack">
<part name="String_1" type="xsd:string"/>
<message name="TimeSEI_sayTimeBackResponse">
<part name="result" type="xsd:string"/>
...
There are several important thing to note here. First, the namespace is completely fictional. When you create a web service, you'll want to replace it with a real namespace. Second, the file defines two messages which will each eventually be mapped to the same operation. Each message name begins with the TimeSEI_ prefix. TimeSEI means time service endpoint interface, and refers to a nonexistent Java Service Endpoint Interface object. Third, having both sayTimeBack and sayTimeBackResponse might seem a little redundant and confusing, but the reasons for having these will become apparent when you consider them in the context of the following port type and operation definitions: namespace
TimeSEI_
TimeSEI
sayTimeBack
sayTimeBackResponse
<portType name="TimeSEI">
<operation name="sayTimeBack" parameterOrder="String_1">
<input message="tns:TimeSEI_sayTimeBack"/>
<output message="tns:TimeSEI_sayTimeBackResponse"/>
</operation>
</portType>
The thing to remember when you're working with operation definitions is that each operation, by necessity, consists of not one but two messages. That's because WSDL and JAX-RPC are built to operate using the SOAP protocol. SOAP messages are unidirectional, however RPC is necessarily a bidirectional behavior. Operations (and the Java methods they map to) define input parameters and return values. To map well to SOAP, bidirectional communications require two separate messages.
Notice that the name of the portType is TimeSEI. Again, this is a mapping to a nonexistent Service Endpoint Interface. According to the above definition, the TimeSEI interface object exposes a single public method whose signature is:
portType
public String sayTimeBack(String) throws RemoteException;
You can assemble all of this information by reading the message and port type definitions.
Now let's move on to the SOAP protocol bindings:
<binding name="TimeSEIBinding" type="tns:TimeSEI">
<operation name="sayTimeBack">
<input>
<soap:body
</input>
<output>
<soap:body
</output>
<soap:operation
</operation>
<soap:binding
</binding>
This binding defines the encoding style for the input and output message bodies in the sayTimeBack operation. The operation is encoded using SOAP, and assigned to a special namespace to avoid conflicts with other operation messages. Finally, the binding declares the transport mechanism for the SOAP calls to be HTTP, and an RPC binding style. All that remains is the service definition itself:
<service name="TimeService">
<port name="TimeSEIPort" binding="tns:TimeSEIBinding">
<soap:address
</port>
</service>
</definitions>
The service definition names the service TimeService, and maps a named port to the binding. This ends the simple web service definition.
TimeService
Implementing the Service
Now it's time to write the service implementation. At this point you can use two different approaches. You can write the SEI stubs by yourself and manually package them with the implementation class in a web archive, or you can use the supplied ANT build in Java WSDP 1.4. The ANT build takes advantage of the JWSDP 1.4 environment to generate SEI stubs automatically. The second approach is much the faster of the two approaches, and it will spare you from dealing with the complexity of the underlying JAX-RPC framework.
There are a few files you must write to complete this step. Start with the SEI implementation class. The one used in this example is TimeOnServer/src/server/time/TimeImpl. Here are its contents:
TimeOnServer/src/server/time/TimeImpl
package time;
import java.util.Date;
public class TimeImpl implements time.TimeSEI,
java.rmi.Remote {
public String sayTimeBack(java.lang.String str) {
Date date = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis());
String result = " Hello, " + str
+ ". The time on the server is "
+ date.toString();
return result;
}
}
This simple class implements the time.TimeSEI and java.rmi.Remote interfaces. Recall that TimeSEI was declared in the port type definition. However the interface is still not written. This interface gets generated by the JWSDP ANT build and resides in the same package as the implementation class, so there is no need to import it.
time.TimeSEI
java.rmi.Remote
However, you need to write a special descriptor file for the JAX-RPC reference implementation. This is needed by the container so that it can know how to map the TimeSEI reference from the port type definition to the TimeImpl class. The deployment descriptor for the reference implementation is in the same directory, TimeOnServer/etc, as the WSDL file, and is named jaxrpc-ri.xml. Here's a look at what's in jaxrpc-ri.xml:
TimeImpl
TimeOnServer/etc
jaxrpc-ri.xml
<!-- jaxrpc-ri.xml -->
<webServices
xmlns=""
version="1.0"
targetNamespaceBase=""
typeNamespaceBase=""
urlPatternBase="/ws">
<endpoint
name="Time"
displayName="Time Service"
description="A simple web service"
wsdl="/WEB-INF/TimeService.wsdl"
interface="time.TimeSEI"
implementation="time.TimeImpl"
model="/WEB-INF/model-wsdl-rpcenc.xml.gz"/>
<endpointMapping
endpointName="Time"
urlPattern="/time"/>
</webServices>
The endpoint element describes the attributes of the service, including the paths to its SEI and its implementation class. It also defines some basic metadata about the endpoint (for management tools). Finally, the endpointMapping binds a URL pattern with a service endpoint.
endpoint
endpointMapping
For a real web service, you'll want to configure this file, and then check the web.xml file to make sure it accurately describes your project. Then you're ready to build and deploy the service. Ensure that your PATH setting includes the path to ANT (<JWSDP_HOME>/apache-ant/bin). Then, navigate to the /TimeOnServer directory in your command line interface and enter the following command:
web.xml
PATH
<JWSDP_HOME>/apache-ant/bin
/TimeOnServer
ant
ANT will generate the TimeSEI interface, its implementation stub class, and a multisorted array of SOAP requests and response structs to handle the interactions of your new web service. ANT will finish by assembling all of the relevant files into a WAR file (jaxrpc-TimeOnServer.war). You can copy this archive into your tomcat_jwsdp/webapps directory. Then start Tomcat by double clicking on the startup.bat file or running the startup.sh script in the /tomcat_jwsdp/bin directory.
jaxrpc-TimeOnServer.war
tomcat_jwsdp/webapps
startup.bat
startup.sh
/tomcat_jwsdp/bin
At this point, you should have a fully operational web service. But to test it, you need to run a client against it.
Implementing a Simple Client
The example application includes a simple client. To run it, type the following command (again in the /TimeOnServer directory) in your command line interface:
ant run-client
The command generates your client classes, compiles them, and runs the client. If everything is successful, the last several lines of output from running the client should look something like this:
run-client:
[java] Howdy, stranger.
The time on the server is Sun Aug 01 01:01:46 CDT 2004
BUILD SUCCESSFUL
Total time: 20 seconds
If you want to examine how JAX-RPC services work in more depth, you can start by reading through the source code in the example,and then the generated class files (such as the Service Endpoint Interface and SOAP request/response objects in the generated WAR). If you customize the build environment for your own project, make sure to update the project name in the build.xml file. Also, see the technical article Understanding your JAX-RPC SI Environment, Part 2. The article covers a number of development, deployment, and invocation scenarios.
build.xml file
Everywhere you look, software developers are moving beyond standalone application development strategies and toward the development of interoperating application systems. One of the challenges enterprise developers currently face is the shift from standalone application deployment structures, such as the Web and Enterprise Archives (WAR and EAR files, respectively), toward loosely-coupled application component systems. Developers want to leverage the underlying features of the J2EE platform, and also use component-based application strategies to increase code reuse and decrease application complexity. The ability to develop pluggable component archives (such as JARs, WARs and EARs) plays a crucial role in these strategies.
However, there are many pitfalls that surround the development and deployment of component-based application systems in J2EE. One of the significant pitfalls is the difficulty of getting component systems to function across class loader boundaries in the Java virtual machine*.
You can think of class loaders as environment blocks. Classes in a Java virtual machine are constrained to the scope of their class loader environment. The thing to be aware of is that a class loader can spawn children class loaders, and so create subenvironments. The classes in these child class loader environments can "see" up the hierarchy toward the system class loader, but cannot usually see classes that are lower in the hierarchy.
This sort of multilevel, hierarchical environment structure is very common in J2EE server environments, and is even enforced in the various specifications surrounding J2EE technologies. Servlets, for example, are each packaged into WAR files, and by default, are each given their own class loader context in the overall system. What this means is that a JAR file contained in a WEB-INF/lib directory cannot access classes that are stored in a JAR file in a different web archive. This arrangement is acceptable if you want to use the WAR to package a standalone application. But if you move past the all-in-one strategy toward a more component-based application architecture, this quickly become a problem.
WEB-INF/lib
Not being able to pass components across class loader boundaries can be a very difficult thing to diagnose. The symptoms of the problem are often not obvious. For example, consider the following scenario. You have an object named Foo that you would like to pass between servlets in web application archives (that is, from a servlet inside one web archive to a servlet in another web archive). The class file for the Foo component is packaged in a JAR file, and identical copies of the JAR file reside in the /WEB-INF/lib directories of each of the web archives. Here's some code that illustrates what you'd like to do:
Foo
/WEB-INF/lib
/* This code runs in a servlet in WAR #1 */
SystemScopeObjectCache cache =
SystemScopeObjectCacheFactory.getInstance();
WARScopeFoo foo = new WARScopeFoo ();
System.out.println(foo);
cache.addToCache("myFooObject", foo);
/* This code runs in a servlet in WAR #2 */
SystemScopeObjectCache cache =
SystemScopeObjectCacheFactory.getInstance();
Object o = cache.getFromCache("myFooObject");
try {
// the following throws a ClassCastException!
WARScopeFoo foo = (WARScopeFoo)o;
} catch(ClassCastException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
You can easily create a component cache for the WARScopeFoo object that is accessible to servlets in each of the web archives. However, if servlet A passes an instance of the object into the central cache, and servlet B (from a different WAR) pulls the instance out of the cache and tries to cast it from Object to WARScopeFoo, the system will throw a ClassCastException.
WARScopeFoo
Object
ClassCastException
The situation makes no sense unless you take class loaders into consideration. The WARScopeFoo class referenced by servlet A is from a different, non-related class loader than the WARScopeFoo class from servlet B. In a literal sense, the two are completely and intentionally unrelated. This is a safety mechanism to enforce namespace integrity between web applications running in the same servlet container.
Another sign that you have class loader conflicts is if you find multiple instances of what should be a singleton class in your system. (A singleton class is one where no more than a single instance of the class should be created.) Technically, a singleton instance is only unique within its own class loader. So relying on a singleton can be risky in class loader hierarchies. Consider the following example:
/* MyServlet in WAR #1 */
WARScopeSingleton cache = WARScopeSingleton.getInstance();
WARScopeFoo foo = new WARScopeFoo ();
cache.add("myFooObject", foo);
System.out.println(cache.length()); //output is 1
/* MyOtherServlet in WAR #2 */
WARScopeSingleton cache = WARScopeSingleton.getInstance();
System.out.println(cache.length()); //output is 0!
The example code stores an object in a singleton class. However the scope of the singleton is constrained to the WAR class loader.
Fortunately for enterprise Java developers, there are some ways to get around these obstacles. The first step is to know what class loader boundaries are guaranteed to exist, and to plan a strategy around them. Three guaranteed class loader levels are built into every J2EE environment. The System level context is common across the VM, and incorporates the classes from the J2SE and J2EE platforms. It is the layer in which the application server itself runs.
The next level down is the Enterprise Archive context, which contains every JAR and WAR in an enterprise application. Classes loaded into the top-level EAR context can access each other.
The final level is the Web Archive context, which includes all of the class files from a WAR file's /WEB-INF/classes directory, and all the JAR files from its /WEB-INF/lib directory. Although all of the classes loaded inside of a WAR are able to access one another, and also access the classes in the EAR and System class loaders, they are not available to classes loaded inside of other WARs.
/WEB-INF/classes
So, if you want to share a custom business object between web archives, it's important to place the object's JAR in the EAR class loader context, and not in the /WEB-INF/lib directory of the WAR file. For example:
/* MyServlet in WAR #1 */
EARScopeCache cache =EARScopeCache.getInstance();
EARScopeFoo foo = new EARScopeFoo();
cache.add("MyFooObject", foo);
/* MyServlet in WAR #2 */
EARScopeCache cache = EARScopeCache.getInstance();
Object o = cache.get("myFooObject");
EARScopeFoo foo = (EARScopeFoo)o; //SUCCESS!
The reason this works is that each servlet is looking up the class loader hierarchy and finding the same EARScopeCache and EARScopeFoo objects instead of loading the classes in the WAR class loader contexts.
EARScopeCache
EARScopeFoo
However, assembling an EAR is not an option in some containers, such as Tomcat (the reference implementation of the servlet specification). Tomcat does not have the capacity to intelligently load classes from EAR files in the way described above, and so can't make the classes available across multiple web archives. However, Tomcat does have a common class loader environment, which loads all of the JAR files in its /common directory into a class loader space directly above (and so accessible to) all of the web archive contexts.
/common
Another technique you might consider is using Java serialization to shuttle data between the different component subsystems. This strategy can prove both fast and effective, if there is a shared location where components from the two applications can store byte array data, and you bear the potential for versioning conflicts in mind.
Got a question about Java technologies or tools? Then join
this upcoming webinar:
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http://java.sun.com/developer/EJTechTips/2004/tt0824.html
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crawl-002
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refinedweb
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Articles Index
One of the nice things about programming in Java is that the language
and its class library are designed to provide practical solutions to real
object-oriented programming problems. In the object programming
community, many of these solutions have been well documented as design
patterns; each pattern is a generic solution to a common problem. One
such pattern is known as the Observer pattern, which is a solution to
the updating problem that arises when some objects have a dependency
relationship with others. Java provides a ready-made implementation for this
pattern through the Observable class and the Observer interface.
Observable
Observer
However, one occasionally runs into design issues that require
careful thinking in order to create a solution appropriate to the
task at hand. This article discusses the use of the
Observable class, and the Observer interface, and
shows how to solve some potential problems along the way.
Introducing Observer Patterns
A common scenario for using the Observer pattern involves a subject
that has multiple views. Each view object needs to be updated whenever
the subject changes. One example is a drawing program,
where the subject is the internal representation of the drawing and
views are different windows opened on the drawing. Any time you
make a change in the drawing, each of the windows needs to be updated.
The Observer pattern provides a way for each of the views to be
notified whenever the subject has changed, without requiring that the
subject know anything about the views, other than that they are
observers. If the subject has to know more about the views, the
program can quickly become difficult to manage--the code in the
subject that handles updates becomes dependent on each of the views it
must support.
The Observer pattern solves this update problem as follows: The
Subject (the object being observed) maintains a list of its observers.
Whenever the subject makes a change to itself, it notifies all
observers that a change has been made. It might also provide some generic
change information with that notification. Each view gets the same
notification. Usually this notification takes the form of a method
call on the observer, with update information stored as a parameter to
that call. The only thing that the subject knows about an observer is
that it understands that method call.
An Observer Pattern Implementation in Java
The Java utilities package provides a ready-made implementation of the
Observer pattern with the Observable class, which implements the
updating behavior of the Subject and the Observer
interface, which contains the update method to be called by the
Observable, and can be easily implemented by any candidate observer
objects.
Here are the interfaces for Observable and Observer, with their
methods grouped according to their function:);
}
A Simplest Possible Example
Here is a very small example showing how the Observer pattern can
be implemented using Observable and Observer.
First create a Subject class with a simple data value that inherits from Observable.
Subject
public class Subject extends Observable {
private String value;
public void setValue(String s) {
value = s;
setChanged(); // set changed flag
notifyObservers(value); // do notification
}
}
When the Subject is changed through the setValue method two
calls need to be made to ensure notification of all observers, one to set
the changed flag, the other to notify observers. If the changed flag
is not set, the notifyObservers call will do nothing. When
notifyObservers is called, all observer objects will have
their update method called. The Subject has no detailed
information on the observers at all; it only has to make these two
calls when it changes.
setValue
notifyObservers
update
Next a View class is created that accepts notifications
whenever its Subject is updated. For this example, the View
class just prints out a message.
View
class View implements Observer {
public void update(Observable o, Object str) {
System.out.println("update: " + str.toString());
}
}
Finally, you need to create a Subject and
View, and link them together. This main method can be inserted
as a method in the Subject class in order to run
it as a standalone application.
public static void main(String[] args) {
Subject s = new Subject();
View v = new View();
s.addObserver(v);
// calling setValue on the subject
// will trigger an update call to the view
s.setValue("test value");
}
A More Realistic Example
The above example shows an Observer pattern implementation using
Observable and Observer that is small enough to get
an idea of how the pattern works, but is too small for one to run into
any real-world problems, or get a good understanding of how powerful
the Observer pattern is.
The next example shows an implementation
that requires some problem solving to reach a solution. It involves a
counter with two views, a textual view, and a scrollbar view. The
counter is a GUI widget comprising a label, a button, and an
integer value. Whenever the button is pushed, the integer value is
incremented and the label is updated. Both views will also be
updated.
Here is an early design of the Counter, one that does not
expect to be viewed by other objects:
class Counter extends Panel {
Label countLabel;
Button incButton;
private int _count = 0;
/** create a new counter with a Label
and an increment Button */
public Counter() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add("Center",countLabel = new Label("Count: 0"));
add("South",incButton = new Button("Increment"));
}
/** return counter value */
public int value() {
return _count;
}
/** handle button push */
public boolean action(Event evt, Object arg) {
...
}
}
To make the Counter observable, this example has two
observers, a textual view, and a scroll view. The obvious way to
achieve that behavior is to have Counter inherit from Observable.
However, the counter shown already inherits from the AWT class Panel,
which investigation reveals that it must do. Otherwise, due to
type restrictions, it would not be able to properly fit into a component
hierarchy. Defining the Counter so that it satisfies a component
interface is not an option, as AWT does not define an interface
(only classes) for GUI components, and Java does not allow an
interface to extend a class. So a way must be found to add Observable
behavior to the counter without using inheritance.
Counter
A reasonable question to ask at this point is: "Why not make the
Counter object a non-GUI object (so it can inherit from Observable),
and have the label and pushbutton part of the original Counter as
one of the views?" Well, even though this Counter object could easily
be reconfigured in that way, there are many cases where inheritance
cannot be shifted around. One likely case is that the subject is already provided and can be subclassed, but cannot have its
inheritance modified. Or the subject may be part of a complex data
structure (such as an abstract syntax tree) where, as with AWT
components, inheritance is used to define a hierarchy for organizing
objects.
This example shows a way to use the Observable object without
having to inherit from it by delegating the behavior that Counter
needs to a contained Observable object. Access to the
Observable object is provided through an accessor method so
that other objects can add observers. Here are the code additions to
the Counter class:
class Counter extends Panel {
...
Observable _observable; // new data member
public Counter() {
...
// initialize observable in constructor
_observable = new MyObservable();
}
// new method to get access to observable
public Observable observable() {
return _observable;
}
However, in the process of implementing the delegation approach,
another problem pops up. Two important methods of Observable
are protected: setChanged and clearChanged; the
intention being that only the observed subject should have direct
control over this flag. But with the delegation approach shown above,
the Counter will not be able to access the changed flags. To
solve this problem, a new subclass of Observable is created
to open up its interface and make those two methods visible publicly.
setChanged
clearChanged
class MyObservable extends Observable {
public void clearChanged() {
super.clearChanged();
}
public void setChanged() {
super.setChanged();
}
}
Now the Counter class can contain an Observable object (an instance of
MyObservable) and access these methods. The change flag provided by
the Observable object is still protected from users other than the
Counter, as the Counter's observable method returns an object of class
Observable, in which those methods are protected.
MyObservable
observable
The New JDK 1.1 Event Model
By the way, the observer/observable change notification structure is important for reasons beyond the scope of this article.
The new event model for the upcoming JDK 1.1 is based on the same
relationship between objects that change state and objects that are
notified about state change. This new event model is referred to as
the delegation-based event model (or delegation event
model, for short).
The delegation model relies on event source objects and
event listener objects. Objects that want to be
informed about state changes in AWT components register themselves
with event source objects by supplying an event handler or listener
object to the source. This registration occurs by calling a listener
registration method in the source with the listener object supplied as
an argument. The source maintains a collection of all registered
listener objects. When a state change occurs in the source, each
listener object is notified by the source object calling a method with
a predetermined name and signature in the listener object.
In the new AWT event model, event sources are like the observable
objects presented here; listener objects play a role similar to
observer objects.
For more information on the new AWT delegation-based event model, read
the section titled "Java AWT: Delegation Event Model" in "
JDK1.1 AWT Enhancements."
Back to the Regularly Scheduled Solution
Here is the code for a textual view of the counter. It implements the
Observable interface by providing the necessary update method. For
this example, the second argument to the update method is expected to
be the counter itself. Whenever update is called, the value of the
counter is retrieved and the text field updated. It is up to the
programmer to determine how the second argument is used to pass
change information, but it should be the same for all views, and
clearly documented in all views as well as the subject.
class TextView extends TextField implements
Observer {
public TextView(Counter c) {
super(10);
setEditable(false);
setText(String.valueOf(c.value()));
}
/** update method called by observed Counter,
the second argument is the Counter object */
public void update(Observable o, Object counter) {
setText(String.valueOf(((Counter)counter).value()));
}
}
The ScrollView object is very similar to the TextView, it just replaces
the TextField object with a Scrollbar object.
class ScrollView extends Scrollbar implements
Observer {
/** create a horizontal scrollbar
with a range from 0 to 10 */
public ScrollView(Counter c) {
super(Scrollbar.HORIZONTAL,0,1,0,10);
setValue(c.value());
}
/** update method called by observed Counter,
the second argument is the Counter object */
public void update(Observable o, Object counter) {
setValue(((Counter)counter).value());
}
}
Now to wrap things up with a complete listing of the Counter class, as
well as an Applet class, to demonstrate how to link the observers to
the counter they observe. There is a link at the end of the article
to the complete source file. Note also how the Counter method for event
handling notifies the Counter's observers as soon as its value is
changed.
/** This is a counter class that delegates
observable behavior to a contained MyObservable
object. A method is provided to access this
object. The counter object has a private integer
variable to hold the counter value, a label
to display it, and a button to increment the value.
Note that since this Counter is a GUI widget,
it inherits its behavior from the AWT class Panel.
Since you also want it to be observable, that
behavior must be provided through delegation. */
class Counter extends Panel {
Label countLabel;
Button incButton;
private int _count = 0;
MyObservable _observable;
public Counter() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add("Center",countLabel = new Label("Count: 0");
add("South",incButton = new Button("Increment"));
_observable = new MyObservable();
}
public int value() {
return _count;
}
/** make observable object accessible */
public Observable observable() {
return _observable;
}
/** handle clicks on the button,
notify observers of change */
public boolean action(Event evt, Object arg) {
if(evt.target == incButton) {
_count++;
countLabel.setText(String.valueOf(_count));
_observable.setChanged();
_observable.notifyObservers(this);
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
/** A simple applet to show the Counter and its two
Observers, a TextView and a ScrollView */
public class ObserverTest extends Applet {
Counter c;
TextView tv;
ScrollView sv;
public ObserverTest() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add("North",c = new Counter());
add("Center",tv = new TextView(c));
add("South",sv = new ScrollView(c));
/* link the TextView observer to the
Counter observable */
c.observable().addObserver(tv);
// do same for the ScrollView object
c.observable().addObserver(sv);
}
}
Looking to Scalability in the Real World
Using the Observer pattern helps to keep subjects in touch with
their viewers, but what happens when a subject becomes complex, and
the views have very different interests with regard to the subject?
Consider an airline ticket reservation system, where the subject is a
ticket object. One of many views might be a billing view transmitted
to a credit card company, and another might be a seating view used to
determine the all-important window or aisle allocation. If there is a
change in seating, the ticket object changes, but the billing view
does not need to be updated. This is an example of how the use of the
Observer pattern can become complicated by real-world issues. The
trick is to find solutions that retain the character of the original
solution, and not to introduce more problems than they solve.
One approach to the airline ticket problem is the use of aspects, as
described in Design Patterns, by Gamma, Helm, Johnson, and Vlissides. Whenever an observer registers with a subject,
it is done with respect to an aspect of that subject. Then, whenever
the subject determines that an aspect of itself has changed, it
notifies only those observers that are interested in that change. This
makes coding the update methods easier, as they each have fewer
changes to deal with, and makes the program more efficient, as only
necessary update methods are called. For the ticket scenario above,
the two aspects needed could be billing and seating. The
addObserver method would take this into account:
addObserver
//declaration of addObserver and a couple of aspects
public synchronized void addObserver(
Observer o, int aspect);
public final static int BILLING = 1;
public final static int SEATING = 2;
// an example call to the new addObserver method
aTicket.addObserver(
aBillingView,AirlineTicket.BILLING);
Implementing this code requires some significant
extensions to the Observable class, so you might like to complete that exercise in the privacy of your own home!
References
Arnold, Ken, and James Gosling. The Java Programming Language,
Addison-Wesley, 1996.
Gamma, Erich, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides.
Design Patterns, Addison-Wesley, 1994.
Source Code
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http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/Programming/KeepObjectsInSync/
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Key Words: Alzheimer disease protease ß-amyloid
Bleomycin hydrolase (BH) is a cysteine proteinase from the papain
superfamily. The protein is highly conserved among eukaryotes with
>40% identity between yeast BH (yBH) and human BH (hBH) and more than
98% between mammalian species. The physiological function of BH,
however, remains unknown. Using a two-hybrid screen, we found that hBH
interacts with a number of secreted proteins, among which are serum
amyloid A protein and
1-antichymotrypsin (unpublished data). BH does
not contain a signal peptide or transmembrane domain; its lumenal
localization has not been established and it is believed that BH is not
secreted in the medium or extracellular fluids. Recently it has been
suggested that one of the two isoforms of hBH
(hBHval443) is associated with an increased risk
of sporadic AD in non-ApoE4 patients (25)
. In other
populations, however, this association was not obvious (26
, 27)
. None of these genetic studies provided molecular or
cellular information on a possible role for hBH. There are, however,
recent immunohistochemical data (28
, 29)
showing the
distribution of hBH in regions of the human brain relevant to AD. In
one of the studies, the staining pattern in normal controls and AD
patients appeared to be different, suggesting higher levels in the
diseased brains (29)
.
Here we have analyzed the influence of hBH on APP secretion and Aß
release. Therefore, we expressed hBHIle443 and
hBHVal443 isoforms in cells stably transfected
with APP wild-type or APP Swedish mutant
APP695(K595M596
N595L596), and analyzed the amount of secreted
APP and amyloidogenic Aß fragment.
For in vitro transcription and translation of
35S-labeled proteins, we exploited pCite4
vectors (Novagen). pCite4APP695wt vector
was generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) subcloning using as a
template pRK5APP695 (originally developed by
Efrat Levy-Lahad and provided by Robert Bowser, University of
Pittsburgh) and the following primers (the restriction enzyme
recognition sites within the primers are underlined):
forward-5'-GT-GGAATCCATATGCTGCCCGGTTT-3' and
reverse-5'-GCGCGTCGACCTAGTTCTGCATCTGCTC-3'. The in
vitro APP695 was synthesized according to
the manufacturers directions for the TnT Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysate
system (Promega, Madison, Wis.) as described previously
(31)
. We used pNSE-APP (kindly provided by Carmela
Abraham, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.) for
subcloning of APP751 cDNA into HindIII-XbaI
digested pcDNA3.1Hygro mammalian expression vector (Invitrogen). The
recombinant vector was created by standard ligation of a PCR
amplification product created by using the following primers:
forward-5'-GTGGAAGCTTGCGATGCTGCCCGGTTTG-3' and
reverse-5'-GCGCTCTAGACTAGTTCTGCATCTGCTC-3'. cDNA for
APP695sw (K595M596
N595L596; 695 numbering), kindly provided by
Christian Haass (Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany), was
subcloned by PCR amplification into pcDNA3.1Hygro using the same primer
set, thus generating pcDNA3.1APPsw. pcDNA3.1APP751 and pcDN3.1AAPsw
were used later for stable or transient transfections of mammalian
cells.
Oligonucleotide-directed site specific mutagenesis was performed using
the QuickChange mutagenesis kit (Stratagene, San Diego, Calif.).
Oligonucleotides complementary to the both strands of hBH were
synthesized to change Ile443 to Val443:
forward-5'-GAACCCATTGTCCTGCCAGCAT-3' and
reverse-5'-ATGCTGGCAGGACAATGGGTTC-3'. The template used for
the PCR was pcDNA3.1hBHZeo and the procedure was performed as described
previously (31)
. The resultant
pcDNA3.1hBHval443Zeo expression vector was used
for mammalian cell transfections. The in-frame position of all cDNA
inserts was confirmed by dye terminator labeling and sequencing using
ABI Prism 373 DNA Sequencer (University of Pittsburgh Research
Facility).
Antibodies
Anti-APP mAb LN27, with an epitope within the first 200 amino acids on the NH2 terminus of APP, was from Zymed (South San Francisco, Calif.). Anti-Aß116 mAb, anti-Aß1726 mAb and anti-Aß40 polyclonal antibody were from Biosource International (Camarilo, Calif.). Anti-T7 mAb was from Novagen. Polyclonal anti-ß-COP antibody was from Affinity Bioreagents (Golden, Colo.). Anti-hBH polyclonal antibody was a generous gift from Stephen A. Johnston, University of Texas (Dallas, Tex.). AlexaTM546 goat anti-rabbit and AlexaTM488 goat anti-mouse secondary antibodies were from Molecular Probes (Eugene, Oreg.). Goat anti-rabbit, alkaline phosphatase-labeled secondary antibody was from Jackson Immunoresearch (West Grove, Pa.).
Stable cell lines and transfection procedures
Untransfected Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) and stable hBH expressing CHOhBH cell line were maintained in Ham F-12 medium, supplemented with 2 mM of L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, 10 µg/ml streptomycin sulfate, and 10% v/v heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air:5% CO2 at 37°C as described (30)
. For transient transfection and
expression of APP751, CHO-K1 or CHOhBH cells were treated with 8 µg
vector DNA per 25 cm2 growth area using SuperFect
(Qiagen, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to the manufacturers protocol.
Cells were washed 24 h after the transfection and were
subjected to metabolic labeling for the appropriate time (see below).
CHO-K1 were stably transfected with pcDNA3.1APP751 or pcDN3.1AAPsw
using the same amount of DNA and initially maintained for selection in
250 µg/ml Hygromycin (Life Technologies, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.).
Polyclonal cell lines with the highest level of APP751 or APPsw
expression were chosen for second transfection with pcDNA3.1BHZeo or
pcDNA3.1BHval443Zeo. The levels of
expression of both proteins were verified by Western blotting and the
cells were constantly maintained in 500 µg/ml of Zeocin (Invitrogen)
and 250 µg/ml Hygromycin (Life Technologies, Inc.). We used 293APP
cells overexpressing APP751 (kindly provided by D. Selkoe, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Mass.) for transfection with pcDNA3.1hBHZeo and
generated 293APP/BH cells maintained in 500 µg/ml of Zeocin and 500
µg/ml Geneticin (Life Technologies, Inc.). We also used 293
cells (ATCC Number CRL-1573) for stable transfection with pcDN3.1AAPsw
and subsequently for double transfection with pcDNA3.1Zeo,
pcDNA3.1BHZeo, or pcDNA3.1BHval443Zeo. All
293 cell lines were maintained in Dulbeccos modified Eagle medium
(DMEM) with 25 mM HEPES buffer, high glucose content, antibiotics, and
the appropriate selection agent.
In vitro binding and in vitro APP
cleavage assays
The expression and purification of the glutathione S-transferase (GST)-hBH and His-hBH fusion constructs as well as the in vitro binding assays were performed as described previously (30
, 31)
. Briefly, 35S-labeled APP
(3 µl of a standard TnT reaction) was incubated with the GST-hBH
fusion construct prebound to glutathione-Sepharose beads (25 µl) in
50 mM NaCl and bovine serum albumin (1 mg/ml) at 4°C for 1 h. As
a control, 35S-labeled proteins were incubated
with GST bound to glutathione-Sepharose. The beads were washed four
times with 0.1% Nonidet P-40 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS),
boiled, and loaded on the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The gels were soaked in fluorographic
reagent Amplify (Amersham, Arlington Heights, Ill.), dried, and exposed
to Kodak X-ray film. For in vitro cleavage assays 10 µl of
35S-labeled APP was incubated with 5 µg
recombinant His-tagged hBH in 100 µl reaction buffer (Dulbeccos
phosphate-buffered saline) at 37°C for different periods of times. At
each time point, 10 µl aliquots were mixed with an equal amount of
Tricine sample buffer and resolved on 1020% Tricine gradient gel.
The gels were dried, scanned on Molecular Dynamics PhosphorImager and
images were processed using ImageQuant.
Bleomycin (BLM) hydrolase assays
The metabolism of BLM was determined by our previously described method that separates BLM A2 from its inactive metabolite deamidobleomycin A2 (BLM dA2). Briefly, His-hBH (2 µg/ml) was incubated with 70 µM BLM A2 (Nippon Kayku Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) in 50 µl reaction buffer (20 mM Tris pH 7.5) at 37°C for 10 h. The reaction was stopped by adding 40 µl methanol and 10 µl of 7.5 mM CuSO4 and injected onto a Symmetry C8 reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column. BLM A2 and BLM dA2 were eluted at 1 ml/min with 17% acetonitrile, 0.8% acetic acid, 2 mM heptane sulfonic acid, and 25 mM triethylamine (pH 5.5) and detected by absorbance at 292 nm.
Metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation
For metabolic labeling,
2.5 x
105 cells were plated in T75 culture flasks and
then grown to a level of 8590% confluence. After washing and
starvation for 1 h in methionine/cysteine free DMEM (ICN, Aurora,
Ohio), the cells were incubated with 200 µCi/ml
[35S]methionine/cysteine
EXPRE35S35S Protein
labeling mix (NEN, Boston, Mass.) in methionine/cysteine-free DMEM with
5% dialyzed fetal bovine serum. For pulse-chase experiments cells were
labeled for 1 h and chased with complete DMEM for different
periods of time. For steady-state experiments, cells were labeled
continuously for 16 h. Total labeled cellular holoAPP
(APPfl) was determined by lysing cells with RIPA
buffer immediately after labeling, followed by immunoprecipitation with
amino-terminal anti-APP mAb LN27 and protein G agarose (Sigma, St.
Louis, Mo.). Secreted APP
/ß was immunoprecipitated from the medium
with amino-terminal anti-APP mAb LN27 and secreted APP
was
immunoprecipitated from the medium with anti-Aß116 mAb, followed by
protein G agarose. Aß was immunoprecipitated from the medium with
anti-Aß1726 monoclonal antibody and protein G agarose. Values
obtained for APP
/ß, APP
, and Aß were normalized to this total
labeled APPfl in each experiment.
Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA)
For the sandwich ELISA, cell culture medium was changed to fresh complete DMEM or F12. After incubation for 48 h at 37°C, the conditioned medium was collected and subjected to a sandwich ELISA for Aß using anti-Aß116 mAb as the capture antibody. For detection, samples were incubated with anti-Aß40 polyclonal antibody recognizing specifically the carboxyl terminus of Aß140, followed by incubation with goat anti-rabbit, alkaline phosphatase-labeled secondary antibody, and the Attophos substrate (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.). The Aß140 peptide used as a standard was from Biosource International. The values obtained were normalized to the total cellular APPfl determined by immunoblotting with anti-APP (LN27), followed by densitometry and quantification using ImageQuant software (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.).
Subcellular fractionation
Iodixanol gradients were formed by layering (30, 25, 20, 15, 10%) of Optiprep (Life Technologies, Inc.) in a centrifuge tube and then placing the tube on its side for 10 h. The 293 APP751/hBH cells, grown to 90% confluence on T150 tissue culture flasks, were detached from the surface by incubation with 10 mM EDTA in PBS for 5 min. Cells were pelleted at 1000 g for 10 min, resuspended in homogenization buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 0.2 mM MgCl2, 5 mM KCl and protease inhibitors 1 mM PMSF, 10 µg/ml aprotinin, 10 µg/ml leupeptin, 0.1 µg/ml pepstatin), and disrupted with 2530 passes in a Dounce homogenizer with a tight pestle until > 90% of the cells were broken as determined by trypan blue dye exclusion. Nondisrupted cells and cellular nuclei were pelleted by centrifugation at 3000 g for 10 min. The pellet was washed with homogenization buffer, and postnuclear supernatants from both centrifugations were combined and centrifuged at 80,000 g for 1 h. The membrane pellet was resuspended in 0.8 ml homogenization buffer. The 80,000 g pellet was loaded on the top of a preformed 1030% continuous iodixanol gradient and centrifuged at 200,000 g for 3 h at 4°C using SW41 rotor in Beckman XL-70 ultracentrifuge. The gradients were unloaded from the bottom of the gradient. After centrifugation of the fractions at 100,000 g for 1 h to collect the membranes, the 100,000 g pellets were resuspended in SDS sample buffer and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting.
Immunocytochemistry
Immunofluorescence was performed as described previously (32)
. Briefly, CHOAPP751/hBH cells
grown to 5080% confluence were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and
permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100. After incubation in blocking
solution containing 2% bovine serum albumin/0.5% normal goat serum in
PBS, cells were incubated with the primary antibodies: anti-APP mAb
LN27 (Zymed) and a rabbit polyclonal anti-hBH antibody. We used
AlexaTM546 goat anti-rabbit (red) and
AlexaTM488 goat anti-mouse (green) secondary
antibodies. Slides were washed and mounted in Mowiol (Calbiochem, San
Diego, Calif.). Images were collected on 3-dimensional data sets using
a Photometrics cooled CCD camera and Zeiss Axiovert microscope and
processed with ONCOR Image software at 0.2 µm vertical separation,
which provided confocal quality images. For hBH/ß-COP immunostaining,
we used CHO cells stably transfected and expressing T7-tagged hBH. The
cells were fixed in 95% ethanol:5% acidic acid (v/v) for 30 min,
rehydrated in PBS for 1 h, and incubated with polyclonal anti
ß-COP (Affinity Bioreagents) and monoclonal anti-T7 (Novagen) primary
antibodies. We used Cy3-labeled goat anti-rabbit (red) (Amersham) and
FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse (green) (Sigma) secondary
antibodies. Slides were mounted as above and images were collected and
processed on a Molecular Dynamics Confocal Laser Microscope.
Analytical procedures
Protein concentrations in cell lysates were determined by the BCA method (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.). SDS-PAGE was performed on 8%, 12% Tris glycine gels or 1020% Tris-Tricine gels (Novex, San Diego, Calif.). For Western blots, proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, probed with antibodies, and detected by Renaissance chemiluminescence reagent (NEN Life Science Products, Inc.). Radioactive gels were scanned on Molecular Dynamics PhosphorImager and the images were processed using ImageQuant.
hBH does not process 35S-labeled APP in
vitro
To investigate whether hBH cleaves APP in vitro, we incubated 35S-labeled APP with recombinant His-tagged hBH (His-hBH). The activity of His-hBH was confirmed by its ability to convert BLM A2 to metabolite BLM dA2 (Fig. 2A
). As is visible from Fig. 2B
, a concentration of
hBH that completely degraded BLM A2, did not cleave APP. Examining the
scanned gel, we were unable to find bands migrating with a size of the
carboxyl-terminal fragments corresponding to
- or ß-secretase
cleavage of APP or Aß.
Effect of hBH overexpression on APP turnover
To study the effect of hBH on the half-life of full-length intracellular APP (APPfl) and the amount of secreted soluble APP (sAPP
/ß), we performed pulse-chase
experiments with 293APP751wt and 293APP751wt/hBH cells, which were
selected for stable expression of APPwt or APPwt and hBH, respectively.
We estimate that the 293APP751wt/hBH cells
expressed
fivefold more BH compared with the
293APP751wt cells based on the hBH HPLC enzyme
assay. Cells were metabolically labeled with 35S
methionine/cysteine for 1 h and chased for different period of
times. Cellular APPfl and secreted APP
/ß
from the conditioned media were immunoprecipitated with amino-terminal
antibody LN27, which recognizes soluble products cleaved by
- and/or
ß-secretase. Among the three experiments performed, there was no
significant reproducible difference in APPfl
expression between the cell lines; nevertheless, the secreted proteins
were normalized to the level of the total APPfl
precursor at the 0 h time point for each experiment. Results of
the SDS-PAGE temporal profile and the quantitation of the scanned
protein bands are shown in Fig. 3A, B
. Immunoprecipitation of APPfl from
cell lysates after the pulse-chase revealed a continuous decrease in
radioactivity with a t1/2 of
90 min.
Overexpression of hBH did not significantly affect the decrease of
cellular APPfl or the ration between mature and
immature APP forms. Immunoprecipitation of sAPP
/ß from the medium,
however, showed that the secretion of soluble APP
/ß products was
significantly increased in 293APP751wt/hBH cells
as compared to the 293APP751wt cells at all time
points. At 6 h 293APP751wt/hBH cells
secreted almost twofold more relative to
293APP751wt cells.
hBH alters the proteolytic processing of APPwt
To examine the influence of hBH on steady-state levels of secreted sAPP
/ß, we used continuous metabolic labeling of
293APP751wt and
293APP751wt/hBH cells for 16 h and
immunoprecipitation of sAPP
/ß products from conditioned medium
with the same amino-terminal antibody used for pulse-chase experiments.
The results shown on Fig. 4A
demonstrate that overexpression of hBH causes a twofold
increase in secretion of sAPP
/ß during the 16 h labeling
period (P<0.0001, n=9). Because this antibody
does not discriminate between soluble products cleaved by
- or
ß-secretase, we used an anti-Aß116 antibody, which specifically
recognizes the carboxyl terminus of sAPP
and therefore
immunoprecipitates only soluble products generated by
-secretase(s).
We labeled 293APP751wt cells and
293APP751wt/hBH as above; at the end of the
labeling period, the lysates were immunoprecipitated with LN27 antibody
and media were immunoprecipitated with anti-Aß116 antibody. As is
visible from Fig. 4B
, the overexpression of hBH increased by
1.5-fold the amount of sAPP
(P<0.005, n=9).
hBH increases Aß production
To examine the effect of hBH on Aß secretion, we metabolically labeled 293APP751wt and 293APP751wt/hBH cells as well as CHO and CHOhBH cells transiently transfected with pcDNA3.1APP751. The cells were continuously labeled for 16 h and APPfl was immunoprecipitated from the cell lysates with LN27 antibody while Aß was immunoprecipitated from conditioned media with anti-Aß1726 antibody. The amount of secreted Aß was normalized to the expression of precursor APPfl. As is visible from Fig. 5A, B
, hBH increased the secretion of Aß in
293APP751wt/hBH cells 1.7-fold
(P<0.001, n=6). The same increase of Aß
secretion was produced by hBH overexpression in CHO cells transiently
transfected with APPwt (Fig. 5C
, 5P<0.04,
n=3). Because we found no evidence for
35S-labeled APP cleavage in vitro by
hBH (Fig. 2B
), we believe the increased Aß production is
an indirect rather than a direct effect of hBH.
To confirm that hBH overexpression increased Aß secretion, we used a
Swedish mutant of APP (APPsw) that contains a dual amino acid change
(Lys595Asp/Met596Leu) known
to promote Aß secretion. We used the APPsw, which is a 695 amino acid
isoform of APP, because we wanted to probe the isoform dependency of
the phenomenon. CHOAPPsw695 cells selected for
stable expression of APPsw with or without hBH overexpression were
continuously labeled with 35S methionine/cysteine
for 16 h and Aß was immunoprecipitated from conditioned media
with anti-Aß1726 antibody. As with
293APP715wt, we found enhanced Aß secretion
with hBH coexpression (Fig. 6A
). When the level of Aß was normalized to the expression
of cellular APPfl, we calculated that Aß
secretion increased 2.9-fold (P<0.002, n=6). The
same effect was found in 293APPsw695 cells with
or without hBH overexpression (data not shown). Qualitatively similar
results were observed by sandwich ELISA.
CHOAPPsw695/hBH and
CHOAPPsw695 were cultivated for 48 h and
conditioned media were subjected to sandwich ELISA. As is visible
from Fig. 6B
, hBH increased Aß secretion 2.5
fold (P<0.0001, n=9). The same twofold
increase in Aß secretion was found in 293APPsw695/hBH cells as compared with
293APPsw695 cells (data not shown). We then
examined the effects of hBH on sAPP
formation and observed
increased secretion (Fig. 6C
). Thus, with two APP isoforms,
both Aß and sAPP
secretions were increased by ectopic expression
of hBH.
Effect of hBH isoforms on Aß secretion
To test the role of different isoforms of hBH (i. g. ile443 and val443) on APP processing, we measured the level of Aß secreted in the conditioned media by sandwich ELISA. CHOAPPsw and 293APPsw were selected for expression after transfection with pcDNA3.1hBHval443 or pcDNA3.1hBH. The production of Aß was compared after normalizing to cellular APPfl. There was no difference in the secreted Aß in either cell line overexpressing similar levels of hBH isoforms (Fig. 7A, B
). Aß secretion was increased more than twofold in
cells overexpressing hBH as compared with non-hBH-transfected cells
regardless of the hBH isoform.
hBH and APP cofractionate in iodixanol gradients
293APP751wt/hBH were analyzed by subcellular fractionation. Subcellular vesicles were separated on 1030% continuous Iodixanol gradients as described in Materials and Methods. ER-rich fractions were found at the bottom of the gradient, using an antibody against the ER marker protein calnexin (data not shown). As reported previously (33)
, immature forms of APP were found
in more dense, ER-rich fractions, whereas the mature APP appeared in
the least dense fraction on the top of the gradient. As is visible from
Fig. 8
, the highest immunoreactivity of hBH was found in the least dense
fractions, corresponding to Golgi, where it cofractionated with mature
APP.
hBH and APP colocalize
To probe whether or not hBH and APP colocalize in the cell, we performed immunofluorescent staining and examined the slides by epifluorescent microscopy. As is visible from Fig. 9
, hBH and APP colocalized in the area surrounding the nucleus. We next
studied whether hBH colocalizes with ß-COP, a marker for
cis-Golgi. Figure 10
, shows that they colocalized in the area corresponding to Golgi
network, although hBH staining penetrated the cytosol more extensively
but did not reach the plasma membrane. This demonstrated hBH localized
to an early compartment of the secretory pathway.
How does hBH alter APP processing and secretion? The APP processing is
complex and includes APP posttranslational modifications and the
activity of at least three secretases in different subcellular
compartments through the secretory as well as endocytic pathways.
Although papain superfamily cysteine proteases resembling hBH have been
implicated in the formation of the amyloidogenic peptides through APP
cleavage at the ß-secretase cleavage site in a model synthetic
peptide (40)
, we think it is unlikely that hBH is a
ß-secretase. First, hBH does not share structural or enzymatic
resemblance with the recently identified ß-secretase
(41)
. Second, we have failed to document ß-secretase
in vitro activity with hBH and APP. Third, there are no
convincing data so far in the literature showing intralumenal
localization of eukaryotic BH. Thus, we believe it is more likely hBH
alters other aspects of APP processing. We have recently shown that hBH
binds to ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 and may have a role in the
posttranslational modification of a variety of proteins (esp.
RAN-GAP1), due to a covalent binding of small ubiquitin-like molecules,
such as SUMO-1. Protein conjugation to SUMO-1/Smt3 is involved in many
physiological processes including cell cycle progression and protease
activities different from proteolytic degradation through the
ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. This particular type of
posttranslational modification, however, has not been shown to
influence trafficking between the cytosol and ER/Golgi vesicular
structures. A number of proteins, however, that are involved in the
translocation and vesicular transport machinery require one or more
modifications (42)
. hBH may well participate in such
modifications by providing amino-, carboxy-endopeptidase, or even
ligase activities. We observed that the altered APP processing required
the catalytic cysteine in hBH (unpublished results). Thus, hBH may
affect the recruitment of coatomer subunits and/or assembling of the
vesicular structures. Colocalization by confocal microscopy of hBH and
ß-COP I provides indirect support for a role of hBH in the APP
processing. It is now widely accepted that the generation of Aß takes
place in different compartments within the secretory pathway (21
, 24)
. The retention of APP is due to proteinprotein
interactions, and thus the availability of APP at the plasma membrane
for internalization may influence significantly the amount of Aß
detectable in the conditioned media (43
, 44)
. Therefore,
the subcellular colocalization of hBH in close proximity to APP
supports the idea that hBH may regulate the proteolytic processing of
APP.
It is worth noting that Magdolen et al. (45)
copurified
yBH with Gce1p, a cAMP binding ectoprotein associated with the plasma
membrane by a GPI anchor. It has long been known that GPI-anchored
proteins together with caveolin-1 and other proteins initially join
Golgi membrane structures and initiate the biogenesis of caveolae
(46)
. Primarily, the function of those microdomains is to
import molecules and deliver them to specific locations within the
cell, thus forming a unique endocytic and exocytic compartment at the
cell surface of most cells types. Recently they have been implicated in
the
-secretase-mediated proteolysis of APP (47)
.
Moreover, in yeast
-secretase, activity was attributed to
GPI-anchored aspartyl proteases (48)
. In CHO cells,
however, strong evidence has been provided that one or more GPI
anchored proteins play an important role in ß- not
-secretase
activity (49)
. It was not clear from those experiments if
GPI-anchored proteins were proteases, and the authors left open the
possibility for posttranslational modifications, chaperone function, or
the existence of a multisubunit ß-secretase as reasonable
alternatives. Taken together, these data suggest it may not be
necessary for hBH to be localized on the lumenal site of a membrane
structure or at the cell surface to influence the proteolytic
processing of APP and especially Aß secretion.
Our study shows hBH influenced the proteolytic processing of APP. The
observed increase in the amounts of soluble sAPP
/ß as well as Aß
may be due to increased flux of APP through the secretory pathway, thus
providing more APP for the endocytic pathway and generation of more
Aß. Such a mechanism has recently been demonstrated for FE65, a
brain-enriched protein that binds the cytoplasmic domain of APP
(44)
with no obvious sequence homology to hBH. The
localization of APP and hBH in a very close proximity, however, raises
the possibility that hBH may produce its effects by targeting some
other protein(s) to APP.
It is obvious that future experiments are necessary to clarify the exact mechanism governed by hBH and responsible for the increased Aß production. Such studies will permit the design and implementation of drug discovery approaches aiming at influencing the secretion of Aß and possibly its deposition in amyloid plaques, thus preventing or at least slowing the progression of AD.
Received for publication October 28, 1999.
Revision received February 17, 2000.
This article has been cited by other articles:
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Editor's note: This article is the eighth in a series of articles on composite applications being published on developerWorks® Lotus®. See the previous developerWorks articles,"The Lead Manager application in IBM Lotus Notes V8: An Overview," "Designing composite applications: Component design," "Designing composite applications: Design patterns," "Designing composite applications: Unit testing," "Designing composite applications: Writing an Eclipse component for IBM Lotus Notes," "Designing composite applications: IBM Lotus Notes components, " and "Developing composite applications: Composite application assembly, part 1.". For example, one department might® WebSphere® Portal developers are already familiar with the composite application model. This approach has been extended to IBM Lotus Notes® 8, enabling Lotus Notes developers to surface their Lotus Notes applications as one or more components in a composite application. IBM Lotus Domino® Designer has been extended to leverage the property broker and to provide a more intuitive user environment. Lotus Notes 8 also supports the inclusion of Eclipse components. A composite application can have any combination of Lotus Notes and Eclipse components. These components can be presented together in the same user interface (UI) for on-the-glass integration or, if extended to use the property broker, they can fully interoperate. You can define composite applications using the composite application editor (CAE) or the WebSphere Portal application template editor.
This article is the second of two articles covering aspects of application assembly. In the first, we discussed what choices an application assembler has in laying out pages and how to navigate between them to improve productivity. Here we consider designing for change, wiring strategies, and how to prototype the layout (because, as we all know, requirements change). You frequently need to add or remove components and, using the techniques described in this article, you'll find it can be easy to incorporate these changes. in the previous editor's note, which provide an overview and explain design patterns. Also, be sure to read "Developing composite applications: Composite application assembly, part 1," which discusses the layout and application patterns in the context of application assembly.
One of the advantages of composite applications is that they can be easily modified to suit specific business needs or customized by subject matter experts to fit into their work process. Here are some suggested design methods that can help ensure that your applications are easily modified and adapt well to growth.
We discussed in Part 1 how the ability to stack components into folders is very powerful. We can place as many components as we need into a small piece of screen real estate. With the ability to maximize tabbed components to the full screen, this method of deployment is also forgiving with respect to accommodating different component layout styles. It is quite easy to add or remove components from tabbed folders without changing the user experience very much; that is, more changes can be made with less user retraining.
This arrangement is not as accommodating as wide horizontal folders with respect to components of varying size. Developing a standard size for narrow-column components, though, can be an effective way to make space for new components that are added later. Vertical columns cannot selectively show single components such as horizontal folders and are best suited for component additions that are best visible at all times.
Being able to integrate components from different information domains is the greatest hallmark of composite applications. With careful planning and design, this integration is easy to do, although merging independent efforts or integrating with purchased components is slightly more challenging. One common mistake is to include additional components "just because they are there." A multi-time-zone clock is a cool widget, but if it isn't essential to your user's work, then there is no point in cluttering the UI with it.
Another fairly common problem can arise when different types or namespaces are used, which can prevent you from wiring properties from one set to actions of another set. To avoid the issue, use the type and namespace identifiers to prevent your application assemblers from making connections that are nonsense, and consider developing standards to support the development process going forward.
Sometimes the data can be made available in a variety of types to allow flexibility downstream. Another approach is to create a converter component, which is a component that consumes an action of one type and produces a property of another type. It can be a purely nominal conversion of type (say, from eMailAddress to SametimeID) that leaves the data the same, or it can be a more involved conversion that does a lookup (say, from EmployeeID to eMailAddress).
Simply placing components on the work surface does not complete a composite application; the components must be wired together. There are usually several ways to wire components together, but not all of them make sense. Here are some examples of good design patterns that can make sense for your application.
As-needed wiring is the most general pattern for wiring. Each time you add a component, you wire it into the needed information source. For pages with small numbers of components, this approach is all the structure that you need. When there are few components, properties, and actions, then anything you can wire probably makes sense. As your applications get larger, with more components, pages, and wires, then problems might creep in.
Many actions have cascading effects and cause additional properties to be fired. Some properties fire only when the value changes, others when the input changes. It's also possible to set up infinite or recursive loops. In general with as-needed wiring, use as few wires as possible to make the application work, which leads to fewer problems later as the number of components, pages, and wires increases.
In a typical layout, in which you have a few domain-centric components and several peripheral contextual-domain components, there is often a pattern of wiring that radiates from the central components to the periphery. Context changes due to page switching with a cross-page wire or selection change take place in the central components. As they are initialized, they activate the properties containing the values of the information set they represent. These properties are then wired to peripheral components that use them as the index to the data they show. Occasionally a third tier exists in which the data surfaced by one peripheral component is used by another. In general, however, the data flow is from the inside to the outside, which is easier both for the assembler to wire and the user to understand.
In an application that maintains a complex context, the use of a cross-page wire to communicate a single value to a new page is insufficient to establish the full context. Instead, an aggregation component is used in these cases, as discussed in a previous article in this series, "Designing composite applications: Design patterns." To preserve context across pages, that context must be established in a place that is accessible to various components.
Rather than wiring the property from the broadcasting component directly to the consuming action on a display component, wire the property to the action for that value on the aggregation component. Then wire the property on the aggregation component corresponding to the broadcasting component to the action on the display component. This approach allows the context to be preserved while letting the component be involved in all data transactions.
Example: Suppose the Lead Manager CompanyBrowser component broadcasts a CompanyID property that you want to wire to a CompanyDetail component's showCompany action. You could wire the CompanyID property to a setSelectedCompany action on the aggregation component. The showCompany action on the CompanyDetail component would then get the getSelectedCompany property from the aggregation component.
By using the aggregation component as a clearinghouse for all data exchanges, your application is guaranteed to have the most recent context for all the values that it tracks.
NOTE: In Lotus Notes 8.0.1, a new tool was added to view all the wires in your application at once. You can access it from the normal wiring page by clicking the View All Wires button. The view lets you sort the information based on the page, components, or properties linked, and it's a handy way to understand the overall data flow of an application.
Another enhancement in version 8.0.1 is the ability to relax the type checking by wiring components together using the "Disable strict type checking" button in the wiring view. In normal circumstances, you can wire a property only to an action that has an identical type. Suppose, though, that you acquired components from another company that does not use the same type conventions as your company. You now have the choice, at assembly time, to override the usual type checking and create a wire between a property and an action of different types. Be cautious, however, in how you use this feature: If you pass a value to a component that it was not designed to handle, unexpected errors can occur, so first consult with the component developers, where possible.
One of the most exciting benefits of composite applications is that your developers can concentrate on developing components while the subject matter experts can build applications from those components, tailored to meet their needs. As with all application development, the subject matter experts must be able to communicate their needs to the technical component developers.
Another benefit is that components developed by one group for one application can be used by other groups in their applications. To create the most flexible components, however, the original applications might need to be modified. This task can be an arduous and sometimes contentious effort in organizations.
Generally, a prototype or strawman is used to convey the changes and the effort that is required to make the changes. The underlying workflow or process improvements might not be readily visible in a traditional slide-show-based presentation. A model of the application showing some of the clickable actions or placeholders for additional features can help communicate both the need for change and the benefits to everyone involved.
As part of the Lead Manager sample, we created a mockup Eclipse component that presents a variety of user interfaces based on settings made to the advanced properties. Figure 1 shows a mocked-up version of the first page of the Lead Manager sample, in which all of the user interface has been simulated using multiple instances of the mockup component. It is not functional; clicking on the buttons or making selections in the lists does not have any effect on what is displayed. The purpose is to convey a feeling for what the finished application is like. Usage scenarios can be explored, and design issues can be surfaced early in the process.
Figure 1. Mockup of Lead Manager example
This mockup component is capable of eight display modes:
- List. The primary area contains a list of items that can emulate a view or other table-driven component.
- Combo. The primary area has a drop-down box of items that can emulate various selection controls.
- Button. The primary area contains a horizontal button bar.
- VButton. The primary area contains a vertical button bar.
- Info. The primary area contains a list of labeled values that can emulate a form in read-only mode.
- Edit. The primary area contains a list of labeled fields that can emulate a form in read-write mode.
- Browser. The primary area contains a browser component set to a specific URL that can emulate a component linking to an internal Web application. Or, if pointed at a static image, it can be used to display a graphical representation of a more complicated component.
- Blank. The primary area is empty and can be used to fine-tune layout.
In addition to what is displayed in the primary area, you can manipulate the name that displays on the tab for the component, an optional title in large font on the top of the component, and the list of action buttons that displays as a horizontal bar along the bottom of the component.
Using this Lead Manager mockup example, you can create your own mockup components incorporating other common UI themes that might be useful in illustrating the composite applications that you design.
Creating a composite application that increases productivity is your primary goal, but we all know that applications are not static and must always adapt to the changing needs of business. Obviously, you don't want to redesign the application every time you add new components. Adding to the discussion of page layouts, we suggested ways for you to incorporate the ability for future change into your designs. We also discussed strategies for maintaining consistent wiring on the pages of your application and finished with a simple component for quickly mocking up UI designs for previewing..
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Most workflow and business-to-business collaborative applications require transactional support in order to reach a mutually-agreed outcome. Transactional support ensures this outcome is observed consistently across all of the tasks within the application that comprises the business activity. The results of a task are typically made available before the overall business application or activity completes. For example, an airline reservation system may reserve a seat on a flight for an individual for a specific period of time, but if the individual does not confirm the seat within that period, it will be reclaimed for another passenger.
Thus it is difficult, if not impossible, to incorporate traditional transaction architectures within such environments. Furthermore, most collaborative business process management systems support complex, long-running processes where undoing tasks which have already completed may be necessary in order to effect recovery, or to choose another acceptable execution path in the process.
Web services are specifically about fostering systems interoperability. This presents some interesting issues from a transaction management point of view, particularly the fact that the Web services architecture is deliberately not prescriptive about what happens behind service implementations: Web services are only concerned with the transfer of structured data between parties, plus any meta-level information to safeguard such transfers (for example, by encrypting or digitally signing messages) â yet it is behind a service implementation that you find traditional transaction processing architectures supporting business activities.
However, Web services also offer the possibility of a straightforward solution to a very important transaction problem: interoperability. Ever since transaction processing began, there has been a variety of transaction protocol standards (such as X/Open and the OTS, see Resources) and vendor-specific protocols, with many corresponding implementations. Interoperability between these various protocols has always proved problematic and there has been limited success. Web services offer a solution to this problem.
Thus there is a paradox: Web services provide a service-oriented, loosely-coupled, and potentially asynchronous means of propagating information between parties (see Resources for WS-Security and BTP references), while the underlying services use traditional transaction processing infrastructures. Furthermore, the fact that transactions in back-end systems are constructed with ACID properties can potentially lead to problems when composing business activities from these services/resources, since it presents opportunities to those parties to lock resources and prevent transactions from making progress. Thus if transactions are to be supported in the Web services architecture, then it is clear that some re-addressing of the problem is required.
In 2001, a consortium of companies including Hewlett-Packard, Oracle and BEA began work on the Organization for Advance Structured Information Systems ) (see Resources for appropriate references).
Although we'll examine this in more detail later, they key differences between these specifications can be roughly categorized as follows:
- BTP is not specifically about transactions for Web services â (see Resources for some examples) we will not spend as much time describing that protocol as we will for WS-C and WS-Tx where less information is currently available..
Consider the case of a distributed system where the individual computers provide a selection of useful services which. In the case of an abort, how the state of the system is restored to some predefined state is typically an implementation choice. This failure atomicity property is supported by traditional transaction processing systems through atomic transactions.
A transaction can be terminated in two ways: committed or aborted (cancelled). When a transaction is committed, all changes made within it are made durable (forced on to stable storage such as disk). When a transaction is aborted, all changes made during the lifetime of the transaction are undone. Interoperability of existing transaction processing systems is an important part of Web services transactions -- such.
Traditional transaction systems are typically referred to as ACID transactions. An ACID transaction has the following properties:
- Atomicity: The transaction completes successfully (commits), or if it fails (aborts), all of its effects are undone.
- Consistency: Transactions produce consistent results and preserve application-specific invariants.
- Isolation: Intermediate states produced while a transaction is executing are not visible to other transactions. Furthermore transactions appear to execute serially, even if they are actually executed concurrently. This is typically achieved by locking resources for the duration of the transaction so that they cannot be acquired in a conflicting manner by another transaction.
- Durability: The effects of a committed transaction are never lost (except by a catastrophic failure)._0<<
In order to guarantee consensus, two-phase commit is necessarily a blocking protocol: after returning the first phase response, each participant which returned a commit response must remain blocked until it has received the coordinatorâs phase 2 message. Until they receive this message, any resources used by the participant are unavailable for use by other transactions, since to do so may result in non-ACID behavior. If the coordinator fails before delivery of the second phase message, these resources remain blocked until it recovers.
Although most classical transaction systems are implementations of the ACID protocol, the various properties of an ACID transaction can be relaxed to provide what are typically referred to as extended transactions (take a look at the OMG Additional Structuring Mechanisms in Resources); for example, an extended transaction model may relax atomicity to allow partial sets of participants to commit or abort, or it may relax isolation to allow concurrent users to observe partial results. The "classic" ACID protocol can be considered to be a well-formed, two-phase protocol in this spectrum of protocols. As you will see later, other protocols, such as BTP cohesions and WS-Tx Business Activities, fall into the spectrum with varying degrees associated with each of the functionalities.
Composing certain activities from long-running ACID transactions can reduce the amount of concurrency within an application or (in the event of failures) require work to be performed again. For example, there are certain classes of application where it is known that resources acquired within a transaction can be released early, rather than having to wait until the transaction terminates; in the event of the transaction cancelling, however, certain activities may be necessary to restore the system to a consistent state (perhaps performing compensation or counter-effects). Such compensation and fault-handling activities (which may perform forward or backward recovery) will typically be application-specific, may not be necessary at all, or may be more efficiently dealt with by the application. Thus an extended transaction model is more appropriate for long-duration interactions.
Figure 2. Travel arrangement scenario.
For example, you need to ensure likely options can be reserved as pre-determined. Obviously without a flight it makes no sense to book the hotel or to rent a car unless the conference were local, but in other circumstances it may make sense to book the flight and hotel, but if the hotel booking you make is at the same hotel as the conference, it may be possible to do without the car rental.
You may also want to keep your options open by reserving a number of flights while looking for other more direct travel options or other convenient hotels. The customer solicits multiple quotes to determine the lowest-cost supplier. Therefore, conducting the entire travel arrangements within a single classic (ACID) transaction is inappropriate, since in that situation either all of the work occurs or none occurs, which is inappropriate given the travel agent's requirements. With traditional ACID transactions, it would not be possible to have the partial outcomes (relaxed atomicity) that might be required if visiting multiple flight booking services, for example.
Functionality of Web services transactions
The fundamental question addressed in this section is what properties must a transaction model possess in order to support business-to-business interactions? To begin to answer that, you might first need to understand what is meant by a business transaction.
A business relationship is any distributed state maintained by two or more parties, which is subject to some contractual constraints previously agreed to by those parties. A business transaction can therefore be considered as a consistent change in the state of a business relationship between parties. Each party in a business transaction holds its own application state corresponding to the business relationship with other parties in that transaction. During the course of a business transaction, this state may change.
In the Web services domain, information about business transactions is communicated in XML documents. However, how those documents are exchanged by the different parties involved (such as email or HTTP) may be a function of the environment, type of business relationship, or other business or logistical factors.
The following sections will consider the characteristics typical for extended transactions and then talk about the specific requirements for business transactions.
Characteristics of extended transactions
An activity is a unit of (distributed) work that may, or may not be transactional. During its lifetime an activity may have transactional and non-transactional periods. Every entity including other activities can be parts of an activity, although an activity need not be composed of other activities. An activity is created, made to run, and then completed. The result of a completed activity is its outcome, which can be used to determine subsequent flow of control to other activities.
A task is a short-duration unit of work that may be better suited to more traditional transactional semantics. Each task may execute on different, distributed systems or domains, and the internal composition of a task may involve many different machines/domains or sub-tasks. How tasks are implemented to perform the necessary work is typically unimportant to the application.
The structuring mechanisms available within traditional transaction systems are sequential and concurrent composition of transactions. These mechanisms are sufficient if an application function can be represented as a single top-level transaction. Frequently with Web services this is not the case. Top-level transactions are most suitably viewed as short-lived entities (tasks), performing stable state changes to the system; they are less well-suited for structuring long-lived application functions (such as running for minutes, hours, days, â¦). Activities implemented using traditional systems may reduce the concurrency in the system to an unacceptable level by holding on to locks for a long time; further, if such a transaction rolls back, much valuable work already performed could be undone.
Activities can be structured as many independent tasks to form an overall application. This structuring allows an activity to acquire and use resources for only the required duration within this long-running transactional activity. This is illustrated in Figure 3, where an activity (shown by the dotted ellipse) has been split into many different, coordinated, top-level transaction has terminated. If subsequent activities t2, t3 etc. do not require those resources, then they will be needlessly unavailable to other clients.
Figure 3. An example of a logical long-running "transaction", without failure.
In addition, task failures do not necessarily affect the overall activity, unlike traditional ACID transactions. Such long-running applications are generally constructed such that some form of (application-specific) compensation may be required to attempt to return the state of the system to (application-specific) consistency. For example, assume that t4 aborts (Figure 4). Further assume that the activity can continue to make forward progress, but in order to do so must now undo some state changes made prior to the start of t4 (by t1, t2 or t3). Therefore, new tasks are started; tc1 which is a compensation task that will attempt to undo state changes performed, by say t2, and t3, which will continue the application once tc1 has completed. tc5â and tc6â are new tasks that continue after compensation; for example, if it is not possible to reserve the theater, a ticket at the cinema might be an alternative event to go along with the previously booked restaurant and hotel. Obviously other forms of transaction composition are possible.
Figure 4. An example of a logical long-running "transaction", with failure.
There are several ways in which some or all of the application requirements outlined above could be met. However, it is unrealistic to believe that the "one-size fits all" paradigm will suffice, in other words, a single approach to extended transactions is unlikely to be sufficient for all (or even the majority of) applications. Whereas in case of the last example, a transactional workflow system with scripting facilities for expressing the composition of the activity with compensation (a workflow) may be the most suitable approach; a less elaborate solution might be desirable for the first three examples.
As Web Services have evolved as a means to integrate processes and applications at an inter-enterprise level, traditional transaction semantics and protocols have proven to be inappropriate for the reasons mentioned previously. Web services-based transactions differ from traditional transactions in that they execute over long periods, they require commitments to the transaction to be negotiated, and isolation levels have to be relaxed.
Since business relationships imply a level of value to the parties associated by those relationships, achieving some level of consensus between these parties is important. Not all participants within a particular business transaction have to see the same outcome; a specific business group when required. There are a number of reasons why a participant may no.
Consider the situation depicted in Figure 5, where there is a transaction coordinator and three participants. Assume that each of these participants is on a different machine to the coordinator and each other. Each of the lines connecting the coordinator to the participants also represents the invocations from the coordinator to the participants and vice versa:
- Enroll a participant in the transaction.
- Execute the coordinator termination protocol.
Figure 5. A distributed transaction.
As far as a coordinator is concerned, it does not matter what the participant implementation is -- although one participant may interact with a database to commit the transaction, another may just as readily be responsible for forwarding the coordinator's messages to a number of databases, essentially acting as a coordinator itself.
This technique of using proxy coordinators (or subordinate/sub-coordinators) is known as interposition. Each domain (machine) that imports a transaction context may create a subordinate coordinator that enrolls with the imported coordinator as though it were a participant. Interposition is important for a number of reasons, including performance optimization and security. Each subordinate coordinator may represent a separate domain that is responsible for its own security, protocol bridging, etc.
Consensus groups achieve consistent outcomes among participants, but are only part of the picture. Often in business-to-business relationships there are hierarchies of these groups (scopes of work), with parent and child relationships existing between them. Typically the work performed by a child is provisional on the successful completion of the parent; for example, the parent scope can perform a counter-effect for the completed child.
It is important to realize that parent-child (activity-task) scopes are not equivalent to interposition. In an interposed hierarchy, sub-nodes complete only when instructed to by the completion of their superior nodes. In a nested scope relationship (such back approach, for example.
Finally, itâs also important for any Web services transactions protocol to have interoperability with existing transaction processing systems. Such systems already form the backbone of enterprise-level applications and will continue to do so for the Web services equivalent.
In the following sections we will discuss whether and how both BTP and WS-Tx have addressed these issues. However, before we do so, it is important to understand that both WS-Tx and BTP allow a distinction to be made between a transactional service and the participants that are controlled by the transaction, as illustrated in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Services and participants.
- Transactional service: This service enables the application to conduct work within the scope of a business transaction. The outcome of this work is not finalized until the application instructs the transaction service to either commit or abort. An example of such an object would be a Web service that allows users to place items into a shopping basket, as shown in Figure 7; only if the user decides to confirm the purchase and the application then commits the transaction does the purchase of the items in the basket occur. The responsibility for orchestrating the outcome across the tasks/services that comprise the work is removed from the application and placed under the control to the transaction service.
- Transactional participant: This is the entity that controls the outcome of the work performed by the transactional object. For example, if the online shopping service uses a database to store information on the items in the basket, it will typically access this information via a driver. SQL statements will be sent to the database for processing via the driver, but these statements will be tentative and only commit when (and if) the transaction does so. In order to do this, the driver/database will associate a participant with the transaction and this will inform the database of the outcome. Note that in the case of interposition, this participant may actually be a coordinator as you saw earlier.
Figure 7. Transactional Service and Participant.
To summarize what weâve discussed in the previous sections, the requirements placed on the use of transactions in Web services mean that any Web services transaction model should support the following functionality:
- Relaxation of ACID properties in a structured, well-defined manner; strict ACID properties, especially atomicity are not appropriate for all applications. Many long-duration activities required are not atomic all-or-nothing (see consensus groups). Likewise, often results of tasks are exposed before the overall activity has terminated (relaxation of isolation).
- Flexible outcomes for consensus groups. For example, open-flat, where the participants in a transaction are exposed to the business logic allowing it to define the relationships of the individual units of work to the transaction task; open-nested, where there are tasks within an activity forming a parent-child relationship of consensus groups.
- Flexible participation in consensus groups; a task can leave an activity (exit the group) prior to outcome processing if it decides it does not affect that processing, in other words, it does not expose results or cause side-effects.
- Activities and tasks should be defined as individual scopes (consensus groups), with clearly-defined relationships between them so that the service can also cleanly delineate responsibilities. Scopes allow the work performed by services or a long-running activity to be clearly demarcated by the application or the service. In addition, termination of scopes resides in the domain of the application and it driven from top-down. This is another important distinction between scopes and interposition, where a participant (mapped to a scope, for example) may exit an activity autonomously (in a bottom-up manner) and does not give the application the control required to properly manage scopes.
The OASIS Business Transactions Protocol
BTP was the first cross-industry attempt to produce an XML standard for business-to-business transactions. It is designed to support applications which are disparate in time, location, and administration and thus require transactional support beyond classical ACID transactions. It is a protocol for orchestrating business processes between loosely-coupled software services to achieve consistent outcomes from the participating business parties.
In BTP, the notion of consensus groups mentioned earlier is obtained through the two transaction protocols that are defined, atoms and cohesions. Both of these transaction types mandate a two-phase completion protocol to ensure atomicity between (sub-sets of) participants (youâll see what we mean by this soon). During the first phase (prepare), an individual participant must make durable any state changes that occurred within the scope of the transaction, such that those changes can either be undone (cancelled) or made durable (confirmed) later once consensus has been achieved.
Although BTP uses a two-phase protocol, there is no implication of ACID semantics within the BTP. The completion protocol is only concerned with achieving consensus. How participant implementations of the prepare, confirm, and cancel phases are provided is a back-end implementation decision. Issues to do with consistency and isolation of data are also back-end choices and not imposed or assumed by BTP; in fact it is not possible to infer from a participant using BTP what back-end choices it has made; for example, there is no Policy Framework such as in the WebServices (see Resources), where behavior is described in policy assertion statements (allowing for interpretation and tooling)., wrapped by BTP participants. Unfortunately, there is no way within the BTP for those services to inform external users that this is what they have done so that they can safely be used within the scope of a BTP "ACID" transaction.
Because the traditional two-phase algorithm does not impose any restrictions on the time between executing the first and second phases, BTP took the approach of using this to allow business-logic decisions to be inserted between the phases. What this means is that users are required to drive the two phases explicitly in what BTP terms an open-top completion protocol. The application has complete control over when transactions prepare, and using whatever business logic is required, later determine which transactions to confirm or cancel. Prepare becomes an integral part of the service business logic.
This is a significant difference from traditional transaction systems, where an application is only allowed to tell a transaction to commit (confirm) or rollback (cancel); the transaction coordinator then executes the entire two-phase protocol before returning control (and the result) to the application. Being able to control both phases means that the participant and the service on whose behalf it acts, must co-operate closely. The act of being told to prepare by the coordinator is typically reflected by the participant into a business-level decision, such as reserving a quote for a flight. In a traditional transaction system, the reservation would have occurred prior to the commit protocol being executed, and informing the participant to prepare essentially attempts to make that reservation durable (such as turning the reservation into a booking).
Before going into more detail on why open-top is important to BTP, letâs first examine the transaction semantics that are supported within the protocol. BTP introduced two types of extended transactions, both using the open-top, two-phase completion protocol:
- Atom: an atom is the typical way in which "transactional" work performed on Web services is scoped. The outcome of an atom is guaranteed to be atomic, such that all enlisted participants (acting on behalf of their associated Web services) will see the same outcome, which will either be to accept (confirm) the work or reject (cancel) it. Although at first glance it may seem as though BTP atoms are equivalent to atomic transactions: they are not. We will revisit this in a later section, but it is worth giving some brief details here. BTP did not consider interoperability with existing transaction systems as an important factor. The semantics for an atom (isolation, durability etc.) are not as precisely-defined as those you can expect from an atomic transaction.
- Cohesion: this type of transaction was introduced in order to relax atomicity and allow for the selection of work to be confirmed or cancelled based on higher-level business rules. Atoms are the typical participants within a cohesion but, unlike an atom, a cohesion may give different outcomes to its participants such that some of them may confirm while the remainder cancel. In essence, the two-phase protocol for a cohesion is parameterized to allow a user to specify precisely which participants (either atoms or stand-alone participants) to prepare and which to cancel. The strategy underpinning cohesions is that they better model long-running business activities, where services enroll in atoms that represent specific units of work, and as the business activity progresses it may encounter conditions that allow it to cancel or prepare these units with the caveat that it may be many hours or days before the cohesion arrives at its ultimate decision and specifies its confirm-set: the set of participants that it requires to confirm in order for it to successfully terminate the business activity. Once the confirm-set has been determined, the cohesion collapses down to being an atom: all members of the confirm-set will see the same outcome. As we discussed earlier, this is precisely the kind of weakening of consensus groups required from Web services transactions.
At first glance it may appear that these two transaction models are distinct. However, cohesions in effect present a superset functionality of atoms: if you have a cohesion coordinator then you can use that same implementation to provide support for atoms (though the inverse is not the case).
It is also important to understand that as with a traditional two-phase protocol, there is no ordering implied by the registration of participants in a transaction (atom or cohesion). Therefore, an implementation of a coordinator is free to communicate with participants in any order it wants and any requirement on ordering cannot be enforced within the BTP and so should be avoided by applications or services.
Note that participants in atoms and cohesions are identical and can therefore be enrolled in atoms or cohesions. The context information propagated to services contains sufficient information for a participant to determine within the BTP whether they have enlisted in an atom or a cohesion.
Interposition of coordinators is possible within BTP. Although not prevented in the specification, mixing of the two transaction types in a transaction hierarchy would be difficult to manage, simply because of the differences between atoms and cohesions. In fact, although interposition of atoms is relatively straightforward to reason about (after all, itâs similar to interposition in traditional transaction systems), interposition of cohesive transaction coordinators is less straightforward to understand and manage, simply because business-level decisions play a prominent role in the way in which cohesions are terminated. So, for example, if a root cohesion coordinator tells a subordinate cohesion coordinator to confirm, does that mean that all of the enlisted participants with that subordinate should also confirm? The answer may well depend upon which other participants the root coordinator confirmed, but unfortunately this information is not made available to subordinates within the standard protocol.
You saw earlier how interposition is an important requirement for Web services transactions. However, we also discussed that the notion of parent-child relationships (scopes) is important, especially when structuring large-scale applications from disparate services and domains. Unfortunately BTP does not support nested scopes (nested atoms or cohesions).
As we discussed previously,. As such, BTP does not define how prepare, cancel, or confirm should be implemented. This is important because BTP relaxes entirely the durability and isolation aspects of traditional transactions, and this means that, unlike in a traditional transaction, it is entirely possible for concurrent users to interfere or see partial results. Enforcement of such policies is outside the scope of BTP and unfortunately, the protocol does not give any support for standardized mechanisms to assist developers and users.
Being able to control the time between the two phases of the termination protocol is extremely important to BTP. Because there is no implied semantic on a participantâs prepare, confirm, or cancel operations, they typically become part of the business logic in BTP. When a participant is told to prepare in BTP it makes sense for the participant to perform some business logic. Returning to our flight reservation example: using the open-top completion protocol you can visit each flight reservation center within its own atom and ask for a quote; if you wish to retain the quote until you have determined the best option, then you would prepare the corresponding atom; this prepare would then need to understand the semantics of the work you have performed (obtaining the quote) and translate that into a tentative hold on the corresponding seat.
Although business-level semantics are not required to be associated with the individual participant operations, the explicit control over the time between phases is often cited as the main advantage of the BTP open-top approach. For example, the application has time to choose between alternate tasks that have been prepared before ultimately terminating the transaction. However, as youâll see later, this opening up of the two-phase protocol to allow application time to be "injected" does not really work well in the Web services environment.
An interesting approach taken by BTP to that of loosely-coupled domains and long-running interactions was of introducing the notion of Qualifiers to the protocol. A Qualifier can be thought of as a caveat to that aspect of the protocol on which it is associated. Essentially a Qualifier is a way of providing additional extended information within the protocol.
Although the BTP specification provided some standard Qualifier types (such as timeouts for how long a participant is willing to remain in a prepared state), it is possible to extend them and provide new implementations that are better suited to the application or participant. Obviously any use or reliance on non-standard Qualifiers will reduce application portability.
Unfortunately, although the concept underlying Qualifiers is sound, their implementation with BTP is flawed. The main reason for this is that in some cases the information contained within Qualifiers is not made available to the entity that can best make use of it. For example, one of the standard Qualifiers in BTP is used during the prepare phase and allows a participant to specify how long it is willing (or able) to remain in a prepared state (and possibly what state it will then transit to). This information is passed to the coordinator, but in reality it is the application that requires it.
There are several optimizations to the basic BTP protocol that are worth considering, especially in light of the open-top completion protocol:
- Participant resignation: in a traditional two-phase commit protocol, in addition to indicating success or failure during the preparation phase, a participant can also return a read-only response; this indicates that it does not control any work that has been modified during the course of the transaction and therefore does not need to be informed of the transaction outcome. This can allow the two-phase protocol to complete quickly since a second round of messages is not required. The equivalent of this in BTP is for a participant to resign from the transaction (atom or cohesion) it was enrolled in. Resignation can occur at any time up to the point where the participant has prepared and is used by the participant to indicate that it no longer has an interest in the outcome of the transaction.
- Autonomous participant decisions: In a traditional two-phase protocol a participant enrolls with a transaction and waits for the termination protocol before it either confirms or cancels. You saw earlier how, in order to achieve consensus, it is necessarily a blocking protocol. Modern transaction-processing systems have augmented two-phase commit with heuristics, which allow prepared participants to make unilateral decisions about whether they will commit or roll back. Obviously if a participant makes a choice that turns out to be different to that taken by other participants, non-atomic behavior occurs. BTP has its equivalent of heuristics, allowing participants to make unilateral decisions as well. However, unlike in other transaction implementations, the protocol allows a participant to give the coordinator prior knowledge of what that decision will be and when it will be taken. A participant may prepare and present the coordinator with some caveats (the aforementioned Qualifiers) as to how long it will remain in this state and into what state it will then migrate (for example, "will remain prepared for 10 days and then will cancel the seat reservation"). This information may then be used by the coordinator to optimize message exchange. Although this might sound like a good idea, as we mentioned earlier, the ideal end-point for this sort of information is the application and not the transaction; unfortunately BTP does not provide a means whereby the application can obtain this information.
- Carrier optimizations: Typically a participant is enlisted with a BTP transaction when a service invocation occurs. When the service request completes, the response is sent back to the initiator of the request. In some circumstances, it may be possible to compound many of the above messages into a "one-shot" message. For example, the service invocation may cause a state change to occur that means the participant can prepare immediately after the invocation completes. Rather than have to wait for an explicit coordinator message, BTP allows the enroll request and statement of preparation to be compounded within the service response. The receiver is then responsible for ensuring that this additional information is forwarded to the coordinator. (Not necessarily a straightforward operation.)
- One-phase: If an atom or cohesion coordinator has only a single participant when it is told to confirm, then it can tell the participant to confirm without having to previously prepare.
BTPs approach to Web services is also different to what you might expect. From the outset, the technical committee decided that BTP should be useful outside of Web services. As such, BTP is not Web services-specific; it does not leverage the Web services architecture, contains no WSDL or carrier protocol binding. What this means is that rather than place a requirement on a specific mechanism, BTP chose to define a complete service stack within the transaction protocol.
Unfortunately, mapping BTP into a specific deployment environment, such as Web services, may mean that certain aspects of that stack are not necessary; there is also the potential that the "native" functionality may even interfere with the transaction protocol. For example, the one-shot optimization discussed earlier is meant to allow multiple related BTP protocol messages to be sent back to some end-point in a single carrier message. Most modern-day Web services infrastructures already support this kind of optimization transparently (one-shot requires support from the BTP infrastructure at both the sender and receiver).
Interestingly all that BTP mandates is the XML message set that is required to conduct the protocol. How that message set is exchanged by the different parties involved may be a function of the environment (such as email or HTTP), type of business relationship, or other business or logistical factors. The specification does define a binding to SOAP-over-HTTP, but this is not mandated. There is no base interoperability definition for BTP (for the protocol behavior). It is merely a standardization of message content and message sequences.
Example of a cohesive transaction
Letâs look at the travel agent scenario and see how cohesions may be utilized, as illustrated in Figure 8. In this example, the travel agent chooses to start a transaction and book a flight to London. One flight option is direct on ALU and the other has two legs and two different carriers ZA and Xantas. Eventually the travel agent has to decide on one of the flights -- either the direct ALU flight or the combined Xantas/ZA flight. By getting commitments for both the ALU flight or the combined Xantas/ZA flight, the travel agent can decide which to take knowing that they will always get the flight they decide upon.
Figure 8. Travel agent scenario setup for cohesions.
If you look at one individual invocation (shown in Figure 9) you can see how commitments are made, managed, and coordinated toward termination. First the travel agent creates a business transaction (Context) for the work it wants to perform. It does this through a Composer (the BTP name for a cohesion coordinator). The travel agent then makes the service requests to Xantas.com ALU.com and ZA.com, also propagating the transaction details (Context).
Figure 9. Service invocations and context.
Xantas.com ALU.com and ZA.com (Participants) all agree to participate in the transaction (Enroll). In this example Xantas also makes a commitment to the transaction (Prepared) but ALU and ZA do not.
As shown in Figure 10, based on the prices returned, the travel agent decides to go ahead and book the two-legged flight offered by Xantas and ZA (Confirm B,C). Because ALU never made a commitment to the business transaction (Prepared), in other words, reserved seats; there is no need to cancel the ALU flight.
Figure 10. Confirming flights.
Figure 11 shows that because the flight chosen involves two parties, Xantas and ZA, the transaction the coordinator then asks each participant to make a commitment with regard to the overall business transaction (Prepare). Because Xantas has already made a commitment, the coordinator only needs to get a commitment from ZA (Prepare).
Figure 11. Preparing the participants.
The composer now has received positive commitments from Xantas.com and ZA.com, the requested portions of the business transaction requested by the travel agent. The composer therefore goes ahead and confirms the seat reservations offered by ZA.com and Xantas.com, as shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12. Confirming a subset of participants in the cohesion.
If ALU had made a commitment (Prepared) then the composer would need to explicitly cancel the seats reserved by ALU as part of the business transaction, at the same time as confirming the ZA, Xantas flight. The composer finally confirms the successful conclusion of the business transaction back to the travel agent (Transaction Confirmed), as illustrated by Figure 13.
Figure 13. Confirming a subset of participants in the cohesion and cancelling others.
As you can see from this example,. As you saw, our flight reservation system). Naturally this is something that programmers may not be comfortable with, and it goes against the Web services orthodoxy.
Web Services Coordination and Transaction
This section will examine the overall model used by the Web Services Coordination and Web Services Transactions specifications. This is important in order to understand the differences between WS-C/WS-Tx and BTP.
Coordination is a requirement in a variety of different aspects of distributed applications, such as workflow, security, atomic transactions, caching and replication, security, auctioning, and business-to-business activities. For example, coordination of multiple Web services in choreography may be required to ensure the correct result of a series of operations comprising a single business transaction.
Despite the fact that there are many different types of application that require coordination, each use typically manifests as a different type of coordination protocol. In the case of transactions, for example, BTP, Object Management Groupâs Object Transaction Service, Microsoft DTC are solutions to specific problem domains and which are not applicable to others since they are based on different architectural styles. Given the domain-specific nature of these coordination protocols, it is unrealistic to provide a "universal" protocol without jeopardizing efficiency and scalability.
Unlike BTP which ties coordination to transactions, the Web Services Transactions protocol leverages a separate protocol aimed solely at outcome determination/processing: Web Services Coordination. The fundamental idea underpinning WS-Coordination is that there is a generic need for a coordination infrastructure in a Web services environment. The WS-Coordination specification defines a framework that allows different coordination protocols to be plugged-in to coordinate work among clients, services, and participants, as shown in Figure 14.
Figure 14. WS-Coordination architecture.
Note that the Control messages are shown separately only to illustrate the specific interactions between client/coordinator and service/participant. These messages are still Web services messages and hence flow using SOAP.
Both WS-C and WS-Tx are intended solely for the Web services environment and as such leverage existing and evolving standards, such as WSDL, WS-Addressing, Web Services Security, and WS-Policy (see Resources). This focuses WS-C and WS-Tx to a WebServices environment and simplifies the specifications and places them as a component in the Web Services architecture. Any advances in performance optimizations for Web services infrastructures can be automatically leveraged by these specifications.
In order for coordination to span a distributed number of services/tasks, certain information has to flow between the sites/domains involved in the application. This is commonly referred to as the context and typically contains the following information:
- An identifier which guarantees global uniqueness for an individual activity (such an identifier can also be thought of as a correlation identifier, or a value that is used to indicate that a task is part of the same work activity).
- The coordinator location or endpoint address so participants can be enrolled.
Figure 15. Services and context flow.
The context information is propagated to provide a flow of context information between distributed execution environments, for example using SOAP header information. This may occur transparently to the client and application services. As has already been mentioned, the context is propagated as part of normal message interchange within an application (for example, as an additional part of the SOAP header).
An important difference between WS-Tx and BTP is that the former differentiates between transactionality requirements and coordination by leveraging the WS-C protocol, whereas the latter ties coordination to transactions. The following section will examine WS-C in order to better understand the type of flexibility this gives WS-Tx over other approaches.
Coordination is the act of one agent (the coordinator) disseminating information to a number of participants to guarantee that all participants obtain a specific message. A coordinator can also be a participant, creating a tree of sub-coordinators or peer-coordinators that cooperate to further propagate the result. Unlike BTP, interposition is an integral part of the WS-C (and WS-T) models.
Context information flows implicitly (transparently to the application) within normal messages sent to the participants. This information is specific to the type of coordination being performed, for example to identify the coordinator(s), the other participants in an activity, recovery information in the event of a failure, etc. Furthermore, it may be required that additional application-specific context information (for example, extra SOAP header information) flow to these participants or the services which use them.
WS-Coordination defines a generic coordination framework that can support arbitrary coordination protocols. It is extensible at the coordinator level as well as at the level of the context. For example, a coordinator that executes a three-phase commit protocol can be easily plugged in to a WS-C implementation and the basic WS-C context may be enhanced if necessary. The framework is useful for propagating a range of context types including security, workflow, or replication.
The WS-Coordination specification talks in terms of activities, which are distributed units of work, involving one or more parties (which may be services, components, or even objects). At this level, an activity is minimally specified and is simply created, made to run, and then completed.
Whatever coordination protocol is used, the same requirements are present:
- Instantiation (or activation) of a new coordinator for the specific coordination protocol, for a particular application instance
- Registration of participants with the coordinator, such that they will receive that coordinatorâs protocol messages during (some part of) the applicationâs lifetime
- Propagation of contextual information between Web services that comprise the application
- An entity to drive the coordination protocol through to completion.
The first three of these points are directly the concern of WS-Coordination while the fourth is defined in WS-T, usually the client application that controls the application as a whole. These four WS-Coordination roles and their interrelationships are shown in Figure 16.
Figure 16. The WS-Coordination Infrastructure.
The WS-Coordination framework exposes an Activation Service which supports the creation of coordinators for specific protocols and their associated contexts. The process of invoking an activation service is illustrated as occurring asynchronously, so the specification defines both the interface of the activation service itself and that of the invoking service: the activation service can call back to deliver the results of the activation, namely a context that identifies the protocol type and coordinator location.
This asynchronous approach reduces the tight coupling between end-points typically seen in other environments, which has the advantage of improved fault-tolerance, modularity, and deployment considerations. For example, although a client may send a completion message to a coordinator, it may make more sense for the response to be sent to some other entity.
Once.
The context is critical to coordination since it contains the information necessary for services to participate in the protocol. It provides the glue to bind all of the applicationâs constituent Web services together into a single coordinated application whole. Since WS-Coordination is a generic coordination framework, contexts have to be tailored to meet the needs of specific coordination protocols that are plugged into the framework. The format of a WS-Coordination context is specifically designed to be third-party extensible, and its contents are as follows:
- A coordination identifier with guaranteed global uniqueness for an individual coordinator in the form of a URI
- An address of a registration service endpoint where parties receiving a context can register participants into the protocol
- A time-to-live value which indicates for how long the context should be considered valid
- Extensible protocol-specific information particular to the actual coordination protocol supported by the coordinator.
This is shown Figure 17, where.
Figure 17. WS-Coordination Context Schema Fragment.
We discussed earlier how the OASIS Business Transactions Protocol coordinates participants in either atomic or cohesive transactions in order to achieve consensus. The protocol defined in the BTP specification is an open-top, two-phase completion protocol. However, there is no separation between transactions and coordination in BTP, and all of the protocol assumes two-phase. Attempting to change the type of coordination protocol (for example, to a three-phase protocol) would require significant modifications to the specification and affect all aspects of coordination and transactions.
However, it is worth noting that it is entirely possible to integrate BTP within WS-C.
The WS-Transaction specification plugs into WS-C and proposes two common industry completion patterns (specific coordination protocols), where each supports the semantics of a particular kind of business-to-business interaction:
- Atomic Transaction (AT): This is meant to map to existing transaction standards which have a well-defined behavior for atomicity (well-formed and two-phase), isolation (no dirty reads, repeatable reads) and durability (no lost data), in other words, traditional ACID semantics. The important thing to remember when considering Web services is that they are for interoperability as much as they are for the Web. In the past, making traditional transaction systems talk to one another was a holy grail that was rarely achieved; Web services offer unparalleled support for interoperability in this regard. Traditional transaction (see Resources for an interesting discussion by Vasters and the reference on Interoperability). Finally, AT is useful if only for intra-domain environments where a customer needs to consolidate operations across any number of internal applications. For example, a merger may have resulted in the need to combine the apps of the old and new business.
- Business Activity (BA): This provides flexible transaction properties and is designed specifically for long-duration interactions, where holding on to resources is impossible or impractical. In this model, services are requested to do work (for example, reserving a seat on a flight), and if they can do so in a manner where that work can be later undone, the service may inform the BA. In this way, if the BA later decides it needs to cancel the work, it can inform the service. How services do their work and provide compensation mechanisms is not the domain of the WS-Tx specification: this is an implementation decision for the service provider.
It is important to note that the BA model derives from a specific industry requirement in the BPEL4WS specification (see Resources for the specification). Although ATs and BAs may be sufficient for the current use cases that the specifications are aimed at, it is generally accepted that other protocols may well be needed later. Because WS-Tx leverages WS-C, new protocols can be added to the specification as and when the need arises. Therefore, the WS-Tx specification allows growth if new protocols are required (or identified).
This is yet another important distinction between WS-Tx and BTP: whereas WS-Tx admits the possibility that "one-size doesnât fit all" and other protocols may need to be supported later, the BTP specification is essentially closed and constrained by its two-phase protocol. By making the separation between coordination and transactions explicit within WS-C and WS-T, adding new transaction protocols should be relatively straightforward and not impinge on those that already exist. Unfortunately attempting to do the same with BTP could potentially result in an entirely new specification, since all of the current protocol is tied to two-phase completion coordination.
An important aspect of WS-Transaction that differentiates it from traditional transaction protocols is that a synchronous request/response model is not required. This model derives from the fact that WS-Transaction is, as you see in Figure 18, layered upon the WS-Coordination protocol whose own communication patterns are asynchronous by default, but can support other interaction patterns.
Figure 18. WS-Coordination and WS-Transaction.
WS-Transaction leverages the context management framework provided by WS-Coordination in two ways. First of all it extends the WS-Coordination context to create a transaction context. Secondly, it augments the activation and registration services with a number of additional services:
- (Completion, CompletionWithAck
- PhaseZero
- 2PC
- OutcomeNotification
- BusinessAgreement
- BusinessAgreementWithComplete)
and two protocol message sets (one for each of the transaction models supported in WS-Transaction).
The Atomic Transaction protocol (AT)
The Atomic Transaction (AT) protocol is a consensus group that enforces strict atomicity among its participants. It is wrong to talk about Atomic Transactions violating the "trust chasm" between Web services; this ignores the central reason for using ATs: interoperability and short-duration interactions. There is a place for traditional transaction systems in Web services and this is precisely what Atomic Transactions are concerned with.
To begin an atomic transaction, the client application may locate a coordinator that supports WS-Transaction. Once located, the client sends a CreateCoordinationContext message to the activation service specifying as its coordination type and will get back an appropriate WS-Transaction context. The transaction context has its CoordinationType element set to the WS-Transaction AT namespace and also contains a reference to the atomic transaction coordinator endpoint (the WS-Coordination registration service) where participants can be enlisted.
After obtaining a transaction context from the coordinator,. To do this, the client application registers its own participant for the Completion or CompletionWithAck protocol. Once registered, the participant can instruct the coordinator either to try to commit or roll back the transaction.
Transaction termination normally uses the two-phase commit protocol (2PC), as described earlier and illustrated in Figure 1. As with BTP, there is no ordering of 2PC participant invocations implied by the WS-Tx specification. If a transaction involves only a single participant, WS-Transaction supports a one-phase commit optimization similar to that in traditional transaction systems (and as you saw earlier, in BTP). Since there is only one participant, its decisions implicitly reach consensus, and so the coordinator need not drive the transaction through both phases. In the optimized case, the participant will simply be told to commit, and the transaction coordinator need not record information about the decision since the outcome of the transaction is solely down to that single participant.
Figure 19 shows the state transitions of a WS-Transaction atomic transaction and the message exchanges between coordinator and participant; the coordinator-generated messages are shown in the solid line, whereas the participant messages are shown by dashed lines.
Figure 19. Two-Phase Commit State Transitions.
Once the coordinator has finished with the transaction, the Completion or CompletionWithAck protocol that originally began the termination of the transaction can complete and inform the client application whether the transaction was committed or rolled back. Note that the CompletionWithAck protocol insists that the coordinator must remember the outcome until it has received acknowledgment of the notification from the participant.
In addition to the 2PC protocol, WS-Tx also provides two other protocols: PhaseZero and OutcomeNotification. Accessing durable storage (whatever its implementation) is often the performance bottleneck, and hence caching of an objectâs state (such.
In traditional transaction systems this is accomplished through synchronization participants. Synchronizations are informed that a transaction is about to commit. They are then informed when the transaction has completed and in what state it completed. Synchronizations essentially turn the two-phase commit protocol into a four-phase protocol:
- Before the transaction starts the two-phase commit, all registered synchronizations are informed. Any failure at this point will cause the transaction to roll back.
- The coordinator then conducts the normal two-phase commit protocol.
- Once the transaction has terminated, all registered synchronizations are informed. However, this is a courtesy invocation because any failures at this stage are ignored: the transaction has terminated so thereâs nothing to affect.
When an Atomic Transaction is terminating, the associated coordinator first executes the PhaseZero protocol if any participants registered for it. All PhaseZero participants are told that the transaction is about to complete and they can respond with either the PhaseZeroCompleted or Error message; any failures at this stage will cause the transaction to roll back.
Additionally, some services may have registered an interest in the completion of a transaction and they will be informed through the OutcomeNotificaton protocol after 2PC has completed..
The fact that there are distinct protocols for synchronization and two-phase commit is as important in AT as it is in traditional transaction systems. Being able to rely upon the order in which certain types of participants will be invoked allows performance optimizations, such as caching, to be supported.
As you saw earlier, BTP has only one type of participant that can be enlisted in an atom or a cohesion, and neither protocol supports any kind of relative ordering. Hence providing an equivalent to synchronizations is not possible within the scope of vanilla BTP.
Finally, after having gone through each of the stages in an AT, you can now see the intricate interweaving of individual protocols that goes to make up the AT as a whole in Figure 20.
Figure 20. The AT Model.
There is another fundamental difference between the AT model and the BTP atom model to which it is often compared: the termination protocol is not open-top and hence the distinction between participants and services is well-defined. The termination protocol does not mix business level decisions into the commit protocol, overloading what it may mean for a participant to receive a prepare request, for example.
The reason for this is that Web services are typically written to operate in the following way:
- A service receives a document requesting it to perform some work (such as reserving a seat on a specific flight).
- Later that service may be sent another document requesting it to either undo the work or accept it.
If the work is being performed within the scope of a transaction (letâs assume itâs an atomic transaction), then the interaction between the application and the transaction service should be minimal -- the transaction coordinator only requires access to the participants and they should not require strong interactions with the services on whose behalf they operate.
In the scenario of a flight reservation service, the business-level (service) methods, such as book seat, have already performed the necessary work (such as provisionally reserving the seat). The explicit prepare operation of the open-top protocol is simply not required to have business semantics. The assumed advantages of an open-top approach (allowing decision time between the two-phases) are not required. When the application decides to terminate the business transaction, it wants the work to happen (or not) immediately, and all that is required is to guarantee consensus between the participants.
Most business-to-business applications require transactional support in order to guarantee consistent outcome and correct execution. These applications often involve long-running computations, loosely-coupled systems, and components that do not share data, location, or administration, and it is difficult to incorporate atomic transactions within such architectures. For example, an online bookshop may reserve books for an individual for a specific period of time, but if the individual does not purchase the books within that period they will be "put back onto the shelf" for others to buy. Furthermore, because it is not possible for anyone to have an infinite supply of stock, some online shops may appear to users to reserve items for them, but in fact may allow others to pre-empt that reservation (in other words, the same book may be "reserved" for multiple users concurrently); a user may subsequently find that the item is no longer available, or may have to be reordered specially for them.
A business activity or BA is designed specifically for these kinds of long-duration interactions, where exclusively locking resources is impossible or impractical. In this model, services are requested to do work, and where those services have the ability to undo any work, they inform the BA such that if the BA later decides to cancel the work, it can instruct the service to execute its undo behavior.
While the full ACID semantics are not maintained by a BA, consistency can still be maintained through compensation, though the task of writing correct compensating actions (and thus overall system consistency) is delegated to the developers of the services under control of the BA. Such compensations may use backward error recovery, but will typically employ forward recovery.
The WS-Transaction Business Activity simply defines a protocol for Web services-based applications to enable existing business processing and workflow systems to wrap their proprietary mechanisms and interoperate across implementations and business boundaries.
Central to WS-Tx is the notion of scopes and defining activity-to-task relationships. A business activity may be partitioned into scopes, where a scope is a business task or unit of work using a collection of Web services. Such scopes can be nested to arbitrary levels, forming parent and child relationships. A parent scope has the ability to select which child tasks are to be included in the overall outcome protocol for a specific business activity, and so clearly non-atomic outcomes are possible. A Business Activity defines a consensus group that allows the relaxation of atomicity based on business-level decisions. In a similar manner to traditional nested transactions, if a child task experiences an error, it can be caught by the parent who may be able to compensate and continue processing.
As you saw earlier, although BTP supports interposition, it does not support nesting of scopes. This is an important difference between WS-Tx Business Activities and BTP. Nested scopes are important for a number of reasons, including:
- Fault-isolation: If sub-scope fails (for example, because a service it was using fails) then this does not require the enclosing scope to fail, thus undoing all of the work performed so far.
- Modularity: if there is already a scope associated with a call when a new scope is begun, then the scope will be nested within it. Therefore, a programmer who knows that a service requires scopes can use them within the service. If the serviceâs methods are invoked without a parent scope, then the serviceâs scopes will simply be top-level; otherwise, they will be nested within the scope of the client., if it is to be performant. atomic transactions, the business activity model has multiple protocols: BusinessAgreement and BusinessAgreementWithComplete. However, unlike the AT protocol which is driven from the coordinator down to participants, this protocol is driven much more), then the child can unilaterally send an exited message to the parent; this is equivalent to the participant resigning from the business transaction as is also supported in BTP. either be a close message, meaning the BA has completed successfully, or a compensate message, indicating that. The child then acts as it does in the BusinessAgreement protocol.
As with the AT model, another fundamental difference between the BA model and the BTP cohesion model to which it is often compared is that it does not mix business-level semantics with the transaction protocol. (such as unbook seat), and obviously book seat does the work somehow (and this may well be provisional until the application confirms the seat reservation).
Most workflow systems don't distinguish compensate activities from forward progress activities: an activity is an activity and it just does some work. If that work happens to compensate for some previous work then so be it. In addition, most services youâll find already have compensate operations written into their definitions, like "unbook seat" or "cancel holiday" and they don't need to be driven by some other transaction/coordination engine that then sends "prepare" or "commit" or "roll back" to a participant which then has to figure out how to talk to the service to accomplish the same goal.
There are several optimizations to the WS-Tx protocol that are worth considering, especially in light of their equivalents in BTP:
- Read-only: As you saw earlier, in a traditional two-phase commit protocol, a participant can also return a read-only response to indicates that it does not control any work that has been modified during the course of the transaction, and therefore does not need to be informed of the outcome. The Atomic Transaction protocol supports this optimization.
- Flexible consensus groups: As you have seen, the Atomic Transaction protocol provides a strictly atomic consensus group with well-defined ACID semantics. The Business Activity protocol provides a consensus group that allows for the weakening of atomicity; in addition, because of the activity-scope relationships that can be formed in the BA protocol, it is easier to delineate work into different scopes of consensus.
- Participant resignation: The equivalent of read-only optimization in Business Activities is for participants to resign (exit) from the activity. This is similar to the BTP participant resignation optimization. Resignation can occur at any time up to the point where the activity is completing and is used by the participant to indicate that it no longer has an interest in the outcome of the BA.
- Autonomous participant decisions: Because the Atomic Transaction protocol is based on the traditional (presumed abort) transaction protocol, it allows participants to make autonomous decisions about their ultimate fate. If these decisions are made before the transaction begins to terminate, then the transaction must roll back. If they happen after the participant has prepared, then the decision may lead to a heuristic (non-atomic) outcome, that must be resolved later.
- Carrier optimizations: Unlike BTP, the WS-C and WS-Tx protocols rely mainly upon improvements in the Web services architecture and implementations to provide protocol optimizations such as one-shot. This should not be seen as a deficiency in BTP, but rather a property of firmly placing WS-C and WS-Tx into a single deployment domain. Optimizations of this kind are best dealt with by other architecture layers.
- One-phase: The Atomic Transaction protocol supports the one-phase commit optimization.
- Qualifiers: Additional qualifications to the protocol are handled by WS-Policy, where Policy is a standardized mechanism to advertise the operational characteristics.
Web services and WS-C/WS-Tx
As we have already stated, the Web Services Coordination and Web Services Transactions specifications are firmly placed on the Web services architecture. As such, they are designed to be able to use other Web services specifications such as security, reliable messaging, etc. when and if required. However, unlike BTP, these other requirements are clearly delineated within separate specifications.
The travel agent scenario using BAs
This section will show how the travel agent scenario that we previously modeled using BTP cohesions can just as easily be modeled using Business Activities. For simplicity we'll only consider the situation of obtaining several flight quotes and eventually accepting only the cheapest.
This example discusses the requirements of business transactions which need a mechanism to select and manage the tasks that are included in the overall application outcome. Figure 21 essentially reiterates the application configuration: each flight service exposes operations to reserve, confirm, or cancel seats on a specific flight.
Figure 21. The system configuration.
Note that although not shown in this example, the overall business activity can be comprised of a number of tasks. Each task can be modeled as another business activity within the scope of the overall application. In addition, the task could be implemented as an atomic transaction. WS-Tx allows the application to specify scopes (relationships) without having to build logic within the overall business process to track the relationships.
As before, the application makes invocations on each of the services to obtain a quote for a seat on the flight. Xantas.com ALU.com and ZA.com acknowledge the Travel Agentâs Flight Booking Requests (or application-level response). ALU and BA provisionally book seats while Xantas actually reserves a seat. Associated with the request, the transaction service manages the tasks that are participating in the applications (in other words, the Participants Enroll, indicating the reservation tasks are actively processing, while Xantas also indicates that it has completed the reservation request (shown in Figure 22).
Figure 22. Making the requests.
Based on the Prices returned, the Travel Agent decides to go ahead and book the two-legged flight offered by Xantas and ZA, shown in Figure 23. Because ALU never reserved seats, there is no need to cancel the ALU flight. The Travel Agent instructs ALU to cancel the provisional booking. (Optionally the Travel Agent can allow the ALU provisional booking to timeout if the application is constructed with scopes.)
Figure 23. Canceling a quote.
Because the flight chosen involves two parties, Xantas and ZA, the transaction Travel Agent then requests ZA to reserve a seat. ZA acknowledges the reservation. The participant then tells the coordinator that task has completed (Figure 24).
Figure 24. Choosing the right quote.
The application has now chosen the seat reservations that are to be included in the overall booking. You will notice that the final set of participants chosen must terminate atomically. In the example, ZA and Xantas need to make a commitment to the transaction and complete as an atomic set. We could have shown this as an atomic transaction within the scope of the overall business application, but instead we chose to illustrate a more simple scenario where the Travel Agent forces this outcome directly.
The Coordinator now has received acknowledgements from Xantas.com and ZA.com, and the requested portions of the business transaction Travel Agent have completed. The coordinator therefore goes ahead and confirms (via close shown in Figure 25) the seat reservations offered by ZA.com and Xantas.com.
Figure 25. Travel agent forcing the outcome.
If ALU had reserved a seat, then the Travel Agent would need to instruct ALU to cancel the booking. The transaction service would then remove ALU from the tasks participating in the transaction (Participant sends exited to the Coordinator). The Travel Agent would then confirm the reservation for the remaining tasks as shown in Figure 26.
Figure 26. Travel agent confirming the quote.
Comparing and contrasting
Although at first glance it may seem like there is commonality between the two specifications (both support a two-phase completion protocol, for example), as youâve seen there are significant differences. This section will re-examine some of the issues that we have already discussed, as well as some that we havenât.
As you might expect from a specification that took over a year to develop, on the plus side the BTP specification is well formed and complete. Unfortunately, although the protocol is relatively straightforward, the specification is nearly 200 pages! It is thus not an easy sell for customers or analysts (and sometimes implementers).
What does it mean to be a user of a Web services transaction? Initially it may seem like a good idea to let business logic directly affect the flow of a transaction from within a transaction service, but in practice it doesnât really work. It blurs the distinction between what you would expect from a transaction protocol (guarantees of consistency, isolation etc.) which are essentially non-functional aspects of a business "transaction", with the functional aspects (reserve my flight, book me a taxi, etc.) a flight reservation system). In a traditional transaction system, users donât see the participants (imagine if you had to explicitly tell all of your XA resource managers to prepare and commit?) Naturally this is something that programmers donât feel comfortable with and it goes against the Web services orthodoxy.
Also, because BTP requires transaction control to use the open-top approach, it is difficult to leverage existing enterprise transaction implementations. Few transaction systems (or their administrators) will feel comfortable exposing their coordinators through the two-phase interface.
Furthermore, the BTP specification expends great efforts to ensure that two-phase completion does not imply ACID semantics.) wrapper by BTP participants. Unfortunately, there is no way within the BTP for those services to inform external users that this is what they have done so that they can safely be used within the scope of a BTP "ACID" transaction.
As you have seen, each model in WS-Tx clearly defines the semantics within the protocol (Atomic Transaction is ACID, for example). The models in WS-Tx are each aimed at a specific problem domain and is not intended to be used as a global panacea. Unfortunately, BTP does not have such well-differentiated models: the cohesion model is essentially a superset of the atom model.
Therefore, BTP has only one model that must be used to solve a variety of different problems. It does this by relaxing restrictions such as atomicity, durability etc. within the protocol (cohesion or atom) and allowing services to define those semantics outside of the model. Although this may appear at first glance to give developers increased flexibility, this has the disadvantage of not allowing them to be able to reason about an applicationâs overall functionality and behavior. It also makes it difficult to construct applications from arbitrary services since within the protocol, you cannot determine a priori how a service will behave â extra information about the semantics and behavior of the service would have to be available in some implementation/vendor-specific manner.
Both the WS-C and WS-Tx specifications are smaller than BTP, at about 45 pages in total. Simplicity and interoperability with existing transaction infrastructures played a key role in their development. As we mentioned at the start of this paper, the WS-C and WS-Tx specifications have not yet been submitted to a standardization body, so errors and omissions are inevitable. However, these issues will all be resolved with subsequent revisions; there are no fundamental flaws in either specification.
On the plus side, the separation of coordination from transactions is good; coordination is a more fundamental requirement and a separate framework offers the chance for a cleaner separation of concerns. Because WS-C does not imply transactionality or a specific protocol implementation, it can therefore be used in more places than other protocols that have use of coordination but are tied to transactions (such as BTP).
The fact that WS-Tx Atomic Transactions are meant specifically for closely-coupled interactions with ACID semantics makes integration with back-end infrastructures easier. Web services are for interoperability as much as for the Internet. As such, interoperability of existing transaction processing systems will be an important part of Web services transactions. Such systems already form the backbone of enterprise-level applications and will continue to do so for the Web services equivalent. Business-to-business activities will involve back-end transaction processing systems either directly or indirectly and being able to tie together these environments will be the key to the successful take-up of Web services transactions.
In addition, because the semantics of Atomic Transactions and their participants are well-defined, it takes away any ambiguity from users and services: they know a priori what semantics to expect because it is a requirement from the protocol. Because BTP essentially only has one type of transaction (atoms are a subset of cohesions), it must allow flexible implementations of participants for long-duration interactions and therefore BTP does not define strict semantics for any participant. It is up to the service/participant implementer to somehow make this information available to users outside the scope of the transaction protocol.
The WS-Tx Business Activity gives service developers freedom to define compensation mechanisms that best suit their services (for example, using Atomic Transactions where necessary), while at the same time providing a simple model for the users of these services. In addition, it ties in well with Web services choreography techniques such as BPEL4WS.
Importantly as youâve already seen, because WS-Tx leverages WS-C, it is intended as a portfolio of extended transaction models, each suited for a specific problem domain. Therefore, as use cases appear that cannot be addressed by one of the protocols already within WS-T, new protocols may be added.
The table shows a summary of the various differences and similarities between WS-C/T and BTP.
Comparative analysis?"
- Look for X/Open CAE Specification â Distributed Transaction Processing: The XA Specification, X/Open Document Number XO/CAE/91/300 (ISBN 1-872630-24-3).
- Find the Web Services Security specification on developerWorks (April, 2002).
- Read over the Web Services Addressing specification on developerWorks (March, 2003).
- Get the BTP Committee specification on OASIS (April, 2002).
- Find the Web Services Coordination Specification on developerWorks (September, 2003).
- Read over the Web Services Transactions Specification on developerWorks (August, 2003).
- Get more information in "The Business Transactions Protocol: Transactions for a New Age" (Web Services Journal, November 2002).
- Find the Travel Agent Scenario discussed in this article in The Business Transactions Protocol Primer from OASIS (June, 2002).
- Read this interesting discussion in the Clemens Vasters weblog.
- Read the Business Process Execution Language for Web Services, version 1.1 specification on OASIS (May, 2003).
- Find the Web Services Policy Framework specification on developerWorks (May, 2003).
Mark Little is Chief Architect, Transactions for Arjuna Technologies Ltd. He has worked in the area of transaction processing for nearly twenty years and has helped develop several specifications in the area of Web services transactions.
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If you've been hanging out on the Java block for any amount of time then you've likely heard of Groovy. The brainchild of superstar developers James Strachan and Bob McWhirter, Groovy is an agile development language that is based entirely on the Java programming APIs. Groovy is currently in the beginning phase of its Java Specification Request, which was approved in late March of 2004. Groovy is also the scripting language that some claim will forever change the way that you view and utilize the Java platform.
In his opening comments to JSR 241 (see Resources) Groovy co-specification lead Richard Monson-Haefel said that he based his support for Groovy on the conviction that the time has come for the Java platform to include an agile development language. Unlike the many scripting languages that exist as ports to the Java platform, Groovy was written for the JRE. With the request for specification (see Resources), the makers of Groovy have put forth the idea that (in the words of Monson-Haefel) "Java is more than a programming language; it's a robust platform upon which multiple languages can operate and co-exist."
I'll devote this second installment of the new alt.lang.jre column to getting to know Groovy. I'll start with some answers to the most obvious question about this new language (why do you need it?), and then embark on a code-based overview of some of Groovy's most exciting features.
As you learned in last month's column, Groovy isn't the only scripting language that is compliant with the JRE. Python, Ruby, and Smalltalk are just three examples of scripting languages that have been successfully ported to the Java platform. For some developers, this begs the question: Why another language? After all, many of us already combine our Java code with Jython or JRuby for faster application development; why should you learn another language? The answer is that you don't have to learn a new language to code with Groovy. Groovy differentiates itself from the other JRE-compliant scripting languages with its syntax and reuse of standard Java libraries. Whereas Jython and JRuby share the look and feel of their ancestors (Python and Ruby, respectively), Groovy feels like the Java language with far fewer restrictions.
Whereas languages like Jython build upon their parents' libraries, Groovy employs the features and libraries Java developers are most familiar with -- but puts them in an agile development framework. The fundamental tenets of agile development are that code should be well suited to a wide range of tasks and applicable in a variety of ways. Groovy lives up to these tenets by:
- Freeing developers from compilation
- Permitting dynamic types
- Easing syntactical constructs
- Allowing its scripts to be used inside normal Java applications
- Providing a shell interpreter
These features make Groovy a remarkably easy language to learn and use, whether you're a seasoned Java developer or newcomer to the Java platform. In the sections that follow, I'll discuss the above mentioned highlights of Groovy in detail.
Like many scripting languages, Groovy saves compilation for runtime. This means that Groovy scripts are interpreted when they are run, much like JavaScript is interpreted by the browser when a Web page is viewed. Runtime evaluation comes at a cost in terms of execution speed, which could rule out the use of scripting languages in performance intensive projects, but compilation-free coding offers tremendous advantages when it comes to the build-and-run cycle. Runtime compilation makes Groovy an ideal platform for rapid prototyping, building various utilities, and testing frameworks.
For example, running the script Emailer.groovyin Groovy is as easy as typing
groovy Emailer.groovy on a command line. If you wanted to run the same Java file (Emailer.java) you would, of course, have to type an extra command:
javac Emailer.java, followed by
java Emailer. While this might seem trivial, you can easily imagine the advantage of runtime compilation in a larger context of application development.
As you will see shortly, Groovy also permits scripts to drop a main method in order to statically run an associated application.
As with other mainstream scripting languages, Groovy does not require the explicit typing of formal languages such as C++ and the Java language. In Groovy, an object's type is discovered dynamically at runtime, which greatly reduces the amount of code you have to write. You can see this, first, by studying the simple examples in Listings 1 and 2.
Listing 1 shows how you declare a local variable as a
String in the Java language. Note that the type, name, and value must all be declared.
Listing 1. Java static typing
In Listing 2, you see the same declaration but without the need to declare the variable type.
Listing 2. Groovy dynamic typing
You may have also noticed that I was able to drop the semicolon from the declaration in Listing 2. Dynamic types have dramatic consequences when defining methods and their associated parameters: Polymorphism takes on a whole new meaning! In fact, with dynamic typing, you can have all the power of polymorphism without inheritance. In Listing 3, you can really begin to see the role of dynamic typing in Groovy's flexibility.
Listing 3. More Groovy dynamic typing
Here, I've defined two Groovy classes,
Song and
Book, which I'll discuss further in a moment. Both classes contain a
name property. I've also defined a function,
doSomething, that takes a
thing and attempts to print the object's
name property.
Because the
doSomething function does not define a type for its input parameter, any object will work so long as the object contains a
name property. So, in Listing 4, you see what happens when you use both instances of
Song and
Book as input to
doSomething.
Listing 4. Playing around with dynamic typing
In addition to demonstrating dynamic typing in Groovy, Listing 4 also reveals, in its last two lines, how easy it is to create a reference to a function. This is because everything in Groovy is an object, including functions.
The final thing you should note about Groovy's dynamic type declaration is that it results in fewer
import statements. While Groovy does require imports for explicitly utilized types, those imports can be aliased to provide for shorter names.
The next two examples will pull together everything I've discussed so far about dynamic types in Groovy. Both the Java code group and the Groovy code group below make use of Freemarker (see Resources), an open source template engine. Both groups simply create a
Template object from a directory and file name, then print the corresponding object's content to standard out; the difference, of course, is in the amount of code each group requires to handle its tasks.
Listing 5. Simple TemplateReader Java class
At first glance, the Java code in Listing 5 is quite simple -- especially if you've never seen scripting code before. Fortunately, you've got a Groovy contrast in Listing 6. Now this code is simple!
Listing 6. An even simpler TemplateReader in Groovy
The Groovy code is half as long as the Java code; here's why:
- The Groovy code requires half as many
importstatements. Notice also, that
freemarker.template.Configurationwas aliased to
tconfenabling shorthand syntax.
- Groovy permits the variable
tmplof type
Templateto drop its type declaration.
- Groovy does not require a
classdeclaration or a
mainmethod.
- Groovy does not care about any corresponding exceptions, allowing you to drop the import of
IOExceptionrequired in the Java code.
Now, before you move on, think about the last Java class you coded. You probably had to write a lot of imports and declared types followed by an equal number of semicolons. Think about what it would be like to use Groovy to craft the same code. You'd have a far more concise syntax at your disposal, not so many rules to satisfy, and you'd end up with the exact same behavior.
And to think, you're just getting started ...
Extremely flexible syntax
When it comes to syntax, flexibility is the primary ingredient that lets you develop code more efficiently. Much like its influential counterparts (Python, Ruby, and Smalltalk), Groovy greatly simplifies the core library usage and constructs of the language on which it's modeled, which in this case is the Java language. To give you an idea of just how flexible Groovy's syntax is, I'll show you some of its primary constructs; namely classes, functions (via the
def keyword), closures, collections, ranges, maps, and iterators.
At the bytecode level, Groovy classes are real Java classes. What's different, however, is that Groovy defaults everything defined in a class to
public, unless a specific access modifier has been defined. Moreover, dynamic typing applies to fields and methods, and
return statements are not required.
You can see an example of class definition in Groovy in Listing 7, where class
Dog has a
getFullName method that actually returns a
String representing the
Dog's fullname. All methods, consequently, are implicitly
public.
Listing 7. Example Groovy class: Dog
In Listing 8, you take things one step further, with a
DogOwner class
that has two properties,
fname and
lname. Simple
so far!
Listing 8. Example Groovy class: DogOwner
In Listing 9, you use Groovy to set properties and call methods on your
Dog and
DogOwner instances. It should be obvious, by now, how much easier it is to work with Groovy classes than with Java classes. While the
new keyword is required, types are optional and setting properties (which are implicitly public) is quite effortless.
Listing 9. Using Groovy classes
Notice how the
getFullName method defined in
your
Dog class returns a
String object, which
in this case is "
Mollie Waldo."
In addition to designating all objects as first class, which many scripting languages do (see sidebar), Groovy also lets you create first class functions, which are, in essence, objects themselves. These are declared with the
def keyword and exist outside a class definition. You've actually already seen how you use the
def keyword to define a first class function, in Listing 3 and seen a function used in Listing 4. Groovy's first class functions are extremely handy when it comes to defining simple scripts.
One of the most exciting and powerful features found in Groovy is its support for closures. Closures are first class objects that are similar to anonymous inner classes found in the Java language. Both closures and anonymous inner classes are executable blocks of code; however there are some subtle differences between the two. State is automatically passed in and out of closures. Closures can have names. They can be reused. And, most important and true to Groovy, closures are infinitely more flexible than anonymous inner classes!
Listing 10 demonstrates just how powerful closures are. The new and improved
Dog class in the listing includes a
train method that actually executes the closure with which the
Dog instance was created.
Listing 10. Using closures
What's more, closures can also accept parameters. As demonstrated in Listing 11, the
postRequest closure accepts two parameters (
location and
xml) and uses the Jakarta Commons HttpClient library (see Resources) to post an XML document to a given location. The closure then returns a
String representing the response. Below the closure definition is an example of using it; in fact, calling a closure is just like calling a function.
Listing 11. Using closures with parameters
Grouping objects into data structures such as lists and maps is a fundamental coding task, something most of us do on a daily basis. Like most languages, Groovy has defined a rich library to manage these types of collections. If you've ever dabbled in Python or Ruby, Groovy's collections syntax should be familiar. Creating a list is quite similar to creating an array in the Java language, as shown in Listing 12. (Notice how the list's second item is automatically autoboxed into an
Integer type.)
Listing 12. Using collections
In addition to making lists easier to work with, Groovy adds a few new methods on collections. These methods make it possible, for example, to
count occurrences of values;
join an entire list together; and
sort a list with the greatest of ease. You can see these collections methods in action in Listing 13.
Listing 13. Working with Groovy collections
Maps
Like lists, maps are data structures that are remarkably easy to work with in Groovy. The map in Listing 14 contains two objects, the keys being
name and
date. Notice that you can access the values in different ways.
Listing 14. Working with maps
Ranges
When working with collections, you'll likely find yourself making ample use of
Ranges. A
Range is actually an intuitive notion and easy to pick up, as it allows one to create a list of sequential values inclusively or exclusively. You use two dots (
..) to declare an inclusive range and three dots (
...) to declare an exclusive one, as shown in Listing 15.
Listing 15. Working with ranges
Looping with ranges
Ranges allow for a rather slick notion when it comes to looping constructs. In Listing 16, with
aRange defined as an exclusive
range, the loop will print a, b, c, and d.
Listing 16. Looping with ranges
Additional features of collections
If you're unfamiliar with Python and other scripting languages, then some of the additional features found in Groovy's collections will impress you. For example, once you've created a collection, you can use negative numbers to count backwards in a list, as shown in Listing 17.
Listing 17. Negative indexing
Groovy also allows you to slice lists using ranges. Slicing lets you obtain a precise subset of a list, as demonstrated in Listing 18.
Listing 18. Slicing with ranges
Collections ala Ruby
Groovy collections can also act like Ruby collections, if you want them to. You can use Ruby-like syntax to append elements with the
<< syntax, concatenate
with
+, and perform set difference on collections
with
-; moreover, you can handle repetition of
collections with the
* syntax as shown in Listing 19.
Also note that you can use
== to compare collections.
Listing 19. Ruby-style collections
In Groovy, it's quite easy to iterate over any sequence. All you need to iterate over the sequence of characters is a simple
for loop, as shown in Listing 20. (As you may also have noticed by now, Groovy provides a much more natural
for loop syntax than traditional pre Java 1.5.)
Listing 20. Iterator example
Most objects in Groovy have methods such as
each and
find that accept closures. Using closures to iterate over objects creates a number of exciting possibilities, as demonstrated in Listing 21.
Listing 21. Closures with iterators
In Listing 21, the method
each acts as an iterator. In this case, your closure adds the values of the elements, leaving
val at 6 when complete. The
find method is fairly simple, too. Each iteration passes in the element. In this case, you simply test to see if the value is 3.
So far I've focused on the basic aspects of working with Groovy,
but there's far more to this language than the basics! I'll wrap up with a look at some of the more advanced development features Groovy has to offer, including Groovy-style JavaBeans components, file IO, regular expressions, and compilation with
groovyc.
Invariably, applications end up employing struct-like objects representing real world entities. On the Java platform, you call these objects JavaBeans components, and they're commonly used as business objects representing orders, customers, resources, etc. Groovy simplifies the coding of JavaBeans components with its handy shorthand syntax, and also by automatically providing a constructor once you've defined the properties of a desired bean. The result, of course, is greatly reduced code, as you can see for yourself in Listing 22 and 23.
In Listing 22 you see a simple JavaBeans component that has been defined in the Java language.
Listing 22. A simple JavaBean component
In Listing 23, you see what happens when this bean gets Groovy. All you have to do is define your properties, and Groovy automatically gives you a nice constructor to work with. Groovy also gives you quite a bit of flexibility when it comes to manipulating instances of
LavaLamp. For instance, we can use Groovy's shorthand syntax or the traditional wordy Java language syntax to manipulate the properties of your bean.
Listing 23. A Groovier JavaBeans component
Groovy IO operations are a breeze, especially when combined with iterators and closures. Groovy takes standard Java objects such as
File,
Reader, and
Writer and enhances them with additional methods that accept closures. In Listing 24, for example, you see the traditional
java.io.File, but with the addition of the handy
eachLine method.
Listing 24. Groovy IO
Because a file is essentially a sequence of lines, characters, etc., you can iterate over them quite simply. The
eachLine method accepts a closure and iterates over each line of the file, in this case
File-IO-Example.txt. Using closures in this manner is quite powerful, because Groovy ensures all file resources are closed, regardless of any exceptions. This means you can do file IO without lots of
try/
catch/
finally clauses!
Groovy scripts are actually Java classes on the byte code level. As a result, you can easily compile a Groovy script using
groovyc.
groovyc can be utilized via the command line or
Ant to produce class files for scripts. These classes can be run with the normal
java command, provided that the classpath includes
groovy.jar and
asm.jar, which is ObjectWeb's bytecode manipulation framework . See Resources to learn more about compiling Groovy.
No language would be worth its salt without regular expression handling. Groovy uses the Java platform's
java.util.regex library -- but with a few essential tweaks. For example, Groovy lets you create
Pattern objects with the
~ expression and
Matcher objects with the
=~ expression, as shown in Listing 25.
Listing 25. Groovy RegEx
You may have noticed that you were able to define the
String,
str in the above listing, without having to add end quotes and
+'s for each new line. This is because Groovy has relaxed the normal Java constraints that would have required multiple string concatenations. Running this Groovy script will print
true for your match of
water and then print out a stanza with all occurrences of "
every where" replaced with "
nowhere."
Like any project in its infancy, Groovy is a work in progress. Developers accustomed to working with Ruby and Python (or Jython) might miss the convenience of such features as mixins, script import (although it's possible to compile the desired importable script into its corresponding Java class), and named parameters for method calls. But Groovy is definitely a language on the move. It will likely incorporate these features and more as its developer base grows.
In the meantime, Groovy has a lot going for it. It.
Like the other languages discussed in this series, Groovy is not a replacement for the Java language but an alternative to it. Unlike the other languages discussed here, Groovy is seeking Java specification, which means it has the potential to share equal footing with the Java language on the Java platform.
In this month's installment of alt.lang.jre, you've learned about the basic framework and syntax of Groovy, along with some of its more advanced programming features. Next month will be devoted to one of the most well-loved scripting languages for Java developers: JRuby.
- The new alt.lang.jre series launched last month, with Barry Feigenbaum's installment "Get to know Jython" (developerWorks, July 2004).
- Download Groovy from the Groovy open source project page, where you can also learn more about such topics as compilation, unit testing, regular expressions, and more.
- "JSR 241: The Groovy programming language" can be found on the Java Community Process homepage.
- Get an overview of the thought process behind Groovy, with James Strachan's "Groovy -- the birth of a new dynamic language for the Java platform" (Radio Userland, James Strachan's Weblog, August 2003).
- Read more of Richard Monson-Haefel's thoughts on Groovy, on the java.net weblogs page.
- One of Groovy's most powerful features is its agility. Learn more about the underlying principles of agile development (or XP) with Roy Miller's "Demystifying extreme programming" (developerWorks, August 2002).
- Richard Hightower and Nicholas Lesiecki's Java tools for extreme programming is a practitioner's guide to agile development on the Java platform, including a chapter on "Building Java applications with Ant" (excerpted for developerWorks, July 2002).
- Learn more about building Java (and hence Groovy) applications with Ant, with Malcolm Davis's "Incremental development with Ant and JUnit" (developerWorks, November 2000).
- In "Automating the build and test process" (developerWorks, August 2001), Erik Hatcher shows you how Ant and JUnit can be combined to bring you one step closer to XP nirvana.
- Maven is an alternative to Ant that works especially well for project management tasks. Learn more about Maven with Charles Chan's "Project management: Maven makes it easy" (developerWorks, April 2003).
- Aspect-oriented programming is an agile development technique for building highly decoupled and extensible enterprise systems. Learn more about AOP with Andrew Glover's "AOP banishes the tight-coupling blues" (developerWorks, February 2004).
- The open source template engine Freemarker was incorporated in both the Java code and the Groovy code blocks in Listing 6.
- The Jakarta Commons HttpClient library was featured in Listing 11.
- Groovy wouldn't be where it is today without the powerful influence of such languages as Python and Ruby.
- You'll find articles about every aspect of Java programming in the developerWorks Java technology zone.
- Browse for books on these and other technical topics.
- Also see the Java technology zone tutorials page for a complete listing of free Java-focused tutorials from developerWorks.
Andrew Glover is the President of Stelligent Incorporated, a Washington, DC, metro area company specializing in the construction of automated testing frameworks, which lower software bug counts, reduce integration and testing times, and improve overall code stability.
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Thomas Lebrun
Microsoft C# MVP
This.
Since extension methods might be complex to understand, so let’s see a traditional example first. Take a look at this simple program:
Although this works fine, the code is hard to read because it calls a static method which stands in a static class.
To simplify this code, we can use the Extension Methods available with C# 3. Take a look at the same application, rewritten with C# 3 and Extension Methods:
If you execute this application, you will see that the result is the same (the string is returned in uppercase) but the code is more intuitive and comprehensive than the previous version.
Before trying to understand how to implement an Extension Method, let’s use Reflector to take a look at the MSIL that the second example produces:
As you can see, the call to the Extension Method is translated, in IL (Intermediate Language), into a call to a simple static method. What does this mean? Simply that Extension Methods are nothing more than an easier way to call static methods, allowing you to write code that is more intuitive.
We can see that the code for our Extension Method has been translated during compilation into a static method with a specific attribute (ExtensionAttribute) enabling the compiler to understand that this method is, in fact, an Extension Method:
As with static methods, the validity of an Extension Method is tested during compilation. If, when compiling, the Extension Method is not found, you will receive an error message like this one:
“’string’ does not contain a definition for ‘StringToUpper’ and no extension method‘StringToUpper’ accepting a first argument of type ‘string’ could be found”:
As we have seen, Extension Methods are used in the same way as other instance methods. So how can you differentiate an Extension Methods from a “normal” method? Well, Visual Studio 2008 will help you in this task.
Indeed, Intellisense in Visual Studio 2008 has been improved to indicate to developers which kind of methods they are using. Thus, if you use Intellisense to display the list of all the methods and properties available for an object, you should be able to see something like this:
An Extension Method is distinguished by:
· A little blue arrow
· The text of the tooltip, which contains the string “(extension)”
Now that we have seen how Extension Methods work, let’s take a better look at the correct way of using this new feature in your projects.
To understand how to implement an Extension Method, let’s revisit our example:
An Extension Method is defined by several rules:
· The method is defined in a non-generic static class that is not nested.
· The method itself is static.
· The first parameter of an Extension Method is preceded by the modifier this. This parameter is called an “instance parameter” and can only appear as the first parameter of the method.
· No other parameter modifiers (ref, out, etc…) are allowed with the modifier this. As a result, a value type can’t be passed by reference to an Extension Method.
· The instance parameter cannot be a pointer type.
· The method must be public, internal or private: it's a stylistic choice to declare them public, but not a requirement!
· Extension Methods are in a namespace which is in scope.
If your method successfully matches all these points, you can safely say that it’s an Extension Method!
If your Extension Method is in another namespace (or another DLL), you will need a using statement to import the content of this namespace and make the call of your method possible:
LINQ (Language Integrated Query) is a new technology for querying objects, XML and SQL. It uses Extension Methods a lot. If you have already written LINQ code, you may have used these methods without knowing what kind of methods they were:
All the methods shown in this IntelliSense window reside in the namespace “System.Linq”, which is found in the assembly “System.Core.dll”. Take a look at this listing of the System.Linq.Enumerable class created inside Visual Studio 2008 from metadata:
About the author:
Thomas Lebrun currently works as a consultant and trainer at Winwise (). Since July 2007, he’s a Microsoft C# MVP for his work on C# and WPF. You can find his blog at.
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Although Visual Studio offers developers many tools and the power to accomplish almost every task, some developers require an additional or finer level of control. For example, they might have a task or series of tasks that they perform regularly and would like to automate. To address this issue, Visual Studio features a rich programming model, known as the Automation model, for extending and automating its integrated development environment (IDE). The Automation model provides the ability to automate the environment and provide extensions and new features to it.
Recording and running macros
Automating Repetitive Actions by Using Macros
The three ways to access Visual Studio Automation
The Spectrum of Visual Studio Automation
Functional groups of objects in the automation object model
Functional Automation Groups
How to create Add-ins
How to: Create an Add-in
How to reference the EnvDTE namespace and obtain an instance of the DTE object
Referencing Automation Assemblies and the DTE2 Object
Registering an Add-in
Add-In Registration
How to limit access to your project's .Addin XML registration file
Add-In Security
Exposing Add-ins on menus and toolbars
Displaying Add-Ins on Toolbars and Menus
Connecting add-ins to shortcut keys
Binding Add-In Commands to Keys
New changes in command bar functionality
CommandBar Changes for Visual Studio 2005
How to restore commands that disappear from a menu
How to: Restore Add-In Commands to the Menu
How to: Control Add-ins with the Add-In Manager
Debugging Add-ins
Walkthrough: Debugging an Add-in Project
Creating a Wizard
Walkthrough: Creating a Wizard
Starting wizards programmatically
Context Parameters for Launching Wizards
Wizard (.vsz) files
Configuring VSZ Files to Launch Wizards
VSDir files, and how they affect the Add Item and New Project dialog boxes
Adding Wizards to the Add Item and New Project Dialog Boxes Using VSDir Files
How to programmatically create a new instance of Visual Studio or attach to a specific instance of Visual Studio that is already running
How to: Create and Attach to Another Instance of Visual Studio
How to upgrade automation projects from previous versions of Visual Studio to Visual Studio 2005.
Migrating and Upgrading Add-ins from Visual Studio .NET 2003 to Visual Studio 2005
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Introduction: A major milestone for autonomic computing
OASIS has just approved a new standard from the Web Services Distributed Management Technical Committee (WSDM TC) as the first step toward solving the management integration problem. OASIS has approved and published two sets of specifications: Web Services Distributed Management: Management Using Web Services (MUWS) and Web Services Distributed Management: Management of Web Services (see Resources). For a high-level article about WSDM, see the developerWorks article "A little wisdom about WSDM."
The standardization of WSDM 1.0 is an important milestone for autonomic computing technology. To understand why, you need to look at the fundamental goals of autonomic computing. From the beginning, IBM's Autonomic Computing initiative recognized that autonomic computing could not rely on being a proprietary offering. The value of autonomic computing will be fully realized when autonomic managers are able to bring self-managing capabilities to much of the equipment and software in an Enterprise IT infrastructure. The paper, An Architectural Blueprint for Autonomic Computing states, "Autonomic computing systems require autonomic managers to be deployed across the IT infrastructure, managing various resources (including other autonomic managers) from a diverse range of suppliers. Therefore, these systems must be based on open industry standards.â
Open standards that address the manageability capabilities of today's IT resources are essential to successfully deploying autonomic computing technologies. The WSDM standard is important in several respects:
- First, every leading system management software supplier participated in this committee, along with many vendors of middleware, operating systems, and hardware, assuring broad industry support. This is critical for any standard to be useful.
- Second, this standard provides a necessary management interface to a technology (Web services) that is vital to today's business. Businesses are realizing the benefit of Web services in business-critical applications, and this standard provides the way to use system management tools with those critical applications.
- Finally, it allows system management platforms to take advantage of the tremendous power offered by the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) of Web services. The article "Management Using Web Services -- A proposed architecture and roadmap" explains how SOA technologies will significantly improve the ease in which management technologies, especially from multiple suppliers, can be integrated, just as Web services has proven for business applications. This is a very important benefit for autonomic computing architecture. With management interfaces to IT resources being exposed through Web services, autonomic managers can use standardized descriptors to understand, monitor, and interact with the management functions of those resources, without the need to have been custom designed to handle specific ranges of resources.
The value of WSDM is further enhanced through contributions, by IBM and others, of new technologies that are cornerstones of autonomic computing. Key technologies such as IBM's Common Base Event, which was used as the basis for the WSDM Event Format, can improve the ability to correlate events from multiple resources, thus permitting improved turnaround and accuracy of problem diagnosis in complex computing environments.
While the WSDM standard as an initial foundation provides substantial progress toward fully autonomic computing environments, additional specifications in support of autonomic environments will emerge over time. Although Web services is not the only technology on which autonomic computing platforms can be built, the advantages of using Web services certainly improve the ease in which autonomic computing can be implemented and integrated. From the Autonomic Computing Blueprint:
This architecture does not prescribe a particular management protocol or instrumentation technology because the architecture needs to work with the various computing technologies and standards that exist in the industry today -- SNMP, Java Management Extensions (JMX), Distributed Management Task Force, Inc. (DMTF) -- as well as future technologies.
Given the diversity of these management technologies that already exist in the IT industry, this architecture endorses Web services techniques for sensors and effectors. These techniques encourage implementers to leverage existing approaches and support multiple binding and marshalling techniques.
How WSDM fits into autonomic computing implementations
The autonomic computing architecture, as described in the Autonomic Computing Blueprint, consists of one or more control loops that dynamically manage various aspects of a computing infrastructure. The acronym MAPE is sometimes used to describe the autonomic control loop because of its four basic elements: Monitor, Analyze, Plan, and Execute. The autonomic control loop, with associated knowledge about the system, its policies, and internal algorithms for managing resources, is defined as an autonomic manager.
The autonomic manager performs a set of self-managing tasks based on business goals established by the business. The tasks may be very broad or may be a very narrow set of management capabilities, but all are based on the requirements of the resources being managed by the autonomic manager. For example, there might be autonomic managers that are dedicated to performing self-healing functions. These autonomic managers must monitor the health of the resources they manage, analyze existing conditions, and apply changes to those resources if conditions warrant.
Figure 1 shows the idealized view of the autonomic manager and its manageability interface to the resources.
Figure 1. Autonomic manager and manageability interface
The implementation of the manageability interfaces on resources managed by the autonomic manager is called a touchpoint. The architecture of a touchpoint is defined by the Autonomic Computing Architecture team and may be implemented in a variety of ways that are appropriate for the managed resource.
The Autonomic Computing Blueprint provides this description of a touchpoint:
A touchpoint is an autonomic computing system building block that implements sensor and effector behavior for one or more of a managed resource's manageability mechanisms. It also provides a standard manageability interface. Deployed manageable resources are accessed and controlled through these manageability interfaces. Manageability interfaces employ mechanisms such as log files, events, commands, application programming interfaces (APIs) and configuration files. These mechanisms provide various ways to gather details about and change the behavior of the managed resources. In the context of this blueprint, the mechanisms used to gather details are aggregated into a sensor for the managed resource and the mechanisms used to change the behavior of the managed resources are aggregated into an effector for the resource.
Owing to the benefits of Web services, the preferred implementation of a touchpoint is to expose it as one or more Web service interfaces. In this case, the touchpoint should be WSDM compliant as a WSDM Manageable Resource.
As you'll see in more detail shortly, WSDM does not normatively define all the capabilities that are required elements of an autonomic computing touchpoint. For example, the IBM Common Base Event requires elements that do not have a corresponding element in WSDM's Event Format. Fortunately, the extensible nature of the WSDM interface permits touchpoint implementers to provide these capabilities, through WSDM-compliant extensions, but the implementation of the extensions may not be standardized. Because the use of the extensions is not normatively defined, interoperability can be achieved only through agreement among stakeholders in the relevant resource/manager relationships. IBM is working closely with other industry leaders to agree on appropriate usage of these WSDM extensions and possible standardization of those extensions so that customers can reap maximum benefit from this important standard.
As these topics develop in the industry, WSDM and the manageability interfaces to enable autonomic computing will evolve. It is understandable that WSDM 1.0 does not define all you need to implement a touchpoint; however, it certainly provides a solid base and extension points on which an autonomic computer-compliant touchpoint can be built. The remainder of this document describes how this can be done today.
One important point regarding touchpoints is that, in today's complex world, resources are rarely simple, single-function entities. A database server, for example, represents an aggregate of multiple related resources such as multiple databases, database table spaces, database tables, and so on. A Web application server would, in turn, "host" a number of Web applications being managed by that server. This view, while very real, is beyond the scope of this article. Therefore, we focus on the simple case for the sake of clarity. As a result, there are additional manageability capabilities that are not discussed here, but are essential to support the model of hosted resources.
Details about touchpoints
The manageability interface is divided into sensors and effectors.
Sensors provide the means for managers to access the state of the manageable resource, either on demand or through notifications, when state changes occur. An example of a sensor is an endpoint that exposes information about the current operational status of a manageable resource and transitions in that operational state.
Effectors provide the means for a manager to affect the state and behavior of the manageable resource. An example of an effector is an endpoint that provides an operation to stop the manageable resource; that is, change its operational status to "stopped".
The sensor and effector interfaces support four unique styles of interaction between the touchpoint and the autonomic manager: Request-response, Send-notification, Perform-operation, and Solicit-response.
The request-response and solicit-response interaction styles are "request-response" flows that return data. For the send-notification and perform-operation interaction styles, the data flow is primarily "one-way." They do not return any data, but can return details about the success or failure of the flow.
WSDM currently does not define a solicit-response interaction style, so this interaction style, if required, must be supported as an extension or viewed as a Web services request-response flow to another service. Touchpoints are not required to support all interaction styles but must support request-response (so that their identity can be retrieved).
Figure 2. Sensors and effectors
Manageability capabilities
Autonomic computing architecture defines a set of manageability capabilities that touchpoints support. From the article "A little wisdom about WSDM:"
A manageability capability is a composable set of properties, operations, events, metadata and other semantics that supports a particular management task. They capture may extend existing foundational capabilities as appropriate.
Some manageability capabilities are required, some are optional, and touchpoints are likely to define their own unique capabilities essential for the management of their resources. In all cases, however, the manageability capabilities are to be expressed in a form compliant with the WSDM specification.
In general, sensors are realized as having WSDM metrics, identity, and relationship capabilities. These capabilities provide both properties, accessible through the WS-Resource Properties interface, and notifications containing WSDM Event Format-compliant messages. Effectors are realized as WSDM Configuration capabilities, which define properties that can be set through the WS-Resource Properties interfaces, and other operations that change behavior.
Table 1 describes the manageability capabilities that an autonomic computing touchpoint for a simple manageable resource (MR) implements. Note that in the table there are three namespaces used. The namespace prefixes used in the table indicate the source of the specification for the interface as follows:
- wsdm: defined in WSDM V1.0 standard
- wsrp: defined in WS-Resource Framework (WS-RF), WS-Resource Properties specification.
- actp: defined in the autonomic computing architecture as extensions to published or draft standards. The interfaces indicated in this article may change before they are officially published.
Capabilities are listed as Required (must be implemented by the touchpoint), Optional (may be implemented by the touchpoint), or Strongly recommended (should be implemented by the touchpoint). The Req. column indicates these requirements as "R," "O," or "S," respectively.
Table 1. Touchpoint manageability capabilities
actp:ResourceType: ResourceType is used to provide a classification hierarchy for manageable resources. This classification hierarchy allows autonomic managers to provide various degrees of specialized management functions, depending on the sophistication and knowledge of the manager. For example, a Microsoft Windows™ operating system might have a classification hierarchy of "Operating System," "Windows," "Win32 Operating System," and "Windows XP Professional." Using this classification hierarchy, an autonomic manager that knows how to manage only a "Win32 Operating System" could perform some degree of management, whereas another autonomic manager that knows about the unique capabilities of a "Windows XP Professional" operating system might be able to perform a greater degree of control. Both managers, however, could manage the resource to some extent.
This interface has two properties:
- actp:ResourceType is a set of URIs that identifies the resource types for a manageable resource. A manageable resource can have multiple types. Each type is either in the classification hierarchy of the leaf type of the resource, or it consists of an alternate classification of the manageable resource.
- actp:Name contains a string that is a locally known name of the resource. The name is assigned by the resource and may be unique to each instance of the resource (different resource models may use different schemes for a combination of identification properties that uniquely identify the resource). For example, the Name of an operating system or application server resource could be the hostname of the resource's host (which could be unique for each instance of the resource), rather than the product name of the resource (which typically would not be unique for each instance of the resource).
Details about touchpoints
Autonomic managers use their Monitor function to sense the condition of the resources they manage, and then this information is passed on to the remainder of the control loop (analyze, plan, and execute functions) so that any changes that are necessary to achieve the autonomic manager's goals can be applied. Although implementations that continuously poll resource conditions can be implemented, these tend to be inefficient (owing to polling overhead) or unresponsive (if the polling interval is set to a long time). Event-driven response often provides the most effective balance between these two and, therefore, is likely to be the preferred method.
Although virtually every management system uses events for efficient monitoring of conditions, the autonomic computing architecture recognizes that events produced by the wide variety of IT resources can be classified into a relatively small set of event categories, or situations. By doing so, not only can events be collected efficiently through event notification, but they also can be analyzed efficiently, thereby improving response time and reducing manager processing overhead. Furthermore, with the subsequent simplification of reported events from the disparate resources, the autonomic computing team recognized that correlation of events from multiple resources could be significantly improved and automated, yielding a much higher level of sophistication in the scope of problems that could be analyzed automatically.
IBM's autonomic computing architecture developed the Common Base Event and submitted this work to the WSDM TC for incorporation into the WSDM standard. Although not all of the elements of the Common Base Event were incorporated into the WSDM standard, the structure and classification work significantly influenced the WSDM Event Format.
The WSDM Event Format is an extensible XML format that defines a set of fundamental, consistent data elements that allow different types of management event information to be reported in a consistent manner. The WSDM Event Format enables programmatic processing, correlation, and interpretation of events from different products, platforms, and management technologies.
The WSDM Event Format is organized into three categories for management event data:
- The identifier of the event reporter
- The identifier of the event source
- Situation data
Each category defines a few standard properties that are found in most management events and may be extended to add event and situation-specific data. The situation data includes situation time, situation category, situation disposition priority, severity, message, and substitutable message elements. WSDM also defines a standard set of priorities, severities, and situation categories, such as
StartSituation, StopSituation, and
CreateSituation, to facilitate a common understanding of events received from a variety of resources, resource instrumentation, and management infrastructure. These standard categories allow much more robust problem detection, analysis, correlation, and response.
WSDM supports notifications using WS-Notifications and WSDM Event Formatted messages. WS-Notification provides the publish-subscription services for Web services architectures. Various filtering methods can be employed to allow managers to subscribe based on categories of events for a resource, such as all metric changes or configuration changes rather than subscribing to each independent property change event.
The WSDM Event Format is extensible so that an implementer can map all required fields from the Common Base Event into the WSDM Event.
The WSDM 1.0 standard forms a solid foundation on which self-managing autonomic computing systems can be built and takes a major step forward in improving the manageability and robustness of today's IT infrastructures.
We have shown that WSDM, and the underlying WS-ResourceProperties specification, provide a significant portion of the autonomic computing touchpoint definition, the essential manageability interface required for autonomic computing. WSDM was developed with the future in mind and is extensible so that autonomic computing platforms can use this standard today.
Through WSDM, Web services can now be managed and, equally important, the advantages of Web services technologies can be applied to solving the difficult management integration problem in today's complex, heterogeneous computing environments. Furthermore, with the improved sophistication of management interfaces, technologies such as those resulting from IBM's autonomic computing initiative can help customers enjoy the benefits of self-managing systems using this new standard.
- The IBM whitepaper, "An Architectural Blueprint for Autonomic Computing" provides additional background on concepts addressed in this article.
- Download the "Systems management in a Web services world: Management Using Web Services -- A proposed architecture and roadmap " whitepaper, which shows you how Web services, leveraging standards, are the key to tie together multiple vendor management system solutions across heterogeneous systems and to begin to simplify the resulting integration challenges.
- Key technologies such as IBM's Common Base Event, which was used as the basis for the WSDM Event Format, can improve the ability to correlate events from multiple resources.
- Web Services Distributed Management: Management using Web Services (MUWS 1.0), Part 1 is a useful OASIS standard. Part 2 is also available from OASIS.
- Heather Kreger has written an excellent introductory article on WSDM titled "A little wisdom about WSDM." (developerWorks, March 2005)
- Web Services Resource Properties 1.2 (WS-ResourceProperties) is a working draft from OASIS.
- An article on developerWorks that provides a solid foundation for understanding SOA is "Service-Oriented Architecture expands the vision of Web services." (developerWorks, April 2004)
- The OASIS technical committees for WSRF, WSDM, and WSN are good resources for developers interested in Web services development.
Heather Kreger is a Lead Architect for Web Services and Management in the Standards and Emerging Technologies area. She is currently co-lead of the OASIS Web Services Distributed Management Technical Committee and member of several related DMTF Work Groups. Heather was the IBM the “Web Services Conceptual Architecture,” “WS-Manageability,” and her book “Java and JMX, Building Manageable Systems.”
Thomas Studwell is a Senior Technical Staff Member in the IBM Autonomic Computing Architecture organization. Tom is responsible for promoting IBM's Autonomic computing technologies in open industry standards. Tom is a contributing participant in the OASIS Web Services Distributed Management Technical Committee and was responsible for submitting IBM's Common Base Event specification to the WSDM TC. Tom is a member of the IEEE and has a number of patents and publications in computing technologies.
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Wade Mascia, J.D. Meier, Alex Mackman, Blaine Wastell, Prashant Bansode, Andy Wigley, Kishore Gopalan
Microsoft Corporation
September 2005
This How To shows you how to configure and use protocol transition and constrained delegation to allow your ASP.NET application to access network resources while impersonating the original caller. The Microsoft® Windows® 2000 operating system supports delegation; however, access to downstream servers or services cannot be limited by delegation. The Microsoft® Windows Server™ 2003 operating system provides a more secure form of delegation called constrained delegation. With constrained delegation, you can configure the Microsoft Active Directory® directory service to restrict the services and servers that your ASP.NET application can access with the impersonated.
For demonstration purposes, this How To uses protocol transition with forms authentication. In practice, you would use the LogonUser API because you already obtained the username and password. An example of a production scenario for protocol transition is where you use certificates to authenticate users and want to map them to existing Windows accounts.
Objectives
Overview
Scenarios
Summary of Steps
Step 1. Use an S4U Logon to Create a Windows Token for the Original Caller
Step 2. Configure Your Service or Machine account for Constrained Delegation
Step 3. Implement and Test Protocol Transition
Using Constrained Delegation Through Multiple Tiers
Domain Functional Levels
Additional Resources.
In many situations—for example, if your users access a Web site over the Internet.
Note that impersonating a Windows identity to access downstream resources brings a number of advantages, but also some disadvantages. The advantages include the ability to use Windows auditing to track user access to back-end resources, and the ability to implement fine-grained access controls to resources (such as databases) on a per-user basis. The disadvantages include the additional administration required to administer fine-grained access controls and reduced scalability. For many applications, the trusted subsystem model is appropriate; for example, where the Web server authenticates the caller, but then uses a service identity to access downstream resources on behalf of the original caller. This results in reduced administration and improved scalability. For more information on selecting the appropriate authentication model for your application, see Building Secure ASP.NET Applications: Authentication, Authorization, and Secure Communication.
The use of protocol transition to access downstream resources relies on two extensions to the Kerberos protocol. Both extensions are implemented in Windows Server 2003. These extensions are:
For more information about protocol transition and the related service for user (S4U) extensions to the Kerberos protocol, see Exploring S4U Kerberos Extensions in Windows Server 2003.:
Protocol transition is appropriate when a non-Windows authentication mechanism is used by your Web application to authenticate clients. Consider the following scenarios:
Note The example in this How To uses forms authentication for simplicity.
Follow these steps to use protocol transition and constrained delegation in ASP.NET 2.0 on Windows Server 2003:
If your users have Windows domain accounts, but must connect to your Web server from outside the domain or a non-trusted domain (for example, over the Internet), then you cannot use integrated Windows authentication. Instead, you can use a non-Windows authentication mechanism, and then transition to Kerberos as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Using an S4U logon to call a database from an ASP.NET application using the caller's identity
Create an ASP.NET application and configure it to use forms authentication. Note that instead of forms authentication, you could use any non-Windows authentication mechanism to authenticate the users of your application.
To configure a Web site for forms authentication
<system.web>
...
<authentication mode="Forms"/>
<authorization>
<deny users="?" />
</authorization>
...
</system.web>
To create a login form for the Web site
<%@ Page Language="C#" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "">
<html >
<head runat="server">
<title>Protocol Transition</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<div>
<asp:Login
</asp:Login>
</div>
>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Add the following code to your application. This code takes the user name supplied in the login form, constructs a UPN in the format userName@domainName, and passes the UPN to the WindowsIdentity constructor. This constructor uses the Kerberos S4U extension to obtain a Windows token for the user. The code then uses the token to begin impersonation.
using System.Security.Principal;
...
// Obtain the user name (obtained from forms authentication)
string identity = User.Identity.Name;
// Convert the user name);
WindowsImpersonationContext wic = null;
try
{
wic = wi.Impersonate();
// Code to access network resources goes here.
}
catch()
{
// Ensure that an exception is not propagated higher in the call stack.
}
finally
{
// Make sure to remove the impersonation token
if( wic != null)
wic.Undo();
}
Note In many cases, the UPN is the user's e-mail address, but it does not have to be. For some accounts, it may not be configured at all. The default format for a UPN is userName@DomainName. If you are logged on to a domain, you can display your user name in UPN format by running the command whoami /upn from a command prompt. Whoami is a command-line tool available on Windows Server 2003 and in the in the Support/Tools directory on the Windows XP Professional operating system CD.
The type of token generated with the S4U2Self extension determines what you can do with the token while impersonating. You can obtain the following token types:
Note This.
Note If your process account is part of the TCB, you get an impersonate-level token. To access network resources, you must enable protocol transition in Active Directory. In this case, you can obtain S4U2Proxy tickets on behalf of your client by accessing remote services defined in the A2D2 list.
In this step, you configure Active Directory to allow your Web application to use constrained delegation to access a remote database server.
If your ASP.NET application runs using the Network Service machine account, then you must enable protocol transition and constrained delegation for your Web server computer. However, if your ASP.NET application runs under a custom domain account, you must enable protocol transition and constrained delegation for the custom domain account.
Note If you use a custom domain account to run SQL Server, you must create a service principal name (SPN) for this account. You can do this by using the following command:
setspn -A MSSQLSvc/ databaseservername.fullyqualifieddomainname
domain\customAccountName
If you run SQL Server by using the System account (which is not recommended because of the associated high privileges that an attacker could exploit), an SPN is created automatically for you.
For more information about running your ASP.NET application under a custom account, see How To: Create a Service Account for an ASP.NET 2.0 Application.
To configure protocol transition for the machine account
This procedure assumes that you are running your Web application under the Network Service machine account.
Note.
If you select Use Kerberos only, constrained delegation works only with Kerberos authentication. If you are using protocol transition to switch from forms authentication (or an alternate non-Kerberos authentication mechanism) to Kerberos, then you must select Use any authentication protocol.
Note If you want to delegate to a file on a file share, you need to select the Common Internet File System (CIFS) service.
To configure protocol transition for a custom domain account
This procedure assumes that you are running your Web application under a custom domain account.
setspn -A HTTP/webservername domain\customAccountName
setspn -A HTTP/webservername.fullyqualifieddomainname
domain\customAccountName
Note You can only have a single SPN associated with any HTTP service (DNS) name, which means you cannot create SPNs for different service accounts mapped to the same HTTP server unless they are on different ports. The SPN can include a port number.
Note If the Properties dialog box for your account does not have a Delegation tab, this indicates that a service principal name (SPN) does not exist for the user. Create an SPN as explained in step 1, above.
In this step, you implement the code necessary to call the database using the identity of the caller. This example assumes the target database is a SQL Server called DBServer, the database server requires Windows authentication and the required database is the Northwind database.
Note To allow access to SQL Server, you must create a SQL Server login for each of your application's end users or for a set of groups that the users belong to, and grant them read access to the Northwind database.
To implement code that uses the caller's identity
<configuration xmlns="">
<connectionStrings>
<add name="nwindConnectionString" connectionString=
"Data Source=DBServer;Initial Catalog=northwind;Integrated Security=True"
providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
</connectionStrings>
...
</configuration>
Using System.Data.SqlClient;
Using System.Security.Principal;
...
private DataTable CallDatabase()
{
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
WindowsImpersonationContext wic = null;
try
{
// First, impersonate the original caller
wic = ImpersonateEndUser();
// Fetch data from the database using the original caller's
// security context
using (SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection())
{
conn.ConnectionString = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings
["nwindConnectionString"].ConnectionString;
conn.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("Select ProductName from Products",
conn);
SqlDataAdapter da = new SqlDataAdapter(cmd);
da.Fill(dt);
}
}
catch
{
// Do not let the exception propagate higher up the call stack
}
finally
{
// Ensure that impersonation is stopped
if( wic != null)
wic.Undo();
}
return dt;
}
private WindowsImpersonationContext ImpersonateEndUser()
{
// Obtain the user name (from forms authentication)
string identity = User.Identity.Name;
// Convert);
return wi.Impersonate();
}
Note the following points about the preceding code:
By default, an identify-level token is returned. You can only use this to check the user's group membership. You cannot access local or remote resources. However, if you configure protocol transition in Active Directory, you can use the token to access specified services on selected servers as defined by the A2D2 list.
In this example, after the membership system in ASP.NET verifies the user's password, the Web application converts the user's name into the UPN form and constructs a WindowsIdentity object.
If you try to create a WindowsIdentity object for a user that does not exist, the WindowsIdentity constructor generates a System.Security.SecurityException with the message Logon failure: unknown user name or bad password.
To test protocol transition and constrained delegation
Note By default, the ASP.NET login controls automatically create and configure a SQL Express membership database in the \app_data folder to act as your membership database. For more information about how to use alternate databases, see How To: Use Membership in ASP.NET 2.0.
You can use constrained delegation to pass the original caller's identity through multiple application tiers, for example from a Web server to an application server to a database server.
In the following intranet scenario, the client's computer is on the same domain as the servers and can communicate directly with the domain controller. As a result, the ASP.NET application is configured for Windows authentication and the Web site is configured in IIS for integrated Windows authentication.
The Web server accesses middle-tier business logic exposed by a Web service on an application server. This scenario is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Use constrained delegation with or without protocol transition through multiple tiers where the original caller is authenticated with Windows authentication.
The key features of this scenario are:
To configure the Web server, you need to enable Windows authentication within IIS, configure your ASP.NET application for impersonation, and set the Credentials property of the Web service proxy.
To configure your Web server and ASP.NET presentation-tier application
<system.web>
...
<authentication mode="Windows"/>
<identity impersonate="true"/>
...
</system.web>
// Call the web service passing the original user's credentials
DataAccessWS.WebService ws = new DataAccessWS.WebService();
ws.Credentials = CredentialCache.DefaultCredentials;
ws.GetData();
To configure the application server, you need to enable Windows authentication within IIS, configure your ASP.NET application for impersonation, and use Windows authentication to access the database.
To configure your application server and Web service
You must configure Active Directory to allow the Web server application to use constrained delegation to access the Web service on the application server. You must also configure Active Directory to allow the Web service on the application server to access the SQL Server database.
To configure constrained delegation for the Web server
To configure constrained delegation for the application server
Follow the configuration steps described above for the Web server, except restrict access to the MSSQLSvc service on the database server.
Note If you are using a custom domain account to run your Web application, Web service or SQL Server, be sure that you have created an SPN for the account. For details about creating an SPN, see "Step 2. Configure Your Service or Machine Account."
By default, a Windows Server 2003 domain runs in Windows 2000 mixed mode. You must raise the domain functional level to Windows Server 2003 to use constrained delegation and protocol transition.
Note This change is not reversible.
To verify the domain functional level
To raise the domain functional level to Windows Server 2003.
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Pyrex is a language specially designed for writing Python extension modules. According to the Pyrex Web site, "It's designed to bridge the gap between the nice, high-level, easy-to-use world of Python and the messy, low-level world of C." Almost any piece of Python code is also valid Pyrex code, but you can add optional static type declarations to Pyrex code, making the declared objects run at C speed.
In some sense, Pyrex is just part of a growing family of Python-like languages: Jython, IronPython, Prothon, Boo, Vyper (now-defunct), Stackless Python (in a way), or the Parrot runtime (in another way). In language terms, Pyrex is essentially just Python with type declarations added in. The few other variations on the language do not amount to that much (although the extension to the
for loop does have an elegance to it).
The reason you actually want to use Pyrex, however, is to write modules that run faster -- maybe a lot faster -- than pure Python can possibly run.
Internally, Pyrex generates a C program out of a Pyrex one. The intermediate
module.c file remains available for hand tweaking, in the unlikely event you need to do that. For "normal" Pyrex users, however, there is no reason to modify the generated C module. Pyrex itself gives you access to all the C-level constructs that are most important for speed, while saving you from all the C gotchas of memory allocation and deallocation, pointer arithmetic, prototypes, and so on. Pyrex also seamlessly handles all the interfacing with Python-level objects; mostly it does this by declaring variables as
PyObject structures where necessary and using Python C-API calls for memory handling and type conversions.
For the most part, Pyrex runs faster than Python by avoiding the need to continuously box and unbox variables of simple data types. An
int in Python, for example, is an object with a bunch of methods. It has a tree of ancestors, itself having a computed "method resolution order" (MRO). It has allocators and dellocators for memory handling. And it knows when to promote itself to a
long, and how to enter into numeric operations with values of other types. All those extra capabilities mean many levels of indirection and many more conditional checks when you do things with
int objects. On the other hand, a C or Pyrex
int variable is just a region in memory with some bits set to ones or zeros. Doing something with a C/Pyrex
int does not involve any indirection or conditional checks. A CPU "add" operation is just performed in silicon.
In well-chosen cases, a Pyrex module can run 40-50 times faster than a Python version of the same module. But in contrast to writing the module in C, per se, the Pyrex version will hardly be any longer than the Python version, and the code will look much more like Python than like C.
Of course, when you start talking about making Python(-like) modules fast, Pyrex is not the only tool there is. Psyco also lives at the back of every Python developer's mind. Psyco -- to keep it very short -- is a just-in-time (JIT) compiler of Python code into (x86) machine code. Unlike Pyrex, Psyco does not exactly type variables but rather creates several speculative machine code versions of each Python block based on each hypothesis about what the data types might be. If the data turns out to be of a simple type such as
int for the entire run of a given block, that block (especially if it loops) can run very quickly. So, for example,
x can be an
int within a loop that runs a million times but still be assigned a
float value at the end of the loop. Psyco happily speeds up the million iterations by using essentially the same (speculative) unboxing that you can specify explicitly with Pyrex.
Although Pyrex is not difficult either, Psyco is childishly simple to use. Using Psyco amounts to nothing more than putting a few lines at the end of your module; in fact, if you use the right lines, the module will run identically (except more slowly), even when Psyco is not available:
Listing 1. Using Psyco only if available
To use Pyrex, you do need to change a bit more in your code (but only just a bit), and you also need to have a C compiler available and properly configured on the system on which you generate the Pyrex module. You can distribute binary Pyrex modules, but for your module to work elsewhere, you must match the Python version, architecture, and optimization flags that the end user needs.
A (naive) first try for speed
I recently created a pure-Python implementation of hashcash for the developerWorks article Beat spam using hashcash, but basically, hashcash is a technique for proving CPU work using SHA-1 challenges. Python has a standard module
sha, which makes coding hashcash relatively simple.
Unlike 95 percent of the Python programs I write, the slow speed of my
hashcash module bothers me, at least a little bit. By design, the protocol is meant to eat CPU cycles, so runtime efficiency really does matter. The ANSI C binary of
hashcash.c runs about 10 times as quickly as my
hashcash.py script. Moreover, the brilliantly optimized PPC/Altivec-enabled binary of
hashcash.c runs another four times as fast as the generic ANSI C version (a G4/Altivec at 1 Ghz easy outpaces a Pentium4™/MMX at 3 Ghz in hashcash/SHA speed; a G5 is that much faster still). So testing on my TiPowerbook shows my module to be an embarrassing 40 times slower than the optimized C version (although the gap is far less on x86).
Because the module runs slowly, maybe Pyrex would be a good candidate for speeding it up. At least that was my thought. The first thing I did in "Pyrex-izing"
hashcash.py (after installing Pyrex, of course) was to simply copy it to
hashcash_pyx.pyx and try processing it like this:
Running this command happily generates a file
hashcash.c (once a few minor changes are made to the source file). Unfortunately, getting the
gcc switches just right for my platform was a bit trickier, so I decided to take the recommended shortcut of letting
distutils figure it out for me. A standard Python installation knows how to work with the local C compiler during module installations, and using
distutils makes sharing a Pyrex module easier. I created a
setup_hashcash.py script as follows:
Listing 2. The setup_hashcash.py script
Running the following line fully builds a C-based extension module,
hashcash:
I slightly overstated the ease I experienced in generating a C-based module out of
hashcash.pyx. Actually, I had to make two changes to the source code; I found the locations by looking at where
pyrexc complained. I used one unsupported list comprehension in my code, which I had to unroll into a regular
for loop. Simple enough. I also had to change one augmented assignment from
counter+=1 to
counter=counter+1.
That's it. That was my first Pyrex module.
To easily test the speed of the incrementally improving modules I planned to develop, I wrote a small test harness to run different versions of the module:
Listing 3. Test harness, hashcash_test.py
Excitedly, I decided to see just how much speed improvement I got just by compiling via Pyrex. Note that in all the samples below, the actual time varies widely and randomly. The figure to look at is the "hashes per second," which pretty reliably measures speed. So comparing native Python with Pyrex:
Listing 4. Native Python versus "barely Pyrex"
Oops! It went almost 20 percent slower by using Pyrex. Not really what I was hoping for. It's time to start analyzing the code for speed-up possibilities. Here's the short function that takes substantially all the time:
Listing 5. Worker function in hashcash.py
I need to take advantage of Pyrex variable declarations to get a speedup. Some variables are obviously integers, and others are obviously strings -- I'll specify that. And while I'm at it, I'll use Pyrex's enhanced
for loop:
Listing 6. Minimally Pyrex-enhanced minter
Pretty easy so far. I have just declared some variable types that I clearly know, and I used the cleanest Pyrex counter loop. A little trick is assigning
py_digest (a Python string) to
digest (a C/Pyrex string) in order to type it. Experimentally, I also found that a looping string comparison is faster than taking a slice. How much does all of this help?
Listing 7. Pyrex-ized speed results for minting
This is better. I've managed a slight improvement from native Python, and a pretty good improvement over my initial Pyrex module. Still nothing very impressive though -- a few percent gain.
Something seems wrong here. Gaining a few percent in speed differs from gaining 40 times like the Pyrex home page -- and many Pyrex users -- boast about. It's time to see where my Python
_mint() function is actually spending its time. A quick script (not shown) breaks out just what is going on in the complex compound operation
sha(challenge+hex(counter)[2:]).hexdigest():
Listing 8. Timing aspects of hashcash minting
Clearly, I cannot eliminate the loop itself from the
_mint() function. Pyrex's enhanced
for probably speeds it up slightly, but the whole function is mainly the loop. And I cannot get rid of the call to
sha() -- at least not unless I am willing to reimplement SHA-1 in Pyrex (I am far from confident that I could do better than the writers of the Python standard
sha module even if I did this). Moreover, if I hope to get an actual hash out of the
sha.SHA object, I have to call
.hexdigest() or
.digest(); the former is slightly faster, too.
All that is really left to address is the
hex() conversion on the counter variable, and perhaps the slice taken from the result. I might be able to squeeze a little bit out of concatenating Pyrex/C strings rather than Python string objects, too. The only way I see to avoid the
hex() conversion, however, is to manually build a suffix out of nested loops. Doing this can avoid any int->char conversion, but also makes for more code:
Listing 9. Fully Pyrex-optimized minter
This Pyrex function still looks quite a bit easier to read than the corresponding C function would, but it is certainly more complicated than was my naively elegant pure-Python version. By the way, unrolling the suffix generation in pure Python has a slightly negative effect on overall speed versus the initial version. In Pyrex, as you would expect, these nested loops are pretty much free, and I save the cost of conversion and slicing:
Listing 10. Optimizing Pyrex-ized speed results for minting
Better than I started with, certainly. But still well under a doubling of speed. The problem is that most of the time was -- and is -- spent in calls to the Python library, and nothing I might code around those calls prevents or speeds them up.
A disappointing comparison
Getting a speedup of 50 to 60% still seems worthwhile. And I have not done that much coding to get it. But if you think about adding the two statements
import psyco;psyco.bind(_mint) to the initial Python version, this speedup does not seem so impressive:
Listing 11. Psyco-ized speed results for minting
In other words, Psyco does almost as much with just two generic lines of code. Of course, Psyco only works on x86 platforms, whereas Pyrex will work anywhere that has a C compiler. But for the particular example at issue,
os.popen('hashcash -m '+options) will still be many times faster than either Pyrex or Psyco will get you (assuming the C utility
hashcash is available, of course).
In the best case, Pyrex can indeed produce quite fast code. For example, the Pyrex home page prominently features a numeric-intensive function for calculating a list of initial prime numbers. All operations involved are performed on integers, so type declarations can speed up the algorithm quite substantially. This Pyrex function just barely differs from pure Python -- just a few declarations added:
Listing 12. Pyrex function for finding primes
I also wrote the same function as actual Python, basically just by taking the declarations back out. Running the Pyrex and Python versions, and also a Psyco-ized Python version gives these times:
Listing 13. Times for finding primes in Python, Psyco, and Pyrex
So, in the best case, Pyrex does a lot better than Python, and still quite significantly better than the Psyco speedup. I have a hunch, however, that I might be able to improve Psyco's speed by fiddling with some algorithm details. Even so, Pyrex almost certainly represents the best you can do for this type of problem. The generated C code looks almost exactly the same as what you'd write if you simply started with C.
There are a few things that Pyrex does quite well. For code that works with simple numeric or character data in tight loops, Pyrex can produce significant speedups, maybe 50 times the speed in best cases. If a Python application encounters a significant bottleneck in numeric functions, creating Pyrex versions of those functions is very sensible. But the cases where you find significant gains are relatively constrained. Code that spends most of its time making library calls is just not going to benefit that much from Pyrex speeding up incidental loop overhead. Moreover, in many cases, a generic two lines enabling Psyco can produce an improvement similar to what you get though a moderate degree of rewriting from Python into Pyrex. Pyrex code is easy to write, but you have to write it, unlike with Psyco.
I will note that the efforts with hashcash in this article are not the best you might do. I am confident that (with much more work) it would be possible to modify the Python
sha module a bit to enable direct calls to the C-level interface, thereby avoiding the Python-level calling overheads. It might also be possible to find some other optimized SHA-1 implementation in C. Pyrex code is perfectly able to utilize external C code, and calling a
sha() function written in C will be faster than boxing and unboxing it in Python objects and namespaces. But then, it is not clear why this is worthwhile, given a quite good existing C implementation of hashcash.
Another option to think about, however, in writing specialized numeric functions using Pyrex is whether Numerical Python might be a suitable tool for your work. The
numeric package is fairly general, and quite fast for what it does. Using
numeric does not involve any non-Python code for its end user, just calls to appropriate library functions. The coverage of
numeric is certainly not identical to those functions that can benefit from Pyrex, but there is certainly some overlap.
- Visit the Pyrex Web site for manuals and a tutorial, as well as the module itself.
- Get more info on Psyco in David's Charming Python installment Make Python run as fast as C with Psyco (developerWorks, October 2002).
- Learn more about David's pure-Python implementation of hashcash in Beat spam using hashcash (developerWorks, November 2004).
- Download the Python module that David wrote,
hashcash.py.
- David's Charming Python installment on Numerical Python (developerWorks, October 2003) covers
Numarrayand
Numeric.
- For more on Python, read the author's Charming Python columns on developerWorks.
- Find more resources for Linux™ developers in the developerWorks Linux zone.
-.
- See the latest development techniques and products in action at the complimentary IBM developerWorks Live! technical briefings. If you're new to Linux, take a look at the half-day technical briefing on Migrating and developing new applications for Linux.
- Further build your development skills with On demand demos and On demand Webcasts.
- Join the developerWorks community by participating in developerWorks blogs.
- Browse for books on these and other technical topics.
David Mertz has a slow brain, and most of his programs still run slowly. For more on his life, see his personal Web page. He's been writing the developerWorks columns Charming Python and XML Matters since 2000. Check out his book Text Processing in Python.
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http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-cppyrex.html
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refinedweb
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Want more? Here are some additional resources on this topic:
In this walkthrough, you will use the Visual Studio integrated development environment (IDE) and the various wizards to create the same ATL COM server.
On the File menu, click New, and then click Project.
The New Project dialog box appears.
In the Project Types pane, click Visual C++, and in the Templates pane, click the ATL Project icon.
In the Name box, enter MyServer.
Click OK.
The ATL Project Wizard appears.
Click Application Settings.
You will see that the Attributed check box is not selected by default. Click the check box to select it.
Click Finish to close the wizard and generate the project.
The result is an inproc ATL COM server without any server objects.
On the Build menu, click Build Solution.
Building the project successfully registers the server with the operating system.
In Solution Explorer, right-click the MyServer project
On the shortcut menu, click Add, and then click Add Class.
The Add Class dialog box appears.
In the Templates pane, click the ATL Simple Object item and click Open.
The ATL Simple Object Wizard appears.
In the Short Name text box, enter Object1.
Click Finish to accept the remaining default values.
In Class View, right-click the IObject1 node.
On the shortcut menu, click Add, and then click Add Property.
For Property type, enter SHORT.
For Property name, enter GetANum.
Click Finish.
In the body of the get_GetANum method of CObject1, replace the comment with the following code:
*pVal= 101;
On the Build menu, click Build Solution.
In Solution Explorer, right-click the solution node and select Add, then select New Project.
In the Project Types pane, click Visual C++, and in the Templates pane, click the Win32 Project icon.
In the Name text box, enter COMTest.
The Win32 Application Wizard appears.
Click Application Settings and select Console application.
Click Finish to close the dialog box and generate the project.
In Solution Explorer, double-click the COMTest.cpp.
Replace the default code with the following:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include "atlbase.h"
#import "..\MyServer\_MyServer.tlb" no_namespace
using namespace std;
struct OleCom {
OleCom() { CoInitialize(NULL);}
~OleCom() { CoUninitialize(); }
}olecom;
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
CComPtr<IUnknown> spUnknown;
spUnknown.CoCreateInstance(__uuidof(CObject1));
CComPtr<IObject1> pI;
spUnknown.QueryInterface(&pI);
short res = 0;
pI->get_GetANum(&res);
cout << res << endl;
return 0;
}
At the command line, change to the COMTest\Debug directory.
Run the application by entering the following command:
comtest
You will see the integer value being printed.
Perhaps something is different in Visual Studio 2005 SP1.
When I get to step 2 of "To add and implement a server object":
ATL classes can only be added to MFC EXE and MFC Regular DLLprojects or project with full ATL support.
projects or project with full ATL support.
Line 13:spUnknown.CoCreateInstance(__uuidof(CObject1));but correct is:spUnknown.CoCreateInstance(__uuidof(Object1));
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Eric CherngVertigo Software, Inc.
James DuffVertigo Software, Inc.
Dino ChiesaMicrosoft Corporation
October 28, 2004
Intended audience: Architects and Developers
Download the Interoperability Sample for this article
IntroductionInteroperability Sample ContentsPrerequisites and Required SoftwareWhy Web Services?Web Service 1: AdditionWeb Service 2: Ratings and ReportsWeb Service 3: Product SearchConclusionRecommendations/TipsAcknowledgementsUseful Links
As Web service adoption increases, vendors are striving to add more features and standards into their frameworks to enable richer and more robust communication between systems. As organizations spend more time and money investigating how best to leverage Web services and its enabling technologies, they should be aware of the strengths and limitations of the technologyspecifically, those related to developer agility, maintainability and interoperability. This paper specifically focuses on interoperability and takes as a starting point, interoperability between the Microsoft .NET Framework and IBM WebSphere via Web services. The goal of this whitepaper and the accompanying sample is to show developers of each platform how to integrate with the other platform. More specifically we will look into Microsoft's .NET Platform and IBM's WebSphere Platform. The samples demonstrate basic techniques and principles that are reusable across all projects where cross-platform interoperability via Web services is required.
The sample contains:
The techniques and concepts discussed in this article are general, and apply to connecting platforms from any two vendors. However the samples were developed and tested only with the pairing of the Microsoft .NET Framework and the IBM WebSphere SDK for Web Services.
This interoperability article (and the related sample) assumes that the reader is familiar with the basics of both the .NET Framework and ASP.NET and the IBM WebSphere Application Server. Web Service 1 is for developers who have never created Web services before or who have not experienced both platforms. Even if you are familiar with Web services and both platforms involved we recommend that you at least review the Web Service 1 documentation as it contains useful hints and tips that are not covered in Web Services 2 and 3.
The following software was used to create and test the samples.
If you do not have any of the Java software, it is crucial that you install the required software in this order:
Web services as an application technology have been with us for many years. Long before organizations and companies created the standards for Web services, Business Analysts, Architects and Software Engineers realized that their company's data was spread across many systems that needed to talk to each other. Previous attempts to link applications together using RPC based technologies such as RMI, DCOM, and other platform-specific inter-connection mechanisms had typically failed due to the wide variety of vendors and platforms that were in use across organizations. These approaches also failed as they were not suited to Internet use where responses could be slow or non-existent. The alternative approaches using message queues, PUT/GET verbs, and manual message marshalling had problems with maintainability and programmer productivity. Hence, developers turned to using some common standards and protocols, namely XML and HTTP.
When engineers started building applications that talked to each other, XML was chosen because of its ubiquitous use and support across all platforms. HTTP was chosen due its wide adoption and its ability to traverse firewalls. Vendors such as Microsoft and IBM started building frameworks to support these development efforts and to make the job of the developer easier. The frameworks achieve this by removing the burden of XML serialization and de-serialization and by providing the common infrastructure pieces such as the code required to make connections between systems. With the birth of Web services came the promise of simpler, easier integration between heterogeneous systems and applications. Vendors, using Web services as a catalyst, are now rallying around the concept of Service Oriented Architecture where individual solutions, which may still be built (justifiably) using proprietary RPC protocols such as RMI and DCOM, can be connected together to enable real time data to flow across the enterprise.
So the benefits and potential for integration exists, but, in practice, most developers find that creating interoperable Web services is quite a challenge. There are many hidden dangers in creating even the simplest of Web services, such as conflicting types or unsupported features. Our first sample will show you one example of an interoperable Web service and walk you through the process of designing and creating such a Web service.
The first sample demonstrates the basics of interoperable Web service. It is a simple addition Web service that accepts two integers from the client and returns the sum of the two numbers.
The following high-level diagram depicts what the architecture of this Web service looks like:
Figure 1. High-level architecture of Web Service 1
The most common approach when building Web services, and the one demonstrated most often and supported best by tools, is to "infer" a Web service interface from an existing implementation. A developer might write:
public int Add(int x, int y) { return x+y; }
In ASP.NET, exposing this as a Web service is as simple as adding a WebMethod attribute to the code. This approach is often called "Implementation First" or "Code First", because the Web service interface, formally described in a Web Service Description Language (WSDL) document, is derived from the implementation.
Figure 2. Implementation First Web service development
With the Implementation First Web service development approach, you start off by writing code for your Web service (see #1 in Figure 2). After you compile, the Web services framework uses your code to dynamically generate a WSDL file (see #2). When clients request your Web service definition, they retrieve the generated WSDL and then create the client proxy based on that definition (see #3).
For example, in ASP.NET, the WSDL can be dynamically generated from an implementation with the URL like so:
When the .NET runtime detects the WSDL parameter in the request, it uses reflection on the code decorated with the WebMethod attribute to dynamically generate an operation in the WSDL file to describe the underlying service.
WebMethod
This implementation approach works very well and is quite simple, but can introduce a few problems, especially in scenarios where the Web service is used to connect heterogeneous systems. For example, in the Implementation First approach it is possible to include platform-specific types in the Web service. .NET DataSets and Java Vectors are platform specific types that can't be represented easily in other platforms. This is because there is currently no single well-defined mapping between such platform-specific types and XML. Just because a .NET client can recognize a blob of XML as a Dataset, it doesn't mean a Web service client written in Java can do the same. Interoperability problems arise as a result.
The W3C XML Schema standard defines a number of built-in data types, among them string, integers of various sizes, Boolean, single- and double-precision floating point, dateTime, and others. Each application platform also supports a set of its own data types. The intersection of these data type sets defines the types that will be most interoperable across different platforms. If you start with XML Schema types, it is easy to map to platform types, but if you start with platform types there may not always be a mapping to an XML Schema type. For example, XML Schema integers, strings, Booleans, and float all map nicely to the corresponding data types in .NET or Java. However, Vectors and Hashtables are native types to individual platforms and are not part of the XML schema official types. See the XML Schema data types specifications for more information on the supported data types.
Most Web services runtimes (including the one built-in to the .NET Framework and the WSDK) can map between these XML Schema primitives and platform-specific primitives, i.e. a string in XML Schema maps to a System.String in .NET, and to a java.lang.String in Java. Using the XML Schema primitives, as well as structures and arrays built from those primitives, it is possible to construct more complex data types, described in XML Schema, that can be mapped with high-fidelity from one platform to another. These data types can then be employed in WSDL documents for use in the Web service.
System.String
java.lang.String
This is the core of what is known as the "WSDL first" design: by using XML Schema types to define the data types used in the Web service you increase the probability that you will use data types that can be mapped from one platform to another.
The WSDL First approach is also sometimes called the "Schema First" approach. Even though the two terms are typically used interchangeably, there is actually a small distinction between the two terms. What we are advocating in this paper is that architects and developers consider building up the contract using WSDL definitions before they build the underlying code to support the service. To build the WSDL file developers can either create XML Schema definitions that are specific to the interface they are used with, "WSDL First" design, or they can use XML Schemas that are already defined within their application domain, "Schema First" design. This paper will use the "WSDL First" terminology.
Figure 3. WSDL First Web service development
The challenge with the WSDL First approach is that current tools in production today do not promote this practice. It's definitely possible, but not easy. Visual Studio provides a Schema editor and an XML editor, but no WSDL editor. Eclipse also does not include a WSDL editor. Fortunately both environments do provide a capability to generate Web service skeleton code, in addition to client-proxy code from a WSDL file.
You can use any tool to create your own WSDL file including VI and Notepad. Instead of directly editing the text, you can also use specialized tools, such as Altova's XmlSpy, that have WSDL designers to help with the task. However, even this may not be a solution as many developers are not able to "think in WSDL."
One solution to this problem is to quickly prototype a Web service interface using the Implementation First approach. We use the dynamic WSDL generation features of ASP.NET, or IBM WSDK, to create a template WSDL file. Then we can begin development using the WSDL First approach, tweaking the interface as required. This process iterates until the WSDL is final.
As you can see from Figure 3 above, there are three high-level steps for creating Web services using the WSDL First approach:
Sub-steps A and B of step 2 can be done in any order you wish. Because both depend on the WSDL document, it is only important that the WSDL document be created first before A or B is done.
The rest of this section will walk through the steps to developing the first Web service sample following the WSDL First process. The complete source code for this sample can also be found in the download accompanying this paper.
Before we go into the WSDL First approach of creating Web services we will look at the Implementation First development model in Visual Studio .NET. The reason that we are demonstrating this method first is that creating a WSDL file from scratch is hard. Using the WSDL file generated from the Implementation First approach to "jump-start" the development process is a much simpler alternative given the tools at our disposal. Imagine having to type this all out by hand:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><definitions xmlns: > </s:schema> </types> <message name="AddSoapIn"> <part name="parameters" element="s0:Add" /> </message> <message name="AddSoapOut"> <part name="parameters" element="s0:AddResponse" /> </message> <portType name="Service1Port"> <operation name="Add"> <input message="s0:AddSoapIn" /> <output message="s0:AddSoapOut" /> </operation> </portType> <binding name="Service1Soap" type="s0:Service1Port"> <soap:binding <operation name="Add"> <soap:operation <input> <soap:body </input> <output> <soap:body </output> </operation> </binding> <service name="Service1"> <port name="Service1Soap" binding="s0:Service1Soap"> <soap:address </port> </service></definitions>
Of course for the WSDL-wiz, this exercise is trivial, but for the rest of us, it would take forever to learn the 51-page WSDL specifications. This is why we use the Implementation First to start off because writing code to create a Web service is the simplest method for developers.
First create a C# ASP.NET Web Service project in Visual Studio .NET. Name the project WebService1WSDL.
Figure 4. Visual Studio .NET New Project dialog box
Next, open the code for Service1.asmx. Uncomment the HelloWorld method and replace the method with this one:
[WebMethod]public int Add(int x, int y) { return -1;}
Figure 5. Implementation First Web service code
Build the project and make sure there aren't any errors. Next, right click on Service1.asmx and set the page as the start page. You can now press F5 and view the Web service test page as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Web service test page
It's important to realize that the ASMX file is the actual Web service. The page you are looking at is generated by the framework to document the Web service, and to allow the developer to test the Web service without having to manually create a client application. The test functionality is only available when you view the page locally, and does not work for Web services that take complex data types as input parameters. For security reasons, you should remember to disable this test page once you deploy your Web service to a production machine.
Next, click on the Service Description link on the top right side of the page. This will open another web page showing you the generated WSDL for your service. The WSDL generation function is always available unless you specifically disable it. Save the generated WSDL to a file on your local drive and name it WebService1.wsdl.
Figure 7. Framework generated WSDL file
You have just created a WSDL file, without having to learn any WSDL specifications!
Another important tip here is that since we generated the WSDL file from this temporary project, the location of the Web service in the WSDL document is hard coded to point to this temporary project. While this does not affect the Web service, the clients that use this WSDL file will use this reference as the location of the Web service. Thus, it is important that you change this value before deploying this WSDL file to our web site. We will change this reference later once we know the actual location of our Web service.
If you forget to change this location and client applications have already been built, you can still fix the reference by modifying the location that client references point to. Both .NET and WebSphere Web service client proxies allow setting a URL property. This is also useful when moving from development to production where the final end point of the service is the only thing you want to change.
Since the Web service we're building is simple, our generated WSDL file does not require any more tweaking. The next step is to create the actual .NET Web service.
Using the WSDL generated in the previous step, we will now create a new .NET Web service.
In order to go from the WSDL file to a source code file, we will use a console application called wsdl.exe to generate the code. This tool will parse a WSDL file and any other external files to create a single source code file containing all classes, methods, and types required to implement our Web service. Wsdl.exe is installed along with Visual Studio .NET 2003 (and the .NET SDK). To use the tool, you will need to open the Visual Studio .NET 2003 Command Prompt, which is by default located in the Start menu, All Programs, Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003, Visual Studio .NET Tools. Once open, navigate the command prompt to where you previously saved WSDL file.
Execute the following command to have wsdl.exe generate our Web service source file.
wsdl.exe /server WebService1.wsdl
Figure 8. Visual Studio .NET 2003 Command Prompt executing wsdl.exe
Notice that the utility outputs a message indicating that Service1.cs has been successfully created. This file will be the starting point for our Web service.
The file generated by wsdl.exe is only a template of the method that we want to implement; hence, it needs to be modified in order to work properly. The current wsdl.exe command always generates an abstract class for the Web service when it is executed with the /server option. We'll convert this to a concrete class by removing the abstract keyword and providing an implementation for the Add method. We will also put the class in the WebService1 namespace. The resulting code looks like the following:
/server
abstract
Add
WebService1
namespace WebService1 { /// <remarks/> [System.Web.Services.WebServiceBindingAttribute(Name="Service1Soap", Namespace="")] public class Service1 : System.Web.Services.WebService { /// <remarks/> [System.Web.Services.WebMethodAttribute()] [System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapDocumentMethodAttribute( "", RequestNamespace="", ResponseNamespace="", Use=System.Web.Services.Description.SoapBindingUse.Literal, ParameterStyle= System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapParameterStyle.Wrapped)] public int Add(int x, int y) { int result; result = x + y; return result; } }}
You might wonder, why not just subclass the generated abstract class, instead of converting it to a concrete class? There's a good reason. The wsdl.exe tool generates code that is decorated with attributes that are used by .NET's XML serializer and Web services runtime to map from objects to XML and back. For example, an attribute in our example uses the namespace for the generated XML document. These attributes are not inherited by subclasses. Therefore, sub-classing the abstract class, we would need to cut-and-paste all of these attributes on our concrete class.
So instead of duplicating all the attributes by hand, it is simpler to just edit the file directly. Of course, this means that if the WSDL changes, you will need to regenerate the source code for the WSDL file, and if not done carefully, this process may erase all our existing code. You will have to manually copy the Web service implementation code from your old file to the new file.
Now that we have the Web service source code ready, it is time to create our Visual Studio solution. Create a new Visual Studio .NET C# ASP.NET Web Service project and give it the name WebService1.
Once you have your project created, copy the Web service implementation code Service1.cs created earlier to the directory where Visual Studio generated the Web service files. This is usually in c:\inetpub\wwwroot\WebService1.
Figure 9. Windows Explorer showing the Web service project files
The sample Web service, Service1.asmx, was generated as a part of the Visual Studio project wizard. Since the wsdl.exe command only generates the template implementation code and not the entry point (the ASMX) file, we want to reuse the VS generated Service1.asmx instead of creating our own. However Service1.asmx already has a corresponding source file. An easy way to combine the ASMX file with our implementation code is by simply deleting the implementation code generated by VS (Service1.asmx.cs) and renaming our implementation code to that. Make sure that Service1.asmx and Service1.asmx.cs are not open in Visual Studio before you do this. So, delete the current Service1.asmx.cs and then rename our Service1.cs to Service1.asmx.cs.
To verify that the code transplant worked, select Service1.asmx in Solution Explorer in Visual Studio and click the View menu, and then click Code. You should now see the template code with the Add method implementation we modified earlier displayed in Visual Studio .NET.
Finally, to test that the Web service is working properly, right click on Service1.asmx and click Set As Start Page. Then go to the Debug menu, and click on Start to build the project and to open Service1.asmx in your browser. Verify that your Web service works correctly using the test page.
Figure 10. Web Service Add test page
Figure 11. Response from the Web service of adding 12 and 45
To wrap up the .NET Web service, we now need to go back to the original WSDL document to make some minor changes. As mentioned before, the WSDL document is currently pointing at our temporary project Web service. Now that we have finished creating our real Web service, we can modify the location reference to point to this Web service. You can do this by opening up the original WSDL document and then replacing the soap:address element's location attribute to point to the location of this new Web service. The new soap:address element should look similar to the following:
<port name="Service1Soap" binding="s0:Service1Soap"> <soap:address</port>
Figure 12. Location of Web service being modified in the WSDL file
This concludes building a .NET Web service using the WSDL First approach. Next, we will build the WSDK Web service client to consume this .NET Web service.
Now that we have a Web service implemented, it's time to create a client to consume the Web service. Since this paper is about interoperability, we will consume the .NET Web service using a JSP page running within IBM's WebSphere Application Server.
Start Eclipse and create a new Dynamic Web Project. Give it the project name WebServiceClient1 and name the EAR project file WebServiceClient1Ear.
Figure 13. Eclipse showing the WebServiceClient1 project
Next, add the WSDL file to the WebServiceClient1 project. You can do this by dragging and dropping the file directly into the project in the Eclipse Navigator pane.
Now we want to generate a Java proxy for the Web service. Similar to how Visual Studio .NET creates a proxy class when adding a web reference to a project, the WSDK Tools will create a set of Java files that make calling the Web service easier than manipulating the network stream directly. Because we had already added the WSDL document in the project, you can create the proxy by right clicking the WSDL document, point to the Web Services menu, and then click on Generate Client. This will bring up the WSDL to Java Bean Proxy wizard as shown below in Figure 14.
Figure 14. WSDL to Java Bean Proxy wizard
In the first dialog, make sure to check the Test the generated proxy check box. This will generate the test JSP page (similar to the test page generated from Service1.asmx when creating the Web service in Visual Studio) that we will use to verify the proxy classes generated. The default options for the rest of the wizard will work so click Finish.
After Eclipse completes generating all the necessary files, the following test page is displayed in the Eclipse main window.
Figure 15. Eclipse IDE showing the test JSP page
Click on add(int,int) in the Methods pane and provide 2 numbers to be added in the Inputs pane. You should see the sum of your 2 numbers in the bottom Result pane. Behind the scenes, this JSP page is calling the Web service proxy class, generated earlier by the WSDK Web service wizard, to call our .NET Web service. Because we had changed the Web service location reference in the WSDL document, our Java client knows exactly where to find the Web service we created in step 2 earlier. If the displayed sum of your 2 numbers is correct, then this successfully verifies that the Java proxy was generated properly and is actually talking to the .NET Web service.
add(int,int)
Another method to verify the connection between service and client is to set a break point in the Web service code in Visual Studio .NET and then run the service in debug mode. In the Java side, once you execute the add function in the JSP page, you should see Visual Studio .NET stop the execution of the Web service and break at the point you specified.
At this point, we have verified that the Java proxy class generated from the WSDL is functioning properly. We also used the test page generated by the WSDK wizard to test calling the .NET Web service from Java. Since both are working properly, this completes both the .NET Web service and the Java Web service client demo of Web Service 1. Though we do not describe in detail the steps for creating the .NET Web service client and the Java Web service server, the sample code accompanying this article does include implementations of both server and client, in both .NET and Java. If you want to generate these yourself, you can find other tutorials for those steps.
The second sample builds on the first by creating a Web service that uses a much more complex data schema. Our goal for this sample is to show interoperability between .NET and WebSphere when using complex data types. In the schema for this sample, there is a combination of complex types, simple types, enumerations, restrictions, arrays, and types that inherit from other types in addition to the standard XML Schema types. The differences between the two platforms and the issues in developing interoperable Web services are more apparent in this sample because of this increased complexity.
The company, Stuff Sellers, sells various products to various business types. Each business is allowed to submit reviews of the products they buy. Web Service 2 takes the scenario of a ratings service that allows users to submit a report for a given rating or to obtain a list of all reports for a given rating identified by a number. In this case a report can be seen as analogous to a review and the sum of the reviews is used to generate the final rating.
The following diagram depicts the high level elements of the data schema.
Figure 16. Main elements of Web Service 2 data schema
The top level element is Ratings. Each Ratings element contains an array of ReportSet elements (encapsulated in the ReportSetArray type). Then each ReportSet element contains an array of Report elements (encapsulated in the ReportArray type). All three of these top level elements are data types that inherit from the MyBase type. To see the actual XML Schema definition for this data schema, refer to the WebService2SharedTypes.xsd file in the samples download.
As is the case with WSDL, there are two ways to generate an XML Schema. The first is to manually design the schema using a schema designer (in the case of XML Schema, Visual Studio does include a designer). The second is to infer the schema from an existing .NET type, using the xsd.exe utility. And as with WSDL, these two techniques can be combined in an iterative approach to tweak a schema so that it looks just right.
In some cases, the data schema has been previously defined, and exists independently of the Web service implementation or interface. This may be the case when you are assigned to create a Web service based on the design of a current system. Whether you create the schema or are provided with an existing one, the data schema should be described in a selfstanding XML Schema XSD file, to allow for modularity and re-use.
The following is a class diagram depicting the XML Schema defined in the data schema for this Web service. In the same code, the schema is defined in the file WebService2SharedTypes.xsd. The code generated from the data schema (the XML Schema file) on each platform should follow a class structure similar to this diagram.
Figure 17. Class diagram of the data schema in Web Service 2
In the first Web service, we used the .NET Framework to generate the initial template WSDL file. Because our Web service was simple, that was the only step we needed to do to create the WSDL. Unfortunately, this Web service is not as simple and thus requires some manual tweaking. Including references to our data schema, changing the namespace, and creating the proper messages for the portTypes are just some of the changes we had to make to the template WSDL file in order to maintain interoperability.
portTypes
The WSDL document for this Web service defines two operations: GetRatings and SubmitReport. GetRatings returns a Ratings type if the ID provided matches a given rating. The SubmitReport operation is used by clients to submit a new Report associated with a specific Ratings and ReportSet. You can see the WSDL definition of these operations in WebService2.wsdl in the samples download.
Ratings
There are two ways to include XML Schema definitions in WSDL files: you can define the schema inline in the WSDL file or by referencing your XML Schema files in your WSDL file using the xsd:import element. Because inline definitions are part of the WSDL file, they are simple to maintain. However, since a data schema describes data and not the Web service interface, and is sometimes used independently of the web service interface, it is more logical to separate the two definitions into two separate files. If your Web service is simple and doesn't require many complex data types, then inline schema will work fine (as in Web Service1), but in general most Web services should separate the data schema from the Web service definition.
In this Web service, we decided to use the xsd:import method to reference the external XML Schema file, WebService2SharedTypes.xsd from the WSDL file, WebService2.wsdl. In the WSDL file, it looks like this:
<types> <xs:schema <!-- Import the Shared Types --> <xs:import <!-- Import the Message Parameters --> <xs:import </xs:schema> </types> . . .
To create the Web service template code in .NET, run wsdl.exe with the following parameters:
wsdl.exe WebService2.wsdl WebService2Interface.xsd WebService2SharedTypes.xsd
Notice that wsdl.exe requires the input WSDL file and all of the included XSD files to be specified on the command line together. When importing an XSD into a WSDL, it is possible to provide a schemaLocation attribute. According to the WSDL specification, this attribute serves as a "hint" for the location of the schema, and the hint may or may not be followed by tools that interpret the WSDL file. In this case, wsdl.exe does not use the schemaLocation hint, so the external schema files must be specified on the command line. On the other hand, the IBM WSDK tools do utilize the schemaLocation hint and will load the files directly when specified.
An important detail to pay attention to is that the ID element of MyBase is defined with type xsd:int and includes the minOccurs=0 attribute. The XML Schema definition of MyBase looks like this:
<xs:complexType <xs:sequence> <xs:element </xs:sequence></xs:complexType>
When minOccurs=0, this indicates that the ID property can be left out of the resulting XML document. This causes a problem for the .NET platform. In .NET, the xsd:int maps to Int32, which is a value type, and value types cannot be NULL. Basically this means there is no way to determine whether the ID property has been set or not since all values of Int32 are valid values. The .NET Framework resolves this problem by creating another variable named IDSpecified of type Boolean. This variable is checked by the .NET XML Serialization logic to determine whether the ID variable has been set or not, essentially giving ID the NULL/not NULL value. Therefore whenever you attempt to access the ID variable, you should always check or set the IDSpecified variable first. For more information on this usage pattern, see the MSDN documentation for the XmlIgnoreAttribute class.
ID
The following is what the MyBase type gets translated to in C# code:
[System.Xml.Serialization.XmlTypeAttribute(Namespace= "")][System.Xml.Serialization.XmlIncludeAttribute(typeof(Report))][System.Xml.Serialization.XmlIncludeAttribute(typeof(ReportSet))][System.Xml.Serialization.XmlIncludeAttribute(typeof(Ratings))]public class MyBase { public int ID; [System.Xml.Serialization.XmlIgnoreAttribute()] public bool IDSpecified;}
This issue does not occur when using the WebSphere sample, because when an xsd:int is used with minOccurs=0, the WSDK tools generate a variable of type java.lang.Integer instead of the native int Java type. The java.lang.Integer type is a reference type, and it is possible for a variable of this type to take the NULL value to indicate that it has not been set. Using the tools provided in the WSDK, the following is what the MyBase type gets translated to in Java code:
public class MyBase implements java.io.Serializable { private java.lang.Integer ID; public MyBase() { } public java.lang.Integer getID() { return ID; } public void setID(java.lang.Integer ID) { this.ID = ID; }}
Another difference that is evident when comparing the C# code generated from the XML Schema, to the Java code generated for the same schema, is the inclusion of code attributes in the C# code. As we said earlier, these are used by the XML Serializer in .NET to help in mapping from class instance to XML. Java also requires similar "metadata". In the case of the Web services runtime in WSDK, this metadata it is stored independently, in an XML file that defines the type mappings. See the WSDK documentation for more information.
Another point of interest: if you examine the classes generated by either the .NET tools or the WSDK tools, you will find that the generated data types may not be what you, as a developer, would write without considering interoperability. Examine the Ratings.java class generated by WSDK. Excluding some housekeeping code, it looks like this:
public class Ratings extends org.example.MyBase implements java.io.Serializable { private java.lang.String description; private int confidenceLevel; private java.util.Calendar expiration; private org.example.ReportSetArray allReports; public Ratings() { } public java.lang.String getDescription() { return description; } public void setDescription(java.lang.String description) { this.description = description; } public int getConfidenceLevel() { return confidenceLevel; } public void setConfidenceLevel(int confidenceLevel) { this.confidenceLevel = confidenceLevel; } public java.util.Calendar getExpiration() { return expiration; } public void setExpiration(java.util.Calendar expiration) { this.expiration = expiration; } public org.example.ReportSetArray getAllReports() { return allReports; } public void setAllReports(org.example.ReportSetArray allReports) { this.allReports = allReports; }}
For the primitive data members, of type int and string, perhaps they reflect what any designer might hand-author: following JavaBean conventions with getters and setters wrapped around a private member. But then some of the differences appear. The date value is handled by a Calendar, not a java.util.Date. And, an Array is wrapped by a custom class, also accessible via a getter/setter pair. This generated class may not be what you would write yourself, but it does the job, and it has the added advantage of being interoperable. You could make the same statements about the code generated by the .NET tools.
We followed the general steps outlined in the section for Web Service 1, above, to build two Visual Studio projects: one for the client, and one for the server. We did likewise with the WSDK to build two WebSphere projects. All of these clients and servers are mutually interoperable. Compile and run the Visual Studio projects and the Eclipse projects in the samples download to see all of this in action. Be sure to check the Readme for the samples download before proceeding.
This sample explored the use of complex data types in an interoperable Web service. The W3C XML Schema plays a key role in defining the message types and data elements to be exchanged. This section discussed how to develop an XSD for a complex data type, and how to employ that XML Schema in a WSDL document. This section also pointed out some of the edge cases to be aware of, for example, the difference between value and reference types in .NET, and the implications that this difference has on XML Serialization.
In the next sample, we will expand on the ideas from this sample and explore interoperability using extensible data elements.
Most Web services employ a fixed data schemathat is, the types of data sent over the wire are known at design time. But sometimes a static data schema does not fulfill the requirements for the application. Consider the following business scenario.
As mentioned in Web Service 2, Stuff Sellers sells various products to both consumers and other businesses. Because the company sells so many different products, the manager has asked us to create a Web service that will make it easier to search the database of products. Our search will be used indirectly by consumers through the Internet store front, and directly by other businesses.
The manager would like the Web service to support the following three requirements:
In addition to these requirements, the manager would like the Web service interface to be as simple as possible. Specifically, the Web service should have only a single entry point.
Looking over the products that Stuff Sellers currently sells, we find that all products at a minimum have a Name, Description, Price, and a SKU. These attributes will make up the base properties for all our products. In addition, each product also has its own unique set of attributes. For example a DVD movie has a RegionEncoding, a VideoFormat, a Language, and a DateofRelease. A Book product has a list of Authors, a Publisher, an ISBN, and a PublishedDate. Therefore, the base product type will expose all of the properties that are common across product types, and will allow extensions for properties that are specific to particular product types.
The following is a class diagram of the data schema defined for Web Service 3.
Figure 18. Class diagram of the data schema in Web Service 2
The XML Schema type definition for SearchResult (in WebService3SharedTypes.xsd) is defined as the following:
<xs:complexType <xs:sequence> <xs:element <xs:element <xs:element <xs:element <xs:element <xs:any </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType>
As you can see, SearchResult is the parent type that represents all products found by the Web service. SearchResult contains properties that are common to all product types. In addition, SearchResult also contains an xsd:any element, which acts as a wildcard. An XML file that validates to this schema can include any XML element at that location. For our purpose, the xsd:any element will contain one of the product property types that can be returned by the Web service. We have defined three such product property types in WebService3ExtendedProperties.xsd: DvdProperties, BookProperties, and CDProperties. In practice, a client application will access the common properties by checking SearchResult, and will access the extended properties for that product by checking the member variable that contains the product specific properties types.
An alternative to using xsd:any in the schema to match any XML element is to employ a string element in the schema, which will contain dynamically generated XML. Using a string is a similar "wildcard" approach. The difference is that the XML contained within the string will be "escaped" for transmission, and so will be opaque to XML parsers, which is not what we want. It is cleaner to integrate the dynamic XML as part of the XML document instead of escaping it into a string element. In either case, there is a bit of extra work required, to generate the XML on the sending side, or to parse it on the receiving side.
Just as in the second sample, the WSDL document for this Web service is separated into two files: WebService3.wsdl and WebService3SharedTypes.xsd. WebService3.wsdl contains declarations that define the Web service and WebService3SharedTypes.xsd is an XML Schema file that contains the data types used by the Web service. The following is a sample capture of the SOAP message returned by the Web service to the client.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <soap:Envelope xmlns: <soap:Body> <SearchResponse xmlns=""> <SearchResult> <SearchResult> <SKU>B05502HB9I</SKU> <Price>14.99</Price> <Name>Spain's History</Name> <Description>Short documentary on the history of the Spain.</Description> <ProductType>DVD</ProductType> <DvdProperties xmlns=""> <Region>EUROPE</Region> <Format>PAL</Format> <Language>Spanish</Language> <ReleaseDate>2000-05-14</ReleaseDate> </DvdProperties> </SearchResult> <SearchResult> <SKU>A04D5E87RJ</SKU> <Price>20.00</Price> <Name>Spain's History</Name> <Description>Companion coffee table book to the documentary "Spain's History".</Description> <ProductType>Book</ProductType> <BookProperties xmlns=""> <Authors> <Author>Mark Person</Author> </Authors> <Publisher>BookPub Central</Publisher> <ISBN>0459756212</ISBN> <PublishedDate>2003-08-08</PublishedDate> </BookProperties> </SearchResult> </SearchResult> </SearchResponse> </soap:Body> </soap:Envelope>
There is also a third file, WebService3ExtendedProperties.xsd, which isn't imported into the WSDL, but is essential for the Web service to generate a response, and for clients to be able to interpret the response from the Web service. This file contains the definitions of the dynamic part of the data: the extended properties for the product types.
The advantage of keeping the product types separate from the types used by the Web service is the ability to extend the product types, without modifying the interface. Eventually Stuff Sellers will expand its business and start selling other types of products. Since search results will contain these new products, adding the new products in a simple way is a crucial requirement. With our design, supporting new types is a simple matter of extending the Web service implementation to return the new types and extending the data schema defined in WebService3ExtendedProperties.xsd. Publishing the new XSD file to the web and letting customers know of the change are the last steps needed. There is no change needed to the WSDL file.
Web service clients that do not wish to use the extended properties or simply pass on the extended properties to other services can chose to ignore the extended properties. At runtime, these clients need not de-serialize the XML blob into objects. For example, if an application is written to filter products based only on price, then it doesn't matter what type of product is returned. In this case, the client only needs to check the base property Price of the SearchResult type and can safely ignore the extended properties.
With the use of xsd:any, the Web service has the flexibility to add new features without having to break existing clients. New Web service clients can use the new product types while existing applications will simply ignore the new product types. Even if existing product types are removed, the existing Web service clients will still function properly because they will simply not execute the code pertaining to the old products. This design provides the best of both worlds, where response messages can be extended for new applications, while still allowing existing applications to function properly.
Converting between XML and corresponding instances of objects is called "XML serialization", or "XML binding". The process of converting between parameters to a Web service call, and the XML sent over the wire in a Web service request or response, is usually done automatically by the Web services runtime. However, when using schema extensions that are not defined in the WSDL (or its imported XSDs), this XML serialization and de-serialization must be done manually. .NET exposes tools and programming interfaces that enable this.
IBM WebSphere does not expose public interfaces to manually perform XML serialization. The Java client and server require an add-on capability to perform the Java-to-XML binding. One such add-on is the JAXB API that is part of Sun's JWSDP. Installing the JWSDP will give you the JAXB compiler, which can generate Java class from an XML Schema, similar to the xsd.exe utility for .NET. Using the classes to reference the data types is much simpler than directly manipulating XML elements. In JAXB, the generated data type classes are also responsible for "marshalling" or "serializing" to, and "unmarshalling" or "deserializing" from, XML files that conform to that XSD.
The .NET Framework SDK also includes a tools and a framework for binding XML data to .NET classes. The Xsd.exe tool parses an XSD file to create a corresponding source code file that contains the data type definition classes. At runtime, applications can use the System.Xml.Serialization namespace of classes to create an object graph from an XML stream, or vice-versa.
System.Xml.Serialization
For example, at compile time, to generate C# classes from the WebService3ExtendedProperties.xsd schema, use the following command:
xsd.exe /classes WebService3ExtendedProperties.xsd
And then at runtime, to create the object graph from a file, use these few lines of code:
FileStream fs = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open); XmlSerializer s= new XmlSerializer(typeof(BookPropertiesType)); BookPropertiesType props; try { props= (BookPropertiesType) s.Deserialize(fs); } finally { fs.Close(); }
Normally, for data types used in Web services interfaces, the steps of creating the data type classes and performing the serialization are performed automatically for you: the former by the wsdl.exe tool or the "Add Web Reference" in Visual Studio, and the latter by the web services runtime in .NET. When you pass a parameter to a web service, the parameter is automatically serialized to XML for transmission across the network. The use of xsd.exe is necessary here to create the classes because the WebService3ExtendedProperties.xsd schema is not explicitly included in the web service interface definition.
What about the serialization at runtime? When parsing a Schema, xsd.exe will map xsd:any elements to fields of type XmlElement. By modifying the generated classes, changing the type of the field to System.Object rather than System.Xml.XmlElement, and decorating the field with XmlElementAttribute attributes, we can tell the framework to map the XML data to specific .NET datatypes, rather than a generic XmlElement. For example, in this snippet, the Any field will map to one of the three flavors of extended properties.
[System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute(ElementName="DvdProperties", Type=typeof(NetWSServer3.DvdPropertiesType), Namespace="")] [System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute(ElementName="BookProperties", Type=typeof(NetWSServer3.BookPropertiesType), Namespace="")] [System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute(ElementName="CDProperties", Type=typeof(NetWSServer3.CDPropertiesType), Namespace="")] public object Any;
With these modifications to the generated classes, the .NET runtime will automatically and implicitly serialize the Product property object types to and from XML. Without this capability, the developer would have to explicitly serialize these classes to XML. And in fact, this is the approach taken with WebSphere for the extended properties types. (See the sample code for details).
While developing this sample, one consideration was to determine whether to make the ProductType an enum or just a string. The benefit of an Enumeration is that the different types are explicitly stated and thus cannot be confused. However in the end, the decision not to use enum was taken because of the requirement for extensibility: we want the flexibility to create additional and possibly remove existing product types without breaking existing clients. If ProductType was defined as an enum, then future product types that get passed to old clients would break. Therefore a string was used instead because this allowed the flexibility to expand the product lines while keeping existing Web service clients still working.
As with Web Service 2, the data types generated here by the tools probably will not match what a developer might write when modeling the problem in code. However, here again, the key advantage of starting with WSDL and generating code is interoperability.
As with Web Service 2, we followed the general steps outlined in the introduction of this article to produce client and server projects for both Visual Studio and the WebSphere web services SDK. And here again, the resulting clients and servers are fully interoperable. Ok, enough description. Compile and run the Visual Studio projects and the Eclipse projects in the samples download to see the extensibility of Web Service 3 of this in action.
Web Service 3 showed the use of complex data types, statically included as well as dynamically included in a WSDL. The support for extensible types allows for the flexibility to expand and to modify the interface with minimal changes required to the Web service and to the Web service clients.
With the three Web services shown in the paper, we can see that it is definitely possible to create interoperable Web services using complex data types. The easy path through the developer toolsthe "Implementation First" approachoften leads to interoperability challenges. However, by defining the Web service interface first, in WSDL, and generating clients and servers from that interface definition, many interoperability pitfalls can be avoided. Even though we have shown the "WSDL First" approach specifically for .NET and WebSphere, the concepts illustrated apply to interoperability across all platforms.
Hand-authoring WSDL is not easy. This paper also explored the approach of iteratively developing and refining WSDL files and W3C XML Schema definitions, using the prototyping tools included in Visual Studio .NET and the WSDK.
Finally, the paper provided tips and pointers about likely pitfalls on the path to creating interoperable and extensible Web services. Armed with these ideas of creating interoperable Web services, we may eventually achieve the dream of ubiquitous access to any system, regardless of platform and architecture.
The following is a listing of recommendations and tips reviewed in this paper.
System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapException
com.ibm.ws.webservices.engine.WebServicesFault
java.lang.NullPointerException
When a WSDL file references other files (i.e. XSD files), you must explicitly provide the location of these files as arguments to wsdl.exe. For security reasons, wsdl.exe will not automatically load files from the schemaLocation references in the WSDL file. For example, if you're generating the code for Web Service 2, you will need to execute the following command:
schemaLocation
wsdl.exe WebService2.wsdl WebService2Interface.xsd WebService2SharedTypes.xsd
Refer to Web Service 2 for more information on this topic.
Wsdl.exe by default generates template code in C#. If you prefer another language (i.e. VB.NET), include the /l option with the command:
/l
wsdl.exe /l:vb WebService1.wsdl
When generating a source file for a Web service (using the /server option), the tool creates an abstract template class that is associated with the WSDL document. It is recommended that you modify this file directly rather than sub-classing the generated file. For more information on this topic, refer to Web Service 2.
Visual Studio .NET 2005, will support generating template source files from the WSDL directly in the IDE. In addition to this, if the WSDL document changes and the template file needs to be regenerated, the IDE will do so in such a way that any existing code already in the old template will carry over to the new one.
When creating a Web service application in Visual Studio .NET, the generated project automatically provides the test page that appears when the Web service is accessed through the browser. Since we are developing Web services using the WSDL first approach, it is recommended that you disable this automatically generated WSDL and publish our own WSDL in a public location. To disable the automatically generated test page and WSDL, add the following into the <system.web> element of your web.config file of your project:
<system.web>
<webServices> <protocols> <remove name="Documentation" /> </protocols> </webServices>
In addition to the wsdl.exe approach to creating a Web service proxy class, you can also use the built in tools in Visual Studio .NET for a more user friendly approach. The Add Web Reference dialog box will ask you to point it to a WSDL file, which it will take in then generate a proxy class. Behind the scenes, the dialog essentially calls wsdl.exe in the background to process the WSDL file.
Unfortunately there is a bug in creating a client proxy if you use the Add Web Reference command in Visual Studio .NET 2002 to point to a WSDL document that uses xsd:import. If this is your case, always use the wsdl.exe command to generate the client proxy. This bug has been fixed in Visual Studio .NET 2003, which will properly retrieve all the imported files and then generate the client proxy class.
With the tools provided by the WSDK, the Web services functionality in Eclipse is similar to Visual Studio. In Eclipse, you will need to create a Java Bean or EJB and use that as the template for a Web service. There are also some command line utilities you can use to generate Web service template files. You can find documentation in Eclipse to get more detailed instructions on how to do this.
Thanks to Simon Guest of Microsoft for his excellent technical reviews and feedback. Also thanks to Neil Chopra and Mike Hanley of Vertigo Software for testing and helping with some of the ideas in this paper.
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http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vstudio/aa700847.aspx
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Summary:
Introducing Custom Task Panes
Creating a Flexible User Experience
Custom Task Pane Scenarios
How Custom Task Panes Work
Creating Custom Task Panes as COM Add-Ins
Conclusion
Additional Resources.
Windows Forms is the development library within the Microsoft .NET Framework for building rich Microsoft Windows–based applications.
After the user finishes the document, he displays Nicole's task pane, selects the appropriate server, and then clicks Save. Because users no longer need to look up server information manually, they are more productive and relieved from a tedious task..
Visual Studio Tools for Office version 3.0 is not available for Beta 2.:
Microsoft.Office.Core.ICustomTaskPaneConsumer.CTPFactoryAvailable (Microsoft.Office.Core.ICTPFactory CTPFactoryInst)
The ICTPFactory interface exposes the CreateCTP method. The syntax for this method is:
Microsoft.Office.Core.ICTPFactory.CreateCTP (string CTPAxID, string CTPTitle, [Optional] object CTPParentWindow) As CustomTaskPane
Creating a custom task pane is straightforward. First, you create a custom ActiveX control project with a Windows Form and other ActiveX controls. The Windows Form and controls represent the interface your users see.
If you use Windows Forms in your ActiveX control, you also need to have Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 installed. If you create your ActiveX control in unmanaged code, there is no requirement for the .NET Framework.
You may be able to use pre-built ActiveX controls that you purchase or download from the Web. However, pre-built controls can have limits, for example, an inability to repaint the screen after changes in height or width. You can experiment to determine if a pre-built control is compatible with custom task panes..
Property
Application
Object
Read-only. Application object of the host application.
Window
Read-only. Parent Window object. The type depends on the host application.
Visible
Boolean
Controls visibility in the user interface.
ContentControl
Read-only. The ActiveX control instance displayed in the custom task pane frame. This property is automatically set when CreateCTP is called.
Title
LPSTR
Read-only. The title displayed for the task pane. This property is automatically set when CreateCTP is called. This is the default property for the user interface.
DockPosition
MsoCTPDockPosition
Specifies Right, Left, Top, Bottom, or Floating. The default is Right when using a right-to-left UI language and Left if you are using a left-to-right language.
DockPositionRestrict
MsoCTPDockPositionRestrict
Specifies a restriction on the orientation of a custom task pane, for example, horizontal or vertical. The default is None.
Method
Deletes the task pane, which also frees the ActiveX control instance.
Event
VisibleStateChange
Occurs when the Visible property changes. You can check its value to determine the new state.
DockPositionStateChange
Occurs when the DockPosition property changes. You can check its value to determine the new state.
Enumeration
MsoCTPDockPosition
msoCTPDockPositionLeft = 0,
msoCTPDockPositionTop = 1,
msoCTPDockPositionRight = 2,
msoCTPDockPositionBottom = 3,
msoCTPDockPositionFloating = 4
MsoCTPDockPositionRestrict
msoCTPDockPositionRestrictNone = 0,
msoCTPDockPositionRestrictNoChange = 1
msoCTPDockPositionRestrictNoHorizontal = 2,
msoCTPDockPositionRestrictNoVertical = 3.
Using the steps in this section, create the ActiveX control to insert into the custom task pane..
In this section, add controls to the control that you created in the previous section..
Label
Enter text
label1
Text Box
blank
txtInputText
Button
Click to insert
btnInsert
Click the text box, and then, in the Property window, set the Multiline property to True.
Next, add code that implements the event handlers, to give the controls functionality.
If the code window is not already displayed, in Solution Explorer, right-click UserControl1.cs and click View Code.
Locate the namespace SampleActiveX statement, and then add the following lines above it:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.IO;
These statements create aliases for the namespace and import types defined in other namespaces.
After the open brace, just below the namespace SampleActiveX statement, add the following code:
public interface SampleActiveXControlInterface
{
event InsertTextEventHandler InsertTextClicked;
}
[ComVisible(true)]:
public partial class myControl : System.Windows.Forms.UserControl, SampleActiveXControlInterface
Replace the public UserControl1() statement with the following code:
public event InsertTextEventHandler InsertTextClicked;
public myControl()
{
// This call is required by the Form Designer in Windows.Forms.
InitializeComponent();
btnInsert.Click += new EventHandler(btnInsert_Click);
}
Next, this code initializes the control and sets up the event handler for the button.
Below the closing brace of the public myControl routine, add the event handler for the button:
private void btnInsert_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
string textBoxText = this. txtInputText.Text;
this.InsertTextClicked(this, textBoxText);
}
Just below the procedure that you added in the previous step, add the following code:
public delegate void InsertTextEventHandler(object sender, string insertTextArgs);.
You can manually register the add-in using the Regasm.exe file provided by .NET Framework version 2.0. Using the default location, type the following command in a Command Prompt window:
"C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\regasm" /codebase "C:\
path to your project
\SampleCTPAddin.dll":
using System;
using Microsoft.Office.Core;
using Extensibility;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using SampleActiveX;
using WordPia = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word;.
Earlier in the project, you added a reference to the host application's object. The OnConnection method sets the applicationObject object to the instance of Office Word 2007 that hosts the custom task pane. This gives the add-in full access to the object model in Office Word 2007.
Just below the public class Connect() statement, add the following code to create an object that points to the UserControl1 class, and to create a variable for the primary interop assemblies in Office Word 2007:
private myControl sampleAX = null;
private WordPia.Application applicationObject;
In the OnConnection procedure, replace the statements with this code:
applicationObject = (WordPia.Application)application;
addInInstance = addInInst;
MessageBox.Show("SampleCTPAddin is loaded.");
The MessageBox statement assures you that the add-in loads successfully in Office Word 2007.
In the OnBeginShutDown procedure, add the following code:
MessageBox.Show("SampleCTPAddin is unloading.");:
sampleAX = (myControl) CTP.ContentControl;
Add the following code, which inserts the text into the document when the user clicks the button:
private void sampleAX_InsertTextClicked(object sender, string insertTextArgs)
{
WordPia.Range myRange = null;
myRange = applicationObject.ActiveDocument.Content;
myRange.InsertAfter(insertTextArgs);
}
On the File menu, choose Save All to save the project.
On the Build menu, click Build Solution.
If you are able to compile the project with no build errors, the code automatically adds the add-in to the registry at this location:
HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Office\Word\Addins\SampleCTPAddin.Connect.
Before modifying the registry, create a backup. Additionally, be sure that you know how to restore the registry if a problem occurs. For more information about how to back up, restore, and modify the registry, see the Microsoft Knowledge Base article entitled Description of the Microsoft Windows registry..
Microsoft Office Developer Center: Smart Tags Developer Portal
Microsoft Office Developer Center: Visual Studio Tools for Office Developer Portal
Building COM Add-ins for Office Applications
Building a COM Add-in for Microsoft Office XP Using Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0
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http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/aa338197.aspx
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crawl-002
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en
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refinedweb
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Web 2.0, Meet JavaScript 2.0
Well I suppose it's an undeniable fact about us programmer-types - every now and then we just can't help but get excited about something really nerdy. For me right now, that is definitely JavaScript 2.0. I was just taking a look at the proposed specifications and I am really, truly excited about what we have coming.OP!
Had to start with this one - it's so big it had to be first. Introducing actual classes and interfaces into the language is likely the most radical change that will come with JavaScript 2.0. Technically speaking, OOP will be nothing new for JavaScript. JavaScript already has objects and even offers full support for inheritance through the prototype chain - however, prototypal inheritance in JavaScript is tricky business and can often produce unexpected results (especially for those accustomed to classical inheritance in languages such as Java and C#).
Not only is JavaScript introducing classes into the language,
I'll be honest and admit that I wasn't sure if the error gets thrown on assignment, or when you attempt to read. For now, examples in the documentation are sparse, but either way this will be a handy feature. The mechanism that makes this new operator possible is union types (also new). I won't be delving into those in this article, but they would definitely be worth reading up on at the original source.Real Namespaces
JavaScript developers have long been implementing namespaces by stuffing everything into a single global object. While this is not a bad convention (and it's much better than cluttering the global namespace), the reality is that it abuses the purpose of objects for the sake of simulating pseudo-namespaces. Well, have a guilty conscience no more, because now you have real bonafide namespaces that are actually made for being, well,));
Even in this short, fanciful example you can see how your code can start to take on a highly organized and logical structure - much like many of the server side languages you may have worked with. Personally, I think this is one of the strongest improvements found in the specifications.Conclusion
Well, needless to say, JavaScript 2.0 is shaping up to be a devastatingly awesome improvement. The specifications go on for about 40 pages of size 12 font, so I'm not even going to try and provide a complete overview. But as I've said, everything I've mentioned above can be found in the proposed language overview (PDF) - and there's several more goodies to be found in there as well. Thanks for reading!
- Login or register to post comments
- 2991 reads
- Printer-friendly version
(Note: Opinions expressed in this article and its replies are the opinions of their respective authors and not those of DZone, Inc.)
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkk... replied on Wed, 2008/03/19 - 5:23pm
Thanks for the write-up, this is really exciting to me.
I have a feeling that JS, if widely-adopted from the outset, could drive web applications into a whole new realm. Although JS 1.x has always been a very powerful language, its always been hindered by its lack of support for some key features found in other languages (real classes, namespaces, constants, etc), and I'm very glad to see these issues being addressed. Currently, many of these problems are addressed in an ad-hoc manner that is many times inelegant, wordy, confusing, and prone to implementation problems.
I just hope that A) backwards compatibility will be a non-issue, and B) adoption is universal and full.
Jeremy Martin replied on Wed, 2008/03/19 - 5:29pm
in response to: kenman
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http://css.dzone.com/news/web-20-meet-javascript-20
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crawl-002
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en
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refinedweb
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Summary: Learn how to create content sources to crawl business data in Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 Enterprise Search.
Applies to: 2007 Microsoft Office System, Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007
Patrick Tisseghem, U2U
April 2007
Think of a content source as a location containing resources that you want to crawl or index. In Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007, many types of locations are accessible by default: SharePoint sites, Web sites, network folders, Microsoft Exchange Server public folders, and data exposed by using the Business Data Catalog. In this how-to we'll focus on data exposed by using the Business Data Catalog, and discuss the steps to take when creating and configuring a content source of type Business Data. We'll also review a sample of how to accomplish the steps programmatically, using some of the classes exposed in the new search administration API.
IDEnumerator in the Application Definition File
Indexing entity instances requires an additional method at the level of the entity in the application definition file. This method must be of type IDEnumerator and must return primary keys for the instances.
…
<Method Name="EmployeeIDEnumerator">
<Properties>
<Property Name="RdbCommandType" Type="System.String">
Text
</Property>
<Property Name="RdbCommandText" Type="System.String">
Select EmployeeID from HumanResources.vEmployee
</Property>
</Properties>
<Parameters>
<Parameter Direction="Return" Name="EmployeeIDs">
<TypeDescriptor TypeName="System.Data.IDataReader, System.Data,
Version=2.0.3600.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089"
Name="Employees" IsCollection="true">
<TypeDescriptors>
<TypeDescriptor TypeName="System.Data.IDataRecord,
System.Data, Version=2.0.3600.0, Culture=neutral,
PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" Name="Employee">
<TypeDescriptors>
<TypeDescriptor TypeName="System.Int32" IdentifierName=
"EmployeeID" Name="EmployeeID" />
</TypeDescriptors>
</TypeDescriptor>
</TypeDescriptors>
</TypeDescriptor>
</Parameter>
</Parameters>
<MethodInstances>
<MethodInstance Name="EmployeeIDEnumeratorInstance" Type="IdEnumerator"
ReturnParameterName="EmployeeIDs" />
</MethodInstances>
</Method>
The application definition file is imported in the Business Data Catalog metadata repository using the administration site of the Shared Services Provider. A content source of type Business Data can then be created that points to the available business data application.
Required Search Administration and Business Data Catalog References
Developers can create applications that programmatically perform all of the steps administrators take in the browser. Notice that the sample code must be executed on the computer running Office SharePoint Server, and requires references to Microsoft.SharePoint.dll, Microsoft.Office.Server.dll, Microsoft.Office.Server.Search.dll, Microsoft.SharePoint.Portal.dll, and System.Web.dll. The following code example shows the namespaces that are used.
// -- Namespaces used for the search administration classes
using Microsoft.Office.Server;
using Microsoft.Office.Server.Administration;
using Microsoft.Office.Server.Search;
using Microsoft.Office.Server.Search.Administration;
// -- Namespaces used to access the Business Data Catalog
using Microsoft.Office.Server.ApplicationRegistry.MetadataModel;
using Microsoft.Office.Server.ApplicationRegistry.Infrastructure;
using Microsoft.Office.Server.ApplicationRegistry.SystemSpecific.Db;
Connecting to the Shared Services Provider and the Search Context
Before you can work with the classes to manipulate the content sources, you must obtain the reference to the context of the Shared Services Provider and the Search Service. The following code example shows this, and);
}
Listing Existing Content Sources
You can retrieve the list of content sources by creating an instance of the Content class with the reference of the SearchContext as an argument in the constructor. Next, loop over all of the content sources for display. Every content source has one or more start addresses.
Content content = new Content(this.searchctx);
foreach (ContentSource contentsource in content.ContentSources)
{
TreeNode node = treeViewContentSources.Nodes.Add(contentsource.Name);
node.Tag = contentsource;
foreach (object startaddress in contentsource.StartAddresses)
{
node.Nodes.Add(startaddress.ToString());
}
}
Retrieving Crawling Status
Several properties that are exposed at the level of the ContentSource class store information about the crawling status and timing.
ContentSource contentsource = (ContentSource)node.Tag;
labelCrawlStatus.Text = contentsource.CrawlStatus.ToString();
labelCrawlStarted.Text = contentsource.CrawlStarted.ToString();
labelCrawlCompleted.Text = contentsource.CrawlCompleted.ToString();
Starting a Crawl
Two crawl methods are available: full crawl and incremental crawl. Both are exposed as methods of the ContentSource class.
contentsource.StartFullCrawl();
contentsource.StartIncrementalCrawl();
Retrieving the Business Data Applications
All of the functionality of the Business Data Catalog is exposed by a rich object model (the Microsoft.Office.Server.ApplicationRegistry namespace in Microsoft.SharePoint.Portal.dll). If the code is not running in the context of SharePoint Server, an instance of the SqlSessionProvider and a call to the SetSharedResourceProviderToUser method internally hooks up the application with the Shared Services Provider context. The ApplicationRegistry class exposes a GetLobSystemInstances method with all of the business data applications available in the Business Data Catalog.
SqlSessionProvider.Instance().SetSharedResourceProviderToUse
("SharedServices1");
NamedLobSystemInstanceDictionary instances =
ApplicationRegistry.GetLobSystemInstances();
foreach (LobSystemInstance app in instances.Values)
{
comboBoxBDCApps.Items.Add(app.Name);
}
Creating a Content Source
To create a content source, you call the Create method at the level of the ContentSourceCollection object. You can create a Business Data Catalog-specific URI to the business data application by calling the static method ConstructStartAddress exposed by the type BusinessDataContentSource. This URI is added to the StartAddresCollection object of the ContentSource instance. A call to the Update method saves everything in the database.
Uri bdcuri = BusinessDataContentSource.ConstructStartAddress
(this.searchctx.Name, comboBoxBDCApps.SelectedItem.ToString());
Content content = new Content(this.searchctx);
BusinessDataContentSource contentsource =
(BusinessDataContentSource)content.ContentSources.Create
(typeof(BusinessDataContentSource),textBoxContentSourceName.Text);
contentsource.StartAddresses.Add(bdcuri);
contentsource.Update();
The crawler that is provided in SharePoint Server can be directed to a location and ordered to index content available in that location by creating and configuring a content source at the level of the Shared Services Provider. Following are the different types of content sources that can be created:
SharePoint sites
Web sites
Network folders
Exchange Server public folders
Business data
Lotus Notes databases (only after a post-installation step)
Business data stored in a structured way in a relational database such as Microsoft SQL Server, or stored in line-of-business (LOB) systems such as SAP or Microsoft Dynamics CRM can be exposed in a unified and consistent way via the Business Data Catalog middle-layer. Developers model the business data in a declarative way in an XML file: the application definition file. A full discussion of all of the elements in this file is out of scope here, but one method is very important and must be included in the application definition file for the crawler to index the data. This method must be of type IDEnumerator and return all of the primary keys of the records to index. The crawler generates a profile page for each of them and indexes the content on that page.
The search administration object model exposes different classes you can use to programmatically create, configure, and manage content sources. Figure 1 shows all of the classes used within the sample code.
Figure 1. The search-related classes discussed in this how-to
Watch the Video
Length: 14:27 | Size: 14.9 MB | Type: WMV file
Managing Search Scopes
Inside MOSS 2007 (MSPress, Patrick Tisseghem)
How to: Retrieve the Content Sources for a Shared Services Provider
How to: Add a Content Source
How to: Delete a Content Source
How to: Programmatically Manage the Crawl of a Content Source
How to: Programmatically Configure a Crawl Schedule for a Content Source
Plan for Business Data Search
ApplicationRegistry Class (Microsoft.Office.Server.ApplicationRegistry.Administration)
The BDC Metadata Manager Community Tool
Mike Taghizadeh's Blog
|
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb430246.aspx
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crawl-002
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en
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refinedweb
|
As with any object, you declare a variable to hold the object, and then create the collection object and assign it to the variable.
For a collection object, you can use either the Visual Basic Collection Class or a .NET Framework collection class. In particular, you can create a generic collection by using one of the classes in the System.Collections.Generic namespace. A generic collection is useful when every item in the collection has the same data type. Generic collections enforce strong typing by allowing only the desired data type to be added. For more information, see How to: Define Type-Safe Collections.
Once the collection object is created, you can add and remove items and access items in the collection.
Two examples about how to create collections follow. Each collection holds String items and associates a String key with each item. The first two procedures create a collection using the Visual Basic collection class. The last two procedures create a collection using a .NET Framework generic collection class.
Declare and create a Visual Basic Collection variable, as the following example shows.
Dim sampleVisualBasicColl As New Microsoft.VisualBasic.Collection()
The collection in sampleVisualBasicColl can accept items of any data type.
Use the Add Method (Collection Object)VisualBasicColl.Add(item1, "firstkey")
sampleVisualBasicColl.Add(item2, "secondkey")
sampleVisualBasicColl.Add(item3, "thirdkey")
sampleVisualBasicColl.Add(item4, "fourthkey")
The Key argument is optional in a Visual Basic collection.
If you want to remove an element from the collection, you can use the Remove Method (Collection Object), identifying the element either by its positional index or by its optional key. The following example illustrates this.
' Remove the first element of the Visual Basic collection.
sampleVisualBasicColl.Remove(1)
' Remove the element with the key "secondkey".
sampleVisualBasicColl.Remove("secondkey")
Note that when an element is removed from a Visual Basic Collection, the index values are renumbered from 1 through the value of the Count Property (Collection Object).
Declare a variable of the type stored in the collection. For the previous example, declare a variable of type String, as the following example shows.
' Insert code from the preceding example.
Dim aString As String
Use a For Each...Next Statement (Visual Basic) to examine each element of the collection. The following example searches for a particular string and displays it if found.
For Each aString in sampleVisualBasicColl
If aString = "Collection" Then
MsgBox(aString)
End If
Next aString
Declare and create a .NET Framework System.Collections.Generic..::.Dictionary<(Of <(TKey, TValue>)>) variable, as the following example shows.
Dim sampleGenericColl As New System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary(Of String, String)
The sampleGenericColl variable holds a type-safe collection that accepts items and keys only of type String.
Use the Dictionary<(Of <(TKey, TValue>)>)..::.Add methodGenericColl.Add("firstkey", item1)
sampleGenericColl.Add("secondkey", item2)
sampleGenericColl.Add("thirdkey", item3)
sampleGenericColl.Add("fourthkey", item4)
The Key argument is required in this generic collection.
To remove an element from the collection, use the IDictionary<(Of <(TKey, TValue>)>)..::.Remove method. You must supply the key to identify the element to remove. The following example illustrates this.
If Not sampleGenericColl.Remove("thirdkey")
' Insert code to handle "thirdkey" not found in collection.
End If
You can use a For Each...Next statement to loop through and process the elements of a collection, as the following procedure demonstrates.
' Insert code from the preceding example.
Dim aPair As KeyValuePair(Of String, String)
For Each aPair In sampleGenericColl
If aPair.Value = "Items" Then
MsgBox(aPair.Key & " -- " & aPair.Value)
End If
Next aPair
The examples on this page, are, in my view, not particularly helpful for students trying to learn to use collections.
Rather than provide simple, clear, concise code examples the author has tried to show off his programming skills with other, not particularly simple programming concepts. "If Not sampleGenericColl.Remove("thirdkey")" for example, sould be replaced with a simpler, more straightforward example. Likewise, comments like "Insert code from preceding example" is not particularly helpful when it is not clear which preceding example is referred to!
The overall effect of this page is that students spend more time trying to understand these "other" concepts rather than learning about collections.
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http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/395dc977.aspx
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crawl-002
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en
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refinedweb
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Want more? Here are some additional resources on this topic:
The.NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server describes a collection of classes used to access a SQL Server database in the managed space. Using the SqlDataAdapter, you can fill a memory-resident DataSet that you can use to query and update the database.
For conceptual information about using this namespace when programming with the .NET Framework, see Using the .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server.
sqlconnection()
sqlcommand
executenoncury
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http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.data.sqlclient(VS.80).aspx
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crawl-002
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en
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refinedweb
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Creates' ]
The name of the alert. The name appears in the e-mail or pager message sent in response to the alert. It must be unique and can contain the percent (%) character. name is sysname, with no default.
The message error number that defines the alert. (It usually corresponds to an error number in the sysmessages table.) message_id is int, with a default of 0. If severity is used to define the alert, message_id must be 0 or NULL..
Indicates the current status of the alert. enabled is tinyint, with a default of 1 (enabled). If 0, the alert is not enabled and does not fire.
The wait period, in seconds, between responses to the alert. delay_between_responses is int, with a default of 0, which means there is no waiting between responses (each occurrence of the alert generates a response). The response can be in either or both of these forms:
By setting this value, it is possible to prevent, for example, unwanted e-mail messages from being sent when an alert repeatedly occurs in a short period of time.
Is an optional additional message sent to the operator as part of the e-mail, net send, or pager notification. notification_message is nvarchar(512), with a default of NULL. Specifying notification_message is useful for adding special notes such as remedial procedures..
0 (default)
None
1
2
Pager
4
net send
The database in which the error must occur for the alert to fire. If database is not supplied, the alert fires regardless of where the error occurred. database is sysname. Names that are enclosed in brackets ([ ]) are not allowed. The default value is NULL.%).
The job identification number of the job to run in response to this alert. job_id is uniqueidentifier, with a default of NULL.
The name of the job to be executed in response to this alert. job_name is sysname, with a default of NULL.
Not implemented in SQL Server version 7.0. raise_snmp_trap is tinyint, with a default of 0.
Is a value expressed in the format 'itemcomparatorvalue'. performance_condition is nvarchar(512) with a default of NULL, and consists of these elements.
Item
A performance object, performance counter, or named instance of the counter
Comparator
One of these operators: >, <, or =
Value
Numeric value of the counter
The name of the alert category. category is sysname, with a default of NULL.
The WMI namespace to query for events. wmi_namespace is sysname, with a default of NULL. Only namespaces on the local server are supported.
The query that specifies the WMI event for the alert. wmi_query is nvarchar(512), with a default of NULL.
0 (success) or 1 (failure)
sp_add_alert must be run from the msdb database.
These are the circumstances under which errors/messages generated by SQL Server and SQL Server applications are sent to the Windows application log and can therefore raise alerts:
SQL Server Management Studio provides an easy, graphical way to manage the entire alerting system and is the recommended way to configure an alert infrastructure.
If an alert is not functioning properly, check whether:
By default, only members of the sysadmin fixed server role can execute sp_add_alert.
The following example adds an alert (Test Alert) that runs the Back up the AdventureWorks Database job when fired.
Back up the AdventureWorks Database
USE msdb ;
GO
EXEC dbo.sp_add_alert
@name = N'Test Alert',
@message_id = 55001,
@severity = 0,
@notification_message = N'Error 55001 has occurred. The database will be backed up...',
@job_name = N'Back up the AdventureWorks Database' ;
GO
|
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/ms189531.aspx
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crawl-002
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en
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refinedweb
|
This will enable the Window menu to maintain a list of open MDI child windows with a check mark next to the active child window..
The Windows Forms Designer opens, displaying Form2.
This causes the RichTextBox control to completely fill the area of the MDI child form, even when the form is resized. #include directive at the top of Form1.h:
#include
// C++
#include "Form2.h".
Multiple-Document Interface (MDI) Applications | Creating MDI Parent Forms | Determining the Active MDI Child | Sending Data to the Active MDI Child | Arranging MDI Child Forms
|
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa984329(VS.71).aspx
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crawl-002
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en
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refinedweb
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Bluetooth uses the
WSAQUERYSET structure to facilitate the discovery of devices and services in the Bluetooth namespace, NS_BTH.
The
WSASetService function uses the
WSAQUERYSET structure to register or remove service instances in the Bluetooth namespace. The following table lists member values in the WSAQUERYSET structure.
Note To remove a service, the only required members in the BTH_SET_SERVICE structure are the pSdpVersion and pRecordHandle members.
Send comments about this topic to Microsoft
Build date: 6/11/2009
|
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa362920(VS.85).aspx
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crawl-002
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en
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refinedweb
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Updated: July 2008
Represents a dynamic data collection that provides notifications when items get added, removed, or when the whole list is refreshed.
<SerializableAttribute> _
Public Class ObservableCollection(Of T) _
Inherits Collection(Of T) _
Implements INotifyCollectionChanged, INotifyPropertyChanged
Dim instance As ObservableCollection(Of T)
[SerializableAttribute]
public class ObservableCollection<T> : Collection<T>,
INotifyCollectionChanged, INotifyPropertyChanged
[SerializableAttribute]
generic<typename T>
public ref class ObservableCollection : public Collection<T>,
INotifyCollectionChanged, INotifyPropertyChanged
JScript does not support generic types or methods.
See Remarks.
The type of elements in the collection.<(Of <(T>)>) class, which is a built-in implementation of a data collection that implements the INotifyCollectionChanged interface.. Implementing IList provides the best performance with the data binding engine..
ObservableCollection<(Of <(T>)>) can be used as a XAML object element in Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), in versions 3.0 and 3.5. However, the usage has substantial limitations.
ObservableCollection<(Of <(T>)>) must be the root element, because the x:TypeArguments attribute that must be used to specify the constrained type of the generic ObservableCollection<(Of <(T>)>) is only supported on the object element for the root element.
You must declare an x:Class attribute (which entails that the build action for this XAML file must be Page or some other build action that compiles the XAML).
ObservableCollection<(Of <(T>)>) is in a namespace and assembly that are not initially mapped to the default XML namespace. You must map a prefix for the namespace and assembly, and then use that prefix on the object element tag for ObservableCollection<(Of <(T>)>).
A more straightforward way to use ObservableCollection<(Of <(T>)>) capabilities from XAML in an application is to declare your own non-generic custom collection class that derives from ObservableCollection<(Of <(T>)>), and constrains it to a specific type. Then map the assembly that contains this class, and reference it as an object element in your XAML.
This example shows how to create and bind to a collection that derives from the ObservableCollection<(Of <(T>)>) class, which is a collection class that provides notifications when items get added or removed.
The following example shows the implementation of a NameList collection:
Public Class NameList
Inherits ObservableCollection(Of PersonName)
' Methods
Public Sub New()
MyBase.Add(New PersonName("Willa", "Cather"))
MyBase.Add(New PersonName("Isak", "Dinesen"))
MyBase.Add(New PersonName("Victor", "Hugo"))
MyBase.Add(New PersonName("Jules", "Verne"))
End Sub
End Class
Public Class PersonName
' Methods
Public Sub New(ByVal first As String, ByVal last As String)
Me._firstName = first
Me._lastName = last
End Sub
' Properties
Public Property FirstName() As String
Get
Return Me._firstName
End Get
Set(ByVal value As String)
Me._firstName = value
End Set
End Property
Public Property LastName() As String
Get
Return Me._lastName
End Get
Set(ByVal value As String)
Me._lastName = value
End Set
End Property
' Fields
Private _firstName As String
Private _lastName As String
End Class:
<ListBox Width="200"
ItemsSource="{Binding Source={StaticResource NameListData}}"
ItemTemplate="{StaticResource NameItemTemplate}"
IsSynchronizedWithCurrentItem="True"/>
The definition of NameItemTemplate is not shown here. For the complete sample, see Implementing Parameterized MultiBinding Sample.
The objects in your collection must satisfy the requirements described in the
Binding Sources Overview. In particular, if you are using OneWay or TwoWay (for example, you want your UI to update when the source properties change dynamically), you must implement a suitable property changed notification mechanism such as the INotifyPropertyChanged interface.
For more information, see the Binding to Collections section in the Data Binding Overview.
Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP SP2, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2003
Date
History
Reason
July 2008
Added new member: ObservableCollection<(Of <(T>)>) constructor.
SP1 feature change.
You need to add a reference to an unorthodox sounding MS assembly. And WindowsBase.dll does not always show up in the Add Reference dialog so you may have to browse for it on your HDD (which I've heard reports of being in different folders on different systems).
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http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-gb/library/ms668604.aspx
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crawl-002
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
Greg Stemp, Dean Tsaltas, and Bob Wells
Microsoft Corporation
Ethan Wilansky
Network Design Group
January 23, 2003
Summary: Defines the WMI scripting library and shows how to use it to access and manage WMI managed resources. Walks through the seven basic script types that can be created using the WMI scripting library for such tasks as creating, deleting, and retrieving instances of managed resources, and more. (22 printed pages)
Greetings fellow script scribes! It's been awhile. Rather than bore you with excuses—like we were finishing the Microsoft® Windows® 2000 Scripting Guide (more on that later)—let's dive in, shall we? We're going to pick up where we left off in our WMI Scripting Primer series by turning your attention to the remaining piece of the WMI scripting puzzle, the WMI Scripting Library.
Before we get too far along, let's briefly recap what we've covered so far. In WMI Scripting Primer: Part 1, we covered the architecture and major components of WMI as they relate to WMI scripting. In WMI Scripting Primer: Part 2, we talked about the Common Information Model, the repository that holds the blueprints (class definitions) for WMI managed resources. Although we know many of you skipped Part 2 (based on the number of "Rate this page" hits), we're still going to assume you know the material. If you don't, well, you know where to find it.
So, just what is the WMI scripting library? Let's use an analogy to answer that question. Think about your stereo system or the media player on your computer for a moment. What do all stereos have in common? Well, they all have a volume control, treble and bass controls, a tuner in the case of a radio, and perhaps an equalizer. And it doesn't matter whether you choose to listen to Beethoven, Led Zeppelin, Art of Noise, or whoever; the controls always work the same.
The WMI scripting library is like—not really, but humor us—the controls on your stereo. That is, the WMI scripting library provides a consistent set of controls (in the form of automation objects) that allow you to access and manage WMI managed resources. It doesn't matter whether you're managing computers, event logs, the operating system, processes, services, or pick your favorite resource; the objects in the WMI scripting library always work the same.
The consistency provided by the automation objects in the WMI scripting library is best conveyed by the finite set of tasks you can perform using the WMI scripting library. All told, you can create seven basic script types using the WMI scripting library.
You can think of the seven basic script types as script templates. And just like the volume control adjusts the loudness of any CD, cassette, 8-track tape, or .wma file, the WMI script templates can be used to manage any WMI managed resource. Once you understand a template well enough to manage one type of WMI managed resource, you can easily adapt the same template to manage hundreds of other WMI managed resources.
Now that we've established the WMI scripting library is your control panel to the entire WMI infrastructure, let's open the chassis and look inside. Figure 1 in Part 1 of this series showed you that the WMI scripting library is implemented in a single automation component named wbemdisp.dll that physically resides in the %SystemRoot%\system32\wbem directory.
All told, the WMI scripting library consists of twenty-four automation objects (nineteen in Windows 2000 and earlier), twenty-one of which are illustrated in the WMI scripting library object model diagram shown in Figure 1. Now, before you go into meltdown thinking you must learn the gory details of all twenty-four objects, let us politely point out that you do not. In fact, you'll be happy to learn you can create 6 of the 7 script templates listed earlier with a basic understanding of just two or three of the objects shown in Figure 1. What are those objects? Sit tight, you're getting ahead of us.
In addition to the twenty-four automation objects in the Microsoft Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 version of wbemdisp.dll, the scripting library also contains thirteen enumerations. Enumeration is just a fancy name for a group of related constants. We're not going to cover the groups of constants here, because they're covered quite well in the WMI SDK. To learn more about the WMI scripting constants, see Scripting API Constants in the WMI SDK.
In many ways, you can compare the automation objects in the WMI scripting library to the core interfaces provided by ADSI. What do we mean by that? Well, the ADSI core interfaces—IADs and IADsContainer, for example—provide a consistent approach to scripting objects in the Active Directory, irrespective of an object's class and attributes. Similarly, the automation objects in the WMI scripting library provide a consistent and uniform scripting model for WMI managed resources.
It's important to understand the relationship between the automation objects in the WMI scripting library (wbemdisp.dll) and the managed resource class definitions that reside in the CIM repository (objects.data). As we explained in Part 2, managed resource class definitions are the blueprints for the computer resources exposed through WMI. In addition to defining the resources that can be managed, the blueprints define the methods and properties unique to each managed resource.
The WMI scripting library, on the other hand, provides the general purpose set of automation objects scripts used to authenticate and connect to WMI, and subsequently access instances of WMI managed resources. Once you obtain an instance of a WMI managed resource using the WMI scripting library, you can access the methods and properties defined by the managed resource's class definition—as if the methods and properties were part of the scripting library itself.
Figure 1. WMI scripting library object model, wbemdisp.dll
Although Figure 1 may not appear very intuitive at first glance, the WMI scripting library object model provides a great deal of insight into the mechanics of how WMI scripting works. The lines in Figure 1 point to the object that is obtained by calling a method (or accessing a property) of the originating object. For example, calling the SWbemLocator ConnectServer method returns a SWbemServices object. Calling the SWbemServices ExecNotificationQuery method returns a SWbemEventSource object. On the other hand, calling the SWbemServices ExecQuery or InstancesOf method returns a SWbemObjectSet collection. And calling the SWbemServices Get method returns a SWbemObject.
Let's compare the WMI scripts presented in Part 1 and Part 2 of this series to the object model to see how they worked. Each script performed three basic steps common to many WMI scripts.
strComputer = "."
Set objSWbemServices = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strComputer & "\root\cimv2")
Connecting to WMI in this way returns a reference to the SWbemServices object shown in Figure 1. Once you obtain a reference to a SWbemServices object, you can call one of SwbemServices methods. The SWbemServices method you call largely depends on the type of WMI script you're creating.
Set colSWbemObjectSet = objSWbemServices.InstancesOf("Win32_Service")
InstancesOf always returns a SWbemObjectSet collection. As shown by the line between the SWbemServices and SWbemObjectSet objects in Figure 1, SWbemObjectSet is one of the three WMI scripting library object types SWbemServices can return.
For Each objSWbemObject In colSWbemObjectSet
WScript.Echo "Name: " & objSWbemObject.Name
As illustrated in Figure 1, each managed resource instance in a SWbemObjectSet collection is represented by a SWbemObject.
Of the twenty-four automation objects in the WMI scripting library, the three most important—that is, the three you should learn first—are SWbemServices, SWbemObjectSet, and SWbemObject. Why? Because SWbemServices, SWbemObjectSet, and SWbemObject are an essential part of darn near every WMI script. In fact, if we revisit our ADSI analogy, SWbemServices, SWbemObjectSet, and SWbemObject are to WMI scripting what IADs and IADsContainer are to ADSI scripting. (Scripting Guys Freebie: There's a tip in there for those of you that haven't dabbled in ADSI scripting.—.That is, of the sixty interfaces provided by the ADSI library, IADs and IADsContainer are the two you should learn first. Trust us.)
SWbemServices is the object that represents an authenticated connection to a WMI namespace on a local or remote computer. Additionally, SWBemServices plays an important role in every WMI script. For example, you use the SWbemServices InstancesOf method to retrieve all instances of a managed resource. Similarly, you use the SWbemServices ExecQuery method combined with a WQL (WMI Query Language) query to retrieve all or a subset of instances of a managed resource. And you use the SWbemServices ExecNotificationQuery method to subscribe to events that represent changes in the managed environment.
A SWbemObjectSet is a collection of zero or more SWbemObject objects. Why zero? Because it's possible for a computer to have zero instances of, say, a tape drive (modeled by Win32_TapeDrive). Each SWbemObject in a SWbemObjectSet can represent one of two things:
SWbemObject is the multiple-identity object that masquerades as the resource you're managing. For example, if you retrieve instances of the Win32_Process managed resource, SWbemObject takes on an identity modeled after the Win32_Process class definition, as shown on the left of Figure 2. On the other hand, if you retrieve instances of the Win32_Service managed resource, SWbemObject takes on an identity modeled after the Win32_Service class, as shown on the right of Figure 2.
Figure 2. SWbemObject masquerading as a Win32_Process and Win32_Service
If you examine Figure 2 closely, you'll notice SWbemObject exposes two distinct sets of methods and properties. The top set with the names that end with an underscore are part of SWbemObject and live in wbemdisp.dll. The underscores are used to prevent name collisions with methods and properties defined by a managed resource's class definition.
The bottom set of methods and properties are not part of SWbemObject. They are defined by a managed resource's class definition in the CIM. When you retrieve an instance or instances of a managed resource, SWbemObject dynamically binds to the methods and properties defined by the managed resource's class definition. You use SWbemObject to call the methods and access the properties defined in the managed resource's class definition as if the methods and properties were part of SWbemObject. The ability of SWBemObject to morph into any managed resource defined in the CIM is what makes WMI scripting so intuitive. Once you know how to connect and retrieve instances, everything is a SWbemObject.
OK. So what else does the WMI scripting library object model tell you? The object model tells you SWbemServices and SWbemObject can be directly created using the VBScript (or WSH) GetObject function combined with the WMI moniker (winmgmts:) and a WMI object path (for example, "[\\ComputerName][\Namespace][:ClassName][.KeyProperty='Value']"). On the other hand, SWbemLocator, SWbemLastError, SWbemObjectPath, SWbemNamedValueSet, SWbemSink, SWbemDateTime, and SWbemRefresher objects are created using the VBScript (or WSH) CreateObject function. The remaining objects cannot be created using GetObject or CreateObject. Instead, they are obtained by calling a method or accessing a property.
The object model also tells you that seven of the objects in the WMI scripting library expose a SWbemSecurity object, as indicated by the security callout icon immediately beneath or to the right of the object.
For more information about a specific scripting library object, method, or property, see Scripting API for WMI in the WMI SDK Documentation. To understand the basic mechanics of the WMI scripting library, let's turn our attention to the seven WMI script templates we listed earlier. Before we do that, how about a paragraph or two about variable naming conventions.
In the example scripts that follow, the variable names used to reference each WMI automation object follow a consistent naming convention. Each variable is named according to the automation object's name in the WMI scripting library, and prefaced with "obj" (to indicate an object reference) or "col" (to indicate a collection object reference). For example, a variable that references a SWbemServices object is named objSWbemServices. A variable that references a SWbemObject is named objSWbemObject. And a variable that references a SWbemObjectSet is named colSWbemObjectSet.
Why is this important? Well, one could certainly argue that it's not. However, the idea is to help you understand the type of WMI object you're working with at different points in a WMI script. If it helps, great. If it doesn't, just ignore it. The other mildly important thing to keep in mind is that the object reference variable names can be whatever suits your fancy. If you prefer variable names like foo and bar, or dog and cat, that's fine too. There is no requirement stating you must name a reference to a SWbemServices object objSWbemServices. That's just how we did it.
Admittedly, tasks that can be performed by using WMI follow one of a handful of standard approaches. For example, you've already seen how a template can serve as the basis for scripts that return information about almost any managed resource. In Part 1 of this series, the same basic script (with one or two minor modifications) was used to return information about items as disparate as installed memory, services, and events recorded in the event logs.
The following topics present basic WMI script templates that can be used to:
Before we get started, we need to make sure we're perfectly clear on one important point: What you can and cannot do to a WMI managed resource is governed by the managed resource's blueprint (that is, class definition) in the Common Information Model (CIM) repository, and not the WMI scripting library. This is why Part 2 of this series is mildly important (hint, hint). Still not convinced? We'll give you a couple of examples.
You can only modify writeable properties. How do you determine if a property is writeable? You use WbemTest.exe, WMI CIM Studio, WMIC.exe, or a script to examine the property's Write qualifier. (See Figure 7 or Listing C in Part 2 of this series for an example of how to examine property qualifiers.) If the Write qualifier isn't defined for a property, the default value is FALSE, which means the property is read-only.
Here's another example. You can only create new instances of managed resources if the resource's class definition sets the SupportsCreate class qualifier to TRUE. How do you determine if a managed resource's class definition sets SupportsCreate to TRUE? You examine the managed resource's class qualifiers, again, as shown in Figure 7 and demonstrated in Listing C in Part 2 of this series.
Note In practice you'll find some managed resources can be created, updated, and/or deleted even though the managed resource's class definition fails to set the appropriate qualifiers. We're told the situation is being corrected.
One more thing before we get started. All of the following:
strComputer = "atl-dc-01"
Up to this point, we've used the SWbemServices InstancesOf method to retrieve instances of managed resources, as shown in Listing 1.
Listing 1. Retrieving services information using SWbemServices InstancesOf
strComputer = "."
Set objSWbemServices = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strComputer & "\root\cimv2")
Set colSWbemObjectSet = objSWbemServices.InstancesOf(
While InstancesOf certainly does the trick, what about situations where you only want a subset of instances or properties? Suppose you want to optimize instance and property retrieval to minimize network traffic. In such cases, you'll be glad to learn WMI supports a rich and powerful query facility.
Querying WMI is the process of issuing a request for managed resources that match some predefined criteria. For example, a WMI query can request only those services with a StartMode of Auto that are in a Stopped state.
WMI queries provide a more efficient mechanism for retrieving instances of managed resources and their properties than the InstancesOf method. WMI queries return only those instances and properties that match the query, whereas InstancesOf always returns all instances of a specified resource and all of the properties for each instance. Also, queries are processed on the target computer identified in the object path rather than on the source computer running the script. Therefore, WMI queries can significantly reduce the amount of network traffic that would otherwise be encountered by less efficient data retrieval mechanisms, such as InstancesOf.
To query WMI, you construct a query string using the WMI Query Language (WQL). The query string defines the criteria that must be satisfied to result in a successful match. After the query string is defined, the query is submitted to the WMI service using the SWbemServices ExecQuery method. Instances of managed resources that satisfy the query are returned to the script in the form of a SWbemObjectSet collection.
Using WQL and the ExecQuery method (rather than InstancesOf) provides you with the flexibility to create scripts that return only the items that are of interest to you. For example, you can use a basic WQL query to return all properties of all instances of a given managed resource, as shown in Listing 2. This is the same information that is returned by the InstancesOf method. If you compare Listings 1 and 2, you'll notice the bold part of Line 3 is the only difference between the two scripts.
Listing 2. Retrieving services information using SWbemServices ExecQuery
strComputer = "."
Set objSWbemServices = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strComputer & "\root\cimv2")
Set colSWbemObjectSet = objSWbemServices.ExecQuery("SELECT * FROM
You can also create targeted queries using WQL, queries that do such things as:
"SELECT DisplayName, State, StartMode FROM Win32_Service"
"SELECT * FROM Win32_Service WHERE State = 'Stopped'"
"SELECT DisplayName,State,StartMode FROM Win32_Service WHERE State='Stopped'"
Creating targeted queries will sometimes noticeably increase the speed with which data is returned. (For instance, it's much faster to return only those events in the Application event log that have EventCode 0 than to return all the events in all the event logs.) Targeted queries also make it easier to work with the returned data. For example, suppose you want only events from the Application event log with EventCode 0. Using a targeted query will return only those items. By contrast, InstancesOf would return all the events, and you would have to individually examine each one and determine whether it, 1) came from the Application event log and, 2) has EventCode 0. Although this can be done, it is less efficient and requires additional work on your part.
Targeted queries can also cut down on the amount of data that is returned, an important consideration for scripts that run over the network. Table 1 shows some relative figures for different query types. As you can see, there can be a considerable difference in the amount of data returned by the various query types.
Table 1. Comparing different WMI instance retrieval methods and queries
At this point, we hope we've convinced you ExecQuery is superior to InstancesOf. Now let's turn Listing 2 into a generic WMI script template that can easily be modified to retrieve instances of any WMI managed resource. Listing 3 contains our first template.
Listing 3. Template for retrieving instances of managed resources
strComputer = "."
strNamespace = "\root\cimv2"
strClass = "Win32_Service"
Set objSWbemServices = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strComputer & strNamespace)
Set colSWbemObjectSet = objSWbemServices.ExecQuery("SELECT * FROM " & strClass)
For Each objSWbemObject In colSWbemObjectSet
WScript.Echo "Display Name: " & objSWbemObject.DisplayName
WScript.Echo "State: " & objSWbemObject.State
WScript.Echo "Start Mode: " & objSWbemObject.StartMode
To use this template with other WMI classes:
WScript.Echo "Display Name: " & objSWbemObject.DisplayName
WScript.Echo "State: " & objSWbemObject.State
WScript.Echo "Start Mode: " & objSWbemObject.StartMode
Scripting Guys Freebie If you're working with a managed resource that returns a lot of instances (we'll define a lot as more than 1000 for the purpose of this discussion), you can optimize the behavior of ExecQuery through the use of optional flags. For example, suppose you use ExecQuery to query Event Log records (modeled by the Win32_NTLogEvent class). As you already know, the Event Log(s) can contain thousands and thousands of records. By default, you may encounter performance problems associated with queries that return large result sets, such as Event Log queries. The reason has to do with the way WMI caches a SWbemObject reference for each and every instance, or in our example, for each and every Event Log record. To avoid the problem, you can tell ExecQuery to return a forward-only SWbemObjectSet, as demonstrated below.
strComputer = "."
strNamespace = "\root\cimv2"
strClass = "Win32_NTLogEvent"
Const wbemFlagReturnImmediately = &h10
Const wbemFlagForwardOnly = &h20
Set objSWbemServices = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strComputer & strNamespace)
Set colSWbemObjectSet = objSWbemServices.ExecQuery("SELECT * FROM " & strClass, _
"WQL" _
wbemFlagReturnImmediately + wbemFlagForwardOnly)
' Insert remainder of script here (e.g., For Each Next loop)...
Note The wbemFlagReturnImmediately flag (which is defined in one of the enumerations we briefly touched on earlier) is the default ExecQuery behavior and is semi-synchronous. The important optimization is the addition SWbemObjectSet.
One limitation of the script shown in Listing 3 is that it requires you to know, in advance, the names of all of the properties that you want to retrieve and display. What if you want to display values for all the properties of a resource, but you either do not know the property names or do not want to type the 40 or 50 lines of code required to display each property value? In that case, you can use the template in Listing 4, which automatically retrieves and displays the values of each property found in a class.
Listing 4. Scriptomatic lite template
strComputer = "."
strNamespace = "\root\cimv2"
strClass = "Win32_Process"
Set objSWbemServices = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strComputer & strNamespace)
Set colSWbemObjectSet = objSWbemServices.ExecQuery("SELECT * FROM " & strClass)
Wscript.Echo "Scriptomatic Lite - Class: " & strClass
Wscript.Echo "===========================" & String(Len(strClass), "=") & vbCrLf
intInstance = 1
For Each objSWbemObject In colSWbemObjectSet
WScript.Echo "Instance: " & intInstance & vbCrLf & "--------------"
For Each objSWbemProperty In objSWbemObject.Properties_
strPropertyValue = ConvertPropertyValueToString(objSWbemProperty.Value)
WScript.Echo objSWbemProperty.Name & ": " & strPropertyValue
WScript.Echo
intInstance = intInstance + 1
Function ConvertPropertyValueToString(ByVal PropertyValue)
If IsObject(PropertyValue) Then
ConvertPropertyValueToString = "<CIM_OBJECT (embedded SWbemObject)>"
ElseIf IsNull(PropertyValue) Then
ConvertPropertyValueToString = "<NULL>"
ElseIf IsArray(PropertyValue) Then
ConvertPropertyValueToString = Join(PropertyValue, ",")
Else
ConvertPropertyValueToString = CStr(PropertyValue)
End If
End Function
In Windows 2000, WMI is primarily a read-only technology. Of the 4,395 properties defined in the Windows 2000 root\cimv2 namespace, only 39 properties are writeable. Those numbers improve in Microsoft® Windows® XP, where 145 of approximately 6560 properties are writeable. And the numbers get even better in Windows Server 2003.
The template in Listing 5 demonstrates how to modify a writeable property. The script retrieves all instances of the managed resource modeled by the Win32_OSRecoveryConfiguration class. (In this case, the class contains only a single instance.) The script provides new values for three properties—DebugInfoType, DebugFilePath, and OverWriteExistingDebugFile—and then commits the changes (and thus configures operating system recovery options) using the SWbemObject Put_ method. If you forget to call the Put_ method, the changes will not be applied.
Note This template works only for properties that are writeable. Attempting to change a read-only property will result in an error. To determine if a property is writeable, examine the property's Write qualifier.
Listing 5. Template for modifying writeable properties of a managed resource
strComputer = "."
strNamespace = "\root\cimv2"
strClass = "Win32_OSRecoveryConfiguration"
Set objSWbemServices = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strComputer & strNamespace)
Set colSWbemObjectSet = objSWbemServices.ExecQuery("SELECT * FROM " & strClass)
For Each objSWbemObject In colSWbemObjectSet
objSWbemObject.DebugInfoType = 1
objSWbemObject.DebugFilePath = "c:\tmp\memory.dmp"
objSWbemObject.OverWriteExistingDebugFile = False
objSWbemObject.Put_
Notice how SWbemObject is used inside the For Each loop to: 1) Directly access and modify properties defined by the Win32_OSRecoveryConfiguration class, and 2) call its own Put_ method to commit the change.
To use this template with other WMI classes that implement writeable properties:
objSWbemObject.DebugInfoType = 1
objSWbemObject.DebugFilePath = "c:\tmp\memory.dmp"
objSWbemObject.OverWriteExistingDebugFile = False
Methods defined in a managed resource's class definition allow you to perform actions on the managed resource. For example, the Win32_Service class includes methods that let you perform such tasks as starting and stopping services; the Win32_NTEventlogFile class includes methods for backing up and clearing event logs; the Win32_OperatingSystem class includes methods for rebooting or shutting down a computer.
Listing 6 provides a template that can be used to write scripts that call WMI managed resource methods. This particular script uses the StopService method of the Win32_Service class to stop the Alerter service on the local computer.
Note Before you can call a method defined in a managed resource's class definition, the method must be implemented. How do you determine if a method is implemented? Examine the method's implemented qualifier. A value of TRUE indicates that a method has an implementation supplied by a provider. Having said that, be aware that some methods do not define the implemented qualifier although the method is implemented. The Win32_Service StopService method, shown below, is an example of such a method. The bottom line is determining whether or not a method is implemented can also involve a bit of trial and error. As we mentioned earlier, we're told the situation is being corrected.
Listing 6. Template for calling a method of a managed resource
strComputer = "."
strNamespace = "\root\cimv2"
strClass = "Win32_Service"
strKey = "Name"
strKeyValue = "Alerter"
Set objSWbemServices = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strComputer & strNamespace)
Set colSWbemObjectSet = objSWbemServices.ExecQuery _
("SELECT * FROM " & strClass & " WHERE " & strKey & "='" & strKeyValue & "'")
For Each objSWbemObject in colSWbemObjectSet
objSWbemObject.StopService()
objSWbemObject.StopService()
Some WMI classes allow you to create a new instance of the resource they model. For example, you can use the Win32_Environment class to create environment variables, the Win32_Process class to create processes, and the Win32_Share class to create shared resources, to name a few.
Before you create a new instance of a resource, you must verify that the managed resource's class supports the create operation. You do this by examining the class's SupportsCreate qualifier. A value of TRUE indicates the class supports the creation of instances (the default is FALSE). Once you've determined the class supports the create operation, you must determine the method used to create new instances. There are two approaches to creating new instances:
Let's look at a template for each.
Listing 7 demonstrates how to create an instance of a resource when the resource's class definition sets SupportsCreate to TRUE and CreateBy to PutInstance. the SWbemObject SpawnInstance_ method to create a new, "blank," instance of the class. Set the properties for the new instance, and call the SWbemObject Put_ method to create the new instance.
Listing 7. Template for creating a new instance using SpawnInstance_ and Put_
strComputer = "."
strNamespace = "\root\cimv2"
strClass = "Win32_Environment"
Set objSWbemServices = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strComputer & strNamespace)
Set objSWbemObject = objSWbemServices.Get(strClass)
Set objNewSWbemObject = objSWbemObject.SpawnInstance_()
objNewSWbemObject.Properties_.Item("Name") = "TMPSHARE"
objNewSWbemObject.Properties_.Item("UserName") = "<SYSTEM>"
objNewSWbemObject.Properties_.Item("VariableValue") = "c:\tmp"
objNewSWbemObject.Put_
To use this template with other WMI classes that support PutInstance:
objNewSWbemObject.Properties_.Item("Name") = "TMPSHARE"
objNewSWbemObject.Properties_.Item("UserName") = "<SYSTEM>"
objNewSWbemObject.Properties_.Item("VariableValue") = "c:\tmp"
Scripting Guys Freebie When creating a new instance using the SWbemObject SpawnInstance_ and Put_ methods, you must provide value(s) for all of the class's key properties. For example, the Win32_Environment class used in Listing 7 defines two key properties: Name and UserName. How do you determine a class's key(s) property or properties? You use WbemTest.exe, WMI CIM Studio, WMIC.exe, or a script to examine the property's Key qualifier.
Listing 8 demonstrates how to create an instance of a resource when the resource's class definition provides its own create method. SWbemObject to call the method identified by the class's CreateBy qualifier. The script template in Listing 8 uses the Win32_Share Create method to create a new shared folder.
Listing 8. Template for creating a new instance using a managed resource method
strComputer = "."
strNamespace = "\root\cimv2"
strClass = "Win32_Share"
Const SHARED_FOLDER = 0
strPath = "c:\tmp"
strShareName = "tmp"
intMaximumAllowed = 1
strDescription = "Temporary share"
Set objSWbemServices = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strComputer & strNamespace)
Set objSWbemObject = objSWbemServices.Get(strClass)
intReturnValue = objSWbemObject.Create(strPath, _
strShareName, _
SHARED_FOLDER, _
intMaximumAllowed, _
strDescription)
WScript.Echo "Return value: " & intReturnValue
To use this template with other WMI classes that provide a custom create method:
Const SHARED_FOLDER = 0
strPath = "c:\tmp"
strShareName = "tmp"
intMaximumAllowed = 1
strDescription = "Temporary share"
intReturnValue = objSWbemObject.Create(strPath, _
strShareName, _
SHARED_FOLDER, _
intMaximumAllowed, _
strDescription)
Scripting Guys Freebie When creating a new instance using a method provided by a managed resource's class definition, you must provide values for any mandatory parameters defined by the method. For example, the Win32_Share class used in Listing 8 defines three mandatory parameters: Path, Name, and Type. How do you determine a method's mandatory parameters? Refer to the managed resource's class definition in the WMI SDK.
If you can create new instances of managed resources, it stands to reason you can delete instances too, and you can. In fact, the rules that govern which managed resource instances you can delete are strikingly similar to those governing the create operation. Let's review the requirements, and then we'll look at a couple of examples.
Before you delete an instance of a resource, you must verify that the managed resource's class supports the delete operation. You do this by examining the class's SupportsDelete qualifier. A value of TRUE indicates the class supports delete (the default is FALSE). Once you've determined the class supports delete, you must determine the method used to delete instances. There are a couple of approaches to deleting instances:
Listings 9 and 10 demonstrate how to delete the environment variable created in Listing 7. Listing 9 uses the SWbemServices Delete method and Listing 10 uses the SWbemObject Delete_ method. You can use Listings 9 or 10 when the resource's class definition sets SupportsDelete to TRUE and DeleteBy to DeleteInstance.
Listing 9. Template for deleting an instance using the SWbemServices Delete method
strComputer = "."
strNamespace = "\root\cimv2"
strInstance = "Win32_Environment.Name='TMPSHARE',UserName='<SYSTEM>'"
Set objSWbemServices = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strComputer & strNamespace)
objSWbemServices.Delete strInstance
Listing 10. Template for deleting an instance using the SWbemObject Delete_ method
strComputer = "."
strNamespace = "\root\cimv2"
strInstance = "Win32_Environment.Name='TMPSHARE',UserName='<SYSTEM>'"
Set objSWbemServices = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strComputer & strNamespace)
Set objSWbemObject = objSWbemServices.Get(strInstance)
objSWbemObject.Delete_
To use these templates with other WMI classes that support DeleteInstance:
Listing 11 deletes the shared folder created in Listing 8, and in so doing, demonstrates how to delete an instance of a resource when the resource's class definition provides its own delete method. Take a second to compare Listings 10 and 11. See any difference outside of the obvious value assigned to strInstance? Listing 10 uses the SWbemObject Delete_ method (note the underscore) to delete instances when the managed resource's class definition sets the DeleteBy class qualifier to DeleteInstance. Listing 11, on the other hand, is using the Win32_Share Delete method.
Listing 11. Template for deleting an instance using a managed resource method
strComputer = "."
strNamespace = "\root\cimv2"
strInstance = "Win32_Share.Name='tmp'"
Set objSWbemServices = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strComputer & strNamespace)
Set objSWbemObject = objSWbemServices.Get(strInstance)
objSWbemObject.
To use this template with other WMI classes that provide a custom delete method:
Okay. It's time to practice programmer virtue number one: laziness! Don't worry, we're still going to cover event subscriptions. However, rather than cover them here, we're going to point you to our sister publication: TechNet's Tales from the Script column, where we just published A Brief Introduction to WMI Events. So in addition to getting an introduction to WMI event subscriptions, you discover yet another scripting resource.
This ends our trilogy on WMI scripting. Admittedly, there's more to cover and we will. If you'd like to send us suggestions for Scripting Clinic topics you'd like to read, we'd love to hear them. You can drop us a note at [email protected] or in the User Comments at the top of this page.
One more thing before we forget. Remember the Microsoft Windows 2000 Scripting Guide, Automating System Administration book we mentioned at the beginning of the article? Well, it's done! And while we hope you all rush out and buy a copy—Bookpool is cheapest technical book e-tailer on the planet by the way—we also recognize the planet is full of cheapskates, such as ourselves. For that reason, we've also posted all 1328 pages of the book online. So the next time Scripting Clinic is, um, late, you have somewhere to turn. Should you decide to read all or some of the book, by all means, let us know what you think—good, bad, or ugly. Of course, we're more interested in what's missing and what we can do to improve version 2. Have fun!.
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http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms974547.aspx
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crawl-002
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en
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refinedweb
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Represents the management of mappings from ink to the display window. Use the Renderer object to display ink in a window. You can also use it to reposition and resize strokes.
Definition
Visual Basic .NETPublic Class Renderer Inherits Object C#public class Renderer : ObjectManaged C++public __gc class Renderer
: public Object
Members Table
The following table lists the members exposed by the object.
MethodsMethodDescriptionDrawDraws strokes on a Graphics or device context.Equals Determines whether two Object instances are equal. Inherited from Object .Finalize Allows an Object to attempt to free resources and perform other cleanup operations before the Object is reclaimed by garbage collection. Inherited from Object .GetHashCode Serves as a hash function for a particular type, suitable for use in hashing algorithms and data structures like a hash table. Inherited from Object .GetObjectTransformIdentifies the Matrix object that represents the object transform that was used to render ink.GetType Gets the Type of the current instance. Inherited from Object .GetViewTransformIdentifies the Matrix object that represents the object transform that was used to render ink.InkSpaceToPixelConverts one or more locations in ink space coordinates to be in pixel space.MeasureCalculates the Rectangle on the device context needed to contain the stroke or strokes to be drawn by the Renderer object.MemberwiseClone Creates a shallow copy of the current Object . Inherited from Object .MoveApplies a translation to the view transform in ink space coordinates.PixelToInkSpaceConverts one or more locations from pixel coordinates to ink space coordinates.ReferenceEquals Determines whether the specified Object instances are the same instance. Inherited from Object .RendererInitializes a new instance of the Renderer class.RotateApplies a rotation to the view transform.ScaleScales the view transform in the X and Y dimensions.SetObjectTransformSets the Matrix object that represents the object transform that is used to render ink.SetViewTransformSets the Matrix object that represents the view transform that is used to render ink.ToString Returns a String that represents the current Object . Inherited from Object .
The following table lists the members exposed by the object.
Methods
Inheritance Hierarchy
Object Renderer
Remarks
Printing is also done through the Renderer object.Security Alert: If using under partial trust, this class and all its methods require UIPermissionWindow.SafeTopLevelWindows permission. See Security And Trust for more information.
Printing is also done through the Renderer object.
Class Information
NamespaceMicrosoft.InkAssemblyMicrosoft.Ink (microsoft.ink.dll)Strong NameMicrosoft.Ink,
Version=1.7.4009.0,
Culture=neutral,
PublicKeyToken=a2870d9cc4d021c8
See Also
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http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms828481.aspx
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crawl-002
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en
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refinedweb
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We should have a pref for :visited support, since there are some things that can
be determined about the user's history (and perhaps used for other exploits if
one knows they use one-click amazon purchasing, or a certain bank, etc.) using
:visited rules. (These include using GetComputedStyle or using generated
content or 'display: none' to cause server hits. The latter could be fixed with
a parallel style context tree (in limited cases), which could allow the pref to
disable rules only in author-level stylesheets, but that's quite a bit of work.)
s/latter/former/
Created attachment 85392 [details] [diff] [review]
backend patch, v. 1
This is an untested implementation of the pref backend, with a pref name that I
don't like. (Suggestions for a better one?)
On second thoughts, perhaps a better option for users who really care about this
would be a pref to disable them only in author stylesheets to fix the content
loading issue, combined with disabling JS (and any other scripting languase) to
fix the GetComputedStyle issue. This would have the major advantage that link
coloring would still work.
> ... with a pref name that I don't like. (Suggestions for a better one?)
browser.disable_visited_pseudoclass?
My comment "The latter could be fixed with a parallel style context tree (in
limited cases), which could allow the pref to disable rules only in author-level
stylesheets, but that's quite a bit of work." in comment 0 is incorrect, since
it doesn't fix issues with computed width/height/offsets or with things like
offsetTop.
However, one could make a pref that both disables :visited in author stylesheets
and hacks GetComputedStyle to fake the color (since that's the only thing in the
UA and presumably user stylesheets).
ew
Marking sensitive after discussing w/dbaron.
Unfortunately it appears impossible to resolve the privacy leak and fully obey
the spec at the same time.
That's OK, that's why this feature will be optional. The spec has a privacy
problem, so we let users choose to follow the spec or protect their privacy.
That's the best we can do apart from lobbying to change the spec.
In the old days surfing HTML was safe from this leak, and you still got to see
the colors on your links. The patch above turns off *all* visited styles, and
that would so break things we couldn't do anything but default to current
behavior. This might be a reasonable stopgap to check in just in case some big
flap comes up, although since MS is also vulnerable, and it's really the spec's
fault we might not come under great pressure to fix this immediately.
If you're going to use the "browser" pref namespace avoid sticking right on the
root, it's too crowded already. Maybe something like
browser.display.show_visited_style (s?)
There's also the dom namespace. This isn't exactly dom, though most of the leaks
other than loading images would happen through the DOM. If we expect future CSS
tweaks we could start browser.css.* or css.*
Created attachment 87324 [details]
test #1: simple GetComputedStyle on default colors form of attack
Created attachment 87325 [details] [diff] [review]
work in progress patch: fixes simple GetComputedStyle exploit (7)
This is work in progress on a real fix for the exploit. This is only the first
(and easier) part of the patch. (It also needs more testing, but I'll test it
more once I have the whole thing.) This approach doesn't do any caching of the
special style contexts -- if I did, I'd have to worry about invalidation of the
cache, and that would be a real pain. It might be worth doing caching at some
point (and for nsComputedDOMStyle objects in general), but this shouldn't be
significantly slower in the normal (no :visited) case than the current
implemenation. This patch also should fix a bunch of bugs in GetComputedStyle
returning the wrong data for content nodes that don't have frames or for
pseudo-elements.
The second part of the patch (not yet written) will be to do rule splitting of
some sort to prevent some properties from applying when the selector has
:visited. This will prevent exploits using specification of properties and use
of GetComputedStyle for properties where it looks at frame geometry, etc., or
use of offsetTop of the frame in question or for other frames. (For the time
being, this will have to block anything that can load an image, although in a
later patch I'd like to start loading background images from stylesheets and
then unblock background images, which I think are a legitimate style for
:visited links (as are :before images).)
(I take it you mean _pre_load _all_ background images from stylesheets, whether
they are used or not, rather than just loading background images, which we do
already, and which is the problem.)
This seems like an awfully large amount of code to work around an exploit which
is basically academic..
I'm not saying we shouldn't do this. But to be honest, it isn't that easy to get
personal information out of the global history. You can do things like check if
the user has gone to a specific page (such as)
but you can't do anything like get passwords out of the session history. Seems
to me that any scenario where this is going to be a problem is one where the
user is likely to be paranoid about using unencrypted plain text protocols and
having the history stored at all anyway. That kind of situation is probably best
worked around by using a "privacy mode" where the global history is not affected.
I think we should definitely fix this using dbaron's approach. dbaron's patch
looks bigger than it really is because he's moving code around.
We should also make this bug public given that every browser out there has the
same vulnerability (right?) and it's not TOO serious.
Ian: note that using this attack, someone can check to see if you've visited
https URLs as well as http URLs.
I can imagine, say, Amazon using this to see how many of their customers are
also visiting their competitors.
Depending on how the competitors' sites are organized, Amazon might even be able
to guess WHAT they're buying.
But that is only really one third of the patch, so far. I still need to do the
property blocking and the loading images from the stylesheet.
roc: I would be incredibly impressed if someone wrote an exploit of this bug
which got out more information than "you visited our competitor's site",
information which is frankly less of an issue than referrer-tracking.
See also bug 113173 (and bug 128985) and bug 57607, all related to the image
This bug worries me because we don't really know the implications of knowing
that someone has recently visited a particular URL. It could be used in rather
subtle ways.
Therefore I'm marking "mustfix" which means we want a fix soon.
David, we're still interested in getting a fix for this, probably for Moz 1.3.
Are you still working on this?
I've been thinking about this a bit. The second part of the patch (see comment
12) requires per-property knowledge. Implementing this in the current CSS
backend scares me, because everything is done in massive case statements instead
of using a preprocessable list of properties -- this makes it very easy to miss
properties, etc., especially when people start adding new properties. I'd be
much more comfortable doing this if the current CSS backend were cleaner.
I also still need to solve the puzzle of exactly how to expand selectors for
property blocking. It's clear that any selector using :visited doesn't apply
for the blocked properties. But what's the opposite? Do we turn all the :link
in other selectors into :-moz-any-link for the blocked properties, or one at a
time, or something else? I suspect the answer is all, but I haven't had time to
sit down and prove it to myself. (Consider selectors with multiple :link and
:visited separated by various combinators.)
This is also going to end up being a very complex patch that will need thorough
review. (After all, it would essentially create two new security systems, one
for property blocking (which is probably not a bad name -- I need to come up
with a better one) and one for lying during DOM access to unblocked properties.)
I'm tempted to include intentional mistakes in the patch and not accept the
reviews until the reviewers catch the intentional mistakes (and probably some
unintentional ones as well).
David, we'd really like to get that patch - can you give us an ETA? Maybe for
1.3 alpha?
*** Bug 57351 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
So... given that there's a public exploit of this bug at:
can this be made public?
Also, the dup was public, so making this public.
Woudln't loading all referenced images in the stylesheet solve part of this
problem? This is already done for pieces of content that have been hidden using
display:none.
This would prevent malicious users from looking at their logs to see which pages
have been visited and which not.
That's part of the plan, in a sense, although if it's not done first those
properties could be "blocked". See comments above, I think, if I mentioned it...
(Yes, the end of comment 12.)
*** Bug 223288 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
*** Bug 224954 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. *** - few words about
possible use of this hole.
Created attachment 135345 [details]
test #2: use of CSS property that modifies layout of other elements
Created attachment 135350 [details]
test #3: client-side timing test for link state
This test shows that the approach I was originally planning to take is
insufficient. However, I think it would work if we always resolved both the
style-if-visited and style-if-unvisited. I can't see any way that the time
resolving the style on the descendants would be any different. Even if we keep
both around (which I think is necessary to prevent timing exploits like this
one), we can't use these (much, anyway) for GetComputedStyle, though, since
descendants would still have the correct (and tainted) inherited data.
A strategy for fixing this:
* make each style context have a mLinkNext pointer so everything that's a style
context now becomes a linked list of style context.
* each element that's not a link resolves each element of its list the same as
its parent
* each element that is a link resolves each element of its list the same as its
parent as if it's its correct link state, and then as if it's its opposite link
state
* we use bits somewhere to indicate which one of the elements in the list is
the "totally unvisited" state, and nsComputedDOMStyle uses that one
* every GetStyleData call resolves the style data on all style contexts in the
chain (and we need to make two calls for nsComputedDOMStyle so there's no
performance difference for unresolved data)
s/element/style context/g
Oh, and everything that loads URL values manually (rather than using
CSSValue::Image), e.g., -moz-binding, needs to load all the URLs in the chain.
... actually not. The things that load the URLs manually could still just do
the property blocking, which we still need to do in addition to the above (since
it only fixes (1) and (3)).
Oh, and we also need to be careful with HasStateDependentStyle and
HasAttributeDependentStyle -- they need to check for a change given any possible
link state.
And we also need to be careful to load the images in the same order whether or
not the links are visited.
We also need to either block sibling combinators with :link or :visited above or
turn them into :link-only.
There are also performance attacks possible related to a lot of specific
properties (e.g., transparency in images), so actually this approach is probably
overkill, since we don't need the linked list to start all the image loads.
Given that, I'm actually beginning to think that the only safe property is 'color'.
*** Bug 287481 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
(In reply to comment #43)
> Given that, I'm actually beginning to think that the only safe property is
'color'.
Sorry for my possibly amateur approach (C++ no), but I think that you are
digging from a wrong side of the hill.
This vulnerability exposed by some style properties of links pointing to outside
domains. So the solution should be not by blocking their functionality, but by
blocking read access to the outside links properties. I mean it should be the
input-file / frame approach: you can set but you cannot read, even you if you
set it by yourselve. Something like:
onLinkStylePropertyChangeRequest
// everything as it is right now
onLinkStylePropertyReadRequest
if LinkInThisDomain
ReturnRequestedProperty
else
RaiseSecurityExeption
The point is that there are many other ways to use this attack than reading the
link's properties.
(In reply to comment #46)
> The point is that there are many other ways to use this attack than reading
the
> link's properties.
But only visited link properties are really a serious privacy flow. It allows
you to effectively check hundreds and thousands of links almost with *no*
effect on user's traffic and *without* queries to other sites.
Timed element loading is more a jeu d'esprit rather than a practical spying
technology. Enormous traffic growth (plus visible requests to outside) make it
unusable. You have to be a desperate idiot and not a professional spyer to
jump on it. XMLHttpRequest is good as well for it. So lock XMLHttpRequest
either?
Visited link properties is an effective way ro spy.
At the same time there is absolutly no way to block any of these properties if
you want to keep your browser usable.
So I suppose the only way is to put all links within the current page to a
FRAME-style sendbox. So apply any styles you want, but if you want to read it -
then sorry, no.
And 3W should get a text like "For security and privacy reasons read-access to
link style properties *may be* restricted by a particular sofware producer if
the link points outside of the current domain."
Send them this right now, let them start inserting it to the appropriate sub-
paragraph article XXXXXX section YYYYYY or wherever, so anyone would get
buzy :-)
You can do:
#mozillaorg:visited{backround:url(img)}
You could also do:
#mozillaorg:visited+span{color:green}
... and read the color of that span element through javascript. Etc.
Right, or you can use rules like
a.snoop span { display: none }
a.snoop:visited span { display:inline }
and then generate a pile of
<div id="foo">
<a class="snoop" href=""></a>
<a class="snoop" href=""></a>
...
</div>
and XMLHttpRequest-send document.getElementById("foo").innerHTML your way to
browsing history.
Or any of the other test cases attached to this bug which don't rely on directly
sampling via GetComputedStyle. None of those require extra traffic, or need to
be visible to the user in any way, other than the report-home mechanism common
to all such attacks.
dbaron wasn't kidding in comment 46.
Did you even look at the testcases in attachment 135345 [details] and attachment 135350 [details]?
(The latter isn't 100% reliable, but it could be improved.) Those only even
scratch the surface.
I'm pointing you again to my comment #47.
All these samples are using access to a:visited style properties. Actually I'm
wondering why everyone got so fixated on colors? Must be a tradition pressure,
because it can be any style property: margin, padding, font, size etc. etc. I
could fill this topic with hundreds of similar test cases.
Again, there are only two possible variants: either just leave it, or put an
extra sandbox rule on JavaScript engine (Set - any, Get – only properties of
links within the current document.domain). The latter kills the problem on the
root, but it’s definitely 3W-sensitive.
Also all kind of “timed loading” exloits should be removed from this and any
other topic as irrelevant and unfixable. Absolutely nothing you can do here
without locking 99% of browser functionality.
As a consolation I can say that this case is more an attempt to be “more
catholic than Pope”. No one DoubleClick-level spyer will ever use any of these
exploits, like never a mafia boss will start grabbing purses on the street.
They have absolutely other techniques and approaches. The small net-trash can
use it (and using it), but what can you really ask from a trash?
> All these samples are using access to a:visited style properties.
See comment 50, please. Again. Attachment 135345 [details], for example, never accesses
a style property on an a:visited. Please stop with the uninformed advocacy, ok?
> See comment 50, please.
> Again. Attachment 135345 [details] [edit], for example,
> never accesses a style property on an a:visited.
Wow! That a proof for the 5th Parkinson-Murphy law!
I tried to play chess against of myself and I lost every time. I see this flow
cannot be solved without a severe violation of the "browsing experience". Mark
it as a "system feature"?
>Please stop with the uninformed advocacy, ok?
OK, no problem.
All I wanted to say that IE is wide open to this exploit as well. So in
the "Empire strikes back" attack it cannot be used against of you. I had a
nightdream that you have really weaked up the Big M with your Firefox, and
that it will use on you all your defaults by the all spirits day. So maybe
just skeep on it right now?
Given the breadth of attacks here, and the tension between the CSS specification
and some of the restrictions proposed, moving this back to investigate.
Created attachment 214614 [details]
test #4: use CSS counter-increment and counter() to modify layout of other elements
Another approach would be to have :link/:visited elements have different z-indices and then use onmouseover to find out which elements got the events when the user swipes the mouse from side to side (trivial to enduce if the user is playing a game, e.g.).
Created attachment 235461 [details]
test #1: simple getComputedStyle on default colors form of attack (with code fork for WinIE)
For what it's worth, this is attachment 87324 [details], modified with a code fork for WinIE (where it does not support a standard DOM method but supports an equivalent proprietary one). It shows that WinIE6 is vulnerable; I'm curious if the claims that this is fixed in IE7 are correct.
Created attachment 235462 [details]
test #1: simple getComputedStyle on default colors form of attack (with code fork and URL hack for WinIE)
Actually, it seems that href="" also doesn't work on WinIE in some cases, which I think is an additional bug that makes all these testcases fail (say "exploit not present", even if it is) in WinIE. Since I can't predict the attachment URLs that I'm going to get, and since attachments are visible using multiple URLs, I'll use this bug's URL as a template for a visited URL.
see also
which shows how its possible to detect some of the installed Firefox extensions using the chrome: protocol handler. I'm not sure if that is a security threat, but its definitely a privacy issue.
Comment 59 does NOT belong on this bug. Please file it as a separate bug report..
*** Bug 354861 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
From dup bug:
Descr.:
Paper:
Proof of Concept:
(In reply to comment #61)
>.
Actually, we modify the referer field to store a list of all referers, rather than just the first one.
Collin Jackson
So, for what it's worth, a CSS approach that would fix the known exploits here is, I think:
1. When computing style for visited links, use the style that matches :link, except for the RGB components (not the alpha component) of the color and background-color properties, where we use the style that matches :visited
2. Make getComputedStyle lie about those two properties (i.e., act as though the link is unvisited)
(In reply to comment #65)
> So, for what it's worth, a CSS approach that would fix the known exploits here
> is, I think:
It is true that these proposed changes make attacks more difficult and are likely to work well with most sites. Although I support these changes, I would like to point out that they don't fix all of the known exploits.
1) It would still be possible for an attacker to construct a convincing phishing page that looks like Wells Fargo to a Wells Fargo customer and Citibank to a Citibank customer. An attacker could simulate the images as a grid of 1 pixel hyperlinks, and simulating the text should be straightforward. JavaScript could be used to ensure that the user doesn't accidentally click through to the real site, and once the credentials have been stolen it would be straightforward to try them at both sites.
2) It would still be possible for an attacker to learn information about the user's history at other sites based on where they click and don't click. For example, and attacker could have a huge link that says "Click here" and only users with a certain history entry would see it and click it because it blends in with the background otherwise.
Ah, right. Then I think we need to take a non-CSS approach to solving this, such as storing all referring domains to a link in global history, and only allowing styling if the page is in the referring domain.
(Would be great to have the effective-TLD-service for that, I suppose.)
I think I prefer the CSS approach. I don't mind if an attacker can find out whether I've visited a given page, one URL at a time, with user interaction (not cooperation). But I do want visited link coloring to work on all the blogs I visit, even if I haven't clicked a given link from that blog before.
Even if we fix this, another way is still available, see bug 363897
I'm with Jesse, the approach dbaron lays out would stop the wholesale testing of history in a hidden frame. It's a huge win even if it's not 100% foolproof.
Does the approach from comment 65 also take the following scenarios into account (and variants):
a:visited + span { color:blue }
a#bbc-co-uk:visited { background:url(tracker.cgi?bbc.co.uk) }
Compare bug 371375 with same or similar effect, but other method.
Note sure whether already reported here, but RSnake had an idea how to use this without JavaScript enabled, by combining CSS :visited with CSS background-image.
(In reply to comment #73)
> Note sure whether already reported here,
It is. See, e.g., comment 12 and comment 61.
er, sorry, comment 12 and comment 71.
Another site which demonstrates the problem:
(In reply to comment #14)
>.
pleas to not make FF pile of **** like IE!
but seriously you're making some stupidity assertion there, for instance, if you're browsing some forum and *give your email address* requesting a full set of some child porn or snuff it is *your sole responsibility* to make sure you don't load any web bugs in email messages feds sent you and noone should make any assertions on what *might* the end user's privacy preferences be or more like - privacy settings should be turned on not turned off from the default.
I've been experimenting with this behaviour and found that you can do better than just guessing random URLs and seeing if they have been visited or not. The following methods may be obvious, but I've not seen it talked about anywhere:
1. Guess a few starting URLs that the user is likely to have visited (e.g planet.mozilla.org, slashdot.org, news.bbc.co.uk) and put them on a webpage.
2. Detect which URLs have been visited
3. For each visited URL, make a background request to a server that will fetch a copy of the URL and return a list of links on that page.
3. Add those links to the current page
4. Goto 2
Using this method, a website can interactively search through your history and find pages you've visited that couldn't be guessed easily (provided they're public webpages).
Another interesting thing that can be done since bug 78510 was fixed is to know in real time when someone clicks on a link. For example, you could visit a page that did the kind of tracking described above, then keep it open in a background tab. If I click on a story on slashdot that I've not read before, that link will immediately become 'visited' on the tracking page. The tracking page will then fetch all the links on that page. It could then follow me as I look at a wikipedia page linked from the comments, and any subsequent pages linked from there.
I've made a proof of concept of this (using only CSS, no JS required) and it works pretty well. Now that Firefox 3 stores 90 days of history, it can dig up a good number of pages I've visited.
This is an interesting idea.
It has two limitations, though: 1. it is resource-intensive, making it more likely to be noticed and detected, 2. you will only find pages linked (indirectly) from those popular pages. I.e. you will see which news I followed, but not the website of my friend, whose address I typed in the urlbar.
Creative exploit of this bug:
Further to comment 80, see also
Workaround till this is fixed is to use the SafeHistory extension from
Hello,
Sorry to up this old topic after all this time. I would like to share some thoughts about this problem.
_First_, as someone said before, and given the importance of this issue (comment #78 explains very well, in my opinion, a scary way to exploit this, for example), i think we should "restrict" (see next point) by default the effect of :visited pseudo class on links to a different origin than the current page. Maybe we can add a preference to disable that privacy feature, if people still want the present functionality unrestricted.
A sort of "choose between privacy and functionality" preference. That way, users can still get the full site design on :visited links if they absolutely want it, but by restricting by default, and forcing the user to understand the implications of what they do before they allow the full functionality, we put the responsibility on the user to choose the fancier path instead of the safe one. In other words, if someone gets his history stolen after they allow it, they cannot say it's Mozilla's fault.
_Second_, as to the way of "restricting" :visited on foreign domain links, i see a few, while keeping various levels of functionality :
1) As some people already suggested, just act as if those links were not visited, whether it's true or not. Certainly the safest path, and the easiest to implement, but again, we lose the functionality of knowing whether they are visited or not...
2) Ignore the CSS :visited pseudo-class on those foreign-domain links, and put the emphasis on the visited links in an arbitrary way chosen by the browser. It will be the same for every site, no matter what CSS there may be, and in a way that no script or CSS can know whether it was visited or not.
For example, you could add a little image with "position: absolute" on the right of the text links to show that it is visited, an image that could not be accessed by the DOM (or by CSS selectors, of course). Since it is absolutely positioned, it would not change the geometry of the document. You could as well invert the background color of the given link, or change the text-decoration, or whatever that doesn't change the geometry and the DOM of the document. Of course, for properties modified like this, getComputedStyle should not return the actual "real" value. This has the main advantage of still showing to the user wich links he has visited or not, even if it is in an "ugly" way, that doesn't integrate very well with the visited site's design.
In other words, trade some design possibilities for privacy, while keeping the full functionality of showing visited links.
3) Allow a *white-list* based list of CSS properties that could be set for :visited links. Those properties could be set by the CSS for the links (or even any children or sibling element, depending on the selector used), but getComputedStyle should not be able to read it (it should read the value the property would have if the given link was treated as never visited). The white-list should be carefully chosen, from the properties that don't change the geometry of the document, for example color, background-color, background-image (in that case, it should be downloaded even if the person has not visited the link, of course), text-decoration, font-style (if we can assume that italic and oblique text always has the same width and height as "normal" text)...
This is a more flexible way, preserving most of the design possibilities for the site designers, while still letting the user know wich links he has gone to.
It is also probably the hardest to implement of the three, because for example you need to keep track of what properties were set with CSS rules that depend on a :visited selector.
Also keep in mind that those restrictions (whatever way you choose) would only apply to links that point to foreign domains, so any site can still do whatever it wants with his own links.
Well, sorry, this was quite a long post, but i hope it can be helpful.
The thing is... doing that origin compare is likely to be expensive. For typical pages, "noticeably slower pageload" expensive, if I recall the numbers right for how many history lookups happen.
I don't understand the reason for all the comments about how it will change page layout, etc.
Let the :visited do it's thing on the page and restrict the _javascript_ from reading it! Simply pretend all, different origin, visited links are unvisited when javascript reads them. This should break almost nothing - how often does javascript need to read such things?
(In reply to comment #85)
> Let the :visited do it's thing on the page and restrict the _javascript_ from
> reading it! Simply pretend all, different origin, visited links are unvisited
> when javascript reads them. This should break almost nothing - how often does
> javascript need to read such things?
Please read the 84 comments prior to yours to see why this won't work. (Sorry, I don't have time to find the right ones right now -- but that's what happens when the bug has too many comments on it.)
(In reply to comment #86)
> I don't have time to find the right ones right now -- but that's what happens
> when the bug has too many comments on it.)
>
I saw this many times so filed bug 451684
(In reply to comment #86)
> (In reply to comment #85)
> > Let the :visited do it's thing on the page and restrict the _javascript_
> > from reading it! [...]
>
> Please read the 84 comments prior to yours to see why this won't work
> I have time to find the right ones right now
Comment #73, comment #48, comment #49, comment #50 : there might be some other before, but those are telling enough.
(In reply to comment #84)
> The thing is... doing that origin compare is likely to be expensive. For
> typical pages, "noticeably slower pageload" expensive, if I recall the numbers
> right for how many history lookups happen.
I think the approach Jordan Osete describes is probably the best... Only match :visited when the link has the same origin as the containing file. The code complexity would be minimal, the fix would be easy to implement and explain.
People would lose the ‘visited’ indication on links to foreign sites, which might be slightly annoying on sites like e.g. Digg, but you still keep the functionality on sites with many same-domain links such as blogs. Some kind of preference/per-page-setting would be useful, so that e.g. Thunderbird or NoScript can disable this limitation (given that they do not allow JS to execute in content), and people who do not care much for the security issue as well.
You say that adding a same-origin check causes considerable overhead, but by definition :visited itself needs to compare the link with the entire history (or at least a subset thereof)... surely that massively outweighs the overhead of a simple same-origin check (where you do not even have to compare the entire URI, just the domain part)?
If you really do want to cater to foreign links, you could implement the referer-thing mentioned in comment 61 which should suffice for all practical uses of :visited, although of course at a more significant performance trade-off. (But then again, one might consider the Referer HTTP header a security issue of its own right :), and if you are not going to ‘fix’ Referer, why would you bother with :visited?)
Another way to retain partial functionality for foreign links would be to set a flag on a link once it gets activated, so that at least as long as the page is not reloaded or still in the fastback-cache, the links show up as visited.
Laurens, comparing "just the domain part" is actually more expensive than comparing the whole URI. And history is a database; it's not like we're doing a linear search through it.
In the past, something as simple as minor tweaks to URI parsing has significantly affected the :visited codepath's performance and had noticeable effects on pageload time. It's a _very_ hot codepath during pageload. I suggest you do some profiling and read some of the old bugs on the issue, or just talk to sdwilsh about the problems he's running into now with his history work.
Sorry, but I really do not understand why this would be slower.
I mean, currently we do a _full_ history lookup for EVERY link in the page.
With my proposal, we only do ONE origin compare for every link, and a full history lookup ONLY on those links that come from a same origin.
If anything, shouldn't it be faster ?
Jordan, a hashkey-based query into the DB, searching for a string which is indexed, may well be faster than parsing the URL and finding out the domain, yes. bz was saying that you need to base this on actual tests (coding it up and measuring speed), not just guesses.
That said, I think that speed is no real argument, given the threat that this bug represents, as shown by several public proof of concepts now.
Note that you can also do it the other way around: If DB lookup is faster, you can do that first, and only when you find a "visited" link, compare the domain and decide whether to show/treat it as visited.
I am surprised to see that the long discussion is ongoing while a patch (backend patch, v.1 on 2002-05-28) is available from the beginning and not committed. The patch is imperfect, but it is better than no patches, isn't it? Personally, it will probably be fine for me if :visited pseudoclass (and VLINK attribute and the like) is completely ignored, since some web sites assign the same style for :link and :visited anyway and those sites do not irritate me much.
(In reply to comment #94)
> committed. The patch is imperfect, but it is better than no patches, isn't it?
No.
(In reply to comment #95)
> > committed. The patch is imperfect, but it is better than no patches, isn't it?
>
> No.
Why? If I understand correctly, that 6-year-old patch provides as a bottomline an option for a user to choose privacy over the :visited support. You can discuss about a more sophisticated solution later, if you like.
Oh, the first patch. I suppose it might be worth updating that; it would pretty much need to be rewritten at this point, though.
Created attachment 343901 [details] [diff] [review]
patch for a pref
Here's a patch for a layout.css.visited_links_enabled pref, defaulting to true.
I suppose this patch also needs a test, though.
David, thank you for your prompt replies and the updated patch. I cannot test the patch, sorry.
I think the pref added by the patch is useful for a small fraction of users, and maybe for a larger number of users if security experts inside or outside Mozilla explain the issue.
Comment on attachment 343901 [details] [diff] [review]
patch for a pref
Looks good. Should be simple to test with mochitest, right?
I'm interested to see what links I've visited, but I don't care about fancy styles. A different colour for visited links is enough, and if a page queries the colour it can be told the unvisited colour, or if the data type allows, it can be told both colours.
Comment 81, , mentions which requires javascript, and sends an http request of the form with a list of some of the sites from your history.
Allowing people to read the browser history is serious. Disabling all visited link styles except colour, and faking the colour when queried seems simple enough. Why is this still not fixed after nearly six and a half years?
Web pages can read the colors of pixels rendered in the page using SVG filters and the elementFromPoint API. It's a simpler variant of the following attack on cross-origin IFRAMEs:
The cross-origin IFRAME attack would not work in Firefox today because we don't support pointer-events, but examining content in the same page *would* work today in Firefox 3 if someone coded it up.
Oh, sorry, that does still depend on pointer-events, so it doesn't work in Firefox yet. But the point is, relying on colors not being recoverable by the Web content is not a good idea. (There are other features that would also enable that, like the ability to draw SVG content to a canvas, which Opera supports and we'll want to add at some point.)
The content on a page should not be able to read the actual colour of links. If it wants to do awkward things like reading individual pixels, then maybe the browser should take the relatively expensive approach of allocating some more memory and re-rendering the whole page with all links in their unvisited colour. But then if the reads of individual pixels effect rendering you get a recursive problem and it might take a huge amount of resources to fully render.
Perhaps as soon as there is a call to read a pixel it switches to a double-rendering mode where 2 bitmaps are maintained, and most rendering is copied into both. One is displayed, and link colour depends on whether the link has been visited. The other uses the unvisited colour. Pixel reads would be from that second bitmap.
Or perhaps the option to only allow colour changes should also disable pixel reads.
Regarding "SupportVisitedPseudo", could we have an override at the docshell level (perhaps on nsIMarkupDocumentViewer, but event better if cascading like allowImages, allowJavascript & company)?
BTW, I'm still convinced that an efficient implementation of the SafeHistory approach would be the way to go.
I landed the pref patch: .
Followups on the pref should probably go in different bugs.
SafeHistory stops you seeing what links you've visited in several cases when you would like to know, and allows the page to see in several cases when it shouldn't.
Reading pixels is clearly awkward, and so may incur extra cost, because the rendered page contains information that only the user should see.
(In reply to comment #107)
> SafeHistory stops you seeing what links you've visited in several cases when
> you would like to know
still better than not knowing anywhere, like a global preference implies.
> and allows the page to see in several cases when it
> shouldn't.
Would you care to explain? if you visited a certain site following a link on my own site, what kind of extra information do I gain by spying on :visited stuff (provided that you've got JS enabled and therefore I can log every click)?
> Reading pixels is clearly awkward, and so may incur extra cost, because the
> rendered page contains information that only the user should see.
I hope and assume that any proposal of reading pixels does not cross domain boundaries (i.e. I shouldn't be able to take a screenshot of cross-site frames, right?). That said, pixels colors are just one way to leak :visited status info: the "classic" scriptless attack, for instance, uses background images to perform direct CSS-only logging.
I don't have a suggestion about how to fix it, but I have one note...
You could effectively use this bug to out the author of an anonymous blog, by searching history for the posting interface of the blog and calling home if you get a winner -- or perhaps employ it to search for people who've recently viewed Wikileaks submission policy.
Kill it. Kill it with fire. There's no such thing as overkill here.
This may be an issue, but it's rather a standard w3c feature.
If you are so much concerned with privacy, why use history at all? Disable that (in preferences) and be secured not only against this feature, but even against a fbi raid (as for wikileaks;p).
My distress isn't for myself -- *I*, having read Mozilla bug #147777 last Saturday, am now aware of the problem and can take the proper precautions. (Although my ignorance of it for the past six years and six months distresses me.)
The stock solution -- to provide a preference that can be enabled to protect yourself, possibly even referencing that preference in the user interface -- isn't enough in this case. There's no good way to educate people about it, even by putting a big honking disclaimer in the install process; they'll forget it, or not understand it and click through it, and once they've done that they'll never consider it, ever again.
Even if you have it default off, they'll turn it on and then... never remember it. Goodness knows there's Mozilla preferences I only remember when I sit down to a fresh install and roundly curse all of your names. <g>
This is going to get somebody hurt -- I'll grant that it not having done so in six years is not a good support for my assessment of the problem's urgency, but we haven't been safe, we've been /lucky/.
From the W3C CSS specs (about .
Is there any patch planned for this bug any time soon ???
The easiest way to fix this would be to only consider links within the same domain as :visited.
*** Bug 484937 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
Please do not "fix" this issue in normal browsing mode by restricting :visited links to same domain links! The design and usability pattern of :visited links is old and useful, everybody got used to it..
There're some screenshots and detailed description:
(In reply to comment #115)
>.
I'm not sure if by safe browsing mode you are referring to private browsing mode or not, but if that's the case, we already do that. Inside private browsing mode, no link would be displayed as visited, no matter if the visit has happened before or after entering the private browsing mode.
"If user seriously concernes his privacy, he would use
Safe Browsing mode."
OK, then maybe we should not be concerned about any cross-site information leaks ... If a user distrusts a site, he will use private browsing mode.
This kind of thinking really exceeds my worst expectations ...
Let's not let this degenerate into a flamewar, but I think that comment 115 has a valid point which is that there is a very real tradeoff here between security and working according to what is expected user behaviour.
The norm for the last donkey's years on every browser has been that visited links are always shown as visited whether or not they're on the same domain as what you're currently viewing. To break this feature is breaking one of the most useful visual feedback aspects of a web browser.
Simple example: If you do a Google search, you have immediate feedback on whether or not you have previously visited a search result even before you read it. That's a huge benefit and it's just the first example I could think of.
I'm not familiar with the backend coding aspect but it seems to me that a better and more user friendly approach would be to modify the implementation of the GetComputedStyle function to prevent this attack rather than making the :visited feature more or less useless.:
Jens, your point is not valid. This issue with visited links is known since
year 2000? Maybe even earlier? There's still no good solution to it while all
the XSS issues are fixed without any problems. And private browsing mode wasn't
invented just because somebody thought it was a nice option - it was
implemented because people wanted to browse sites without any traces in history
or wherever. Don't you see that private browsing mode fully solves this
"issue"? If I use facebook, flickr, digg, I can be found there even without
this :visited link issue. But if I'm about to visit my internet banking site,
I'll use the safest browser and the safest mode it's got. That's what users
should be taught.
@#115 & #116: I don't think this has a lot to do with "Safe Mode". Safe Mode/Private Browsing Mode is what I'd use if I didn't trust my host system, not if I want to browse securely. If I have my host system's drives running in something like truecrypt or dmcrypt or whatever and I knew I was the sole user of the system, is there any reason I would ever want to use Safe Mode?
Limiting :visited to the same domain is something which I'd want to do regardless of me being in Private Browsing Mode or not. I agree it breaks a common pattern, but IMHO added security is a reason to do this. Systems, browsers, etc. should be secure by default.
If it's only done in Private Browsing Mode, I hope it'll be possible to change some about:config value to always enable it in normal mode. Regardless, I'm not convinced it shouldn't be the default for "normal mode" as well - AFAIK Private Browsing Mode is only about not saving information on the host system. (And even if it wasn't, "normal mode" should still be free of privacy leaks by default.)
@#118: I can see this being annoying for sites like Google Search. FF integrates with some blacklisting engine, i.e. it shows a warning about a site being unsafe. Maybe as a default, ":visited for other domains" can be disabled on sites which are in this blacklist?
"but it seems to me that a
better and more user friendly approach would be to modify the implementation of
the GetComputedStyle function to prevent this attack"
Yes. I think implementation or at least design work on that is ongoing. I remember some discussion about that in this bug.
(In reply to comment #119)
>:
>
>
Are you sure that you had actually entered the private browsing mode? If you had, your window title should have had "(Private Browsing)" (or an equivalent text in your locale) at its end, but in the screenshot that you have posted, that is not the case.
To enter the private browsing mode, please use the Tools > Start Private Browsing menu item. Let me know if this doesn't solve the issue.
(In reply to comment #118)
> I'm not familiar with the backend coding aspect but it seems to me that a
> better and more user friendly approach would be to modify the implementation of
> the GetComputedStyle function to prevent this attack rather than making the
> :visited feature more or less useless.
Only modifying getComputedStyle() would be pointless IMO. :visited isn't limited to changing colors - it can change the size of an element as well for example and then it is a matter of simply checking offsetHeight of the element. Of course one could limit :visited to "simple" CSS properties (probably meaning only color and background). But even then one could use a canvas to make a "screenshot" of the current page and get the color values of the pixels. In other words, I don't think that allowing the site to display external links as visited while preventing this information from leaking out is realistic.
Ehsan, you're absolutely right, I screwed this - I was entering Firefox safe mode instead of Private mode - and thought that the safe mode would be private :) Way cool! Thanks Firefox team!
Ali, that's what I'm talking about! If the issue is fixed by restricting :visited by same-domain policy, it will hurt users experience. :visited links styled differently is a very common and widely-used visual pattern - and you mentioned a very good example - search engine results pages. I don't think that same-domain policy would work here.
Regarding your proposal to modify the implementation of getComputedStyle - how are you goint to modify it? What if I set a:visited span {display: none} stylesheet rule for <a href=""><span>link text</span></a> link and then use getComputedStyle to get the current style of my span?
@Wladimir:
last time I checked, taking canvas screenshots (via drawWindow(), I guess) was not allowed to content scripts.
However trying to prevent leakage at the getComputedStyle() level, like you said, is wasted time except for entirely dropping :visited support, which is totally unrealistic..
This approach, as far as I know, is easy to implement with the current Places database, which traces the referer of each visited link, and is also the one pioneered by the SafeHistory extension.
Giorgio, let's say I was searching for some stuff on MSN Live Search, visited 100 sites from the search results, then I went to Google to search for the same stuff. All the links that I visited from MSN Search won't be marked as visited in google search results. Is it what you're proposing?
P.S. this is only one simple usecase where :visited support can't be restricted to same-domain or same-referer policy.
(In reply to comment #125)
> @Wladimir:
> last time I checked, taking canvas screenshots (via drawWindow(), I guess) was
> not allowed to content scripts.
Only for cross-domain invocations. There are no restrictions on taking screenshots of your own site and analyzing the data, unless I missed a recent behavior change of course.
>.
Last time I checked, Places lookups weren't the fastest thing on earth. See also comment 84.
(In reply to comment #125)
> This approach, as far as I know, is easy to implement with the current Places
> database, which traces the referer of each visited link, and is also the one
> pioneered by the SafeHistory extension.
SafeHistory doesn't work anymore thanks to places, see bug 320831 for details.
(In reply to comment #128)
> SafeHistory doesn't work anymore thanks to places, see bug 320831 for details.
Nonetheless a relational database to track visits like Places makes implementing a SafeHistory-like built-in feature trivial, if developers are motivated to do it and have some basic SQL skills.
(In reply to comment #127)
> (In reply to comment #125)
> > @Wladimir:
> > last time I checked, taking canvas screenshots (via drawWindow(), I guess) was
> > not allowed to content scripts.
>
> Only for cross-domain invocations. There are no restrictions on taking
> screenshots of your own site and analyzing the data
That's wrong (fortunately):
@Vitaly:
yes, that's what I and security people from Stanford ( ) are proposing. As I said, it's a
bearable middle ground which works fine with your first Google use case but of
course breaks other, arguably less impacting but not necessarily unimportant
ones. Can you suggest a better, effective and realistic approach?
Guys, comments 118 through 129 basically just repeat things that have already been said in this bug. Congrats. You've now sent a total of abut 1000 e-mails (94 ccs, plus all the watchers * 12), made this bug that much harder to fix (10% more comments to read), and had your chance to say Important Things that everyone Absolutely Must Read.
Now please, unless you're adding something _new_ to this bug, do not comment on it.:
1) Render everything as if the links were not visited.
2) Display an overlay above the window that highlights visited windows. This can be anything (from a contrasting border to a scrolling marquee to alpha blended shining rays), as long as it's completely separate from the page.
Trusted extensions might have access** to it, but nothing inside the page can tell that it's there*. Anything the page does, including querying properties, loading backgrounds and looking at individual pixels would happen exactly as if the links were unvisited.
[*: except doing real screenshots, which would be silly to allow, and timing attacks, which are always hard (both to do and to prevent).]
[**: they might customize the look, or highlight otherwise interesting (e.g. dangerous or secure) links.]
This would probably be slower, but it can be just an option for users who really want protection. It might be the default for incognito mode, for instance. Anyway, it's the only way to absolutely prevent the attack: strictly separate what the user sees from what's on the page.
(By the way, this might be useful for preventing whatever information the user must see that the page shouldn't; for instance, I think reading pixels might allow a page to read auto-completed forms even if the user never clicks 'send'.)
(In reply to comment #131)
>:
This does slow down the attacker, but the attacker can still get private information from each click. Let's say a web page shows N hyperlinks that all say "Click here to continue." The unvisited links are styled to blend in with the background so the user can't see them. The visited links are visible because of the visited link styling, so the user only see the visited ones. Then the attacker can find out where the user's been by which link they click on.
what do you think about limit the visibility of "visited" for a domain A to other domains that were visited having A as referer? I think it is a bit better that just restricting it to same domain.
If I am on a website A and I click on a link to another website B, it would be nice if any link to B can be seen as "visited" by A.
*** Bug 502040 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
Comment #133 sounds like a very good option.
Comment #133 seems vulnerable:
Site makes a link to. She either tricks the user into clicking it, or follows it programmatically. Now can tell whether the user has been to
Maybe there should be an option to disable all visited link styles except colour, and then it could render the page away from the screen with all links in the unvisited state, copy it to the screen, and then apply the visited colours. Any pixel reads would read the version in non-screen memory.
Any script that wanted to read pixels and do clever things might corrupt the appearance of the page, or it might be too difficult to work out where the link ended up, which would be needed to apply the colour, but the creators of such pages could avoid these problems by setting the visited and unvisited colours the same.
This seems to fix all the vulnerabilities. It should be the default, even though it breaks the spec, because people should not have their privacy violated unless they agree, even if a specification says they should.
That still doesn't solve timing channel attacks (see, e.g., test #3, which still works some of the time for me, and could probably be made more reliable).
I don't understand that test fully, but it seems to involve accessing a data structure about the page. If the data structure accessible to the page says all links are unvisited, whether they are or not, or if those fields are not read but spoofed, and all relevant code is designed to take the same time to run, then no timing attacks should be possible, unless they involve CPU cache. I don't see why there would be a timing vulnerability involving the cache, but if there is it can probably be compensated for.
Yes, one standard academic research solution to timing channels is "cross-copying", padding alterative control flows with skip instructions.
No, this is not all that easy to implement, and it is not yet implemented in Gecko. Good luck getting all browsers to agree while also competing on ultimate best performance!
Timing channels are notoriously hard to close. Leaking a few bits slowly can leak enough over time to compromise sensitive secrets. This is still a research topic.
/be
If the page reads the structure, or does some rendering that depends on visited state, the actual value in the structure would not be read, and it would be spoofed as unvisited. The final stage of adding link colour would be after the page had finished rendering (into non-display memory), so it would be more difficult to time. I suppose someone could put the same link 10,000 times on the page and try to time the rendering, but I don't see how they would time it and anyway when re-rendering the page to add link colour as in Comment #137, it could do all the links, or even do all with both colours, with the correct colour last. I don't see how any timing attack would work.
*** Bug 520974 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
*** Bug 522652 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
The exploitability is public once more:
Please fix it ASAP, so I can change the site to "Firefox is now immune".
Some thoughts on a fix:
Define an element's "relevant link" as:
* if the element is a link, it is its own "relevant link"
* otherwise, if it has an ancestor that is a link, it is the *nearest* such ancestor
* otherwise, it is null.
For every element that has a relevant link, we resolve style twice:
* once as though all links in the document are unvisited
* once as though all links except the relevant link are unvisited and the relevant link is visited
We make the first style context the frame's primary style context, but give that style context a pointer to the second. We also store in the style context whether the relevant link is actually visited.
(NOTE: This disables support for any selectors involving link visitedness and sibling combinators and also disables support for any selectors involving nested links and visitedness on the non-innermost.)
Then, when *drawing*:
* text
* border
* background-color
we call a ***non-inline*** function like:
GetAppropriateColor(PRUint32 aIndex, nscolor aColors[2], nscolor aAlphaColor)
{
nscolor color = aColors[aIndex];
return NS_RGBA(NS_GET_R(color), NS_GET_G(color), NS_GET_B(color),
NS_GET_A(aAlphaColor));
}
in a manner something like:
nsStyleContext *primarySC = aFrame->GetStyleContext();
nscolor colors[2];
colors[0] = primarySC->GetStyleColor()->mColor;
nsStyleContext *visitedSC = primarySC->GetVisitedStyle();
if (visitedSC) {
colors[1] = visitedSC->GetStyleColor()->mColor;
} else {
colors[0] = priColor;
}
nscolor drawColor =
GetAppropriateColor(primarySC->IsVisited(), colors, colors[0]);
Why don't you just load all linked elements, regardless of their visitedness state?
* Load everything which is linked in the stylesheet and put it into a cache.
* Let the display code only access stuff inside that cache.
This wouldn't have to slow anything - the internal code would load the same way it does now, but some resources would block until they are in the cache.
Example:
Stylesheet:
.blah {background: url(unvisited.png)}
.blah:visited {background: url(visited.png)}
Both unvisited.png and visited.png get loaded from the web at the same time (so no private information gets leaked), but the display code only accesses one of them. If one isn't available yet, it looks to the display code, as if loading were simply taking longer.
This also has the advantage that a change in the state of an element doesn't require accessing the server again (more responsive websites).
(In reply to comment #146)
> Why don't you just load all linked elements, regardless of their visitedness
> state?
Why don't you read the whole bug report before acting like you know everything about the problem?
> Why don't you read the whole bug report before acting like you know everything about the problem?
I should have done that, sorry - I broke off after the first 20 comments or so. It's just too easy to think something would be easy to fix without knowing the codebase... and it's also far too easy to forget how hard it is to write a modern (and well-working) HTML-renderer - especially since basic HTML and CSS is deceptively easy to write.
I'm sorry for the noise.
A few more additions to comment 145:
* I wasn't necessarily saying we need to explicitly calculate the "relevant node"; it can be implicitly calculated during SelectorMatchesTree, by tracking whether we're still looking for it or not.
* we need to match anything that's either :link or :visited in HasStateDependentStyle or HasAttributeDependentStyle
* we need to make ReResolveStyleContext reresolve check both contexts for pointer equality and CalcDifference
* we need to make sure that the style context's visited boolean (probably part of mBits) is checked when we're doing the sibling sharing optimization
(In reply to comment #145)
> Then, when *drawing*:
> * text
> * border
> * background-color
Are we sure that these are the only cases which matter in the type of attack we're trying to block here?
(I'm assuming that this plan is intended to block the pixel color attacks, please correct me if I'm wrong.)
assuming that this plan is intended to block the pixel color attacks,
> please correct me if I'm wrong.)
No, it's not intended to fix any attacks that involve user interaction.
(In reply to comment #151)
> sure that this has been stated somewhere in the pile of comments on this bug, but I did my best and couldn't find it - so please excuse me if I need to ask what type of attack is your suggestion trying to block?
> > (I'm assuming that this plan is intended to block the pixel color attacks,
> > please correct me if I'm wrong.)
>
> No, it's not intended to fix any attacks that involve user interaction.
Hmm, I meant an attack performed by retrieving the color of a particular pixel by using SVG filters for example. That doesn't require user interaction, does it?
It's intended to address attacks such as those in the attachments labeled "test #1" through "test #4" -- attacks where entries in the history can be determined through script, without user interaction.
I suppose it doesn't address SVG filters, though, since one could probably use SVG filters to convert color differences into transparency differences and then learn something about the transparency by measuring performance characteristics of drawing it.
(In reply to comment #153)
> I suppose it doesn't address SVG filters, though, since one could probably use
> SVG filters to convert color differences into transparency differences and then
> learn something about the transparency by measuring performance characteristics
> of drawing it.
I don't think you could actually do timing analysis here, we don't do any optimizations based on inspecting alpha values and I don't think we'll start doing so.
However, if we add support for pointer-events values that make hit testing depend on pixel transparency, then elementFromPoint could be used to test transparency, and hence color. I think we can burn that bridge when we come to it.
(In reply to comment #145)
This sounds good, though personally I will probably continue disabling :visited completely (I am now used to it).
How much better in practice is this method than only considering the link itself as relevant?
Related to this, is there any statistics on how :visited is used in web pages in the real world? Such statistics will be very useful to decide what to do with this bug.
In addition, if you go with that method, please make the logic customizable by an extension if possible and reasonable, because no logic will be suitable in every situation.
(In reply to comment #155)
> How much better in practice is this method than only considering the link
> itself as relevant?
Much, since then 'color' wouldn't work, since the color actually applies to the text inside the link, not the link itself.
> Related to this, is there any statistics on how :visited is used in web pages
> in the real world? Such statistics will be very useful to decide what to do
> with this bug.
I don't know, beyond that large numbers of sites distinguish visited links based on colors.
How would they be useful? What decisions might be made differently based on such statistics?
> In addition, if you go with that method, please make the logic customizable by
> an extension if possible and reasonable, because no logic will be suitable in
> every situation.
Not a chance. It's performance-sensitive code, and it may be run at times when it's inappropriate to call into script..
(In reply to comment #157)
>.
Sounds reasonable to me; not sure how much we want to pile into this one bug.
(In reply to comment #156)
> (In reply to comment #155)
> > How much better in practice is this method than only considering the link
> > itself as relevant?
>
> Much, since then 'color' wouldn't work, since the color actually applies to the
> text inside the link, not the link itself.
I see. I did not know how styling works.
> > Related to this, is there any statistics on how :visited is used in web pages
> > in the real world? Such statistics will be very useful to decide what to do
> > with this bug.
...
> How would they be useful? What decisions might be made differently based on
> such statistics?
Such statistics would be useful to answer the questions such as:
* Does supporting border-color do any good?
* Which properties other than colors are worth supporting? How about text-decoration or border-style, for example?
* Are the cases involving the sibling selectors worth considering? (Maybe not, but the point is that it could be based on the actual data.)
(In reply to comment #159)
> * Which properties other than colors are worth supporting? How about
> text-decoration or border-style, for example?
Those are both detectable through performance characteristics. Allowing them to be set would not fix the exploit in any useful way.
> * Are the cases involving the sibling selectors worth considering? (Maybe not,
> but the point is that it could be based on the actual data.)
If I knew a reasonable way to do it, that would be a question worth asking, but I don't. Do you? I don't think it can be done without significant increase in code complexity for something that I'm reasonably confident is quite rare (although I don't know exactly how rare).
(In reply to comment #160)
> (In reply to comment #159)
> > * Which properties other than colors are worth supporting? How about
> > text-decoration or border-style, for example?
>
> Those are both detectable through performance characteristics.
I did not know that. If so, I agree that this question is irrelevant because we cannot handle these properties anyway.
> > * Are the cases involving the sibling selectors worth considering? (Maybe not,
> > but the point is that it could be based on the actual data.)
>
> If I knew a reasonable way to do it, that would be a question worth asking, but
> I don't. Do you?
I do not either, but I think that you or someone else can come up with a clever way to handle those cases if necessary, especially if we know a common usage pattern.
(In reply to comment #159)
> * Which properties other than colors are worth supporting? How about
> text-decoration or border-style, for example?
I'm pretty sure that websites are using a very large amount of properties in :visited - but I guess it would be best to actually go out and pull definitions from real cases and analyze those.
The question isn't what properties are used with :visited, but what properties are used with :visited whose values are different from those used on :link. Selectors like ":link, :visited" are common, but those won't be affected by this approach.
Sorry to clutter any inboxes, but this issue has gotten some pretty widespread exposure due to the site.
Maybe a superfluous comment, similar to the previous and the bug’s URL, but don’t see this particular site mentioned before:
Incredible how fast it is and how many results it returns. Also works without JavaScript. Many more results than from the site in the previous comment :). (Had just one there, “myfreecams”? Must’ve been an ad banner or popup. Honestly!)
I don't think my comment ever got posted but my solution would be to build in the idea behind SafeHistory with the option for the user to turn it on in security settings and a link explaining what will happen if it's turned on like AcidTest3. It's not really a bug in Firefox it's a bug in the HTML spec that should be closed but in the mean time this QAD solution works just fine. Firefox will be the only browser that would be capable of blocking this exploit then.
We can't fix it because the spec is broken so lets work around it in the meantime.
The spec is so badly broken here that for once I say toss the spec. Protecting users' privacy is far more important. I wouldn't even suggest spec compliance as an option.
Excuse my bluntness, but you are arguing about this issue for almost 8 years now.
What I see from the user perspective is a serious, serious privacy issue.
So what I want you do is make a setting in about:config similar to browser.send_pings. This setting removes or restricts the access to the relevant css property. This will break websites that rely on this, but this is acceptable, as it will not be set by default. This has to be built into the next release and not just offered by a patch.
Once you have done that, you can go on implementing some fancy same-origin-policy approach, SafeHistory, SafeCache, whatever.
(In reply to comment #168)
> So what I want you do is make a setting in about:config similar to
> browser.send_pings. This setting removes or restricts the access to the
Sounds like you want layout.css.visited_links_enabled , which has been around for a while (comment 106).
(In reply to comment #169)
I was not aware of this. It is not perfect, because it not only restricts read access from the api but also does not display link colors to the user.
But hey, this is exactly what I have been looking for.
Thank you for the hint and sorry for the bug tracker chatter.
*** Bug 547002 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
I'm going to attach a series of patches that I believe fix this bug.
The approach taken by these patches is described in detail in , which I'll probably
eventually turn into a blog entry or something similar.
I've generated tryserver builds containing these patches (and a few
others, in particular, those for bug 550497, bug 534804, and bug 544834)
on top of a random trunk changeset (in particular, ), based on the
state of these patches in my patch queue at .
The builds are here (though they'll be deleted around March 22, I think):
These builds could be badly broken and do horrible things, so I don't
recommend using them. However, if you really feel the need to test the
patch right now, they're probably your best choice. However, absolutely
do not install them as your main browser, since you'll be stuck without
any security updates in the future.
Created attachment 431523 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 1: split nsStyleSet::ResolveStyleForRules into two different APIs
Created attachment 431524 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 2: add mechanism for separate style context for visited style
Created attachment 431525 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 3: add function to nsStyleUtil for choosing appropriate color based on visitedness
Created attachment 431527 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 4: draw 'color' using the visited-dependent style
Created attachment 431528 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 5: make PaintBackgroundWithSC, etc., take nsStyleContext rather than nsStyleBackground
Created attachment 431529 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 6: draw 'background-color' using the visited-dependent style
Created attachment 431531 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 7: prerequisite comments for drawing 'border-*-color' using the visited-dependent style
Created attachment 431532 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 8: draw 'border-*-color' using the visited-dependent style (for nsCSSRendering::PaintBorder codepaths)
Created attachment 431533 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 9: draw 'border-*-color' using the visited-dependent style (for border-collapse tables)
Created attachment 431535 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 10: draw 'outline-color' using the visited-dependent style
Created attachment 431536 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 11: introduce TreeMatchContext for output from SelectorMatchesTree
Created attachment 431537 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 12: introduce NodeMatchContext for additional input into SelectorMatches
Created attachment 431538 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 13: propagate whether we have a relevant link out of selector matching
Created attachment 431539 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 14: make nsStyleContext::FindChildWithRules deal with the visited style context
Created attachment 431540 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 15: fix initialization comment in nsRuleProcessorData
Created attachment 431541 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 16: add link visitedness to nsRuleWalker and actually construct the if-visited contexts
Created attachment 431542 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 17: propagate whether we have a relevant link to the style set
Created attachment 431543 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 18: set NS_STYLE_RELEVANT_LINK_IS_VISITED on style contexts as appropriate
Created attachment 431544 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 19: put expected type of visited matching in the TreeMatchContext
Created attachment 431545 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 20: make selector matching operations follow the new rules
- PRBool foreground;
- styleData->GetBorderColor(aSide, aColor, foreground);
- if (foreground) {
- aColor = aFrame->GetStyleColor()->mColor;
- }
+ aColor = aFrame->GetStyleContext()->GetVisitedDependentColor(
+ nsCSSProps::SubpropertyEntryFor(eCSSProperty_border_color)[aSide]);
}
where did that 'if(foreground)' clause go? Is that no longer necessary?
It's no longer necessary; see the comment added in patch 7, and the underlying code which is already in nsStyleAnimation.cpp (called from the code in patch 3): nsStyleAnimation::ExtractComputedValue, case eStyleAnimType_Custom, calls to ExtractBorderColor, and the ExtractBorderColor function itself in the same file.
Comment on attachment 431540 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 15: fix initialization comment in nsRuleProcessorData
r=sdwilsh
OK, how do I unsubscribe from this damned thing? Unchecking "Add me to CC list" and clicking "Commit" doesn't seem to work.
(In reply to comment #196)
> OK, how do I unsubscribe from this damned thing? Unchecking "Add me to CC list"
> and clicking "Commit" doesn't seem to work.
It appears you're getting email because you voted for this bug. To stop getting such email you could either:
* stop voting for the bug by clicking the "(vote)" link next to "Importance" near the top
* change your Bugzilla email preferences so you don't get email for bugs you've voted for ("Preferences" link at bottom of page)
However, you *also* just added yourself to the cc: list. So you'd also need to remove yourself from that ("(edit)", highlight your name, and check "Remove selected CCs") or, again, change your bugzilla email preferences accordingly.
Comment on attachment 431529 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 6: draw 'background-color' using the visited-dependent style
As discussed on IRC, change NS_GET_A(bgcolor) == 255 to NS_GET_A(bgcolor) > 0 in nsObjectFrame::CreateWidget. Otherwise looks good.
Comment on attachment 431531 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 7: prerequisite comments for drawing 'border-*-color' using the visited-dependent style
>+PR_STATIC_ASSERT(NS_SIDE_TOP == 0);
>+PR_STATIC_ASSERT(NS_SIDE_RIGHT == 1);
>+PR_STATIC_ASSERT(NS_SIDE_BOTTOM == 2);
>+PR_STATIC_ASSERT(NS_SIDE_LEFT == 3);
This is already checked in at least one other place that I know of, but if you want it here as well (presumably because of the equivalnece with the eCSSProperty_border_*_color values) I guess I don't mind.
Created attachment 433167 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 20: make selector matching operations follow the new rules
I found two mistakes in the previous version of this patch while writing tests:
* RuleProcessorData::GetContentStateForVisitedHandling needs to consider whether the node is the relevant link
* RuleProcessorData::GetContentStateForVisitedHandling needs to call ContentState() rather than looking at mContentState.
I caught the first because it failed a test I wrote, and the second because it triggered an assertion I wrote in the code while I was fixing the first.
The current state of my tests is:
but I still have more to write.
Created attachment 433210 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 16: add link visitedness to nsRuleWalker and actually construct the if-visited contexts
This adds the following code to nsStyleSet::GetContext:
if (aIsLink) {
// If this node is a link, we want its visited's style context's
// parent to be the regular style context of its parent, because
// only the visitedness of the relevant link should influence style.
parentIfVisited = aParentContext;
}
in order to fix the bug that I was setting the parent style context incorrectly for the if-visited style data for links that were descendants of other links.
Created attachment 433212 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 2: add mechanism for separate style context for visited style
... and this weakens the first "parent mismatch" assertion in nsStyleContext::SetStyleIfVisited which was correspondingly incorrect.
Hi all. This has been a very interesting thread to read through. dbaron seems to understand the scope of this issue.
To add a little bit, here's my new (open source) research site:
Things it does right now:
* SVM-based AI to identify who you are vs previous people it's seen, and who is similar
- note that I am NOT trying to fingerprint your browser, but to fingerprint you-the-human through your browsing behavior; this is dramatically more powerful than Panopticlick.
* extremely fast URL scraper - browser-locally I can currently scrape ~200k-3.5M links per minute (depending on browser; Firefox is ~400k, lagging far behind Safari/Chrome)
- caveat: a) the server I'm using can't keep up with this speed, and b) I'm testing 4x variants per link right now; actual current full-circle performance is ~50-200k (4x-tested) links/min. But this is definitely a temporary restriction; I fully expect to get within 80% of the local speed after more server side improvements.
* demographics determination based on Quantcast data (very slow server side right now 'cause it's just deployed and I'm not yet caching some critical path data)
In the near future it will also:
* do bootstrapping intelligent URL scraping (i.e. if Y is a more likely hit for visitors of X, test Y if you get positive for X)
- right now the search is fairly dumb - first by other users' hits, then by a combination of alexa/google/technorati/bloglines/quantcast ranking - with only ~16-800 hits per 1 minute scraping. And I only test domains that show up in those rankings (plus a dozen or so custom ones), not longer URLs. I expect my hit rate to improve dramatically with a smarter and broader search algorithm.
* do full visitor deanonymization along the lines of iseclab's experiment [0]
- except I'm not going to limit myself to Xing, and will be trying to use results across different social networks
* integrate other active and passive fingerprinting attacks (right now it is *strictly* CSS-history based), like p0f etc
* have hooks for automated testing with a privacy testing framework being developed by Len Sassaman
* use a few other AI methods for user identification (the current AI is not all that great)
My perspective here is as an attacker rather than a defender - though I'm very friendly to the desire for privacy (I run a Tor node, I have friends in the EFF, etc).
Regarding things that have been discussed so far:
* dbaron is correct that anything short of either VERY strict whitelisting, a "same-origin policy", or full dropping of :visited support will fail. If you allow anything that changes the DOM or rendered structure, I will detect it.
* IMHO a same-origin policy breaks both user expectations and a significant part of functionality - but that's a tradeoff that's not my call.
* I can't currently think of a way to attack the potential fix of permitting only 'color' on :visited, and keeping a 'non-visited-color' property on all elements that you use to lie to Javascript. FWIW, Dan Kaminsky thinks he can find a hole in it, but hasn't managed yet from our discussions so far.
* I don't know how anything about Firefox backend rendering speed issues, so my comments are not taking them into account. However, I would point out that Firefox is right now dramatically slower than Safari/Chrome on my tests.
Enjoy,
Sai
[0]
> dbaron is correct that anything short of either VERY strict whitelisting, a
> "same-origin policy", or full dropping of :visited support will fail.
Do you see a way to circumvent dbaron's current approach and patches, concretely?
Sorry, I didn't read far enough:
> I can't currently think of a way to attack the potential fix
Ben: I do not. I haven't looked at the patches that deal with backend code, but from his discussion of his approach, it seems solid.
Of course it'd probably be a good idea to give us (i.e. people working on the attack) a RC version before calling it 'fixed'. This isn't really the sort of thing that is amenable to an easy automated answer; it's more a case of it wins if it survives being poked at for a while... until someone comes up with a cleverer attack, of course. ;-)
(In reply to comment #206)
> Of course it'd probably be a good idea to give us (i.e. people working on the
> attack) a RC version before calling it 'fixed'.
see comment 172
I was talking to Sai about this and he suggested I make a comment here -- so I haven't read through and understood the current state of discussion, apologies.
Anyway, I find one property of the "limit CSS properties of visited links to color etc." very sketchy, namely that it suddenly becomes a _security-critical behaviour_ that color not affect size or other properties of links. It's a sensible assumption, to be sure, but I could certainly imagine some version of some OS breaking it. Maybe, for instance, the antialiaser exhibits some subtle dependency from color to size, characters of a more contrasting color having a tiny tiny subpixel difference in width -- voila, security hole.
As I understand things, we don't provide colour information to the font subsystem when asking it for width, so it can't vary in that way. We, not the OS, control where elements in the page are rendered, so in the case you describe it would simply draw beyond our expected bounds, not affect placement of any elements on the page.
Does that address your concern?
I had a friend bring up what Web designers actually want out of :link/:visited differentiation on MetaFilter:
dbaron wrote in comment 172:
> I've generated tryserver builds containing these patches (and a few
> others, in particular, those for bug 550497, bug 534804, and bug 544834)
> The builds are here (though they'll be deleted around March 22, I think):
>
Given that we're approaching March 22, I mirrored them on my server:
fc93ba7f269e335078f9ed48f3332ea4 try-7a25c034a494-linux.tar.bz2
5c25f7d0e60308df45c1f8d25a241b07 try-7a25c034a494-macosx.dmg
f6f9d2808c2c97b6c8dc68410a610dd1 try-7a25c034a494-win32.zip
(In reply to comment #208)
> Anyway, I find one property of the "limit CSS properties of visited links to
> color etc." very sketchy, namely that it suddenly becomes a _security-critical
> behaviour_ that color not affect size or other properties of links.
I don't think this would necessarily always be the case, although in some cases I suspect it might well be (and note you shouldn't consider my assertions as authoritative). In the first case it's a privacy violation, which we usually classify as distinct from security issue. (One still might be the other, of course, on a case-by-case basis.) In the second case it's possible there might be mitigating factors (accuracy of exploitation perhaps -- or, as with this partial fix, requiring some form of user interaction) that would make it harder to exploit the leak. If there were such, that might further downgrade severity.
But overall, I think we'd have to treat such problems individually rather than presumptively adopt one generalized rule.
Created attachment 434899 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 10.5: draw 'fill' and 'stroke' colors using visited-dependent style
This draws both the color and the fallback color for 'fill' and 'stroke' using visited-dependent colors. (See for more details.)
I'm not sure whether I should be doing the fallback color, though (since I'm not honoring the change in paint servers); I'm reasonably confident that doing the color is the right thing, though.
Created attachment 434900 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 21: reftests
Created attachment 434901 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 22: mochitests
Created attachment 434902 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 23: convert existing SVG reftest to use test_visited_reftests (from patch 21)
More up-to-date builds (although without the 'fill' and 'stroke' changes attached above) are at:
These are based on:
(bottom 28 patches in queue)
All the warnings in comment 172 apply to these as well.
And another round of builds with the 'fill' and 'stroke' changes at:
(Mac not there yet, but should be soon).
Again, same warnings from comment 172 apply.
Created attachment 435047 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 3.5: add API to nsDOMWindowUtils to ease conversion of existing tests
I converted some existing tests that needed conversion using nsWindowSnapshot, but that would have been painful for some of the ones that remained, so I added this API to DOMWindowUtils to make the conversion easier.
I think the diversity of having some tests do it one way and some the other is probably good.
Created attachment 435048 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 3.75: fix tests currently in the tree to deal with the new rules
As I said in the previous comment, I did some conversion using WindowSnapshot and then decided to do the rest using a DOMWindowUtils API.
Comment on attachment 435048 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 3.75: fix tests currently in the tree to deal with the new rules
r=sdwilsh
And here's one final try server build (for now):
which no longer contains the patches for bug 534804 and bug 544834, but instead only the patches for this bug.
It's a build of plus the bottom 26 patches of my patch queue in its state at
Again, same warnings from comment 172 apply.
Comment on attachment 434899 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 10.5: draw 'fill' and 'stroke' colors using visited-dependent style
>+ if (paintIfVisited.mType == paint.mType) {
This doesn't look right to me. If |paintIfVisited.mType == eStyleSVGPaintType_Server| I think we should be using GetPaintServer with the visited paint server URL. Otherwise, if the base fill/stroke specifies an invalid paint server, a matching visited style specifying a valid paint server will never override the invalid base style and use its valid paint server. (Maybe you could also check that in the test that you modified?)
The point is that we don't allow :visited styles to influence anything other than simple colors; if it's switching to a different paint server that could cause URL loading or cause measurable performance differences.
It's not clear to me whether it's better to allow the styles only to influence the color that's the primary, or also let them influence the color that's the fallback (even though it's not allowed to influenced the paint server that the color is a fallback for)..
(In reply to comment #225)
>.
The purpose is that I'm only swapping from primary-to-primary or fallback-to-fallback if they differ based on :visited styles; I'm never swapping primary-to-fallback or fallback-to-primary. Again, that could be changed, but it seemed like the right thing to me. (If I wanted to change it, I'd need a second |isServer| corresponding to the value of paintIfVisited.)
Comment on attachment 431523 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 1: split nsStyleSet::ResolveStyleForRules into two different APIs
r=bzbarsky
Comment on attachment 433212 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 2: add mechanism for separate style context for visited style
>+++ b/layout/style/nsStyleContext.cpp
>+ if (thisVis) {
>+ if (otherVis) {
How about:
if (!thisVis != !otherVis) {
// Presume a difference
NS_UpdateHint(hint, NS_STYLE_HINT_VISUAL);
} else if (thisVis) {
// The change stuff goes here.
}
>+ // NB: Calling Peek on |this|, not |thisVis|.
Why? This seems like it could use a good "why" comment, not a "what" comment... I assume something to the effect that someone might have gotten the struct off us even if they never got it off thisVis?
Does it make sense to add !change checks on the PeekStyleBackground/PeekStyleBorder conditionals?
>+ nsStyleContext* StyleIfVisited()
>+ { return mStyleIfVisited; }
It might be good to document whatever invariants this style context satisfies (e.g. the ones we assert in SetStyleIfVisited).
r=bzbarsky
Comment on attachment 431525 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 3: add function to nsStyleUtil for choosing appropriate color based on visitedness
r=bzbarsky
(In reply to comment #228)
> >+ // NB: Calling Peek on |this|, not |thisVis|.
>
> Why? This seems like it could use a good "why" comment, not a "what"
> comment... I assume something to the effect that someone might have gotten the
> struct off us even if they never got it off thisVis?
I think both that, and because thisVis might be null, and because when they got it there might not have been a style-if-visited (or something like that)?
Comment on attachment 435047 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 3.5: add API to nsDOMWindowUtils to ease conversion of existing tests
r=bzbarsky
Comment on attachment 431536 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 11: introduce TreeMatchContext for output from SelectorMatchesTree
This seems fine, but why a pointer instead of a non-const reference? The latter would make it clear that null is not an issue...
Comment on attachment 431537 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 12: introduce NodeMatchContext for additional input into SelectorMatches
> In other words,
>+ * a single node might have multiple value NodeMatchContext at one time,
>+ * but only one possible RuleProcessorData.
Maybe "In other words, there might be multiple NodeMatchContexts corresponding to a single node, but only one possible RuleProcessorData"? Or something like that.
And again, why a pointer instead of a reference?
Comment on attachment 431538 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 13: propagate whether we have a relevant link out of selector matching
>+ // Always false when TreeMatchContext::mForStyling is false.
Assert this as needed, please?
r=bzbarsky
Comment on attachment 431539 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 14: make nsStyleContext::FindChildWithRules deal with the visited style context
I think the arguments here could use some documenting. r=bzbarsky with that.
(In reply to comment #226)
> Again, that could be changed, but it seemed like the right thing to me.
I've thought about this some more, and I think that our behavior should be described by the following "end user" doc:
"Paint servers specified in :visited styles are ignored. Such a paint server's fallback color (black by default) is then used only if it overrides a simple color. If the fallback color would override another paint server, then the fallback color is also ignored." you would rather keep things as you currently have them, can you explain why in a bit more detail? What I've described makes most sense to me, and is behavior that is more easily described to end users I think.
(In reply to comment #236)
> "Paint servers specified in :visited styles are ignored. Such a paint server's
> fallback color (black by default) is then used only if it overrides a simple
> color. If the fallback color would override another paint server, then the
> fallback color is also ignored.".
> If you would rather keep things as you currently have them, can you explain why
> in a bit more detail? What I've described makes most sense to me, and is
> behavior that is more easily described to end users I think.
So my requirement (for performance measurement) is that we never change which paint server is used based on visitedness, or whether one is used.
I'd also like to avoid using fallback colors in cases where they weren't before (as I mentioned above).
I think that leaves two reasonable possibilities:
(1) what I did, i.e., using the :visited's color to substitute the :link's color, and the :visited's fallback color to substitute for the :link's fallback color
(2) using :visited information only when the color is the primary value for both
I'm actually starting to think that maybe (2) makes more sense, because perhaps we shouldn't make fallbacks take effect when the servers themselves don't take effect. That would mean changing:
+ if (paintIfVisited.mType == paint.mType) {
+ nscolor colorIfVisited = isServer ? paintIfVisited.mFallbackColor
+ : paintIfVisited.mPaint.mColor;
to:
+ if (paintIfVisited.mType == eStyleSVGPaintType_Color &&
+ paint.mType == eStyleSVGPaintType_Color) {
+ nscolor colorIfVisited = paintIfVisited.mPaint.mColor;
(In reply to comment #237)
>.
I think that would be okay, since it would raise awareness of the rules and discourage people from writing content that tries to use paint servers in :visited style, or override a paint server with a :visited style color.
> >.
Sure, I agree that if the primary paint server is valid we need to use it and completely ignore the :visited style. By "where the fallback would be used" I was explicitly referring to the case when the primary paint server is not valid and won't be used though.
> (2) using :visited information only when the color is the primary value for
> both
I'd be okay with that. In fact that makes the rules even simpler to explain to users.
Created attachment 436071 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 10.5: draw 'fill' and 'stroke' colors using visited-dependent style
... take option (2)
Comment on attachment 436071 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 10.5: draw 'fill' and 'stroke' colors using visited-dependent style
>+ // Only use :visited information if both the :link and :visited
>+ // values are color values.
That pretty much just repeats what the code says, but doesn't say _why_ this is the case. How about something like:
// To prevent Web content from detecting if a user has visited a URL we do
// not allow :visited style to specify a paint server, nor do we allow it
// to override a paint server with a simple color. A :visited style may
// only override a simple color with another simple color.
Comment on attachment 434902 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 23: convert existing SVG reftest to use test_visited_reftests (from patch 21)
r=jwatt. Thanks for your patience in explaining your thinking.
One review comment from myself: I realize I should make nsStyleContext::StyleIfVisited instead be named nsStyleContext::GetStyleIfVisited per our convention that functions returning pointers should be named Get* iff they might return null.
(In reply to comment #228)
> if (!thisVis != !otherVis) {
> // Presume a difference
> NS_UpdateHint(hint, NS_STYLE_HINT_VISUAL);
> } else if (thisVis) {
> // The change stuff goes here.
> }
Done. And while I was there I also added an NS_IsHintSubset() call to the |else if| you propose, used eChangeHint_RepaintFrame instead of NS_STYLE_HINT_VISUAL throughout the new chunk, and added the properties that I've since added as visited-dependent but didn't list there, and added an assertion to GetVisitedDependentColor to remind me not to make that mistake again.
Also locally addressed all other review comments.
Comment on attachment 433210 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 16: add link visitedness to nsRuleWalker and actually construct the if-visited contexts
>+++ b/layout/style/nsRuleWalker.h
>+ // true on the RuleProcessorData *for the node being matched* if a a
s/a a/a/
r=bzbarsky
Comment on attachment 431542 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 17: propagate whether we have a relevant link to the style set
r=bzbarsky
Comment on attachment 431543 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 18: set NS_STYLE_RELEVANT_LINK_IS_VISITED on style contexts as appropriate
r=bzbarsky
Comment on attachment 431544 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 19: put expected type of visited matching in the TreeMatchContext
r=bzbarsky
Comment on attachment 433167 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 20: make selector matching operations follow the new rules
r=bzbarsky
Pushed 26 changesets to mozilla-central:
a:visited { outline: 1px dotted black !important;} in userContent.css
does not work anymore
(In reply to comment #250)
> a:visited { outline: 1px dotted black !important;} in userContent.css
> does not work anymore
That's as expected. It would work if you change it to:
a:link, a:visited { outline: 1px dotted ! important }
a:link { outline-color: transparent ! important }
a:visited { outline-color: black ! important }
Maybe outline should be a special case? Because outline (unlike border) does not move the content at all, it can only change a color.
However, outline causes overflow. This leads to two ways an attacker could use outline to determine whether links are in your history. First, visual overflow is detectable via performance tests, especially if it's set up to cause something the element overlaps with, whose repainting is expensive. to be forced to repaint. Second, scrollable overflow (which outline currently causes in Gecko, but that will hopefully change in the future) can be detected by various element.scroll* methods.
(In reply to comment #251)
> (In reply to comment #250)
> > a:visited { outline: 1px dotted black !important;} in userContent.css
> > does not work anymore
>
> That's as expected. It would work if you change it to:
>
> a:link, a:visited { outline: 1px dotted ! important }
It doesn't seem to make distinction, at least a:link includes also a:visited (didn't happen in Firefox 3.6)
> a:link { outline-color: transparent ! important }
This is executed
> a:visited { outline-color: black ! important }
This is ignored
I don't understand comment 254. If you believe there's a bug, could you file it as a separate bug report.
Er, sorry, you're right. It's not supposed to work, since that's a change in the alpha component of the color.
I suppose you could change between white/black if you wanted, but we won't do transparent/black.
is it just me or is this going to be a complete developer nightmare?
(In reply to comment #257)
> is it just me or is this going to be a complete developer nightmare?
At first I thought so too, but so far I haven't seen anything major being broken with the patch applied. I've noticed it at one site, but I've already contacted the owner, as it is easily fixable by, in this case, use the text-decoration property on "a" instead of "a:visited".
Optimistically marking this bug as fixed, although I already know of a few followup bugs that need to be filed.
I just noticed that we fail the CSS3.info selectors test () with the patches. Since this test is fairly known and used in many comparisons, I think it's of major importance to ask them to modify/remove the testcases that currently fail due to these changes, especially since we do not violate any standards, and since Webkit is planning on implementing the same thing. Perhaps this should be tracked in a separate bug, and if so, I'd appreciate if someone else (than me) created it. Thanks.
Filed bug 558569 about (last comment)
I was told on IRC that this fix is for the upcoming Firefox 4 only, so far.
This will take another half a year unfortunately. Recently (I haven't pinpointed the date of the paper, though) it was shown that you can figure out zipcodes when using certain webpages (e.g. weather forecast sites that ask the user to input their zipcode); with this, the web-privacy problem could even become a real privacy problem. This is why it concerns me that there seem to be no plans to backport the fix as far as I was able to find out.
The paper in question is located at .
Maybe it should be discussed that despite the amount of work, this fix should be backported to current versions of Firefox.
Mic -
I personally share your concern about how long this will take to get into the field. But with patches like this it's a question of trade-offs. A patch like this should really go through a full beta cycle and by the time we went through that process it would look more like the Firefox 4 time frame. Plus we would spend a lot of time on backporting instead of of working on performance or other features. So as I said it's a question of trade-offs, which are never easy.
This was documented a while ago:
*** Bug 576788 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
getComputedStyle is not the only part that is lying, the whole document.getElementById(“any_element”).style is not anymore accessible.
How in the world do you think this is a viable solution ?
Best Regards
(In reply to comment #266)
> getComputedStyle is not the only part that is lying, the whole
> document.getElementById(“any_element”).style is not anymore accessible.
Why do you think that?
> How in the world do you think this is a viable solution ?
It isn't, nor is it what we did.
i mean that i cannot anymore access, in a both read or write fashion,to CSS properties such as the font-size in the usual manner document.getElementById['element'].style.fontSize. Do you have any idea why ?
Neither document.getElementsByTagName("a").style.color or document.getElementById['element'].style.color are accessible anymore. By debugging i can see their values are rendered to null by the browser. Was this expected to happen ?
(In reply to comment #269)
> Neither document.getElementsByTagName("a").style.color
A few things:
- note that you need a "[0]" in there -- getElementsByTagName() returns an array, not a single element.
- Your code just queries the "style" attribute (which is undefined because you probably haven't explicitly set it). That doesn't do (and never has done?) what you probably want. You probably want something like this instead, to get the *computed* style:
> window.getComputedStyle(document.getElementsByTagName("a")[0], "").getPropertyValue("color");
(I just verified that the above line works, in a trivial testcase, in my nightly build.)
Google for "getComputedStyle" to learn more.
Ah, I see from comment 266 that you already knew about getComputedStyle. Then I guess the lesson here for you is that "element.style" is simply an accessor for the style *attribute*, and it'll only contain useful data if you explicitly set the style attribute.
e.g. elem.style.fontSize and .color should both be accessible on this <a> element:
<a style="font-size: 30px; color: yellow">foobar</a>
That behavior has not recently changed.
If you have any further questions or concerns on this, please take them to a Mozilla newsgroup like mozilla.dev.platform* or to a support forum.
*
Thanks for the clarifications. I have now got it working. Best Regards
*** Bug 601527 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
*** Bug 624723 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
*** Bug 630189 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
oh, why did you block the ability to set text-decoration, opacity and cursor for the visited links? they can't move any elements on the page, and the values for these properties, that get sent to the site - we may spoof them so the site won't know whether we had visited any links on that site before.
You already do so when you allow users to style visited links by changing colors, and you spoof the sent values. Why not do the same for other CSS properties that we also could spoof?
Please, give users back the ability to style visited links' text-decoration, opacity, cursor and the rest of css-properties that we could harmlessly spoof.
(In reply to comment #276)
> oh, why did you block the ability to set text-decoration, opacity and cursor
> for the visited links?
See , under "However, this isn't sufficient".
In particular -- cursor can load images, and opacity can affect perf in ways that the page could detect via timing attacks. text-decoration I'm less sure about, but I'm guessing it could affect layout or have subtle perf effects from e.g. gobs and gobs text with "blink" applied.
text-decoration can cause stuff to move by changing inter-line spacing to make room for underlines, and I recall dbaron saying that *any* change to the set of pixels that are painted can cause a measurable perf difference.
(In reply to comment #278)
> text-decoration can cause stuff to move by changing inter-line spacing to make
> room for underlines, and I recall dbaron saying that *any* change to the set of
> pixels that are painted can cause a measurable perf difference.
AFAIK that's not true.
Pixels affect nothing. perf difference can be caused only by changes in element's positioning, and text-decoration can affect it nohow.
Please, could you check that information?
What is the point of this when queries into global history could be done via other means. Surely someone could just do a timed attack on a cached page element, such as loading an image?
If the image was cached in a way that the server does not need to be queried, the image would load right away.
What is different between this and the visit: problem?
Is it just that a timed attack on a cached page element is just slower?
Eg:
The point is that cache timing can get you maybe ~1k URL/min, whereas the JS/CSS method (after my improvements) can get .5-5M URL/min.
That is a HUGE qualitative difference. (I've taken the server down, FYI.)
Anything whatsoever that will cause a JS-detectable rendering change that can be attached to :visited or :link will allow me to do this attack.
I don't have the time now to work on this more, but you can fork my code above to test this text-decoration issue.
Oh my bleep.
My version: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X 10.5; en-US; rv:1.9.2.24) Gecko/20111103 Firefox/3.6.24
Target version for the fix: mozilla1.9.3a4
I just found out about this. And no, "Run a newer version" isn't available for me. And this is almost 10 years old by now.
PLEASE, someone tell me that a security hole this large (I just found from these comments -- ick) is going to be back patched.
ICK. Yes, I want to see visited links in a different color.
NO, I don't want web sites to be able to play with visited status -- I can just imagine online stores seeing what I'm buying from their competition and using that as advertisement tracking. Or worse.
<Sigh>. Safari doesn't run no script, has it's own problems, doesn't support a lot of plug-ins. TenFourFox has its own share of compatibility problems (but in fairness, with google dropping offline mail, the biggest is going away.) Etc.
michael, Firefox 3.6 is EOL (end of life), i.e. not even critical security holes will be fixed anymore. Yes, that's upsetting in your case of PowerPC Mac, but this bug is not the right forum for that question.
(In reply to Ben Bucksch (:BenB) from comment #283)
> michael, Firefox 3.6 is EOL (end of life), i.e. not even critical security
> holes will be fixed anymore. Yes, that's upsetting in your case of PowerPC
> Mac, but this bug is not the right forum for that question.
3.6 is not EOL. This fix is not going to be back-ported during the months that remain before it is EOL, though. (And please remember that every comment on this old, closed bug spams 140 people)
According to
I could use
background-color
border-color (and its sub-properties)
outline-color.
I haven't gotten outline or background working, by using this:
a:visited {
background-color: lime;
outline: 4px solid lime;
}
I guess these are turned off now too? Color still seems to work.
So the devmo article needs to be updated?
(In reply to Martijn Wargers [:mw22] (QA - IRC nick: mw22) from comment #285)
> I haven't gotten outline or background working, by using this:
> a:visited {
> background-color: lime;
> outline: 4px solid lime;
At least for outline, I suspect you need to set "outline-width" unconditionally (not in a :visited selector) and only have "outline-color" be :visited.
All relevant outline properties except -color, in fact.
Have a look at
And for background, you're not allowed to change the transparency, and the initial value is 'transparent'. You'd need something non-transparent outside of a :visited selector.
Is "background-position" blocked intentionally? If changing "background-color" is considered to be safe, then changing "background-position" should be safe as well.
This would be useful to reposition a CSS sprite image depending on the visited state. E.g. make the color of a decorative "arrow" image match the text color.
(In reply to Steffen Weber from comment #289)
> Is "background-position" blocked intentionally?
Yes, because it could lead to measurable speed differences.
To anyone in the future who wants to request that a specific CSS property be unblocked from use in :visited selectors: Please file a *new* bug depending on this one; don't comment here. Be prepared to argue not only for the utility of the property in :visited, but for its not exposing visitedness to the site that uses it -- even by minute changes in timing, or other "covert channels".
@Zack Weinberg
I filled separate bug about background-color as you suggest:
:visited does not take "background-color" CSS in account (docs say opposite statement).
Comment on attachment 431539 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 14: make nsStyleContext::FindChildWithRules deal with the visited style context
>+ NS_ABORT_IF_FALSE(aRulesIfVisited || !aRelevantLinkVisited,
>+ "aRelevantLinkVisited should only be set when we have a separate style");
[This crashes if you put a (visited?) link into a document in a chrome docshell.]
re: comment 280 and timing attacks on cached page elements.
Looks like Michal Zalewski has done some more research in this area. He posted this to the Wasc list just now. It this worthwhile spinning off another bug?
As you probably know, most browser vendors have fixed the ability to
enumerate your browsing history through the CSS :visited
pseudo-selector. The fix severely constraints the styling possible for
visited links, and hides it from APIs such as
window.getComputedStyle() [1].
The fix does not prevent attackers from extracting similar information
through cache timing [2], or by examining onerror / onload events for
scripts and images loaded from sites to which you may be logged in.
Nevertheless, the :visited attack is particularly versatile and
reliable, so several people have tried to circumvent the fix by
showing the user a set of hyperlinked snippets of text that, depending
on the browsing history, will blend with the background or remain
visible on the screen. Their visibility can be then indirectly
measured by seeing how the user interacts with the page.
The problem with these attacks is that they are either unrealistic, or
extremely low-throughput. So, here is a slightly more interesting
entry for this contest. The PoC works in Chrome and Firefox, but
should be easily portable to other browsers:
The basic idea behind this inferior clone of Asteroids is that we hurl
a lot of link-based "asteroids" toward your spaceship, but you only
see (and take down) the ones that correspond to the sites you have
visited. There are several tricks to maintain immersion, including
some proportion of "real" asteroids that the application is sure are
visible to you. The approach is easily scalable to hundreds or
thousands of URLs that can be tested very quickly, as discussed here:
Captain Obvious signing off,
/mz
[1]
[2]
when I try the PoC at I get pretty inconsistent and unreliable results. First few games the sites visited popup was never launched. then I visited cnn.com, and then played the game. the popup came up but cnn.com wasn't shown as a visited site. several others that I might had visited did show.
in the next game cnn.com did show on the list list of visited.
If you want to block those "low-bandwidth" attacks you can set layout.css.visited_links_enabled to false.
|
https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=147777
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
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en
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refinedweb
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Odoo Help
Odoo is the world's easiest all-in-one management software. It includes hundreds of business apps:
CRM | e-Commerce | Accounting | Inventory | PoS | Project management | MRP | etc.
How to Replace Default picking_type_id on Purchase Order Without Change the Original Module purchase (by inherit) ?
I have tried to inherit purchase module and replace default picking_type_id to False.
This is original module :
And I change to :
But the default of picking_type_id (just picking_type_id) still get default from original module. How to change it?
Hi,
you can override default_get function in your class sale_order like this :
def default_get(self, cr, uid, fields, context=None):
context = context or {}
res = super(sale_order, self).default_get(cr, uid, fields, context=context)
if 'name' in fields:
res.update({'name': '/'})
if 'salesman_id' in fields:
res.update({'salesman_id': uid})
if 'picking_type_id' in fields:
res.update({'picking_type_id': False})
if 'partner_ref' in fields:
res.update({'partner_ref': 'try'})
return res
bye
you must rewrite the code like this in your new module
_columns = {
'picking_type_id': fields.many2one('stock.picking.type', 'Deliver To', help="This will determine picking type of incoming shipment", required=True,
states={'confirmed': [('readonly', True)], 'approved': [('readonly', True)], 'done': [('readonly', the definition of the field in your module? Module starts?
|
https://www.odoo.com/forum/help-1/question/how-to-replace-default-picking-type-id-on-purchase-order-without-change-the-original-module-purchase-by-inherit-82435
|
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refinedweb
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refinedweb
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[
]
ASF GitHub Bot commented on CURATOR-90:
---------------------------------------
Github user eceejcr commented on a diff in the pull request:
--- Diff: curator-framework/src/main/java/org/apache/curator/framework/imps/CuratorFrameworkImpl.java
---
@@ -72,6 +74,9 @@
private final NamespaceWatcherMap namespaceWatcherMap
= new NamespaceWatcherMap(this);
private volatile ExecutorService executorService;
+ private final AtomicBoolean logAsErrorConnectionErrors
= new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+ private static final boolean LOG_ALL_CONNECTION_ISSUES_AS_ERROR_LEVEL
= Boolean.getBoolean(DebugUtils.PROPERTY_LOG_ALL_CONNECTION_ISSUES_AS_ERROR_LEVEL);
--- End diff --
Jordan I created it as a constant, but I am not sure if you were thinking to manipulate
the property with code and therefore you prefer a more dynamic approach. Anyway looks simple
the change. Let me know
> Reduce the verbosity of connection error log messages
> -----------------------------------------------------
>
> Key: CURATOR-90
> URL:
> Project: Apache Curator
> Issue Type: Improvement
> Components: Framework
> Affects Versions: 2.4.0
> Reporter: Julio Lopez
> Priority: Minor
> Attachments: CURATOR-90.patch, curator-90-evaristo.patch
>
>
>.2#6252)
|
http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/curator-dev/201405.mbox/%3CJIRA.12697043.1393291142032.324542.1399763834606@arcas%3E
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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refinedweb
|
Opened 4 years ago
Closed 4 years ago
#19145 closed Bug (duplicate)
valid formset with invalid deleted form raises AttributeError when trying to access cleaned_data
Description
Example (run in
manage.py shell):
from django.forms import Form, BooleanField from django.forms.formsets import formset_factory class F(Form): a = BooleanField() FS = formset_factory(form = F, can_delete = True) fs = FS(data = { 'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '', 'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1', 'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1', 'form-0-a': '', 'form-0-DELETE': 'on', }) assert fs.is_valid() # fs.forms[0].cleaned_data raises AttributeError print fs.cleaned_data
This can be fixed by changing
BaseFormSet._get_cleaned_data to only return the
cleaned_data of non-deleted forms:
def _get_cleaned_data(self): """ Returns a list of form.cleaned_data dicts for every form in self.forms. """ if not self.is_valid(): raise AttributeError("'%s' object has no attribute 'cleaned_data'" % self.__class__.__name__) return [form.cleaned_data for form in self.forms if not self._should_delete_form(form)]
Change History (1)
comment:1 Changed 4 years ago by
Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.
This should have been fixed recently (see #5524,). cleaned_data is now always available once a form has been validated. Reopen if I missed the point.
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https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/19145
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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en
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refinedweb
|
-snmp
Overview
The ServiceMix SNMP component provides support for receiving SNMP events via the enterprise service bus by using the SNMP4J library.
Namespace and xbean.xml
The namespace URI for the servicemix-bean JBI component is. This is an example of an xbean.xml file with a namespace definition with prefix bean.
<beans xmlns: <!-- add snmp:poller or snmp:sender definitions here --> </beans>
Endpoint types
The servicemix-snmp component defines two endpoint types:
snmp:poller :: Periodically polls a device status using SNMP and sends the OIDs as a JBI MessageExchange
snmp:trap-consumer :: Consumes an SNMP trap message and sends the OIDs as a JBI MessageExchange
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http://servicemix.apache.org/docs/4.5.x/jbi/components/servicemix-snmp.html
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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en
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refinedweb
|
Opened 10 years ago
Last modified 17 months ago
#1599 new enhancement
Clip By Polygon, Clip By Mask, Clip By File
Description
A feature I wish for almost every week is the ability to clip an image by an irregular polygon. I envision it working something like this:
Clip By Polygon
gdal -clip poly.shp infile.tif outfile.tif {options}
Cookie cutter an image. Outside the polygon is nodata, inside is input.tif values. Output extent is set to shapefile projwin extents.
gdal -clip poly.shp -reverse in.tif out.tif
Punches a hole in the image. In output raster interior of polygon is nodata. Output extent is the larger of raster or shapefile.
gdal -clip poly.shp -multi -name [attrib] in.tif outdir
Create tiles. For each polygon in poly.shp create a raster clipped to extent of that polygon. Use [attrib] field in poly.shp to name output rasters. If -name is omitted, sequentially number output (in.tif --> outdir/in_00.tif).
General
If clipping shapefile consists of multiple polygons, clipping boundary becomes outer boundary of all polys (merge polygons before clip). Polgons can be discontiguous (voids and islands are respected).
Clip by Raster
gdal -clip mask.tif -mask 255,0,0 in.tif out.tif
Same as clip by poly, but treat RGB value of 255,0,0 as the nodata area (e.g. is the outside of the clipping polygons). Output extent is shrunk/expanded to range of data areas.
gdal -clip mask.tif -mask 255,0,0 -reverse in.tif out.tif
Punch a hole. Same as clip by poly reversed. Output extent is larger of inputs.
General
If no mask is specified, clipping boundary is set to extents of clipping image. Nodata in clipping image is nodata in output image.
Clip By File
gdal -clip points.shp -extent-only in.tif out.tif gdal -clip lines.shp -extent-only in.tif out.tif gdal -clip polys.shp -extent-only in.tif out.tif gdal -clip input.jp2 -extent-only in.tif out.tif
Ignore all boundary/mask logic and clip raster to projwin extent of any ogr/gdal supported data source.
Globals
Standard gdalwarp and gdal_translate options are respected, e.g. -co compress=lzw, -of jp2kak, -t_srs +utm=11, -outsize 50% 50%, etc.
Change History (12)
comment:1 Changed 10 years ago by maphew
comment:2 Changed 9 years ago by laurent
Do this feature have a chance to be released ? Maybe it's just a dream ?
comment:3 Changed 9 years ago by warmerdam
- Component changed from default to GDAL_Raster
- Keywords rasterize clip polygon added
Laurent,
This is currently a request enhancement but no one has indicated a willingness to implement it. So effectively, yes, it is a dream.
Note that gdal_rasterize can already do some of this (especially with the new -i flag - similar to -reverse above). But gdal_rasterize requires an output file to pre-exist. I think the best approach to this might be further work on gdal_rasterize.
comment:4 Changed 9 years ago by maphew
...I implemented part of what is asked in that ticket in the just released Mirone 1.3.0 We can now clip an image by an arbitrary polygon and create masks from the ensemble of plotted polygons (just right click on polygon and select what you want).
Joaquim Luis --
Mirone's homepage:
added to this ticket on the chance there may be an opportunity to share code between the projects for this feature.
comment:5 Changed 8 years ago by mwtoews
It would be very convenient to have a "-clip" option available for gdalwarp and gdal_translate (I'm not sure the scope of this enhancement, but this is the closest ticket that I could find to add to).
I'd like to also suggest a "Clip by WKT" feature to this enhancement, for example:
-clip "POLYGON((524813.7 6522424.5,524829.9 6522424.5,524829.9 6522400.3,524813.7 6522400.3,524813.7 6522424.5))"
which would use the same projection as the input raster.
Or, by specifying a different projection for the mask shape, such as Lat/Long? WGS84:
-clip "SRID=4326;POLYGON((-126.5 59.25,-126.5 52.5,-126.25 52.5,-126.25 59.25,-126.5 59.25))"
comment:6 Changed 7 years ago by bicealyh
- Milestone set to 1.7.0
- Priority changed from normal to high
I want to know does GDAL support clip an image by an irregular polygon,now?
comment:7 Changed 7 years ago by warmerdam
- Priority changed from high to normal
The situation is unchanged. This feature has not been implemented, but -srcwin (or -projwin) in combination with gdal_rasterize can accomplish some of this in a rather manual way.
I prefer not to set unresourced enhancement requests above normal priority.
comment:8 Changed 7 years ago by rouault
Clip by WKT can be achieved by using the cutline option of gdalwarp and a small CSV file containing the WKT (trunk feature).
The following python script produces a white square.tif and a CSV file describing a polygon with a hole in the extent of square.tif
import gdal import osr ds = gdal.GetDriverByName('GTiff').Create('square.tif', 1000, 1000, 3) ds.SetGeoTransform([500000, 1, 0, 4501000, 0, -1]) sr = osr.SpatialReference() sr.ImportFromEPSG(32631) ds.SetProjection(sr.ExportToWkt()) ds.GetRasterBand(1).Fill(255) ds.GetRasterBand(2).Fill(255) ds.GetRasterBand(3).Fill(255) ds = None f = open('small_square_with_hole.csv', 'wt') f.write('WKT,dummy\n') f.write('"POLYGON((500250 4500250,500750 4500250,500750 4500750,500250 4500750,500250 4500250),(500375 4500375,500625 4500375,500625 4500625,500375 4500625,500375 4500625))",\n') f.close()
Then I do 'gdalwarp -wo "INIT_DEST=255,0,255" square.tif square_cut.tif -cutline small_square_with_hole.csv' and I get a nice extract of my white square with a hole and a background of pink.
comment:9 Changed 7 years ago by kyle
- Cc kyle added
comment:10 Changed 2 years ago by jason
Has anyone ever got the cutline to work in C++?
I have it working off the command line no problem, but it doesn't seem to do anything when I populate that argument in C++ as below:
*Create a OGRGeometry variable OGRGeometry thisGeom; parse an input WKT to char char* wktIn = (char*) pIn_wkt_geom; Create and polulate thisGeom with the input WKT geometry OGRErr err = OGRGeometryFactory::createFromWkt(&wktIn, poSRS, &thisGeom);
Add thisGeom as the cutline argument psWarpOptions->hCutline = thisGeom;*
Has anyone achieved this or do you know if it is supported?
Cheers Jason
comment:11 Changed 2 years ago by jratike80
Jason, hardly anybody reads 8 years old tickets like this. Ask your question in gdal-dev mailing list.
comment:12 Changed 17 months ago by rouault
- Milestone 1.8.1 deleted
Removing obsolete milestone
whups, the internal table of contents is wrong. It's supposed to refer to each of the subheadings below. I can't remove it though, sorry.
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http://trac.osgeo.org/gdal/ticket/1599
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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en
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refinedweb
|
Gross Income
Card Set Information
Author:
jillenebeth
ID:
81780
Filename:
Gross Income
Updated:
2011-04-26 23:29:56
One
Folders:
Description:
Becker CPA Review Regulation 1: Gross Income
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Gross Income Defined
All income from whaterver source derived, unless specifically excluded.
Computation of Income - General Rule
Income is dertermined by the amount of cash, property (FMV), or services obtained. In cases of noncash income, the amount of the income is the fair market value of the property or services received.
Realized Defined
Realization requires the accrual or receipt of cash, property, or services, or a change in the form or the nature of the investment (a sale or exchange).
Record Defined
Recognition means that the realized gain must be included on the tax return (i.e. there is no provision that permits exclusion or deferral under the Internal Revenue Code).
Accrual Method
Revenue is taxable when earned.
Cash Method
Recognition occurs in the period the reenue is actually or constructively received in cash or (FMV) property.
Characteristics of Income
1. Oridinary
2. Portfolio
3. Passive
4. Capital
Ordinary Income Defined (12)
Salaries
Wages
State and local tax refunds
Alimony
IRA and pension income
Self-employment income
Unemployment compensation
Social security
Prizes
Taxable portion of scholarships and fellowships
Gambling income
And anything not falling into one of the other three baskets.
Portfolio Income Defined
Income a taxpayer would earn on his portfolio of assets, such as
interest and dividends
.
Passive Income (Rental Activity) Defined
An activity in which a taxpayer did no actively particpate.
Only passive losses may offset passive income.
A net passive loss is not deductible on the tax return (it is suspended and carried forward until passive income exists to offset it.
Passive Income: Rental Income and Royalties
Rental income received on a property that a taxpayer owns and rents (as opposed to capital gain or loss that may exist when the property is sold) is gernerally deemed "passive," unless exceptions exist.
Passive Income: Beneficiaries of Trusts and investments in Partnerships, LLCs, and S Corporations
Individuals (and companies) with investments in S Corporations, partnerships, LLCs, and beneficiary interest in trusts and estates will receive a Form K-1 from the entity each year.
The K-1 is the investor's share of the earnings and deductions of each company.
Schedule K combines the K-1s
If an investment in a company is deemed limited (as opposed to general) for the investor, the income from the business activities will be deemed passive for tax purposes, and the passibe activity loss rule will apply.
Salaries and Wages: Money, Property, Cancellation of Debt, and Bargain Purchases.
Included in Gross Income:
All money received, credited or available.
The FMV of all proprerty.
All Debts cancelled.
If an employer sells property to the employee for less than its FMV, the difference is income to the employee.
Salaries and Wages: Guaranteed Payments to a Partner
Included in gross income: guaranteed payments are reasonable compensation paid to a partner for services rendered (or use of capital) without regard to the partner's ratio of income. This earned compensation is also subject to self-employment tax.
Salaries and Wages: Taxable Fringe Benefits (incl. example)
The FMV of a fringe benefit not specifically excluded by law is includable in income.
Ex. employee's personal use of a company car is included as wages in an employee's income. This is subject to employment taxes and withholding.
Salaries and Wages: Partially Taxable Fringe Benefits - Portion of Life Insurance Premiums
First $50,000 of employer paid premiums are not income.
Anything above is taxable income to the recipient.
Non-taxable Fringe Benefits: Life Insurance Proceeds
The proceeds of a life insurance plicy paid because of the death of the insured are gexcluded from the gross income.
Accelerated death beneftis (insured receives money early for long-term care) are excluded from gross income.
The interest income element on deferred payout arrangements is taxable.
Non-taxable Fringe Benefits: Accident, Medical, and Health Insurance (employer paid)
Premium payments are excludable from the employee's income when the employer paid the insurance premiums, bu amounts paid to the employee under the policay are includable in income unless:
Reimbursement for medical expenses actually incurred by the employee
Compensation for the permanent loss or loss of use of a member or function of the body.
Non-taxable Fringe Benefits: De Minimis Fringe Benefits (incl. example)
De Minimis fringe benefits are so minimal that they are impractical to account for and may be excluded from income.
ex. employee's personal use of a company computer
Non-taxable Fringe Benefits: Meals and Lodging
The gross income of an employee does not include the value of meals or lodging funished to him in kind by the employer for the convenience of the employer on the employer's premises. In order to be nontaxable, the lodging must be required as a condition of employment.
Non-taxable Fringe Benefits: Employer Payment of Employee Educational Expenses
Up to $5,250 may be excluded from gross income of payments made by employer on behalf of an employee's educational expenses.
Non-taxable Fringe Benefits: Qualified Tutition Reductions
Employees of educational institutions studying at the undergraduate level who receive tuition reductions may exclude the tuition from income.
Graduate students may exclude tution reduction only if the are engaged in teaching or research activities and only if the tution reduction is in addition to the pay for the teaching or research.
Tuition reductions must be offered on a nondiscriminatory basis.
Non-taxable Fringe Benefits: Qualified Employee Discounts
Employee discounts on employer-provided merchandise and service are excludable as follows:
Merchandise discounts:
the excludable discount is limited to the employer's gross profit percentage.
Service discounts:
The excludable discount is limited to 20% of the FMV of the services
Employer-provided parking:
The value of employer -provided parking up to $230 (2010) per month may be excluded.
Transit passes:
The value of employer-provided transit passes up to $230 (2010) per month may be excluded.
Non-taxable Fringe Benefits: Qualified Pension, Profit-sharing, and Stock Bonus Plans
Payments made by employer (non-taxable)
: payments made by an employer to a qualified pension, profit-sharing, or stock bonus plan are not income to the employee at the time of contribution. (Trust Account -- 401k)
Benefits Received (taxable)
: The amount that is exempt from tax (plust income earned on such amount) is taxable to the employee in the year in which the amount is distributed or made available.
Non-taxable Fringe Benefits: Flexible Spending Arrangement Stems (FSAS)
This is a plan that allows employees to receive a pre-tax reimbursement of cerain (specified) incurred expenses.
1. Flexible spending accounts (up to $5,000/yr). These payments must be made via salary reduction, employee is not taxed on that income.
2. Funds not used within 2.5 months after year-end are forfeited.
Non-taxable Fringe Benefits: Economic Recovery Payments
For 2010, economic recovery payments ($250 person) are not taxable.
Taxable Interest Income - General Rule & 6 Examples
General Rule: All interest is taxable unless specifically excluded.
1. Federal bonds
2. Industrial bonds
3. Corporate bonds
4. Premiums received for opening a savings account (e.g., prizes and awards) are included at FMV.
5. Part of the proceeds from an isntallment sale is taxable as interest
6. Interest paid by federal or state goverment for late payment of tax refund is taxable.
Taxable Exempt Interest Income (reportable but not taxable) (4)
1. State and Local Government Bonds/Obligations
2. Bonds of a U.S. Possession
3. Series EE Bonds
4. Veterans Administration Insurance
State and Local Government Bonds/Obligations
Interest on state an local bonds / obligations is tax exempt.
Mutual fund dividends for funds invested in tax-free bonds are also tax exempt.
Bonds of a U.S. Possession
Interest on the obligation of a possession of the United States is tax exempt.
Series EE Bonds (U.S. Savings Bond)
EE = Educational Exepenses
Interest on Series EE Savings Bonds is tax exempt when:
1. It is used to pay for higher education, reduced by tax-free scholarships, of the taxpayer, spouse, or dependents;
2. There is taxpayer or joint owendership (spouse);
3. Taxpayer is over age 24 when issued; and
4. The bonds are acquired after 1989
* Phae-out starts when modified AGI exceeds an indexed amount.
Veterans Administration Insurance
Interest on Veterans Administration Insurance is tax exempt.
Unearned Income of a Child Under 18 ("kiddie tax")
The net unearned income of a dependent child under 18 years of age (or, a child over age 18 to under age 24 who does not provide over half of his/her own support and is a full-time student) is taxed at the parent's higher tax rate.
Forfeited Interest (Adjustment) - Penalty on Withdrawal from Savings
Forfeited interest is a penalty for early withdrawal of savings (generally on a time deposit, such as a CD).
Bank credits the interest to the account and the removes certain interest as a penalty for withdrawing the funds before maturity.
Interest = taxable
Forfeited = deductible as an adjustment in the year the penalty is incurred.
Source Determines Taxability (4)
E&P/Current = distribute by current year end
: E&P is current = dividend
E&P/accumulated = distribution date
: accum. E&P by distribution date = dividend
No E&P = Return of capital
Capital gain distributions = No E&P/no basis
: if you've got all your capital back, then its called a capital gain distribution.
Taxable Dividends
All Dividends that represent distributions of a corporation's earnings and profits are includible in gross income.
Taxable Dividends: Taxable Amount: Cash vs. Property
Cash = Amount Received
Property = Fair Market Value
Taxable Dividends: Special (Lower) Tax Rate
The stock must be held for more than 60 days during the 120-day period that begins 60 days before the ex-dividend date (the date on which a purchased share no longer is entitled to any recently declared dividends).
Tax Free Distributions (4)
1. Return of Capital
2. Stock Split
3. Stock Dividend (unless cash or other property option/taxable FMV)
4. Life Insurance Dividend
Tax Free Distributions: Return of Capital
When a company distributes funds but has no earnings
and profits. The taxpayer will simply reduce (but not below zero) his/her basis in common stock held.
Tax Free Distributions: Stock Dividend
Unless the shareholder has the option to receive cash or other property (taxable), the basis of the shares after distribution depends on the type of stock received.
a. same stock - original basis is divided by total shares
b. different stock - original basis is allocated based on the relative FMV of the different stock
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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en
|
refinedweb
|
Mozilla doesn't seem to support loading external SVG images embedded with <img>
tags. Probably because nsImageFrame isn't set up to handle SVG whereas
nsObjectFrame is.
It is important that the nsImageFrame use the intrinsic size of the SVG image
when no explicit width/height is given. Once that works, it might be possible to
have <object>-embedded SVG to use nsImageFrame, too, so those get sized
correctly as well. (See e.g. bug 70978.)
Tested on SVG-enabled Mozilla, build id 2004122709
To whoever knows the answer:
What image-renderer interfaces would need to be implemented for this to work
(or would nsImageFrame need special-cased code?), and what core SVG interfaces
would they be hooking into?
Created attachment 169879 [details]
testcase
So to get this to work we'd need an nsIImage implementation for SVG, and an
imgIDecoder. These will have to allow pixel-by-pixel access to the SVG image
data (presumably cached, not computed on every pixel access) and provide some
metadata about the image (notably the intrinsic size).
If that's done, there will need to be no changes to nsImageFrame, since SVG will
just look like any other image. Note that this will not allow interactivity and
such the way <object> does.
I don't think it makes sense to "decode" an SVG image in to an nsIImage. Things
like animation, etc won't work if you do this (without a huge amount of extra
work). If we really want this to work, i'd guess that changes similar to those
in the object frame would have to go in to image frame. That kinda sucks though
and isn't very flexable...
Frankly, we want to have SVG working in list-style-image, background-image, etc,
etc, not just in <img>.
So either all images work the same way (and all these places use the image
apis), or we don't support SVG images (just SVG documents) or we hack every
single one of these places somehow, probably implementing the equivalent of
SVG-to-nsIImage glue in 3-4 places.? ;)
note bug 272288 comment 1 and (especially) bug 231179...
Any disposition on this bug? It would definitely be an improvement to support
SVG wherever a raster image is allowed (<img> tag, background images, etc).
This could turn out to be a killer feature for a browser to have.
What makes this killer is if the image is a "live" SVG image
(though I will agree with Tim Rowley in Bug 272288, that it is ambiguous in the
SVG spec). Imagine being able to animate your background image while displaying
your HTML over top. Currently this is only possible with a compound XHTML
document or some form of foreignObject within a SVG root document.
I am sure there was a Gecko demo at some point with animated GIF backgrounds.
*** Bug 298682 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
Would it make things much easier to leave out the animation part for the time
being? I guess that most users are interested in simply replacing unanimated
images with SVG ones (e.g. to improve quality).
when using <image xlink: in ASV the result is always a
static SVG, no animation no scriting. i think this is the desired behaviour for
<html:img> as well. the interactivity and animation feature for background
images would be cool, but can wait, given that there is currently no animation
support, and i think user events dont make sense on backround images, so
enabling scrips in image is questionable. if you need script access you got to
use <object> because image does not have any scripting interfaces (
contentDocument,contentWindow)
maybe just enable the onload event.
so i guess the solution Boris Zbarsky proposed in comment #2 would be the right
way to go for now.
I agree that the simple solution right now would be to do what Holger is
suggesting (a frozen and isolated view of the SVG document) if it will mean
quicker implemention. And while I agree with Holger's interpretations, I would
recommend contacting the W3C CDF working group as they are the definitive source
of answers (even if they don't have all the use cases yet) .
At least in my initial emails with Chris Lilley he felt that scripting and
animation could still happen in a background-image or a <img> (which would be
nice). He did agree that events would not be able to flow from HTML DOM to SVG
DOM through background-image (i.e. SVG is "underneath") but that events might be
able to go through HTML DOM to SVG DOM. The bottom line is that all these use
cases need to be thought out and described unambiguously in the CDF spec.
See and for more and let's get that
clarified soon so Mozilla has clear direction on implementation.
correction:
"...but that events might be able to go through HTML DOM to SVG DOM through an
html:img tag"
A note on perspective and intrinsic sizing, I just wanted to leave a quick
pointer to bug 70978 (and maybe bug 70976). That is to say, it would be (more
than) nice for the ability to include an SVG graphic, say only specifying an 80%
width, and have the height automatically scaled to maintain the image's
intrinsic perspective. If I want to include an SVG banner for a website that
will scale properly when displayed on a 2" Cell Phone screen or 20" Desktop LCD
- I can specify a width of 80% of the page, but there is then no way to specify
a height that will maintain the image's perspective. Em's could be used, but
that's a less than ideal workaround.
This missing function really suck. Now when we have native SVG support in stable version of FF. In the bug 320875 is testcase with nodefault object size but with size defined in the SVG file in contrast to the PNG.
(In reply to comment #4)
>? ;)
If we support SVG in <img> then I see no reason we wouldn't support HTML in <img> (with 404s being handled as failed loads just like for <object> elements -- <iframe> is the only one of these element that ignores errors and doesn't fall back to its fallback for them). In fact, I don't see how we couldn't. Anything that supports SVG automatically supports HTML in our architecture. They're the same thing, for all intents and purposes.
The question is whether we want to support vector graphics in <img> at all. One could argue that <img> (just like <svg:image> in SVG Tiny) should be only for raster images. But then one could also argue the opposite...
I suppose one option (which reading the comments again may have been what you had in mind anyway) is to say that any |Document|s that end up rendered by an <img> are rendered as static bitmaps, much like if they were used in CSS, so that they are image |Frame|s and so we sidestep the problem hyatt would have with all this (namely that <img> should always have the same kind of render frame, and that it shouldn't be able to change from an image render frame to an iframe render frame, for example). Hmm...
I we should have the following guidelines when using SVG as a graphics format:
1) Scripts should not be executed.
2) Elements in non-SVG namespaces should generally be ignored.
3) Any elements unrelated to presentation should be ignored.
4) CSS should be ignored???
I do not think rendering a one-time static image is a good option, because the image can't be resized. Wasn't that the whole point of vector graphics to begin with? Also, we already allow stuff like animated GIF images (and MNG when using MNGZilla), so I don't see a justification for using a static image for SVG unless animation in SVG cannot be accomplished without scripting. (I admit that my knowledge of SVG is to limited to make a determination on the latter issue.)
Allowing SVG in <img>s is bad news. Many web applications differentiate <img> as fairly innocuous allowing it even from third parties, but not <object>, because <object> holds power.
SVG is incredibly powerful. It contains scripting, hyperlinks, <svg:image> even allows possibly third-party images to make HTTP requests. I also suspect that a fairly small SVG can DoS the renderer by requiring exponential time to render. That is a huge paradigm shift.
<img> tags would require a neutered implementation of SVG to match the security model of most sites, even more so than just dropping scripting and animation - it would need at least to disallow <svg:image> links to third and fourth parties, and have a render timeout.
I would recommend this is not fixed until that stuff can be thoroughly looked at.
Agreed. As per comment #10...
Btw, I consider this a low-priority bug compared to the SVG CSS one (Bug 231179). The CSS bug prevents us from doing really cool things. This bug would just be a "nice to have"...
You can already do most things you need to do here with the object tag, so it doesn't hurt developers as much. As developers, we can just use <object> anywhere you wanted to use an <img> tag (unless I'm missing something).
The SVG CSS bug is really the same bug as this, basically... That is, the functionality needed from the point of view of Gecko is the same. Some of the security concerns are different, of course.
(In reply to comment #17)
> 1) Scripts should not be executed.
maybe enable only the onload event, like the batik-rasterizer does.
> 2) Elements in non-SVG namespaces should generally be ignored.
if we could have the onload event and/or XSLT transformations (or even xbl), elements from other namespaces might be usefull.
> 3) Any elements unrelated to presentation should be ignored.
> 4) CSS should be ignored???
no, css stylable images are cool !
>
> I do not think rendering a one-time static image is a good option, because the
> image can't be resized. Wasn't that the whole point of vector graphics to begin
> with?
well, i guess the svg should be re-rasterized when the size changes.
> Also, we already allow stuff like animated GIF images (and MNG when using
> MNGZilla), so I don't see a justification for using a static image for SVG
> unless animation in SVG cannot be accomplished without scripting.
>
yes you could prerender some frames and then display them in a loop,
the problem is that there is no way to determin how long the animation takes.
> maybe enable only the onload event, like the batik-rasterizer does.
From an XSS/security point of view, this is equivalent to allowing all scripting.
(In reply to comment #23)
> From an XSS/security point of view, this is equivalent to allowing all
> scripting.
i see :-( , so what about xslt/xbl then ?
Probably OK, though most of XBL would not work (no scripting, so no constructors, etc). You could still create anonymous content, though. That seems reasonably safe.
What if the img tag supported only SVG Tiny, with the object tag required to use full SVG? This seems to (at least theoretically) answer the security concerns, while still allowing a well-documented subset of SVG in the img tag. I can see only two clarifications which would need to be added: foreign namespaces are not recognized when included through the img tag, and svg:image would not support SVG (but would support, for example, JPEG and PNG, and possibly other bitmap formats) when included through the img tag.
SVG Tiny doesn't support scripting, it doesn't necessarily have to support elements from other namespaces, and it doesn't necessarily have to support SVG in the SVG:image tag. Would an implementation of SVG Tiny which didn't support these two optional things be safe? Obviously you couldn't do everything with this that you could with full SVG, but I'm not sure this is a Bad Thing, since the object tag still exists to handle full SVG.
It seems to me that if this method can be shown safe then it would provide, if not necessarily the best of both worlds, then at least a decent compromise. The full power (and danger) of SVG would not be available through the img tag, but a well-documented standard subset would be. Tiny is, by itself, powerful enough to handle most aspects of vector graphics, and what it can't handle could be dealt with through the object tag.
It's just a thought, anyway. I might even be wrong about Tiny being safe, in which case the whole thing is moot. But if it would be safe, then might it be satisfactory?
> SVG Tiny doesn't support scripting
You must mean SVG Tiny 1.1 or something? SVG Tiny 1.2 most certainly does.
More to the point, implementing both SVG profiles in the same code is a lot of work -- about twice as much work as only implementing one and putting some restrictions on it.
(In reply to comment #26)
> What if the img tag supported only SVG Tiny, with the object tag required to
> use full SVG?
i would object to that, i think this feature would be nice to have especially where you need a complex graphic, but you dont need a dom and stuff.
especially the most expensive features of SVG like filters would benefit most from solving this bug, because then i could pack tons of filters in a file,
without loosing performance of the browser, but filters are not part of SVGT. using SVGT would cost to many features, like clippathes, masks, opacity, gradients, filters.
i recently had a little project where this would come in handy, i wrote an XSLT to create a barchart on the clientside. the largest benefit here is
the saved serverload and bandwidth. so only a small chart description is send to the browser. with xslt, i turn that description into a complex barchart graphic with 100s of objects with grandients , opacity, strokes and filters
this works great, but try embeding this chart in a html file; firefox nearly
dies when you try to scroll. as i dont want to change the chart via script, a one shot still image would be enough for me. having this bug fixed would gain me the best of two worlds: decreased server load and bandwith, and good performance on the client while still providing graphicly rich content.
(here is an example: i had to revert to a prerendered image because of the performance issues, and this is only a small example )
also i think it is not neccesarry to revert to SVGT because SVG allows for sub profiling via modules. so we could have an SVG full implementation without the scripting module.
What exactly are the security concerns? I mean what can be exploited via scripting that can harm the user or steal his data? An SVG embedded via img does not have any relation to the parent document so it can't steal any data. And XmlHttpRequest does only work on the same domain name anyway so there is no way to send any stolen data.
And how do these security concerns relate to svg images in css? (#231179) CSS is used by the site author and is not meant to harm anybody, whereas the img tag can be used by and 3rd person in message boards for example.
there are other ways to send data than XMLHttpRequest... (forms, <img src="....?data=whatever"> come to mind)
> I mean what can be exploited via scripting that can harm the user or steal
> his data?
Simple example: an SVG image posted as part of a MySpace (or LiveJournal, or whatever) page that steals other MySpace users' MySpace cookies and sends them to some other server by any of the various means that can be used to send text data (biesi mentioned some, there are others).
The same-domain restrictions of XMLHttpRequest are not so much there to prevent info being sent to a site that wants it, but rather to prevent attacks against web services via sending them XML they do not want and do not expect.
In general, I suggest that anyone planning to comment on this bug take a few hours to read up on the current state of XSS exploits on the web before doing so. It would help make the comments much more constructive.
> CSS is used by the site author and is not meant to harm anybody
Many sites of the sort we're talking about here allow users to upload CSS to style their page.
Hmm... what about foreignObject? Could it (reasonably, by a human) be implemented so that it would be safe, or would it open social engineering attacks that couldn't be stopped by simply blocking script? I'm thinking here of a full-page SVG with embedded HTML that looks like a login screen, complete with form submitting to the outside. Would it work to just block forms in <img> as well as script? Would that be reasonably doable? If not, would other content types be safe (audio, video)?
Note that some sort of descending into referenced objects to block script will have to be done, as when bug 231179 and bug 272288 are fixed, otherwise one could just include script in the svg-referenced-by-svg. So that descending should also work to block scripts in other file formats. But would that be enough?
i think a static snapshot image of the svg, with all scripts ignored, coud not
be any more or less secure than any other image format. in the end its all just pixeldata, even the forms in foreignObject. or am i missing something ?
The only scripting support I can see a need for in simple images (img and CSS) is simple DOM manipulation (deletion, creation and read-write access to objects, no events). Why not simply block anything else, and not allow the SVG to access anything outside its own document (no cookie access, I can't see an use for it either in simple images)?
For SVG applications that will take user input, ordain the use of the object element.
> Why not simply block anything else
Because that involves making an exhaustive list of "everything else" and adding checks to all of it. It's very very hard to get this right without leaving any holes, and places a burden on implementations of every single DOM method to check for this case.
I'm not really sure what the discussion is about. There's pretty much agreement that SVG in <img> means no script, last I checked. The remaining questions are how to actually best do the rendering.
Being able to display SVG from untrusted sources without the risk of running embedded scripts sounds to me like a good idea in general, and shouldn't be limited to the <img> tag. Maybe some requirement like 'scripted="yes"' could be added to both the <object> and <img> tags.
I'm experiencing the same problem on Ubuntu 7.04. Please add Ubuntu into the OS field. I don't seem to have permissions required for doing that.
Created attachment 282814 [details]
thunder and rain
slightly better formed html
What's the 3 year delay on this guys?
Opera already implements this.
OperaMail displays svg on receipt, but not in compose mode [email protected]
Safari Webkit claims fixed and landed in trunk tomorrow?
email applications that allow the author to include svg symbols will significantly help many. This is just one recent email:
"The largest single group of pupils with additional support needs
in Scotland are those with moderate/severe learning difficulties (25%), who
are likely to benefit from symbol support."
When will Thunderbird default to displaying SVG?
So, is there any reason that this should work other than that some spec says so? Is there a reason it would be useful to authors? Is there a good reason that the spec asks for it other than somebody's idea of theoretical purity? Some use case that it satisifies, that using object doesn't?
SVG, in reality, is a document format, not an image format, and I don't see why we shouldn't just treat it like other document formats.
(I'm asking because fixing this seems like a good bit of work and a good bit of extra security exposure, and doing that requires a good reason.)
While SVG may in reality have been designed as a document format, its uses in practice are primarily as an image/graphics format, whose natural home in the mind of a web developer has always been in <img>. I don't think you can reasonably fight this intuition, particularly without support from other browsers.
Let's look, for example, at the following wikipedia image page:
It contains a PNG preview of an SVG image and a link to it. I believe that it would be cleaner if the preview used the svg image itself, and left rendering of the SVG for the web browser.
(In reply to comment #43)
> I believe that it would be cleaner if the preview used the svg image itself,
> and left rendering of the SVG for the web browser.
It would indeed, but I don't think that's quite the distinction being made.
The question is whether it's worthwhile to support <img> when perfectly adequate support already exists in <iframe>, <object>, etc. with understood and effective security mechanisms in place to prevent the SVG (or any other document format loaded instead) from escaping its prison. (There's no reason Wikipedia couldn't do that now, with Accept or user-agent detection.) Those security mechanisms would have to be modified or reinvented for supporting SVG in <img>, or the document-support code would have to be modified to provide an <img>-style context; implementing either is a decent-sized task with lots of potential for regressions (and security ones, at that)..
I want to author a *single* web page which will display on both my cell phone browser and my 30" LCD - and right now such a page can only contain text. I can author one version of a page, along with a separate CSS theme for each media type, guessing at suitably sized bitmap images for each type, but this is, simply put, a hack, and a lot of extra work, and can never properly scale for all devices. Without support for referencing SVG graphics from CSS, I can never create a truly device independent theme for my pages without compromising them semantically (which I am not willing to do).
There's quite a difference between IMG and OBJECT/IFRAME. As with SVG loaded from CSS, IMG should limit graphics to be non-interactive, whereas OBJECT would always support the full set of SVG features (scripting in particular). Intrinsic sizing is another point.
See also
(a general comment)
- img -
img-tag is an old design error in html,
reminding us from times when other media types
were not widely used. Sometimes it is very
annoying that only text can be used as
alternative representation. alt-attribute is also
often used for something else than an actual
alternative representation for the idea that the
image is used for. Correct alt for a flag picture
in language selector would be something like...
<img src="fr-flag.png" alt="display the page in french" />
- object -
While it is possible to use object tag for the
same purpose and thus create greater alternative
representations. It doesn't always work because
of lacking browser support. If img-tags had
never been invented this would of course not
be a problem. Anyway, if a web designer wishes
to go for object tags he can do e.g.
<object data="fr-flag.png">
display the page in <em>french</em>
</object>
- xhtml 2 -
When it comes to the future, I think xhtml 2
team has finally dropped img-tag completely.
Iirc the idea is that videos, images, etc.
would be themselves alternative representations
for something. The code would look something
along these lines... (pardon me for not checking
the actual syntax)
<p src="map.png">
Germany is located at the center of Europe.
</p>
In the light of this (imo sane) notation paradigm,
even the object tag is questioned, as it might
be by people as a null-tag just to have some tag
to attach the media to. There are already general
null-tags (div and span) and the question is whether
or not use of object adds any useful semantics.
(In reply to comment #45)
>.
<snip>
I agree with the above, I want bug 231179 to be implemented, which is why I want this blocking bug also resolving. Like Chris Hubick, I would like to have svg as background images. Unlike Chris, I would also like to use svg for graphs etc. - however, for this purpose I find the object tag to be appropriate, using something like a table to represent results.
Therefore, I would be happy to drop this bug *IF* 231179 could be achieved a different way that did not require this.
using something like a table to represent results.
should have been
using something like a table to represent results when the svg of the graph cannot be handled, rather than being limited to the img tag's alt keyword and a link to tabulated data.
If this means anything - I agree with Martin - SVG as background-image is more important to me than using img
This is required for bug 435299, and so it should be on the wanted-1.9.1 list (at least).
I'd like to add that Opera 9.5 supports this properly.
Using <object> as an alternative is not an option, because an object is not sensitive to a surrounding <a> tag (<a href...><object .../></a> is not clickable).
I wonder if this could also be made to work in XUL, if that's not made inevitable when this may be fixed. For example, it'd be great to have (localizable) SVG available within <toolbar image=>, etc.
Is there any news about this bug? Because I'm looking for a way to make SVG files clickable, and as comment 53 describes: <object> tags doesn't seem to be sensitive to surrounding <a> tags.
Questions about this.
I think there is agreement that no scripts will be run in SVG files included with HTML:img elements. But what if you have:
<a href="blah.html"><img src="foo.svg" /></a>
and foo.svg has clickable regions in it (svg:a links of its own). What should happen? What does Opera do? Is the whole region just treated as a rectangular blob of pixels? This would seem to make sense as that is what web developers expect from the HTML <img> tag.
What does the HTML5 spec say?
The image is treated as a unit. I seem to recall some spec saying this, but I don't know where. Anyway it's the only reasonable thing to do.
Hello,
I've investigated how Opera handles the SVG inside <img> tag and I think they do this quite reasonably. If this would be helpful, here is a short summary (when refering to "foo.svg" I mean a "foo.svg" inside HTML img: <img src="foo.svg" />):
-First of all, as already decided about the eventual Firefox implementation - all scripts in "foo.svg" are ignored.
-In response to comment #56 - internal links in "foo.svg" are always ignored, whether <img> is surrounded by <a> or not.
-Animation - of course, scripted animation is not being executed, but the SMIL animation is, so if "foo.svg" contains declarative animation, then it's being animated (in my opinion this is something that web developers would be very glad to see once the bug #216462 is resolved).
-The <svg:image> tag - all images inside "foo.svg" are being rendered, whether this is "bar.png" or "bar.svg". But animations in "bar.svg" are ignored (even the declarative ones). So if "foo.svg" is included using HTML <img> then all internal images are treated as rasters (contrary to the situation when "foo.svg" is included using HTML <object> - then the "bar.svg" is animated, as expected).
I've checked also WebKit (527). It behaves the same way as I described in previous comment, except for the last case - if the foo.svg is embedded into HTML using <img> tag, then WebKit doesn't display the internal bar.svg. Perhaps it's a bug, because bar.svg is being displayed (and animated) if foo.svg is embedded using <object> tag.
However, I've also repeated the tests in Opera, and this time the bar.svg is being animated (SMIL, of course) even if foo.svg is embedded using <img> tag. Don't know, maybe the last time I was checking I made some mistake, but I'm pretty sure that the bar.svg is being animated in both cases (foo.svg embedded using both <img> and <object>). Checked with Opera 9.50 and 9.60.
And there's a weird thing in Opera 10 beta: also in the last case, in this version of Opera, bar.svg is not being animated at all (neither for foo.svg in <img> nor for foo.svg in <object>). Maybe it's a bug, but maybe they decided to change the behaviour for some reason?
So summarizing, Opera and WebKit behave the same way for cases 1, 2 and 3, as described in comment #58. For case 4, Opera (9.5, 9.6) does animate the bar.svg embedded in foo.svg (using <svg:image>) in all cases (foo.svg in <img> and in <object>). However, Opera 10 beta does not. As for WebKit, it has problem with displaying the bar.svg when foo.svg is embedded using <img>, but for foo.svg in <object> everything works fine (the animation also).
Hope I didn't complicate it too much;)
Created attachment 392530 [details]
testcases for comments 58 and 59
attached testcases that I used to check what's described in comments 58 and 59. It consists of an html file and several svg files, thus I've put it into an archive.
Not making it.
Does "Not making it" mean it won't be in 1.9.2a1 (the target milestone) or is the feature not expected to make it for 1.9.2 at all?
This will not make it for 1.9.2.
Would it be possible to know, roughly, what prevented this bug, together with Bug 231179 and Bug 272288, to make it in 1.9.2, as we were expecting it so much, and when would its new estimated time of implementation be, if it's already known?
Thank you!
The changes in bug 753 and bug 435296 were being made at the time that svg-in-img development would have been happening, and the two pieces of work would conflict with each other (or, more specifically, depend on each other), so we opted to delay implementation until the other imagelib work was done.
Is there a parity-chrome tag for whiteboard?
Chrome supports .svg images using img tags and appears to have more market share at this time than either Safari or Opera.
According to the IE blog [1], SVG in img tags is planned for IE9. Like SVG-in-CSS (see bug 231179), it is also already supported in Safari and Chrome, so I really think it's time Mozilla starts prioritizing this.
[1]
Mozilla won't support it. Please use Chrome.
You might notice that this bug was assigned to Daniel a little under a month ago, and I believe he's been working on it during that time.
(In reply to comment #68)
> Mozilla won't support it. Please use Chrome.
How do you know that?
(In reply to comment #69)
> You might notice that this bug was assigned to Daniel a little under a month
> ago
Yeah - I've got some work-in-progress patches that I'll be posting soon that already provide basic support for this.
(In reply to comment #70)
> (In reply to comment #68)
> > Mozilla won't support it. Please use Chrome.
>
> How do you know that?
He doesn't, because he's obviously a troll. Chrome doesn't support SVG in favicon. In fact, they barely support anything at all! Last I checked, they only support ICO formats, just like Internet Explorer.
I'm sorry, I correct myself: Chrome added support for non-animated GIF, JPEG and PNG with Chrome 4.0. Still, no APNG or animated GIF, which are supported in Firefox. And, of course, no SVG either. The only browser that supports it today is Opera.
Of the major browsers, of course.
(In reply to comment #73)
I actually prefer not to have animated favicons (in fact, that's bug 111373). I imagine the Chrome team had to go out of their way to disable them.
(In reply to comment #74)
> (In reply to comment #73)
> I actually prefer not to have animated favicons (in fact, that's bug 111373). I
> imagine the Chrome team had to go out of their way to disable them.
The possibility should always be there, for those who use it responsibly. If a site uses it in an annoying way, they could be contacted and asked to stop, and if they still do it, well, then they are going to lose visitors.
Guys, please limit bugzilla chatter to comments that are directly focused on helping fix the bug at hand. That helps devs and reviewers make more efficient use of their time.)
(In reply to comment #77)
>)
Are you also going to be adding the feature to use SVG in favicons or would that be considered separately, if at all?
Good work on this. It works great here.
Thanks for the feedback! Yes, we're intending to support SVG favicons -- basically, the intention is to allow you to use SVG in *any* context where you could use a raster image.
Indeed, good work.
You said:
> The patches in the queue are still in a very WIP state, but they now "work" in
> the simple cases I've tested, on SVG documents that specify an explicit
> px-valued height & width on their <svg> element.
Is this done deliberate, or is it just because scaling based on a width and height of an img tag isn't implemented yet?
> > px-valued height & width on their <svg> element.
> Is this done deliberate
It's just because that's how far I've gotten. :) I don't intend for that limitation to persist in the final patch.
> or is it just because scaling based on a width and
> height of an img tag isn't implemented yet?
Just to be clear: scaling based on width/height of the <img> tag *is* actually implemented. That only gives us the size of the <img> viewport, though -- it doesn't tell us what region of the SVG content we should scale to fit that viewport.
The SVG document can give us this information in a very nuanced way, using any subset of the "width", "height", "viewBox", and "preserveAspectRatio" attributes. Currently, I just use width & height to get something working, though I'm not sure what I'm doing is the Right Thing yet.
(In reply to comment #78)
> Are you also going to be adding the feature to use SVG in favicons or would
> that be considered separately, if at all?
>
> Good work on this. It works great here.
The implementation of SVG in favicons is tracked in bug 366324. And, it's looking really good Daniel, keep it up :-)
Awesome work, thanks so much for doing this! :)
By the way, here's an (experimental) test page I created a while back:
Your implementation does pretty well, possibly better than webkit already! I'm not sure if the correct behavior is in any spec (yet), but it certainly should be. Until then I'd try to follow Opera's implementation, it seems the most intuitive IMO.
Keep it up, would be great if this made it to Firefox 4.0.
The behavior should be covered by existing specs, though it's spread between a bunch of places: (and other relevant sections of that chapter)
> + // XXXdholbert double --> int conversion on next line. Need to apply
> + // ceiling or anything?
> + gfxIntSize surfaceSize(size.width, size.height);
Use nsSVGUtils::ConvertToSurfaceSize, see nsSVGPatternFrame or nsSVGFilterInstance
(In reply to comment #85)
> Use nsSVGUtils::ConvertToSurfaceSize, see nsSVGPatternFrame or
> nsSVGFilterInstance
Thanks for the suggestion -- that looks like what I want, except that I can't call nsSVGUtils methods from imglib, since nsSVGUtils lives in gklayout. (I get linker errors if I try.) I filed bug 567848 on splitting up nsSVGUtils to fix this.
Other associated things that may need to change...
I think nsSVGFeaturesList.h can mark as supported with this patch.
Consider whether nsSVGImageElement needs to support a complete set of mapped attributes now rather than the restricted set it currently supports.
(In reply to comment #86)
> Thanks for the suggestion -- that looks like what I want, except that I can't
> call nsSVGUtils methods from imglib, since nsSVGUtils lives in gklayout.
(I actually ended up fixing this by moving imgContainerSVG to /layout/, BTW, at bz's suggestion in bug 567848.)
About to post a series of mostly-done patches here. They layer on top of the patch in bug 574529.
Created attachment 455335 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 1: Create imgIContainerRaster
This patch splits off a bunch of the "imgIContainer" interface into a sub-interface, imgIContainerRaster. The moved methods are generally things relevant to raster images, but not to SVG images.
Created attachment 455337 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 2: Add imgIContainer::GetImageType
This patch adds a method to query an imgIContainer for whether it's an SVG image or a raster image. (There are cases where we'll need different client behavior, depending on the type.)
Created attachment 455339 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 3: Make imgIContainer receive data as an nsIStreamListener
This patch makes imgIContainer implementations (only one so far -- imgContainer) promise to implement the nsIStreamListener interface, and receive data via that interface's methods.
i.e. this replaces the methods "newSourceData", "sourceDataComplete", and a call to inStream->ReadSegments() with their pseudo-equivalents, "OnStartRequest", "OnDataAvailable", and "OnStopRequest".
(We need to have the nsIStreamListener versions of these methods for svg images, because we need all of their arguments in order to pass them through to our SVG parser, which is also an nsIStreamListener.)
Created attachment 455340 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 4: Add method imgIContainer::GetRootLayoutFrame
This adds a method "GetRootLayoutFrame" to let us query an imgIContainer for its root layout frame (its nsSVGOuterSVGFrame).
This allows a "host" nsImageFrame to query its "guest" SVG image for its outermost frame's intrinsic size[1] & intrinsic ratio[2] and then delegate sizing decisions to nsLayoutUtils::ComputeSizeWithIntrinsicDimensions().
(Note: This new "GetRootLayoutFrame" method doesn't have a useful implementation or any callers yet -- that comes in a later patch. This patch just extends the interface & adds a stub impl to the imgContainer class.)
[1] via nsIFrame::GetIntrinsicSize() (note that this method supports percent heights/widths, *unlike* imgIContainer::GetHeight/Width)
[2] via nsIFrame::GetIntrinsicRatio()
Created attachment 455342 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 5: nsImageFrame stores intrinsic size & ratio
This patch adds client code for GetRootLayoutFrame(), in nsImageFrame:
- Makes nsImageFrame store its image's intrinsic size as an nsIFrame::IntrinsicSize, rather than as a nsSize. This lets it support percent-valued intrinsic sizes, and (as mentioned above) pass those directly to nsLayoutUtils::ComputeSizeWithIntrinsicDimensions (which expects an nsIFrame::IntrinsicSize as its argument)
- Makes nsImageFrame store its image's intrinsic ratio, too. (which ComputeSizeWithIntrinsicDimensions also expects)
(The above only matters if we've got an implementation for GetRootLayoutFrame that returns something non-null -- which we don't yet, but we'll get that in a later patch)
Created attachment 455344 [details] [diff] [review]
pre-patch: make args to imgIContainer::Draw const [landed]
This patch is trivial -- it just adds 'const' to some input args that are passed-by-reference to imgIContainer::Draw.
Created attachment 455352 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 7: make imgIContainer::Draw take viewport size
This patch makes imgIContainer::Draw take an additional argument -- the "viewport size" of the image. (the dimensions that the client wants us to use for drawing, basically)
We need this for SVG images to draw correctly, particularly when they have the |viewBox| and optionally |preserveAspectRatio| attributes on their outermost <svg> element. (those attributes specify how SVG content should be positioned & scaled to fit an arbitrary viewbox)
> This adds a method "GetRootLayoutFrame" to let us query an imgIContainer
Why wouldn't we just have methods for getting the intrinsic size and ratio on the container instead? Under the hood those could still talk to the nsIFrame involved, as needed.
Created attachment 455354 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 8: add viewport-size argument to clients of imgIContainer::Draw
This patch fixes callers of imgIContainer::Draw to pass the viewport-size as an argument. (the argument added in the previous patch)
NOTE: In some cases (in particular nsLayoutUtils::DrawSingleUnscaledImage and ::DrawImage), the 'viewport size' is purely based on what the imgIContainer returns from GetHeight & GetWidth. This is a bit of a problem for that method, when we call it on an SVG image that has a percent height and/or width, because then its GetHeight/GetWidth method(s) will fail and return a height/width value of 0, which makes us bail out in an NS_ENSURE_TRUE(imageSize.width > 0 ...); call.
I've added XXX comments to highlight these issues for now -- I'm not worrying about it very much right now, since I think this problem will be easier to fix after bug 506826 & friends land -- I think that bug has to work around this issue, too, for -moz-element clients.
This means that (for now) this bug's patches don't support SVG images for CSS backgrounds *unless* the <svg> element has a non-percent-valued height & width on it. (so that imgIContainer::GetHeight & imgIContainer::GetWidth can both return meaningful values, as nsLayoutUtils::Draw[SingleUnscaledImage] expect them to)
Created attachment 455366 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 9: main patch -- add imgContainerSVG
Finally, here's the "main" patch. :) This is the last of this patch-series.
This adds a class "imgContainerSVG", which is a subclass of imgIContainer. The imgContainerSVG class outsources a lot of its work to another new class, "nsSVGDocumentWrapper", which basically encapsulates our helper SVG document and exposes just the things that imgContainerSVG needs access to.
WHAT WORKS (AFAIK):
- <img> (I've tested this the most, and I think its support is pretty robust).
- CSS background & list-style-image & border-image *only if* you have a px height/width on the <svg> element (see comment 97)
- SVG favicons (though you probably want to provide a viewBox to tell the favicon how to scale -- otherwise, not much SVG content fits in a 16x16 viewport. :))
Note: <svg:image xlink: does *not* work right now -- need to look into that more.
CAVEATS:
There are a number of things in this patch that aren't quite done -- generally they're flagged with // XXXdholbert comments. Some of these are:
- Currently in OnDataComplete(), I make the SVG parser finish parsing synchronously, for simplicity. (This lets us immediately notify our image-decoder-observers that we're done and they can draw whenever they want.) This works, it'd be better to let the parsing finish asynchronously.
- Animated SVG documents use a helper thread for "animation update, repaint me!" callbacks. Right now that's just on a timer, but ideally it should plug in to the helper-document's nsRefreshDriver, I think. In the meantime, the helper-thread paints somewhat infrequently (80ms) so as not to hog the CPU too much.
- The patch includes a workaround for a shutdown null-crash in nsJARChannel.cpp that I hit on one of my machines, when I quit a build with this patch. For some reason, we try to release-and-null-out a pointer there twice -- probably due to me not cleaning something up correctly. (I work around it by changing the NS_RELEASE to NS_IF_RELEASE, so the second release gets skipped. Need to debug this further.)
Just kicked off a TryServer build with these patches applied -- builds should appear at this URL (404 right now, but shouldn't be in an hour or so):
(In reply to comment #96)
> > This adds a method "GetRootLayoutFrame" to let us query an imgIContainer
> Why wouldn't we just have methods for getting the intrinsic size and ratio on
> the container instead? Under the hood those could still talk to the nsIFrame
> involved, as needed.
That was my initial instinct too, but there are complications with adding a "GetIntrinsicSize" accessor to imgIContainer (see below). roc & joe & I talked this over in #gfx a week or so ago, and settled on the nsIFrame getter as a reasonable solution.
So the simplest solution would be to have imgIContainer::GetIntrinsicSize, which would return an nsIFrame::IntrinsicSize (which, importantly, can contain both percent and px values). But that doesn't work, because imglib doesn't know about nsIFrame, so it can't use nsIFrame::IntrinsicSize (or about nsStyleCoord, which is what IntrinsicSize uses under the hood for its component parts). So, to get around that, we could create a new "nsStyleCoord-like" structure (which would need to support both px & percent-values) and an "IntrinsicSize-like" wrapper for it, somewhere in /gfx/. And we'd use that to replace nsIFrame::IntrinsicSize. But that would result in semi-duplicated code, which isn't great either -- we already have a lot of px-or-percent-[or-something-else] value types, e.g. nsCSSValue, nsStyleCoord, nsStyleAnimation::Value, and probably a few more -- and adding yet another one for just this one purpose isn't ideal.
Ultimately, we should probably refactor one or more of the existing "enumerated-meaning" value types to live in GFX and be suitable for this purpose -- but for now, the nsIFrame* accessor is something simple that avoids all that hassle.
(In reply to comment #99)
> But that doesn't work, because imglib doesn't
> know about nsIFrame
Sorry, I misspoke there -- imglib may know about nsIFrame (at least enough to be able to return an nsIFrame* :)) -- but it does *not* know about /layout/style/ (where nsStyleCoord lives), which is what prevents it from directly using nsIFrame::IntrinsicSize.
> Ultimately, we should probably refactor one or more of the existing
> "enumerated-meaning" value types to live in GFX and be suitable for this
> purpose
OK, that I buy. File the followup bug?
Filed bug 576202.
Created attachment 455395 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 9: main patch -- add imgContainerSVG
Here's an updated version of patch 9 -- this fixes a bug I just caught when testing the TryServer build. (I was missing didn't the member variable 'mHaveRestrictedRegion' from the imgContainerSVG initializer list, which then led to crashes from requesting too large of a surface.) I never saw that in my local debug build for some reason -- perhaps one of my build flags made member-data initialize to 0 by default or something, which saved me from the crash.
In any case, I pushed a new less-crashy try-server build, with this fixed:
I'm a little concerned about adding support for SVG images but requiring that they have an explicit 'width' and 'height'. Using an SVG image with a viewport (aspect ratio) but no fixed 'width' and 'height' strikes me as an important use-case. Even if we can't deal with explicit percents, can we at least handle missing dimensions?
> but requiring that they have an explicit 'width' and 'height'
This patch only requires that for images used as CSS backgrounds, right?
> Using an SVG image with a viewport (aspect ratio) but no fixed 'width' and
> 'height' strikes me as an important use-case.
It is, but such use requires that a size be specified, no? So there are various cases (generated content images in CSS, <img> with no size specified, and so forth) where it just can't work, as far as I can tell.
(In reply to comment #104)
> I'm a little concerned about adding support for SVG images but requiring that
> they have an explicit 'width' and 'height'.
Sorry for not being clearer about that -- that's a limitation of the *current* (WIP) patches, but I don't think that limitation will remain in the final version (once I merge with changes in bug 506826, which I believe increases our awareness of viewport-size when painting).
I expect there will be edge cases where we can't reasonably paint anything, but there's generally something sensible we can fall back on.
Note also that there's *always* specified dimensions on the <svg> document -- it's just that the default values are "100%", and percent units are only meaningful if we have a percent basis (which is hard to get, with the wall of separation at the imgIContainer interface-barrier).
If all else fails, though, as long as we end up with a nonempty region to paint into, we can just apply the percent values to that region. The problem right now is that existing code (for e.g. CSS backgrounds) makes assumptions that the pixel-unitted "GetHeight()" & "GetWidth()" methods are always useful, and unfortunately that's not the case for an SVG image with %-valued dimensions.
(In reply to comment #105)
> This patch only requires that for images used as CSS backgrounds, right?
Yes, and I think for border-background and list-style-image too -- I haven't tested those thoroughly.
> <img> with no size specified [...] where it just can't work
That one actually works fine with the current patch-stack, FWIW -- I matched our behavior for <embed> & used our existing code to follow the CSS rules for a replaced CSS element. The logic for that exists already in nsLayoutUtils::ComputeSizeWithIntrinsicDimensions() -- I just needed to pass it the nsSVGOuterSVGFrame's IntrinsicSize (allowed to be %-valued) & intrinsic ratio. (That's where having the root nsIFrame* comes in handy. :))
Once the patches in bug 506826 have all landed, we'll have a default image size for CSS background painting.
But there are still places in CSS where you don't have a default image size. For example, list item bullets and content:url(...). IIRC for list item bullets, Webkit just uses something based on the font size. No idea what to do for content:url(...) though.
(In reply to comment #106)
> (once I merge with changes in bug 506826, which I believe increases our
> awareness of viewport-size when painting).
It doesn't really. The only part that touches CSS background sizing is the change to ImageRenderer::ComputeSize in attachment 451963 [details] [diff] [review], but that's special-cased to -moz-element. Filling the whole element (or the whole background-size rect) is what already happens for CSS gradients, and I'm just doing the same for SVG patterns and gradients by setting mSize = aDefault. And then in ImageRenderer::Draw I'm passing mSize to nsSVGIntegrationUtils::DrawPaintServer. The eStyleImageType_Image branch ignores mSize, so maybe that's what you need to change.
> But there are still places in CSS where you don't have a default image size.
I believe that is no longer true. If you find a case where it's not specified, let me know, but the ones you mention are specified. There's a set of rules in the CSS2.1 Lists chapter for list item bullets, and content:url() should be treated the same as any other replaced element.
Comment on attachment 455344 [details] [diff] [review]
pre-patch: make args to imgIContainer::Draw const [landed]
Change the iid of imgIContainer.
Comment on attachment 455344 [details] [diff] [review]
pre-patch: make args to imgIContainer::Draw const [landed]
Landed (trivial) patch 6, with UUID rev per joe's comment:
Any more progress here?
Yup -- I've got <svg:image> working, and I've addressed the caveats that I brought up in comment 98, except for the first one[1]. (plus other misc cleanup / fixes)
I'm currently merging in changes from the recently-landed Bug 572520, which shifted towards using imgContainer instead of imgIContainer in some places (breaking this bug's patches) and which changed a bunch of other code out from under this bug's patches.
FWIW, this bug also requires the final patch that ends up on Bug 359608 (which lets us detect when images are only used in bfcache-frozen pages, so we can pause their animations and save on CPU & battery). It looks like that bug's almost done -- once it is, I'll use its functionality in one of this bug's patches. Without that, this can get pretty CPU-heavy if you end up with multiple SMIL-animated SVG images in your bfcache.
[1] We'll still need to synchronously finish parsing the SVG document in OnDataComplete for now -- I tried making it async, but after wrestling with that & talking to bholley, I don't think that can work, due to assumptions made by imagelib about height/width being available as soon as we've received all the data. (might be able to optimize that later, but not worth worrying about right now)
(In reply to comment #113)
> FWIW, this bug also requires the final patch that ends up on Bug 359608 (which
> lets us detect when images are only used in bfcache-frozen pages, so we can
> pause their animations and save on CPU & battery).
One question: Will it be possible to pause the animations with escape key like animated GIFs?
Yes.
This has to block at latest beta 5, because that's the feature freeze.
When is this going to be fixed? In Firefox 3.6.x? In Firefox 4?
This bug has succeeded in making Firefox's SVG support utterly useless for me (as for practical reasons I need to use an img tag to present an image across all browsers and then selectively produce SVG for browsers that have reasonable SVG handling).
(In reply to comment #117)
> When is this going to be fixed? In Firefox 3.6.x? In Firefox 4?
New features for web developers can't be introduced in minor versions for obvious reasons. If resolved in time, it will be in Firefox 4.
One could easily argue that this is not a new feature -- as Firefox gives every appearance that SVG in an img tag should work until it doesn't. That said, I can understand if this has to wait until Firefox 4. I *cannot* understand if this is not addressed in Firefox 4 -- that would scream to me that Firefox is not going to keep up in the browser arena, address longstanding gaps, etc, i.e. that we should start emphasizing Chrome -- and maybe even MSIE 9 (!?!)
The plan is to have this implemented in Firefox 4, yes. (see comment 116 -- "beta 5" there means Firefox 4 beta 5)
(In reply to comment #120)
> The plan is to have this implemented in Firefox 4, yes. (see comment 116 --
> "beta 5" there means Firefox 4 beta 5)
Hi! I just downloaded Firefox 4 beta 3, and <img src="myfile.svg"/> still doesn't seem to work. However, I read at :
that it is supported. Is there something to be done in my tags, or will it ship only in beta 5? Thanks!
It'll ship in beta 5. (That's why this bug here is still open.)
Comment on attachment 455335 [details] [diff] [review]
patch 1: Create imgIContainerRaster
Obsoleting old/bitrotted patches, to post a new patch-stack. (Note that I've actually landed variants of old-patches 1 and 2 -- imgIContainerRaster & Get[Image]Type -- as parts of bug 584841.)
Note: future patches here all layer on top of the patches for bug 587371, bug 574529, bug 587779, bug 587800, and bug 587902. (all of which are in this bug's depends-list, and all of which are ready or nearly-ready to land, I think)
Created attachment 467855 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 1: Pass through imgRequest::OnStartRequest/OnDataAvailable/OnStopRequest for Vector-type images
This patch makes us pass imgRequest::OnStartRequest/OnDataAvailable/OnStopRequest calls on through to the image, for TYPE_VECTOR images.
Created attachment 467858 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 2: Add method imgIContainer::GetRootLayoutFrame
This adds the method imgIContainer::GetRootLayoutFrame, with a no-op impl for RasterImage.
(We'll need this in layout code in order to get percentage heights/widths and intrinsic ratios from VectorImages' internal SVG documents.)
I made this [notxpcom] because it never needs to fail (it can just return null in failure-cases), and because checking nsresult return-values is clunky (and unnecessary in this case since there are no special failure codes).
Created attachment 467864 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 3: Make nsImageFrame store an intrinsic ratio & use an nsIFrame::IntrinsicSize for its intrinsic size (to allow % vals)
Created attachment 467866 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 4: Add nsIDocument::IsBeingUsedAsImage
This lets us check if our document is being used as an image, which lets us take the right path in DocumentViewer setup (to get & set up a presentation context).
if (aPresContext->CompatibilityMode() == eCompatibility_NavQuirks) {
- mIntrinsicSize.SizeTo(nsPresContext::CSSPixelsToAppUnits(ICON_SIZE+(2*(ICON_PADDING+ALT_BORDER_WIDTH))),
- nsPresContext::CSSPixelsToAppUnits(ICON_SIZE+(2*(ICON_PADDING+ALT_BORDER_WIDTH))));
+ nscoord edgeLengthToUse =
+ nsPresContext::CSSPixelsToAppUnits(
+ ICON_SIZE+(2*(ICON_PADDING+ALT_BORDER_WIDTH)));
+ mIntrinsicSize.width.SetCoordValue(edgeLengthToUse);
+ mIntrinsicSize.height.SetCoordValue(edgeLengthToUse);
Shouldn't we be setting the ratio here too? And maybe nsImageFrame::EnsureIntrinsicSize should be renamed to EnsureIntrinsicSizeAndRatio?
// Have to size to 0,0 so that GetDesiredSize recalculates the size
- mIntrinsicSize.SizeTo(0, 0);
+ mIntrinsicSize.width.SetCoordValue(0);
+ mIntrinsicSize.height.SetCoordValue(0);
And we should set the intrinsic ratio here too?.
+ // XXXdholbert The caller expects a px-valued width & height, but our
+ // intrinsic width and/or height has a percentage value. Just fail for now.
+ // (Might eventually want to make this method return nsIFrame::IntrinsicS?
BTW, one thing I just thought of: if someone calls canvas.drawImage on an SVG image, we need to mark the canvas as tainted for getImageData, since that SVG image might be same-origin with the canvas document but refer to external resources (images, IFRAMEs, etc) from different origins, and we must avoid creating a cross-origin information leak here.
Comment on attachment 467866 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 4: Add nsIDocument::IsBeingUsedAsImage
Needs content peer sr
Created attachment 468458 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 5: Move nsSVGUtils::ConvertToSurfaceSize & ClampToInt into header file
This patch moves two nsSVGUtils methods into the header file, so they can be inlined for (soon-to-be-added) callers in imagelib. (Otherwise, non-libxul builds fail to link, since nsSVGUtils.cpp is part of gklayout, and imagelib is linked *by* gklayout, and can't link *with* gklayout.)
This includes an XXX comment to indicate that ConvertToSurfaceSize should move back to the .cpp file once we move to a libxul-only world (when the linking issues will go away.)
Created attachment 468460 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 5: Move nsSVGUtils::ConvertToSurfaceSize & ClampToInt into header file
(oops, attached wrong patch-version before)
(In reply to comment #129) (RE patch 3 review comments):
> Shouldn't we be setting the ratio here too?
Ah, good catch. Fixed (in patch queue).
> And maybe
> nsImageFrame::EnsureIntrinsicSize should be renamed to
> EnsureIntrinsicSizeAndRatio?
Yup. Changed.
> And we should set the intrinsic ratio here too?
Yes - fixed.
>.
That sounds good. (Still need to do that - might file as a separate bug.)
RE GetIntrinsicImageS?
Right now, they'll allocate 0 space for it (which would affect a video element with a SVG poster-image, in the former case, and I think for a floated SVG image, in the latter case -- whatever nsHTMLReflowState::CalculateHypotheticalBox is used for). That's probably not what we want.
It'd be better to explicitly fail, rather than returning a zero-size here. Both callers have fallback code nearby that would be sensible to use, but they don't actually check the return-status of GetIntrinsicImageSize() yet -- I'll just make them check the return status and then use the relevant fallback code.
Sounds good. So I'm waiting for a new part 3?
Comment on attachment 467864 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 3: Make nsImageFrame store an intrinsic ratio & use an nsIFrame::IntrinsicSize for its intrinsic size (to allow % vals)
Yup. Coming up.
Created attachment 468553 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 3 v2: Make nsImageFrame store an intrinsic ratio & use nsIFrame::IntrinsicSize
Updated version of Patch 3, to address comment 129:
- Makes nsImageFrame::GetIntrinsicImageSize simply fail if we don't have coord-unit dimensions.
- Adds nsresult-failure-checking code in clients of GetIntrinsicImageSize (in nsHTMLReflowState & nsVideoFrame), using existing fallback code.
- s/EnsureIntrinsicSize/EnsureIntrinsicSizeAndRatio/
- Set mIntrinsicRatio alongside mIntrinsicSize where roc suggested - to 1,1 in the first case (where we're setting ourselves to be a square icon) -- and 0,0 in the second (where we're clearing our intrinsic size).
nsImageFrame::RecalculateTransform is the same as in the previous patch, except I removed the XXX comment there. I'll replace it with dynamic transform-calculation in a followup patch.
Created attachment 468554 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 3b: nsImageFrame computes its transform on-demand
This patch has us regenerate the nsImageFrame's transform on-demand. If we fail, it makes SourceRectToDest just return GetInnerArea(), which I think is the relevant nscoord-space rect to return, since that's what we used in RecalculateTransform.
(caveat: haven't tested this yet (though it does compile) -- I'll run it through tryserver to make sure it doesn't break anything)
(to follow up on the end of comment 138: the patch-stack up through 3b was fine on tryserver)
Created attachment 468701 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 6: Add nsSMILAnimationController::HasRegisteredAnimations
This is a trivial patch to let us check whether our document's animation controller has any registered animations. (This lets us know whether to bother scheduling periodic repaints of SVG images, for animation updates.)
Created attachment 468703 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 7: Add special nsIntRect value "kFullImageSpaceRect"
This patch defines a special INT_MAX-sized nsIntRect, called "kFullImageSpaceRect", in imgIContainer.idl.
This rect is to be used to represent "the whole (unbounded) image space", in places where SVG Images need to pass a dirty-rect but don't have a rect that makes sense to patch..
ALSO: I don't actually use kFullImageSpaceRect in any imgIContainer.idl APIs, but rather in imgIDecoderObserver and imgIContainerObserver. (patches to add that code is coming up next) Nonetheless, I'm putting it in imgIContainer.idl because it's a single common file that all clients of both imgIDecoderObserver and imgIContainerObserver will already have to #include.
Created attachment 468705 [details] [diff] [review]
(not patch 8; attached wrong file)
This patch checks for the special "full image space" rect (added in Patch 7) in the only non-trivial* imgIDecoderObserver::OnDataAvailable implementation. If there's a match, we invalidate GetInnerArea(), like in patch 3b.
(This is needed because my VectorImage class will call this method with kFullImageSpaceRect as the dirty-rect.)
This patch also shifts the early-return cases in that method to be a bit earlier, so we don't waste time working with rects for no reason.
* Note that all other imgIDecoderObserver::OnDataAvailable implemenations are either no-ops ("return NS_OK;"), or forwarders (just passing the message on to another imgIDecoderObserver).
Created attachment 468707 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 8: check for kFullImageSpaceRect in imgIDecoderObserver::OnDataAvailable
(oops, attached wrong file; here's the real patch 8)
Created attachment 468709 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 9: check for kFullImageSpaceRect in imgIContainerObserver::OnFrameChanged
Same idea as previous patch, but now in imgIContainerObserver::OnFrameChanged. (This is the method that's used for e.g. notifying observers that there's been an animation update.)
Created attachment 468735 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 10: Make imgContainer::Draw take image-viewport-size, and improve nsLayoutUtils drawing wrappers
This patch does two related things:
- Adds a new argument to imgIContainer::Draw -- a rect which corresponds to the full image viewport size -- which VectorImage needs in order to be able to size & position its contents correctly when it's got a |viewBox| attribute.
- Adds a new method "nsLayoutUtils::ComputeSizeForDrawing" which just uses the intrinsic size & intrinsic ratio to make a best guess about an intrinsic size to use for our image.
Comment on attachment 468703 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 7: Add special nsIntRect value "kFullImageSpaceRect"
Put kFullImageSpaceRect in mozilla::imagelib and r=me.
(In reply to comment #146)
> Put kFullImageSpaceRect in mozilla::imagelib and r=me.
Ok - thanks!
(In reply to comment #145)
> - Adds a new method "nsLayoutUtils::ComputeSizeForDrawing" which just uses the
> intrinsic size & intrinsic ratio to make a best guess about an intrinsic size
> to use for our image.
(sorry, to clarify, I meant "to make a best guess about a **px-valued** intrinsic size to use for our image", since GetHeight / GetWidth may fail for SVG images that have percent heights/widths)
Comment on attachment 468735 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 10: Make imgContainer::Draw take image-viewport-size, and improve nsLayoutUtils drawing wrappers
It is very odd to me that we set the draw size to the destination size in DrawSingleImage, but I guess it makes sense since SVG images don't always have an intrinsic size.
(In reply to comment #148)
> It is very odd to me that we set the draw size to the destination size in
> DrawSingleImage, but I guess it makes sense since SVG images don't always have
> an intrinsic size.
Right -- or more imporantly, an SVG image may have an intrinsic size and/or ratio, but it's not tied to that size and/or ratio so much that it's willing to be deformed to maintain it.[1]
IIRC, image-size & destination-size in DrawSingleImage are used to calculate how much we'll have to stretch the [raster] image along each dimension to get it to fit our destination-area. But we don't want or need to do that for SVG. We can just give our SVG content the viewport-size that we'd like it to draw into, and it'll adapt to that, scaling itself if necessary (if it has a |viewBox| attribute on the <svg> node).[2]
[1] Unless they have preserveAspectRatio="none" -- but even in that case, the helper-document will manage the stretching for us, based on the viewport we give it.
[2] If our SVG content doesn't have a viewBox attribute, it won't auto-scale -- it'll just crop out the region of SVG-space covered by the image -- but I think that's reasonable behavior, given that it's what happens with <embed> and with svg-viewed-directly-in-a-browser
Created attachment 468786 [details] [diff] [review]
(stale version of Patch 11)
Here's a patch with a stub implementation of VectorImage, with only the very basic:
- changes to Makefile
- VectorImage class definition
- VectorImage construction at the right spot in imgRequest
- Both versions of VectorImage::GetType implemented (since they're one-liners and imgRequest calls one of them right away)
- All the rest of the methods stubbed out. (to be filled in by a subsequent patch).
Created attachment 468788 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 11: Stub for VectorImage class
(here's patch 11 again - first version had one minor piece of stale state from some patch queue reordering I'd done)
Created attachment 468809 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 4b: Refuse to create a widget for documents that are actually images
Here's a followup to go with patch 4 (nsIDocument::IsBeingUsedAsImage), which I needed to add last night, when merging in changes from bug 582057's landing.
This patch just keeps us from creating a widget during DocumentViewer setup[1], for documents that are being used as images. (If we try to create a widget, we end failing, since we have no connection to our parent widget, and the widget-creation code is much more strict about that.) We don't need a dedicated widget anyway, since we always end up being provided with a context to draw into.
[1] Note: documentviewer setup happens in the next patch I'll attach (#12)
(In reply to comment #152)
> the widget-creation code is much more strict about that.
er, I meant "is now more strict about that" (since bug 582057)
Created attachment 468833 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 12: SVGDocumentWrapper class
This patch adds mozilla::imagelib::SVGDocumentWrapper, a helper-class to let VectorImage be a little less complex.
The idea is that VectorImage doesn't directly set up, tear down, or interact with our helper SVG document -- it lets SVGDocumentWrapper manage that.
Requesting r?joe since it's in imagelib, and r?roc since a lot of the code is calling methods from SVG and content.
Comment on attachment 468809 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 4b: Refuse to create a widget for documents that are actually images
Maybe instead of IsBeingUsedAsImage, we should have called that method IsHeadless or something...
+ SVGDocumentWrapper::kSVGAtom =
+#ifdef MOZ_ENABLE_LIBXUL
+ nsGkAtoms::svg;
+#else
+ NS_NewPermanentAtom(NS_LITERAL_STRING("svg"));
+#endif
I think we should just take the NS_NewPermanentAtom path in both cases. less fragile.
?
+ nsSVGSVGElement* rootElem = GetRootSVGElem();
+ NS_ABORT_IF_FALSE(rootElem, "root elem missing or of wrong type");
Can't this happen if someone serves image/svg+xml with a non-<svg> root?
+ if (presShell)
+ presShell->FlushPendingNotifications(Flush_Layout);
{}
Created attachment 469183 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 12 v2: SVGDocumentWrapper class
(In reply to comment #156)
> I think we should just take the NS_NewPermanentAtom path in both cases. less
> fragile.
Sounds good - fixed.
> ?
Hopefully that's illuminated by the next patch (posting soon).
This method is primarily to service VectorImage's implementations of imgIContainer::GetWidth and GetHeight APIs. Those methods' clients almost always call both methods back-to-back. Given that, it seemed wasteful to look up *both* width and height within each of those calls.
Also, the required code for looking up width/height is basically the same (with just s/Width/Height/), so I think it makes sense to share code for them at some level.
I'd be open to changing this if you still think I should, though.
> + nsSVGSVGElement* rootElem = GetRootSVGElem();
> + NS_ABORT_IF_FALSE(rootElem, "root elem missing or of wrong type");
>
> Can't this happen if someone serves image/svg+xml with a non-<svg> root?
[this is inside of SVGDocumentWrapper::GetWidthOrHeight]
Good question, but no -- that problem would get caught by the VectorImage (in the next patch) before it'd call this method. (It checks an mError flag before invoking its SVGDocumentWrapper, and that error flag gets set if we receive XML content without a SVG root)
> + if (presShell)
> + presShell->FlushPendingNotifications(Flush_Layout);
>
> {}
Fixed.
(In reply to comment #157)
> I'd be open to changing this if you still think I should, though.
No, that makes sense.
Created attachment 469209 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 13: VectorImage impl
Here's the final patch, with the "VectorImage" class.
A few notes:
- I want/need to clean up "Draw" & its helper function "RenderToSurface" before landing. (Right now it always creates a helper gfxASurface, but we really only need to do that if we're tiling. It also can still benefit from mstange's work in bug 572680 - I haven't incorporated that yet)
- I leave imgIContainer::CopyFrame unimplemented in this patch. It's not used at all for <img> or for CSS backgrounds, though it is used for <svg:image>. I have a patch that implements it & fixes up SVG's <svg:image> client-code, but I haven't tested it as much yet, and I'd prefer to do that work in a followup bug.
(In reply to comment #159)
> - I leave imgIContainer::CopyFrame unimplemented in this patch. It's not used
> at all for <img> or for CSS backgrounds, though it is used for <svg:image>.
The same applies to imgIContainer::GetFrame -- that's what canvas's "drawImage" uses, actually, so comment 130 isn't an issue until that's implemented.
+ // XXXdholbert This method also doesn't actually freeze animation in the
+ // returned imgIContainer, because it shares our helper-document. If that's
+ // important, we'll need to duplicate the helper-document, or rasterize to a
+ // RasterImage and return that instead.
We'll need a bug on fixing this. I think cloning the document would be feasible. We do it for printing already. Expensive though!.
Why do we need mLockCount? Seems to me we don't.
+ mAnimationMode = aAnimationMode;
+
+ switch (mAnimationMode = aAnimationMode) {
+ case kDontAnimMode:
+ StopAnimation();
+ break;
+ default:
+ StartAnimation();
+ break;
+ }
Redundant assignment of mAnimationMode. Might as well do
if (aAnimationMode == kDontAnimMode)
+ // XXXdholbert Maybe we should be listening for BeforePaint instead? (to
+ // make sure we're getting callbacks *after* SMIL samples, rather than
+ // just before the SMIL sample, which I think we might, depending on
+ // nsRefreshDriver's iteration order)
Flush_Display observers always run after Flush_Style observers (which nsSMILAnimationController is), so I think you're good.
+ // between the nominal image size and the surface you actually created. nsSVGUtils::ConvertToSurfaceSize might have chosen a different size to expected.
+ presShell->RenderDocument(svgRect,
+ nsIPresShell::RENDER_IGNORE_VIEWPORT_SCROLLING,
+ NS_RGBA(0, 0, 0, 0), // transparent
+ tmpCtx);
Probably should add RENDER_ASYNC_DECODE_IMAGES
I definitely want to see a direct-render path that bypasses the surface when tiling is not required. That might require some restructuring, so I'd like to see it now.
One thing I expected to see but I don't is some way of capturing invalidations performed in the SVG document. For example if the SVG document progressively loads an image, we need to invalidate in the outer document. I think you should be adding a rendering observer to the root element using nsSVGEffects::AddRenderingObserver and your own subclass of nsSVGRenderingObserver. Or maybe we could have an alternative interface in nsSVGEffects that manages the nsSVGRenderingObserver for you and just calls back a function whenever invalidation happens. If we do that, we probably don't need NotifyObserverOfAnimationSample, nor do we need to hook into the refresh driver. Instead our invalidation observer will be able to call FrameChanged directly and will even be able to pass an accurate rectangle.
(In reply to comment #161)
> We'll need a bug on fixing this. I think cloning the document would be
> feasible. We do it for printing already. Expensive though!
Ok - filed bug 590792 on that. Also filed bug 590790 on another XXX comment (for making GetDataSize smarter).
>.
Ok, I'll look into that as I refactor Draw().
> Why do we need mLockCount? Seems to me we don't.
You're right, we don't. I'd thought bug 359608 was going to depend on LockImage/UnlockImage, but based on the latest patch, it doesn't. bholley says in #gfx that the locking methods are just used for discarding decoded images (which we can't do for SVG images), so these methods can be changed to no-ops. I'll fix that in my patch-queue in a minute.
> Redundant assignment of mAnimationMode. Might as well do
> if (aAnimationMode == kDontAnimMode)
Thanks, fixed in patch queue.
> + // XXXdholbert Maybe we should be listening for BeforePaint instead?
> Flush_Display observers always run after Flush_Style observers (which
> nsSMILAnimationController is), so I think you're good.
Thanks, good to know - I'd suspected that was the case, but hadn't verified it yet.
> + // [etc]
Ok, I'll keep in mind while refactoring Draw().
> + presShell->RenderDocument(svgRect,
> + nsIPresShell::RENDER_IGNORE_VIEWPORT_SCROLLING,
> Probably should add RENDER_ASYNC_DECODE_IMAGES
Ok, fixed in patch-queue.
> I definitely want to see a direct-render path that bypasses the surface when
> tiling is not required.
Yup, working on it.
>?
> If we do that, we probably don't
> need NotifyObserverOfAnimationSample, nor do we need to hook into the refresh
> driver.
Nice!
>.)
> > + presShell->RenderDocument(svgRect,
> > + nsIPresShell::RENDER_IGNORE_VIEWPORT_SCROLLING,
> > Probably should add RENDER_ASYNC_DECODE_IMAGES
>
> Ok, fixed in patch-queue.
Actually, we want to pass RENDER_ASYNC_DECODE_IMAGES if and only if the drawing of *this* image allowed async decode. I'm not sure how easy that would be to implement.
> >?
Well, there's loading of external resource documents as well. Also, right now you don't support progressive image display as the SVG document loads (right?) But I think we easily could, if we could invalidate as new content arrives.
> >.)
I see. Fair enough. It could be done with some interface enhancements, but it's not worth it right now.
Created attachment 469400 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 13 v2: VectorImage impl
Here's a patch that lets a gfxCallbackDrawable do our drawing for us, using a custom implementation of gfxDrawingCallback, called "SVGDrawingCallback".
This patch differs from the previous version in that it removes VectorImage::RenderToSurface completely & replaces it with SVGDrawingCallback and gfxUtils::DrawPixelSnapped. (called by VectorImage::Draw)
I believe this change will automagically gets us the direct-render path where applicable (thanks to mstange's gfxDrawable awesomeness).
This seems to pass my tests as well as the previous patch did, so I think it's good... I'll check it more thoroughly for quirks in the morning. Tentatively requesting feedback on it, though.
(This version doesn't use RENDER_ASYNC_DECODE_IMAGE yet, per the first part of comment 163 - I don't think that should be tricky to get working, though. Will look at that as well as the invalidation-capturing in the morning.)
Comment on attachment 469183 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 12 v2: SVGDocumentWrapper class
>+SVGDocumentWrapper::SVGDocumentWrapper()
>+{
>+ // Lazy-initialize our "svg" atom. (It'd be nicer to just use nsGkAtoms::svg
>+ // directly, but we can't access it from here in non-libxul builds.)
>+ if (!SVGDocumentWrapper::kSVGAtom) {
>+ SVGDocumentWrapper::kSVGAtom =
>+ NS_NewPermanentAtom(NS_LITERAL_STRING("svg"));
>+ }
>+}
Aren't non-libxul builds going away?
>+PRBool
>+SVGDocumentWrapper::GetWidthOrHeight(PRBool aIsWidth,
>+ PRInt32& aResult)
Why not just have a GetWidth/GetHeight pair that internally use this method?
(Alternately, create an enumerated type so you can say GetWidthOrHeight(SVGDocumentWrapper::WIDTH, &width))
>+/** nsIRequestObserver methods **/
>+
>+/* void onStartRequest (in nsIRequest request, in nsISupports ctxt); */
>+NS_IMETHODIMP
>+SVGDocumentWrapper::OnStartRequest(nsIRequest* aRequest, nsISupports* ctxt)
>+{
>+ nsresult rv = SetupViewer(aRequest,
>+ getter_AddRefs(mViewer),
>+ getter_AddRefs(mLoadGroup));
>+
>+ if (NS_SUCCEEDED(rv)) {
>+ mViewer->GetDocument()->SetIsBeingUsedAsImage();
>+ rv = mViewer->Init(nsnull, nsIntRect(0, 0, 0, 0));
>+ if (NS_SUCCEEDED(rv)) {
>+ rv = mViewer->Open(nsnull, nsnull);
>+ }
>+ }
>+ return rv;
Is there a reason that OnStartRequest doesn't call mListener->OnStartRequest? OnDataAvailable, OnStopRequest both chain to mListener.
(In reply to comment #166)
> Aren't non-libxul builds going away?
Not until the post-Firefox4 timeframe. So, they still need to work for now.
> >+SVGDocumentWrapper::GetWidthOrHeight(PRBool aIsWidth,
> Why not just have a GetWidth/GetHeight pair that internally use this method?
I do, actually -- VectorImage (in patch 13) has GetWidth/GetHeight, and SVGDocumentWrapper's only role is to help out VectorImage.
> (Alternately, create an enumerated type so you can say
> GetWidthOrHeight(SVGDocumentWrapper::WIDTH, &width))
Ok, I'll replace aIsWidth with an enum.
> Is there a reason that OnStartRequest doesn't call mListener->OnStartRequest?
It does actually call mListener->OnStartRequest, actually -- that just happens within its call to SetupViewer (the last step of SetupViewer).
You're right, though -- it'd be clearer if that call were up one level, within SVGDocumentWrapper::OnStartRequest. I'll change that.
Comment on attachment 469400 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 13 v2: VectorImage impl
+ gfxMatrix savedMatrix(aContext->CurrentMatrix());
Use gfxAutoSaveRestoreMatrix. (Should have used that in nsSVGIntegrationUtils too, bad me.) Otherwise looks great!
Still working on this - I have a patch that watches for invalidation, here:
...which layers on top of a patch to make nsSVGRenderingObserver a generic superclass..
but it causes hangs in a few cases (maybe because I'm re-registering as an invalidation observer too frequently / at the wrong times), which I'm working on fixing. (I also have to look into some linking issues that non-libxul builds have with those patches.)
This is very close to done, but it's not going to make beta5 (since any feature work for that beta was supposed to have landed yesterday) -- and since the Firefox 4 feature-freeze is now at beta6, this doesn't actually need to block beta5.
Can we change the blocking status here to beta6+?
Yes, we can.
Created attachment 472016 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 4c: Add method "IsResourceDoc"
This patch just adds a helper-method "IsResourceDoc" on nsIDocument, so we can just call that one method for if() conditions that apply to both external resource documents and svg-as-image helper-documents.
This patch changes one such if() condition, and the next patch will add another new one.
Created attachment 472020 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 12b: Make "UnsuppressPainting" call work for resource docs
This patch fixes a bug that was preventing me from receiving invalidation notifications from the svg helper-document. In current mozilla-central, we bail out of UnsuppressPainting calls (leaving painting suppressed) if the document fails an EnsureVisible check. But we want to go through with the UnsuppressPainting call for resource documents.
Created attachment 472023 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 12c: Make nsSVGRenderingObserver into a generic interface
This makes nsSVGRenderingObserver into a more generic interface (for which I can add a new concrete implementation). The existing implementation is renamed to nsSVGIDRenderingObserver.
Created attachment 472024 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 13 v3: VectorImage impl
Here's patch 13 again (the main VectorImage implementation). I've removed all of the refresh driver stuff, since we won't need that anymore, as roc mentioned at the end of comment 161.
This patch doesn't add the SVGRenderingObserver stuff yet, for simplicity, I'm adding that in a followup patch. (This patch still works on its own, though -- just not for animated SVG content, and not for SVG content with progressively-loaded images.)
Created attachment 472026 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 13 v4: VectorImage impl
oops - I missed two refresh-driver-related changes that I no longer need (visibility tweaks to nsPresContext.h and nsRefreshDriver.h). I've removed those from the patch now.
Created attachment 472032 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 14: Add "SVGRootRenderingObserver" helper-class
This patch...
- Adds a nsSVGRenderingObserver impl, so that VectorImage can listen for rendering in the helper SVG document.
- Adds a flag on SVGDocumentWrapper to let us ignore invalidations while we're resizing the viewport in Draw().
- Adds some more null-checking in SVGDocumentWrapper::GetRootSVGElem, to avoid shutdown crashes. (Our renderingobserver will sometimes get a callback during shutdown, after we've gotten a call to DestroyViewer. This patch makes GetRootSVGElem just return null in that situation, instead of shutdown-crashing.)
Oh, also -- patch 14 doesn't work with non-libxul builds, due to some linking issue from SVGRootRenderingObserver inheriting from a class in another module. I've wrestled with it a bit*, but I haven't been able to get it to link correctly yet, in a non-libxul configuration.
My current plan for that is to just wrap most of patch 14's code in "#ifdef MOZ_LIBXUL" guards, so that non-libxul configurations will still build successfully (but won't get automatic invalidations for svg-image animations), and then fix it in a followup bug, since libxul is what we really care most about (for our release builds).
Comment on attachment 472032 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 14: Add "SVGRootRenderingObserver" helper-class
+ virtual mozilla::dom::Element* GetTarget()
you don't need mozilla::dom::
+ observer->FrameChanged(this, &mozilla::imagelib::kFullImageSpaceRect);
using namespace mozilla::imagelib!
Looks great!
Created attachment 472902 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 12d: respect containing-block size, in nsSVGOuterSVGFrame::ComputeSize
This tweak fixes a reftest of mine that I'd been meaning to debug for a little while (and fixed today). Basically, when an <img> element has a specified width, we communicate that to our DocumentViewerImpl correctly (via "SetBounds") -- but we also need to tell nsSVGOuterSVGFrame::ComputeSize to respect that size, too, or else it will recalculate its size on its own.
We do this for <embed> already, via a protected helper-method that lets us check whether we're in <embed>. This patch just adds another check in that same spot to see if we're the root of an SVG document that's being used as an image.
Created attachment 472973 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 15: reftests
This patch includes:
- A variety of simple <img> reftests (img-simple-*)
- A variety of background-image reftests (background-*) including one with moz-image-rect
- One list-style-image reftest (list-simple-1.html)
- A subdirectory "zoom" containing two reftests at non-default full-page-zoom levels.
- img-[width|height|widthAndHeight]-[meet|slice]-[1|2].html: A set of 12 tests each of which dynamically generates a grid of 40 subtests, to verify that our <img> behavior matches our existing <embed> behavior across a variety of viewBox / preserveAspectRatio / container-size / svg-element-size values. In each testcase/reference-case pair, the only difference is "img" vs. "embed".
These tests all pass on my local machine. I'm pushing them to TryServer to be sure they still pass on other platforms. (They've passed TryServer on other platforms in past weeks, and I expect they still should.)
Created attachment 472975 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 15 v2: reftests
(fixed a typo in a reftest comment)
Comment on attachment 472026 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 13 v4: VectorImage impl
> NS_IMETHODIMP
> VectorImage::GetWidth(PRInt32* aWidth)
>+ return mSVGDocumentWrapper->GetWidthOrHeight(SVGDocumentWrapper::eWidth,
>+ *aWidth) ?
>+ NS_OK : NS_ERROR_FAILURE;
> }
I'm not super-in love with the ternary operator; if it's all the same to you, could you do if (NS_FAILED(...))\n return NS_ERROR_FAILURE; return NS_OK? (Same below in the Height getter.)
> VectorImage::OnStopRequest(nsIRequest* aRequest, nsISupports* aCtxt,
> nsresult aStatus)
>+ nsresult rv = mSVGDocumentWrapper->OnStopRequest(aRequest, aCtxt, aStatus);
>+ if (!mSVGDocumentWrapper->ParsedSuccessfully()) {
>+ // XXXdholbert Need to do something more here -- right now, this just
>+ // makes us draw the "object" icon, rather than the (jagged) "broken image"
>+ // icon.
>+ mError = PR_TRUE;
>+ return rv;
>+ }.
I'm not sure it's that simple -- in any case, I filed bug 594505 as a followup to investigate. Thanks for the review!
Created attachment 473180 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 15 v3: reftests (now with reftest-wait)
This reftests revision adds "reftest-wait" to the dynamically generated reftests (the last category mentioned in Comment 180). I used to have that in there, but I'd thought I could get rid of it, since it didn't seem to be required on my local machine. TryServer says it is needed on some platforms, though.
Comment on attachment 473180 [details] [diff] [review]
Patch 15 v3: reftests (now with reftest-wait)
go go go!
Landed - yay!
(/me removes launchpad's auto-added-but-actually-unrelated "See also" bug,. That bug is about SVG in <object> behaving in some way the user doesn't like. Unrelated to SVG-as-an-image)
(In reply to comment #183)
> )
dbaron added a missing "!" that I'd left out in the GetHeight version of this fix:
(In reply to comment #141)
>.
You're correct that the cost here is giving each compilation unit its own static const copy, which is initialized at runtime. Apparently gcc isn't smart enough to figure out that kFullImageSpaceRect is POD or to merge identical pieces of generated code, because this landing almost *doubled* the number of static initializers that we have (from 1100 to a bit over 2000).
See for more information about why static initializers are bad.
From the codesighs log
+52 global constructors keyed to BasicTableLayoutStrategy.cpp
+52 global constructors keyed to CanvasUtils.cpp
+52 global constructors keyed to Decoder.cpp
+52 global constructors keyed to DiscardTracker.cpp
+52 global constructors keyed to DocumentRendererChild.cpp
+52 global constructors keyed to DocumentRendererNativeIDChild.cpp
+52 global constructors keyed to DocumentRendererShmemChild.cpp
+52 global constructors keyed to FixedTableLayoutStrategy.cpp
+52 global constructors keyed to FrameLayerBuilder.cpp
+52 global constructors keyed to Image.cpp
... for hundreds of lines
Yeah, we'd better fix that immediately.
Working on it in Bug 594650.
This is documented, both through a mention on Fx4 for developers and as a mention on the <image> tag page.
(In reply to comment #133)
> Created attachment 468460 [details] [diff] [review]
> Patch 5: Move nsSVGUtils::ConvertToSurfaceSize & ClampToInt into header file
Did you file a followup?
You mean, a followup on eventually reverting part of that patch, to move ConvertToSurfaceSize back to the .cpp file once we're in a libxul-only world?
I hadn't, since the libxul-only world is still a little ways off. But since you mentioned it, I filed Bug 595734.
*** Bug 435299 has been marked as a duplicate of this bug. ***
|
https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=276431
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
I have an
if
def get_weekday(day):
if day in ['1', 1]:
return 'Monday'
elif day in ['2', 2]:
return 'Tuesday'
elif day in ['3', 3]:
return 'Wednesday'
elif day in ['4', 4]:
return 'Thursday'
elif day in ['5', 5]:
return 'Friday'
elif day in ['6', 6]:
return 'Saturday'
elif day in ['7', 7]:
return 'Sunday'
return 'Invalid day selected'
What I would do instead, is create a dictionary, and cast your
day to a single type, and then look that up in your dictionary. This significantly minimizes your code:
def get_weekday(day): days_dict = { '1': 'Monday', '2': 'Tuesday', '3': 'Wednesday', '4': 'Thursday', '5': 'Friday', '6': 'Saturday', '7': 'Sunday' } return days_dict.get(str(day), 'Invalid day selected')
So, what is happening in the above function, is you are passing your
day, it doesn't matter whether you pass it as a string or an int, the casting is made as an
str already. Your dictionary now holds the mapping for you, and lookup will cost you O(1).
The
get method will return
None if it does not find an entry in your dictionary. However, per your requirement, you are looking to return
Invalid day selected for invalid entries.
get will take an extra argument that will be returned in the event an invalid key is provided.
Here is a demo of the different cases that can come up and how the function behaves:
>>> print(get_weekday(2)) Tuesday >>> print(get_weekday('5')) Friday >>> print(get_weekday("invalid_thing")) Invalid day selected
|
https://codedump.io/share/NIV5tvErQD4K/1/shortest-way-to-run-seven-if-statements-in-python
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
Guillaume Yziquel wrote:
>?
>
Guillaume, the OCaml module has been neglected for a few years and it
has very few users. The generated code used to compile quite cleanly
with older versions of Ocaml, but not so now. Feel free to improve the
wrappers, I suggest you discuss the development of it on the swig-devel
mailing list. You might want to contact the original Ocaml developer Art
Yerkes, see the README file. The developer documentation is in the
Doc/Devel directory. Also see Doc/Manual/Extending.html.
William
Daniel Rojas Roa wrote:
>’
>
Probably a query for the ODE SWIG wrapper developers as the above means
nothing to SWIG users.
William’
Thanks,
daniel rojas roa
> _______________________________________________
> Swig-user mailing list
> Swig-user@...
>
>
>
On Tue, Jun 23, 2009 at 10:01:34AM -0400, Andres Gonzalez <andres@...> wrote:
> Does SWIG support this? How do I format my data in the C/C++
> domain so that I can get associative arrays in the PHP domain?
I haven't tried it myself, but looking at the contents of the Lib/php
directory, I would try just returning an
std::map<int,std::vector<std::string>>.?
All the best,
Guillaume Yziquel.
> yziquel@...:~/svn/main/libmorfo-ocaml$ ocaml freeling.cma
> Objective Caml version 3.11.0
>
> # module X = Freeling;;
> module X :
> sig
> type c_enum_type = [ `unknown ]
> type c_enum_value = [ `Int of int ]
> type c_obj = c_enum_value Swig.c_obj_t
> val module_name : string
> exception BadArgs of string
> exception BadMethodName of c_obj * string * string
> exception NotObject of c_obj
> exception NotEnumType of c_obj
> exception LabelNotFromThisEnum of c_obj
> exception InvalidDirectorCall of c_obj
> val new_tokenizer : c_obj -> c_obj
> val _new_tokenizer : c_obj -> c_obj
> val _delete_tokenizer : c_obj -> c_obj
> val create_tokenizer_from_ptr : c_obj -> c_obj
> val _string_of_chars : c_obj -> c_obj
> val enum_to_int : c_enum_type -> c_obj -> Swig.c_obj
> val int_to_enum : c_enum_type -> int -> c_obj
> val swig_val : c_enum_type -> c_obj -> Swig.c_obj
> end
> # open Freeling;;
> # let s = "/usr/share/freeling/en/tokenizer.dat";;
> val s : # let ss = C_string s;;
> Error: Unbound constructor C_string
> # open Swig;;
> # let ss = C_string s;;
> val ss : 'a Swig.c_obj_t = C_string "/usr/share/freeling/en/tokenizer.dat"
> # let sss = string_of_chars ss;;
> Error: Unbound value string_of_chars
> # let sss = _string_of_chars ss;;
> val sss : Freeling.c_obj = C_ptr (6710128L, 47161782545120L)
> # let tk = new_tokenizer sss;;
> val tk : Freeling.c_obj = C_obj <fun>
I am currently using SWIG to implement a PHP interface to a C/C++
application. In all of my C/C++ API functions, I simply return a
string with delimiters, for example, I would return something
like this:
sprintf(buffer, "%d\n%d\n%s\n%d", intParam1, intParam2, strParam3,
intParam3);
return buffer;
When my PHP application uses this API function, it gets a string so then
I use the following to put it in an array for use in the PHP domain:
$ret = apiFuncition();
$myArray = explode(PHP_EOL, $ret);
This is working very well, however, I now need to have my C/C++ functions
return more complex associative arrays, for example like this:
"key1" [0] = value1
[1] = value2
[2] = value3
"key2" [0] = value4
[1] = value5
"key3" [0] = value6
[1] = value7
That is, an array that has an array as elements.
Does SWIG support this? How do I format my data in the C/C++
domain so that I can get associative arrays in the PHP domain?
Thanks,
-Andres
Thanks both for the quick answer!
I will leave it this way then.
Cheers!
Juan M.
On Fri, Jun 19, 2009 at 9:19 PM, William S
Fulton<wsf@...> wrote:
> Juan Manuel Alvarez wrote:
>>
>> Hello everyone! I am having a little doubt I would like to share.
>>
>> I am wrapping to C# and given a simple file like:
>>
>> %module myModule
>> %{
>> #include "myModule.h"
>> %}
>> namespace fzm
>> {
>> class MyClass
>> {
>> // ... interface here....
>> };
>> }
>>
>> The thing is that SWIG generates 3 files:
>> - MyClass.cs with the class itselft
>> - myModulePINVOKE.cs with all the pinvoke stuff
>> - myModule.cs with the following code:
>>
>> namespace NS {
>>
>> using System;
>> using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
>>
>> public class myModule {
>> }
>>
>> }
>>
>> The question is... even if the file does no harm, is there a way to
>> tell SWIG no to generate it?
>>
> In a nutshell, no. Your build system will have to delete it after running
> SWIG if you don't like it. If you didn't know, C/C++ global wrappers get put
> into this class.
>
> William
>
Am 22.06.2009, 23:36 Uhr, schrieb William S Fulton
<wsf@...>:
> Bob Marinier wrote:
>> Hi,
>>
>> I'm wrapping some code for Python on Windows using Visual Studio 2005
>> (although I think this will all be exactly the same in 6 and 2003).
>>
>> When I'm doing a debug build, the symbol _DEBUG is defined (and it needs
>> to be defined). Something in Python.h, then, tells the linker it needs
>> python24_d.lib. The problem is that the Windows installer for Python
>> does not include this file. One possible workaround I found on the
>> Python mailing list is to change the SWIG output so that
>>
>> #include "Python.h"
>>
>> becomes:
>>
>> #ifdef _DEBUG
>> #undef _DEBUG
>> #include "Python.h"
>> #define _DEBUG
>> #else
>> #include "Python.h"
>> #endif
>>
>> This "tricks" Python.h into thinking this is not a debug build, and thus
>> is looks for python24.lib instead, which does exist. This works, and
>> since I'm not trying to debug Python, I don't care that I'm not linking
>> the debug library. But having to manually change SWIG's output each
>> time I generate it is a real pain. Is there either a way to change
>> SWIG's output to this or does anyone have another idea for how to
>> workaround this problem? And no, renaming python24.lib to
>> python24_d.lib does not work :) (they aren't binary compatible).
> Bob, does this trick still work? Probably it is best to modify the first
> line to #if defined(_DEBUG) && defined(SWIG_PYTHON_DEBUG), so that a
> user must also specify SWIG_PYTHON_DEBUG. Otherwise it won't be possible
> to use the proper Python debug version, which I think can be compiled up
> manually.
No, this trick does not work anymore with Python 2.6 and MSVC 2008. If you
apply the trick, Visual C++ will complain that some header files have been
compiled with DEBUG defined and some without. The only thing I have found
to make this work is to edit pyconfig.h and comment the #pragma (lib) and
#define Py_DEBUG lines.
I have also raised the issue at the python bugtracker a year or two ago
and they basically said "won't fix, if you want to use debug library,
compile python in debug mode". This didn't make much sense to me as I
wanted the python part to be release mode and my part to be debug mode,
but the "won't fix" is how the discussion ended.
-Matthias
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|
https://sourceforge.net/p/swig/mailman/swig-user/?viewmonth=200906&viewday=23
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
Odoo Help
Odoo is the world's easiest all-in-one management software. It includes hundreds of business apps:
CRM | e-Commerce | Accounting | Inventory | PoS | Project management | MRP | etc.
Integrity Error: [object with reference: alias_name - alias.name] on create object
hi, i try to create a project object in my custom action handler:
def action_project_create(self,cr,uid,ids,context=None): project_project = self.pool.get('project.project') vals = {} project = project_project.create(cr,uid,vals,context=context) if(project == None): raise Exception('Create project failed!!!')
but I get the error:
Integrity Error
The operation cannot be completed, probably due to the following: - deletion: you may be trying to delete a record while other records still reference it - creation/update: a mandatory field is not correctly set
[object with reference: alias_name - alias.name]
Could someone explain to me what to do?
If you see on the project.project object there are required fields. You can't create a new record without these fields so check alias_id and add an alias_id on your function.
THANX!!!! :) My mistake was i did not set the required fields as specified in project
|
https://www.odoo.com/forum/help-1/question/integrity-error-object-with-reference-alias-name-alias-name-on-create-object-24266
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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en
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refinedweb
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Java Spring Security Security MVC
You'll need to configure Spring Boot in your project first. You can generate the base project in this link, choosing
Web in the dependencies and clicking the button "Generate Project". The downloaded project has the Spring Boot dependencies and plugin applied. You then need to add a Server dependency like Tomcat or Gretty, which one is up to you. Check our sample code for more information.
The next step is to add the auth0-java-mvc-commons library. This one it to your
build.gradle:
compile 'com.auth0:mvc-auth-commons:1.+'
If you are using Maven, add it to your
pom.xml:
<dependency> <groupId>com.auth0</groupId> <artifactId>mvc-auth-commons</artifactId> <version>1.+</version> </dependency>
Configure your Java Spring Security App
Your Java Spring Security App needs some information in order to authenticate against your Auth0 account. The samples read this information from the properties file
src/main/resources/auth0.properties, but you could store them anywhere else. The required information is:
com.auth0.domain: YOUR_AUTH0_DOMAIN com.auth0.clientId: YOUR_CLIENT_ID com.auth0.clientSecret: YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET ------------ mvc -------------- CallbackController.java -------------- ErrorController.java -------------- HomeController.java -------------- LoginController.java -------------- LogoutController.java ------------ security -------------- AppConfig.java -------------- TokenAuthentication.java ------------ App.java ---- resources ------ application.properties ------ auth0.properties ---- webapp ------ WEB-INF -------- jsp ---------- home.jsp - build.gradle
The project contains a single JSP: the
home.jsp which will display the user information associated to the token after a successful login and provide the option to logout.
The access control is handled by the Spring Security framework. A few rules in the
AppConfig.java class will suffice to check for existing tokens before giving the user access to our protected
/portal/* path. If the tokens don't exist, the request will be redirected by the
ErrorController to the
LoginController.
The project contains also five Controllers:
LoginController.java: Invoked when the user attempts to login. an Authentication class to hold this status: the
TokenAuthentication.java. This class will parse the user's id_token to check for expiration and also extract the "granted authorities" from a custom claim we can set. We will see more regarding authorization in a next tutorial.
Authenticate the User
Let's begin by making your Auth0 credentials available on the App. In the
AppConfig class we tell Spring to map the properties defined in the
auth0.properties file to the corresponding fields by using the
@Configuration and
@Value annotations.
@Configuration @EnableWebSecurity @EnableGlobalMethodSecurity(prePostEnabled = true) public class AppConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter { @Value(value = "${com.auth0.domain}") private String domain; @Value(value = "${com.auth0.clientId}") private String clientId; @Value(value = "${com.auth0.clientSecret}") private String clientSecret; //... }
Next, define the rules that will prevent unauthenticated users to access our protected resources. You do that by allowing anyone to access the
/login and
/callback endpoints in order to be able to complete the login flow, and blocking them from accessing any other endpoint if they are not authenticated:
@Override protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception { http.csrf().disable(); http .authorizeRequests() .antMatchers("/callback", "/login").permitAll() .antMatchers("/**").authenticated() .and() .logout().permitAll(); http.sessionManagement().sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.NEVER); }
Now create the
AuthenticationController instance that will create the Authorize URLs and handle the request received in the callback. Do that by defining a method that returns the Bean in the same
AppConfig class. Any customization on the behavior of the component should be done here. i.e. requesting a different scope or using a different signature verification algorithm.
@Bean public AuthenticationController authenticationController() throws UnsupportedEncodingException { return AuthenticationController.newBuilder(domain, clientId, clientSecret) .withResponseType("code") .build(); }
To authenticate the users you will redirect them to the Auth0 Hosted Login Page which uses the best version available of Lock. This page is accessible from what we call the "Authorize URL". By using this library you can generate it with a simple method call. It will require a
HttpServletRequest to store the call context in the session and the URI to redirect the authentication result to. This URI is normally the address where your app is running plus the path where the result will be parsed, which happens to be also the "Callback URL" whitelisted before. After you create the Authorize URL,"; AuthorizeUrl authorizeUrl = controller.buildAuthorizeUrl(req, redirectUri); return "redirect:" + authorizeUrl.build(); }
After the user logs in the result will be received in our
CallbackController, either via a GET or a POST Http method. The request holds the call context that the library have previously set by generating the Authorize URL with the controller. When you pass it to the controller, you get back either a valid
Tokens instance or an Exception indicating what went wrong. In the case of a successful call, you need to create a new
TokenAuthentication instance with the id_token and set it to the
SecurityContextHolder. You can modify this class to accept access_token as well, but this is not covered in this tutorial. If an exception is raised instead, you need to clear any existing Authentication from the
SecurityContextHolder.
@RequestMapping(value = "/callback", method = RequestMethod.GET) protected void getCallback(final HttpServletRequest req, final HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException { try { Tokens tokens = controller.handle(req); TokenAuthentication tokenAuth = new TokenAuthentication(JWT.decode(tokens.getIdToken())); SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(tokenAuth); res.sendRedirect(redirectOnSuccess); } catch (AuthenticationException | IdentityVerificationException e) { e.printStackTrace(); SecurityContextHolder.clearContext(); res.sendRedirect(redirectOnFail); } }
Display the Home Page
Now that the user is authenticated (the tokens exists), the framework will allow them to access our protected resources. In the
HomeController you can get the existing Authentication object and even the Principal that represents it. Let's set that as the
userId attribute so it can be used from the JSP code:
@RequestMapping(value = "/portal/home", method = RequestMethod.GET) protected String home(final Map<String, Object> model, final Principal principal) { if (principal == null) { return "redirect:/logout"; } model.put("userId", principal); return "home"; }
Run the Sample
To run the sample from a terminal, change the directory to the root folder of the project and execute the following line:
./gradlew clean bootRun
After a few seconds, the application will be accessible on. Try to access the protected resource and note how you're redirected by the framework to the Auth0 Hosted.
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https://auth0.com/docs/quickstart/webapp/java-spring-security-mvc
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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refinedweb
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ioctl man page
ioctl — control device
Synopsis
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
int ioctl(int fd, unsigned long request, ...);
Description
The ioctl() function_iflags(2), ioctl_list(2), ioctl_ns(2), ioctl_tty(2), ioctl_userfaultfd(2), open(2), sd(4), tty(4)
Colophon
This page is part of release 4.11 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be found at.
Referenced By
apple2(6), apropos(1), arp(7), btrfs(5), capabilities(7), collectd.conf(5), cstream(1), drm(7), drm-memory(7), dsp56k(4), errno(3), explain(1), explain(3), explain_ioctl(3), explain_ioctl_or_die(3), explain_lca2010(1), fd(4), getifaddrs(3), getsockopt(2), haveged(8), hwstamp_ctl(8), if_nameindex(3), if_nametoindex(3), inotify(7), ioctl_console(2), ioctl_fat(2), ioctl_ficlonerange(2), ioctl_fideduperange(2), ioctl_iflags(2), ioctl_list(2), ioctl_ns(2), ioctl_tty(2), ioctl_userfaultfd(2), ksh(1), loop(4), lp(4), man(1), mgettydefs(4), ntfsclone(8), open(2), openpty(3), perf_event_open(2), perlfunc(1), phosphor(6), pid_namespaces(7), pipe(7), procenv(1), pty(7), random(4), read(2), rmt(1), rtc(4), scrub(1), sd(4), select_tut(2), signal(7), sockatmark(3), socket(2), socket(7), sslsplit(1), st(4), stress-ng(1), swipl(1), syscalls(2), tcgetsid(3), tcp(7), termio(7), timerfd_create(2), tty(4), udp(7), unix(7), userfaultfd(2), user_namespaces(7), vcs(4), whatis(1), write(2).
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https://www.mankier.com/2/ioctl
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refinedweb
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Release 2 (9.0.2) for UNIX
April 2002Part No. A92187-01
This document summarizes updates to Oracle9i Forms Developer and Oracle9iAS Forms Services:
You can also obtain the latest edition of these Release Notes and other Oracle9i Forms production information at:.
This section describes general issues and their workarounds for Oracle 9i Forms Developer and Oracle9iAS Forms Services.
With Oracle9i Forms, Oracle no longer ships the Open Client Adaptor (OCA) for accessing databases through ODBC rather than SQL*Net. The stated replacement for OCA is to use the Oracle Transparent Gateways as a way to access data in databases such as Microsoft SQL Server or IBM DB2. In the initial releases of Forms 9i, however, we cannot support access via the transparent gateways due to the lack of support in the gateways for "Select For Update" to enable row level locking. This deficiency will be addressed in a future release of Oracle Forms.
(2258527) The following excerpt is in Chapter 3 of the Oracle9iAS Forms Services Deployment Guide Release 9.0.2:
"If you are using the test certificate supplied with Oracle9iAS for test purposes, you must edit the JInitiator certdb.txt file and append the contents of the demo root certificate, which is located in <9iAS oracle_home/Apache/Apache/conf/ssl.crt/demoCAcert.txt."
The demoCAcert.txt file no longer exists. If you are running with Oracle9iAS Web Cache enabled (which is usually the case), you should use the file <9iAS oracle_home>/webcache/wallets/default/b60certificate.txt instead. If you are not running with Web Cache (that is, you are accessing the Oracle HTTP Server directly) you will need to create the demo root certificate file as follows:
Once you have the required certificate file, you should follow the instructions in the Oracle9iAS Forms Services Deployment Guide to configure JInitiator to use the certificate (appending it to JInitiator's certdb.txt file).
(2275360) In the Online Help, F1 links to obsolete built-ins, properties, triggers, and constants give the following error message "FRM-10063: Cannot find the help file or help file is damaged". This error occurs because obsolete information has been removed from the help system. See Oracle9i Forms Developer and Forms Services: Migrating Forms Applications from Forms6i, part number A92183-01, for migration and obsolescence information.
(2205868)You can download the latest JDAPI Javadoc from:.
You can download the latest XMLTOOLS Javadoc from:.
You can download the latest graphical user interface (GUI) version of the Migration Tool at:.
Documentation for the GUI version of the Migration Tool is available at:.
This section describes configuration issues and their workarounds for Oracle 9i Forms Developer and Oracle9iAS Forms Services.
(2266745) Graphics, such as a chart, may not appear when a Form runs. As a workaround, modify the g90runm.sh to set TK_PRINTER to the actual $PRINTER value.
(2298868) The PATH environment variable in default.env must be set to:
%ORACLE_HOME%/bin
in the 9i Oracle Home.
Oracle9iDS Forms Japanese documentation is not available for this release. It will be available in the Japanese Oracle9iDS Forms 9.0.2 release.
ORARRP is not supported. In the Oracle9i Forms Developer and Forms Services: Migrating Forms Applications from Forms6i manual (P/N A92183-01), the following converter.properties options are not supported:
You can ignore these options.
(2278644, 2280598) As a workaround when you receive this error, add the following to the default.env file:
REPORTS_CLASSPATH=%FORMS_ORACLE_HOME%/jlib/zrclient.jar;%FORMS_ORACLE_ HOME%/rep orts/jlib/rwrun.jar
(2228305) As a workaround, modify the file f90desm.sh and uncomment the line that calls reports.sh.
(2262949, 2268090) On Solaris platforms, the formsweb.cfg file contains VM parameters that are not supported for deployment in a production environment. The 1.3 Sun Java plug-in is not supported as a client platform for runtime deployment. The entry in the formsweb.cfg file for this plug-in is included only for use with Oracle9iDS Forms Developer on Unix platforms, when running or debugging a form.
To deploy Oracle9i Forms applications on Oracle9iAS, you must configure the forms90.conf file. Oracle9iAS Forms Services use OC4J, via mod_OC4J, for the Forms Servlet and the Forms Listener Servlet only. All other file handling, such as downloading client Java archives and JInitiator, is performed directly by the Oracle HTTP Server. the forms90.conf file is automatically configured during product installation. See the Oracle9iAS Forms Services Deployment Guide (part number A92175-01) for information about the forms90.conf file.
Because there is no Apache HTTP Listener on Oracle9iDS, however, Forms uses OC4J directly for design-time deployment and for downloading client archive files.
FRM-93000: Servlet internal error. Cause: A servlet error occurred, or runtime did not start propery. Action: See the error messages in the servlet (OC4J) log file for clarification.
You can find the OC4J log file at:
<ORACLE_HOME>/j2ee/OC4J_BI_Forms/application-deployments/forms90app
The log file is called application.log, and is usually in a subdirectory like OC4J_BI_Forms_default_island_1, depending on how iAS has been configured.
(2161032) If you use OTHERPARAMS in a named configuration section in the formsweb.cfg file, you overwrite the default the OTHERPARAMS parameter, which contains the DEBUG parameter.
For example, suppose you have a named configuration that looks like this:
[MyApp] otherparams=usesdi=yes
Then you are overriding the default OTHERPARAMS, which looks like this:
otherparams=debug=%debug% host=%host% port=%port%
Therefore, if you use the debugger with the MyApp configuration, the debugger will not run. This behavior also occurs if the Application Server URL is modified in the Form preferences to use the MyApp configuration.
The workaround is to put DEBUG, HOST, and PORT as separate parameters. Modify the appropriate base.html file and the three separate parameters. Make sure to also add them in the default section of formsweb.cfg. Then, remove them from OTHERPARAMS.
To use Run Form on UNIX platforms, do the following:
Note The Web Browser should not be a symbolic
link; if so Run Form will hang.
(2293330) To enable HTTPS and Single Sign-On (SSO) with Oracle 9i Forms, do the following:
$ORACLE_HOME/jdk/bin/java -jar $ORACLE HOME/sso/lib/ossoreg.jar -oracle_ home_path %MIDTIER_ORACLE_HOME% -host %<INFRASTRUCTRE_MACHINE_NAME>% -port 1521 -sid iasdb -site_name %<INFRASTRUCTRE_MACHINE_NAME>%:1521 -success_url success-logout_url success-cancel_url TRUE -u root -sso_server_version v1.2
Note: Port 4443 is the default port with Oracle9iAS.
If you want to run a form with Jinitiator, append the b64certificate.txt file to certdb.txt. If you want to run a Form natively in Internet Explorer, import this file into Internet Explorer.If you want to run a form with Jinitiator, append the b64certificate.txt file to certdb.txt. If you want to run a Form natively in Internet Explorer, import this file into Internet Explorer.
The following sections describe known issues in Oracle9i Forms components:
(2190329) The Forms Server is doing necessary clean-up work, such as cleaning up memory allocations. The same effect happens when the Form process is killed from the command line.
(2171120) If you modify the formsweb.cfg file using Enterprise Manager, and then submit the changes, all comments that were in the formsweb.cfg file are removed. This behavior does not occur until you submit the changes; therefore, viewing is safe.
(2247822) Users can no longer specify the log name for the Forms Trace file in a URL. This behavior prevents a user from accidentally writing a file to an invalid location. If a user specifies log=<filename> in the URL, the URL will be ignored. The file will be named forms_<pid>.trc where <pid> is the process ID on the server. The file will be created in the directory specified by the environment variable FORMS90_TRACE_PATH, which is specified on the server.
(2296258) If you specify record=otrace, the Form will fail to start. This issue will be resolved in the next patch set to Oracle9i Forms.
(1983066) When creating a simple form and saving it to a directory such as C:\Program Files\Oracle\test.fmb, and when you click the Run Form icon, an error dialog appears:
FRM-40010 : Cannot read form C:\Program.
This error message appears when there is a space in the URL.
The following keyboard shortcuts have changed:
The following sections describe known bugs in Oracle9i Forms and suggested workaround where available:
(2105230) There is a known problem with conversion of dates prior to November 18, 1883 between different time zones - e.g. US/Eastern to GMT. The wrong result can be returned in these circumstances. This problem will be addressed in a future patch of Oracle9i Forms.
(2060602) Data in NCHAR or NVARCHAR2 columns may not be correct. When a Form is running against a database that has non-Unicode NLS_CHARACTERSET, data can be mangled when inserting or updating from a CHAR item in the Form into an NCHAR or NVARCHAR2 column in the database, even when the server hosting the Form specifies the UTF8 character set for NLS_LANG.
Data can also be mangled when querying from NCHAR or NVARCHAR2 columns.
(2175919) After querying records into a data block, and if the ONETIMEWHERE property is set for the data block, Forms crashes while retrieving the ONETIMEWHERE property.
As a workaround, if you set the ONETIMEWHERE property on a block, then execute the query, do not get the ONETIMEWHERE property.
(1960603) In a Web environment, icons are either.GIF or.JPG files. However, in the Layout Editor in the Forms Builder, ICO files are still used to display icons. These icons are used for design-time only. At runtime, GIF and JPG files are used. A future version of Oracle9i Forms should support GIF and JPG files in the Form Builder at design-time.
(2235125) In the Import Java Classes dialog, you cannot navigate using keys to the Select Java Classes field.
(2250726) DATA_PARAMETER that is used with Run_Product to call Reports cannot be passed to Reports via Run_Report_Object. The migration assistant issues a warning that if this is used in Conjunction with RUN_PRODUCT() for Reports then it will no longer work.
(2116895 and 2116644)
The migration of a PLL file is unsuccessful if the PLL contains either the keyword "language" or "userenv('LANG')". As a workaround, we have fixed the Migration Assistant so that if it finds the occurrence of either of these words inside the PLL, it will abort the migration process with an error message. The error message is different for each keyword, and looks something like:
ERROR: <OBJECT_NAME>: Invalid PL/SQL variable name "language" found. This variable should be renamed. ERROR: <OBJECT_NAME>: Invalid PL/SQL construct "userenv('LANG')" found. ora_nls.get_lang_str(ora_nls.language_abbr) should be used instead.
ERROR: Stop word(s) found. Rolling back changes and aborting migration.
Unfortunately, the occurrences of these stop words inside comments also cause migration to be aborted. If you don't want to abort migration of the PLL, you can comment out the userenv and language category lines in the search_replace.properties file.
(2175830) Compile After Conversion (default.generateruntime) is still valid, and is a true/false property. If it is set to "true", the module is compiled after conversion (i.e .fmx or .mmx or .plx file is generated). In the case of PLL files, the PLX file is always generated, irrespective of the default.generateruntime property. This behavior is incorrect, and bug 2175830 has been filed for it.
As a workaround, look at the Edit | Inherit menu. It will be disabled if the property in question has a grey dot; otherwise, it is enabled. When it is enabled, you can look at the Subclass Information property, navigate to the property class, and see if the property is inherited or not and compare values.
Alternatively, you can convert the .fmb file to XML and look at the properties there. Only overwritten properties will be displayed in the XML.
(2258275) When the RUN_PRODUCT Built-in to invoke a second Web-deployed Forms application, you may receive the error:
Connection from a new browser window not supported
Also, the original Form session may freeze when the newly created one is exited. As a workaround, use the "open_form" PL/SQL built-in to run another (or the same) Form instance in a new session instead of using run_product. This is the recommended way of running multiple Forms sessions in one browser window.
(2254547) After assigning a valid bean name in the Implementation Class Property, Forms returns the following error:
FRM-13008: cannot find javabean with name 'mypackage.PJCBeanWrapper'.
Make sure all the dependent class files are available to Forms builder. If you have created the bean using JDeveloper PJC Wizard, add jdev-rt.jar, f90all.jar and the jar containing the bean classes to FORMS90_BUILDER_CLASSPATH as a workaround.
(2258187) On Solaris, you won't see a new object in the Layout Editor after a valid bean name is set in the Implementation Class property. Unlike the Windows version of the Layout Editor, the Solaris version does not give any user feedback.
Since no feedback is given, and if you've set the classpath incorrectly, or an invalid Bean name is set in the Implementation Class property, you won't know about the error until you run the Form module.
(2252171) After converting an Oracle9i Forms module to its XML equivalent and then back to a Forms module, the canvases may not display correctly because custom color palettes are not preserved in the conversion.
(2061461) When doing an XML to FMB conversion on an Oracle9i Form that contains a graphics object of type IMAGE, and the image file is not found, the conversion utility provides no warning. When this Form is loaded into the Forms Builder and the canvas containing that object is opened, the Form Builder crashes.
(2255174) When using the XML converter on a Oracle9i Form with an attached PLL file, and if the PLL file is not in the FORMS90_PATH, the XML Converter throws an exception. Instead of a clear message which indicates the PLL file that is causing the problem, the user gets an ambiguous error:
Processing XML module vec0005_fmb.xml
@ ERROR - an exception has been encountered:
@ oracle.forms.jdapi.JdapiException: _jni_attach_lib failed
However, the XML Converter will continue without the library.
(2114805) This behavior happens even if the word "CALL" is used elsewhere, such as in comments.
(2116969) The PL/SQL Converter shows warnings about obsolete Built-ins that are commented out.
(2215797) Internally, Forms uses uppercase characters for Oracle9i Form objects. Since Java is case-sensitive, it is important to use uppercase when referring to Forms objects using JDAPI.
This section describes known issues with national language support.
(2055224) This following messages related to the upgrade of obsolete menu item types are not present in non-English versions of the message file.
The following messages were added to the message file:
2500,0, "PLUS-type menu items are not supported in this version of Forms.\n" 2501,0, "FORM-type menu items are not supported in this version of Forms.\n" 2502,0, "MACRO-type menu items are not supported in this version of Forms.\n" 2503,0, "This menu item has been converted to a PL/SQL-type menu item.\nThe old command text is shown within comments below.\n" 2504,0, "Consider using the HOST built-in with the original text." 2505,0, "Consider using the CALL_FORM built-in with the original text." 2506,0, "Consider using the MACRO built-in with the original text."
(1994138 and 1961840) Multibyte or bidirectional characters in query parameters in a URL used to invoke the Forms Servlet may not be handled correctly. For example, attempting to run a form whose (fmx) file name contains multibyte characters using a URL like
may fail with an error saying the form module was not found (where XX represent multibyte or bidirectional characters). Also, specifying a multibyte form name in the formsweb.cfg file may fail in the same way too. The workaround is to rename the Form fmx file to a name not containing multibyte characters. These issues will be addressed in a future release.
(194001) Multibyte or bidirectional characters in the environment file (usually called default.env) may not be read correctly. For example, if the FORMS90_PATH variable contains such characters the form may not be found (case where path to the form includes directories whose names contain multibyte characters). A workaround is to place the form module under directories with names which only include single byte characters.
This section describes known errors in the Oracle9i Forms documentation set:
In the Online Help topic "About Debugging", the sixth bullet in the list incorrectly mentions that you can browse instantiated PL/SQL package global variables. These variables cannot be seen in the debugger.
(2278996) The Online Help topic for the Alert Property "Default Alert Button Property" describes the property as optional when in fact it is required.
(2281042) On page FORMS90_DEFAULTFONT, the description for FORMS90_DEFAULTFONT is incorrectly written as FORMS60_DEFAULTFONT.
(2249678) In the Online Help topic "Java Importer", in the C.3 Installation Requirements section, there is an incorrect path:
ORACLE_HOME/TOOLS/COMMON60/JAVA/importer.jar
The correct path is:
ORACLE_HOME/JLIB/importer.jar.
(2215338) The Online Help topic "Starting A Jdapi Session" contains the following piece of Java code:
import oracle.forms.jdapi.*; // Jdapi.startup() does not need to be called because we are starting // the Jdapi in default mode. // public class JdapiSessionExample { public static void main(String[] args) { // suppress errors from missing subclassed modules Jdapi.setFailSubclassLoad(true); // suppress errors from missing PLLs Jdapi.setFailLibraryLoad(true); // This line will cause initialisation FormModule. fmb = new FormModule("myform.fmb");FormModule. fmb = new FormModule("myform.fmb");// program code goes here ... // finally, free API resources Jdapi.shutdown(); } }
The bold line has a period following FormModule; therefore, Java will not compile with that period there.
(2170544) In the Online Help topic "Low-level Subclassing Using Parent Properties", the following line of code:
blockA.setParentModuleStorage(JdapiTypes.PAMO_FILESYSTEM_CTID);
causes a compilation error:
cannot resolve symbol
symbol: variable PAMO_FILESYSTEM_CTID
blockA.setParentModuleStorage(JdapiTypes.PAMO_FILESYSTEM_CTID);
The solution is to comment out this line of code and the example will compile.
(2273363) In the Online Help topic "Including a JavaBean and Custom Controls", the following source code will not compile:
XPos := CurrentValue; get_parameter_attr(BeanValListHdl,'MouseY',ParamType, CurrentValue); YPos := CurrentValue; MsgBox('If you click at '||to_Char(XPos)||'/'||to_Char(YPos)||' again I may drop these beans');
In the bold line, replace "message" for "MsgBox" and the code will compile.
(2257223) In the Online Help topic for the EXIT_FORM Built-in, the description for DO_COMMIT states:
"Forms validates the changes, performs a commit, and exits the current Form without prompting the operator."
The actual behavior is that Forms validates the changes, performs a commit, and exits the current Form without prompting the operator if they want to commit the changes.
(2242622) In the Online Help topic "Modifying a Variable Value", the first step says:
However, it should read:
ORACLE_HOME/forms90/server/forms90.conf file.
<IfModule mod_osso.c>* <Location forms90/f90servlet> require valid-user authType Basic </Location> </IfModule>*However, the above is already in forms90.conf, but it is commented out. Uncomment it to enable Single Sign On (SSO).
Oracle is a registered trademark, and Oracle9i is a trademark or registered trademark of Oracle Corporation. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
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http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10018_07/relnotes.902/a92187/toc.htm
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refinedweb
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If we want to serve JSON data and want it to be cross-domain accessible we can implement JSONP. This means that if we have a Groovlet with JSON output and want users to be able to access it with an AJAX request from the web browser we must implment JSONP. JSONP isn't difficult at all, but if we implement it our Groovlet is much more useful, because AJAX requests can be made from the web browser to our Groovlet.
The normal browser security model only allows calls to be made to the same domain as the web page from which the calls are made. One of the solutions to overcome this is the use of the
script tag to load data. JSONP uses this method and basically let's the client decide on a bit of text to prepend the JSON data and enclose it in parentheses. This way our JSON data is encapsulated in a Javascript method and is valid to be loaded by the
script element!
The following code shows a simple JSON data structure:
{ "title" : "Simple JSON Data", "items" : [ { "source" : "document", "author" : "mrhaki" } { "source" : "web", "author" : "unknown"} ] }
If the client decides to use the text jsontest19201 to make it JSONP we get:
jsontest19201({ "title" : "Simple JSON Data", "items" : [ { "source" : "document", "author" : "mrhaki" } { "source" : "web", "author" : "unknown"} ] })
Okay, so what do we need to have this in our Groovlet? The request for the Groovlet needs to be extended with a query parameter. The value of this query parameter is the text the user decided on to encapsulate the JSON data in. We will use the query parameter callback or jsonp to get the text and prepend it to the JSON data (notice we use Json-lib to create the JSON data):
import net.sf.json.JSONObject response.setContentType('application/json') def jsonOutput = JSONObject.fromObject([title: 'Simple JSON data']) jsonOutput.accumulate('items', [source: 'document', author: 'mrhaki']) jsonOutput.accumulate('items', [source: 'web', author: 'unknown']) // Check query parameters callback or jsonp (just wanted to show off // the Elvis operator - so we have two query parameters) def jsonp = params.callback ?: params.jsonp if (jsonp) print jsonp + '(' jsonOutput.write(out) if (jsonp) print ')'
We deploy this Groovlet to our server. For this blog post I've uploaded the Groovlet to Google App Engine. The complete URL is. So if we get this URL without any query parameters we get:
{"title":"Simple JSON data","items":[{"source":"document","author":"mrhaki"},{"source":"web","author":"unknown"}]}
Now we get this URL again but append the query parameter callback=jsontest90210 () and get the following output:
jsontest90210({"title":"Simple JSON data","items":[{"source":"document","author":"mrhaki"},{"source":"web","author":"unknown"}]})
We would have gotten the same result if we used. The good thing is user's can now use for example jQuery's getJSON() method to get the results from our Groovlet from any web page served on any domain.
The following is generated with jQuery.getJSON() and the following code:
$(document).ready(function() { $.getJSON('?', function(data) { $.each(data.items, function(i, item) { $("<p/>").text("json says: " + item.source + " - " + item.author).appendTo("#jsonsampleitems"); }); }); });
JSONP output:
|
http://mrhaki.blogspot.com/2009/08/serving-json-data-jsonp-way-with.html
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
en
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refinedweb
|
Lazy-loading Routes in Your Vue.js App
As your SPA (Single-Page Application, for the uninitiated) grows in complexity, so does the size of the application bundle. After a point, it becomes a significant hindrance to the load times of your page. Thankfully, vue-router supports webpack’s built in async module loading system. As a result, it’s now trivial to separate routed components for lesser-used routes into bundles that are loaded on-demand when the route is accessed.
Usage
Supposing your route configuration is something like this:
import MainPage from './routes/MainPage.vue' import OtherMassivePage from './routes/OtherMassivePage.vue' const routes = [ { path: '/main', component: MainPage }, { path: '/other', component: OtherMassivePage } ]
Literally all you need to do to split OtherMassivePage and all of its dependencies (that aren’t shared by anything else) into a separate chunk is to replace the import statement with a scary-looking require.ensure call.
If you reload your app, you should notice that nothing seems different, until you check the network developer tools and see that there’s a new file being loaded when you first load the
/other route.
import MainPage from './routes/MainPage.vue' const OtherMassivePage = r => require.ensure([], () => r(require('./routes/OtherMassivePage.vue'))) const routes = [ { path: '/main', component: MainPage }, { path: '/other', component: OtherMassivePage } ]
Yeah. I know it looks scary, but trust me, it’s not as bad as it first appears.
It’s sort of like a promise that eventually resolves to the loaded component. A not-shorthand version of that would look like this:
const OtherMassivePage = resolve => { // The empty array is for specifying other dependencies that need to be loaded. require.ensure([], () => { resolve(require('./routes/OtherMassivePage.vue')) }) }
Unfortunately, you can’t really use any abstractions or wrappers to make this shorter, as webpack uses static analysis to detect and split chunks. The best you can do is use those one-liners to take up less space.
Combining Routes
Sometimes you might have multiple routes or components that you want in the same chunk. To accomplish this, you can simply pass a third parameter to require.ensure that specifies the name of the group to group these components under.
// Both routes are output in the same chunk and bundle, causing that bundle to be lazy-loaded when either route is accessed. const OtherMassivePage = r => require.ensure([], () => r(require('./routes/OtherMassivePage.vue')), 'big-pages') const WeightLossPage = r => require.ensure([], () => r(require('./routes/WeightLossPage.vue')), 'big-pages')
Unlike many other tasks with webpack, this is an unexpectedly simple method to produce an amazingly useful result. I’d definitely recommend using this pattern if you’re working on large SPAs that are becoming bloated.
|
https://alligator.io/vuejs/lazy-loading-routes/
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
I'm using Flask's session which sets a signed cookie header in the response.
from flask import session
a = 1
a = session.get('a', None)
session['a'] = 1
return jsonify(a = a)
jsonify
{
"a": 1
}
Set-Cookie: session=eyJhIjoxfQ.BeUPPQ.Al5bwLzcAsN2f15mdREzhGWP1uc; HttpOnly; Path=/
itsdangerous
You've misunderstood the format of the default Flask session implementation. The
session object produces cryptographically signed JSON that is then compressed and base64-encoded to store session values making sure that a client cannot tamper with the values stored in it.
This is change from the previous format using
pickle to limit the damage an attacker can do if the server-side secret was compromised (see a blog post of mine why
pickle can be dangerous).
In other words, all Flask did is swap out the serializer, from
pickle to an extended tagged JSON format, but the pre-existing cryptographic signature and compression has been left in place.
As such that format is not really suitable for decoding again on the client side (you'd have to decode the base64 and decompress the data, split out the signature, and you may have to interpret the extra type tagging). You could switch the session implementations for that but that is very much not recommended.
If you want to share data with the client-side, you could just embed data into page in a
<script> block with
var session_data = {{data|tojson|safe}};, or set a separate cookie with the data.
|
https://codedump.io/share/KmmvOgh8rwiO/1/flask-session-does-not-json-serialize-cookie
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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en
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refinedweb
|
So I have an application with a ton of migrations made by Entity framework.
We want to get a script for all the migrations at once and using the
-Script
GO
Alter view should be the first statement in a batch file...
Sql("GO");
System.Data.SqlClient.SqlException (0x80131904): Could not find stored procedure 'GO'.
GO
-Script
In order to change the SQL Generated by entity framework migrations you can create a new
SqlServerMigrationSqlGenerator
We have done this to add a GO statement before and after the migration history:
public class MigrationScriptBuilder: SqlServerMigrationSqlGenerator { protected override void Generate(System.Data.Entity.Migrations.Model.InsertHistoryOperation insertHistoryOperation) { Statement("GO"); base.Generate(insertHistoryOperation); Statement("GO"); } }
then add in the
Configuration constructor (in the
Migrations folder of the project where you DbContext is) so that it uses this new sql generator:
[...] internal sealed class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<PMA.Dal.PmaContext> { public Configuration() { SetSqlGenerator("System.Data.SqlClient", new MigrationScriptBuilder()); AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = false; } [...]
So now when you generate a script using the -Script tag, you can see that the
insert into [__MigrationHistory] is surrounded by
GO
Alternatively in your implementation of
SqlServerMigrationSqlGenerator you can override any part of the script generation, the
InsertHistoryOperation was suitable for us.
|
https://codedump.io/share/edbeBGYNzKwO/1/adding-39go39-statements-to-entity-framework-migrations
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
I have found this Python function for testing whether or not a number is prime; however, I cannot figure out how the algorithm works.
def isprime(n):
"""Returns True if n is prime"""
if n == 2: return True
if n == 3: return True
if n % 2 == 0: return False
if n % 3 == 0: return False
i = 5
w = 2
while i * i <= n:
if n % i == 0:
return False
i += w
w = 6 - w
return True
Let's start with the first four lines of the function's code:
def isprime(n): if n == 2: return True if n == 3: return True if n % 2 == 0: return False if n % 3 == 0: return False
The function tests to see if
n is equal to 2 or 3 first. Since they are both prime numbers, the function will return
True if
n is equal to either.
Next, the function tests to see if
n is divisible by 2 or 3 and returning
False if either is true. This eliminates an extremely large amount of cases because half of all numbers above two are not primes - they are divisible by 2. The same reason applies to testing for divisibility by 3 - it also eliminates a large number of cases.
The trickier part of the function is in the next few lines:
i = 5 w = 2 while i * i <= n: if n % i == 0: return False i += w w = 6 - w return True
First,
i (or index) is set to 5. 2 and 3 have already been tested, and 4 was tested with
n % 2. So, it makes sense to start at 5.
w is set to 2.
w seems to be an "incrementer". By now, the function has tested for all even numbers (
n % 2), so it would be faster to increment by 2.
The function enters a
while loop with the condition
i * i <= n. This test is used because every composite number has a proper factor less than or equal to its square root. It wouldn't make sense to test numbers after the square root because it would be redundant.
In the
while loop, if
n is divisible by
i, then it is not prime and the function returns
False. If it is not,
i is incremented by the "incrementer"
w, which, again, is faster.
Perhaps the trickiest part of the function lies in the second-to-last line:
w = 6 - w. This causes the "incrementer"
w to toggle between the values 2 and 4 with each pass through loop. In cases where
w is 4, we are bypassing a number divisible by 3. This is faster than remaining at 2 because the function already tested for divisibility by both 2 and 3.
Finally, the function returns
True. If the function hasn't detected any cases where
n is divisible by something, then it must be a prime number.
|
https://codedump.io/share/3M8Ex0Irqg2F/1/why-does-this-prime-test-work
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
kdeui
KColorDialog Class ReferenceA color selection dialog. More...
#include <kcolordialog.h>
Detailed DescriptionA color selection dialog.
Features:
- Color selection from a wide range of palettes.
- Color selection from a palette of H vs S and V selectors.
- Direct input of HSV or RGB values.
- Saving of custom colors
Example:
QColor myColor; int result = KColorDialog::getColor( myColor ); if ( result == KColorDialog::Accepted ) ...
KDE Color Dialog
On the right side of the dialog you see a KPaletteTable showing up to 40 colors with a combo box which offers several predefined palettes or a palette configured by the user. The small field showing the currently selected color is a KColorPatch.
Definition at line 377 of file kcolordialog.h.
Constructor & Destructor Documentation
Constructs a color selection dialog.
Definition at line 939 of file kcolordialog.cpp.
Destroys the color selection dialog.
Definition at line 1178 of file kcolordialog.cpp.
Member Function Documentation
Returns the currently selected color.
Definition at line 1281 of file kcolordialog.cpp.
Emitted when a color is selected.
Connect to this to monitor the color as it as selected if you are not running modal.
- Returns:
- the value passed to setDefaultColor
Definition at line 1237 of file kcolordialog.cpp.
Definition at line 1188 of file kcolordialog.cpp.
Creates a modal color dialog, lets the user choose a color, and returns when the dialog is closed.
The selected color is returned in the argument
theColor.
This version takes a
defaultColor argument, which sets the color selected by the "default color" checkbox. When this checkbox is checked, the invalid color (QColor()) is returned into
theColor.
- Returns:
- QDialog::result().
Definition at line 1316 of file kcolordialog.cpp.
Creates a modal color dialog, let the user choose a color, and returns when the dialog is closed.
The selected color is returned in the argument
theColor.
- Returns:
- QDialog::result().
Definition at line 1298 of file kcolordialog.cpp.
Gets the color from the pixel at point p on the screen.
Definition at line 1533 of file kcolordialog.cpp.
Maps some keys to the actions buttons.
F1 is mapped to the Help button if present and Escape to the Cancel or Close if present. The button action event is animated.
Reimplemented from KDialogBase.
Definition at line 1542 of file kcolordialog.cpp.
Definition at line 1515 of file kcolordialog.cpp.
Preselects a color.
Definition at line 1290 of file kcolordialog.cpp.
Call this to make the dialog show a "Default Color" checkbox.
If this checkbox is selected, the dialog will return an "invalid" color (QColor()). This can be used to mean "the default text color", for instance, the one with the KDE text color on screen, but black when printing.
Definition at line 1207 of file kcolordialog.cpp.
Reimplemented from KDialogBase.
Definition at line 1611 of file kcolordialog.cpp.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:
|
https://api.kde.org/3.5-api/kdelibs-apidocs/kdeui/html/classKColorDialog.html
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
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en
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refinedweb
|
This most recent version of the
RabbitCounter service does provide user
authentication, but not in a way that scales. A better approach would be
to use a web service container that provides not only user
authentication but also wire-level security. Tomcat, the reference
implementation for a Java web container, can provide both. Chapter 4 showed how Tomcat can be used to
publish RESTful web services as servlets. Tomcat also can publish
SOAP-based services. Tomcat can publish either a
@WebService or a
@WebServiceProvider.
The example to illustrate how Tomcat provides container-managed
security is built in two steps. The first step publishes a SOAP-based
service with Tomcat, and the second step adds security. A later example
is a secured
@WebServiceProvider under Tomcat.
The SOAP-based service is organized in the usual way. Here is the code
for the
TempConvert SEI:
package ch05.tc; import javax.jws.WebService; import javax.jws.WebMethod; @WebService public interface TempConvert { @WebMethod float c2f(float c); @WebMethod float f2c(float f); }
And here is the code for the corresponding SIB:
package ch05.tc; import javax.jws.WebService; @WebService(endpointInterface = "ch05.tc.TempConvert") public class TempConvertImpl implements TempConvert { public float c2f(float t) { return 32.0f + (t * 9.0f / 5.0f); } public float f2c(float t) { return (5.0f / 9.0f) * (t - 32.0f); } }
For deployment under Tomcat, the service ...
No credit card required
|
https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/java-web-services/9780596157708/ch05s04.html
|
CC-MAIN-2018-26
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
Next: Introduction, Up: (dir) [Contents][Index]
This is the documentation of GNU GRUB, the GRand Unified Bootloader, a flexible and powerful boot loader program for a wide range of architectures.
This edition documents version 2.02.
This manual is for GNU GRUB (version 2.02, 25 April 2017).
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections.
Next: Naming convention, Previous: Top, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
Next: History, Up: Introduction [Contents][Index].
Next: Changes from GRUB Legacy, Previous: Overview, Up: Introduction [Contents][Index] Motivation in The. Around 2002, Yoshinori K. Okuji started work on PUPA (Preliminary Universal Programming Architecture for GNU GRUB), aiming to rewrite the core of GRUB to make it cleaner, safer, more robust, and more powerful. PUPA was eventually renamed to GRUB 2, and the original version of GRUB was renamed to GRUB Legacy. Small amounts of maintenance continued to be done on GRUB Legacy, but the last release (0.97) was made in 2005 and at the time of writing it seems unlikely that there will be another.
By around 2007, GNU/Linux distributions started to use GRUB 2 to limited extents, and by the end of 2009 multiple major distributions were installing it by default.
Next:.
Previous: Features, Up: Introduction [Contents][Index]
The following is a quotation from Gordon Matzigkeit, a GRUB fanatic:”5!
We, the GRUB maintainers, do not (usually) encourage Gordon’s level of fanaticism, but it helps to remember that boot loaders deserve recognition. We hope that you enjoy using GNU GRUB as much as we did writing it.
Next: OS-specific notes about grub tools,: Naming convention, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
On OS which have device nodes similar to Unix-like OS GRUB tools use the OS name. E.g. for GNU/Linux:
# grub-install /dev/sda
On AROS we use another syntax. For volumes:
//:<volume name>
E.g.
//:DH0
For disks we use syntax:
//:<driver name>/unit/flags
E.g.
# grub-install //:ata.device/0/0
On Windows we use UNC path. For volumes it’s typically
\\?\Volume{<GUID>} \\?\<drive letter>:
E.g.
\\?\Volume{17f34d50-cf64-4b02-800e-51d79c3aa2ff} \\?\C:
For disks it’s
\\?\PhysicalDrive<number>
E.g.
# grub-install \\?\PhysicalDrive0
Beware that you may need to further escape the backslashes depending on your shell.
When compiled with cygwin support then cygwin drive names are automatically when needed. E.g.
# grub-install /dev/sda
Next: Booting, Previous: OS-specific notes about grub tools, Up: Top [Contents][Index]) by using the utility
grub-install (see Invoking grub-install) on a UNIX-like OS.
GRUB comes with boot images, which are normally put in the directory /usr/lib/grub/<cpu>-<platform> (for BIOS-based machines /usr/lib/grub/i386-pc). Hereafter, the directory where GRUB images are initially placed (normally /usr/lib/grub/<cpu>-<platform>) will be called the image directory, and the directory where the boot loader needs to find them (usually /boot) will be called the boot directory.
Next: Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM, Up: Installation [Contents][Index]
For removable installs you have to use --removable and specify both --boot-directory and --efi-directory:
# grub-install --efi-directory=/mnt/usb --boot-directory=/mnt/usb/boot --removable
Next: Device map, Previous: Installing GRUB using grub-install, Up: Installation [Contents][Index]
GRUB supports the no emulation mode in the El Torito specification6. This means that you can use the whole CD-ROM from GRUB and you don’t have to make a floppy or hard disk image file, which can cause compatibility problems.
For booting from a CD-ROM, GRUB uses a special image called cdboot.img, which is concatenated with core.img. The core.img used for this should be built with at least the ‘iso9660’ and ‘biosdisk’ modules. Your bootable CD-ROM will usually also need to include a configuration file grub.cfg and some other GRUB modules.
To make a simple generic GRUB rescue CD, you can use the
grub-mkrescue program (see Invoking grub-mkrescue):
$ grub-mkrescue -o grub.iso
You will often need to include other files in your image. To do this, first make a top directory for the bootable image, say, ‘iso’:
$ mkdir iso
Make a directory for GRUB:
$ mkdir -p iso/boot/grub
If desired, make the config file grub.cfg under iso/boot/grub (see Configuration), and copy any files and directories for the disc to the directory iso/.
Finally, make the image:
$ grub-mkrescue -o grub.iso iso
This produces a file named grub.iso, which then can be burned into a CD (or a DVD), or written to a USB mass storage device.
The root device will be set up appropriately on entering your grub.cfg configuration file, so you can refer to file names on the CD without needing to use an explicit device name. This makes it easier to produce rescue images that will work on both optical drives and USB mass storage devices.
Next:#’.
Previous: Device map, Up: Installation [Contents][Index]; and this approach can only be used if the /boot filesystem is on the same disk that the BIOS boots from, so that GRUB does not have to.
Some newer systems use the GUID Partition Table (GPT) format. This was specified as part of the Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI), but it can also be used on BIOS platforms if system software supports it; for example, GRUB and GNU/Linux can be used in this configuration.:
# parted /dev/disk set partition-number bios_grub on
If you are using gdisk, set the partition type to ‘0xEF02’. With partitioning programs that require setting the GUID directly, it should be ‘21686148-6449-6e6f-744e656564454649’.
Caution: Be very careful which partition you select! When GRUB finds a BIOS Boot Partition during installation, it will automatically overwrite part of it. Make sure that the partition does not contain any other data.
Next: Configuration, Previous: Installation, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
GRUB can load Multiboot-compliant kernels in a consistent way, but for some free operating systems you need to use some OS-specific magic.
Next: Loopback booting, Up: Booting [Contents][Index]
GRUB has two distinct boot methods. One of the two is to load an operating system directly, and the other is to chain-load another boot loader which then will load an operating system actually. Generally speaking, the former is more desirable, because you don’t need to install or maintain other boot loaders and GRUB is flexible enough to load an operating system from an arbitrary disk/partition. However, the latter is sometimes required, since GRUB doesn’t support all the existing operating systems natively.
Next:.
Previous: Loading an operating system directly, Up: General boot methods [Contents][Index]. It is normally also necessary to load some GRUB modules and set the
appropriate root device. Putting this together, we get something like this,
for a Windows system on the first partition of the first hard disk:
menuentry "Windows" { insmod chain insmod ntfs set root=(hd0,1) chainloader +1 }
On systems with multiple hard disks, an additional workaround may be required. See DOS/Windows.
Chain-loading is only supported on PC BIOS and EFI platforms.
Next:
Previous: Loopback booting, Up: Booting [Contents][Index]
Here, we describe some caveats on several operating systems.
Next: GNU/Linux, Up: OS-specific notes [Contents][Index]
Since GNU/Hurd is Multiboot-compliant, it is easy to boot it; there is nothing special about it. But do not forget that you have to specify a root partition to the kernel.
search --set=root --file /boot/gnumach.gzor similar may help you (see search).
grub> multiboot /boot/gnumach.gz root=device:hd0s1 grub> module /hurd/ext2fs.static ext2fs --readonly \ --multiboot-command-line='${kernel-command-line}' \ --host-priv-port='${host-port}' \ --device-master-port='${device-port}' \ --exec-server-task='${exec-task}' -T typed '${root}' \ '$(task-create)' '$(task-resume)' grub> module /lib/ld.so.1 exec /hurd/exec '$(exec-task=task-create)'
boot(see boot).
Next: NetBSD, Previous: GNU/Hurd, Up: OS-specific notes [Contents][Index]
It is relatively easy to boot GNU/Linux from GRUB, because it somewhat resembles to boot a Multiboot-compliant OS.
search --set=root --file /vmlinuzor similar may help you (see search).
linux(see linux):
grub> linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1
If you need to specify some kernel parameters, just append them to the command. For example, to set acpi to ‘off’, do this:
grub> linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 acpi=off
See the documentation in the Linux source tree for complete information on the available options.
With
linux GRUB uses 32-bit protocol. Some BIOS services like APM
or EDD aren’t available with this protocol. In this case you need to use
linux16
grub> linux16 /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 acpi=off
initrd(see initrd) after
linux:
grub> initrd /initrd
If you used
linux16 you need to use
initrd16:
grub> initrd16 /initrd
boot(see boot).
Caution: If you use an initrd and specify the ‘mem=’
option to the kernel to let it use less than actual memory size, you
will also have to specify the same memory size to GRUB. To let GRUB know
the size, run the command
uppermem before loading the
kernel. See uppermem, for more information.
Next: DOS/Windows, Previous: GNU/Linux, Up: OS-specific notes [Contents][Index]
Booting a NetBSD kernel from GRUB is also relatively easy: first set
GRUB’s root device, then load the kernel and the modules, and finally
run
boot.
grub> insmod part_bsd grub> set root=(hd0,netbsd1)
For a disk with a GUID Partition Table (GPT), and assuming that the NetBSD root partition is the third GPT partition, do this:
grub> insmod part_gpt grub> set root=(hd0,gpt3)
knetbsd:
grub> knetbsd /netbsd
Various options may be given to
knetbsd. These options are,
for the most part, the same as in the NetBSD boot loader. For instance,
to boot the system in single-user mode and with verbose messages, do
this:
grub> knetbsd /netbsd -s -v
knetbsd_module_elf. A typical example is the module for the root file system:
grub> knetbsd_module_elf /stand/amd64/6.0/modules/ffs/ffs.kmod
boot(see boot).
Previous: NetBSD, Up: OS-specific notes [Contents][Index]
GRUB cannot boot DOS or Windows directly, so you must chain-load them (see Chain-loading). However, their boot loaders have some critical deficiencies, so it may not work to just chain-load them. To overcome the problems, GRUB provides you with two helper functions.
If you have installed DOS (or Windows) on a non-first hard disk, you
have to use the disk swapping technique, because that OS cannot boot
from any disks but the first one. The workaround used in GRUB is the
command
drivemap (see drivemap), like this:
drivemap -s (hd0) (hd1)
This performs a virtual swap between your first and second hard drive.
Caution: This is effective only if DOS (or Windows) uses BIOS to access the swapped disks. If that OS uses a special driver for the disks, this probably won’t work.
Another problem arises if you installed more than one set of DOS/Windows onto one disk, because they could be confused if there are more than one primary partitions for DOS/Windows. Certainly you should avoid doing this, but there is a solution if you do want to do so. Use the partition hiding/unhiding technique.
If GRUB hides a DOS (or Windows) partition (see parttool), DOS (or Windows) will ignore the partition. If GRUB unhides a DOS (or Windows) partition, DOS (or Windows) will detect the partition. Thus, if you have installed DOS (or Windows) on the first and the second partition of the first hard disk, and you want to boot the copy on the first partition, do the following:
parttool (hd0,1) hidden- parttool (hd0,2) hidden+ set root=(hd0,1) chainloader +1 parttool ${root} boot+ boot
Next: Theme file format, Previous: Booting, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
GRUB is configured using grub.cfg, usually located under /boot/grub. This file is quite flexible, but most users will not need to write the whole thing by hand.
Next:.
grub-mkconfig does have some limitations. While adding extra
custom menu entries to the end of the list can be done by editing
/etc/grub.d/40_custom or creating /boot/grub/custom.cfg,
changing the order of menu entries or changing their titles may require
making complex changes to shell scripts stored in /etc/grub.d/. This
may be improved in the future. In the meantime, those who feel that it
would be easier to write grub.cfg directly are encouraged to do so
(see Booting, and Shell-like scripting), and to disable any system
provided by their distribution to automatically run
grub-mkconfig.
The file /etc/default/grub controls the operation of
grub-mkconfig. It is sourced by a shell script, and so must be
valid POSIX shell input; normally, it will just be a sequence of
‘KEY=value’ lines, but if the value contains spaces or other special
characters then it must be quoted.: Multi-boot manual config, Previous: Simple configuration, Up: Configuration [Contents][Index]:: Embedded configuration, Previous: Shell-like scripting, Up: Configuration [Contents][Index]
Currently autogenerating config files for multi-boot environments depends on os-prober and has several shortcomings. While fixing it is scheduled for the next release, meanwhile you can make use of the power of GRUB syntax and do it yourself. A possible configuration is detailed here, feel free to adjust to your needs.
First create a separate GRUB partition, big enough to hold GRUB. Some of the following entries show how to load OS installer images from this same partition, for that you obviously need to make the partition large enough to hold those images as well. Mount this partition on/mnt/boot and disable GRUB in all OSes and manually install self-compiled latest GRUB with:
grub-install --boot-directory=/mnt/boot /dev/sda
In all the OSes install GRUB tools but disable installing GRUB in bootsector, so you’ll have menu.lst and grub.cfg available for use. Also disable os-prober use by setting:
GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=true
in /etc/default/grub
Then write a grub.cfg (/mnt/boot/grub/grub.cfg):
menuentry "OS using grub2" { insmod xfs search --set=root --label OS1 --hint hd0,msdos8 configfile /boot/grub/grub.cfg } menuentry "OS using grub2-legacy" { insmod ext2 search --set=root --label OS2 --hint hd0,msdos6 legacy_configfile /boot/grub/menu.lst } menuentry "Windows XP" { insmod ntfs search --set=root --label WINDOWS_XP --hint hd0,msdos1 ntldr /ntldr } menuentry "Windows 7" { insmod ntfs search --set=root --label WINDOWS_7 --hint hd0,msdos2 ntldr /bootmgr } menuentry "FreeBSD" { insmod zfs search --set=root --label freepool --hint hd0,msdos set kFreeBSD.hw.psm.synaptics_support=1 } menuentry "experimental GRUB" { search --set=root --label GRUB --hint hd0,msdos5 multiboot /experimental/grub/i386-pc/core.img } menuentry "Fedora 16 installer" { search --set=root --label GRUB --hint hd0,msdos5 linux /fedora/vmlinuz lang=en_US keymap=sg resolution=1280x800 initrd /fedora/initrd.img } menuentry "Fedora rawhide installer" { search --set=root --label GRUB --hint hd0,msdos5 linux /fedora/vmlinuz repo= lang=en_US keymap=sg resolution=1280x800 initrd /fedora/initrd.img } menuentry "Debian sid installer" { search --set=root --label GRUB --hint hd0,msdos5 linux /debian/dists/sid/main/installer-amd64/current/images/hd-media/vmlinuz initrd /debian/dists/sid/main/installer-amd64/current/images/hd-media/initrd.gz }
Notes:
root=hd0,msdosXbut this is not recommended due to device name instability.
Previous:.
Next: (loadfont). To see the list of loaded fonts, execute the “lsfonts” command (lsfonts).: Serial terminal, Previous: Theme file format, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The following instructions don’t work for *-emu, i386-qemu, i386-coreboot, i386-multiboot, mips_loongson, mips-arc and mips_qemu_mips
To generate a netbootable directory, run:
grub-mknetdir --net-directory=/srv/tftp --subdir=/boot/grub -d /usr/lib/grub/<platform>
E.g. for i386-pc:
grub-mknetdir --net-directory=/srv/tftp --subdir=/boot/grub -d /usr/lib/grub/i386-pc
Then follow instructions printed out by grub-mknetdir on configuring your DHCP server.
After GRUB has started, files on the TFTP server will be accessible via the ‘(tftp)’ device.
The server IP address can be controlled by changing the ‘(tftp)’ device name to ‘(tftp,server-ip)’. Note that this should be changed both in the prefix and in any references to the device name in the configuration file.
GRUB provides several environment variables which may be used to inspect or change the behaviour of the PXE device. In the following description <interface> is placeholder for the name of network interface (platform dependent):
The network interface’s IP address. IP address of the next (usually, TFTP) server provided by DHCP. Read-only.
Initially set to name of network interface that was used to load grub. Read-write, although setting it affects only interpretation of ‘net_default_ip’ and ‘net_default_mac’
The IP address of default interface. Read-only. This is alias for the ‘net_${net_default_interface}_ip’.
The default interface’s MAC address. Read-only. This is alias for the ‘net_${net_default_interface}_mac’.
The default server used by network drives (see Device syntax). Read-write, although setting this is only useful before opening a network device.
Next: Vendor power-on keys, Previous: Network, Up: Top [Contents][Index]. Here is an example:
grub> serial --unit=0 --speed=9600 grub> terminal_input serial; terminal_output serial
The command
serial initializes the serial unit 0 with the
speed 9600bps. The serial unit 0 is usually called ‘COM1’, so, if
you want to use COM2, you must specify ‘--unit=1’ instead. This
command accepts many other options, so please refer to serial,
for more details.
The commands
terminal_input (see terminal_input) and
terminal_output (see terminal_output) choose which type of
terminal you want to use. In the case above, the terminal will be a
serial terminal, but you can also pass
console to the command,
as ‘terminal_input serial console’. In this case, a terminal in which
you press any key will be selected as a GRUB terminal. In the example above,
note that you need to put both commands on the same command line, as you
will lose the ability to type commands on the console after the first
command..
Next: Images, Previous: Serial terminal, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
Some laptop vendors provide an additional power-on button which boots another OS. GRUB supports such buttons with the ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_BUTTON’, ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE_BUTTON’, ‘GRUB_DEFAULT_BUTTON’, and ‘GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS’ variables in default/grub (see Simple configuration). ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_BUTTON’, ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE_BUTTON’, and ‘GRUB_DEFAULT_BUTTON’ are used instead of the corresponding variables without the ‘_BUTTON’ suffix when powered on using the special button. ‘GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS’ is vendor-specific and partially model-specific. Values known to the GRUB team are:
121:3
85:3
85:3
84:1 (unconfirmed)
101:3: Core image size limitation,: Images, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
Heavily limited platforms:
Lightly limited platforms:
Next: Interface, Previous: Core image size limitation, Up: Top [Contents][Index]).
Next:.
On ZFS filesystem the first path component must be volume‘@’[snapshot]. So ‘/rootvol@snap-129/boot/grub/grub.cfg’ refers to file ‘/boot/grub/grub.cfg’ in snapshot of volume ‘rootvol’ with name ‘snap-129’. Trailing ‘@’ after volume name is mandatory even if snapshot name is omitted.
Previous: File name syntax, Up: Filesystem [Contents][Index] File name syntax), if a blocklist
does not contain a device name, then GRUB uses GRUB’s root
device. So
(hd0,2)+1 is the same as
+1 when the root
device is ‘(hd0,2)’.
Next: Environment, Previous: Filesystem, Up: Top [Contents][Index].
Next: Menu interface, Up: Interface [Contents][Index]
The command-line interface provides a prompt and after it an editable text area much like a command-line in Unix or DOS. Each command is immediately executed after it is entered8. The commands (see Command-line and menu entry commands) are a subset of those available in the configuration file, used with exactly the same syntax.
Cursor movement and editing of the text on the line can be done via a subset of the functions available in the Bash shell:
Move forward one character.
Move back one character.
Move to the start of the line.
Move the the end of the line.
Delete the character underneath the cursor.
Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line.
Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the line.
Yank the killed text back into the buffer at the cursor.
Move up through the history list.
Move down through the history list.
When typing commands interactively, if the cursor is within or before
the first word in the command-line, pressing the TAB key (or
C-i) will display a listing of the available commands, and if the
cursor is after the first word, the TAB will provide a
completion listing of disks, partitions, and file names depending on the
context. Note that to obtain a list of drives, one must open a
parenthesis, as
root (.
Note that you cannot use the completion functionality in the TFTP filesystem. This is because TFTP doesn’t support file name listing for the security.
Next: Menu entry editor, Previous: Command-line interface, Up: Interface [Contents][Index].
Previous: Menu interface, Up: Interface [Contents][Index].
Each line in the menu entry can be edited freely, and you can add new lines by pressing RET at the end of a line. To boot the edited entry, press Ctrl-x.
Although GRUB unfortunately does not support undo, you can do almost the same thing by just returning to the main menu using ESC.
GRUB supports environment variables which are rather like those offered by all Unix-like systems. Environment variables have a name, which is unique and is usually a short identifier, and a value, which is an arbitrary string of characters. They may be set (see set), unset (see unset), or looked up (see Shell-like scripting) by name.
A number of environment variables have special meanings to various parts of GRUB. Others may be used freely in GRUB configuration files.
Next: Environment block, Up: Environment [Contents][Index]
These variables have special meaning to GRUB.
Next: check_signatures,.
Next: chosen, Previous: biosnum, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable controls whether GRUB enforces digital signature validation on loaded files. See Using digital signatures.
Next: cmdpath, Previous: check_signatures, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
When executing a menu entry, GRUB sets the chosen variable to the title of the entry being executed.
If the menu entry is in one or more submenus, then chosen is set to the titles of each of the submenus starting from the top level followed by the title of the menu entry itself, separated by ‘>’.
Next: color_highlight, Previous: chosen, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
The location from which core.img was loaded as an absolute directory name (see File name syntax). This is set by GRUB at startup based on information returned by platform firmware. Not every platform provides this information and some may return only device without path name.
Next: color_normal, Previous: cmdpath, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable contains the “highlight” foreground and background terminal colors, separated by a slash (‘/’). Setting this variable changes those colors. For the available color names, see color_normal.
The default is ‘black/light-gray’.
Next: config_directory, Previous: color_highlight, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable contains the “normal” foreground and background terminal colors, separated by a slash (‘/’). Setting this variable changes those colors. Each color must be a name from the following list:
The default is ‘light-gray/black’.
The color support support varies from terminal to terminal.
‘morse’ has no color support at all.
‘mda_text’ color support is limited to highlighting by black/white reversal.
‘console’ on ARC, EMU and IEEE1275, ‘serial_*’ and ‘spkmodem’ are governed by terminfo and support only 8 colors if in modes ‘vt100-color’ (default for console on emu), ‘arc’ (default for console on ARC), ‘ieee1275’ (default for console on IEEE1275). When in mode ‘vt100’ then the color support is limited to highlighting by black/white reversal. When in mode ‘dumb’ there is no color support.
When console supports no colors this setting is ignored. When console supports 8 colors, then the colors from the second half of the previous list are mapped to the matching colors of first half.
‘console’ on EFI and BIOS and ‘vga_text’ support all 16 colors.
‘gfxterm’ supports all 16 colors and would be theoretically extendable to support whole rgb24 palette but currently there is no compelling reason to go beyond the current 16 colors.
Next: config_file, Previous: color_normal, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable is automatically set by GRUB to the directory part of current configuration file name (see config_file).
Next: debug, Previous: config_directory, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable is automatically set by GRUB to the name of configuration file that is being
processed by commands
configfile (see configfile) or
normal
(see normal). It is restored to the previous value when command completes.
Next: default, Previous: config_file, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable may be set to enable debugging output from various components of GRUB. The value is a list of debug facility names separated by whitespace or ‘,’, or ‘all’ to enable all available debugging output. The facility names are the first argument to grub_dprintf. Consult source for more details.
Next: fallback, Previous: debug, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it identifies a menu entry that should be selected by default, possibly after a timeout (see timeout). The entry may be identified by number (starting from 0 at each level of the hierarchy), by title, or by id.
For example, if you have:
menuentry 'Example GNU/Linux distribution' --class gnu-linux --id example-gnu-linux { ... }
then you can make this the default using:
default=example-gnu-linux
If the entry is in a submenu, then it must be identified using the number, title, or id of each of the submenus starting from the top level, followed by the number, title, or id of the menu entry itself, with each element separated by ‘>’. For example, take the following menu structure:
GNU/Hurd --id gnu-hurd Standard Boot --id=gnu-hurd-std Rescue shell --id=gnu-hurd-rescue Other platforms --id=other Minix --id=minix Version 3.4.0 --id=minix-3.4.0 Version 3.3.0 --id=minix-3.3.0 GRUB Invaders --id=grub-invaders
The more recent release of Minix would then be identified as ‘Other platforms>Minix>Version 3.4.0’, or as ‘1>0>0’, or as ‘other>minix>minix-3.4.0’.
This variable is often set by ‘GRUB_DEFAULT’ (see Simple configuration),
grub-set-default, or
grub-reboot.
Next: gfxmode, Previous: default, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it identifies a menu entry that should be selected if the default menu entry fails to boot. Entries are identified in the same way as for ‘default’ (see default).
Next:. Supported modes can be listed by ‘videoinfo’ command in GRUB.’.
Next: gfxterm_font, Previous: gfxmode, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it controls the video mode in which the Linux kernel starts up, replacing the ‘vga=’ boot option (see linux). It may be set to ‘text’ to force the Linux kernel to boot in normal text mode, ‘keep’ to preserve the graphics mode set using ‘gfxmode’, or any of the permitted values for ‘gfxmode’ to set a particular graphics mode (see gfxmode).
Depending on your kernel, your distribution, your graphics card, and the phase of the moon, note that using this option may cause GNU/Linux to suffer from various display problems, particularly during the early part of the boot sequence. If you have problems, set this variable to ‘text’ and GRUB will tell Linux to boot in normal text mode.
The default is platform-specific. On platforms with a native text mode (such as PC BIOS platforms), the default is ‘text’. Otherwise the default may be ‘auto’ or a specific video mode.
This variable is often set by ‘GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX’ (see Simple configuration).
Next: grub_cpu, Previous: gfxpayload, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it names a font to use for text on the ‘gfxterm’ graphical terminal. Otherwise, ‘gfxterm’ may use any available font.
Next: grub_platform, Previous: gfxterm_font, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
In normal mode (see normal), GRUB sets the ‘grub_cpu’ variable to the CPU type for which GRUB was built (e.g. ‘i386’ or ‘powerpc’).
Next: icondir, Previous: grub_cpu, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
In normal mode (see normal), GRUB sets the ‘grub_platform’ variable to the platform for which GRUB was built (e.g. ‘pc’ or ‘efi’).
Next: lang, Previous: grub_platform, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it names a directory in which the GRUB graphical menu should look for icons after looking in the theme’s ‘icons’ directory. See Theme file format.
Next: locale_dir, Previous: icondir, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it names the language code that the
gettext command (see gettext) uses to translate strings. For
example, French would be named as ‘fr’, and Simplified Chinese as
‘zh_CN’.
grub-mkconfig (see Simple configuration) will try to set a
reasonable default for this variable based on the system locale.
Next: menu_color_highlight, Previous: lang, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it names the directory where translation files may be found (see gettext), usually /boot/grub/locale. Otherwise, internationalization is disabled.
grub-mkconfig (see Simple configuration) will set a reasonable
default for this variable if internationalization is needed and any
translation files are available.
Next: menu_color_normal, Previous: locale_dir, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable contains the foreground and background colors to be used for the highlighted menu entry, separated by a slash (‘/’). Setting this variable changes those colors. For the available color names, see color_normal.
The default is the value of ‘color_highlight’ (see color_highlight).
Next: net_<interface>_boot_file, Previous: menu_color_highlight, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable contains the foreground and background colors to be used for non-highlighted menu entries, separated by a slash (‘/’). Setting this variable changes those colors. For the available color names, see color_normal.
The default is the value of ‘color_normal’ (see color_normal).
Next: net_<interface>_dhcp_server_name, Previous: menu_color_normal, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_<interface>_domain, Previous: net_<interface>_boot_file, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_<interface>_extensionspath, Previous: net_<interface>_dhcp_server_name, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_<interface>_hostname, Previous: net_<interface>_domain, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_<interface>_ip, Previous: net_<interface>_extensionspath, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_<interface>_mac, Previous: net_<interface>_hostname, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_<interface>_next_server, Previous: net_<interface>_ip, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_<interface>_rootpath, Previous: net_<interface>_mac, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_default_interface, Previous: net_<interface>_next_server, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_default_ip, Previous: net_<interface>_rootpath, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_default_mac, Previous: net_default_interface, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_default_server, Previous: net_default_ip, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: pager, Previous: net_default_mac, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: prefix, Previous: net_default_server, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If set to ‘1’, pause output after each screenful and wait for keyboard input. The default is not to pause output.
Next:.
Next: pxe_default_gateway, Previous: prefix, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: pxe_default_server, Previous: pxe_blksize, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: root, Previous: pxe_default_gateway, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next:’.
Next: theme, Previous: root, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable may be set to a list of superuser names to enable authentication support. See Security.
Next: timeout, Previous: superusers, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable may be set to a directory containing a GRUB graphical menu theme. See Theme file format.
This variable is often set by ‘GRUB_THEME’ (see Simple configuration).
Next: timeout_style, Previous: theme, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it specifies the time in seconds to wait for keyboard input before booting the default menu entry. A timeout of ‘0’ means to boot the default entry immediately without displaying the menu; a timeout of ‘-1’ (or unset) means to wait indefinitely.
If ‘timeout_style’ (see timeout_style) is set to ‘countdown’ or ‘hidden’, the timeout is instead counted before the menu is displayed.
This variable is often set by ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT’ (see Simple configuration).
Previous: timeout, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable may be set to ‘menu’, ‘countdown’, or ‘hidden’ to control the way in which the timeout (see timeout) interacts with displaying the menu. See the documentation of ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE’ (see Simple configuration) for details.
Previous:.).
Next:.
Next: General commands, Up: Commands [Contents][Index]
The semantics used in parsing the configuration file are the following:
These commands can only be used in the menu:
Next: submenu, Up: Menu-specific commands [Contents][Index]
This defines a GRUB menu entry named title. When this entry is
selected from the menu, GRUB will set the chosen environment variable
to value of --id if --id is given,’.
The --id may be used to associate unique identifier with a menu entry. id is string of ASCII aphanumeric characters, underscore and hyphen and should not start with a digit.
All other arguments including title are passed as positional parameters
when list of commands is executed with title always assigned to
$1.
Previous: menuentry, Up: Menu-specific commands [Contents][Index]
This defines a submenu. An entry called title will be added to the menu; when that entry is selected, a new menu will be displayed showing all the entries within this submenu.
All options are the same as in the
menuentry command
(see menuentry).
Next: Command-line and menu entry commands, Previous: Menu-specific commands, Up: Commands [Contents][Index]
Commands usable anywhere in the menu and in the command-line.
Next: terminal_input, Up: General commands [Contents][Index] ‘no’, ‘odd’, ‘even’ and defaults to ‘no’.
The serial port is not used as a communication channel unless the
terminal_input or
terminal_output command is used
(see terminal_input, see terminal_output).
See also Serial terminal.
Next: terminal_output, Previous: serial, Up: General commands [Contents][Index]
List or select an input terminal.
With no arguments, list the active and available input terminals.
With --append, add the named terminals to the list of active input terminals; any of these may be used to provide input to GRUB.
With --remove, remove the named terminals from the active list.
With no options but a list of terminal names, make only the listed terminal names active.
Next: terminfo, Previous: terminal_input, Up: General commands [Contents][Index]
List or select an output terminal.
With no arguments, list the active and available output terminals.
With --append, add the named terminals to the list of active output terminals; all of these will receive output from GRUB.
With --remove, remove the named terminals from the active list.
With no options but a list of terminal names, make only the listed terminal names active.
Previous:.
Next: Networking commands, Previous: General commands, Up: Commands [Contents][Index]
These commands are usable in the command-line and in menu entries. If
you forget a command, you can run the command
(see help).
Next: acpi, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
[expression
]
Alias for
test expression (see test).
Next: authenticate, Previous: [, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Modern BIOS systems normally implement the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), and define various tables that describe the interface between an ACPI-compliant operating system and the firmware. In some cases, the tables provided by default only work well with certain operating systems, and it may be necessary to replace some of them.
Normally, this command will replace the Root System Description Pointer (RSDP) in the Extended BIOS Data Area to point to the new tables. If the --no-ebda option is used, the new tables will be known only to GRUB, but may be used by GRUB’s EFI emulation.
Next: background_color, Previous: acpi, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Check whether user is in userlist or listed in the value of variable ‘superusers’. See see superusers for valid user list format. If ‘superusers’ is empty, this command returns true. See Security.
Next: background_image, Previous: authenticate, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Set background color for active terminal. For valid color specifications see see Colors. Background color can be changed only when using ‘gfxterm’ for terminal output.
This command sets color of empty areas without text. Text background color is controlled by environment variables color_normal, color_highlight, menu_color_normal, menu_color_highlight. See Special environment variables.
Next: badram, Previous: background_color, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load background image for active terminal from file. Image is stretched to fill up entire screen unless option --mode ‘normal’ is given. Without arguments remove currently loaded background image. Background image can be changed only when using ‘gfxterm’ for terminal output.
Next:.
Next: boot, Previous: badram, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Print a block list (see Block list syntax) for file.
Next: cat, Previous: blocklist, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Boot the OS or chain-loader which has been loaded. Only necessary if running the fully interactive command-line (it is implicit at the end of a menu entry).
Next: chainloader, Previous: boot, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Display the contents of the file file. This command may be useful to remind you of your OS’s root partition:
grub> cat /etc/fstab
If the --dos option is used, then carriage return / new line pairs will be displayed as a simple new line. Otherwise, the carriage return will be displayed as a control character (‘<d>’) to make it easier to see when boot problems are caused by a file formatted using DOS-style line endings.
Next: clear,.
Next: cmosclean, Previous: chainloader, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Clear the screen.
Next: cmosdump, Previous: clear, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Clear value of bit in CMOS at location byte:bit. This command is available only on platforms that support CMOS.
Next: cmostest, Previous: cmosclean, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Dump full CMOS contents as hexadecimal values. This command is available only on platforms that support CMOS.
Next: cmp, Previous: cmosdump, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Test value of bit in CMOS at location byte:bit. Exit status is zero if bit is set, non zero otherwise. This command is available only on platforms that support CMOS.
Next: configfile, Previous: cmostest,.
Next: cpuid, Previous: cmp, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load file as a configuration file. If file defines any menu
entries, then show a menu containing them immediately. Any environment
variable changes made by the commands in file will not be preserved
after
configfile returns.
Next: crc, Previous: configfile, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Check for CPU features. This command is only available on x86 systems.
With the -l option, return true if the CPU supports long mode (64-bit).
With the -p option, return true if the CPU supports Physical Address Extension (PAE).
If invoked without options, this command currently behaves as if it had been invoked with -l. This may change in the future.
Next: cryptomount, Previous: cpuid, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Alias for
hashsum --hash crc32 arg …. See command
hashsum
(see hashsum) for full description.
Next: date, Previous: crc, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Setup access to encrypted device. If necessary, passphrase is requested interactively. Option device configures specific grub device (see Naming convention); option -u uuid configures device with specified uuid; option -a configures all detected encrypted devices; option -b configures all geli containers that have boot flag set.
GRUB suports devices encrypted using LUKS and geli. Note that necessary modules (luks and geli) have to be loaded manually before this command can be used.
Next: devicetree, Previous: cryptomount,.
Next: distrust, Previous: date, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a device tree blob (.dtb) from a filesystem, for later use by a Linux kernel. Does not perform merging with any device tree supplied by firmware, but rather replaces it completely. GNU/Linux.
Next: drivemap, Previous: devicetree, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Remove public key pubkey_id from GRUB’s keyring of trusted keys.
pubkey_id is the last four bytes (eight hexadecimal digits) of
the GPG v4 key id, which is also the output of
list_trusted
(see list_trusted). Outside of GRUB, the key id can be obtained
using
gpg --fingerprint).
These keys are used to validate signatures when environment variable
check_signatures is set to
enforce
(see check_signatures), and by some invocations of
verify_detached (see verify_detached). See Using digital signatures, for more information.
Next: echo, Previous: distrust, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Without options, map the drive from_drive to the drive to_drive. This is necessary when you chain-load some operating systems, such as DOS, if such an OS resides at a non-first drive. For convenience, any partition suffix on the drive is ignored, so you can safely use ${root} as a drive specification.
With the -s option, perform the reverse mapping as well, swapping the two drives.
With the -l option, list the current mappings.
With the -r option, reset all mappings to the default values.
For example:
drivemap -s (hd0) (hd1)
Next: eval, Previous: drivemap, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Display the requested text and, unless the -n option is used, a trailing new line. If there is more than one string, they are separated by spaces in the output. As usual in GRUB commands, variables may be substituted using ‘${var}’.
The -e option enables interpretation of backslash escapes. The following sequences are recognised:
\\
backslash
\a
alert (BEL)
\c
suppress trailing new line
\f
form feed
\n
new line
\r
carriage return
\t
horizontal tab
\v
vertical tab
When interpreting backslash escapes, backslash followed by any other character will print that character.
Next: export, Previous: echo, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Concatenate arguments together using single space as separator and evaluate result as sequence of GRUB commands.
Next: false, Previous: eval, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Export the environment variable envvar. Exported variables are visible
to subsidiary configuration files loaded using
configfile.
Next: gettext, Previous: export, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Do nothing, unsuccessfully. This is mainly useful in control constructs
such as
if and
while (see Shell-like scripting).
Next: gptsync, Previous: false, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Translate string into the current language.
The current language code is stored in the ‘lang’ variable in GRUB’s environment (see lang). Translation files in MO format are read from ‘locale_dir’ (see locale_dir), usually /boot/grub/locale.
Next: halt, Previous: gettext, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Disks using the GUID Partition Table (GPT) also have a legacy Master Boot Record (MBR) partition table for compatibility with the BIOS and with older operating systems. The legacy MBR can only represent a limited subset of GPT partition entries.
This command populates the legacy MBR with the specified partition entries on device. Up to three partitions may be used.
type is an MBR partition type code; prefix with ‘0x’ if you want to enter this in hexadecimal. The separator between partition and type may be ‘+’ to make the partition active, or ‘-’ to make it inactive; only one partition may be active. If both the separator and type are omitted, then the partition will be inactive.
Next: hashsum, Previous: gptsync, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
The command halts the computer. If the --no-apm option is specified, no APM BIOS call is performed. Otherwise, the computer is shut down using APM.
Next: help, Previous: halt, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Compute or verify file hashes. Hash type is selected with option --hash. Supported hashes are: ‘adler32’, ‘crc64’, ‘crc32’, ‘crc32rfc1510’, ‘crc24rfc2440’, ‘md4’, ‘md5’, ‘ripemd160’, ‘sha1’, ‘sha224’, ‘sha256’, ‘sha512’, ‘sha384’, ‘tiger192’, ‘tiger’, ‘tiger2’, ‘whirlpool’. Option --uncompress uncompresses files before computing hash.
When list of files is given, hash of each file is computed and printed, followed by file name, each file on a new line.
When option --check is given, it points to a file that contains
list of hash name pairs in the same format as used by UNIX
md5sum command. Option --prefix
may be used to give directory where files are located. Hash verification
stops after the first mismatch was found unless option --keep-going
was given. The exit code
$? is set to 0 if hash verification
is successful. If it fails,
$? is set to a nonzero value.
Next: initrd, Previous: hashsum,.
Next: initrd16, Previous: help, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load an initial ramdisk for a Linux kernel image, and set the appropriate
parameters in the Linux setup area in memory. This may only be used after
the
linux command (see linux) has been run. See also
GNU/Linux.
Next: insmod, Previous: initrd, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load an initial ramdisk for a Linux kernel image to be booted in 16-bit
mode, and set the appropriate parameters in the Linux setup area in memory.
This may only be used after the
linux16 command (see linux16)
has been run. See also GNU/Linux.
This command is only available on x86 systems.
Next: keystatus, Previous: initrd16, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Insert the dynamic GRUB module called module.
Next:.
Next: linux16, Previous: keystatus, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a Linux kernel image from file. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the kernel command-line. Any initrd must be reloaded after using this command (see initrd).
On x86 systems, the kernel will be booted using the 32-bit boot protocol.
Note that this means that the ‘vga=’ boot option will not work; if you
want to set a special video mode, you will need to use GRUB commands such as
‘set gfxpayload=1024x768’ or ‘set gfxpayload=keep’ (to keep the
same mode as used in GRUB) instead. GRUB can automatically detect some uses
of ‘vga=’ and translate them to appropriate settings of
‘gfxpayload’. The
linux16 command (see linux16) avoids
this restriction.
Next: list_env, Previous: linux, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a Linux kernel image from file in 16-bit mode. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the kernel command-line. Any initrd must be reloaded after using this command (see initrd16).
The kernel will be booted using the traditional 16-bit boot protocol. As well as bypassing problems with ‘vga=’ described in linux, this permits booting some other programs that implement the Linux boot protocol for the sake of convenience.
This command is only available on x86 systems.
Next: list_trusted, Previous: linux16, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
List all variables in the environment block file. See Environment block.
The --file option overrides the default location of the environment block.
Next: load_env, Previous: list_env, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
List all public keys trusted by GRUB for validating signatures.
The output is in GPG’s v4 key fingerprint format (i.e., the output of
gpg --fingerprint). The least significant four bytes (last
eight hexadecimal digits) can be used as an argument to
distrust (see distrust).
See Using digital signatures, for more information about uses for
these keys.
Next: loadfont, Previous: list_trusted, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load all variables from the environment block file into the environment. See Environment block.
The --file option overrides the default location of the environment block.
The --skip-sig option skips signature checking even when the
value of environment variable
check_signatures is set to
enforce (see check_signatures).
If one or more variable names are provided as arguments, they are interpreted as a whitelist of variables to load from the environment block file. Variables set in the file but not present in the whitelist are ignored.
The --skip-sig option should be used with care, and should
always be used in concert with a whitelist of acceptable variables
whose values should be set. Failure to employ a carefully constructed
whitelist could result in reading a malicious value into critical
environment variables from the file, such as setting
check_signatures=no, modifying
prefix to boot from an
unexpected location or not at all, etc.
When used with care, --skip-sig and the whitelist enable an administrator to configure a system to boot only signed configurations, but to allow the user to select from among multiple configurations, and to enable “one-shot” boot attempts and “savedefault” behavior. See Using digital signatures, for more information.
Next: loopback, Previous: load_env, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load specified font files. Unless absolute pathname is given, file is assumed to be in directory ‘$prefix/fonts’ with suffix ‘.pf2’ appended. See Fonts.
Next: ls, Previous: loadfont, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Make the device named device correspond to the contents of the filesystem image in file. For example:
loopback loop0 /path/to/image ls (loop0)/
With the -d option, delete a device previously created using this command.
Next: lsfonts, Previous: loopback, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
List devices or files.
With no arguments, print all devices known to GRUB.
If the argument is a device name enclosed in parentheses (see Device syntax), then print the name of the filesystem of that device.
If the argument is a directory given as an absolute file name (see File name syntax), then list the contents of that directory.
Next: lsmod, Previous: ls, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
List loaded fonts.
Next: md5sum, Previous: lsfonts, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Show list of loaded modules.
Next: module, Previous: lsmod, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Alias for
hashsum --hash md5 arg …. See command
hashsum
(see hashsum) for full description.
Next: multiboot, Previous: md5sum, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a module for multiboot kernel image. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the module command line.
Next: nativedisk, Previous: module, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a multiboot kernel image from file. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the kernel command-line. Any module must be reloaded after using this command (see module).
Some kernels have known problems. You need to specify –quirk-* for those. –quirk-bad-kludge is a problem seen in several products that they include loading kludge information with invalid data in ELF file. GRUB prior to 0.97 and some custom builds prefered ELF information while 0.97 and GRUB 2 use kludge. Use this option to ignore kludge. Known affected systems: old Solaris, SkyOS.
–quirk-modules-after-kernel is needed for kernels which load at relatively high address e.g. 16MiB mark and can’t cope with modules stuffed between 1MiB mark and beginning of the kernel. Known afftected systems: VMWare.
Next: normal, Previous: multiboot, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Switch from firmware disk drivers to native ones. Really useful only on platforms where both firmware and native disk drives are available. Currently i386-pc, i386-efi, i386-ieee1275 and x86_64-efi.
Next: normal_exit, Previous: nativedisk, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Enter normal mode and display the GRUB menu.
In normal mode, commands, filesystem modules, and cryptography modules are
automatically loaded, and the full GRUB script parser is available. Other
modules may be explicitly loaded using
insmod (see insmod).
If a file is given, then commands will be read from that file. Otherwise, they will be read from $prefix/grub.cfg if it exists.
normal may be called from within normal mode, creating a nested
environment. It is more usual to use
configfile
(see configfile) for this.
Next: parttool, Previous: normal, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Exit normal mode (see normal). If this instance of normal mode was not nested within another one, then return to rescue mode.
Next: password, Previous: normal_exit, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Make various modifications to partition table entries.
Each command is either a boolean option, in which case it must be followed with ‘+’ or ‘-’ (with no intervening space) to enable or disable that option, or else it takes a value in the form ‘command=value’.
Currently,
parttool is only useful on DOS partition tables (also
known as Master Boot Record, or MBR). On these partition tables, the
following commands are available:
When enabled, this makes the selected partition be the active (bootable) partition on its disk, clearing the active flag on all other partitions. This command is limited to primary partitions.
Change the type of an existing partition. The value must be a number in the range 0-0xFF (prefix with ‘0x’ to enter it in hexadecimal).
When enabled, this hides the selected partition by setting the hidden bit in its partition type code; when disabled, unhides the selected partition by clearing this bit. This is useful only when booting DOS or Wwindows and multiple primary FAT partitions exist in one disk. See also DOS/Windows.
Next: password_pbkdf2, Previous: parttool, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Define a user named user with password clear-password. See Security.
Next: play, Previous: password, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Define a user named user with password hash hashed-password.
Use
grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (see Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2)
to generate password hashes. See Security.
Next: probe, Previous: password_pbkdf2, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Plays a tune
If the argument is a file name (see File name syntax), play the tune recorded in it. The file format is first the tempo as an unsigned 32bit little-endian number, then pairs of unsigned 16bit little-endian numbers for pitch and duration pairs.
If the arguments are a series of numbers, play the inline tune.
The tempo is the base for all note durations. 60 gives a 1-second base, 120 gives a half-second base, etc. Pitches are Hz. Set pitch to 0 to produce a rest.
Next: pxe_unload, Previous: play, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Retrieve device information. If option --set is given, assign result to variable var, otherwise print information on the screen.
Next: read, Previous: probe, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Unload the PXE environment (see Network).
This command is only available on PC BIOS systems.
Next: reboot, Previous: pxe_unload, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Read a line of input from the user. If an environment variable var is given, set that environment variable to the line of input that was read, with no terminating newline.
Next: regexp, Previous: read, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Reboot the computer.
Next: rmmod, Previous: reboot, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Test if regular expression regexp matches string. Supported regular expressions are POSIX.2 Extended Regular Expressions. If option --set is given, store numberth matched subexpression in variable var. Subexpressions are numbered in order of their opening parentheses starting from ‘1’. number defaults to ‘1’.
Next: save_env, Previous: regexp, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Remove a loaded module.
Next: search, Previous: rmmod, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Save the named variables from the environment to the environment block file. See Environment block.
The --file option overrides the default location of the environment block.
This command will operate successfully even when environment variable
check_signatures is set to
enforce
(see check_signatures), since it writes to disk and does not alter
the behavior of GRUB based on any contents of disk that have been
read. It is possible to modify a digitally signed environment block
file from within GRUB using this command, such that its signature will
no longer be valid on subsequent boots. Care should be taken in such
advanced configurations to avoid rendering the system
unbootable. See Using digital signatures, for more information.
Next: sendkey, Previous: save_env, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Search devices by file (-f, --file), filesystem label (-l, --label), or filesystem UUID (-u, --fs-uuid).
If the --set option is used, the first device found is set as the value of environment variable var. The default variable is ‘root’.
The --no-floppy option prevents searching floppy devices, which can be slow.
The ‘search.file’, ‘search.fs_label’, and ‘search.fs_uuid’ commands are aliases for ‘search --file’, ‘search --label’, and ‘search --fs-uuid’ respectively.
Next:: sha1sum, Previous: sendkey, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Set the environment variable envvar to value. If invoked with no arguments, print all environment variables with their values.
Next: sha256sum, Previous: set, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Alias for
hashsum --hash sha1 arg …. See command
hashsum
(see hashsum) for full description.
Next: sha512sum, Previous: sha1sum, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Alias for
hashsum --hash sha256 arg …. See command
hashsum
(see hashsum) for full description.
Next: sleep, Previous: sha256sum, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Alias for
hashsum --hash sha512 arg …. See command
hashsum
(see hashsum) for full description.
Next: source, Previous: sha512sum, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Sleep for count seconds. If option --interruptible is given, allow ESC to interrupt sleep. With --verbose show countdown of remaining seconds. Exit code is set to 0 if timeout expired and to 1 if timeout was interrupted by ESC.
Next: test, Previous: sleep, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Read file as a configuration file, as if its contents had been
incorporated directly into the sourcing file. Unlike
configfile
(see configfile), this executes the contents of file without
changing context: any environment variable changes made by the commands in
file will be preserved after
source returns, and the menu
will not be shown immediately.
Next: true, Previous: source, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Evaluate expression and return zero exit status if result is true, non zero status otherwise.
expression is one of:
==string2
the strings are equal
!=string2
the strings are not equal
<string2
string1 is lexicographically less than string2
<=string2
string1 is lexicographically less or equal than string2
>string2
string1 is lexicographically greater than string2
>=string2
string1 is lexicographically greater or equal than string2
-eqinteger2
integer1 is equal to integer2
-geinteger2
integer1 is greater than or equal to integer2
-gtinteger2
integer1 is greater than integer2
-leinteger2
integer1 is less than or equal to integer2
-ltinteger2
integer1 is less than integer2
-neinteger2
integer1 is not equal to integer2
-pgtprefixinteger2
integer1 is greater than integer2 after stripping off common non-numeric prefix.
-pltprefixinteger2
integer1 is less than integer2 after stripping off common non-numeric prefix.
-ntfile2
file1 is newer than file2 (modification time). Optionally numeric bias may be directly appended to
-nt in which case it is added to the first file modification time.
-otfile2
file1 is older than file2 (modification time). Optionally numeric bias may be directly appended to
-ot in which case it is added to the first file modification time.
-dfile
file exists and is a directory
-efile
file exists
-ffile
file exists and is not a directory
-sfile
file exists and has a size greater than zero
-nstring
the length of string is nonzero
string is equivalent to
-n string
-zstring
the length of string is zero
(expression
)
expression is true
!expression
expression is false
-aexpression2
both expression1 and expression2 are true
both expression1 and expression2 are true. This syntax is not POSIX-compliant and is not recommended.
-oexpression2
either expression1 or expression2 is true
Next: trust, Previous: test, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Do nothing, successfully. This is mainly useful in control constructs such
as
if and
while (see Shell-like scripting).
Next: unset, Previous: true, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Read public key from pubkey_file and add it to GRUB’s internal
list of trusted public keys. These keys are used to validate digital
signatures when environment variable
check_signatures is set to
enforce. Note that if
check_signatures is set to
enforce when
trust executes, then pubkey_file
must itself be properly signed. The --skip-sig option can be
used to disable signature-checking when reading pubkey_file
itself. It is expected that --skip-sig is useful for testing
and manual booting. See Using digital signatures, for more
information.
Next: uppermem, Previous: trust, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Unset the environment variable envvar.
Next: verify_detached, Previous: unset, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
This command is not yet implemented for GRUB 2, although it is planned.
Next: videoinfo, Previous: uppermem, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Verifies a GPG-style detached signature, where the signed file is
file, and the signature itself is in file signature_file.
Optionally, a specific public key to use can be specified using
pubkey_file. When environment variable
check_signatures
is set to
enforce, then pubkey_file must itself be
properly signed by an already-trusted key. An unsigned
pubkey_file can be loaded by specifying --skip-sig.
If pubkey_file is omitted, then public keys from GRUB’s trusted keys
(see list_trusted, see trust, and see distrust) are
tried.
Exit code
$? is set to 0 if the signature validates
successfully. If validation fails, it is set to a non-zero value.
See Using digital signatures, for more information.
Next: xen_hypervisor, Previous: verify_detached, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
List available video modes. If resolution is given, show only matching modes.
Next: xen_linux, Previous: videoinfo, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a Xen hypervisor binary from file. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the kernel command-line. Any other binaries must be reloaded after using this command.
Next: xen_initrd, Previous: xen_hypervisor, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a dom0 kernel image for xen hypervisor at the booting process of xen. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the module command line.
Next: xen_xsm, Previous: xen_linux, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a initrd image for dom0 kernel at the booting process of xen.
Previous: xen_initrd, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a xen security module for xen hypervisor at the booting process of xen. See for more detail.
Previous: Command-line and menu entry commands, Up: Commands [Contents][Index]
Next: net_add_dns, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Configure additional network interface with address on a network card. address can be either IP in dotted decimal notation, or symbolic name which is resolved using DNS lookup. If successful, this command also adds local link routing entry to the default subnet of address with name interface‘:local’ via interface.
Next: net_add_route, Previous: net_add_addr, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Resolve server IP address and add to the list of DNS servers used during name lookup.
Next: net_bootp, Previous: net_add_dns, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Add route to network with address ip as modified by prefix via either local interface or gateway. prefix is optional and defaults to 32 for IPv4 address and 128 for IPv6 address. Route is identified by shortname which can be used to remove it (see net_del_route).
Next: net_del_addr, Previous: net_add_route, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Perform configuration of card using DHCP protocol. If no card name is specified, try to configure all existing cards. If configuration was successful, interface with name card‘:dhcp’ and configured address is added to card. Additionally the following DHCP options are recognized and processed:
Used to calculate network local routing entry for interface card‘:dhcp’.
Adds default route entry with the name card‘:dhcp:default’ via gateway from DHCP option. Note that only option with single route is accepted.
Adds all servers from option value to the list of servers used during name resolution.
Sets environment variable ‘net_’<card>‘_dhcp_hostname’ (see net_<interface>_hostname) to the value of option.
Sets environment variable ‘net_’<card>‘_dhcp_domain’ (see net_<interface>_domain) to the value of option.
Sets environment variable ‘net_’<card>‘_dhcp_rootpath’ (see net_<interface>_rootpath) to the value of option.
Sets environment variable ‘net_’<card>‘_dhcp_extensionspath’ (see net_<interface>_extensionspath) to the value of option.
Next: net_del_dns, Previous: net_bootp, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Remove configured interface with associated address.
Next: net_del_route, Previous: net_del_addr, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Remove address from list of servers used during name lookup.
Next: net_get_dhcp_option, Previous: net_del_dns, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Remove route entry identified by shortname.
Next: net_ipv6_autoconf, Previous: net_del_route, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Request DHCP option number of type via interface. type can be one of ‘string’, ‘number’ or ‘hex’. If option is found, assign its value to variable var. Values of types ‘number’ and ‘hex’ are converted to string representation.
Next: net_ls_addr, Previous: net_get_dhcp_option, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Perform IPv6 autoconfiguration by adding to the card interface with name card‘:link’ and link local MAC-based address. If no card is specified, perform autoconfiguration for all existing cards.
Next: net_ls_cards, Previous: net_ipv6_autoconf, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
List all configured interfaces with their MAC and IP addresses.
Next: net_ls_dns, Previous: net_ls_addr, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
List all detected network cards with their MAC address.
Next: net_ls_routes, Previous: net_ls_cards, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
List addresses of DNS servers used during name lookup.
Next: net_nslookup, Previous: net_ls_dns, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
List routing entries.
Previous: net_ls_routes, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Resolve address of name using DNS server server. If no server is given, use default list of servers.
GRUB uses UTF-8 internally other than in rendering where some GRUB-specific appropriate representation is used. All text files (including config) are assumed to be encoded in UTF-8.
NTFS, JFS, UDF, HFS+, exFAT, long filenames in FAT, Joliet part of ISO9660 are treated as UTF-16 as per specification. AFS and BFS are read as UTF-8, again according to specification. BtrFS, cpio, tar, squash4, minix, minix2, minix3, ROMFS, ReiserFS, XFS, ext2, ext3, ext4, FAT (short names), RockRidge part of ISO9660, nilfs2, UFS1, UFS2 and ZFS are assumed to be UTF-8. This might be false on systems configured with legacy charset but as long as the charset used is superset of ASCII you should be able to access ASCII-named files. And it’s recommended to configure your system to use UTF-8 to access the filesystem, convmv may help with migration. ISO9660 (plain) filenames are specified as being ASCII or being described with unspecified escape sequences. GRUB assumes that the ISO9660 names are UTF-8 (since any ASCII is valid UTF-8). There are some old CD-ROMs which use CP437 in non-compliant way. You’re still able to access files with names containing only ASCII characters on such filesystems though. You’re also able to access any file if the filesystem contains valid Joliet (UTF-16) or RockRidge (UTF-8). AFFS, SFS and HFS never use unicode and GRUB assumes them to be in Latin1, Latin1 and MacRoman respectively. GRUB handles filesystem case-insensitivity however no attempt is performed at case conversion of international characters so e.g. a file named lowercase greek alpha is treated as different from the one named as uppercase alpha. The filesystems in questions are NTFS (except POSIX namespace), HFS+ (configurable at mkfs time, default insensitive), SFS (configurable at mkfs time, default insensitive), JFS (configurable at mkfs time, default sensitive), HFS, AFFS, FAT, exFAT and ZFS (configurable on per-subvolume basis by property “casesensitivity”, default sensitive). On ZFS subvolumes marked as case insensitive files containing lowercase international characters are inaccessible. Also like all supported filesystems except HFS+ and ZFS (configurable on per-subvolume basis by property “normalization”, default none) GRUB makes no attempt at check of canonical equivalence so a file name u-diaresis is treated as distinct from u+combining diaresis. This however means that in order to access file on HFS+ its name must be specified in normalisation form D. On normalized ZFS subvolumes filenames out of normalisation are inaccessible.
Firmware output console “console” on ARC and IEEE1275 are limited to ASCII.
BIOS firmware console and VGA text are limited to ASCII and some pseudographics.
None of above mentioned is appropriate for displaying international and any unsupported character is replaced with question mark except pseudographics which we attempt to approximate with ASCII.
EFI console on the other hand nominally supports UTF-16 but actual language coverage depends on firmware and may be very limited.
The encoding used on serial can be chosen with
terminfo as
either ASCII, UTF-8 or “visual UTF-8”. Last one is against the specification
but results in correct rendering of right-to-left on some readers which don’t
have own bidi implementation.
On emu GRUB checks if charset is UTF-8 and uses it if so and uses ASCII otherwise.
When using gfxterm or gfxmenu GRUB itself is responsible for rendering the text. In this case GRUB is limited by loaded fonts. If fonts contain all required characters then bidirectional text, cursive variants and combining marks other than enclosing, half (e.g. left half tilde or combining overline) and double ones. Ligatures aren’t supported though. This should cover European, Middle Eastern (if you don’t mind lack of lam-alif ligature in Arabic) and East Asian scripts. Notable unsupported scripts are Brahmic family and derived as well as Mongolian, Tifinagh, Korean Jamo (precomposed characters have no problem) and tonal writing (2e5-2e9). GRUB also ignores deprecated (as specified in Unicode) characters (e.g. tags). GRUB also doesn’t handle so called “annotation characters” If you can complete either of two lists or, better, propose a patch to improve rendering, please contact developer team.
Firmware console on BIOS, IEEE1275 and ARC doesn’t allow you to enter non-ASCII characters. EFI specification allows for such but author is unaware of any actual implementations. Serial input is currently limited for latin1 (unlikely to change). Own keyboard implementations (at_keyboard and usb_keyboard) supports any key but work on one-char-per-keystroke. So no dead keys or advanced input method. Also there is no keymap change hotkey. In practice it makes difficult to enter any text using non-Latin alphabet. Moreover all current input consumers are limited to ASCII.
GRUB supports being translated. For this you need to have language *.mo files in $prefix/locale, load gettext module and set “lang” variable.
Regexps work on unicode characters, however no attempt at checking cannonical equivalence has been made. Moreover the classes like [:alpha:] match only ASCII subset.
Currently GRUB always uses YEAR-MONTH-DAY HOUR:MINUTE:SECOND [WEEKDAY] 24-hour
datetime format but weekdays are translated.
GRUB always uses the decimal number format with [0-9] as digits and . as
descimal separator and no group separator.
IEEE1275 aliases are matched case-insensitively except non-ASCII which is
matched as binary. Similar behaviour is for matching OSBundleRequired.
Since IEEE1275 aliases and OSBundleRequired don’t contain any non-ASCII it
should never be a problem in practice.
Case-sensitive identifiers are matched as raw strings, no canonical
equivalence check is performed. Case-insenstive identifiers are matched
as RAW but additionally [a-z] is equivalent to [A-Z]. GRUB-defined
identifiers use only ASCII and so should user-defined ones.
Identifiers containing non-ASCII may work but aren’t supported.
Only the ASCII space characters (space U+0020, tab U+000b, CR U+000d and
LF U+000a) are recognised. Other unicode space characters aren’t a valid
field separator.
test (see test) tests <, >, <=, >=, -pgt and -plt compare the strings in the
lexicographical order of unicode codepoints, replicating the behaviour of
test from coreutils.
environment variables and commands are listed in the same order.
Next: Platform limitations, Previous: Internationalisation, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
Next: Using digital signatures, Up: Security [Contents][Index]
By default, the boot loader interface is accessible to anyone with physical access to the console: anyone can select and edit any menu entry, and anyone can get direct access to a GRUB shell prompt. For most systems, this is reasonable since anyone with direct physical access has a variety of other ways to gain full access, and requiring authentication at the boot loader level would only serve to make it difficult to recover broken systems.
However, in some environments, such as kiosks, it may be appropriate to lock down the boot loader to require authentication before performing certain operations.
The ‘password’ (see password) and ‘password_pbkdf2’
(see password_pbkdf2) commands can be used to define users, each of
which has an associated password. ‘password’ sets the password in
plain text, requiring grub.cfg to be secure; ‘password_pbkdf2’
sets the password hashed using the Password-Based Key Derivation Function
(RFC 2898), requiring the use of
grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
(see Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2) to generate password hashes.
In order to enable authentication support, the ‘superusers’ environment variable must be set to a list of usernames, separated by any of spaces, commas, semicolons, pipes, or ampersands. Superusers are permitted to use the GRUB command line, edit menu entries, and execute any menu entry. If ‘superusers’ is set, then use of the command line and editing of menu entries are automatically restricted to superusers. Setting ‘superusers’ to empty string effectively disables both access to CLI and editing of menu entries.
Other users may be allowed to execute specific menu entries by giving a list of usernames (as above) using the --users option to the ‘menuentry’ command (see menuentry). If the --unrestricted option is used for a menu entry, then that entry is unrestricted. If the --users option is not used for a menu entry, then that only superusers are able to use it.
Putting this together, a typical grub.cfg fragment might look like this:
set superusers="root" password_pbkdf2 root grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.biglongstring password user1 insecure menuentry "May be run by any user" --unrestricted { set root=(hd0,1) linux /vmlinuz } menuentry "Superusers only" --users "" { set root=(hd0,1) linux /vmlinuz single } menuentry "May be run by user1 or a superuser" --users user1 { set root=(hd0,2) chainloader +1 }
The
grub-mkconfig program does not yet have built-in support for
generating configuration files with authentication. You can use
/etc/grub.d/40_custom to add simple superuser authentication, by
adding set superusers= and password or password_pbkdf2
commands.
Previous: Authentication and authorisation, Up: Security [Contents][Index]
GRUB’s core.img can optionally provide enforcement that all files subsequently read from disk are covered by a valid digital signature. This document does not cover how to ensure that your platform’s firmware (e.g., Coreboot) validates core.img.
If environment variable
check_signatures
(see check_signatures) is set to
enforce, then every
attempt by the GRUB core.img to load another file foo
implicitly invokes
verify_detached foo foo.sig
(see verify_detached).
foo.sig must contain a valid
digital signature over the contents of
foo, which can be
verified with a public key currently trusted by GRUB
(see list_trusted, see trust, and see distrust). If
validation fails, then file foo cannot be opened. This failure
may halt or otherwise impact the boot process.
GRUB uses GPG-style detached signatures (meaning that a file foo.sig will be produced when file foo is signed), and currently supports the DSA and RSA signing algorithms. A signing key can be generated as follows:
gpg --gen-key
An individual file can be signed as follows:
gpg --detach-sign /path/to/file
For successful validation of all of GRUB’s subcomponents and the
loaded OS kernel, they must all be signed. One way to accomplish this
is the following (after having already produced the desired
grub.cfg file, e.g., by running
grub-mkconfig
(see Invoking grub-mkconfig):
# Edit /dev/shm/passphrase.txt to contain your signing key's passphrase for i in `find /boot -name "*.cfg" -or -name "*.lst" -or \ -name "*.mod" -or -name "vmlinuz*" -or -name "initrd*" -or \ -name "grubenv"`; do gpg --batch --detach-sign --passphrase-fd 0 $i < \ /dev/shm/passphrase.txt done shred /dev/shm/passphrase.txt
See also: check_signatures, verify_detached, trust, list_trusted, distrust, load_env, save_env.
Note that internally signature enforcement is controlled by setting
the environment variable
check_signatures equal to
enforce. Passing one or more
--pubkey options to
grub-mkimage implicitly defines
check_signatures
equal to
enforce in core.img prior to processing any
configuration files.
Note that signature checking does not prevent an attacker with (serial, physical, ...) console access from dropping manually to the GRUB console and executing:
set check_signatures=no
To prevent this, password-protection (see Authentication and authorisation) is essential. Note that even with GRUB password protection, GRUB itself cannot prevent someone with physical access to the machine from altering that machine’s firmware (e.g., Coreboot or BIOS) configuration to cause the machine to boot from a different (attacker-controlled) device. GRUB is at best only one link in a secure boot chain.
Next:: Supported kernels, Previous: Platform limitations, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
Some platforms have features which allows to implement some commands useless or not implementable on others.
Quick summary:
Information retrieval:
Workarounds for platform-specific issues:
Advanced operations for power users:
Miscelaneous:
Next:: Invoking grub-install, Previous: Supported kernels, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
Up:.
Next: Invoking grub-mkconfig, Previous: Troubleshooting, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The program
grub-install generates a GRUB core image using
grub-mkimage and installs it on your system. You must specify the
device name on which you want to install GRUB, like this:
grub-install install_device
The device name install_device is an OS device name or a GRUB device name.
grub-install accepts the following options:
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
Install GRUB images under the directory dir/grub/ This option is useful when you want to install GRUB into a separate partition or a removable disk. If this option is not specified then it defaults to /boot, so
grub-install /dev/sda
is equivalent to
grub-install --boot-directory=/boot/ /dev/sda
Here is an example in which you have a separate boot partition which is mounted on /mnt/boot:
grub-install --boot-directory=/mnt/boot /dev/sdb
Recheck the device map, even if /boot/grub/device.map already exists. You should use this option whenever you add/remove a disk into/from your computer.
By default on x86 BIOS systems,
grub-install will use some
extra space in the bootloader embedding area for Reed-Solomon
error-correcting codes. This enables GRUB to still boot successfully
if some blocks are corrupted. The exact amount of protection offered
is dependent on available space in the embedding area. R sectors of
redundancy can tolerate up to R/2 corrupted sectors. This
redundancy may be cumbersome if attempting to cryptographically
validate the contents of the bootloader embedding area, or in more
modern systems with GPT-style partition tables (see BIOS installation) where GRUB does not reside in any unpartitioned space
outside of the MBR. Disable the Reed-Solomon codes with this option.
Next: Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2, Previous: Invoking grub-install, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The program
grub-mkconfig generates a configuration file for GRUB
(see Simple configuration).
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
grub-mkconfig accepts the following options:
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
Send the generated configuration file to file. The default is to send it to standard output.
Next: Invoking grub-mkrelpath, Previous: Invoking grub-mkconfig, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The program
grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 generates password hashes for
GRUB (see Security).
grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 accepts the following options:
Number of iterations of the underlying pseudo-random function. Defaults to 10000.
Length of the generated hash. Defaults to 64.
Length of the salt. Defaults to 64.
Next: Invoking grub-mkrescue, Previous: Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The program
grub-mkrelpath makes a file system path relative to
the root of its containing file system. For instance, if /usr is a
mount point, then:
$ grub-mkrelpath /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ‘/share/grub/unicode.pf2’
This is mainly used internally by other GRUB utilities such as
grub-mkconfig (see Invoking grub-mkconfig), but may
occasionally also be useful for debugging.
grub-mkrelpath accepts the following options:
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
Next: Invoking grub-mount, Previous: Invoking grub-mkrelpath,.
Next: Invoking grub-probe, Previous: Invoking grub-mkrescue, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The program
grub-mount performs a read-only mount of any file
system or file system image that GRUB understands, using GRUB’s file system
drivers via FUSE. (It is only available if FUSE development files were
present when GRUB was built.) This has a number of uses:
Using
grub-mount is normally as simple as:
grub-mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
grub-mount must be given one or more images and a mount point as
non-option arguments (if it is given more than one image, it will treat them
as a RAID set), and also accepts the following options:
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
Mount encrypted devices, prompting for a passphrase if necessary.
Show debugging output for conditions matching string.
Load a ZFS encryption key. If you use ‘prompt’ as the argument,
grub-mount will read a passphrase from the terminal; otherwise, it
will read key material from the specified file.
Set the GRUB root device to device. You do not normally need to set
this;
grub-mount will automatically set the root device to the
root of the supplied file system.
If device is just a number, then it will be treated as a partition number within the supplied image. This means that, if you have an image of an entire disk in disk.img, then you can use this command to mount its second partition:
grub-mount -r 2 disk.img mount-point
Print verbose messages.
Next: Invoking grub-script-check, Previous: Invoking grub-mount,-probe, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The program
grub-script-check takes a GRUB script file
(see Shell-like scripting) and checks it for syntax errors, similar to
commands such as
sh -n. It may take a path as a non-option
argument; if none is supplied, it will read from standard input.
grub-script-check /boot/grub/grub.cfg
grub-script-check accepts the following options:
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
Print each line of input after reading it.
Next: Reporting bugs, Previous: Invoking grub-script-check, Up: Top [Contents][Index] 2.02, so the file you should grab is:
To unbundle GRUB use the instruction:
zcat grub-2.02.tar.gz | tar xvf -
which will create a directory called grub-2.02 with all the sources. You can look at the file INSTALL for detailed instructions on how to build and install GRUB, but you should be able to just do:
cd grub-2.02 ./configure make install
Also, the latest version is available using Git. See for more information.
Next: Future, Previous: Obtaining and Building GRUB, Up: Top [Contents][Index].
Next: Copying This Manual, Previous: Reporting bugs, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
GRUB 2 is now quite stable and used in many production systems. We are currently working towards a 2.0 release.
If you are interested in the development of GRUB 2, take a look at the homepage.
Up: Copying This Manual ]
chain-load is the mechanism for loading unsupported operating systems by loading another boot loader. It is typically used for loading DOS or Windows.
The NetBSD/i386 kernel is Multiboot-compliant, but lacks support for Multiboot modules.
Only CRC32 data integrity check is supported (xz default is CRC64 so one should use –check=crc32 option). LZMA BCJ filters are supported.
There are a few pathological cases where loading a very badly organized ELF kernel might take longer, but in practice this never happen.
The LInux LOader, a boot loader that everybody uses, but nobody likes.
El Torito is a specification for bootable CD using BIOS functions.
Currently a backslash-newline pair within a variable name is not handled properly, so use this feature with some care.
However, this behavior will be changed in the future version, in a user-invisible way.
|
http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/grub.html
|
CC-MAIN-2018-26
|
en
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refinedweb
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data.
A commonly used error-detecting code is CRC-32 (cyclic redundancy check), which computes a 32-bit integer checksum for input of any size.
HDFS transparently checksums all data written to it and by
default verifies checksums when reading data. A separate checksum is
created for every
io.bytes.per.checksum
bytes of data. The default is 512 bytes, and because a CRC-32 checksum
is 4 bytes long, the storage overhead is less than 1%.
Datanodes are responsible for verifying the data they receive
before storing the data and its checksum. This applies to data that they
receive from clients and from other datanodes during replication. A
client writing data sends it to a pipeline of datanodes (as explained in
Chapter 3), and the last datanode in the pipeline verifies
the checksum. If it detects an error, the client receives a
ChecksumException, a
subclass of
IOException, which it
should handle in an application-specific manner; for example, by
retrying the operation.
When clients read data from datanodes, they verify checksums as well, comparing them with the ones stored at the datanode. Each datanode keeps a persistent log of checksum verifications, so it knows the last time each of its blocks was verified. When a client successfully verifies a block, it tells the datanode, which updates its log. Keeping statistics such as these is valuable in detecting bad disks.
Aside from block verification on client reads, each datanode runs
a
DataBlockScanner in a
background thread that periodically verifies all the blocks stored on
the datanode. This is to guard against corruption due to “bit rot” in
the physical storage media. See Datanode block scanner for
details on how to access the scanner reports.
Because HDFS stores replicas of blocks, it can “heal” corrupted
blocks by copying one of the good replicas to produce a new, uncorrupt
replica. The way this works is that if a client detects an error when
reading a block, it reports the bad block and the datanode it was trying
to read from to the namenode before throwing a
ChecksumException. The
namenode marks the block replica as corrupt so it doesn’t direct clients
to it or try to copy this replica to another datanode. It then schedules
a copy of the block to be replicated on another datanode, so its
replication factor is back at the expected level. Once this has
happened, the corrupt replica is deleted.
It is possible to disable verification of checksums by passing
false to the
setVerifyChecksum()
method on
FileSystem before using the
open() method to read a
file. The same effect is possible from the shell by using the
-ignoreCrc option with
the
-get or the equivalent
-copyToLocal command.
This feature is useful if you have a corrupt file that you want to
inspect so you can decide what to do with it. For example, you might
want to see whether it can be salvaged before you delete a
ChecksumException.
Checksums are fairly cheap to compute (in Java, they are
implemented in native code), typically adding a few percent overhead to
the time to read or write a file.For
most applications, this is an acceptable price to pay for data
integrity. It is, however, possible to disable checksums, typically when
the underlying filesystem supports checksums natively. This is
accomplished by using
RawLocalFileSystem in
place of
LocalFile
System.
To do this globally in an application, it suffices to remap the
implementation for
file URIs by
setting the property
fs.file.impl to
the value
org.
apache.
hadoop.fs.RawLocalFileSystem.
Alternatively, you can directly create a
RawLocalFileSystem
instance, which may be useful if you want to disable checksum
verification for only some reads, for example:
Configuration conf = ... FileSystem fs = new RawLocalFileSystem(); fs.initialize(null, conf);
LocalFileSystem uses
ChecksumFileSystem to
do its work, and this class makes it easy to add checksumming to other
(nonchecksummed) filesystems, as
ChecksumFile
System
is just a wrapper around
FileSystem.
The general idiom is as follows:
FileSystem rawFs = ... FileSystem checksummedFs = new ChecksumFileSystem(rawFs);
The underlying filesystem is called the raw
filesystem, and may be retrieved using the
getRawFileSystem()
method on
ChecksumFileSystem.
ChecksumFileSystem has
a few more useful methods for working with checksums, such as
getChecksumFile() for
getting the path of a checksum file for any file. Check the
documentation for the others.
If an error is detected by
ChecksumFileSystem when
reading a file, it will call its
reportChecksumFailure() method. The
default implementation does nothing, but
LocalFileSystem moves
the offending file and its checksum to a side directory on the same
device called bad_files.
Administrators should periodically check for these bad files and take
action on them..
There are many different compression formats, tools and algorithms, each with different characteristics. Table 4-1 lists some of the more common ones that can be used with Hadoop.
All compression algorithms exhibit a space/time trade-off: faster
compression and decompression speeds usually come at the expense of
smaller space savings. The tools listed in Table 4-1 typically give some control over this
trade-off at compression time by offering nine different options:
–1 means optimize for speed, and
-9 means optimize for space. For example, the
following command creates a compressed file file.gz using the fastest compression
method:
gzip -1 file
The different tools have very different compression characteristics. Gzip is a general-purpose compressor and sits in the middle of the space/time trade-off. Bzip2 compresses more effectively than gzip, but is slower. Bzip2’s decompression speed is faster than its compression speed, but it is still slower than the other formats. LZO, LZ4. and Snappy, on the other hand, all optimize for speed and are around an order of magnitude faster than gzip, but compress less effectively. Snappy and LZ4 are also significantly faster than LZO for decompression.[34]
The “Splittable” column in Table 4-1 indicates whether the compression format supports splitting, that is, whether you can seek to any point in the stream and start reading from some point further on. Splittable compression formats are especially suitable for MapReduce; see Compression and Input Splits for further discussion.
A codec is the implementation of a
compression-decompression algorithm. In Hadoop, a codec is represented
by an implementation of the
CompressionCodec
interface. So, for example,
GzipCodec encapsulates
the compression and decompression algorithm for gzip. Table 4-2 lists the codecs that are available for
Hadoop.
The LZO libraries are GPL-licensed and may not be included in
Apache distributions, so for this reason the Hadoop codecs must be
downloaded separately from (or, which
includes bug fixes and more tools). The
LzopCodec is compatible
with the
lzop tool, which is
essentially the LZO format with extra headers, and is the one you
normally want. There is also a
LzoCodec for the pure
LZO format, which uses the .lzo_deflate filename extension (by analogy
with DEFLATE, which is gzip without the headers).
CompressionCodec has
two methods that allow you to easily compress or decompress data. To
compress data being written to an output stream, use the
createOutputStream(OutputStream out) method
to create a
CompressionOutputStream to which you write
your uncompressed data to have it written in compressed form to the
underlying stream. Conversely, to decompress data being read from an
input stream, call
createInputStream(InputStream in) to
obtain a
CompressionInputStream, which allows you to
read uncompressed data from the underlying stream.
CompressionOutputStream and
CompressionInputStream are similar to
java.util.
zip.DeflaterOutputStream and
java.util.zip.DeflaterInputStream,
except that both of the former provide the ability to reset their
underlying compressor or decompressor, which is important for
applications that compress sections of the data stream as separate
blocks, such as
SequenceFile,
described in SequenceFile.
Example 4-1 illustrates how to use the API to compress data read from standard input and write it to standard output.
Example 4-1. A program to compress data read from standard input and write it to standard output
public class StreamCompressor { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { String codecClassname = args[0]; Class<?> codecClass = Class.forName(codecClassname); Configuration conf = new Configuration(); CompressionCodec codec = (CompressionCodec) ReflectionUtils.newInstance(codecClass, conf); CompressionOutputStream out = codec.createOutputStream(System.out); IOUtils.copyBytes(System.in, out, 4096, false); out.finish(); } }
The application expects the fully qualified name of the
CompressionCodec
implementation as the first command-line argument. We use
ReflectionUtils to
construct a new instance of the codec, then obtain a compression
wrapper around
System.out. Then we
call the utility method
copyBytes() on
IOUtils to copy the
input to the output, which is compressed by the
CompressionOutputStream. Finally, we call
finish() on
CompressionOutputStream, which tells
the compressor to finish writing to the compressed stream, but doesn’t
close the stream. We can try it out with the following command line,
which compresses the string “Text” using the
StreamCompressor
program with the
GzipCodec, then
decompresses it from standard input using gunzip:
%
echo "Text" | hadoop StreamCompressor org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.GzipCodec \
| gunzip -Text
If you are reading a compressed file, normally you can
infer which codec to use by looking at its filename extension. A file
ending in .gz can be read with
GzipCodec, and so on.
The extension for each compression format is listed in Table 4-1.
CompressionCodecFactory provides a way of
mapping a filename extension to a
CompressionCodec using its
getCodec() method,
which takes a
Path object for the
file in question. Example 4-2 shows an
application that uses this feature to decompress files.
Example 4-2. A program to decompress a compressed file using a codec inferred from the file’s extension
public class FileDecompressor { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { String uri = args[0]; Configuration conf = new Configuration(); FileSystem fs = FileSystem.get(URI.create(uri), conf); Path inputPath = new Path(uri); CompressionCodecFactory factory = new CompressionCodecFactory(conf); CompressionCodec codec = factory.getCodec(inputPath); if (codec == null) { System.err.println("No codec found for " + uri); System.exit(1); } String outputUri = CompressionCodecFactory.removeSuffix(uri, codec.getDefaultExtension()); InputStream in = null; OutputStream out = null; try { in = codec.createInputStream(fs.open(inputPath)); out = fs.create(new Path(outputUri)); IOUtils.copyBytes(in, out, conf); } finally { IOUtils.closeStream(in); IOUtils.closeStream(out); } } }
Once the codec has been found, it is used to strip off the file
suffix to form the output filename (via the
removeSuffix() static
method of
CompressionCodecFactory).
In this way, a file named file.gz
is decompressed to file by
invoking the program as follows:
%
hadoop FileDecompressor file.gz
CompressionCodecFactory finds codecs from a
list defined by the
io.compression.
codecs configuration
property. By default, this lists all the codecs provided by Hadoop
(see Table 4-3), so you would need
to alter it only if you have a custom codec that you wish to register
(such as the externally hosted LZO codecs). Each codec knows its
default filename extension, thus permitting
CompressionCodecFactory to search through
the registered codecs to find a match for a given extension (if
any).
For performance, it is preferable to use a native library for compression and decompression. For example, in one test, using the native gzip libraries reduced decompression times by up to 50% and compression times by around 10% (compared to the built-in Java implementation). Table 4-4 shows the availability of Java and native implementations for each compression format. Not all formats have native implementations (bzip2, for example), whereas others are available only as a native implementation (LZO, for example).
Hadoop comes with prebuilt native compression libraries for 32- and 64-bit Linux, which you can find in the lib/native directory. For other platforms, you will need to compile the libraries yourself, following the instructions on the Hadoop wiki at.
The native libraries are picked up using the Java system
property
java.library.path.
The hadoop script in the
bin directory sets this property
for you, but if you don’t use this script, you will need to set the
property in your application.
By default, Hadoop looks for native libraries for the platform
it is running on, and loads them automatically if they are found. This
means you don’t have to change any configuration settings to use the
native libraries. In some circumstances, however, you may wish to
disable use of native libraries, such as when you are debugging a
compression-related problem. You can achieve this by setting the
property
hadoop.native.lib to
false, which ensures that the
built-in Java equivalents will be used (if they are available).
If you are using a native library and you are doing a
lot of compression or decompression in your application, consider
using
CodecPool, which
allows you to reuse compressors and decompressors, thereby
amortizing the cost of creating these objects.
The code in Example 4-3 shows
the API, although in this program, which creates only a single
Compressor, there is really no
need to use a pool.
Example 4-3. A program to compress data read from standard input and write it to standard output using a pooled compressor
public class PooledStreamCompressor { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { String codecClassname = args[0]; Class<?> codecClass = Class.forName(codecClassname); Configuration conf = new Configuration(); CompressionCodec codec = (CompressionCodec) ReflectionUtils.newInstance(codecClass, conf); Compressor compressor = null; try { compressor = CodecPool.getCompressor(codec); CompressionOutputStream out = codec.createOutputStream(System.out, compressor); IOUtils.copyBytes(System.in, out, 4096, false); out.finish(); } finally { CodecPool.returnCompressor(compressor); } } }
We retrieve a
Compressor
instance from the pool for a given
CompressionCodec,
which we use in the codec’s overloaded
createOutputStream() method.
By using a
finally block, we
ensure that the compressor is returned to the pool even if there is
an
IOException while copying the bytes
between the streams.
When considering how to compress data that will be processed by MapReduce, it is important to understand whether the compression format supports splitting. Consider an uncompressed file stored in HDFS whose size is 1 GB. With an HDFS block size of 64 MB, the file will be stored as 16 blocks, and a MapReduce job using this file as input will create 16 input splits, each processed independently as input to a separate map task.
Imagine now that the file is a gzip-compressed file whose compressed size is 1 GB. As before, HDFS will store the file as 16 blocks. However, creating a split for each block won’t work, because it is impossible to start reading at an arbitrary point in the gzip stream and therefore impossible for a map task to read its split independently of the others. The gzip format uses DEFLATE to store the compressed data, and DEFLATE stores data as a series of compressed blocks. The problem is that the start of each block is not distinguished in any way that would allow a reader positioned at an arbitrary point in the stream to advance to the beginning of the next block, thereby synchronizing itself with the stream. For this reason, gzip does not support splitting.
In this case, MapReduce will do the right thing and not try to split the gzipped file, since it knows that the input is gzip-compressed (by looking at the filename extension) and that gzip does not support splitting. This will work, but at the expense of locality: a single map will process the 16 HDFS blocks, most of which will not be local to the map. Also, with fewer maps, the job is less granular and so may take longer to run.
If the file in our hypothetical example were an LZO file, we would have the same problem because the underlying compression format does not provide a way for a reader to synchronize itself with the stream. However, it is possible to preprocess LZO files using an indexer tool that comes with the Hadoop LZO libraries, which you can obtain from the sites listed in Codecs. The tool builds an index of split points, effectively making them splittable when the appropriate MapReduce input format is used.
A bzip2 file, on the other hand, does provide a synchronization marker between blocks (a 48-bit approximation of pi), so it does support splitting. (Table 4-1 lists whether each compression format supports splitting.)
As described in Inferring CompressionCodecs using CompressionCodecFactory, if your input files are compressed, they will be decompressed automatically as they are read by MapReduce, using the filename extension to determine which codec to use.
To compress the output of a MapReduce job, in the job
configuration, set the
mapred.output.compress
property to
true and the
mapred.output.compression.codec property to
the classname of the compression codec you want to use. Alternatively,
you can use the static convenience methods on
FileOutputFormat to set
these properties as shown in Example 4-4.
Example 4-4. Application to run the maximum temperature job producing compressed output
public class MaxTemperatureWithCompression { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { if (args.length != 2) { System.err.println("Usage: MaxTemperatureWithCompression <input path> " + "<output path>"); System.exit(-1); } Job job = new Job(); job.setJarByClass(MaxTemperature.class); FileInputFormat.addInputPath(job, new Path(args[0])); FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job, new Path(args[1])); job.setOutputKeyClass(Text.class); job.setOutputValueClass(IntWritable.class); FileOutputFormat.setCompressOutput(job, true); FileOutputFormat.setOutputCompressorClass(job, GzipCodec.class); job.setMapperClass(MaxTemperatureMapper.class); job.setCombinerClass(MaxTemperatureReducer.class); job.setReducerClass(MaxTemperatureReducer.class); System.exit(job.waitForCompletion(true) ? 0 : 1); } }
We run the program over compressed input (which doesn’t have to use the same compression format as the output, although it does in this example) as follows:
%
hadoop MaxTemperatureWithCompression input/ncdc/sample.txt.gz output
Each part of the final output is compressed; in this case, there is a single part:
%
gunzip -c output/part-r-00000.gz1949 111 1950 22
If you are emitting sequence files for your output, you can set
the
mapred.output.compression.type
property to control the type of compression to use. The default is
RECORD, which compresses individual
records. Changing this to
BLOCK,
which compresses groups of
records, is recommended because it compresses better (see The SequenceFile format).
There is also a static convenience method on
SequenceFileOutputFormat called
setOutputCompressionType() to set this
property.
The configuration properties to set compression for MapReduce job
outputs are summarized in Table 4-5. If your MapReduce driver
uses the
Tool interface (described in
GenericOptionsParser, Tool, and ToolRunner), you can pass
any of these properties to the program on the command line, which may be
more convenient than modifying your program to hardcode the compression
properties.
Even if your MapReduce application reads and writes uncompressed data, it may benefit from compressing the intermediate output of the map phase. Since the map output is written to disk and transferred across the network to the reducer nodes, by using a fast compressor such as LZO, LZ4, or Snappy, you can get performance gains simply because the volume of data to transfer is reduced. The configuration properties to enable compression for map outputs and to set the compression format are shown in Table 4-6.
Here are the lines to add to enable gzip map output compression in your job (using the new API):
Configuration conf = new Configuration(); conf.setBoolean("mapred.compress.map.output", true); conf.setClass("mapred.map.output.compression.codec", GzipCodec.class, CompressionCodec.class); Job job = new Job(conf);
In the old API, there are convenience methods on the
JobConf object for
doing the same thing:
conf.setCompressMapOutput(true); conf.setMapOutputCompressorClass(GzipCodec.class);
Serialization is the process of turning structured objects into a byte stream for transmission over a network or for writing to persistent storage. Deserialization is the reverse process of turning a byte stream back into a series of structured objects.
Serialization appears in two quite distinct areas of distributed data processing: for interprocess communication and for persistent storage.
In Hadoop, interprocess communication between nodes in the system is implemented using remote procedure calls (RPCs). The RPC protocol uses serialization to render the message into a binary stream to be sent to the remote node, which then deserializes the binary stream into the original message. In general, it is desirable that an RPC serialization format is:
A compact format makes the best use of network bandwidth, which is the most scarce resource in a data center.
Interprocess communication forms the backbone for a distributed system, so it is essential that there is as little performance overhead as possible for the serialization and deserialization process.
Protocols change over time to meet new requirements, so it should be straightforward to evolve the protocol in a controlled manner for clients and servers. For example, it should be possible to add a new argument to a method call and have the new servers accept messages in the old format (without the new argument) from old clients.
For some systems, it is desirable to be able to support clients that are written in different languages to the server, so the format needs to be designed to make this possible.
On the face of it, the data format chosen for persistent storage would have different requirements from a serialization framework. After all, the lifespan of an RPC is less than a second, whereas persistent data may be read years after it was written. As it turns out, the four desirable properties of an RPC’s serialization format are also crucial for a persistent storage format. We want the storage format to be compact (to make efficient use of storage space), fast (so the overhead in reading or writing terabytes of data is minimal), extensible (so we can transparently read data written in an older format), and interoperable (so we can read or write persistent data using different languages).
Hadoop uses its own serialization format, Writables, which is certainly compact and fast, but not so easy to extend or use from languages other than Java. Because Writables are central to Hadoop (most MapReduce programs use them for their key and value types), we look at them in some depth in the next three sections, before looking at serialization frameworks in general and then Avro (a serialization system that was designed to overcome some of the limitations of Writables) in more detail.
The Writable interface defines two methods: one for
writing its state to a
DataOutput binary
stream and one for reading its state from a
DataInput binary
stream.
package org.apache.hadoop.io; import java.io.DataOutput; import java.io.DataInput; import java.io.IOException; public interface Writable { void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException; void readFields(DataInput in) throws IOException; }
Let’s look at a particular
Writable to see what we can do with it. We
will use
IntWritable, a wrapper for a Java
int. We can create one and set its
value using the
set() method:
IntWritable writable = new IntWritable(); writable.set(163);
Equivalently, we can use the constructor that takes the integer value:
IntWritable writable = new IntWritable(163);
To examine the serialized form of the
IntWritable, we write a
small helper method that wraps a
java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream in a
java.io.DataOutputStream (an implementation of
java.io.DataOutput) to capture the
bytes in the serialized stream:(); }
An integer is written using four bytes (as we see using JUnit 4 assertions):
byte[] bytes = serialize(writable); assertThat(bytes.length, is(4));
The bytes are written in big-endian order (so the most significant
byte is written to the stream first, which is dictated by the
java.io.DataOutput
interface), and we can see their hexadecimal representation by using a
method on Hadoop’s
StringUtils:
assertThat(StringUtils.byteToHexString(bytes), is("000000a3"));
Let’s try deserialization. Again, we create a helper method to
read a
Writable object from a
byte array:
public static byte[] deserialize(Writable writable, byte[] bytes) throws IOException { ByteArrayInputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes); DataInputStream dataIn = new DataInputStream(in); writable.readFields(dataIn); dataIn.close(); return bytes; }
We construct a new, value-less
IntWritable, and then
call
deserialize() to read
from the output data that we just wrote. Then we check that its value,
retrieved using the
get() method, is the
original value, 163:
IntWritable newWritable = new IntWritable(); deserialize(newWritable, bytes); assertThat(newWritable.get(), is(163));
IntWritable
implements the
WritableComparable
interface, which is just a subinterface of the
Writable and
java.lang.Comparable
interfaces:
package org.apache.hadoop.io; public interface WritableComparable<T> extends Writable, Comparable<T> { }
Comparison of types is crucial for MapReduce, where there is a
sorting phase during which keys are compared with one another. One
optimization that Hadoop provides is the
RawComparator
extension of Java’s
Comparator:
package org.apache.hadoop.io; import java.util.Comparator; public interface RawComparator<T> extends Comparator<T> { public int compare(byte[] b1, int s1, int l1, byte[] b2, int s2, int l2); }
This interface permits implementors to compare records read from
a stream without deserializing them into objects, thereby avoiding any
overhead of object creation. For example, the comparator for
IntWritables implements the raw
compare() method by
reading an integer from each of the byte arrays
b1 and
b2
and comparing them directly from the given start positions (
s1 and
s2) and lengths (
l1 and
l2).
WritableComparator is
a general-purpose implementation of
RawComparator for
WritableComparable classes. It provides
two main functions. First, it provides a default implementation of the
raw
compare() method that
deserializes the objects to be compared from the stream and invokes
the object
compare() method.
Second, it acts as a factory for
RawComparator
instances (that
Writable
implementations have registered). For example, to obtain a comparator
for
IntWritable, we just
use:
RawComparator<IntWritable> comparator = WritableComparator.get(IntWritable.class);
The comparator can be used to compare two
IntWritable
objects:
IntWritable w1 = new IntWritable(163); IntWritable w2 = new IntWritable(67); assertThat(comparator.compare(w1, w2), greaterThan(0));
or their serialized representations:
byte[] b1 = serialize(w1); byte[] b2 = serialize(w2); assertThat(comparator.compare(b1, 0, b1.length, b2, 0, b2.length), greaterThan(0));
Hadoop comes with a large selection of
Writable classes in the
org.apache.hadoop.io
package. They form the class hierarchy shown in Figure 4-1.
There are
Writable
wrappers for all the Java primitive types (see Table 4-7) except
char (which can be
stored in an
IntWritable). All have
a
get() and
set() method for
retrieving and storing the wrapped value.
When it comes to encoding integers, there is a choice
between the fixed-length formats (
IntWritable and
LongWritable) and the
variable-length formats (
VIntWritable and
VLongWritable). The variable-length
formats use only a single byte to encode the value if it is small
enough (between –112 and 127, inclusive); otherwise, they use the
first byte to indicate whether the value is positive or negative, and
how many bytes follow. For example, 163 requires two bytes:
byte[] data = serialize(new VIntWritable(163)); assertThat(StringUtils.byteToHexString(data), is("8fa3"));
How do you choose between a fixed-length and a variable-length
encoding? Fixed-length encodings are good when the distribution of
values is fairly uniform across the whole value space, such as a
(well-designed) hash function. Most numeric variables tend to have
nonuniform distributions, and on average the variable-length encoding
will save space. Another advantage of variable-length encodings is
that you can switch from
VIntWritable to
VLongWritable,
because their encodings are actually the same. So by choosing a
variable-length representation, you have room to grow without
committing to an 8-byte
long
representation from the beginning.
Text is a
Writable for UTF-8 sequences. It can be
thought of as the
Writable
equivalent of
java.lang.String.
Text is a replacement for the
UTF8 class, which was deprecated
because it didn’t support strings whose encoding was over 32,767 bytes
and because it used Java’s modified UTF-8.
The
Text class uses an
int (with a variable-length
encoding) to store the number of bytes in the string encoding, so the
maximum value is 2 GB. Furthermore,
Text uses standard UTF-8, which makes it
potentially easier to interoperate with other tools that understand
UTF-8.
Because of its emphasis on using standard UTF-8, there
are some differences between
Text
and the Java
String class.
Indexing for the
Text class is in
terms of position in the encoded byte sequence, not the Unicode
character in the string or the Java
char code unit (as
it is for
String). For ASCII
strings, these three concepts of index position coincide. Here is an
example to demonstrate the use of the
charAt()
method:
Text t = new Text("hadoop"); assertThat(t.getLength(), is(6)); assertThat(t.getBytes().length, is(6)); assertThat(t.charAt(2), is((int) 'd')); assertThat("Out of bounds", t.charAt(100), is(-1));
Notice that
charAt() returns an
int representing a Unicode code
point, unlike the
String variant
that returns a
char.
Text also has a
find() method,
which is analogous to
String’s
indexOf():
Text t = new Text("hadoop"); assertThat("Find a substring", t.find("do"), is(2)); assertThat("Finds first 'o'", t.find("o"), is(3)); assertThat("Finds 'o' from position 4 or later", t.find("o", 4), is(4)); assertThat("No match", t.find("pig"), is(-1));
When we start using characters that are encoded with
more than a single byte, the differences between
Text and
String become clear. Consider the Unicode
characters shown in Table 4-8.[35]
All but the last character in the table, U+10400, can be
expressed using a single Java
char. U+10400 is a
supplementary character and is represented by two Java
chars, known as a surrogate pair. The
tests in Example 4-5 show the
differences between
String and
Text when processing a string of
the four characters from Table 4-8.
Example 4-5. Tests showing the differences between the String and Text classes
public class StringTextComparisonTest { @Test public void string() throws UnsupportedEncodingException { String s = "\u0041\u00DF\u6771\uD801\uDC00"; assertThat(s.length(), is(5)); assertThat(s.getBytes("UTF-8").length, is(10)); assertThat(s.indexOf("\u0041"), is(0)); assertThat(s.indexOf("\u00DF"), is(1)); assertThat(s.indexOf("\u6771"), is(2)); assertThat(s.indexOf("\uD801\uDC00"), is(3)); assertThat(s.charAt(0), is('\u0041')); assertThat(s.charAt(1), is('\u00DF')); assertThat(s.charAt(2), is('\u6771')); assertThat(s.charAt(3), is('\uD801')); assertThat(s.charAt(4), is('\uDC00')); assertThat(s.codePointAt(0), is(0x0041)); assertThat(s.codePointAt(1), is(0x00DF)); assertThat(s.codePointAt(2), is(0x6771)); assertThat(s.codePointAt(3), is(0x10400)); } @Test public void text() { Text t = new Text("\u0041\u00DF\u6771\uD801\uDC00"); assertThat(t.getLength(), is(10)); assertThat(t.find("\u0041"), is(0)); assertThat(t.find("\u00DF"), is(1)); assertThat(t.find("\u6771"), is(3)); assertThat(t.find("\uD801\uDC00"), is(6)); assertThat(t.charAt(0), is(0x0041)); assertThat(t.charAt(1), is(0x00DF)); assertThat(t.charAt(3), is(0x6771)); assertThat(t.charAt(6), is(0x10400)); } }
The test confirms that the length of a
String is the number of
char code units it
contains (5, made up of one from each of the first three characters
in the string and a surrogate pair from the last), whereas the
length of a
Text object is the
number of bytes in its UTF-8 encoding (10 = 1+2+3+4). Similarly, the
indexOf() method in
String returns an index in
char code units,
and
find() for
Text is a byte offset.
The
charAt() method in
String returns the
char code unit for
the given index, which in the case of a surrogate pair will not
represent a whole Unicode character. The
codePointAt()
method, indexed by
char code unit, is
needed to retrieve a single Unicode character represented as an
int. In fact, the
charAt() method in
Text is more like the
codePointAt()
method than its namesake in
String. The only difference is that it is
indexed by byte offset.
Iterating over the Unicode characters in
Text is complicated by the use of byte
offsets for indexing, since you can’t just increment the index. The
idiom for iteration is a little obscure (see Example 4-6): turn the
Text object into a
java.nio.ByteBuffer, then
repeatedly call the
bytesToCodePoint()
static method on
Text with the
buffer. This method extracts the next code point as an
int and updates the position in the
buffer. The end of the string is detected when
bytesToCodePoint()
returns –1.
Example 4-6. Iterating over the characters in a Text object
public class TextIterator { public static void main(String[] args) { Text t = new Text("\u0041\u00DF\u6771\uD801\uDC00"); ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(t.getBytes(), 0, t.getLength()); int cp; while (buf.hasRemaining() && (cp = Text.bytesToCodePoint(buf)) != -1) { System.out.println(Integer.toHexString(cp)); } } }
Running the program prints the code points for the four characters in the string:
%
hadoop TextIterator41 df 6771 10400
Another difference with
String is that
Text is mutable (like all
Writable
implementations in Hadoop, except
NullWritable, which
is a singleton). You can reuse a
Text instance by calling one of the
set() methods on
it. For example:
Text t = new Text("hadoop"); t.set("pig"); assertThat(t.getLength(), is(3)); assertThat(t.getBytes().length, is(3));
In some situations, the byte array returned by the
getBytes() method
may be longer than the length returned by
getLength():
Text t = new Text("hadoop"); t.set(new Text("pig")); assertThat(t.getLength(), is(3)); assertThat("Byte length not shortened", t.getBytes().length, is(6));
This shows why it is imperative that you always call
getLength() when
calling
getBytes(), so
you know how much of the byte array is valid data.
BytesWritable is a
wrapper for an array of binary data. Its serialized format is an
integer field (4 bytes) that specifies the number of bytes to follow,
followed by the bytes themselves. For example, the byte array of
length two with values 3 and 5 is serialized as a 4-byte integer
(
00000002) followed by the two
bytes from the array (
03 and
05):
BytesWritable b = new BytesWritable(new byte[] { 3, 5 }); byte[] bytes = serialize(b); assertThat(StringUtils.byteToHexString(bytes), is("000000020305"));
BytesWritable is
mutable, and its value may be changed by calling its
set() method. As with
Text, the size of the byte array
returned from the
getBytes() method for
BytesWritable—the capacity—may not
reflect the actual size of the data stored in the
BytesWritable. You
can determine the size of the
BytesWritable by
calling
getLength(). To
demonstrate:
b.setCapacity(11); assertThat(b.getLength(), is(2)); assertThat(b.getBytes().length, is(11));
NullWritable is a
special type of
Writable, as it has
a zero-length serialization. No bytes are written to or read from the
stream. It is used as a placeholder; for example, in MapReduce, a key
or a value can be declared as a
NullWritable when you
don’t need to use that position, effectively storing a constant empty
value.
NullWritable can also
be useful as a key in
SequenceFile
when you want to store a list of values, as opposed to key-value
pairs. It is an immutable singleton, and the instance can be retrieved
by calling
NullWritable.get().
ObjectWritable is a
general-purpose wrapper for the following: Java primitives,
String,
enum,
Writable,
null, or arrays of any of these types. It is
used in Hadoop RPC to marshal and unmarshal method arguments and
return types.
ObjectWritable is
useful when a field can be of more than one type. For example, if the
values in a
SequenceFile have
multiple types, you can declare the value type as an
ObjectWritable and
wrap each type in an
ObjectWritable. Being
a general-purpose mechanism, it wasted a fair amount of space because
it writes the classname of the wrapped type every time it is
serialized. In cases where the number of types is small and known
ahead of time, this can be improved by having a static array of types
and using the index into the array as the serialized reference to the
type. This is the approach that
GenericWritable
takes, and you have to subclass it to specify which types to
support.
There are six
Writable collection types in the
org.apache.hadoop.io
package:
ArrayWritable,
ArrayPrimitiveWritable,
TwoDArrayWritable,
MapWritable,
SortedMap
Writable, and
EnumSetWritable.
ArrayWritable and
TwoDArrayWritable are
Writable implementations for arrays
and two-dimensional arrays (array of arrays) of
Writable instances. All the elements of an
ArrayWritable or a
TwoD
ArrayWritable must be instances of the
same class, which is specified at construction as follows:
ArrayWritable writable = new ArrayWritable(Text.class);
In contexts where the
Writable is defined by type, such as in
SequenceFile keys or values or as
input to MapReduce in general, you need to subclass
ArrayWritable (or
TwoDArrayWritable, as
appropriate) to set the type statically. For example:
public class TextArrayWritable extends ArrayWritable { public TextArrayWritable() { super(Text.class); } }
ArrayWritable and
TwoDArrayWritable
both have
get() and
set() methods, as
well as a
toArray() method,
which creates a shallow copy of the array (or 2D array).
ArrayPrimitiveWritable is a wrapper for
arrays of Java primitives. The component type is detected when you
call
set(), so there is no
need to subclass to set the type.
MapWritable and
SortedMapWritable are
implementations of
java.util.Map<Writable,
Writable> and
java.util.SortedMap<WritableComparable,
Writable>, respectively. The type of each key and value
field is a part of the serialization format for that field. The type
is stored as a single byte that acts as an index into an array of
types. The array is populated with the standard types in the
org.apache.hadoop.io
package, but custom
Writable types are
accommodated, too, by writing a header that encodes the type array for
nonstandard types. As they are implemented,
MapWritable and
SortedMapWritable use
positive
byte values for custom
types, so a maximum of 127 distinct nonstandard
Writable classes can be used in any
particular
MapWritable or
SortedMapWritable
instance. Here’s a demonstration of using a
MapWritable with
different types for keys and values:
MapWritable src = new MapWritable(); src.put(new IntWritable(1), new Text("cat")); src.put(new VIntWritable(2), new LongWritable(163)); MapWritable dest = new MapWritable(); WritableUtils.cloneInto(dest, src); assertThat((Text) dest.get(new IntWritable(1)), is(new Text("cat"))); assertThat((LongWritable) dest.get(new VIntWritable(2)), is(new LongWritable(163)));
Conspicuous by their absence are
Writable collection implementations for sets
and lists. A general set can be emulated by using a
MapWritable (or a
SortedMapWritable for
a sorted set) with
NullWritable values.
There is also
EnumSetWritable for
sets of enum types. For lists of a single type of
Writable,
ArrayWritable is
adequate, but to store different types of
Writable in a single list, you can use
GenericWritable to wrap the elements in
an
ArrayWritable.
Alternatively, you could write a general
ListWritable using
the ideas from
MapWritable.
Hadoop comes with a useful set of
Writable implementations that serve most
purposes; however, on occasion, you may need to write your own custom
implementation. With a custom
Writable, you have full control over the
binary representation and the sort order. Because
Writables are at the
heart of the MapReduce data path, tuning the binary representation can
have a significant effect on performance. The stock
Writable implementations that come with Hadoop are
well-tuned, but for more elaborate structures, it is often better to
create a new
Writable type rather
than compose the stock types.
To demonstrate how to create a custom
Writable, we shall write an implementation
that represents a pair of strings, called
TextPair. The basic
implementation is shown in Example 4-7.
Example 4-7. A Writable implementation that stores a pair of Text objects
import java.io.*; import org.apache.hadoop.io.*; public class TextPair implements WritableComparable<TextPair> {; } @Override public void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException { first.write(out); second.write(out); } @Override public void readFields(DataInput in) throws IOException { first.readFields(in); second.readFields(in); } @Override public int hashCode() { return first.hashCode() * 163 + second.hashCode(); } @Override public boolean equals(Object o) { if (o instanceof TextPair) { TextPair tp = (TextPair) o; return first.equals(tp.first) && second.equals(tp.second); } return false; } @Override public String toString() { return first + "\t" + second; } @Override public int compareTo(TextPair tp) { int cmp = first.compareTo(tp.first); if (cmp != 0) { return cmp; } return second.compareTo(tp.second); } }
The first part of the implementation is straightforward: there are
two
Text instance variables,
first and
second, and associated constructors, getters,
and setters. All
Writable implementations must have a
default constructor so that the MapReduce framework can instantiate
them, then populate their fields by calling
readFields(). Writable instances
are mutable and often reused, so you should take care to avoid
allocating objects in the
write() or
readFields() methods.
TextPair’s
write() method serializes each
Text object in turn to
the output stream by delegating to the
Text objects themselves. Similarly,
readFields() deserializes the
bytes from the input stream by delegating to each
Text object. The
DataOutput and
DataInput interfaces have a rich set of methods
for serializing and deserializing Java primitives, so, in general, you
have complete control over the wire format of your
Writable object.
Just as you would for any value object you write in Java, you
should override the
hashCode(),
equals(), and
toString() methods from
java.lang.Object. The
hashCode() method is used by the
HashPartitioner (the
default partitioner in MapReduce) to choose a reduce partition, so you
should make sure that you write a good hash function that mixes well to
ensure reduce partitions are of a similar size.
If you ever plan to use your custom
Writable with
TextOutputFormat,
then you must implement its
toString() method.
TextOutputFormat
calls
toString() on keys and values
for their output representation. For
TextPair, we write
the underlying
Text objects as
strings separated by a tab character.
TextPair is an
implementation of
WritableComparable, so
it provides an implementation of the
compareTo() method that imposes
the ordering you would expect: it sorts by the first string followed by
the second. Notice that
TextPair differs from
TextArrayWritable from
the previous section (apart from the number of
Text objects it can store), since
TextArrayWritable is
only a
Writable, not a
WritableComparable.
The code for
TextPair in Example 4-7 will work as it stands; however, there is a
further optimization we can make. As explained in WritableComparable and comparators, when
TextPair is being
used as a key in MapReduce, it will have to be deserialized into an
object for the
compareTo() method to be
invoked. What if it were possible to compare two
TextPair objects just by looking at their
serialized representations?
It turns out that we can do this because
TextPair is the
concatenation of two
Text objects,
and the binary representation of a
Text object is a
variable-length integer containing the number of bytes in the UTF-8
representation of the string, followed by the UTF-8 bytes themselves.
The trick is to read the initial length so we know how long the first
Text object’s byte representation
is; then we can delegate to
Text’s
RawComparator and
invoke it with the appropriate offsets for the first or second string.
Example 4-8 gives the details (note that
this code is nested in the
TextPair
class).
Example 4-8. A RawComparator for comparing TextPair byte representations
public static class Comparator extends WritableComparator { private static final Text.Comparator TEXT_COMPARATOR = new Text.Comparator(); public Compar); int cmp = TEXT_COMPARATOR.compare(b1, s1, firstL1, b2, s2, firstL2); if (cmp != 0) { return cmp; } return TEXT_COMPARATOR.compare(b1, s1 + firstL1, l1 - firstL1, b2, s2 + firstL2, l2 - firstL2); } catch (IOException e) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(e); } } } static { WritableComparator.define(TextPair.class, new Comparator()); }
We actually subclass
WritableComparator
rather than implement
RawComparator
directly, since it provides some convenience methods and default
implementations. The subtle part of this code is calculating
firstL1 and
firstL2, the lengths of the first
Text field in each byte stream. Each is made
up of the length of the variable-length integer (returned by
decodeVIntSize() on
WritableUtils) and the value it is encoding
(returned by
readVInt()).
The static block registers the raw comparator so that whenever
MapReduce sees the
TextPair class, it
knows to use the raw comparator as its default comparator.
As we can see with
TextPair, writing raw
comparators takes some care because you have to deal with details at
the byte level. It is worth looking at some of the implementations of
Writable in the
org.apache.hadoop.io
package for further ideas if you need to write your own. The utility
methods on
WritableUtils are
very handy, too.
Custom comparators should also be written to be
RawComparators, if possible. These are
comparators that implement a different sort order from the natural
sort order defined by the default comparator. Example 4-9 shows a comparator for
TextPair, called
FirstComparator, that
considers only the first string of the pair. Note that we override the
compare() method that takes
objects so both
compare() methods have the same
semantics.
We will make use of this comparator in Chapter 8, when we look at joins and secondary sorting in MapReduce (see Joins).
Example 4-9. A custom RawComparator for comparing the first field of TextPair byte representations
public static class FirstComparator extends WritableComparator { private static final Text.Comparator TEXT_COMPARATOR = new Text.Comparator(); public FirstCompar); return TEXT_COMPARATOR.compare(b1, s1, firstL1, b2, s2, firstL2); } catch (IOException e) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(e); } } @Override public int compare(WritableComparable a, WritableComparable b) { if (a instanceof TextPair && b instanceof TextPair) { return ((TextPair) a).first.compareTo(((TextPair) b).first); } return super.compare(a, b); } }
Although most MapReduce programs use
Writable key and value types, this isn’t
mandated by the MapReduce API. In fact, any type can be used; the only
requirement is a mechanism that translates to and from a binary
representation of each type.
To support this, Hadoop has an API for pluggable serialization
frameworks. A serialization framework is represented by an
implementation of
Serialization (in
the
org.apache.hadoop.io.serializer package).
WritableSerialization,
for example, is the implementation of
Serialization for
Writable types.
A
Serialization defines a
mapping from types to
Serializer
instances (for turning an object into a byte stream) and
Deserializer instances (for turning a byte
stream into an object).
Set the
io.serializations
property to a comma-separated list of classnames to register
Serialization implementations. Its default
value includes
org.apache.hadoop.io.serializer.WritableSerialization
and the Avro-specific and reflect serializations, which means that only
Writable or Avro
objects can be serialized or deserialized out of the box.
Hadoop includes a class called
JavaSerialization that
uses Java Object Serialization. Although it makes it convenient to be
able to use standard Java types such as
Integer or
String in
MapReduce programs, Java Object Serialization is not as efficient as
Writables, so it’s not worth making this trade-off (see the sidebar
Why Not Use Java Object Serialization?).
There are a number of other serialization frameworks that approach the problem in a different way: rather than defining types through code, you define them in a language-neutral, declarative fashion, using an interface description language (IDL). The system can then generate types for different languages, which is good for interoperability. They also typically define versioning schemes that make type evolution straightforward.
Hadoop’s own Record I/O (found in the
org.apache.hadoop.record package) has an IDL
that is compiled into Writable objects, which makes it convenient for
generating types that are compatible with MapReduce. For whatever
reason, however, Record I/O was
not widely used, and has been deprecated in favor of Avro.
Apache Thrift and Google Protocol Buffers are both popular serialization frameworks, and they are commonly used as a format for persistent binary data. There is limited support for these as MapReduce formats;[36] however, they are used internally in parts of Hadoop for RPC and data exchange.
In the next section, we look at Avro, an IDL-based serialization framework designed to work well with large-scale data processing in Hadoop.
Apache Avro[37].[38] Like these systems and others, Avro data is described using a language-independent schema. However, unlike. Furthermore, since Avro was designed with MapReduce in mind, in the future it will be possible to use Avro to bring first-class MapReduce APIs (that is, ones that are richer than Streaming, such as the Java API or C++ Pipes) to languages that speak Avro.
Avro can be used for RPC, too, although this isn’t covered here. More information is in the specification.
Avro defines a small number of primitive data types, which can be used to build application-specific data structures by writing schemas. For interoperability, implementations must support all Avro types.
Avro’s primitive types are listed in Table 4-9. Each primitive type may also be
specified using a more verbose form by using the
type attribute, such as:
{ "type": "null" }
Avro also defines the complex types listed in Table 4-10, along with a representative example of a schema of each type.
Each Avro language API has a representation for each Avro type
that is specific to the language. For example, Avro’s
double type is
represented in C, C++, and Java by a
double, in Python by a
float, and in Ruby by a
Float.
What’s more, there may be more than one representation, or mapping, for a language. All languages support a dynamic mapping, which can be used even when the schema is not known ahead of runtime. Java calls this the generic mapping.
In addition, the Java and C++ implementations can generate code to represent the data for an Avro schema. Code generation, which is called the specific mapping in Java, is an optimization that is useful when you have a copy of the schema before you read or write data. Generated classes also provide a more domain-oriented API for user code than generic ones.
Java has a third mapping, the reflect mapping, which maps Avro types onto preexisting Java types using reflection. It is slower than the generic and specific mappings, and is generally not recommended for new applications.
Java’s type mappings are shown in Table 4-11. As the table shows, the specific
mapping is the same as the generic one unless otherwise noted (and the
reflect one is the same as the specific one unless noted). The specific
mapping differs from the generic one only for
record,
enum, and
fixed, all of which have generated classes
(the name of which is controlled by the
name and optional
namespace
attribute).
Avro
string can be
represented by either Java
String
or the Avro
Utf8 Java type. The
reason to use
Utf8 is efficiency:
because it is mutable, a single
Utf8 instance may be reused for reading or
writing a series of values. Also, Java
String decodes UTF-8 at object
construction time, whereas Avro
Utf8 does it lazily, which can increase
performance in some cases.
Utf8 implements Java’s
java.lang.CharSequence interface, which
allows some interoperability with Java libraries. In other cases it
may be necessary to convert
Utf8
instances to
String objects by
calling its
toString()
method.
From Avro 1.6.0 onward, there is an option to have Avro always
perform the conversion to
String.
There are a couple of ways to achieve this. The
first is to set the
avro.java.string
property in the schema to
String:
{ "type": "string", "avro.java.string": "String" }
Alternatively, for the specific mapping, you can generate
classes that have
String-based
getters and setters. When using the Avro Maven plug-in, this is done
by setting the configuration property
stringType to
String (the example code that
accompanies the book has a demonstration of this).
Finally, note that the Java reflect mapping always uses
String objects, since it is
designed for Java compatibility, not performance.
Avro provides APIs for serialization and deserialization, which are useful when you want to integrate Avro with an existing system, such as a messaging system where the framing format is already defined. In other cases, consider using Avro’s datafile format.
Let’s write a Java program to read and write Avro data to and from streams. We’ll start with a simple Avro schema for representing a pair of strings as a record:
{ "type": "record", "name": "StringPair", "doc": "A pair of strings.", "fields": [ {"name": "left", "type": "string"}, {"name": "right", "type": "string"} ] }
If this schema is saved in a file on the classpath called
StringPair.avsc (
.avsc is the conventional extension for an
Avro schema), we can load it using the following two lines of
code:
Schema.Parser parser = new Schema.Parser(); Schema schema = parser.parse(getClass().getResourceAsStream("StringPair.avsc"));
We can create an instance of an Avro record using the generic API as follows:
GenericRecord datum = new GenericData.Record(schema); datum.put("left", "L"); datum.put("right", "R");
Next,();
There are two important objects here: the
DatumWriter and the
Encoder. A
DatumWriter
translates data objects into the types understood by an
Encoder, which the latter writes to
the output stream. Here we are using a
GenericDatumWriter, which passes
the fields of
GenericRecord to the
Encoder. We pass a
null to the encoder factory because we are not
reusing a previously constructed encoder here.
In this example only one object is written to the stream, but we
could call
write() with more
objects before closing the stream if we wanted to.
The
GenericDatumWriter needs to be
passed the schema because it follows the schema to determine which
values from the data objects to write out. After we have called the
writer’s
write() method, we flush the
encoder, then close the output stream.
We can reverse the process and"));
We pass
null to the calls to
binaryDecoder() and
read() because we are not reusing
objects here (the decoder or the record, respectively).
The objects returned by
result.get("left") and
result.get("left") are of type
Utf8, so we convert them into Java
String objects by calling their
toString()
methods.
Let’s look now at the equivalent code using the specific
API. We can generate the
StringPair class from the schema
file by using Avro’s Maven plug-in for compiling schemas. The
following is the relevant part of the Maven Project Object Model
(POM):
<project> ... <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.apache.avro</groupId> <artifactId>avro-maven-plugin</artifactId> <version>${avro.version}</version> <executions> <execution> <id>schemas</id> <phase>generate-sources</phase> <goals> <goal>schema</goal> </goals> <configuration> <includes> <include>StringPair.avsc</include> </includes> <sourceDirectory>src/main/resources</sourceDirectory> <outputDirectory>${project.build.directory}/generated-sources/java </outputDirectory> </configuration> </execution> </executions> </plugin> </plugins> </build> ... </project>
As an alternative to Maven, you can use Avro’s Ant task,
org.apache.avro.specific.SchemaTask, or the
Avro command-line tools[39] to generate Java code for a schema.
In the code for serializing and deserializing, instead of a
GenericRecord we construct a
StringPair instance, which we
write to the stream using a
SpecificDatumWriter and read back
using a
SpecificDatumReader:
StringPair datum = new StringPair(); datum.left = "L"; datum.right = "R"; ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); DatumWriter<StringPair> writer = new SpecificDatumWriter<StringPair>(StringPair.class); Encoder encoder = EncoderFactory.get().binaryEncoder(out, null); writer.write(datum, encoder); encoder.flush(); out.close(); DatumReader<StringPair> reader = new SpecificDatumReader<StringPair>(StringPair.class); Decoder decoder = DecoderFactory.get().binaryDecoder(out.toByteArray(), null); StringPair result = reader.read(null, decoder); assertThat(result.left.toString(), is("L")); assertThat(result.right.toString(), is("R"));
From Avro 1.6.0, the generated Java code has getters and
setters, so you can instead write
datum.setLeft("L") and
result.getLeft().
Avro’s object container file format is for storing sequences of Avro objects. It is very similar in design to Hadoop’s sequence files, which are described in SequenceFile. The main difference is that Avro datafiles are designed to be portable across languages, so, for example, you can write a file in Python and read it in C (we will do exactly this in the next section).
A datafile has a header containing metadata, including the Avro schema and a sync marker, followed by a series of (optionally compressed) blocks containing the serialized Avro objects. Blocks are separated by a sync marker that is unique to the file (the marker for a particular file is found in the header) and that permits rapid resynchronization with a block boundary after seeking to an arbitrary point in the file, such as an HDFS block boundary. Thus, Avro datafiles are splittable, which makes them amenable to efficient MapReduce processing.
Writing Avro objects to a datafile is similar to writing to a
stream. We use a
DatumWriter as
before, but instead of using an
Encoder, we create a
DataFileWriter instance with the
DatumWriter. Then we can create a
new datafile (which, by convention, has a
.avro extension) and append objects to
it:
File file = new File("data.avro"); DatumWriter<GenericRecord> writer = new GenericDatumWriter<GenericRecord>(schema); DataFileWriter<GenericRecord> dataFileWriter = new DataFileWriter<GenericRecord>(writer); dataFileWriter.create(schema, file); dataFileWriter.append(datum); dataFileWriter.close();
The objects that we write to the datafile must conform to the
file’s schema; otherwise, an exception will be thrown when we call
append().
This example demonstrates writing to a local file (
java.io.File in the previous
snippet), but we can write to any
java.io.OutputStream by using the
overloaded
create() method on
DataFileWriter. To write a file to
HDFS, for example, get an
OutputStream by calling
create() on
FileSystem (see Writing Data).
Reading back objects from a datafile is similar to the earlier
case of reading objects from an in-memory stream, with one important
difference: we don’t have to specify a schema, since it is read from the
file metadata. Indeed, we can get the schema from the
DataFileReader instance, using
getSchema(), and verify that it
is the same as the one we used to write the original object:
DatumReader<GenericRecord> reader = new GenericDatumReader<GenericRecord>(); DataFileReader<GenericRecord> dataFileReader = new DataFileReader<GenericRecord>(file, reader); assertThat("Schema is the same", schema, is(dataFileReader.getSchema()));
DataFileReader is a regular Java
iterator, so we can iterate through its data objects by calling its
hasNext() and
next() methods. The following
snippet checks that there is only one record and that it has the
expected field values:
assertThat(dataFileReader.hasNext(), is(true)); GenericRecord result = dataFileReader.next(); assertThat(result.get("left").toString(), is("L")); assertThat(result.get("right").toString(), is("R")); assertThat(dataFileReader.hasNext(), is(false));
Rather than using the usual
next() method, however, it is
preferable to use the overloaded form that takes an instance of the
object to be returned (in this case,
Generic
Record), since it
will reuse the object and save allocation and garbage collection costs
for files containing many objects. The following is idiomatic:
GenericRecord record = null; while (dataFileReader.hasNext()) { record = dataFileReader.next(record); // process record }
If object reuse is not important, you can use this shorter form:
for (GenericRecord record : dataFileReader) { // process record }
For the general case of reading a file on a Hadoop filesystem, use
Avro’s
FsInput to specify the input file using a
Hadoop
Path object.
DataFileReader actually offers
random access to Avro datafiles (via its
seek() and
sync() methods); however, in many
cases, sequential streaming access is sufficient, for which
DataFileStream should be used.
DataFileStream can read from any
Java
InputStream.
To demonstrate Avro’s language interoperability, let’s write a datafile using one language (Python) and read it back with another (C).
The program in Example 4-10 reads
comma-separated strings from standard input and writes them as
StringPair records to
an Avro datafile. Like the Java code for writing a datafile, we create
a
DatumWriter and a
DataFileWriter object. Notice
that we have embedded the Avro schema in the code, although we could
equally well have read it from a file.
Python represents Avro records as dictionaries; each line that
is read from standard in is turned into a
dict object and
appended to the
DataFileWriter.
Example 4-10. A Python program for writing Avro record pairs to a datafile
import os import string import sys from avro import schema from avro import io from avro import datafile if __name__ == '__main__': if len(sys.argv) != 2: sys.exit('Usage: %s <data_file>' % sys.argv[0]) avro_file = sys.argv[1] writer = open(avro_file, 'wb') datum_writer = io.DatumWriter() schema_object = schema.parse("\ { "type": "record", "name": "StringPair", "doc": "A pair of strings.", "fields": [ {"name": "left", "type": "string"}, {"name": "right", "type": "string"} ] }") dfw = datafile.DataFileWriter(writer, datum_writer, schema_object) for line in sys.stdin.readlines(): (left, right) = string.split(line.strip(), ',') dfw.append({'left':left, 'right':right}); dfw.close()
Before we can run the program, we need to install Avro for Python:
%
easy_install avro
To run the program, we specify the name of the file to write output to (pairs.avro) and send input pairs over standard in, marking the end of file by typing Ctrl-D:
%
python avro/src/main/py/write_pairs.py pairs.avro
a,1
c,2
b,3
b,2
^D
Next we’ll turn to the C API and write a program to display the contents of pairs.avro; see Example 4-11.[40]
Example 4-11. A C program for reading Avro record pairs from a datafile
#include <avro.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: dump_pairs <data_file>\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } const char *avrofile = argv[1]; avro_schema_error_t error; avro_file_reader_t filereader; avro_datum_t pair; avro_datum_t left; avro_datum_t right; int rval; char *p; avro_file_reader(avrofile, &filereader); while (1) { rval = avro_file_reader_read(filereader, NULL, &pair); if (rval) break; if (avro_record_get(pair, "left", &left) == 0) { avro_string_get(left, &p); fprintf(stdout, "%s,", p); } if (avro_record_get(pair, "right", &right) == 0) { avro_string_get(right, &p); fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", p); } } avro_file_reader_close(filereader); return 0; }
The core of the program does three things:
Opens a file reader of type
avro_file_reader_t by calling
Avro’s
avro_
file_reader
function[41]
Reads Avro data from the file reader with the
avro_file_reader_read function in a
while loop until there are no pairs left (as determined by the
return value
rval)
Closes the file reader with
avro_file_reader_close
The
avro_file_reader_read
function accepts a schema as its second argument to support the case
where the schema for reading is different from the one used when the
file was written (this is explained in the next section), but we
simply pass in
NULL, which tells
Avro to use the datafile’s schema. The third argument is a pointer to
a
avro_datum_t object,
which is populated with the contents of the next record read from the
file. We unpack the pair structure into its fields by calling
avro_record_get, and then we extract the
value of these fields as strings using
avro_string_get, which we print to the
console.
Running the program using the output of the Python program prints the original input:
%
./dump_pairs pairs.avroa,1 c,2 b,3 b,2
We have successfully exchanged complex data between two Avro implementations.
We can choose to use a different schema for reading the
data back (the reader’s schema) from the one we
used to write it (the writer’s schema). This is a
powerful tool because it enables schema evolution. To illustrate,
consider a new schema for string pairs with an added
description field:
{ "type": "record", "name": "StringPair", "doc": "A pair of strings with an added field.", "fields": [ {"name": "left", "type": "string"}, {"name": "right", "type": "string"}, {"name": "description", "type": "string", "default": "} ] }
We can use this schema to read the data we serialized earlier
because crucially, we have given the
description field a default value (the empty
string),[42] which Avro will use when there is no field defined in the
records it is reading. Had we omitted the
default attribute, we would get an error when
trying to read the old data.
To make the default value
null rather than the empty string, we would
instead define the description field using a union with the
null Avro type:
{"name": "description", "type": ["null", "string"], "default": null}
When the reader’s schema is different from the writer’s, we use
the constructor for
GenericDatumReader that takes two
schema objects, the writer’s and the reader’s, in that order:
DatumReader<GenericRecord> reader = new GenericDatumReader<GenericRecord>(schema, newSchema); Decoder decoder = DecoderFactory.get().binaryDecoder(out.toByteArray(), null); GenericRecord result = reader.read(null, decoder); assertThat(result.get("left").toString(), is("L")); assertThat(result.get("right").toString(), is("R")); assertThat(result.get("description").toString(), is("));
For datafiles, which have the writer’s schema stored in the
metadata, we only need to specify the readers’s schema explicitly, which
we can do by passing
null for the
writer’s schema:
DatumReader<GenericRecord> reader = new GenericDatumReader<GenericRecord>(null, newSchema);
Another common use of a different reader’s schema is to drop
fields in a record, an operation called
projection. This is useful when you have records
with a large number of fields and you want to read only some of them.
For example, this schema can be used to get only the
right field of a
StringPair:
{ "type": "record", "name": "StringPair", "doc": "The right field of a pair of strings.", "fields": [ {"name": "right", "type": "string"} ] }
The rules for schema resolution have a direct bearing on how schemas may evolve from one version to the next, and are spelled out in the Avro specification for all Avro types. A summary of the rules for record evolution from the point of view of readers and writers (or servers and clients) is presented in Table 4-12.
Another useful technique for evolving Avro schemas is the use of
name aliases. Aliases allow you to use
different names in the schema used to read the Avro data than in the
schema originally used to write the data. For example, the following
reader’s schema can be used to read
StringPair data with
the new field names
first and
second instead of
left and
right (which is what it was written
with).
{ "type": "record", "name": "StringPair", "doc": "A pair of strings with aliased field names.", "fields": [ {"name": "first", "type": "string", "aliases": ["left"]}, {"name": "second", "type": "string", "aliases": ["right"]} ] }
Note that the aliases are used to translate (at read time) the
writer’s schema into the reader’s, but the alias names are not available
to the reader. In this example, the reader cannot use the field names
left and
right, because they have already been
translated to
first and
second.
Avro defines a sort order for objects. For most Avro types, the order is the natural one you would expect—for example, numeric types are ordered by ascending numeric value. Others are a little more subtle. For instance, enums are compared by the order in which the symbol is defined and not by the value of the symbol string.
All types except
record have
preordained rules for their sort order, as described in the Avro
specification, that cannot be overridden by the user. For records,
however, you can control the sort order by specifying the
order attribute for a field. It takes one of
three values:
ascending (the
default),
descending (to reverse the
order), or
ignore (so the field is
skipped for comparison purposes).
For example, the following schema (SortedStringPair.avsc) defines an ordering of
StringPair records by
the
right field in descending order.
The
left field is ignored for the
purposes of ordering, but it is still present in the projection:
{ "type": "record", "name": "StringPair", "doc": "A pair of strings, sorted by right field descending.", "fields": [ {"name": "left", "type": "string", "order": "ignore"}, {"name": "right", "type": "string", "order": "descending"} ] }
The record’s fields are compared pairwise in the document order of
the reader’s schema. Thus, by specifying an appropriate reader’s schema,
you can impose an arbitrary ordering on data records. This schema
(SwitchedStringPair.avsc) defines a
sort order by the
right field, then
the
left:
{ "type": "record", "name": "StringPair", "doc": "A pair of strings, sorted by right then left.", "fields": [ {"name": "right", "type": "string"}, {"name": "left", "type": "string"} ] }
Avro implements efficient binary comparisons. That is to say, Avro
does not have to deserialize a binary data into objects to perform the
comparison, because it can instead work directly on the byte
streams.[43] In the case of the original
StringPair schema (with
no
order attributes), for example,
Avro implements the binary comparison as follows.
The first field,
left, is a
UTF-8-encoded string, for which Avro can compare the bytes
lexicographically. If they differ, the order is determined, and Avro can
stop the comparison there. Otherwise, if the two-byte sequences are the
same, it compares the second two (
right) fields, again lexicographically at the
byte level because the field is another UTF-8 string.
Notice that this description of a comparison function has exactly the same logic as the binary comparator we wrote for Writables in Implementing a RawComparator for speed. The great thing is that Avro provides the comparator for us, so we don’t have to write and maintain this code. It’s also easy to change the sort order just by changing the reader’s schema. For the SortedStringPair.avsc or SwitchedStringPair.avsc schemas, the comparison function Avro uses is essentially the same as the one just described. The differences are which fields are considered, the order in which they are considered, and whether the sort order is ascending or descending.
Later in the chapter we’ll use Avro’s sorting logic in conjunction with MapReduce to sort Avro datafiles in parallel.
Avro provides a number of classes for making it easy to
run MapReduce programs on Avro data. For example,
AvroMapper and
AvroReducer in the
org.apache.avro.mapred
package are specializations of Hadoop’s (old-style)
Mapper and
Reducer classes. They eliminate the
key-value distinction for inputs and outputs, since Avro datafiles are
just a sequence of values. However, intermediate data is still divided
into key-value pairs for the shuffle.
Let’s rework the MapReduce program for finding the maximum temperature for each year in the weather dataset, this time using the Avro MapReduce API. We will represent weather records using the following schema:
{ "type": "record", "name": "WeatherRecord", "doc": "A weather reading.", "fields": [ {"name": "year", "type": "int"}, {"name": "temperature", "type": "int"}, {"name": "stationId", "type": "string"} ] }
The program in Example 4-12 reads text input (in the format we saw in earlier chapters) and writes Avro datafiles containing weather records as output.
Example 4-12. MapReduce program to find the maximum temperature, creating Avro output
public class AvroGenericMaxTemperature extends Configured implements Tool { private static final Schema SCHEMA = new Schema.Parser().parse( "{" + " \"type\": \"record\"," + " \"name\": \"WeatherRecord\"," + " \"doc\": \"A weather reading.\"," + " \"fields\": [" + " {\"name\": \"year\", \"type\": \"int\"}," + " {\"name\": \"temperature\", \"type\": \"int\"}," + " {\"name\": \"stationId\", \"type\": \"string\"}" + " ]" + "}" ); public static class MaxTemperatureMapper extends AvroMapper<Utf8, Pair<Integer, GenericRecord>> { private NcdcRecordParser parser = new NcdcRecordParser(); private GenericRecord record = new GenericData.Record(SCHEMA); @Override public void map(Utf8 line, AvroCollector<Pair<Integer, GenericRecord>> collector, Reporter reporter) throws IOException { parser.parse(line.toString()); if (parser.isValidTemperature()) { record.put("year", parser.getYearInt()); record.put("temperature", parser.getAirTemperature()); record.put("stationId", parser.getStationId()); collector.collect( new Pair<Integer, GenericRecord>(parser.getYearInt(), record)); } } } public static class MaxTemperatureReducer extends AvroReducer<Integer, GenericRecord, GenericRecord> { @Override public void reduce(Integer key, Iterable<GenericRecord> values, AvroCollector<GenericRecord> collector, Reporter reporter) throws IOException { GenericRecord max = null; for (GenericRecord value : values) { if (max == null || (Integer) value.get("temperature") > (Integer) max.get("temperature")) { max = newWeatherRecord(value); } } collector.collect(max); } private GenericRecord newWeatherRecord(GenericRecord value) { GenericRecord record = new GenericData.Record(SCHEMA); record.put("year", value.get("year")); record.put("temperature", value.get("temperature")); record.put("stationId", value.get("stationId")); return record; } } @Override public int run(String[] args) throws Exception { if (args.length != 2) { System.err.printf("Usage: %s [generic options] <input> <output>\n", getClass().getSimpleName()); ToolRunner.printGenericCommandUsage(System.err); return -1; } JobConf conf = new JobConf(getConf(), getClass()); conf.setJobName("Max temperature"); FileInputFormat.addInputPath(conf, new Path(args[0])); FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(conf, new Path(args[1])); AvroJob.setInputSchema(conf, Schema.create(Schema.Type.STRING)); AvroJob.setMapOutputSchema(conf, Pair.getPairSchema(Schema.create(Schema.Type.INT), SCHEMA)); AvroJob.setOutputSchema(conf, SCHEMA); conf.setInputFormat(AvroUtf8InputFormat.class); AvroJob.setMapperClass(conf, MaxTemperatureMapper.class); AvroJob.setReducerClass(conf, MaxTemperatureReducer.class); JobClient.runJob(conf); return 0; } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { int exitCode = ToolRunner.run(new AvroGenericMaxTemperature(), args); System.exit(exitCode); } }
This program uses the generic Avro mapping. This frees us from
generating code to represent records, at the expense of type safety
(field names are referred to by string value, such as
"temperature").[44] The schema for weather records is inlined in the code for
convenience (and read into the
SCHEMA
constant), although in practice it might be more maintainable to read
the schema from a local file in the driver code and pass it to the
mapper and reducer via the Hadoop job configuration. (Techniques for
achieving this are discussed in Side Data Distribution.)
There are a couple of differences from the regular Hadoop
MapReduce API. The first is the use of a
org.apache.avro.mapred.Pair to wrap the map
output key and value in
MaxTemperatureMapper.
(The reason that the
org.apache.avro.mapred.AvroMapper doesn’t have
a fixed output key and value is so that map-only jobs can emit just
values to Avro datafiles.) For this MapReduce program, the key is the
year (an integer), and the value is the weather record, which is
represented by Avro’s
GenericRecord.
Avro MapReduce does preserve the notion of key-value pairs for the
input to the reducer, however, because this is what comes out of the
shuffle, and it unwraps the
Pair
before invoking the
org.apache.avro.mapred.AvroReducer. The
MaxTemperatureReducer
iterates through the records for each key (year) and finds the one with
the maximum temperature. It is necessary to make a copy of the record
with the highest temperature found so far, since the iterator reuses the
instance for reasons of efficiency (and only the fields are
updated).
The second major difference from regular MapReduce is the use of
AvroJob for configuring
the job.
AvroJob is a
convenience class for specifying the Avro schemas for the input, map
output, and final output data. In this program the input schema is an
Avro
string because we are reading
from a text file, and the input format is set correspondingly, to
AvroUtf8InputFormat. The map output
schema is a pair schema whose key schema is an Avro
int and whose value schema is the weather
record schema. The final output schema is the weather record schema, and
the output format is the default,
AvroOutputFormat, which
writes to Avro datafiles.
The following command line shows how to run the program on a small sample dataset:
%
hadoop jar avro-examples.jar AvroGenericMaxTemperature \ input/ncdc/sample.txt output
On completion we can look at the output using the Avro tools JAR to render the Avro datafile as JSON, one record per line:
%
java -jar $AVRO_HOME/avro-tools-*.jar tojson output/part-00000.avro{"year":1949,"temperature":111,"stationId":"012650-99999"} {"year":1950,"temperature":22,"stationId":"011990-99999"}
In this example, we used an
AvroMapper and an
AvroReducer, but the
API supports a mixture of regular MapReduce mappers and reducers with
Avro-specific ones, which is useful for converting between Avro formats
and other formats, such as SequenceFiles. See the documentation for the
Avro MapReduce package for details.
In this section we use Avro’s sort capabilities and combine them with MapReduce to write a program to sort an Avro datafile (Example 4-13).
Example 4-13. A MapReduce program to sort an Avro datafile
public class AvroSort extends Configured implements Tool { static class SortMapper<K> extends AvroMapper<K, Pair<K, K>> { public void map(K datum, AvroCollector<Pair<K, K>> collector, Reporter reporter) throws IOException { collector.collect(new Pair<K, K>(datum, null, datum, null)); } } static class SortReducer<K> extends AvroReducer<K, K, K> { public void reduce(K key, Iterable<K> values, AvroCollector<K> collector, Reporter reporter) throws IOException { for (K value : values) { collector.collect(value); } } } @Override public int run(String[] args) throws Exception { if (args.length != 3) { System.err.printf( "Usage: %s [generic options] <input> <output> <schema-file>\n", getClass().getSimpleName()); ToolRunner.printGenericCommandUsage(System.err); return -1; } String input = args[0]; String output = args[1]; String schemaFile = args[2]; JobConf conf = new JobConf(getConf(), getClass()); conf.setJobName("Avro sort"); FileInputFormat.addInputPath(conf, new Path(input)); FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(conf, new Path(output)); Schema schema = new Schema.Parser().parse(new File(schemaFile)); AvroJob.setInputSchema(conf, schema); Schema intermediateSchema = Pair.getPairSchema(schema, schema); AvroJob.setMapOutputSchema(conf, intermediateSchema); AvroJob.setOutputSchema(conf, schema); AvroJob.setMapperClass(conf, SortMapper.class); AvroJob.setReducerClass(conf, SortReducer.class); JobClient.runJob(conf); return 0; } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { int exitCode = ToolRunner.run(new AvroSort(), args); System.exit(exitCode); } }
This program (which uses the generic Avro mapping and hence does
not require any code generation) can sort Avro records of any type,
represented in Java by the generic type parameter
K. We choose a value that is the same as the
key, so that when the values are grouped by key we can emit all of the
values in the case that more than one of them share the same key
(according to the sorting function), thereby not losing any
records.[45] The mapper simply emits an
org.apache.avro.mapred.Pair object with this
key and value. The reducer acts as an identity, passing the values
through to the (single-valued) output, which will get written to an Avro
datafile.
The sorting happens in the MapReduce shuffle, and the sort function is determined by the Avro schema that is passed to the program. Let’s use the program to sort the pairs.avro file created earlier, using the SortedStringPair.avsc schema to sort by the right field in descending order. First, we inspect the input using the Avro tools JAR:
%
java -jar $AVRO_HOME/avro-tools-*.jar tojson input/avro/pairs.avro{"left":"a","right":"1"} {"left":"c","right":"2"} {"left":"b","right":"3"} {"left":"b","right":"2"}
Then we run the sort:
%
hadoop jar avro-examples.jar AvroSort input/avro/pairs.avro output \ ch04-avro/src/main/resources/SortedStringPair.avsc
Finally, we inspect the output and see that it is sorted correctly.
%
java -jar $AVRO_HOME/avro-tools-*.jar tojson output/part-00000.avro{"left":"b","right":"3"} {"left":"c","right":"2"} {"left":"b","right":"2"} {"left":"a","right":"1"}
For languages other than Java, there are a few choices for working with Avro data.
AvroAsTextInputFormat
is designed to allow Hadoop Streaming programs to read Avro datafiles.
Each datum in the file is converted to a string, which is the JSON
representation of the datum, or just to the raw bytes if the type is
Avro
bytes. Going the other way, you
can specify
AvroTextOutputFormat as
the output format of a Streaming job to create Avro datafiles with a
bytes schema, where each datum is the
tab-delimited key-value pair written from the Streaming output. Both of
these classes can be found in the
org.apache.avro.mapred
package.
For a richer interface than Streaming, Avro provides a connector
framework (in the
org.apache.avro.mapred.tether package), which
is the Avro analog of Hadoop Pipes. At the time of this writing, there
are no bindings for other languages, but a Python implementation will be
available in a future release.
It’s also worth considering Pig and Hive for doing Avro processing, since both can read and write Avro datafiles by specifying the appropriate storage formats.
For some applications, you need a specialized data structure to hold your data. For doing MapReduce-based processing, putting each blob of binary data into its own file doesn’t scale, so Hadoop developed a number of higher-level containers for these situations.
Imagine a logfile where each log record is a new line of
text. If you want to log binary types, plain text isn’t a suitable
format. Hadoop’s
SequenceFile class
fits the bill in this situation,
providing a persistent data structure for binary key-value pairs. To use
it as a logfile format, you would choose a key, such as timestamp
represented by a
LongWritable, and the value would be
Writable that represents the quantity
being logged.
SequenceFiles also work
well as containers for smaller files. HDFS and MapReduce are optimized for large files, so packing
files into a
SequenceFile makes
storing and processing the smaller
files more efficient. (Processing a whole file as a record contains a
program to pack files into a
SequenceFile).[46]
To create a
SequenceFile, use one of its
createWriter() static
methods, which return a
SequenceFile.Writer
instance. There are several overloaded versions, but they all require you to specify a stream to write
to (either an
FSDataOutputStream or
a
File
System and
Path pairing), a
Configuration object,
and the key and value types. Optional arguments include the
compression type and codec, a
Progressable callback to be informed of
write progress, and a
Metadata
instance to be stored in the
SequenceFile header.
The keys and values stored in a
SequenceFile do not necessarily need to be
Writable. Any types that can be
serialized and deserialized by a
Serialization may be used.
Once you have a
SequenceFile.Writer,
you then write key-value pairs using the
append() method. When
you’ve finished, you call the
close() method
(
SequenceFile.Writer
implements
java.io.Closeable).
Example 4-14 shows a short program
to write some key-value pairs to a
SequenceFile using the API just
described.
Example 4-14. Writing a SequenceFile
public class Sequence);); } } }
The keys in the sequence file are integers counting down from
100 to 1, represented as
IntWritable objects.
The values are
Text objects. Before
each record is appended to the
SequenceFile.Writer,
we call the
getLength() method to
discover the current position in the file. (We will use this
information about record boundaries in the next section when we read
the file nonsequentially.) We write the position out to the console,
along with the key and value pairs. The result of running it is shown
here:
%
hadoop SequenceFileWriteDemo
Reading sequence files from beginning to end is a matter
of creating an instance of
SequenceFile.Reader
and iterating over records by repeatedly invoking one of the
next() methods. Which
one you use depends on the serialization framework you are using. If
you are using
Writable types, you
can use the
next() method that
takes a key and a value argument and reads the next key and value in
the stream into these variables:
public boolean next(Writable key, Writable val)
The return value is
true if a
key-value pair was read and
false
if the end of the file has been reached.
For other, non-
Writable
serialization frameworks (such as Apache Thrift), you should use these
two methods:
public Object next(Object key) throws IOException public Object getCurrentValue(Object val) throws IOException
In this case, you need to make sure that the serialization you
want to use has been set in the
io.serializations
property; see Serialization Frameworks.
If the
next() method returns
a non-
null object, a key-value pair
was read from the stream, and the value can be retrieved using the
getCurrentValue()
method. Otherwise, if
next() returns
null, the end of the file has been
reached.
The program in Example 4-15
demonstrates how to read a sequence file that has
Writable keys and
values. Note how the types are discovered from the
SequenceFile.Reader
via calls to
getKeyClass() and
getValueClass(), and
then
ReflectionUtils is
used to create an instance for the key and an instance for the value.
By using this technique, the program can be used with any sequence
file that has
Writable keys and
values.
Example 4-15. Reading a SequenceFile
public class SequenceFileReadDemo { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { String uri = args[0]; Configuration conf = new Configuration(); FileSystem fs = FileSystem.get(URI.create(uri), conf); Path path = new Path(uri); SequenceFile.Reader reader = null; try { reader = new SequenceFile.Reader(fs, path, conf); Writable key = (Writable) ReflectionUtils.newInstance(reader.getKeyClass(), conf); Writable value = (Writable) ReflectionUtils.newInstance(reader.getValueClass(), conf); long position = reader.getPosition(); while (reader.next(key, value)) { String syncSeen = reader.syncSeen() ? "*" : "; System.out.printf("[%s%s]\t%s\t%s\n", position, syncSeen, key, value); position = reader.getPosition(); // beginning of next record } } finally { IOUtils.closeStream(reader); } } }
Another feature of the program is that it displays the position
of the sync points in the sequence file. A sync
point is a point in the stream that can be used to resynchronize with
a record boundary if the reader is “lost”—for example, after seeking
to an arbitrary position in the stream. Sync points are recorded by
SequenceFile.Writer,
which inserts a special entry to mark the sync point every few records
as a sequence file is being written. Such entries are small enough to
incur only a modest storage overhead—less than 1%. Sync points always
align with record boundaries.
Running the program in Example 4-15 shows the sync points in the sequence file as asterisks. The first one occurs at position 2021 (the second one occurs at position 4075, but is not shown in the output):
%
hadoop SequenceFileReadDemo [590] 90 One, two, buckle my shoe ...
There are two ways to seek to a given position in a sequence
file. The first is the
seek() method, which
positions the reader at the given point in the file. For example,
seeking to a record boundary works as expected:
reader.seek(359); assertThat(reader.next(key, value), is(true)); assertThat(((IntWritable) key).get(), is(95));
But if the position in the file is not at a record boundary, the
reader fails when the
next() method is
called:
reader.seek(360); reader.next(key, value); // fails with IOException
The second way to find a record boundary makes use of sync
points. The
sync(long position)
method on
SequenceFile.Reader
positions the reader at the next sync point after
position. (If there are no sync points in
the file after this position, then the reader will be positioned at
the end of the file.) Thus, we can call
sync() with any
position in the stream—a nonrecord boundary, for example—and the
reader will reestablish itself at the next sync point so reading can
continue:
reader.sync(360); assertThat(reader.getPosition(), is(2021L)); assertThat(reader.next(key, value), is(true)); assertThat(((IntWritable) key).get(), is(59));
SequenceFile.Writer
has a method called
sync() for
inserting a sync point at the current position in the stream. This
is not to be confused with the identically named but otherwise
unrelated
sync() method
defined by the
Syncable interface
for synchronizing buffers to the underlying device.
Sync points come into their own when using sequence files as input to MapReduce, since they permit the file to be split and different portions of it can be processed independently by separate map tasks. See SequenceFileInputFormat.
The
hadoop fs command
has a
-text option to display
sequence files in textual form. It looks at a file’s magic number so
that it can attempt to detect the type of the file and appropriately
convert it to text. It can recognize gzipped files and sequence files;
otherwise, it assumes the input is plain text.
For sequence files, this command is really useful only if the
keys and values have a meaningful string representation (as defined by
the
toString() method).
Also, if you have your own key or value classes, you will need to make
sure they are on Hadoop’s classpath.
Running it on the sequence file we created in the previous section gives the following output:
%
hadoop fs -text numbers.seq | head100 One, two, buckle my shoe 99 Three, four, shut the door 98 Five, six, pick up sticks 97 Seven, eight, lay them straight 96 Nine, ten, a big fat hen 95 One, two, buckle my shoe 94 Three, four, shut the door 93 Five, six, pick up sticks 92 Seven, eight, lay them straight 91 Nine, ten, a big fat hen
The most powerful way of sorting (and merging) one or more sequence files is to use MapReduce. MapReduce is inherently parallel and will let you specify the number of reducers to use, which determines the number of output partitions. For example, by specifying one reducer, you get a single output file. We can use the sort example that comes with Hadoop by specifying that the input and output are sequence files and by setting the key and value types:
% sorted%
hadoop fs -text sorted/part-00000 | head1 Nine, ten, a big fat hen 2 Seven, eight, lay them straight 3 Five, six, pick up sticks 4 Three, four, shut the door 5 One, two, buckle my shoe 6 Nine, ten, a big fat hen 7 Seven, eight, lay them straight 8 Five, six, pick up sticks 9 Three, four, shut the door 10 One, two, buckle my shoe
Sorting is covered in more detail in Sorting.
As an alternative to using MapReduce for sort/merge, there is a
SequenceFile.Sorter
class that has a number of
sort() and
merge() methods.
These functions predate MapReduce and are lower-level functions than
MapReduce (for example, to get parallelism, you need to partition your
data manually), so in general MapReduce is the preferred approach to
sort and merge sequence files.
A sequence file consists of a header followed by one or
more records (see Figure 4-2). The first three
bytes of a sequence file are the bytes
SEQ, which acts as a magic number, followed
by a single byte representing the version number. The header contains
other fields, including the names of the key and value classes,
compression details, user-defined metadata, and the sync
marker.[47] Recall that the sync marker is used to allow a reader to
synchronize to a record boundary from any position in the file. Each
file has a randomly generated sync marker, whose value is stored in
the header. Sync markers appear between records in the sequence file.
They are designed to incur less than a 1% storage overhead, so they
don’t necessarily appear between every pair of records (such is the
case for short records).
Figure 4-2. The internal structure of a sequence file with no compression and with record compression
The internal format of the records depends on whether compression is enabled, and if it is, whether it is record compression or block compression.
If no compression is enabled (the default), each record is made
up of the record length (in bytes), the key length, the key, and then
the value. The length fields are written as four-byte integers
adhering to the contract of the
writeInt() method of
java.io.DataOutput.
Keys and values are serialized using the
Serialization defined for the class being
written to the sequence file.
The format for record compression is almost identical to no compression, except the value bytes are compressed using the codec defined in the header. Note that keys are not compressed.
Block compression compresses multiple records at once; it is
therefore more compact than and should generally be preferred over
record compression because it has the opportunity to take advantage of
similarities between records. (See Figure 4-3.) Records are added to a block until
it reaches a minimum size in bytes, defined by the
io.seqfile.compress.blocksize property;
the default is 1 million bytes..
MapFile can be
thought of as a persistent form of
java.util.Map (although it doesn’t implement
this interface), which is able to grow beyond the size of a
Map that is kept in memory.
Writing a
MapFile is
similar to writing a
SequenceFile:
you create an instance of
MapFile.Writer, then call the
append() method to
add entries in order. (Attempting to add entries out of order will
result in an
IOException.) Keys
must be instances of
WritableComparable, and values must be
Writable. Contrast this to
SequenceFile, which can use any
serialization framework for its entries.
The program in Example 4-16 creates a
MapFile and writes some entries to
it. It is very similar to the program in Example 4-14 for creating a
SequenceFile.
Example 4-16. Writing a MapFile
public class Map); IntWritable key = new IntWritable(); Text value = new Text(); MapFile.Writer writer = null; try { writer = new MapFile.Writer(conf, fs, uri, key.getClass(), value.getClass()); for (int i = 0; i < 1024; i++) { key.set(i + 1); value.set(DATA[i % DATA.length]); writer.append(key, value); } } finally { IOUtils.closeStream(writer); } } }
Let’s use this program to build a
MapFile:
%
hadoop MapFileWriteDemo numbers.map
If we look at the
MapFile, we
see it’s actually a directory containing two files called data and index:
%
ls -l numbers.maptotal 104 -rw-r--r-- 1 tom tom 47898 Jul 29 22:06 data -rw-r--r-- 1 tom tom 251 Jul 29 22:06 index
Both files are
SequenceFiles. The
data file contains all of the
entries, in order:
%
hadoop fs -text numbers.map/data | head1 One, two, buckle my shoe 2 Three, four, shut the door 3 Five, six, pick up sticks 4 Seven, eight, lay them straight 5 Nine, ten, a big fat hen 6 One, two, buckle my shoe 7 Three, four, shut the door 8 Five, six, pick up sticks 9 Seven, eight, lay them straight 10 Nine, ten, a big fat hen
The index file contains a fraction of the keys and contains a mapping from the key to that key’s offset in the data file:
%
hadoop fs -text numbers.map/index1 128 129 6079 257 12054 385 18030 513 24002 641 29976 769 35947 897 41922
As we can see from the output, by default only every 128th key
is included in the index, although you can change this value either by
setting the
io.map.index.interval
property or by calling the
setIndexInterval() method on
the
MapFile.Writer
instance. A reason to increase the index interval would be to decrease
the amount of memory that the
MapFile needs to store the index.
Conversely, you might decrease the interval to improve the time for
random selection (since fewer records need to be skipped on average)
at the expense of memory usage.
Because the index is only a partial index of keys,
MapFile is not able to provide methods to
enumerate, or even count, all the keys it contains. The only way to
perform these operations is to read the whole file.
Iterating through the entries in order in a
MapFile is similar to the procedure for a
SequenceFile: you create a
MapFile.Reader, then
call the
next() method until
it returns
false, signifying that
no entry was read because the end of the file was reached:
public boolean next(WritableComparable key, Writable val) throws IOException
A random access lookup can be performed by calling the
get() method:
public Writable get(WritableComparable key, Writable val) throws IOException
The return value is used to determine whether an entry was found
in the
MapFile; if it’s
null, no value exists for the given
key. If
key was found, the value for that key is
read into
val, as well as being
returned from the method call.
It might be helpful to understand how this is implemented. Here
is a snippet of code that retrieves an entry for the
MapFile we created in the previous
section:
Text value = new Text(); reader.get(new IntWritable(496), value); assertThat(value.toString(), is("One, two, buckle my shoe"));
For this operation, the
MapFile.Reader reads
the index file into memory (this
is cached so that subsequent random access calls will use the same
in-memory index). The reader then performs a binary search on the
in-memory index to find the key in the index that is less than or
equal to the search key, 496. In this example, the index key found is
385, with value 18030, which is the offset in the data file. Next, the reader seeks to this
offset in the data file and reads
entries until the key is greater than or equal to the search key
(496). In this case, a match is found and the value is read from the
data file. Overall, a lookup
takes a single disk seek and a scan through up to 128 entries on disk.
For a random-access read, this is actually very efficient.
The
getClosest() method
is like
get(), except it
returns the “closest” match to the specified key rather than returning
null on no match. More precisely,
if the
MapFile contains the
specified key, then that is the entry returned; otherwise, the key in
the
MapFile that is immediately
after (or before, according to a
boolean argument) the specified key is
returned.
A very large
MapFile’s index
can take up a lot of memory. Rather than reindex to change the index
interval, it is possible to load only a fraction of the index keys
into memory when reading the
MapFile by setting the
io.map.index.skip
property. This property is normally
0, which means no index keys are skipped; a
value of
1 means skip one key for
every key in the index (so every other key ends up in the index),
2 means skip two keys for every key
in the index (so one third of the keys end up in the index), and so
on. Larger skip values save memory but at the expense of lookup time,
since on average, more entries have to be scanned on disk.
Hadoop comes with a few variants on the general
key-value
MapFile interface:
SetFile is a
specialization of
MapFile for
storing a set of
Writable keys.
The keys must be added in sorted order.
ArrayFile is a
MapFile where the key is an
integer representing the index of the element in the array and the
value is a
Writable
value.
BloomMapFile is a
MapFile that offers a fast
version of the
get() method,
especially for sparsely populated files. The implementation uses a
dynamic bloom filter for testing whether a given key is in the
map. The test is very fast because it is in-memory, but it has a
nonzero probability of false positives, in which case the regular
get() method is
called.
There are two tuning parameters:
io.mapfile.bloom.size for the
(approximate) number of entries in the map (default 1,048,576) and
io.mapfile.bloom.error.rate for the
desired maximum error rate (default 0.005, which is
0.5%).
One way of looking at a
MapFile is as an indexed and sorted
SequenceFile. So it’s quite natural to want
to be able to convert a
SequenceFile into a
MapFile. We covered how to sort a
SequenceFile in Sorting and merging SequenceFiles, so here we look at how to
create an index for a
SequenceFile.
The program in Example 4-17 hinges around the
static utility method
fix() on
MapFile, which re-creates the index for a
MapFile.
Example 4-17. Re-creating the index for a MapFile
public class MapFileFixer { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { String mapUri = args[0]; Configuration conf = new Configuration(); FileSystem fs = FileSystem.get(URI.create(mapUri), conf); Path map = new Path(mapUri); Path mapData = new Path(map, MapFile.DATA_FILE_NAME); // Get key and value types from data sequence file SequenceFile.Reader reader = new SequenceFile.Reader(fs, mapData, conf); Class keyClass = reader.getKeyClass(); Class valueClass = reader.getValueClass(); reader.close(); // Create the map file index file long entries = MapFile.fix(fs, map, keyClass, valueClass, false, conf); System.out.printf("Created MapFile %s with %d entries\n", map, entries); } }
The
fix() method is
usually used for recreating corrupted indexes, but because it creates
a new index from scratch, it’s exactly what we need here. The recipe
is as follows:
Sort the sequence file numbers.seq into a new directory called
number.map that will become
the
MapFile (if the sequence
file is already sorted, you can skip this step; instead, copy it
to a file number.map/data,
and go to step 3):
% numbers.map
Rename the MapReduce output to be the data file:
%
hadoop fs -mv numbers.map/part-00000 numbers.map/data
Create the index file:
%
hadoop MapFileFixer numbers.mapCreated MapFile numbers.map with 100 entries
The
MapFile numbers.map now exists and can be
used.
[34] For a comprehensive set of compression benchmarks, is a good reference for JVM-compatible libraries (includes some native libraries). For command-line tools, see Jeff Gilchrist’s Archive Comparison Test at.
[35] This example is based on one from the article “Supplementary Characters in the Java Platform.”
[36] Twitter’s Elephant Bird project () includes tools for working with Thrift and Protocol Buffers in Hadoop.
[38] Avro also performs favorably compared to other serialization libraries, as the benchmarks at demonstrate.
[39] Avro can be downloaded in both source and binary forms from. Get
usage instructions for the Avro tools by typing
java -jar
avro-tools-*.jar.
[40] For the general case, the Avro tools JAR file has a
tojson command
that dumps the contents of a Avro datafile as JSON.
[42] Default values for fields are encoded using JSON. See the Avro specification for a description of this encoding for each data type.
[43] A useful consequence of this property is that you can compute
an Avro datum’s hash code from either the object or the binary
representation (the latter by using the static
hashCode() method on
BinaryData) and get the same result in both
cases.
[44] For an example that uses the specific mapping with generated
classes, see the
AvroSpecificMaxTemperature class in the
example code.
[45] We encounter this idea of duplicating information from the key in the value object again in Secondary Sort.
[46] In a similar vein, the blog post “A Million Little Files” by
Stuart Sierra includes code for converting a tar file into a
SequenceFile (().
[47] Full details of the format of these fields may be found in
SequenceFile’s documentation
and source code.
No credit card required
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Qt WebEngine Core C++ Classes
Provides public API shared by both QtWebEngine and QtWebEngineWidgets More...
This module was introduced in Qt 5.6.
Classes
Detailed Description
To include the definitions of the module's classes, use the following directive:
#include <QtWebEngineCore>
If you use qmake to build your projects, Qt WebEngine Core is usually indirectly included through the Qt WebEngine or Qt WebEngine Widgets modules.
To link against the module, add this line to your qmake project file:
QT += webenginecore
However,
webenginecore is implied by adding
webengine or
webenginewid.
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Metadata Application Profiles
- Briana Clark
- 1 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Metadata Application Profiles Rachel Heery, UKOLN, University of Bath Robina Clayphan, British Library DC-2005: International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications, University Carlos III of Madrid. Tutorial 5: Application Profiles (part I) 15 September 2005
2 Tutorial will answer.. What is an application profile? Why do we need application profiles? Why should I declare an application profiles? How can I build an application profile? What is best practice for documenting an application profile? And what is happening in the real world? Case study 1 : British Library Application Profile Can I find out more? (yes, there is a reading list!)
3 DC Application Profile definition Specifies which metadata terms an organization, information provider, or user community uses in its metadata Identifies the terms used to describe a resource Optionally provides additional information about term usage e.g. how encoding schemes constrain values see DCAP Guidelines, CEN Workshop Agreement 14855:2003
4 More definitions Term: The generic name for a property (i.e. element or element refinement), vocabulary encoding scheme, syntax encoding scheme or concept taken from a controlled vocabulary (concept space). A property is a specific aspect, characteristic, attribute, or relation used to describe resources. Within DCMI, element is typically used as a synonym for property. A vocabulary encoding scheme is a class that indicates that the value of a property is taken from a controlled vocabulary (or concept-space), such as the Library of Congress Subject Headings. From DC Abstract Model
5 Context Evolution of DCMI metadata vocabulary 10 years old! Experience after 10 years of implementation Informing practice for extensions and customisation Connected work on schemas and registries DESIRE, SCHEMAS, CORES, MEG Registry MMI-DC workshop within the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) CEN Working Agreements CWA 14855:2003, CWA 15248:2005
6 Why do we need application profiles? Why should I declare an application profile?
7 Proliferation of metadata Metadata is required for: Resource discovery Enterprise portals Subject gateways Metasearch Managing high throughput escience Expressing Digital Rights Ensuring preservation Appropriate terms must be identified wherever metadata is needed
8 Proliferation of metadata Increase in metadata vocabularies DCMI IEEE LOM MODS MARC 21 UNIMARC MPEG-7 FOAF RSS
9 Implementor perspective Implementors are seeking a metadata vocabulary for their particular service or system Implementors approve of re-use Implementors acknowledge importance of interoperability. but there is pressure to satisfy local requirements and to be innovative Tension between using standard terms in a vocabulary and localisation
10 Proliferation of localised extensions Metadata standards vocabularies are published but Implementor adaptations and extensions are not made widely available Sharing semantics will reduce duplication and repetition
11 We need to exchange information about metadata terms we use What terms do your metadata descriptions use? A DCAP expresses in a structured way Which standard terms are used in an application Source of terms Usage constraints
12 Benefits of documenting terms we use To provide authoritative specification of term usage To facilitate interoperability by informing potential users To support evolution of vocabulary To encourage alignment To enable interpretation of legacy metadata
13 Profiling standards is not new Z39.50 application profiles sub-sets of standard appropriate for application area IEEE LOM UK Common Metadata Format METS profiles and so on
14 Extensibility of metadata vocabularies is not new Warwick Metadata Workshop, 1996 MARC 9XX local tags PRISM (Publishing Requirements for Industry Standard Metadata) and so on
15 How do I build an application profile? need to meet service and systems requirements for metadata
16 Reviewing requirements for metadata Analyse functionality required ( by means of use cases) Will an existing standard vocabulary meet the requirements? If not what extensions are needed? For comparing metadata and functionality see TEL matrix
17 TEL metadata functionality matrix Score whether: element contributes to a function element is required or contributes to a large extent element s presence may trigger the portal to offer a function Functionality criteria: Resource discovery Identification Multilinguality Authority service Administration Authorisation Copy cataloguing And so on Britta Woldering The European Library: Integrated access to the national libraries of Europe January 2004, Ariadne Issue 38.
18 Making choices between metadata vocabularies Look at what others in the domain are using Consider: stability/volatility of the standard (and whether it really IS a standard) how the community for the standard integrates new needs and ideas startup and maintenance costs for use in an individual project (higher for more complex formats and implementations) Document choices and reasoning for your successors (they will thank you) (acknowledgements to Diane Hillmann!)
19 What terms to use to meet your requirements? Decision tree: Use existing DCMI term whenever possible Can requirement be met with a new encoding scheme value, or a new encoding scheme? Are there suitable terms already used and declared in other DC application profiles? If not declare a new local property.
20 Examples of DC Application Profiles JISC IE Services Registry AP TEL AP (The European Library) DCMI APs Library AP Collection Description AP Education AP
21 The European Library (TEL) Application Profile Starting point was DC-Lib AP TEL-specific additions to support desired functionality e.g. OpenURL (get local services for this record) RecordId (get original record) Thumbnail (thumbnail image) Why? acknowledged need for controlled evolution of metadata terms the ability to add future functionality may depend on additional terms new sectors/collections may require specific terms
22 Declaring an application profile.
23 What does an application profile express? Implementors need to declare various characteristics of their schema Terms in use Whether a term is mandatory Any particular usages Permitted encoding schemes for values Other rules for content
24 DCAPs: human readable First step is to address need for human readable DCAP Drawing on: CEN guidelines DC WG practice DC Usage Board advice DC Abstract Model
25 CEN Workshop Agreement Dublin Core Application Profile Guidelines. Thomas Baker, Makx Dekkers, Thomas Fischer, Rachel Heery 26 September cwa/cwa14855.asp
26 DCAPs : machine readable Ongoing work CWA suggests a machine-processable representation using conventions of RDF Would support automated services such as data exchange, query Subject of ongoing experimentation and research Need to reach consensus on a DCAP data model
27 Caveat DCAPs are in transition Differences in terminology and attributes from CWA to CWA As DC Abstract Model becomes embedded further adjustments will occur Things change!
28 What is good practice for documenting application profiles?..based on CWA 14855
29 Format of (human readable) DCAPs Normalized and readable view of Dublin Core based schemas for use by humans No particular format mandated: plain text, Web pages, Powerpoint Enough structure for future conversion into machine-processable expressions (eg, RDF) Future conversion not assumed to be automatic Caveat: normalized documentation does not in itself address deeper problems of interoperability between metadata models.
30 DCAPs for a class Declares the property usages in a class of metadata descriptions e.g. DC Collection Description application profile describes the properties and encoding schemes (terms) used in a description of a collection TEL application profile describes properties and encoding schemes used in a description of a European national libraries resource DC education application profile describes properties and encoding schemes used in a description of an educational resource.
31 DCAPs: Good practice Follow DC Abstract Model (terms should adhere to definitions of properties, subproperties, encoding schemes etc) Should consist of Descriptive Header and Term Usages Descriptive Header DC-based description Optional Preamble Term Usage Terms used identified with "appropriate precision" May be annotated with additional attributes and constraints
32 Descriptive header Should include: Description of the AP using Dublin Core Title Contributor Date Identifier Description (explaining context in which DCAP is intended to be used)
33 Descriptive headers Mandatory Header Optional preamble Description of the AP using Dublin Core Title Contributor Date Identifier Description explaining context in which DCAP is intended to be used Technical or formatting conventions Documenting namespace prefixes Citing web pages where terms used are defined e.g. cuments/dcmi-terms
34 Attributes of Term Usages Identifying attributes Term URI, Name, Label, Defined By Definitional attributes Definition, Comments, Type of Term Relational attributes Refines, Refined By, Encoding Scheme For, Uses Encoding Scheme,Similat To Constraints Obligation, Condition, Datatype, Occurrence
35 Principle of Appropriate Identification Terms should be identified as precisely as possible ("appropriate precision") URIs should be used when available (see CORES Resolution) Terms to which URIs have not (or not yet) been assigned should be identified using other attributes as appropriate
36 Declaring terms Preferred: cite term's URI if available Term URI Or if a term has been declared somewhere, cite the defining document and its name Name attendancepattern Label Attendance Pattern Defined By If term has not been declared elsewhere, Defined By should cite the DCAP itself Name starratings Label Star Ratings Defined By
37 Principle of Readability include enough information in Term Usages to be of optimal usefulness for the intended audience" Even if this includes redundant information which, in a machine-processable schema, might be fetched dynamically from another source Order of attributes may be changed for readability (though it may make visual comparison harder) Unused attributes can simply be omitted from display
38 Readability of Term Usages Principle of Readability allows flexibility in presentational style Redundant attributes do not need to be displayed (as blank) Order of attributes may be altered for visual effect (not significant for future machine-processable representations) DCAP may want to group terms by Type of Term Attributes should be repeated as necessary
39 Declaring controlled vocabulary terms Generally not the role of DCAPs to declare controlled vocabularies of values Ideally, should be declared in separately citable documents external to a DCAP However, short lists of possible values may be documented in a Comment field
40 Declaring Encoding Schemes Options Can be declared one-by-one in the Term Usage of an Element in the field "Has Encoding Scheme" Field "Has Encoding Scheme" can point to a list of encoding schemes somewhere (e.g. "use RDN Subject Encoding Schemes ") If Encoding Schemes need to be annotated, a separate Term Usage may be created for each
41 Cite URIs of terms URIs are (ideally) unique and unambiguous: Example: For readability Qualified Names can be cited in Name field Example: dc:title Explain in the Preamble that this is the case Cite the URIs
42 Example: JISC IE Service Registry Application Profile - Namespaces Term URI Name dc: Label Dublin Core Term URI Name dcterms: Label Dublin Core terms Term URI Name rslpcd: Label RSLP Collection Description Term URI Name colldesctype: Label NISO Metasearch Initiative Collection Description Type Vocabulary Term URI Name iesr: Label JISC Information Environment Service Registry
43 Examples of well structured DCAPs RDN OAI application profile Renardus Application Profile JISC IE Services Registry Application Profile DC Collection Description Application profile
44 RDN OAI Application Profile - header Title Contributor Date RDN OAI Application Profile Andy Powell Identifier Description This document expresses the application profile established by the Resource Discovery Network (RDN) to be used by RDN partners for harvesting of records using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). The Application Profile is expressed according to guidelines published by the CEN/ISSS [Reference]. Full user documentation for the Application Profile, together with associated XML schemas, is available at
45 RDN OAI Application Profile term usage Name Term URI Has Encoding Scheme Has Encoding Scheme Comment Obligation Subject DC Subject Encoding Schemes RDN Subject Encoding Schemes RDN Subject Encoding Schemes are available from Recommended
46 IE Service Registry application profile - header dc:title dc:creator dc: date dc:identifiewr dc:description dc:rights version status JISC Information Environment Service Registry (IESR) Application Profile Ann Apps An application profile for the JISC Information Environment Service Registry (IESR), described according to the Dublin Core Application Profile Guidelines (CEN/ISSS CWA14855). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence: Attribution Required; Non- Commercial; Share-Alike Implemented
47 IE Service Registry application profile - term usage Term URI Name Definition Comments Has encoding scheme DataType Occurrence Searchable Locator The URI of the access point for the service For Z39.50 sevices this will be a URI beginning z3950s <URI> Min 1;Max , 1016, 1017 etc
48 Further reading CEN Workshop Agreement 14855: Dublin Core Application Profile Guidelines. Available at: s/cwa/cwa14855.asp CEN Workshop Agreement 15248: Guidelines for machineprocessable representation of Dublin Core Application Profiles. Available at: s/cwa/cwa asp Thomas Baker, Makx Dekkers, Rachel Heery, Manjula Patel, Gauri Salokhe, What Terms Does Your Metadata Use? Application Profiles as Machine-Understandable Narratives. Journal of Digital Information, Vol.2, no. 2, November Thomas Baker and Makx Dekkers, Identifying metadata elements with URIs: the CORES Resolution. D-Lib magazine, July/August
49 Acknowledgements to colleagues, in particular Tom Baker and Diane Hillmann. Many thanks to Pete Johnston for his continuing efforts to formalise application profiles.
50 Questions?
51 Case study.
52 DCMI: Properties and Values Resource URI Statement ex:book1 Property URI dc:subject Value string (or Value URI) Semantic Web see Pete Johnston Element Refinement in Dublin Core Metadata June
The Dublin Core THE ELEMENT SET
From Metadata Fundamentals for All Librarians by Priscilla Caplan. Copyright 2003 by the American Library Association. All rights reserved. Permission granted to reproduce for nonprofit, educational purposes.
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Current Version:
Linux Kernel - 3.80
Synopsis
#include <fmtmsg.h> int fmtmsg(long classification, const char *label,
int severity, const char *text,
const char *action, const char *tag);
Description
The classification argument
- MM_OK
- Everything went smooth.
- MM_NOTOK
- Complete failure.
- MM_NOMSG
- Error writing to stderr.
- MM_NOCON
- Error writing to the console.
Environment
Attributes
Conforming To
Notesand after
MSGVERB=text:action; export MSGVERBthe output becomes:
unknown mount option TO FIX: See mount(8).
See Also
Colophon
License & Copyright
Copyright 2002 walter harms ([email protected]) %%%LICENSE_START(GPL_NOVERSION_ONELINE) Distributed under GPL %%%LICENSE_END adapted glibc info page This should run as 'Guru Meditation' (amiga joke :) The function is quite complex and deserves an example Polished, aeb, 2003-11-01
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1 /*2 3 Copyright 2000.gvt.text;19 20 21 /**22 * Class that encapsulates information returned from hit testing23 * a <tt>TextSpanLayout</tt> instance.24 * @see org.apache.batik.gvt.text.TextSpanLayout25 *26 * @author <a HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Bill Haneman</a>27 * @version $Id: TextHit.java,v 1.13 2005/03/27 08:58:35 cam Exp $28 */29 public class TextHit {30 31 private int charIndex;32 private boolean leadingEdge;33 34 /**35 * Constructs a TextHit with the specified values.36 *37 * @param charIndex The index of the character that has been38 * hit. In the case of bidirectional text this will be the logical39 * character index not the visual index. The index is relative to40 * whole text within the selected TextNode.41 * @param leadingEdge Indicates which side of the character has42 * been hit. 43 */44 public TextHit(int charIndex, boolean leadingEdge) {45 this.charIndex = charIndex;46 this.leadingEdge = leadingEdge;47 }48 49 /**50 * Returns the index of the character that has been hit.51 *52 * @return The character index.53 */54 public int getCharIndex() {55 return charIndex;56 }57 58 /**59 * Returns whether on not the character has been hit on its leading edge.60 *61 * @return Whether on not the character has been hit on its leading edge.62 */63 public boolean isLeadingEdge() {64 return leadingEdge;65 }66 }67 68
Java API By Example, From Geeks To Geeks. | Our Blog | Conditions of Use | About Us_ |
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http://kickjava.com/src/org/apache/batik/gvt/text/TextHit.java.htm
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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en
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refinedweb
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Red Hat Bugzilla – Bug 972292
lgetxattrs can't show the file attribute list with ntfs FS in rhel7
Last modified: 2014-04-25 05:21:14 EDT
Description of problem:
lgetxattrs can't show the file attribute list with ntfs FS though execute no error
Version-Release number of selected component (if applicable):
libguestfs-1.22.2-1.el7.x86_64
How reproducible:
100%
Steps to Reproduce:
# guestfish -N fs:ntfs
Welcome to guestfish, the guest filesystem shell for
editing virtual machine filesystems and disk images.
Type: 'help' for help on commands
'man' to read the manual
'quit' to quit the shell
><fs> trace 1
><fs> mount-options user_xattr /dev/sda1 /
libguestfs: trace: mount_options "user_xattr" "/dev/sda1" "/"
libguestfs: trace: mount_options = 0
><fs> touch /test.txt
libguestfs: trace: touch "/test.txt"
libguestfs: trace: touch = 0
><fs> lsetxattr security.name "hello" 5 /test.txt
libguestfs: trace: lsetxattr "security.name" "hello" 5 "/test.txt"
libguestfs: trace: lsetxattr = 0
><fs> lsetxattr security.type "ascii file" 10 /test.txt
libguestfs: trace: lsetxattr "security.type" "ascii file" 10 "/test.txt"
libguestfs: trace: lsetxattr = 0
><fs> lgetxattrs /test.txt
libguestfs: trace: lgetxattrs "/test.txt"
libguestfs: trace: lgetxattrs = <struct guestfs_xattr_list *>
><fs>
Actual results:
lgetxattrs don't have output
Expected results:
lgetxattrs can show the attribute list
><fs> lgetxattrs /test.txt
[0] = {
attrname: security.name
attrval: hello
}
[1] = {
attrname: security.type
attrval: ascii file
}
Additional info:
1. lgetxattrs work with ext FS
2. has same issue with libguestfs-1.20.8-4.el6.x86_64 in rhel6
I'm pretty sure I've seen the same bug in ntfs-3g itself.
The problem was that ntfs-3g wouldn't return all the xattrs
when you use listxattr(2).
Should we expect that security.* xattrs can be set arbitrarily?
The security.* namespace is reserved by kernel security modules.
From attr(5):‐
bility.
So the fact this worked for ext4 is just luck.
If you use the user.* namespace instead, then everything works
fine even on NTFS:
$ guestfish -N fs:ntfs -m /dev/sda1:/:user_xattr <<EOF
touch /test.txt
lsetxattr user.name "hello" 5 /test.txt
lsetxattr user.type "ascii file" 10 /test.txt
lgetxattr /test.txt user.name
echo
lgetxattrs /test.txt
EOF
hello
[0] = {
attrname: user.name
attrval: hello
}
[1] = {
attrname: user.type
attrval: ascii file
}
So I would say this is not a bug.
I looked at the description again, and it's not expected that
you should be able to set arbitrary security.* xattrs. That
namespace is reserved for the kernel. Try setting user.* xattrs
instead -- those should work.
|
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=972292
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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en
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refinedweb
|
Here is the minimal set of steps needed to retrieve data from a URL using a URLConnection object:
Construct a URL object.
Invoke the URL object's openConnection( ) method to retrieve a URLConnection object for that URL.
Invoke the URLConnection 's getInputStream( ) method.
Read from the input stream using the usual stream API.
The getInputStream() method returns a generic InputStream that lets you read and parse the data that the server sends.
public InputStream getInputStream( )
Example 15-1 uses the getInputStream() method to download a web page.
import java.net.*; import java.io.*; public class SourceViewer2 { public static void main (String[] args) { if (args.length > 0) { try { //Open the URLConnection for reading URL u = new URL(args[0]); URLConnection uc = u.openConnection( ); InputStream raw = uc.getInputStream( ); InputStream buffer = new BufferedInputStream(raw); // chain the InputStream to a Reader Reader r = new InputStreamReader(buffer); int c; while ((c = r.read( )) != -1) { System.out.print((char) c); } } catch (MalformedURLException ex) { System.err.println(args[0] + " is not a parseable URL"); } catch (IOException ex) { System.err.println(ex); } } // end if } // end main } // end SourceViewer2
It is no accident that this program is almost the same as Example 7-5. The openStream( ) method of the URL class just returns an InputStream from its own URLConnection object. The output is identical as well, so I won't repeat it here.
The differences between URL and URLConnection aren't apparent with just a simple input stream as in this example. The biggest differences between the two classes are:
URLConnection provides access to the HTTP header.
URLConnection can configure the request parameters sent to the server.
URLConnection can write data to the server as well as read data from the server.
|
https://flylib.com/books/en/1.135.1.95/1/
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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en
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refinedweb
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Python tools to sample randomly with dont pick closest `n` elements constraints. Also contains a batch generator for the same to sample with replacement and with repeats if necessary.
Project description
Sampling Utils
Python tools to sample randomly with dont pick closest
n elements constraints.
Also contains a batch generator for the same to sample with replacement and with repeats if necessary.
Installation
Simply install using
pip
pip install sampling_utils
Usage
Dont Pick Closest
from sampling_utils import sample_from_list sample_from_list([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8], dont_pick_closest=2)
You are guaranteed to get samples that are at least
dont_pick_closest apart# (in value, not in indices).
Here you will get samples where
sample -
any_other_sample is always greater than 2.
For example, if 2 is picked, no other item in range [2+
dont_pick_closest and 2-
dont_pick_closest] will be picked
Another example looped 5 times:
for _ in range(5): sample_from_list([1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,14], dont_pick_closest=2) # Output # [5, 10, 2, 14] # [9, 6, 14, 1] # [3, 8, 12] # [10, 3, 6, 14] # [2, 5, 8, 12]
If 12 is sampled, sampling 10 and 14 are not allowed since
dont_pick_closest is 2.
In other words, if
n is sampled, then sampling anything from
[n-dont_pick_closest, ... n-1, n , n+1, ... n+dont_pick_closest]
is not allowed (if present in the list).
#Will be called as dont_pick_closest rule hereafter.
Number of samples
You can also specify how many samples you want from the list using
number_of_samples parameter.
By default, you get maximum possible samples (without replacement).
for _ in range(5): sample_from_list([1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,14], dont_pick_closest=2, num_samples=2) # Output # [8, 2] # [6, 3] # [12, 1] # [4, 10] # [9, 1]
If you try to sample more than what's possible, you will get an error saying that it's not possible.
Min and max samples
You may want to just know how much you can sample from a given list obeying the dont_pick_closest rule
from sampling_utils import get_min_samples, get_max_samples print(get_min_samples([1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,14], dont_pick_closest=2)) print(get_max_samples([1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,14], dont_pick_closest=2)) # Output # Min 3 # Max 4
Sampling without replacement successively / Generating batches of samples for one epoch
If you want to successively sample without replacement i.e. sample as many samples from the list without repeating,
you can use
batch_rand_generator as shown below.
This is particularly useful to generate batches of data
until no more batches can be generated (equivalent to one epoch).
from sampling_utils import batch_rand_generator from sampling_utils import get_batch_generator_elements batch_size = 2 brg = batch_rand_generator([1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,14], batch_size=batch_size, dont_pick_closest=2) print(get_batch_generator_elements(brg, batch_size=batch_size)) # Output # [[1, 4], [8, 5], [14, 3], [2, 6]]
Notice that the elements
- within each batch obey the dont_pick_closest rule (e.g. 1 and 4 from batch 1)
- from different batches need not obey the rule (e.g. 4 and 5 from batch 1 and 2 respectively).
Contributing
Pull requests are very welcome.
- Fork the repo
- Create new branch with feature name as branch name
- Check if things work with a jupyter notebook
- Raise a pull request
Licence
Please see attached Licence
Project details
Release history Release notifications
Download files
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages.
|
https://pypi.org/project/sampling-utils/
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
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en
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refinedweb
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table of contents
NAME¶popen_nosh, pclose_nosh, popen_execs, pclose_execs, - pipe stream to or from a process without using a shell
SYNOPSIS¶#include <stdio.h>
#include <execs.h>
FILE *popen_nosh(const char *command, const char
*type);
int pclose_nosh(FILE *stream);
FILE *popen_execsp(const char *command, const
char *type);
int pclose_execsp(FILE *stream);
FILE *popen_execs(const char *path,const char
*command, const char *type);
int pclose_execs(FILE *stream);
These functions are provided by libexecs. Link with -lexecs.
DESCRIPTION¶popen_nosh, popen_execsp and pclose_nosh are almost drop in replacement for popen(3) and pclose(3) provided by the libc. popen_nosh and popen_execsp are synonyms: they parse the command string and run the command directly, without using a shell.
Command arguments in args are delimited by space characters (blank, tabs or new lines). Single or double quotes can be used to delimitate command arguments including spaces and a non quoted backslash (\) is the escape character to protect the next char. The executable file is sought using the PATH environment variable as explained for execlp(3).
pclose_nosh closes a stream opened by popen_nosh.
popen_execs requires the path of the executable to be specified as its first parameter so it does not use the PATH environment variable. pclose_execs closes a stream opened by popen_execs.
|
https://manpages.debian.org/buster/libexecs-dev/pclose_nosh.3.en.html
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CC-MAIN-2019-51
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en
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refinedweb
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modern developers have learned that ‘sticking with HEAD’ (the most recent stable release) can be the best way to keep their application more secure. In this new ‘devops’ world there’s a fine line between using the latest and greatest, and breaking changes introduced by an upgrade. In this post we’ll explore some configuration options in Red Hat OpenShift which can make keeping up with the latest release easier, while reducing the impact of breaking changes. For more information on image streams I encourage you to read the source-to-image FAQ by Maciej Szulik.
Background
Many people, when they deploy an application on OpenShift, use source-to-image. It can provide a lot of functionality out of the box, including base images for language runtimes. Those base images install the runtime itself and usually some sort of tool to build the application which runs on top.
When building new versions of your image you pick up new libraries. You might want the runtime and build tool to update as well. By default, OpenShift sticks with whatever source-to-image base image was the latest at the time the image streams were installed. The default image streams won’t pull a new image from an external registry unless an image stream is tagged to a new version, or if they are ‘scheduled’. By default, an OpenShift upgrade, using the upgrade ansible playbooks, updates the Image Streams.
In this example I’m going to use the upstream Centos images so that I can push them to Docker Hub without worrying about license restrictions placed on RHEL images, and because I want to be able to push an image update to the ‘latest’ tag without waiting for that to happen naturally on the official Red Hat Container Catalogue registry. However if you find the concepts outlined here compelling, I encourage you to modify the existing image streams to be scheduled.
Setting up the test environment
Let’s explore this topic by creating our own image stream from a registry we control. We use a registry we control so that we can push a new image there, however these steps should work with any external registry. The image streams which come installed with OpenShift Container Platform (OCP) 3.10 use images from the Red Hat Container Catalogue. I’d recommend using that registry for Red Hat official images because it can offer security features, such as Deep Container Inspection.
When experimenting with this feature I used OCP 3.10. I then modified the configuration so that we don’t have to wait so long for new images to be pulled from the external registry. The default is to import new images every 15 minutes.
$ ssh [email protected] [master.example.com] $ vi /etc/origin/master/master-config.yaml
After:
imagePolicyConfig: internalRegistryHostname: docker-registry.default.svc:5000
Add:
scheduledImageImportMinimumIntervalSeconds: 60 [master.example.com] $ master-restart controllers 2
I created an image in an external repository by first pulling the bucharestgold/centos7-s2i-nodejs:10.9.0 image locally, tagging it with my own namespace and pushing it using the ‘latest’ tag.
$ docker pull docker.io/bucharestgold/centos7-s2i-nodejs:10.9.0 $ docker tag docker.io/bucharestgold/centos7-s2i-nodejs:10: ba8f35ef3b854b1dab87c20d2b9e8a1b15c219717526970c4aa196ca2fc8d3ad
Creating an Image Stream
Then, as an administrator I create a new image stream in the ‘openshift’ project. I use the ‘openshift’ project because then my image stream is available to other users, but these steps should also work with an imagestream created in a developer project.
$ oc import-image docker.io/jazinner/centos7-s2i-nodejs:latest \ --confirm --scheduled=true The import completed successfully. Name:centos7-s2i-nodejs Namespace:openshift Created:1 second ago Labels:<none> Annotations:openshift.io/image.dockerRepositoryCheck=2018-09-12T02:54:11Z Docker Pull Spec:172.30.1.1:5000/openshift/centos7-s2i-nodejs Image Lookup:local=false Unique Images:1 Tags:1 latest updates automatically from registry docker.io/jazinner/centos7-s2i-nodejs:latest prefer registry pullthrough when referencing this tag * 1 second ago Image Name:centos7-s2i-nodejs:latest Docker Image Name:sha256:ba8f35ef3b854b1dab87c20d2b9e8a1b15c219717526970c4aa196ca2fc8d3ad ...
Using the Image Stream
We can then build a new image which uses the imported source-to-image image stream. For this, switch to a developer account, and use a new project called ‘myproject’.
$ oc login -u developer Logged into "" as "developer" using existing credentials. You have one project on this server: "myproject" Using project "myproject". $ oc new-app centos7-s2i-nodejs~ --> Found image a3effc2 (2 days old) in image stream "openshift/centos7-s2i-nodejs" under tag "latest" for "centos7-s2i-nodejs" ... --> Creating resources ... imagestream "nodejs-ex" created buildconfig "nodejs-ex" created deploymentconfig "nodejs-ex" created service "nodejs-ex" created --> Success Build scheduled, use 'oc logs -f bc/nodejs-ex' to track its progress. Application is not exposed. You can expose services to the outside world by executing one or more of the commands below: 'oc expose svc/nodejs-ex' Run 'oc status' to view your app.
Running the container pod allows us to verify the NodeJS version in use:
$ oc get pods -w NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE nodejs-ex-1-build 1/1 Running 0 40s nodejs-ex-1-deploy 0/1 Pending 0 0s .. nodejs-ex-1-deploy 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s nodejs-ex-1-build 0/1 Completed 0 2m ... nodejs-ex-1-q8dsg 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s nodejs-ex-1-deploy 1/1 Running 0 3s nodejs-ex-1-q8dsg 1/1 Running 0 2s $oc rsh nodejs-ex-1-q8dsg node --version V10.9.0
Verifying scheduled imports
If we push a new image to the docker.io/jazinner/centos7-s2i-nodejs:latest tag a new source-to-image build of our application picks up the new image.
$ docker pull docker.io/bucharestgold/centos7-s2i-nodejs:10.10.0 $ docker tag docker.io/bucharestgold/centos7-s2i-nodejs:10: sha256:de0c8f343594c096d209e492f1e694886280f53e2997a50c9e9ab57ae1aad02b size: 1583
Once the Scheduled import minimum interval has expired the new 10.10.0 image will be pulled from the external registry. You can verify that a new image has been pulled using the ‘oc describe’ feature. Notice this time we use the ‘-n’ flag to reference resources in a different project.
$ oc describe is/centos7-s2i-nodejs -n openshift Name:centos7-s2i-nodejs Namespace:openshift Created:About an hour ago Labels:<none> Annotations:openshift.io/image.dockerRepositoryCheck=2018-09-12T03:12:54Z Docker Pull Spec:172.30.1.1:5000/openshift/centos7-s2i-nodejs Image Lookup:local=false Unique Images:2 Tags:1 latest updates automatically from registry docker.io/jazinner/centos7-s2i-nodejs:latest prefer registry pullthrough when referencing this tag * docker.io/jazinner/centos7-s2i-nodejs@sha256:d25befaa1961d8b8634fb6afe4e1d74c6b1d9d03253027c264bd89f1e1b0b86a About an hour ago docker.io/jazinner/centos7-s2i-nodejs@sha256:de0c8f343594c096d209e492f1e694886280f53e2997a50c9e9ab57ae1aad02b About an hour ago
The Annotation field shows us the timestamp the image was updated:
openshift.io/image.dockerRepositoryCheck=2018-09-12T03:12:54Z
If you prefer not to schedule image imports from an external registry, you can do it on demand for an image stream by tagging it. You can manually tag a new version using a command like this:
$ oc import-image openshift/centos7-s2i-nodejs:latest The import completed successfully. Name:centos7-s2i-nodejs Namespace:myproject Created:47 hours ago Labels:<none> Annotations:openshift.io/image.dockerRepositoryCheck=2018-09-13T01:50:26Z Docker Pull Spec:docker-registry.default.svc:5000/myproject/centos7-s2i-nodejs Image Lookup:local=false Unique Images:3 Tags:1 latest tagged from docker.io/jazinner/centos7-s2i-nodejs:latest * 4 seconds ago ...
By default a build configuration created by ‘oc new-app’ is setup to trigger a build when a new base image is imported. We can see this by describing the build configuration
$ oc describe buildconfigs/nodejs-ex Name:nodejs-ex Namespace:myproject Created:2 hours ago Labels:app=nodejs-ex Annotations:openshift.io/generated-by=OpenShiftNewApp Latest Version:2 Strategy:Source URL: From Image:ImageStreamTag openshift/centos7-s2i-nodejs:latest Output to:ImageStreamTag nodejs-ex:latest Build Run Policy:Serial Triggered by:Config, ImageChange … BuildStatusDurationCreation Time nodejs-ex-2 complete 16s 2018-09-12 13:12:54 +1000 AEST nodejs-ex-1 complete 1m54s 2018-09-12 12:54:43 +1000 AEST
From this output we can also see that a new build ‘nodejs-ex-2’ was kicked off at the same time as the import happened. Note that the 2 times have a different timezones however.
You could change this behaviour by updating the build configuration triggers. Here’s a command you can use to remove the ImageChange build trigger. It uses an index to refer to the ImageChange option, so we first check that the type is correct before removing it.
$ oc set triggers bc nodejs-ex --remove --from-image='openshift/centos7-s2i-nodejs:latest' buildconfig "nodejs-ex" updated
Now if a new image is pushed to the external registry it will be updated in the centos7-s2i-nodejs image stream. However when it’s updated a new build won’t be triggered for the application. A developer will have to trigger a build in some other way in order to pick up the new base image.
With this configuration of source-to-image base images being updated automatically, and developers manually triggering new builds which use those base images we have a good balance of security and compatibility. Breaking changes made to the base image should be picked up when a developer builds a source-to-image application and tests it. Also, the cluster continues to get updates to base images without requiring a full upgrade.
Conclusion
Using scheduled source-to-image base image streams, along with a build configuration which disables ImageChange triggers, we can strike a nice balance between “sticking with head”, and avoiding breaking changes. Consider updating the pre-installed image streams in the ‘openshift’ project to allow your developers get the latest security updates in language runtimes and build tools.
While I used CentOS images for demonstration purposes in this post, I’d recommend using RHEL images for your production applications. The Red Hat Container Catalogue contains regularly updated and certified container images, fully supported by Red Hat.
|
https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/sticking-head-openshift-image-streams
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CC-MAIN-2019-51
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en
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refinedweb
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google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle module
Summary
Client-side transfer throttling for use with remote_api_stub.
This module is used to configure rate limiting for programs accessing AppEngine services through remote_api.
See the Throttle class for more information.
An example with throttling: — from google.appengine.ext import db from google.appengine.ext.remote_api import remote_api_stub from google.appengine.ext.remote_api import throttle from myapp import models import getpass import threading
- def auth_func():
return (raw_input(‘Username:’), getpass.getpass(‘Password:’))
remote_api_stub.ConfigureRemoteDatastore(‘my-app’, ‘/remote_api’, auth_func) full_throttle = throttle.DefaultThrottle(multiplier=1.0) throttle.ThrottleRemoteDatastore(full_throttle)
# Register any threads that will be using the datastore with the throttler full_throttle.Register(threading.currentThread())
# Now you can access the remote datastore just as if your code was running on # App Engine, and you don’t need to worry about exceeding quota limits!
houses = models.House.all().fetch(100) for a_house in houses:
a_house.doors += 1
db.put(houses) —
This example limits usage to the default free quota levels. The multiplier kwarg to throttle.DefaultThrottle can be used to scale the throttle levels higher or lower.
Throttles can also be constructed directly for more control over the limits for different operations. See the Throttle class and the constants following it for details.
Contents
- class google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.DatastoreThrottler(throttle)source
Bases: google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.Throttler
- exception google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.ThreadNotRegisteredErrorsource
Bases: google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.Error
An unregistered thread has accessed the throttled datastore stub.
- class google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.Throttle(get_time=function, thread_sleep=InterruptibleSleep, layout=None)source
Bases: object
A base class for upload rate throttling.
Transferring large number of entities, too quickly, could trigger quota limits and cause the transfer process to halt. In order to stay within the application’s quota, we throttle the data transfer to a specified limit (across all transfer threads).
This class tracks a moving average of some aspect of the transfer rate (bandwidth, records per second, http connections per second). It keeps two windows of counts of bytes transferred, on a per-thread basis. One block is the “current” block, and the other is the “prior” block. It will rotate the counts from current to prior when ROTATE_PERIOD has passed. Thus, the current block will represent from 0 seconds to ROTATE_PERIOD seconds of activity (determined by: time.time() - self.last_rotate). The prior block will always represent a full ROTATE_PERIOD.
Sleeping is performed just before a transfer of another block, and is based on the counts transferred before the next transfer. It really does not matter how much will be transferred, but only that for all the data transferred SO FAR that we have interspersed enough pauses to ensure the aggregate transfer rate is within the specified limit.
These counts are maintained on a per-thread basis, so we do not require any interlocks around incrementing the counts. There IS an interlock on the rotation of the counts because we do not want multiple threads to multiply-rotate the counts.
There are various race conditions in the computation and collection of these counts. We do not require precise values, but simply to keep the overall transfer within the bandwidth limits. If a given pause is a little short, or a little long, then the aggregate delays will be correct.
- AddTransfer(throttle_name, token_count)source
Add a count to the amount this thread has transferred.
Each time a thread transfers some data, it should call this method to note the amount sent. The counts may be rotated if sufficient time has passed since the last rotation.Parameters
throttle_name – The name of the throttle to add to.
token_count – The number to add to the throttle counter.
- ROTATE_PERIOD = 600
- Sleep(throttle_name=None)source
Possibly sleep in order to limit the transfer rate.
Note that we sleep based on prior transfers rather than what we may be about to transfer. The next transfer could put us under/over and that will be rectified after that transfer. Net result is that the average transfer rate will remain within bounds. Spiky behavior or uneven rates among the threads could possibly bring the transfer rate above the requested limit for short durations.Parameters
throttle_name – The name of the throttle to sleep on. If None or omitted, then sleep on all throttles.
- class google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.ThrottleHandler(throttle)source
Bases: urllib2.BaseHandler
A urllib2 handler for http and https requests that adds to a throttle.
- google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.ThrottleRemoteDatastore(throttle, remote_datastore_stub=None)source
Install the given throttle for the remote datastore stub.Parameters
throttle – A Throttle instance to limit datastore access rates
remote_datastore_stub – The datstore stub instance to throttle, for testing purposes.
- exception google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.UnknownThrottleNameErrorsource
Bases: google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.Error
A transfer was added for an unknown throttle name.
|
https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/python/refdocs/google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle?hl=JA
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CC-MAIN-2019-51
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en
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refinedweb
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Hello,
Use of predefined QoS profiles from NDDS_QOS_PROFILES.example.xml
DataReaders are running in own threads
Compiled with gcc 4.9.1 (-std=c++1y) and QtCreator as build system
Use boost.signals2 ,just headers , no need to compile the boost library
Best regards,
Daniel
C++ library
Hello,
Hello Daniel,
Thanks for sharing this! I see many interesting ideas in that code like using signals and also introducing classes to represent the builtin QoS profiles and Writers/Readers that use that Qos...
One thing I am now sure how it would be handled is the fact that the Qos has a lot of parameters that can take value over a continuum. The builtin QosProfiles provide specific values for these parameters, but often a user would want to modify some of these... For example a Reliability Qos Policy has a max_blocking_time value with can be any number of second and nanoseconds. It would seem that if one defined specialized DataWriter classes for each Qos, e.g for the ReliableDataWriter, it would have to use the builtin Qos as defined and not be able to modify any parameters there. Is that correct?
Thank you for your positive feedback Gerardo!
About working with customized QoS profiles the library did not cover this scenario. I've added this feature using the following approach.All customized QoS profiles should be saved in USER_QOS_PROFILES.xml and in the initialization phase the application is loading also the profiles from USER_QOS_PROFILES.xml. In the libray the Readers/Writers that are using the customized QoS profiles I've separated in another namespace: customQoS. So the Readers/Writers that are using the builtin QoS profiles are in the namespace easydds and all Readers/Writers that are using the custom QoS profiles are in the namespace customQoS.
|
https://community.rti.com/forum-topic/c-library
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
import "cuelang.org/go/pkg/encoding/json"
Compact generates the JSON-encoded src with insignificant space characters elided.
HTMLEscape returns createsStream turns a list into a stream of JSON objects.
Unmarshal parses the JSON-encoded data.
Valid reports whether data is a valid JSON encoding.
Validate validates JSON and confirms it matches the constraints specified by v.
Package json imports 7 packages (graph) and is imported by 2 packages. Updated 2019-12-05. Refresh now. Tools for package owners.
|
https://godoc.org/cuelang.org/go/pkg/encoding/json
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
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en
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refinedweb
|
If you want to use `is` in your DSL you could try:
def check(condition) {
// Define and initialize a new map
def map = [:]
// Remove the `is` method from the map's metaclass
map.metaClass.is = null
// Add the key-value pair we care for the DSL
map[is] = { bool ->
println "checking if $condition yields $bool, with 'is'"
}
// Return the map
map
}
I don't know if the above follows good practices or at very least is a good
idea (remember that I'm very new) but it works.
On Wed, Oct 28, 2015 at 12:19 AM, Edinson E. Padrón Urdaneta <
[email protected]> wrote:
> Well, I'm very new to groovy so I could be very wrong but `is` is a method
> of `GroovyObjectSupport`, so maybe you are invoking that method in your DSL
> without knowing that.
>
> On Tue, Oct 27, 2015 at 10:47 PM, Marc Paquette <[email protected]> wrote:
>
>> Playing with DSL here (going through chapter 19 of « Groovy In Action,
>> second edition », well worth the read). It seems that one cannot use the
>> word ‘is’ to build a command chain dsl, but ‘IS’ or ‘Is’ or ‘iS’
are ok… Or
>> is it something I’m doing wrong ?
>>
>> ```
>> [marcpa@MarcPaquette dsl]$ groovy --version
>> Groovy Version: 2.4.3 JVM: 1.8.0_60 Vendor: Oracle Corporation OS: Mac OS
>> X
>> [marcpa@MarcPaquette dsl]$ cat chainWithLowerCaseIsFails.groovy
>> def check(condition) {
>> [is: { bool ->
>> println "checking if $condition yields $bool, with 'is'"
>> },
>> IS: { bool ->
>> println "checking if $condition yields $bool, with 'IS'"
>> }]
>> }
>>
>> cond = (1<2)
>> check cond is true
>> check cond IS true
>> [marcpa@MarcPaquette dsl]$ groovy chainWithLowerCaseIsFails.groovy
>> checking if true yields true, with 'IS'
>> [marcpa@MarcPaquette dsl]$
>> ```
>>
>> Marc Paquette
>>
>>
>
|
http://mail-archives.eu.apache.org/mod_mbox/groovy-users/201510.mbox/%3CCACtcGtwq794bcy_LxhJuzgXt-YdqW-AtA6B9dekj=0B-sKabTw@mail.gmail.com%3E
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
U_Blox device connector
Fork of mbed-os-example-client by
mbed_client_config.h
- Committer:
- surajdagar
- Date:
- 2017-02-02
- Revision:
- 63:81c0432cb506
- Parent:
- 0:7d5ec759888b
File content as of revision 63:81c0432cb506:
/* * Copyright (c) 2016_CLIENT_CONFIG_H #define MBED_CLIENT_CONFIG_H // Defines the number of times client should try re-connection towards // Server in case of connectivity loss , also defines the number of CoAP // re-transmission attempts.Default value is 3 #define M2M_CLIENT_RECONNECTION_COUNT 3 // Defines the interval (in seconds) in which client should try re-connection towards // Server in case of connectivity loss , also use the same interval for CoAP // re-transmission attempts. Default value is 5 seconds #define M2M_CLIENT_RECONNECTION_INTERVAL 5 // Defines the keep-alive interval (in seconds) in which client should send keep alive // pings to server while connected through TCP mode. Default value is 300 seconds #define M2M_CLIENT_TCP_KEEPALIVE_TIME 300 // Defines the maximum CoAP messages that client can hold, maximum value is 6 #define SN_COAP_DUPLICATION_MAX_MSGS_COUNT 2 // Defines the size of blockwise CoAP messages that client can handle. // The values that can be defined uust be 2^x and x is at least 4. // Suitable values: 0, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 and 1024 #define SN_COAP_MAX_BLOCKWISE_PAYLOAD_SIZE 1024 // Many pure LWM2M servers doen't accept 'obs' text in registration message. // While using Client against such servers, this flag can be set to define to // disable client sending 'obs' text for observable resources. #undef COAP_DISABLE_OBS_FEATURE // Disable Bootstrap functionality in client in order to reduce code size, if bootstrap // functionality is not required. #undef M2M_CLIENT_DISABLE_BOOTSTRAP_FEATURE #endif // MBED_CLIENT_CONFIG_H
|
https://os.mbed.com/users/surajdagar/code/U_Blox_DeviceConnector/file/81c0432cb506/mbed_client_config.h/
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
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en
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refinedweb
|
offers code snippets demonstrating common tasks you may wish to perform.
Opening new browser windows
To open a new browser window, you can simply use
window.open(). However,
window.open() returns a
Window object for content, not for the browser window itself, so you should get the chrome
Window first. The simplest way to do that is to use
nsIWindowMediator.
Example
window.open(); //This open a pop-up window that could be "blocked" client-side //The following code generate an error as describe in the following warning box var wm = Components.classes["@mozilla.org/appshell/window-mediator;1"] .getService(Components.interfaces.nsIWindowMediator); var newWindow = wm.getMostRecentWindow("navigator:browser"); var b = newWindow.gBrowser;
The code generate a TypeError from firefox console. In particular the
Components.classes is undefined and
The Components object is deprecated. It will soon be removed.
Draggable windows
To make a window draggable by clicking on the window's contents, you can use the
mousedown and
mousemove events. The following code does not care which element is clicked on, simply responding to all mousedown events equally. You could improve this code by checking the event.target element and only setting the startPos if the element matches some criteria.
Example
var startPos = null; function mouseDown(event) { startPos = [event.clientX, event.clientY]; } function mouseMove(event) { if (startPos) { var newX = event.screenX - startPos[0]; var newY = event.screenY - startPos[1]; window.moveTo(newX, newY); } } function mouseUp(event) { startPos = null; } window.addEventListener("mousedown", mouseDown, false); window.addEventListener("mouseup", mouseUp, false); window.addEventListener("mousemove", mouseMove, false);
XUL Titlebar Element
XUL Applications can take advantage of the
titlebar element to achieve a similar result without extra JavaScript code.
Re-using and focusing named windows
While specifying the name parameter to window.open or window.openDialog will prevent multiple windows of that name from opening, each call will actually re-initialize the window and thus lose whatever state the user has put it in. Additionally, if the window is in the background, it may not be brought to the front. This code will check for a window of the provided name. If it finds one, it focuses it. If it doesn't, it opens one.
var wenum = Components.classes["@mozilla.org/embedcomp/window-watcher;1"] .getService(Components.interfaces.nsIWindowWatcher) .getWindowEnumerator(); var index = 1; var windowName = "yourWindowName"; while (wenum.hasMoreElements()) { var win = wenum.getNext(); if (win.name == windowName) { win.focus(); return; } index++ } window.open("chrome://to/your/window.xul", windowName, "features");
Uniquely identifying DOM windowsRequires Gecko 2.0(Firefox 4 / Thunderbird 3.3 / SeaMonkey 2.1)
In Gecko, each DOM window has a unique 64-bit ID number. You can get a DOM window's ID using the
nsIDOMWindowUtils attribute
outerWindowID. Each time a new window is created, it gets assigned an ID one greater than the last created window. This can be used in cases in which you need to uniquely identify a DOM window during the duration of the application's lifespan:
var util = win.QueryInterface(Components.interfaces.nsIInterfaceRequestor).getInterface(Components.interfaces.nsIDOMWindowUtils); var windowID = util.outerWindowID;
After running that code,
windowID contains the outer window's unique ID.
Similarly, you can get the current inner window ID using the
nsIDOMWIndowUtils attribute
currentInnerWindowID:
var util = win.QueryInterface(Components.interfaces.nsIInterfaceRequestor).getInterface(Components.interfaces.nsIDOMWindowUtils); var windowID = util.currentInnerWindowID;
Programatically modifying HTML
When attempting to modify HTML elements, it is important to specify the namespace. For example, the following code will add a horizontal rule.
var hr = document.createElementNS("", "html:hr"); document.getElementById("id1").appendChild(hr);
See also
- More about Working with windows in chrome code.
|
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Archive/Add-ons/Code_snippets/Windows
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
Hello,
I've encountered a strange bug that appears to be either in gcc's gomp
implementation or in how python loads extension modules linked against
gomp. Here's the error:
Using gcc (multiple versions) on linux, I compile an empty c extension
module and pass -lgomp as a linker arg. If I import it, running a
simple script in matplotlib causes a segfault. Not passing -lgomp or
not loading the empty module makes the code works fine. More
specifically, if I compile:
#include "Python.h"
static struct PyMethodDef methods[] = {
{0, 0, 0, 0}
};
PyMODINIT_FUNC initempty(void) {
Py_InitModule4("empty", methods, 0, 0, PYTHON_API_VERSION);
}
using ``ext_modules = [Extension("empty", ["empty.c"], extra_link_args
= ["-lgomp"])]``, then
import empty
import matplotlib.pylab as plt
plt.figure()
plt.plot([0,1], [0,1], '-b')
plt.show()
causes the program to segfault (removing ``import empty`` makes it
fine). Looking at a traceback:
#0 0x00f78bc7 in __cxa_allocate_exception () from /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6
#1 0x008f51f2 in py_to_agg_transformation_matrix (obj=0x8223f58,
errors=false) at src/agg_py_transforms.cpp:20
#2 0x008fdd73 in _path_module::update_path_extents (this=0x8e45f90,
args=...) at src/path.cpp:378
#3 0x009048bd in
Py::ExtensionModule<_path_module>::invoke_method_varargs (this=<value
optimized out>, method_def=0x8e9ae30, args=...) at
./CXX/Python2/ExtensionModule.hxx:184
#4 0x008f0d96 in method_varargs_call_handler
(_self_and_name_tuple=0x8e6eeac, _args=0x94e683c) at
CXX/Python2/cxx_extensions.cxx:1714
#5 0x080dc0d0 in PyEval_EvalFrameEx ()
#6 0x080dddf2 in PyEval_EvalCodeEx ()
While occurring in some of matplotlib's extension code (and I haven't
found another library that crashes it), the fact that the deciding
factor is whether I link against gomp indicates the it's probably
upstream somewhere.
I encountered this error a year ago and asked about it on the
matplotlib mailing list, but found a quick workaround then, and with
deadline pressure I forgot about it. However, it's come up again, and
then I was asked to bump it to python-dev, which is why I'm posting it
here.
I can reproduce it on the following systems. In all cases, matplotlib
is compiled from source on the development branch (r8969) and uses
QT4Agg as the backend, as is numpy, scipy, etc. If needed, I can
track down more versions.
gcc (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.4.4-14ubuntu5) 4.4.4, 64bit, Python 2.6.6, ubuntu 10.10
gcc (Ubuntu 4.4.3-4ubuntu5) 4.4.3, 64bit, Python 2.6.5, ubuntu 10.04
gcc (Ubuntu 4.4.1-4ubuntu9) 4.4.1, 32bit, Python 2.6.4, ubuntu 9.10
gcc 4.5.2 (source build), Python 2.6.5, ubuntu 10.04. On this build,
the given source example does not produce the result, and I haven't
been able to tweak it so it does. However, linking to a much larger
extension library that uses many different parts of openmp causes
exactly the same crash. If I recompile that library without openmp
support, then everything works fine; with openmp support it corrupts
something and matplotlib crashes in exactly the same way.
gcc 4.3.2, Python 2.6.2, ubuntu 9.04 (I don't have access to this
system any more, since it got upgraded, but it had the same problem a
year ago).
I'd be happy to provide any more information if needed. I attached
example code that reproduces it. Let me know if I should file a bug
report (and where to file it -- which is why I haven't yet).
Thanks,
--Hoyt
python-gomp-bug.tar.gz (672 Bytes)
···
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ Hoyt Koepke
+ University of Washington Department of Statistics
+
+ [email protected]...
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
|
https://discourse.matplotlib.org/t/bug-in-linking-to-gomp-with-python-causes-crash-in-matplotlib/15062
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
IPlayerEvent
Link to iplayerevent
This interface is extended by all events that have a player.
That means you can use the getter below to access the player.
Importing the class
Link to importing-the-class
It might be required to import the class to avoid errors.
import crafttweaker.event.IPlayerEvent;
Extending ILivingEvent
Link to extending-ilivingevent
This interface extends ILivingEvent, which means that all functionality that ILivingEvent offers is also present in IPlayerEvent
ZenGetters
Link to zengetters
|
https://docs.blamejared.com/1.12/en/Vanilla/Events/Events/IPlayerEvent
|
CC-MAIN-2022-40
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
Introduction to Spring Batch Processing
Spring batch processing is characterized by non-interactive, frequently long-running background execution, and bulk-oriented is utilized in almost every industry and for a wide range of tasks. Batch processing can be data or computationally heavy, run sequentially or in parallel, and be started using different invocation models, such as ad hoc, scheduled, or on-demand. Spring Batch is a lightweight, feature-rich framework that makes it easier to create reliable batch applications.
What is spring batch processing?
- Any developer should be knowledgeable and comfortable with the fundamental notions of batch processing.
- It introduces spring Batch’s fundamental concepts and phrases in batch processing.
- A Job, which is made up of numerous Steps, usually encapsulates a batch operation. ItemProcessor, ItemReader, and ItemWriter are usually present in each Step.
- A JobLauncher executes a job, while a JobRepository store’s metadata about jobs configured and executed.
- Each Job can have several JobInstances, each of which is defined by its own set of job parameters. For example, a JobExecution is the name for a single run of a Job Instance.
- Every Job is made up of one or more steps, each of which is an independent, specific portion of a batch Job.
- A single StepExecution, similar to a Job, represents a single attempt to perform a Step. StepExecution keeps track of current and exit statuses, start and finish times, and pointers to the corresponding Step and JobExecution instances.
Spring batch processing Application setup
Below examples shown to set up the project of spring batch processing are as follows.
- Create project template of spring batch processing by using spring initializer
- In the below step, we have provided project group name as com.example, artifact name as SpringBatchProcessing, project name as SpringBatchProcessing, and selected java version as 8. Also, we have defined the spring boot version as 2.6.0, defined the project as maven.
- We have selected spring web, spring batch, spring data JPA, and PostgreSQL driver dependency in the below project to implement the spring batch processing project.
Group – com.example
Artifact name – SpringBatchProcessing
Name – SpringBatchProcessing
Spring boot – 2.6.0
Project – Maven
Java – 8
Package name - com.example.SpringBatchProcessing
Project Description - Project for SpringBatchProcessing
Dependencies – spring web, PostgreSQL driver, spring batch, Spring data JPA.
> admin dependency in the spring batch project.
Code –
data layer –
Code –
@Entity(name = "student")
@Getter
@Setter
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
@EntityListeners (AuditingEntityListener.class)
public class Stud
{@Id
@Column(name = "id")
@GeneratedValue (strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
private int stud_id;
@Override
public String toString() {
return "stud_id: " + stud_id;
}
}
- Create repository layer –
Code –
public interface StudentRepo extends JpaRepository<Stud, Long> {
}
- Create processor –
Code –
public class StudProcessor implements ItemProcessor {
private static final Logger l = (Logger) LoggerFactory.getLogger(StudProcessor.class);
public String process(final Stud st) throws Exception {
final String firstName = st.getStud_ID ().toUpperCase();
String student = null;
l.info("Convert (" + st + ") into (" + student + ")");
return student;
}
@Override
return null;
}
}
- Create configuration layer –
Code –
@Configuration
@EnableBatchProcessing
public class Config {
@Autowired
public JobBuilderFactory jbf;
@Autowired
public StepBuilderFactory sbf;
@Bean
public FlatFileItemReader<Stud> reader() {
return new FlatFileItemReaderBuilder<Stud>()
.name("studReader")
.resource(new ClassPathResource("stud.csv"))
.delimited()
.names(new String[]{"Stud_id"})
.fieldSetMapper(new BeanWrapperFieldSetMapper<>() {{
setTargetType(Stud.class);
}})
.build();
}
@Bean
public RepositoryItemWriter<Stud> writer()
{
RepositoryItemWriter<Stud> iwriter = new RepositoryItemWriter<>();
CrudRepository<Stud, ?> studRepo = null;
iwriter.setRepository(studRepo);
iwriter.setMethodName("Save");
return iwriter;
}
- Create controller layer
Code –
@RestController
@RequestMapping(path = "/batch")// Root path
public class Controller
{
@Autowired
private JobLauncher jl;
@Autowired
private Job j;
@GetMapping(path = "/start")
public ResponseEntity<String> startBatch () throws org.springframework.batch.core.repository.JobRestartException
{
JobParameters p = new JobParametersBuilder()
.addLong("started", System.currentTimeMillis()).toJobParameters();
return new ResponseEntity<>("Process of batch is started", HttpStatus.OK);
}
}
- Configure application.properties file –
Code
server.port=8080
spring.batch.job.enabled=false
- Run the application –
Spring batch processing Framework
- Spring Batch is a lightweight, feature-rich batch framework that enables the creation of dependable batch applications that are critical to enterprise systems’ day-to-day operations.
- Batch operations that handle large amounts of data can take advantage of the framework in a highly scalable way.
- Spring Batch is based on the Spring Framework; we should be familiar with the capabilities and functions of spring.
- Spring batch has the benefit of having few project dependencies, making it easier to get up and running quickly.
Key Concepts and Terminology
- The ExecutionContext is saved by Spring Batch, which is useful if you need to restart a batch job.
- All of this persistence is made possible through the JobRepository mechanism in Spring Batch. In addition, it offers CRUD operations for JobLauncher, Job, and Step instantiations.
- A JobExecution is retrieved from the repository after a Job is launched, and StepExecution and JobExecution instances persist during the execution process.
- To develop a spring boot processing application, we need to add spring web, spring batch, spring data JPA and PostgreSQL driver dependency in the pom.xml file.
Conclusion
Any developer should be knowledgeable and comfortable with the fundamental notions of batch processing. Spring Batch is a lightweight, feature-rich batch framework. Spring batch is characterized by non-interactive, frequently long-running background execution, and bulk-oriented is utilized in almost every industry and for a wide range of tasks.
Recommended Articles
This is a guide to Spring Batch Processing. Here we discuss the Spring batch processing Framework along with the Key Concepts and Terminology. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –
|
https://www.educba.com/spring-batch-processing/?source=leftnav
|
CC-MAIN-2022-40
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
customized widgets.
A quick demo
First let's have a look at some of the most common PyQt widgets. The following code creates a range of PyQt widgets and adds them to a window layout so you can see them together.
We'll cover how layouts work in Qt in the next tutorial.
import sys from PySide6.QtCore import Qt from PySide6.QtWidgets import ( QApplication, QCheckBox, QComboBox, QDateEdit, QDateTimeEdit, QDial, QDoubleSpinBox, QFontComboBox, QLabel, QLCDNumber, QLineEdit, QMainWindow, QProgressBar, QPushButton, QRadioButton, QSlider, QSpinBox, QTimeEdit, QVBoxLayout, QWidget, ) # Subclass QMainWindow to customize your application's main window class MainWindow(QMainWindow): def __init__(self): super().__init__() self.setWindowTitle("Widgets App") layout = QVBoxLayout() widgets = [ QCheckBox, QComboBox, QDateEdit, QDateTimeEdit, QDial, QDoubleSpinBox, QFontComboBox, QLCDNumber, QLabel, QLineEdit, QProgressBar, QPushButton, QRadioButton, QSlider, QSpinBox, QTimeEdit, ] for w in widgets: layout.addWidget(w()) widget = QWidget() widget.setLayout(layout) # Set the central widget of the Window. Widget will expand # to take up all the space in the window by default. self.setCentralWidget(widget) app = QApplication(sys.argv) window = MainWindow() window.show() app.exec_()
Run it! You'll see a window appear containing all the widgets we've created.
Big ol' list of widgets on Windows, Mac & Ubuntu Linux.
Lets have a look at all the example widgets, from top to bottom:
There are far more widgets than this, but they don’t fit so well! You can see them all by checking the Qt documentation.
Next, we'll step through some of the most commonly used widgets and look at them in more detail. To experiment with the widgets we'll need a simple application to put them in. Save the following code to a file named
app.py and run it to make sure it's working.
import sys from PySide6.QtWidgets import ( QMainWindow, QApplication, QLabel, QCheckBox, QComboBox, QListWidget, QLineEdit, QLineEdit, QSpinBox, QDoubleSpinBox, QSlider ) from PySide6.QtCore import Qt class MainWindow(QMainWindow): def __init__(self): super(MainWindow, self).__init__() self.setWindowTitle("My App") app = QApplication(sys.argv) w = MainWindow() w.show() app.exec_()
In the code above we've imported a number of Qt widgets. Now we'll step through each of those widgets in turn, adding them to our application and seeing how they behave.
QLabel
We'll start the tour with
QLabel, arguably one of the simplest widgets available in the Qt toolbox. This is a simple one-line piece of text that you can position in your application. You can set the text by passing in a
str as you create it:
widget = QLabel("Hello")
Or, by using the
.setText() method:
widget = QLabel("1") # The label is created with the text 1. widget.setText("2") # The label now shows 2.
You can also adjust font parameters, such as the size of the font or the alignment of text in the widget.
class MainWindow(QMainWindow): def __init__(self): super(MainWindow, self).__init__() self.setWindowTitle("My App") widget = QLabel("Hello") font = widget.font() font.setPointSize(30) widget.setFont(font) widget.setAlignment(Qt.AlignHCenter | Qt.AlignVCenter) self.setCentralWidget(widget)
QLabel on Windows, Mac & Ubuntu Linux.
Font tip Note that if you want to change the properties of a widget font it is usually better to get the current font, update it and then apply it back. This ensures the font face remains in keeping with the desktop conventions.
The alignment is specified by using a flag from the
Qt. namespace.
The flags available for horizontal alignment are:
The flags available for vertical alignment are:
You can combine flags together using pipes (
|), however note that you
can only use vertical or horizontal alignment flag at a time.
align_top_left = Qt.AlignLeft | Qt.AlignTop
Note that you use an OR pipe (`|`) to combine the two flags (not
A & B). This is because the flags are non-overlapping bitmasks. e.g.
Qt.AlignLeft has the hexadecimal value
0x0001, while
Qt.AlignBottomis
0x0040. By ORing together we get the value
0x0041 representing 'bottom left'. This principle applies to all other combinatorial Qt flags. If this is gibberish to you, feel free to ignore and move on. Just remember to use |
Finally, there is also a shorthand flag that centers in both directions simultaneously:
Weirdly, you can also use
QLabel to display an image using
.setPixmap(). This accepts an pixmap, which you can create by passing an image filename to
QPixmap. In the example files provided with this book you can find a file
otje.jpg which you can display in your window as follows:
widget.setPixmap(QPixmap('otje.jpg'))
"Otje" the cat.
What a lovely face. By default the image scales while maintaining its aspect ratio. If you want it to stretch and scale to fit the window completely you can set
.setScaledContents(True) on the
QLabel.
widget.setScaledContents(True)
QCheckBox
The next widget to look at is
QCheckBox() which, as the name suggests, presents a checkable box to the user. However, as with all Qt widgets there are number of configurable options to change the widget behaviors.
class MainWindow(QMainWindow): def __init__(self): super(MainWindow, self).__init__() self.setWindowTitle("My App") widget = QCheckBox() widget.setCheckState(Qt.Checked) # For tristate: widget.setCheckState(Qt.PartiallyChecked) # Or: widget.setTriState(True) widget.stateChanged.connect(self.show_state) self.setCentralWidget(widget) def show_state(self, s): print(s == Qt.Checked) print(s)
QCheckBox on Windows, Mac & Ubuntu Linux.
You can set a checkbox state programmatically using
.setChecked or
.setCheckState. The former accepts either
True or
False representing checked or unchecked respectively. However, with
.setCheckState you also specify a particular checked state using a
Qt. namespace flag:
A checkbox that supports a partially-checked (
Qt.PartiallyChecked) state is commonly referred to as 'tri-state', that is being neither on nor off. A checkbox in this state is commonly shown as a greyed out checkbox, and is commonly used in hierarchical checkbox arrangements where sub-items are linked to parent checkboxes.
If you set the value to
Qt.PartiallyChecked the checkbox will become tristate. You can also set a checkbox to be tri-state without setting the current state to partially checked by using
.setTriState(True)
You may notice that when the script is running the current state number is displayed as an
int with checked =
2, unchecked =
0, and partially checked =
1. You don’t need to remember these values, the
Qt.Checked namespace variable
== 2 for example. This is the value of these state's respective flags. This means you can test state using
state == Qt.Checked.
QComboBox
The
QComboBox is a drop down list, closed by default with an arrow to open it. You can select a single item from the list, with the currently selected item being shown as a label on the widget. The combo box is suited to selection of a choice from a long list of options.
You have probably seen the combo box used for selection of font faces, or size, in word processing applications. Although Qt actually provides a specific font-selection combo box as
QFontComboBox.
You can add items to a
QComboBox by passing a list of strings to
.addItems(). Items will be added in the order they are provided.
class MainWindow(QMainWindow): def __init__(self): super(MainWindow, self).__init__() self.setWindowTitle("My App") widget = QComboBox() widget.addItems(["One", "Two", "Three"]) # The default signal from currentIndexChanged sends the index widget.currentIndexChanged.connect(self.index_changed) # The same signal can send a text string widget.currentTextChanged.connect(self.text_changed) self.setCentralWidget(widget) def index_changed(self, i): # i is an int print(i) def text_changed(self, s): # s is a str print(s)
QComboBox on Windows, Mac & Ubuntu Linux.
The
.currentIndexChanged signal is triggered when the currently selected item is updated, by default passing the index of the selected item in the list.
There is also a
.currentTextChanged signal which instead provides the label of the currently selected item, which is often more useful.
QComboBox can also be editable, allowing users to enter values not currently in the list and either have them inserted, or simply used as a value. To make the box editable:
widget.setEditable(True)
You can also set a flag to determine how the insert is handled. These flags are stored on the
QComboBox class itself and are listed below:
To use these, apply the flag as follows:
widget.setInsertPolicy(QComboBox.InsertAlphabetically)
You can also limit the number of items allowed in the box by using
.setMaxCount, e.g.
widget.setMaxCount(10)
For a more in-depth look at the
QComboBox take a look at my QComboBox documentation.
QListWidget
QListWidget. It’s very similar to
QComboBox, differing mainly in the
signals available.
class MainWindow(QMainWindow): def __init__(self): super(MainWindow, self).__init__() self.setWindowTitle("My App") widget = QListWidget() widget.addItems(["One", "Two", "Three"]) # In QListWidget there are two separate signals for the item, and the str widget.currentItemChanged.connect( self.index_changed ) widget.currentTextChanged.connect( self.text_changed ) self.setCentralWidget(widget) def index_changed(self, i): # Not an index, i is a QListItem print(i.text()) def text_changed(self, s): # s is a str print(s)
QListWidget on Windows, Mac & Ubuntu Linux.
QListWidget offers an
currentItemChanged signal which sends the
QListItem (the element of the list box), and a
currentTextChanged signal which sends the text.
To support developers in [[ countryRegion ]] I give a [[ localizedDiscount[couponCode] ]]% discount with the code [[ couponCode ]] — Enjoy!
For [[ activeDiscount.description ]] I'm giving a [[ activeDiscount.discount ]]% discount with the code [[ couponCode ]] — Enjoy!
QLineEdit
The
QLineEdit widget is a simple single-line text editing box, into which users can type input. These are used for form fields, or settings where there is no restricted list of valid inputs. For example, when entering an email address, or computer name.
class MainWindow(QMainWindow): def __init__(self): super(MainWindow, self).__init__() self.setWindowTitle("My App") widget = QLineEdit() widget.setMaxLength(10) widget.setPlaceholderText("Enter your text") #widget.setReadOnly(True) # uncomment this to make readonly widget.returnPressed.connect(self.return_pressed) widget.selectionChanged.connect(self.selection_changed) widget.textChanged.connect(self.text_changed) widget.textEdited.connect(self.text_edited) self.setCentralWidget(widget) def return_pressed(self): print("Return pressed!") self.centralWidget().setText("BOOM!") def selection_changed(self): print("Selection changed") print(self.centralWidget().selectedText()) def text_changed(self, s): print("Text changed...") print(s) def text_edited(self, s): print("Text edited...") print(s)
QLineEdit on Windows, Mac & Ubuntu Linux.
As demonstrated in the above code, you can set a maximum length for the text in a line edit.
The
QLineEdit has a number of signals available for different editing events including when return is pressed (by the user), when the user selection is changed. There are also two edit signals, one for when the text in the box has been edited and one for when it has been changed. The distinction here is between user edits and programmatic changes. The
textEdited signal is only sent when the user edits text.
Additionally, it is possible to perform input validation using an input mask to define which characters are supported and where. This can be applied to the field as follows:
widget.setInputMask('000.000.000.000;_')
The above would allow a series of 3-digit numbers separated with periods, and could therefore be used to validate IPv4 addresses.
QSpinBox and QDoubleSpinBox
QSpinBox provides a small numerical input box with arrows to increase and decrease the value.
QSpinBox supports integers while the related widget
QDoubleSpinBox supports floats.
class MainWindow(QMainWindow): def __init__(self): super().__init__() self.setWindowTitle("My App") widget = QSpinBox() # Or: widget = QDoubleSpinBox() widget.setMinimum(-10) widget.setMaximum(3) # Or: widget.setRange(-10,3) widget.setPrefix("$") widget.setSuffix("c") widget.setSingleStep(3) # Or e.g. 0.5 for QDoubleSpinBox widget.valueChanged.connect(self.value_changed) widget.textChanged.connect(self.value_changed_str) self.setCentralWidget(widget) def value_changed(self, i): print(i) def value_changed_str(self, s): print(s)
Run it and you'll see a numeric entry box. The value shows pre and post fix units, and is limited to the range +3 to -10.
QSpinBox on Windows, Mac & Ubuntu Linux.
The demonstration code above shows the various features that are available for the widget.
To set the range of acceptable values you can use
setMinimum and
setMaximum, or alternatively use
setRange to set both simultaneously. Annotation of value types is supported with both prefixes and suffixes that can be added to the number, e.g. for currency markers or units using
.setPrefix and
.setSuffix respectively.
Clicking on the up and down arrows on the widget will increase or decrease the value in the widget by an amount, which can be set using
.setSingleStep. Note that this has no effect on the values that are acceptable to the widget.
Both
QSpinBox and
QDoubleSpinBox have a
.valueChanged signal which fires whenever their value is altered. The raw
.valueChanged signal sends the numeric value (either an
int or a
float) while
.textChanged sends the value as a string, including both the prefix and suffix characters.
QSlider
QSlider provides a slide-bar widget, which functions internally much like a
QDoubleSpinBox. Rather than display the current value numerically, it is represented by the position of the slider handle along the length of the widget. This is often useful when providing adjustment between two extremes, but where absolute accuracy is not required. The most common use of this type of widget is for volume controls.
There is an additional
.sliderMoved signal that is triggered whenever the slider moves position and a
.sliderPressed signal that emits whenever the slider is clicked.
class MainWindow(QMainWindow): def __init__(self): super().__init__() self.setWindowTitle("My App") widget = QSlider() widget.setMinimum(-10) widget.setMaximum(3) # Or: widget.setRange(-10,3) widget.setSingleStep slider widget. Drag the slider to change the value.
QSlider on Windows, Mac & Ubuntu Linux.
You can also construct a slider with a vertical or horizontal orientation by passing the orientation in as you create it. The orientation flags are defined in the
Qt. namespace. For example --
widget.QSlider(Qt.Vertical)
Or --
widget.QSlider(Qt.Horizontal)
QDial
Finally, the
QDial is a rotatable widget that functions just like the slider, but appears as an analogue dial. This looks nice, but from a UI perspective is not particularly user friendly. However, they are often used in audio applications as representation of real-world analogue dials.
class MainWindow(QMainWindow): def __init__(self): super().__init__() self.setWindowTitle("My App") widget = QDial() widget.setRange(-10, 100) widget.setSingleStep(0 circular dial, rotate it to select a number from the range.
QDial on Windows, Mac & Ubuntu Linux.
The signals are the same as for
QSlider and retain the same names (e.g.
.sliderMoved).
Conclusion
This concludes our brief tour of the common widgets used in PySide6 applications. To see the full list of available widgets, including all their signals and attributes, take a look at the Qt documentation.
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https://www.pythonguis.com/tutorials/pyside6-widgets/
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Introduction to Tokens in C
Tokens in C language is the most important concept used in developing a C program. We can say the token in the C language is the smallest individual part. Let suppose even we have a lot of words we can’t make a sentence without combining them, the same way we can’t develop the application without using tokens in C language. So, we can say that tokens in C language are the building block of C programming language.
Top 6 Types of Tokens in C
C Supports 6 Types of Tokens
- Keywords
- Identifiers
- Strings
- Operators
- Constants
- Special Symbols
1. Keywords
Keywords in C language are predefined or reserved keywords used to expose the behavior of the data. There are 32 keywords in C. Each keyword has its functionality to do.
Syntax:
2. Identifier
Identifier in C language is used for naming functions, variables, structures, unions, arrays, etc. The identifier is user-defined words. These identifiers can be composed of uppercase, lowercase letters, digits, underscore. Identifiers never used for keywords. Rules to construct identifiers is below
- The first character should be either alphabet or underscore and then followed by any character, digit.
- Identifiers are case sensitive as there is A and a treated as different.
- Commas and blank space are not allowed
- Keywords can’t be used for identifiers.
- The length of the identifiers should not be more than 31 characters.
- Naming convention should understandable to the user.
Syntax:
dataType _abc1= Valid
dataType 123abcZ=Invalid
dataType int=Invalid
dataType abc, ap=Invalid
3. Strings
Strings in C is an array of characters having null character ‘\0’ at the end of the string. Strings in C are enclosed in double-quotes(“”) and Characters are enclosed in single quotes(”).
Syntax:
char a[10]={'1','2','3'};
char a[]="Amardeep";
char a[10]="Paramesh";
4. Operators
This is used to perform special operations on data.
Unary Operator: Applied with a single operand.
Binary Operator: Applied between 2 operands.
- Arithmetic Operators
- Relational Operators
- Shift Operators
- Logical Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Conditional Operators
- Assignment Operator
- Misc Operator
5. Constants
A constant in C language is used to make the value fixed, we can’t change constant value.
There are 2 ways of declaring a constant:
1. Using const keyword
const variableName;
2. By Using #define pre-processor
#define NAME value;
Types of Constants
6. Special Symbols
- Square brackets [ ]: Used for single and multi-dimensional arrays.
- Simple brackets ( ): Used for function declaration.
- Curly braces { }: Used for opening and closing the code.
- The comma (,): Used to separate variables.
- Hash/pre-processor (#): Used for the header file.
- Asterisk (*): Used for Pointers.
- Tilde (~): Used for destructing the memory.
- Period (.): Used for accessing union members.
Examples to Implement Tokens in C
Below are the examples mentioned:
Example #1
Keywords
Code:
#include <stdio.h>//Add all the basic C language libraries
int main()
{
//declare integer variable
int i=121;
//declare float variable
float f=11.11;
//declare character variable
char c='C';
//declare String variable in 2 ways
char s1[20]="Paramesh";
char s3[]="Paramesh";
//declare constant variable
const constant=3.14;
//declare short variable
short s=10;
//declare double variable
double d=12.12;
//displaying output of all the above keywords
printf("INT: %d\n", i);
printf("SHORT: %d\n", s);
printf("FLOAT: %f\n", f);
printf("DOUBLE: %f\n", d);
printf("CHAR: %c\n", c);
printf("STRING 1: %s\n", s1);
printf("STRING 3: %s\n", s3);
printf("CONSTANT: %d\n", constant);
return 0;
}
Output:
Example #2
Switch
Code:
#include <stdio.h>//Add all the basic C language libraries#include
//main method used for running the application
int main()
{
//decalre variable
int n;
//asking enter any choice between 1 to 4
printf("Enter any choice between 1 to 4=>");
scanf("%d",&n);
//switch case, based on choice it will gives us output
//if we did not take break each case then where ever it is true that value and rest are printf
//none are true then default value will be print
switch (n)
{
case 1:
printf("I am Paramesh");
break;
case 2:
printf("I am Amardeep");
break;
case 3:
printf("I am Venkatesh");
break;
case 4:
printf("I am Krishna");
break;
default:
printf("Opps! I am default");
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Example #3
Functions
Code:
#include <stdio.h>//Add all the basic C language libraries#include
int input(void);//declaring method
int getSquareArea(int side);//declaring method
int getCube(int cube);//declaring method
//main method used for running the application
int main()
{
int i=input();
int sArea= getSquareArea(i);
int cube=getCicrcleArea(i);
//displaying output
printf("Square Area is = %d\n",sArea);
printf("Cube of the number is = %d\n",cube);
return 0;
}
//method definination
//this for asking the user input
int input(void)
{
int n;
//asking the user to input
printf("Enter any number=> ");
scanf("%d",&n);
return n;
}
//method definination
//this for getting square area
int getSquareArea(int input)
{
return input*input;
}
//method definination
//this for getting cube of the number
int getCicrcleArea(int cube)
{
return cube*cube*cube;
}
Output:
Example #4
Typedef
Code:
#include <stdio.h>//Add all the basic C language libraries
#include <string.h>//Add the String library to perform string actions
//typedef for give struct keyword to user wanted keyword as like below (Courses)
typedef struct Courses {
char courseName[60];//declare character variable
float CourseFee;//declare float variable
char companyName[100];//declare character variable
int loginID;//declare integer variable
} Courses; //To make work user defined keyword we have call the keyword from here
//main method to execute application code
int main( ) {
//Taken Courses name as course( alias name)
Courses course;
//Copying character values into varaible
strcpy( course.courseName, "C Programming");
strcpy( course.companyName, "EDUCBA");
//Initailize float values into varaible
course.CourseFee = 5000.00;
//Initailize integer values into varaible
course.loginID=2452;
//display the output of all the declared variable below
printf( "Course Name : %s\n", course.courseName);
printf( "Company Name : %s\n", course.companyName);
printf( "Course Fee : %f\n", course.CourseFee);
printf( "Login ID : %d\n", course.loginID);
return 0;
}
Output:
Conclusion
Tokens in C language are said to the building block of the application. It can have Keywords, Identifiers, Constants, Strings, Operators, and Special Symbols. Which all are gives one complete structure the C language code.
Recommended Articles
This is a guide to Tokens in C. Here we discuss an introduction, the top 6 types of token, and examples for better understanding. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more –
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https://www.educba.com/tokens-in-c/
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The demo application – time for code
In this section we will take a closer look at the actual code of the demo project. Thereafter, we will do some simple modifications to the code and also use the debugger.
Inspecting an example code of the demo application
Let us take a first look at the generated code of
MyDemo.java from the demo project.
The following code listing shows the class definition:
public class MyDemo implements ApplicationListener { // ... }
As you can see the
MyDemo class implements the
ApplicationListener interface. Before we move on to the implementation details of the interface, we will spend some time on the remaining part of this class.
You will find a definition of four member variables, each with a class provided by Libgdx.
private ...
Get Learning Libgdx Game Development now with the O’Reilly learning platform.
O’Reilly members experience live online training, plus books, videos, and digital content from nearly 200 publishers.
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https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-libgdx-game/9781782166047/ch02s06.html
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[[[ To any NSA and FBI agents reading my email: please consider ]]] [[[ whether defending the US Constitution against all enemies, ]]] [[[ foreign or domestic, requires you to follow Snowden's example. ]]] > FWIW, I proposed a minimum of 2 chars (plus hyphen). > I think that's good. What's a good reason for going > to 3 instead of 2? The namespace of 2-letter prefixes seems somewhat cramped to me. Every package that uses such a prefix will have to be discussed regarding whether it is entitled to one. A rule saying "use at least three" would not cause any real trouble and would mostly eliminate that problem. -- Dr Richard Stallman Chief GNUisance of the GNU Project () Founder, Free Software Foundation () Internet Hall-of-Famer ()
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https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2020-05/msg00639.html
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>> - Background
A Background is added to have a group of steps. It is close to a Scenario. We can add a context to multiple Scenarios with Background. It is run prior to every Scenario of a feature, but post the execution of before hooks.
Background is generally used for executing preconditions like login Scenarios or database connection, and so on.
A Background description can be added for the better human readability. It can appear only for a single time in a feature file and must be declared prior to a Scenario or Scenario Outline.
A Background should not be used to create a complex state (only if it cannot be avoided). This segment should be brief and authentic. Also, we should avoid having a large number of scenarios within one feature file.
Feature File with Background
The feature file with background for the feature titled payment process is as follows −
Feature − Payment Process Background: Given launch application Then Input credentials Scenario − Credit card transaction Given user is on credit card payment screen Then user should be able to complete credit card payment Scenario − Debit card transaction Given user is on debit card payment screen Then user should be able to complete debit card payment
Corresponding Step Implementation File
The file is given below −
from behave import * @given('launch application') def launch_application(context): print('launch application') @then('Input credentials') def input_credentials(context): print('Input credentials') @given('user is on credit card payment screen') def credit_card_pay(context): print('User is on credit card payment screen') @then('user should be able to complete credit card payment') def credit_card_pay_comp(context): print('user should be able to complete credit card pay') @given('user is on debit card payment screen') def debit_card_pay(context): print('User is on debit card payment screen') @then('user should be able to complete debit card payment') def debit_card_pay_comp(context): print('user should be able to complete debit card payment')
Output
The output obtained after running the feature file is mentioned below and the command used here is behave --no-capture -f plain.
The continued output is as follows −
The output shows the Background steps (Given Launch applications & Then Input Credentials) running twice before each of the Scenarios.
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https://www.tutorialspoint.com/behave/behave_background.htm
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When you’re building a website that needs to be updated in real-time, your first thought is probably to add WebSockets to your application. In this article, you will learn how to add MQTT to your angular web.
What is MQTT?
MQTT means Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. It’s a connectivity protocol used in the IoT world to communicate between machines, but has a whole load of other applications too. You can read more about MQTT on Wikipedia and also on the official MQTT site.
Currently, MQTT protocol is used in a lot of IoT platforms to communicate between IoT devices.Currently, MQTT protocol is used in a lot of IoT devices.
Architecture
An MQTT protocol ecosystem has the following components:
- Publisher: Responsible for publishing MQTT messages to the system. Usually an IoT device.
- MQTT Broker: The server that gets the published data and sends it to the corresponding subscribers.
- Subscriber: The device that is listening for incoming data from devices.
Publish/Subscribe Model
As we have seen in the architecture overview, MQTT uses the publish/subscribe methodology. So they don’t know each other, they just need to agree on how data is going to be sent. It also allows the use of multiple publishers or subscribers, so various clients can create an MQTT connection and subscribe to data from a single device.
MQTT Topics
An MQTT Topic is the concept used to communicate between publishers and subscribers. When a subscriber wants to get data from a device, it subscribes to a specific topic, which will be where the device publishes its data. A Topic is a hierarchical UTF-8 string, and here you have an example:
/device/garden_sensor/temperature
MQTT Over Websockets
In the introduction, we said that MQTT is a high-level protocol and the great thing is that it can use different protocols to get its job done. It can adopt its own MQTT protocol, but this protocol is not supported by web browsers; however MQTT can also be used over WebSockets connection, so we can easily use MQTT on any web browser that supports WebSockets.
Which MQTT Broker Should I Use?
There are various MQTT brokers you can use for your project. On one hand you can use cloud/hosted solutions; alternatively you can choose an on-premise option, either by installing on your own servers or using through Docker. You can see a comprehensive list of the existing brokers in this Github repo. In our case we have used the open source Eclipse Mosquitto with great success.
MQTT Client on Angular Apps
Now let’s see how can we use MQTT protocol on an Angular app. The easiest way to do it is to use some of the existing Javascript libraries. In this case, we will use the ngx-mqtt library. This offers support for Javascript/Typescript observables, so it’s really helpful when writing an MQTT client on an Angular app.
Installing ngx-mqtt
You have all the information on the library site, but it’s as easy as installing the npm packages.
npm install ngx-mqtt --save
Configuration
Once the library is installed, you need to initialize it. You can follow the instructions on the ngx-mqtt site, but you will probably have multiple environments in your Angular code, so you will need a different configuration for each environment. So let’s create an mqtt section in our environment files. Here’s an example:
src/environments/environment.prod.ts
export const environment = { production: true, hmr: false, http: { apiUrl: '<>', }, mqtt: { server: 'mqtt.myweb.com', protocol: "wss", port: 1883 } };
You can edit all other environment configuration files to set the right values for each one. Now we need to initialize the MQTT library, and for this we recommend changing to
app.module.ts:
... import { IMqttServiceOptions, MqttModule } from "ngx-mqtt"; import { environment as env } from '../environments/environment'; const MQTT_SERVICE_OPTIONS: IMqttServiceOptions = { hostname: env.mqtt.server, port: env.mqtt.port, protocol: (env.mqtt.protocol === "wss") ? "wss" : "ws", path: '', }; @NgModule({ declarations: [AppComponent], imports: [ ... MqttModule.forRoot(MQTT_SERVICE_OPTIONS), ], ... }) export class AppModule { }
Creating Services
With this you can now start using MQTT in your app, but to achieve a more structured code we recommend you create a service class for each Topic you are going to use. Let’s create a service that subscribes to a topic called events , where the Topic name is similar to
/events/deviceid. For this we create the Typescript file
src/app/services/event.mqtt.service.tswith the following code:
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core'; import { IMqttMessage, MqttService } from "ngx-mqtt"; import { Observable } from "rxjs"; @Injectable() export class EventMqttService { private endpoint: string; constructor( private _mqttService: MqttService, ) { this.endpoint = 'events'; } topic(deviceId: string): Observable<IMqttMessage> { let topicName = `/${this.endpoint}/${deviceId}`; return this._mqttService.observe(topicName); } }
Using this service class, we have all the MQTT-related code in a single file and now we only need to use this service when it’s needed.
Remember to add all the services files to the providers section of your AppModule, otherwise you won’t be able to use them.
Using the MQTT Services
Now it’s time to use the MQTT services we have created. So, for example, let’s create an EventStream component that prints all the events that a device generates. The code of this file will be similar to:
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core'; import { EventDataModel } from 'app/models/event.model'; import { Subscription } from 'rxjs'; import { EventMqttService } from 'app/services/api/event.mqtt.service'; import { IMqttMessage } from "ngx-mqtt"; @Component({ selector: 'event-stream', templateUrl: './event-stream.component.html', styleUrls: ['./event-stream.component.scss'], }) export class EventStreamComponent implements OnInit { events: any[]; private deviceId: string; subscription: Subscription; constructor( private readonly eventMqtt: EventMqttService, ) { } ngOnInit() { this.subscribeToTopic(); } ngOnDestroy(): void { if (this.subscription) { this.subscription.unsubscribe(); } } private subscribeToTopic() { this.subscription = this.eventMqtt.topic(this.deviceId) .subscribe((data: IMqttMessage) => { let item = JSON.parse(data.payload.toString()); this.events.push(item); }); } }
It’s important to remember that we need to unsubscribe from the subscription when we destroy the component.
Now, we should have an Angular app that can subscribe to MQTT topics and show the user the information every time a device generates an MQTT message.
Debugging MQTT Angular Apps
When working with Angular and MQTT, there are more moving parts than in common Angular apps where you have your Javascript frontend and a RESTFul API to consume (usually also a Javascript backend). We can list a few extra things you need to take care of:
- Websockets : they are not easy to debug with current browsers, especially when using MQTT as data is sent in binary format.
- MQTT Broker: this is a new component you need to take care of and make sure you have the right configuration for each environment.
- Devices: you might be able to test the app on some devices, but once the app is live in production, the users might have some devices you didn’t know about, or a firmware update of a device can break your code.
Google Chrome Websockets debugging. As you can see, information is hard to read because it’s shown in binary format.
This is why Bugfender can be really helpful in debugging MQTT Angular apps. You’ll probably experience some bugs when developing the app and trying to use it in the production environment, and probably also when the app is used in the real world.
If you use Bugfender, you’ll be able to get all the Javascript exceptions that occur among your final users and if a device breaks your code, you’ll also be able to inspect the MQTT data that individual devices are sending. Moreover, Bugfender sends all console logs to our serves so you can see everything that’s happening in your Javasacript app remotely.
If you want to know how to install Bugfender in your Angular app, you can check the BugfenderSDK Angular App Sample.
Install Bugfender:
npm i @bugfender/sdk
Initiate the library in your AppModule :
Bugfender.init({ appKey: '<YOUR_APP_KEY_HERE>', version: '<version>', build: '<build>', });
If you don’t have an App Key you can get a free one just signing up in Bugfender.
We recommend you install a custom error handler so if there’s any Javascript exception, this is sent to Bugfender.
Now, let’s update our component. We send the MQTT messages we get to Bugfender, so later we can check whether there’s any problem with the information sent by a particular device.
... private subscribeToTopics() { this.subscription = this.eventMqtt.topic(this.deviceId) .subscribe((data: IMqttMessage) => { let item = JSON.parse(data.payload.toString()); Bugfender.sendLog({tag: 'MQTT', text: "Got data from device " + this.deviceId}) Bugfender.log(item); this.events.push(item); }); }
We also recommend that you add a log when a subscription to a topic is created, so you will know which device is causing problems.
Bugender Log Viewer with MQTT debugging information
As you can see in the screenshot, we can easily identify the sensor that is sending the data and the data that is being sent.
The good thing about using Bugfender is that you can enable or disable specific devices, so you can enable a certain device when you know there’s a problem and won’t waste logs with useless information.
The Bugfender JS SDK is our new SDK to complement the native iOS and Android SDK. We are continuously creating new tutorials and content to help the JS developer community. If you want to be notified when new JS tutorials are available you can join our quarterly newsletter in the box below.
Top comments (0)
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https://dev.to/bugfenderapp/using-mqtt-on-angular-apps-5don
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flutter_facebook_auth 5.0.0-dev.3
flutter_facebook_auth: ^5.0.0-dev.3 copied to clipboard
Features #
- Login on Android, iOS, Web and macOS.
- Express login on Android.
- Granted and declined permissions.
- User information, picture profile and more.
- Provide an access token to make request to the Graph API.
Full documentation 👉
✅ Don't forget to leave your like if this plugin was useful for you.
IMPORTANT: When you install this plugin you need to configure the plugin on Android before run the project again . If you don't do it you will have a No implementation found error because the facebook SDK on Android throws an Exception when the configuration is not defined yet and this locks the other plugins in your project. If you don't need the plugin yet please remove or comment it.
macOS support #
in your
macos/runner/info.plist folder you must add
<key>com.apple.security.network.server</key> <true/>
Now in
xcode select the
Runner target and go to Signing & Capabilities and enable
Outgoing Connections
Unlinke ios, android and web for desktop app the facebook session data is not stored by default. In that case this plugin uses
flutter_secure_storage to
secure store the session data.
To use
flutter_secure_storage on macOS you need to add the
Keychain Sharing capability
Finally in your
main.dart you need to initialize this plugin to be available for macOS
import 'package:flutter/foundation.dart' show defaultTargetPlatform; void main() async { if (defaultTargetPlatform == TargetPlatform.macOS) { await FacebookAuth.i.webAndDesktopInitialize( appId: "1329834907365798", cookie: true, xfbml: true, version: "v13.0", ); } runApp(MyApp()); }
If your app also support web you must use the next code instead of above code
import 'package:flutter/foundation.dart' show defaultTargetPlatform, kIsWeb; void main() async { if (kIsWeb || defaultTargetPlatform == TargetPlatform.macOS) { await FacebookAuth.i.webAndDesktopInitialize( appId: "1329834907365798", cookie: true, xfbml: true, version: "v13.0", ); } runApp(MyApp()); }
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https://pub.flutter-io.cn/packages/flutter_facebook_auth/versions/5.0.0-dev.3
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defines a list of directories where the engine should look for template source files, in search order.
APP_DIRStells.
get_template(template_name, using=None)[source]¶(template_name_list, using=None)[source]¶
select_template() is just like
get_template(), except it takes a
list of template names. It tries each name in order and returns the first
template that exists.
If loading a template fails, the following two exceptions, defined in
django.template, may be raised:
TemplateDoesNotExist(msg, tried=None, backend=None, chain=None)[source]¶
This exception is raised when a template cannot be found. It accepts the following optional arguments for populating the template postmortem on the debug page:
backend
tried
(origin, status), where
originis an origin-like object and
statusis a string with the reason the template wasn’t found.
chain
TemplateDoesNotExistexceptions raised when trying to load a template. This is used by functions, such as
get_template(), that try to load a given template from multiple engines.
TemplateSyntaxError(msg)[source]¶
This exception is raised when a template was found but contains errors.
Template objects returned by
get_template() and
select_template()
must provide a
render() method with the following signature:
Template.
render(context=None, request=None)¶(template_name, context=None, request=None, using=None)[source]¶
render_to_string() loads a template like
get_template() and
calls its
render() method immediately. It takes the following
arguments.
template_name
select_template()instead of
get_template()to find the template.
context
dictto be used as the template’s context for rendering.
request
HttpRequestthat will be available during the template’s rendering process.
using
NAME. The search for the template will be restricted to that engine.:
engines¶
Template engines are available in
django.template.engines:
from django.template import engines django_engine = engines['django'] template = django_engine.from_string("Hello {{ name }}!")
The lookup key —
'django' in this example — is the engine’s
NAME.
DjangoTemplates[source]¶ the value of
FILE_CHARSET.
.
Jinja2[source]¶
Requires Jinja2 to be installed:
$:
Unless all of these conditions are met, passing a function to the template is simpler simply by calling a function in Jinja2 templates, as shown in the example above. Jinja2’s global namespace removes the need for template context processors. The Django template language doesn’t have an equivalent of Jinja2 tests.:
from django.template import TemplateDoesNotExist, TemplateSyntaxError from django.template.backends.base import BaseEngine from django.template.backends.utils import csrf_input_lazy, csrf_token_lazy import foobar class FooBar(BaseEngine): # Name of the subdirectory containing the templates for this engine # inside an installed application. app_dirname = 'foobar' def __init__(self, params): params = params.copy() options = params.pop('OPTIONS').copy() super().__init__(params) self.engine = foobar.Engine(**options) def from_string(self, template_code): try: return Template(self.engine.from_string(template_code)) except foobar.TemplateCompilationFailed as exc: raise TemplateSyntaxError(exc.args) def get_template(self, template_name): try: return Template(self.engine.get_template(template_name)) except foobar.TemplateNotFound as exc: raise TemplateDoesNotExist(exc.args, backend=self) except foobar.TemplateCompilationFailed as exc: raise TemplateSyntaxError(exc.args) class Template: def __init__(self, template): self.template = template def render(self, context=None, request=None): if context is None: context = {} if request is not None: context['request'] = request context['csrf_input'] = csrf_input_lazy(request) context['csrf_token'] = csrf_token_lazy(request) return self.template.render(context)
See DEP 182 for more information.
The Django debug page has hooks to provide detailed information when a template error arises. Custom template engines can use these hooks to enhance the traceback information that appears to users. The following hooks are available:.
About this section
This is an overview of the Django template language’s syntax. For details see the language syntax reference.
A Django template is simply. Implementing a custom context processor is as simple as defining a function.
A
{% comment %}tag provides multi-line comments.
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https://django.readthedocs.io/en/2.1.x/topics/templates.html
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GraphQL: Understanding Spring Data JPA/Spring Boot — Part 2
This article explores the service layer in GraphQL and looks at an example.
Join the DZone community and get the full member experience.Join For Free
In Part 1, we looked at an example with .graphqls file. In this part, let's understand the service layer.
We have EmployeeService.java, which is used in the controller.
In service, we first need to access a resource, which is the employee.graphqls file via the following code:
@Value("classpath:employee.graphqls") Resource resource;
We have a method annotated with @PostConstruct, which will be called after our service is initialized.
@PostConstruct private void loadSchema() throws IOException { // get the schema File schemaFile = resource.getFile(); // parse schema TypeDefinitionRegistry typeRegistry = new SchemaParser().parse(schemaFile); RuntimeWiring wiring = buildRuntimeWiring(); GraphQLSchema schema = new SchemaGenerator().makeExecutableSchema(typeRegistry, wiring); graphQL = GraphQL.newGraphQL(schema).build(); }
private RuntimeWiring buildRuntimeWiring() { return RuntimeWiring.newRuntimeWiring() .type("Query", typeWiring -> typeWiring .dataFetcher("allEmployee", allEmployeeDataFetcher)) .build(); }
In this method, we are parsing the .graphqls file in the registry and passing it to the SchemaGenerator with runTimeWiring. See the "allEmployee" in the runtime wiring, which will map the allEmployee query in employee.graphqls with the allEmployeeDataFetcher. We are setting the GraphQL object from this method, which will be used in the controller.
allEmployeeDataFetcher is simply returning a list of all employees by calling repo.findAll().
@Component public class AllEmployeeDataFetcher implements DataFetcher<List<Employee>>{ @Autowired EmployeeRepo repo; @Override public List<Employee> get(DataFetchingEnvironment environment) { return repo.findAll(); } }
It implements the DataFetcher with the TypeObject as ListOfEmployee. DataFetchingEnvironment lets you access the content of the request if any ID parameters are passed in the request to get the employee of the specific ID.
In our controller, we have:
public ResponseEntity<Object> getEmployeeConfigs(@RequestBody String empReqst) { ExecutionResult execute= service.getGraphQL().execute(empReqst); return new ResponseEntity<>(execute, HttpStatus.OK); }
ExecutionResult's object will contain the result of the query passed as empReqst. Only that data will be present, which is requested in empReqst.
You could refer to GitHub for the full code.
Opinions expressed by DZone contributors are their own.
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https://dzone.com/articles/graphql-understanding-with-springdatajpaspringboot-1
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In this post, I’ll share the top best answers to the above-mentioned problem.
Problem:
I am.
Answer #1:
That’s because the
Scanner.nextInt method does not read the newline character in your input created by hitting “Enter,” and so the call to
Scanner.nextLine returns after reading that newline.
You will encounter the similar behaviour when you use
Scanner.nextLine after
Scanner.next() or any
Scanner.nextFoo method (except
nextLine itself).
Workaround:
- Either put a
Scanner.nextLinecall after each
Scanner.nextIntor
Scanner.nextFooto consume rest of that line including newline
int option = input.nextInt(); input.nextLine(); // Consume newline left-over String str1 = input.nextLine();
- Or, even better, read the input through
Scanner.nextLineand convert your input to the proper format you need. For example, you may convert to an integer using
Integer.parseInt(String)method.
int option = 0; try { option = Integer.parseInt(input.nextLine()); } catch (NumberFormatException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } String str1 = input.nextLine();
Answer ();
Answer #3:
Use
scanner.skip("\\R") (since
skip uses regex where
\R represents line separators) before each
scanner.newLine() call, which is executed after:
scanner.next()
scanner.next*TYPE*()method, like
scanner.nextInt().
OR safer variant:
scanner.skip("\\R?")before each
scanner.nextLine() if you are not sure if it will be called after
scanner.next() or
scanner.next*TypeName*() .
? will make line separator sequence optional (this will prevent
skip method from (a) waiting for matching sequence – in case of still opened source of data like
System.in (b) throwing
java.util.NoSuchElementException in case of terminated/ended source of data like File or String)
Things you need to know:
- text which represents few lines also contains non-printable characters between lines (we call them line separators) like
- carriage return (CR – in String literals represented as
"\r")
- line feed (LF – in String literals represented as
"\n")
- when you are reading data from the console, it allows the user to type his response and when he is done he needs to somehow confirm that fact. To do so, the user is required to press “enter”/”return” key on the keyboard.
What is important is that this key beside ensuring placing user data to standard input (represented by
System.in which is read by
Scanner) also sends OS dependant line separators (like for Windows
\r\n) after it.
So when you are asking the user for value like
age, and user types 42 and presses enter, standard input will contain
"42\r\n".
Problem
Scanner#nextInt (and other
Scanner#nextType methods) doesn’t allow Scanner to consume these line separators. It will read them from
System.in (how else Scanner would know that there are no more digits from the user which represent
age value than facing whitespace?) which will remove them from standard input, but it will also cache those line separators internally. What we need to remember, is that all of the Scanner methods are always scanning starting from the cached text.
Now
Scanner#nextLine() simply collects and returns all characters until it finds line separators (or end of stream). But since line separators after reading the number from the console are found immediately in Scanner’s cache, it returns empty String, meaning that Scanner was not able to find any character before those line separators (or end of stream).
BTW
nextLine also consumes those line separators.
Solution
So when you want to ask for number and then for entire line while avoiding that empty string as result of
nextLine, either
- consume line separator left by
nextIntfrom Scanners cache by
- calling
nextLine,
- or IMO more readable way would be by calling
skip("\\R")or
skip("\r\n|\r|\n")to let Scanner skip part matched by line separator,
- don’t use
nextInt(nor
next, or any
nextTYPEmethods) at all. Instead read entire data line-by-line using
nextLineand parse numbers from each line (assuming one line contains only one number) to proper type like
intvia
Integer.parseInt.
BTW:
Scanner#nextType methods can skip delimiters (by default all whitespaces like tabs, line separators) including those cached by scanner, until they will find next non-delimiter value (token). Thanks to that for input like
"42\r\n\r\n321\r\n\r\n\r\nfoobar" code
int num1 = sc.nextInt(); int num2 = sc.nextInt(); String name = sc.next();
will be able to properly assign
num1=42
num2=321
name=foobar.
Answer #4:(); }
Answer #5:
Use 2 scanner objects instead of one
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter numerical value"); int option; Scanner input2 = new Scanner(System.in); option = input2.nextInt();
I hope your query has been resolved.
Follow Programming Articles for more!
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https://programming-articles.com/scanner-is-skipping-nextline-after-using-next-or-nextfoo-solved/
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OSCKitOSCKit
Open Sound Control library for macOS, iOS and tvOS written in Swift.
- OSC address pattern matching and dispatch
- Convenient OSC message value type masking, validation and strong-typing
- Modular: use the provided UDP network layer by default, or use your own
- Support for custom OSC types
- Thread-safe
- Fully unit tested
Note: Swift 5.7 and Xcode 14 are minimum requirements. OSCKit 0.3.1 can be used with Xcode 13.
Getting StartedGetting Started
Swift Package Manager (SPM)Swift Package Manager (SPM)
Add OSCKit as a dependency using Swift Package Manager.
In an app project or framework, in Xcode:
- Select the menu: File → Swift Packages → Add Package Dependency...
- Enter this URL:
In a Swift Package, add it to the Package.swift dependencies:
.package(url: "", from: "0.4.0")
Import the library:
import OSCKit
Or to import OSCKit without networking I/O in order to implement your own UDP sockets:
import OSCKitCore
The Examples folder contains projects to get started.
Sending OSCSending OSC
Create OSC ClientCreate OSC Client
A single global OSC client is all that is needed to send OSC packets. It can be used to send OSC messages to any receiver.
let oscClient = OSCClient()
OSC MessagesOSC Messages
To send a single message, construct an
OSCMessage and send it using a global
OSCClient instance.
let msg = OSCMessage("/msg2", values: ["string", 123]) oscClient.send(msg, to: "192.168.1.2", port: 8000)
OSC BundlesOSC Bundles
To send multiple OSC messages or nested OSC bundles to the same destination at the same time, pack them in an
OSCBundle and send it using a global
OSCClient instance.
// Option 1: build elements separately let msg1 = OSCMessage("/msg1") let msg2 = OSCMessage("/msg2", values: ["string", 123]) let bundle = OSCBundle([msg1, msg2]) // Option 2: build elements inline let bundle = OSCBundle([ .message("/msg1"), .message("/msg2", values: ["string", 123]) ]) // send the bundle oscClient.send(bundle, to: "192.168.1.2", port: 8000)
Sending with a Future Time TagSending with a Future Time Tag
OSC bundles carry a time tag. If not specified, by default a time tag equivalent to "immediate" is used, which indicates to receivers that they should handle the bundle and the message(s) it contains immediately upon receiving them.
It is possible to specify a future time tag. When present, a receiver which adheres to the OSC 1.0 spec will hold the bundle in memory and handle it at the future time specified in the time tag.
// by default, bundles use an immediate time tag; these two lines are identical: OSCBundle([ ... ]) OSCBundle(timeTag: .immediate(), [ ... ]) // specify a non-immediate time tag of the current time OSCBundle(timeTag: .now(), [ ... ]) // 5 seconds in the future OSCBundle(timeTag: .timeIntervalSinceNow(5.0), [ ... ]) // at the specified time as a Date instance let date = Date( ... ) OSCBundle(timeTag: .future(date), [ ... ]) // a raw time tag can also be supplied let timeTag: UInt64 = 16535555370123264000 OSCBundle(timeTag: .init(timeTag), [ ... ])
Receiving OSCReceiving OSC
Create OSC ServerCreate OSC Server
Create a server instance. A single global instance is often created once at app startup to receive OSC messages on a specific port. The default OSC port is 8000 but it may be set to any open port if desired.
let oscServer = OSCServer(port: 8000)
Set the receiver handler.
oscServer.setHandler { [weak self] oscMessage, timeTag in // Note: handler is called on the main thread // and is thread-safe if it causes UI updates do { try self?.handle(received: oscMessage) } catch { print(error) } } private func handle(received oscMessage: OSCMessage) throws { // handle received messages here }
Then start the server to begin listening for inbound OSC packets.
// call this once, usually during your app's startup try oscServer.start()
If received OSC bundles contain a future time tag and the
OSCServer is set to
.osc1_0 mode, these bundles will be held in memory automatically and scheduled to be dispatched to the handler at the future time.
Note that as per the OSC 1.1 proposal, this behavior has largely been deprecated.
OSCServer will default to
.ignore and not perform any scheduling unless explicitly set to
.osc1_0 mode.
Address ParsingAddress Parsing
Option 1: Imperative address pattern matchingOption 1: Imperative address pattern matching
// example: received OSC message with address "/{some,other}/address/*" private func handle(received message: OSCMessage) throws { if message.addressPattern.matches(localAddress: "/some/address/methodA") { // will match // perform methodA action using message.values } if message.addressPattern.matches(localAddress: "/some/address/methodB") { // will match // perform methodB action using message.values } if message.addressPattern.matches(localAddress: "/different/methodC") { // won't match // perform methodC action using message.values } }
Option 2: Using
OSCAddressSpace for automated address pattern matching
OSCKit provides an abstraction called
OSCAddressSpace. This object is generally instanced once and stored globally.
Each local OSC address (OSC Method) is registered once with this object in order to enable it to perform matching against received OSC message address patterns. Each method is assigned an ID, and can optionally store a closure.
Method IDs, method closures, or a combination of both may be used for maximum flexibility.
Method IDsMethod IDs
- Registration will return a unique ID token to correspond to each method that is registered. This can be stored and used to identify methods that
OSCAddressSpacematches for you.
- When an OSC message is received:
- Pass its address pattern to the
methods(matching:)method of the
OSCAddressSpaceinstance.
- This method will pattern-match it against all registered local addresses and return an array of local method IDs that match.
- You can then compare the IDs to ones you stored while registering the local methods.
// instance address space and register methods only once, usually at app startup. let addressSpace = OSCAddressSpace() let idMethodA = addressSpace.register(localAddress: "/methodA") let idMethodB = addressSpace.register(localAddress: "/some/address/methodB") func handle(message: OSCMessage) throws { let ids = addressSpace.methods(matching: message.addressPattern) try ids.forEach { id in switch id { case idMethodA: let str = try message.values.masked(String.self) performMethodA(str) case idMethodB: let (str, int) = try message.values.masked(String.self, Int?.self) performMethodB(str, int) default: print("Received unhandled OSC message:", message) } } } func performMethodA(_ str: String) { } func performMethodB(_ str: String, _ int: Int?) { }
Method Closure BlocksMethod Closure Blocks
- When registering a local method, it can also store a closure. This closure can be executed automatically when matching against a received OSC message's address pattern.
- When an OSC message is received:
- Pass its address pattern to the
dispatch(_:)method of the
OSCAddressSpaceinstance.
- This method will pattern-match it against all registered local addresses and execute their closures, optionally on a specified queue.
- It also returns an array of local method IDs that match exactly like
methods(matching:)(which may be discarded if handling of unregistered/unrecognized methods is not needed).
- If the returned method ID array is empty, that indicates that no methods matched the address pattern. In this case you may want to handle the unhandled message in a special way.
// instance address space and register methods only once, usually at app startup. let addressSpace = OSCAddressSpace() addressSpace.register(localAddress: "/methodA") { values in guard let str = try? message.values.masked(String.self) else { return } performMethodA(str) } addressSpace.register(localAddress: "/some/address/methodB") { values in guard let (str, int) = try message.values.masked(String.self, Int?.self) else { return } performMethodB(str, int) } func handle(message: OSCMessage) throws { let ids = addressSpace.dispatch(message) if ids.isEmpty { print("Received unhandled OSC message:", message) } } func performMethodA(_ str: String) { } func performMethodB(_ str: String, _ int: Int?) { }
Parsing OSC Message ValuesParsing OSC Message Values
Option 1: Use
masked() to validate and unwrap expected value types
Since local OSC "addresses" (OSC Methods) are generally considered methods (akin to functions) which take parameters (OSC values/arguments), in most use cases an OSC Method will have a defined type mask. OSCKit provides a powerful and flexible API to both validate and strongly type an OSC value array.
Validate and unwrap value array with expected member
String:
let str = try oscMessage.values.masked(String.self) print("string: \(str)")
The special wrapper type
AnyOSCNumberValue is able to match any number and provides easy type-erased access to its contents, converting value types if necessary automatically.
Validate and unwrap value array with expected members
String, Int, <number>?:
let (str, int, num) = try oscMessage.values.masked(String.self, Int.self, AnyOSCNumberValue?.self) print(str, int, num.intValue) print(str, int, num.doubleValue) print(str, int, num.base) // access to the strongly typed integer or floating-point value
Option 2: Manually unwrap expected value typesOption 2: Manually unwrap expected value types
It is generally easier to use
masked() as demonstrated above, since it handles masking, strongly typing, as well as translation of interpolated (
Int8,
Int16, etc.) and opaque (
AnyOSCNumberValue, etc.) types.
Validate and unwrap value array with expected member
String:
guard oscMessage.values.count == 1 else { ... } guard let str = oscMessage.values[0] as? String else { ... } // compulsory print(str) // String
Validate and unwrap value array with expected members
String, Int32?, Double?:
guard (1...3).contains(oscMessage.values.count) else { ... } guard let str = oscMessage.values[0] as? String else { ... } // compulsory let int: Int32? = oscMessage.count > 1 ? oscMessage.values[1] as? Int32 : nil // optional let dbl: Double? = oscMessage.count > 2 ? oscMessage.values[2] as? Double : nil // optional print(str, int, dbl) // String, Int32?, Double?
Option 3: Parse a variable number of valuesOption 3: Parse a variable number of values
It may be desired to imperatively validate and cast values when their expected mask may be unknown.
oscMessage.values.forEach { oscValue switch oscValue { case let val as String: print(val) case let val as Int32: print(val) default: // unhandled } }
OSC Value TypesOSC Value Types
The following OSC value types are available, conforming to the Open Sound Control 1.0 specification.
OSCKit adds the following interpolated types:
Int // transparently encodes as Int32 core type, converting any BinaryInteger Int8 // transparently encodes as Int32 core type Int16 // transparently encodes as Int32 core type UInt // transparently encodes as Int64 core type UInt8 // transparently encodes as Int32 core type UInt16 // transparently encodes as Int32 core type UInt32 // transparently encodes as Int64 core type Float16 // transparently encodes as Float32 core type Float80 // transparently encodes as Double extended type Substring // transparently encodes as String core type
OSCKit also adds the following opaque type-erasure types:
AnyOSCNumberValue // wraps any BinaryInteger or BinaryFloatingPoint
DocumentationDocumentation
Will be added in future. In the meantime, refer to this README's Getting Started section, and check out the Example projects.
AuthorAuthor
Coded by a bunch of
LicenseLicense
Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE for details.
SponsoringSponsoring
If you enjoy using OSCKit and want to contribute to open-source financially, GitHub sponsorship is much appreciated. Feedback and code contributions are also welcome.
ContributionsContributions
Contributions are welcome. Feel free to post an Issue to discuss.
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https://swiftpackageregistry.com/orchetect/OSCKit
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In the .NET Framework 4, there have been significant enhancements within the Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) 4 and Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) namespaces. .NET developers can use these technologies either independently, or together, to eliminate the tradeoff between ease of service authoring and performant, scalable services. This Developer Center helps you navigate the developer-oriented information and documentation for the new versions of WCF and WF, as it is released to the public.
More...
Discuss and ask questions about Windows Communication Foundation and Windows Workflow Foundation in .NET Framework 4 prerelease.
Visual Studio 2010 and .NET Framework 4 Beta 1Visual Studio 2010 and .NET Framework 4 focuses on the core pillars of developer experience, support for the latest platforms, targeted experiences for specific application types, and core architecture improvements.
Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) and Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) Samples for .NET Framework 4.0 Beta 1This package contains samples for exploring the new features in Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) and Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) for .NET Framework 4.0 Beta 1.
WCF / WF 4 Training KitT.
Visual Studio 2010 and .NET Framework 4 Training KitThe Visual Studio 2010 and .NET Framework 4 Training Kit includes presentations, hands-on labs, and demos. This content is designed to help you learn how to utilize the Visual Studio 2010 features and a variety of framework technologies
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http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/netframework/cc896557.aspx
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The official blog of the Live Search team at Microsoft
We want to answer the most common questions that have appeared in the comments section in response to yesterday's post about Friday's cashback outage (Black Friday cashback blackout).
How do I receive credit for an order that is not showing the correct rebate in my Live Search cashback account?.
I placed an order directly through the store's website. Will I be able to receive cashback?
Orders placed directly at the store's website are not eligible for the Microsoft Live Search cashback program and terms. Orders must have been placed through Live Search to qualify. We are unable to give credit for purchases outside of our system.
Will the HP deal be restarted soon?
We're working actively to determine next steps for any specific HP promotions..
"If your account is showing a 3% rebate or not displaying any rebate for an eligible order, please contact customer support with your Live Search cashback ID and order number to receive your full rebate"
PLEASE let us know when this "backlog" of processing will be completed (again).
At least most of you can get into your cashback account. I got in once after I made my first purchase and haven't been able to access it since. What a mess.
I got email from live.com saying that they would credit all cashback by December 2nd. I have not got any confirmation email :( . Rajat, please do something to resolve this issue.. please...
How to determine whether an order is "ELIGIBLE" or not.. You only agreed that you site was down and not working "properly". How can you say whether the someone placed the order through live.com or directly at hpshopping.com?
What to do if Microsoft denies cashback saying that I made the purchase directly at hpshopping.com not through live.com? where actually I went through live.com and made the purchase... Please clarify on how you are going to determine who is "eligibile"?
Rajat,
I AM SERIOUSLY FRUSTRATED WITH THIS ISSUE.. MICROSOFT IS GOOD FOR NOTHING.. IF I DON'T HEAR ABOUT MY 40% CASHBACK BY TOMORROW I AM GOING TO CLAIM MY CREDIT CARD CHARGE AS FRAUD..
Not only have you wasted our time by asking your customers to put together information to email that you should already have, but you've also wasted our energy worrying over this issue. How many hours have been wasted on the slickdeals forums trying to find information about this fiasco that your customer service agents won't give us?
I got an email today telling me to wait another three days. I leave the country on Friday and after that I won't be able to cancel my order until it's too late at HP. Thanks a lot for backing me into a corner, along with everyone else who can't spend hours a day babysitting you so that you don't rip us off.
Why don't you have a phone number to call so that we can at least speak to someone?
Its pretty easy to guess why they don’t have a phone number… They’d actually have to staff “real” employees instead of the robots that answer the e-mails. Are we even sure Rajat is a real human? Or a robot programmed by Microsoft legal.
1. Microsoft promised a repeat of the promotion.
2. Microsoft promised everyone who successfully completed an order would be credited.
3. Microsoft claims to have answered our questions.
Keep lying, and we'll keep hounding you until you make this right!
First you say you'll redo the 40% offer "within a day or so", now you lie and take that back? How can we ever trust Microsoft???????
It seems as though the answers to the first and second question are contradictory. If you know those who followed the live.com why don't they have their cashback already? I find it hard to believe that on business day number 3 of this fiasco that you are still unaware if a large subgroup of people actually used your search engine or not.
Additionally, the idea that we should continue to use live.com to other great shopping deals is laughable. For those of us who have received no cashback as of yet, how are we supposed to have faith in the system? For those of us who have received 3 or 25% cashback, how are we supposed to believe that the current 20% at eBay won't turn into 6% once the transaction is completed?
Please rectify this situation soon as I need to let HP know to cancel my order before it ships. I'd hate to put HP out shipping both ways (per their return policy) because you dragged your feet on a resolution.
It's now the third day since you promised to restart the HP 40% promotion. Another lie, perhaps?
Call it LIE search- be HONEST.
Great news guys, I just received my 40% cash back! The patience paid off :)
I sent email on Nov 30, got a reply to wait until Dec 2nd.
Replied the email on Dec 2nd saying I didn't receive 40%
Got cash back today :)
A QUOTE from a Microsoft SPOKESPERSON ."
Well, make good on your promises, Microsoft!!
I just want this to be over. Either give the discount or tell everyone you aren't going to do it. At the very least follow up on the emails that we followed up on as instructed in your generic email replys to our first email.
I can not believe I'm actually losing sleep over this but I am. My indecision over canceling the orders or sticking it out is overwhelming.
Just canceled my HP order and I am ordering a Mac. This was the final straw, Microsoft. Goodbye.
Hi Rajat,
Like thousands of others I am waiting for SOME sign you will honor your cashback promotion. I receive the same canned e-mails as others, no response is ever given. Lucky for me I did receive your survey today. Let me share one answer...consider it my Christmas gift to you in the form of "Free Consultation"
How would you rate the overall quality of Live Search cashback?
Gosh….I only have an MBA but I would start by having it actually work. I would do a little research and maybe have ample servers when I advertise the sale of the year. Maybe I would actually credit people with the cash back I promised instead of canned e-mails. Lastly I would invest in a telephone, no contact sends a message you have something to hide…..in this case you do!
In your intro you say
How about a timeline for credit?
i contacted CS by email (the only option I could find) 8 days ago regarding issues with cashback account, have not received any response!
3-5 days is too long to wait for a reply, but over 5 days is piss poor service!
Just received the cashback in pending status, think MS will solve all the problem in a few days.
Good luck!
Weihus - How much did you receive? Did you receive 40% for a HP purchase?
I made a purchase on Thangs giving through live.com and still haven't receive any notification on my 40% cash back. I got a response to my mail to [email protected] saying i didnt purchase through the below login ID. I do not have screen shot of my transaction or anything to prove that i did go through live.com. I spent almost 5-6 hrs trying to get through and feel really bad being denied. I just think i will have to cancel the order
to ASDF:
Yes, it's HP 40% off by MS Live Cashback, so just keep calm and wait :)
"Yes, it's HP 40% off by MS Live Cashback, so just keep calm and wait :)"
Or better yet, buy something that doesn't have a garbage OS from a company that actually seems to care about their customers.
Rajat...I have your solution! Award an extra one% off for every day a customer goes without getting cash back. Now we will be upset when the money hits our account as opposed to being mad when we see all zeros day after day...
Your thoughts- This is a way to say sorry and reward those who wait! If not, what are your ideas?
Please answer I really would like to know your view!
In Massachusetts, small claims court can award triple damages for deceptive advertising claims (Chapter 93A). $800 order, should have been $320 cashback, should become $960 in small claims court. Maybe this will be worth it.
But this was quite the introduction to Live Search. I'd never heard of it before Friday, and now I'll actively avoid it.
Like so many others I had nothing, not even the 3% to prove that I went through the Live process. I just know I did. I wonder how many returns HP will get because of this. Don't forget, HP has free return shipping. Make them use it.
For those of you that are counting on Microsoft to pay your rebates- don't hold your breath.
Once you get to the point I am at, you begin to realize that this entire program is grossly under/mismanaged. Microsoft is in over their head and won't admit it.
The "cashback" department can't seem to get five transactions that I made over four months ago straight.
Five legitimate ebay buy it now transactions made over a period of two days are sitting in limbo. Based on what has happened so far, I don't expect to ever see the rebates.
Chats (when they had them)- unresponsive
bbb complaint- unresponsive
I wonder if the marketing departments of live.com advertisers know what a mess this promotion is?
Hi everyone- my readers on Notebooks.com are up in arms about his issue as well. While this isn't the best answer MS could offer, at least they're on the record stating that everyone will get the 40% Cash Back eventually.
HP tracks the sources of each visit/sale. I imagine MS has access to this data and they are working together towards a resolution.
Where do you want to go today?
Well I got an email from Joel of cashback department telling that he will active resolve the 405 live.com cashback issue. He asked for my HP order email which I sent just now. Lets see what happens.
The same problem occurred with a lot of people purchasing from Circuit City.
Live.com advertised 20% cashback on Nov. 26, and a lot of people who purchased big ticket items like HDTVs (>$1000) got only 5% cashback. I wanted to purchase a TV at Sears because it was cheaper without the cashback, but ended up buying it at Circuit City because of this cashback. I now see only 5% cashback credited to my account, meaning that the TV actually was much more costlier to me and I lost out on all other deals because I purchased one from Circuit City.
On contacting live.com, I was told that the issue would be resolved by Tuesday, which has come and gone. I contacted them again and was told to wait 5 more days.
This is basically false advertising. Because of this fiasco, I not only lost money on this TV, but also lost out on other good deals. Microsoft needs to correct this issue and post correct cashback amounts to everyone ASAP.
I've had the same problem with the Circuit City crediting only 5% when it clearly stated 20% for purchases made around Black Friday. After emailing cashback support numerous times and waiting patiently, the only responses I'm receiving is the generic:
"Hello,
Thank you for contacting Live Search cashback Customer Care.
We are aware of the issue and we are working diligently to resolve this problem.
Thank you for your patience while we fix this issue.
Live Search cashback Customer Support"
This is ridiculous. It SHOULD NOT take so long to resolve such simple issues. I have heard cases where others were requested to forward their receipts to cashback to get credited. I do not see a point in this since each cashback account lists each transaction including the amount and place purchased. It all seems they are just wasting our time and prolonging the situation.
^ Well, the longer they prolong this, the less chance you'll have to return your items since HP and CircuitCity will not accept returns on electronics after (usually) 15 days.
I'm still trying to get live.com to respond to my missing 20% cashback from circuit city. I'm losing my confidence in this process.
Just received this email from live.com. Seems like a step in the right direction:
Hello,
Thank you for using Live Search and for your recent cashback purchase on. Microsoft regrets that you experienced difficulties placing your order due to our limited site availability on November 28th and apologizes for any inconvenience that this caused. Your purchase (order number ----------) received a 3% cashback reward because it was completed after the end of the limited time 40% cashback promotion. However because of the issues with site availability earlier in the day, Microsoft will honor the 40% cashback reward for your purchase eligible transactions.
Within a week, your cashback account rebate will be corrected. You will see a cancellation for the original 3% cashback followed by a new purchase with a 40% cashback reward. At that point, your purchase will be processed in the same way as all normal cashback sales and will stay in “pending” status for a period of up to 60 days, to account for returns. After this, all eligible purchases will be marked as "available" in your account and the associated rewards will be available for redemption. To view the details for this purchase or your other Live Search cashback transactions, sign into your Live Search cashback account. Please refer to complete program terms and conditions located here.
We appreciate your patience as we resolve this issue. If you have other questions about cashback, please visit our FAQ. You’ll also find a Help link on the FAQ page to contact support.
Thanks,
Angus Cunningham
Sr. Director Live Search cashback Operations
You promised to offer the promo within "a day or so"- it's been that timeframe. So many people spent all day trying to get an order placed. Make good on that promise!
ac, I received the same e-mail. Too late, I already canceled my HP and ordered a Macbook Pro. MS botched this entire promotion, and I have no faith that when it comes time for my refund that they'll do the right thing. I can't afford to take that chance.
Microsoft needs to downsize in a big way to be an effective company. Allow me to make a contribution by taking my business elsewhere.
Well, I waited another day and surprise, nothing has happened.
All sarcasm aside, I do feel for the CSRs that are stuck trying to fix this mess.
Something tells me that HP is going to be getting a bunch of hardware back from many folks.
Somewhere Steve Jobs is laughing...
I'm also waiting for any sign that Microsoft intends to credit me the 20% cashback from Circuit City which I'm entitled to. I took plenty of screenshots proving the existence of the offer in anticipation of Microsoft pulling a fast one on me.
I love the TV that I bought, but it was purchased with the idea that I'd be getting back $260 of the total price. Without the cashback, there's no deal. Circuit City's gonna love me when I show up wanting to return the open-box TV (thank gawd there's no restocking fee).
Microsoft needs to pull they sheeit together. Honestly, unlike almost everyone I know, I've always paid the retail price for MS software... knowing that I could have easily visited the pirates and gotten it for.... aaarrrgghh, I don't know... FREE?!
How about you return the favor and actually follow through with your advertised promotion?
So I buy during the timeframe, through live search, through the cashback link, signed in etc. No 40% back for me.
Now I'm seeing on all these other forums that there are people that acknowledge they ordered after 7pm PST, got 3%, then sent in a work ticket, and now have received an e-mail stating they would be credited with the full 40%.
I haven't received not one freakin reply since my initial work ticket was opened on the second. These people sent one in after and had it resolved before.
I'm so mad I can't stand it.
I too bought a TV from circuitcity.com thinking i am getting a 20% cashback, but I got an email for 5%. I have saved the screenshots while I was doing this. Sent couple of emails, but all i get is the standard message that everyone is getting. I hope this is resolved as soon as possible, else Circuit City will end up with lots of open box items.
I also received the "wait 2 days before contacting us again"...so I waited, replied to the email, and haven't had a response back in the last 2 days. Very frustrating.
Please o please increase it to 35% or 40%. I was just waiting for Christmas but it the discount seems to have peaked around Black Friday instead.
I for one would like to be informed by MS when we can avail of maximum discount at sites like eBay. It keeps changing every 2 days.
I lost out on the deal and think that MS should have had a working system for the deal to be meaningful. But this discussion here is filled with irony.
MS has said that it intends on bumping folks who got 3% cashback to 40%. So, my humble suggestion might be to wait. This is a MS hosted blog and any promises here would probably hold water in any court. If you don't trust, then stop crying and return your laptops! But, I know that you won't do it because deep down u know that you will get the money and you WANT that money! Free money for which u did nothing!
MS seems to be paying the cashback from its pockets and doing us shoppers a benefit. We seem to ask for promo reruns, etc as if it is our constitutional right and demand that the promotion be turned back on. I am sure it costs a ton of money to give back 40% on the price of a laptop. The cashback site states that any deals could be turned off anytime... BTW, do u have any alternatives? Is anyone else giving you 20% cashback on EBay? I don't think cashback is helping MS's search query, so at this time all this is free money! So, eat it while it lasts and stop crying!
I'm another person who was supposed to get?
AT this rate Microsoft is going to have to rename Cashback program to some other name to avoid the stink..
Thanks for the listing of the most common questions in FAQ. That helps a lot and saves the time for us.
Day four- still don't see a repeat of the failed promo.
People, the lesson here is to use real cashback sites like Fatwallet.com, Ebates.com and Purchance.com. Moral of the story is if it sounds too good to be true, then it probably is. I know that won't be fooled again.
I realize now there isn't anything 'live' about 'live cashback.'
Yesterday I received by Live Cashback for only 25%. I went through the Live site on the 28th during the promotion window (It took me 6 + hours). So I write back to Live telling them the amount was wrong and I should have received 40% cashback. So later inthe day I get an email saying I cancelled my order (Which I did not do) and they took back the 25% so now I'm back to nothing. What is going on here! How difficult is this to get right. I tried to reply to the e-mail and the mailbox is full!!!!!
This is crazy. Microsoft at least send me an e-mail with my order number on it and the correct dollar amount. This way you can take a week to fix it and I'll have something to hold on to.
--Rocco--
While it is true that it is not our constitutional right to have sales and deals whenever we want it, when a company advertises a promotion, induces people to make a purchase based on that promotion (most of us factored in the Cashback amount to decide if the purchase we were going to make was the best value), and then the company refuses to pay, that is a basic example of fraud.
I have sent numerous e-mails to Cashback, and received the standard reply "We want to assure you that your issue is very important to us. Our agents respond to all service requests in the order in which they are received." I have faxed my e-mails to Microsoft's corporate office, and have yet received a reply. This weekend, I will escalate the issue to the BBB, FTC and Washington State Attorney General's Office. I would recommend that others do the same. Just a quick Google search (a reliable search engine) reveals hundreds of websites with people who have been cheated by Microsoft's cashback program.
Sad, but all we can do is keep pushing to get back what has been offered to us. While some have said this is "free" money, a contract is a contract. If you read the business deal that Microsoft has with their clickthru partners, you can see that Microsoft makes some money on each of our clicks.
Whether the server problems (designed by Dell) were intentional or unintentional (negligent?), each person who was offered a cashback incentive, and then accepted that incentive by clicking on the link and making a purchase - a contract was formed. Microsoft needs to fulfill their part of the bargain.
In the meantime, join me in calling Attorney General Rob McKenna at 1-800-551-4636, or contacting Microsoft at the number in my previous posting.
This entire charade is designed to string customers along until past the return period, past the credit card chargeback period, past when we can do anything about this cashback scam. MS and HP are hoping you're too stupid to realize that.
I've started returning my HP order today. One item at a time, one each day. All the finger-pointing between MS and HP is a distraction from the reality that this was a joint promotion by both companies. HP paid for overnight shipping to get the items here, and they're paying for each item to come back on separate labels. I've lost a bunch of time, HP has lost a bunch of money, and MS has lost a reputation (and probably a bunch of money once HP totals up their losses and has a little chat with MS). Too bad MS and HP didn't want a better solution.
I'm typing this on my new MacBook, and in my other browser window I'm searching for a new non-HP laser printer for my office. No more MS and HP in my office as long as I'm in charge of purchasing. It's just not worth being treated this way.
I am so sorry that I didn't get any cashback on my laptop. If I can't get it, I want to cancel my order. I have sent three emails to your customers, but I didn't get any reply on it. So could you give me any reply as soon as possible!
What about the Circuit City 20%?
I've sent several emails, received the automated reply and yet to hear. When are you going to correct the Circuit City fiasco?
I can't wait to see how many open box Sony TV's Circuit City winds up getting from all the people who are going to return TVs.
I am also on the circuitcity.com fiasco-boat. Like most, I wouldn't have ordered my item if it had not been for the 20% savings, I made the purchase on the morning quoted 20% drove 35 miles to the nearest CC picked it up later that day (through rush hour traffic, mind you) returning to find that I would only be credited 5% the following morning. Fix this or I, and many others will pleasantly leave an open box hdtv on CC's front door. I'm sure they'll love that.
I was trying to complete my order most of the day Friday for the 40% off promotion, which didn't happen and I am concerned with how this is going to be resolved. If this online services business is supposed to be "building trust" with the customer and "delighting" them one experience at a time, then they need to reissue the 40% off promotion once they correct the amounts credited to customers who already made a purchase.
The idea of them just thinking this will go away or not be on every news channel is not the smartest move. This is killing their combined ad spending this half to gain goodwill and enable trust and show percieved value in their search engine.
Also, the amount they will need to credit HP for their ad buys/cashback promotion and the impact that will have with their long standing partnership alone should have motivated a more substantial and resolute response. Anything short of fully honoring and rerunning this promotion as promised earlier this week and credited all purchases made on Friday with the 40% is sure to not only spurn consumers but business partners as well when weighing upcoming opportunities to partner and/or contine long standing arrangements given the decreased brand value of live search and the online services businesses at Microsoft.
Got my 40% cashback just this afternoon. I hope you all get it soon. I believe MSFT should have given something extra to placate the customers for handling this crisis in such unprofessional way.
I am in no rush here - if MS does not keep its end of the bargain, I will return the product to HP - I am sure HP will not want this and will make sure MS does its end and neither will MS as they will loose out on booking a whole bunch of revenue. Good luck!
I am another one of the MANY who spent many frustrating hours because of this promotion and have absolutely nothing to show for it.
If this is not resolved (ideally with either a 40% coupon for those who tried but weren't able to access the website, or with another day of this promotion) I will be spreading the word that both Microsoft Live and HP are apparently in the business of bait and switch tactics and enjoy wasting their customer's time.
Unfortunately most people who were affected similarly won't read or post here, but there are most certainly thousands of angry customers.
Im on the same boat with all of you folks. I haven't received any cashback and I'm e-mailing MS every day, and even trying to call them. Still no luck, I think they're even tired of sending automated e-mails at this point. I really don't know what to do besides return my product at this point.
I was an HP shopper on Black Friday who went through all the necessary steps for 40% off, yet nothing showed in my cashback account. After sending the Cashback team an e-mail on Dec. 2nd with all the information they requested, I received a canned response. I sent another on the 4th, and received the same canned response.
This morning I received an e-mail that I was credited with my 40% cashback. Patience goes a long way. Although I believe the Cashback team could have handled this better, they did come through on their promise...at least in my case. If you legitimately qualified for cashback, just be patient. And good luck.
Nice Clinton impression, Rajat.
You need to stop all this mumbo jumbo doublespeak and make good on what was offered -- even for those frustrated F5ers who spent their day off with Live, all to no avail. In my case, I got to the greenlights twice, but couldn't get past the captcha. Though interestingly enough, your system had no problem offering me the chance to complete the Live registration process.
There is only one correct and acceptable response here:
RERUN THE 40% OFFER.
Anything short of that is BULLoney!!
Although I was skeptical at first, I just received an email saying that I got my 40%. The delay was frustrating but in the end, MS came through. Thanks to Rajat and his team for making good (at least for my situation).
i have been email them for the past 1 week and there is no response...
is there a way reaching the MS people directly instead of thro CSR??
I have waited patiently after my initial email on Saturday that said that i need to wait till Dec 2nd. Despite waiting till 2nd and since then sending a bunch of email, i have not got a single response that addressed to me that made me feel that some one was actually looking at my email.
I am so disappointed with not seeing the Cash Back. Spending more than 6 hours on Friday without having fun and in the end not seeing Cash back is so disappointing.
Without the Cash back i would have gotten better deals from other vendors for the laptop and i missed those opportunities too. Whos to blame?
is there any chance of ms responding to the emails i have sent? i placed an order at 4:50 pm pst on friday nov 28 through the live.com link and i still haven't seen my cashback nor is microsoft replying to my emails despite them telling me to email them on the 2nd if my issue was not resolved. my order has shipped as well, and i want to return it if they aren't going to honor their promotion.
I got my order in before 7:00 pm on Black Friday, cashback account doesn't show it. Sent at least 5 emails to MS, no response yet other than unattended mail response. It seems that MS is helping the people got 3% cashback first. It is so unfair that MS helps them ahead of the people like me who made the purchase in time. I am so mad.
Rerun the 40% cash back for hp shopping ASAP as promised, you will not get away with just correcting the few people's cash back amounts who got through in the few minutes of the 12 hour promotion that it actually worked. YOU NEED TO RUN THE 40% PROMOTION AGAIN for the amount of time advertised and actually have it work. Anything less than that is not truthful and a horrible blow to any goodwill you might have had with the end user.
I just read on live search's blog "we have now reached out to all affected customers whose email addresses and purchase details we have on file." .... is this TRUEEE...!!!!!
Please tell me that is not true that you have reached all the affected customers! I have sent 7 emails with no responses after a week of constantly checking my email! I don't know what's up with you will receive a response to your feedback in 3-5 days but maybe it should be changed to you may receive a response and then again you may not. Patient only goes so far. If you offer a promotion than you should honor it! There was a mistake on your company's end. If you need to bring in extra staff to correct the people and respond to people. That is what you should do. Customer service and satisfaction should be number 1. Please resolve this situation so we know if we need to return the products that are on their way!
I am so frustrated with the lack of responses from MS. This sediment seems to be spreading through the forums that I visit. If MS doesn't get a handle on this soon, customers will stop using the service. Why would you use it if you can't trust it and never get
I purchased a laptop from Hp, through your cashback referral follwoing the procedure to the boot, within the time frame the 40% cashaback was allowed on Black Friday. I can not afford a full priced item. Cashback was was shwon for a couple of days, and then upon writing emails, I was approved a cash back of 5% for a computer configuration I didnot purchase on a date I didnot purchase; where as they have denied the real 40% cashback today, saying that they have no records of my going through their referral program! They have a record of a purchase I did not make! ROFL.
I sent them the order confirmations ane the details showing of my order but I still do not get the cashback! I am utterly disappointed and it is hurting my wallet.
Please make the situation good. Thanks
Emailed twice, both time automated replies telling me to wait in line and they will get to me in the order the email was received. It has been 9 days since I sent my first email and so far absolutely no response from MS. Does anyone know how long it will take MS to get through all the cashback issues, or are they effectively done and those who haven't heard back are screwed? I guess I have until Christmas to make the call on a return (i.e. if no cashback refund, then HP computer, printer, and accessories all get sent back to HP). What a shame that customers who got through on this deal are still being left in the dark.
What is your service request number ackmiller?
On 11/28 I ordered ~$1,000 worth of computer, monitor & accessories through the 40% off Live Cashback link. Nothing showed up in my account. Waited 2 business days (per MS's website instructions) still nothing, then I emailed cust. service. Waited 5 business days, per the instructions in the automated email response, still nothing. Day 5, also got a survey requesting feedback on the customer service I never received. Resent my request, referencing my CS request number, only to get another automated response with another CS request number. Day ?, still waiting for any kind of response, and wondering just how long I can wait before I am forced to return everything to HP.
What is going on with live.com customer support? I have emailed them numerous times regarding the cashback that is still shows as processing in my account for a month and half. I opened atleast a dozen tickets, no reply to any of them. Is the BBB only way to talk to them?
I SURE WOULD LIKE TO SPEAK TO SOMEONE AT LIVVE SEARCH. HOWEVER, I QUALIFIED FOR A $60 REWARD NOV 2 AND SUBMITTED MY REQUEST. I HAVE STILL NOT RRECEIVED IT. I HAD BEEN IN CONTAAAACT WITH BEN VIA EMAIL MANY TIMES AND GET MANY EXCUSES AND PROMISES AND NOW AM BEING TOTALLY IGNORED. CAN ANYONE HELP ME?
I SURE WOULD LIKE TO SPEAK TO SOMEONE AT LIVE SEARCH. HOWEVER, I QUALIFIED FOR A $60 REWARD NOV 2 AND SUBMITTED MY REQUEST. I HAVE STILL NOT RECEIVED IT. I HAD BEEN IN CONTACT WITH BEN VIA EMAIL MANY TIMES AND GET MANY EXCUSES AND PROMISES AND NOW AM BEING TOTALLY IGNORED. CAN ANYONE HELP ME? STANLEY LEVINE [email protected] 910 794 1505
Well, I had three orders that had CB issues and all denied. No rebuttal, all final. Email to them have no responses. It's been 5 days and no replies.
CB is a hoax. Another way for MS to stick it to us again. This is getting bad. They use us to drive business to live and they get all the benefits. FAKE
I am a very dissatisfied Microsoft customer! I purchased a laptop on Black Friday after trying to get on the site all day, making 5 calls to HP about being able to purchase, and trying to contact Microsoft. I clicked on the cashback icon that showed 40% cashback for a set period of time. I went into the live.com site, set up a cashback account and purchased my product. I was sent an email finally last week. It stated that I clicked in the wrong place to make my purchase. I think that is really crappy of Microsoft! I clicked where it said 40% cashback, on Microsofts gold dollar sign icon! If I did click the wrong place I think it was very misleading and that I should still get my 40% cashback! I made every effort all day to take advantage of the promotion. Now I can not even get an email response from Microsoft. I need to know if I need to be contacting HP to pick up my products. I think it is unbelieveable how long it is taking for their customer service to get back to people. I tried to be very understanding at first because of all the people they had to contact but now after telling me I did not click the right place and not replying to my e-mail to resolve me issue in almost 3 weeks is just too much. If I don't get a response from them in the next couple of days I will have to contact HP to return my item and will never purchase another Microsoft product again!
Microsoft CashBack Program is a fraud. I have lost $350 in cashback bonus. FRAUD and I still get no contact after 5 months from Live.com representatives!!
I guess you are right. I thought they would want to please their customers so they would have return customers but it looks like they are going to lose many customers over this black friday mess!
I had made an HP purchase via the Live cashback link on Nov 25. By Nov 26th I had seen the note about the newer 40% cashback (even made a screen print of the promo). I had contacted HP to try and get a credit for the difference between the 2 cashback amounts but was told it is a MS problem. So, all day on Black Friday between 7 AM PST and 7 PM PST I tried unsucessfully to access HP thru the Live site. I was going to re-buy the same item at 40% cashback and return, or cancel, the identical HP item I purchased the day prior.
Since then I've sent numerous emails to HP and Live Cashback support with no resolution.
My situation is no different than what people do when they purchase something at one price, then see it at a lower price the next day and go back to the merchant for a price adjustment. It happens all the time and I've done it many times.
I wish I had a postal address of someone in MS Cashback that I can send all of my documentation to. Does anyone have that information?
I made a purchase and was upposed to have been issued a check on November 7, 2008. Still not recieved it. Customer service has not been helpful at all. Sent them numnerous complaints with ho update. It really sucks as they have no live support.
I would not recommend anybody to go with Microsoft cashback
If they do not contact me I am also going to tell everyone I know not to use live.com or cashback!
I opened an account to make a purchase. I could see my account balance ($0 at the time). I was able to access my account (n fact, I seemed to be always logged on). Then, one day later, I made my purchase. I received an email regarding my cashback. Yet, I cannot log in into my account! The support center keeps responding to my queries in an unhelpful, basically automated way. The told me: your ID is not a valid ID. That's exactly the problem; do something about it! There is (was?) money for me, and, if by mistake or glitch or whatever, Microsoft messed up my access to my account, the money should still be mine (if nothing else given Microsoft's email telling that I had earned that amount). I asked the live.com support people to reinstate my account with the $ credit on it. I'll doubt they will do it: they will probably send me the 6th automated message. If anyone can give a MAILING ADDRESS, I'd prefer to write them a letter at this point. Others may also find it helpful, I am sure. Thanks!
Why is it that I cant get on the Misrosoft Cashback account site to view my cashback? Did I just get screwd? I only had a couple of days left to get close to 500.00 in cash back and now I can't even access the web site. Does anyone know whats going on?
This is a warning to stay far away from this shady service. At the beginning of this week, I had nearly $150 is my Live cashback account. Today I have ZERO. Not only that, I don't have any account history. It as if like my account never existed. What a disappointment. I was looking forward to having a couple extra bucks at the beginning of year.
As a summary, STAY AWAY FROM THIS SERVICE. If it sounds too good to be true, it is!
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http://blogs.msdn.com/livesearch/archive/2008/12/02/answers-to-your-comments-about-the-cashback-blackout.aspx
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crawl-002
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refinedweb
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A blog on coding, .NET, .NET Compact Framework and life in general.....
If you would like to receive an email when updates are made to this post, please register here
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This is cool found via Google. One draw back is that the methods are tied to a specific enum type (CoolValue). If there was a way of making a Generic method that would return the data for any enum:
<pre>
public struct EnumHelper
{
public();
}
public static Collection<KeyValuePair<string, string>> GetList(Type enumType)
string[] names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
Array values = Enum.GetValues(enumType);
Collection<KeyValuePair<string, string>> tempList = new Collection<KeyValuePair<string, string>>();
for (int counter = 0; counter < names.GetLength(0); counter++)
{
MemberInfo[] memInfo = enumType.GetMember(names[counter]);
string description = names[counter];
if (memInfo != null && memInfo.Length > 0)
{
object[] attrs = memInfo[0].GetCustomAttributes(typeof(Description), false);
if (attrs != null && attrs.Length > 0)
description = ((Description)attrs[0]).Text;
}
tempList.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, string>(values.GetValue(counter).ToString(), description));
}
return tempList;
}
</pre>
One further enhancement is test and validating that an enum type is being passed. Anyway this was my updates after toying around with this for an hour or two. Any how I can set a DataSource to a list. The columns are Key, Value. And if need be use those column names in the designer to show or hide the Key.
uxCoolValueComboBox = EnumHelper.GetList(TypeOf(CoolValue))
PingBack from
I've done something similar using System.ComponentModel.DescriptionAttribute and extended EnumConverter to test for the presence of the attribute.
This works fine on the property grid but web controls don't seem to use type converters to get string representations of enum values.
Does anyone have any ideas?
Thank you all very much for the sample code (by Guy). However I modified a little for WinForm ComboBox (2.0)
public struct EnumHelper
public static List <KeyValuePair<string, string>> GetList(Type enumType)
string[] names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
Array values = Enum.GetValues(enumType);
List <KeyValuePair <string, string>> tempList = new List <KeyValuePair<string, string>>();
for (int counter = 0; counter < names.GetLength(0); counter++)
{
MemberInfo[] memInfo = enumType.GetMember(names[counter]);
string description = names[counter];
if (memInfo != null && memInfo.Length > 0)
{
DescriptionAttribute[] attrs = (DescriptionAttribute[])memInfo[0].GetCustomAttributes(typeof(DescriptionAttribute), false);
if (attrs != null && attrs.Length > 0)
description = attrs[0].Description;
}
tempList.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, string>(values.GetValue(counter).ToString(), description));
}
return tempList;
// Implementation side
MyCombo.DataSource = EnumHelper.GetList(typeof(MyEnum));
MyCombo.ValueMember = "Key";
MyCombo.DisplayMember = "Value";
Thanks again.
You Da Man! Loved the enum Description. Sweeeeet :)
<to get all the values as an array see here > Sometimes you need to do something in code and you
Great article. Check out the EnumDescConverter class over at Codeproject. I've used this one quite a few times -- works great.
<a href=""></a>
Guess I clobbered the URL above. Whoops.
if one cannot override ToString please explain me how they do that
using System;
using System.IO;
namespace test_console_application
class Program
public static void Main()
NotifyFilters filter = NotifyFilters.Attributes | NotifyFilters.Size;
Console.WriteLine(filter);
Output: Attributes, Size
in case anyone cares I have found the answer to my question:
in order to achieve the above you have to apply the attribute [Flags] to the enum declaration
Here is an example of how you can use a generic class to make a wrapper around any enum.
LocalizedEnumDescription.Description is implemented using the attribute method described above.
When you put your enum into the combobox, you wrap in an EnumHolder. This seems to work pretty well.
public class EnumHolder<T>
public readonly T Value;
public EnumHolder( T enumValue)
Value = enumValue;
public override string ToString()
return LocalizedEnumDescription.Description(Value as System.Enum );
Just for completeness sake: If you need the enum string in XML serialization, there is another attribute for that, which the XmlSerializer takes into account.
public enum MyValues
[System.Xml.Serialization.XmlEnumAttribute("Value one")]
Value1,
[System.Xml.Serialization.XmlEnumAttribute("Value two")]
Value2,
...
When using WCF, you should use the EnumMemberAttribute:
[System.Runtime.Serialization.EnumMemberAttribute(Value = "Value one")]
[System.Runtime.Serialization.EnumMemberAttribute(Value = "Value two")]
Of course, both can be applied at the same time, if neccessary.
Here's a solid implementation of a C# string enumerator that behaves exactly like a regular one. You might find it handy :)
Happy new year!
Sometimes, you would like to assign string values to the fields in an enumeration. This might be very
PingBack from
Me he encontrado en el blog de Fresh Logic Studios con un post donde describen una técnica interesante
How I can serialize enum into the view:
<DaysOfWeek>
<Sunday />
<Tuesday />
<Friday />
</DaysOfWeek>
Very nice, just what i was looking for.
and for even more simplicity i added an extentionmethod to enum so that i can use .ToDescription on any enum and get the description, no functions with passing variables needed.
cheers.
For enum serialization in C# and C++, it's
[System.Xml.Serialization.XmlEnumAttribute(Name="Value one")]
For VB, leave off the Name= part.
Thanks for the code for string enum. It really helped me. :)
Cheers.
Another similar approach involving explicit casts:
<code>
using System.Reflection;
enum Coolness : byte
[Description("Not so cool")]
NotSoCool = 5,
Cool,
[Description("Very cool")]
VeryCool = NotSoCool + 7,
[Description("Super cool")]
SuperCool
class Description : Attribute
public string Text;
public Description(string text)
Text = text;
public static explicit operator Description(Enum en)
FieldInfo field = en.GetType().GetField(en.ToString());
Description d = GetCustomAttribute(field, typeof(Description)) as Description;
return d ?? new Description(en.ToString());
class Program
static void Main(string[] args)
Coolness coolType1 = Coolness.Cool;
Coolness coolType2 = Coolness.NotSoCool;
Console.WriteLine(
((Description)coolType1).Text
);
((Description)coolType2).Text
Console.ReadLine();
</code>
Thanks to the ideas you provided, I was able to add functionality to NHibernate's EnumStringType to allow transparent storage of complex enum descriptions in a database. You can see my approach here.
welcome Matthew
本文转自：
Your solution is not correct because you are saying that overring ToString in title. GetDescripton is NOT overriding anything :) just a function call , please correct it. You can use more suitable title because your solution is at different point.
I suppose you could use extension methods as well.
public static string GetDescription(this Coolness type)
// Do your thing
The following method implements AsString() to all enums which behaves similarly to ToString() except it uses the Description attribute.
In addition it implements a ParseEnum method that can parse based on the ToString() or the AsString() results.
This method requires LINQ and uses Extension Methods.
// The coolness enum with descriptions
[Description("Not so cool")]
NotSoCool = 5,
Cool, // since description same as ToString no attr are used
[Description("Very cool")]
VeryCool = NotSoCool + 7,
[Description("Super cool")]
SuperCool
// A class to add extension methods
static class ExtensionMethods
// Adds an AsString() method to every enum which uses the built in DescriptionAttribute
public static string AsString(this Enum enumValue)
FieldInfo fi = enumValue.GetType().GetField(enumValue.ToString());
if (fi != null)
object[] attrs = fi.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(DescriptionAttribute), true);
if ((attrs != null) && (attrs.Length > 0))
{
return ((DescriptionAttribute)attrs[0]).Description;
}
return enumValue.ToString();
// Adds a ParseEnum method to every enum that parses from the AsString
// Since value types are also IComparable, IFormattable and IConvertible they will
// get the same methods, but will throw an InvalidCastException if used.
public static T ParseEnum<T>(this T enumValue, string value)
where T : IComparable, IFormattable, IConvertible
if (!typeof(Enum).IsAssignableFrom(typeof(T)))
throw new InvalidCastException();
IEnumerable<T> values = from Enum o in Enum.GetValues(typeof(T))
where o.AsString() == value select (T)((object)o);
if (values.Count() == 1)
return values.ElementAt(0);
else
// try using ToString() instead
values = from Enum o in Enum.GetValues(typeof(T))
where o.ToString() == value select (T)((object)o);
if (values.Count() == 1)
return values.ElementAt(0);
throw new FormatException();
// Implements a TryParseEnum method on all enums using the ParseEnum method above.
public static bool TryParseEnum<T>(this T enumValue, string value, out T result)
try
result = enumValue.Parse(value);
return true;
catch
result = default(T);
return false;
static void Main(string[] args)
Coolness coolness;
if (!Coolness.Cool.TryParse(args[0], out coolness))
IEnumerable<Coolness> cools = from Enum o in Enum.GetValues(typeof(Coolness))
select (Coolness)o;
Console.WriteLine("Acceptable values:");
foreach (Coolness c in cools)
Console.WriteLine("\t{0}", c.ToString());
if (c.ToString() != c.AsString())
{
Console.WriteLine("\t{0}", c.AsString());
}
Console.WriteLine("{0} is {1}/{2}", args[0], coolness.ToString(), coolness.AsString());
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http://blogs.msdn.com/abhinaba/archive/2005/10/20/483000.aspx
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MOSS 2007 has been developed completely using the .NET Framework 2.0. This is as clear as rain, since the list of pre-requisites begins with the .NET 2.0 redistributable. Given this dependency, MOSS 2007 interacts by nature with Visual Studio .NET 2005. There are multiple variants of the VS2005 and all are equally capable of talking with MOSS. So, the primary requirement for beginning MOSS development is having some variant of VS 2005 installed on the dev box. As with v2, there are hacks to separate the server and the dev box, but more on this later.
Once you ahve this installed, you are ready to begin custom development. Due to the enormity of the new product as well as due to the way the product is structured, there are a whole bunch of assemblies that crop up in the "Add Reference" dialog. These assemblies have gone through some changes over the beta cycle and it does look like there are going to be more changes in the offing as we march towards RTM.
A quick look at the Add Reference dialog:
Of the whole list of assemblies, these are the assemblies that are of interest. What does each of these do?
Microsoft.SharePoint.Publishing - This is the Publishing DLL as the name suggests. Functionality embedded here is brought on from CMS 2002 as well as some new functionality for Portals.
Microsoft.Office.Server - this DLL is available only with MOSS and will not be available with WSS. Includes overlapping functionality with Microsoft.SharePoint.dll but with some refinement. Also includes functionality specific to MOSS such as BDC, reports, etc.
Microsoft.Office.Policy/Microsoft.Office.Workflow - these refer to the Document Life Cycle part of the story with functionality for document management and workflows.
Microsoft.SharePoint.Search - this is the Search functionality corresponding to WSS Search.
Microsoft.SharePoint.* - traditional namespaces from v2 with added classes and method references.
The kind of projects that can be created remain much the same.
Windows Applications/Class libraries etc can be used in case of standalone apps that talk with the SharePoint OM. Though these need to be residing on the server after deployment incase of OM calls. These can alternatively use web service references and reside on client boxes.
Web applications, can be deployed on the server and can use the direct references as usual. These can also be deployed on other boxes and talk to the server using OOB/custom web services.
As of now there are no web part templates available for VS as they were for v2. But we are getting there and you should see some developments in that area.
-Harsh
PingBack from
2007 MOSS Resource Links (Microsoft Office SharePoint Server) Here is an assortment of various 2007 Microsoft
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http://blogs.msdn.com/harsh/archive/2006/07/24/676813.aspx
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crawl-002
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en
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refinedweb
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.
.
First off, my apologies in taking so long to post the next step in creating the policy.
Down below the framework for policy creation is listed; this template could be used whenever creating a new policy. Let start coding some more:
Let us update the constructor:
public NoTabsPolicy()
{
interestedExtensions = new SortedList();
}
* This SortedList contains the files extensions we are interested in; certainly we do not want to run this on every file type VS supports.
The IPolicyDefinition is sufficient for now; we will add a UI to the Edit method later which will allow the user to customize this policy.
Now to the IPolicyEvaluation…
We need to update the Initialize method to keep a hold of the IPendingCheckin and to add an event handler.
public void Initialize(IPendingCheckin pendingCheckin)
pendingCheckinsDialog = pendingCheckin;
pendingCheckin.PendingChanges.CheckedPendingChangesChanged += new EventHandler(pendingCheckin_CheckedPendingChangesChanged);
This event will notify our policy when items (files) are selected/unselected from the pending checkins toolwindow (or checkin dialog); when files are selected/unselected, we will re-run the policy to only search for tabs in those specific files (and the files matching the extensions we are interested in).
Update the Dispose method:
public void Dispose()
pendingCheckinsDialog.PendingChanges.CheckedPendingChangesChanged -= new EventHandler(pendingCheckin_CheckedPendingChangesChanged);
policyDisposed = true;
PolicyStateChanged = null;
for (int i = 0; i < fileWatchers.Count; i++)
{
fileWatchers[i] = null;
}
fileWatchers = null;
Notice that we remove the event handler – we do not want to receive events when we are disposed and not cleaned up. Also, notice the cleanup of the fileWatchers elements – for each file checked in the pending checkins (and matching the extensions we are interested in) a FileWatcher is created; this file watcher notifies us if the file changes. If the file does change, we need to check to see if file contains tabs again. Once complete, we can tell VS of the policy failures or clear existing failures. This is useful, so the user can make changes to files and see the policy failures disappear as the problems are addressed.
Next, lets make the evaluate methods actually do something useful:
public PolicyFailure[] Evaluate()
if (policyDisposed)
throw new ObjectDisposedException(Strings.policyType, Strings.policyDisposedMessage);
ArrayList changes = new ArrayList();
PendingChange[] checkedFiles = pendingCheckinsDialog.PendingChanges.CheckedPendingChanges;
foreach (PendingChange change in checkedFiles)
if (InterestedFileExtension(change.LocalItem))
{
if ((change.ChangeType == ChangeType.Edit) || (change.ChangeType == ChangeType.Add))
{
if (DoesFileContainTabs(change.LocalItem))
{
PolicyFailure failure = new PolicyFailure(change.ChangeType + " : " + change.LocalItem, this);
changes.Add(failure);
}
RegisterForFileEvent(change.LocalItem);
}
}
return (PolicyFailure[])changes.ToArray(typeof(PolicyFailure));
}
First off, throw exception is we are disposed; we should never be disposed and a method call on the policy. Next, we need to create a list of failures which we will return; I broke out the next few lines to make it easier to read; the FileContainedInAffectedPortfolioProject method verifies that the file in question is in a team project (formally, known as portfolio project) which has this policy installed. It is possible to have two files checked out of the same solution where each file resides in a different team project (and those team projects may have different policies installed).
Next the InterestedFileExtension verifies that the file we are looking at contains a file extension we are interested in.
We are only interested in Edit and Add (basically, ignoring renames, deletes, branches, …).
Finally, lets see if the file does contains a tab. If it does, create a new policy failure and add it to the ArrayList of policy failures. The first value in the PolicyFailure constructor is the message the user will see in VS. Also, whether the file contains tabs or not, we want to place a FileWatcher on it to see if it is updated later.
Return the array back to VS.
Code up the helper methods listed above:
private bool InterestedFileExtension(string filePathAndName)
string ext = Path.GetExtension(filePathAndName);
if (interestedExtensions.ContainsKey(ext))
return true;
return false;
private bool DoesFileContainTabs(string filePathAndName)
try
StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(filePathAndName, true);
string fileContents = sr.ReadToEnd();
bool result = fileContents.Contains(Strings.tab);
sr.Close();
return result;
catch (Exception)
return false;
Add the SortedList to class (in the serialize portion).
SortedList interestedExtensions;
Now, let us finish up with implementation of the eventing methods.
private void RegisterForFileEvent(string filePathName)
return;
FileSystemWatcher watcher = new FileSystemWatcher(Path.GetDirectoryName(filePathName), Path.GetFileName(filePathName));
watcher.IncludeSubdirectories = false;
watcher.Changed += new FileSystemEventHandler(OnSourcesChanged);
watcher.Renamed += new RenamedEventHandler(OnSourceRenamed);
watcher.NotifyFilter = NotifyFilters.FileName | NotifyFilters.LastWrite;
watcher.EnableRaisingEvents = true;
if (fileWatchers.ContainsKey(filePathName))
fileWatchers.Add(filePathName, watcher);
* You may be wondering why the Changed and Renamed are both added above; the reason is that Change is needed if the file is modified outside of VS; the renamed is needed for file which change in VS (VS actually writes file X to Y then does a rename on the save).
Handle the renamed event…
private void OnSourcesRenamed(object sender, RenamedEventArgs e)
OnSourcesChanged();
Handle the Changed event…
private void OnSourcesChanged(object sender, FileSystemEventArgs e)
At this point, we know a file has been modified/saved, so lets just evaluate it again and send event back to VS.
private void OnSourcesChanged()
PolicyFailure[] failures = Evaluate();
OnPolicyStateChanged(failures);
Do the actual eventing back to VS.
protected virtual void OnPolicyStateChanged(PolicyFailure[] failures)
PolicyStateChangedHandler handler = PolicyStateChanged;
if (handler != null)
handler(this, new PolicyStateChangedEventArgs(failures, this));
Here, we know that the file selection has changed in VS, so let re-evaluate the file again.
private void pendingCheckin_CheckedPendingChangesChanged(Object sender, EventArgs e)
OnPolicyStateChanged(Evaluate());;
First);
policyDisposed = true;
if (policyDisposed)
throw new ObjectDisposedException(Strings.policyType, Strings.policyDisposedMessage);
return null;
public void Activate(PolicyFailure failure)
return;
Finally, we need some non-serialized data..
Ok – now more details on policies. NOTE: The interfaces and methods listed below are NOT in concrete and may change slightly prior to shipping.
A policy can be configured to run each time a checkin is issued – either through the command line checkin or through Visual Studio. To implement a policy, the developer must implement 2 interfaces: IPolicyDefinition and IPolicyEvaluation.
There are two locations where policies can be accessed: the first is during the configuration/installation of the policy. To install the policy, you must first be in the admin group for a particular portfolio project. Once in that group, you select to add a policy to this portfolio project (you may have any number of policies installed/configured for a portfolio project). Once the policy is added to the portfolio project, you are able to configure the policy; since every policy is different, you (the implementer of the interfaces) are responsible for displaying a dialog for the user to configure; of course, if there is no configuration available for your policy, you can just ‘return’ from that method. Once the configuration is complete, the policy is serialized and is sent to the server (Yukon database). This functionality is coded when the IPolicyDefinition interface is implemented.
The second time the policy is accessed is during the actual checkin. When checking in a file in the portfolio project where the policy is configured, the policy will be evaluated. If the policy has a failure (or numerous failures), the policy will need to return the list of failures to be displayed in the policy toolwindow. Also, you may subscribe to events to notify your policy when files are checked out (or checked/unchecked in Visual Studio Source Control toolwindow). You may also notify Visual Studio when a policy fails without Visual Studio asking. This functionality is coded when the IPolicyEvaluation interface is implemented.
To help explain how policies work, we will create a policy over the next couple postings. The policy which we will create will verify that there are no tabs in specific files; here are the requirements for this policy:
- Allow the administrator the ability to configure which file extensions should be scanned for tabs.
- Using the configuration above, verify the policy fails for each file containing tabs.
- If the user selects/un-selected files from the pending checkins toolwindow, verify those files are scanned for failures dynamically.
- Once a file is being ‘watched’ for tabs, automatically add a failure to Visual Studio for that file if file is saved and contains tabs.
- Once a file is being ‘watched’ for tabs, automatically remove failure from Visual Studio for that file if file is saved and no longer contains tabs.
To create this policy, we will do it in steps:
Earlier,...
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Random thoughts on all things .NET...
The.
NAB 2009 rocked !!
It was exhausting working the booth, standing on my feet all day, talking to so many people over the course of four days, but it was so exciting at the same time. We showed many cool things at the Microsoft booth, including Silverlight 3, IIS 7 Smooth Streaming, our Fast search engine, our Advertising solutions, a ton of solutions from our partners, and last but not the least – some very interesting open source starter kits that my team built, and that I will blog about in coming posts.
But I am especially excited about a specific application I was directly involved in. :
- It is a great proof point that Silverlight is not just for consumer facing scenarios on the web, but is equally suited for more rigorous applications in broadcast media workflow.
- It is one of the first production applications to use the h.264 playback capabilities being enabled in Silverlight 3. MTV creates all their proxies as QuickTime .mov files, with the essence encoded using h.264 compression, either in SD or in HD resolutions. Since QT is essentially a variant of the MP4 container structure, and SL 3 supports parsing MP4 and decoding h.264 natively, we could playback all of MTV’s QT content natively in SL3, without any further transcoding. This was a huge win-win for all involved both from a time and cost perspective.
I provided some of the necessary technology guidance to a joint team from Microsoft, Vertigo and MTV in implementing the solution.
You can read more about the general press release from Viacom CIO Joe Simon here and about the specific case study here.
Recently I needed to bind some embedded images to data templates. If you look at the Image type in Silverlight 2, you will see that it exposes a Source property of type ImageSource that can be set to the URI of an image either relative to the XAP, or in its absolute form. If the URI is valid, the image stream is opened and read at runtime, an underlying BitmapImage is created around the stream and is then fed into Image.Source (BitmapImage derives from ImageSource).
However this is all great when the images are on a web site. But what about images that are packaged with my XAP ? It is actually not very hard to bind those either. Assuming you have a XAP assembly named Foo (with Foo being the default namespace), and say your image, Bar.png is stored in a project folder named Images, once you compile the assembly, the image is embedded into the assembly as a resource named Foo.Images.Bar.png. To get this done through Visual Studio mark your image as an Embedded Resource. However to access the embedded image and create a BitmapImage out of it, you will have to write some code like this:
BitmapImage bim = new BitmapImage(); bim.SetSource(this.GetType().Assembly.GetManifestResourceStream("Foo.Images.Bar.png"));
This BitmapImage instance can then be bound directly to the Image.Source property using a traditional binding expression.
However, you may already know all of this, and in any case I wanted to make this a little more general purpose. I did not quite like the fact that the string literal representing the image (in the above case “Foo.Images.Bar.png” ) could not be directly fed to the Image element in my XAML like a URI. I had to create some sort of artificial property in some type that would instead expose a BitmapImage instance, and then bind that property to my Image.Source. In effect what I wanted to do was something like this:
<Image Source="Foo.Images.Bar.png" />
but sadly that would not work. So instead I took the approach of using a value converter. I wrote a converter that looks like this:
public class ImageResourceNameToBitmapImageConverter : IValueConverter { public object Convert(object value, Type targetType, object parameter, System.Globalization.CultureInfo culture) { //check to see that the parameter types are conformant if (!(value is string) || targetType != typeof(ImageSource) ) return null; BitmapImage MenuItemImage = new BitmapImage(); try { MenuItemImage.SetSource(this.GetType().Assembly. GetManifestResourceStream(value as string)); } catch (Exception Ex) { return null; } return MenuItemImage; } public object ConvertBack(object value, Type targetType, object parameter, System.Globalization.CultureInfo culture) { throw new NotImplementedException();
} }
Now in my XAML I can declare the converter:
<local:ImageResourceNameToBitmapImageConverter x:
and then an Image element like this:
<Image Source="{Binding Converter={StaticResource REF_ImageResourceNameToBitmapImageConverter}}" DataContext="Foo.Images.Bar.png" />
This does the trick. Since the Binding does not specify a path, the converter gets the DataContext (which is the qualified image resource string name) passed in as the value parameter, and all I do in the converter is use the same code as before to create and pass out the BitmapImage instance.
Came in pretty handy and saved me the grief of creating unnecessary CLR properties for each necessary image binding.
Our
I have been inconspicuously absent on blogosphere for a while now. For my handful readers – I hope you missed me :-). I am back to blogging and hope to put out some more interesting stuff for you guys in the coming weeks.
First for exciting news. We are close, very close to finishing up Silverlight 2. The product team just made the first release candidate available, and you can download it here. You can read more about the release in Scott Guthrie’s blog post here.
We also just announced the first service pack to Expression Encoder 2. Video is very important to my work, and there are some tremendous changes to be included in the SP. H.264/AAC output – finally !!!. Read more about it in Ben’s blog post here and James’ post here.
I have also been busy finishing my book on Silverlight 2, that I have been coauthoring with my teammate Rob Cameron. You can pre-order the book here. We are in the final phases of editing, but APress is also planning to put out an e-book version in their Alpha book program that allows you to pre-purchase the book and progressively read chapters as they are being edited. You can find more details at the APress web site. Rob and I are really excited about the book, and for those of you who decide to give it a try, we hope you enjoy reading it as much as we enjoyed writing it. It was hard writing a book targeting the RTM version of a technology that was still being built while we wrote. But we are pretty proud of the end product, and if you are planning to work with Silverlight 2, we are confident you will find the book useful.
Until the next post…
Woo - !!
Sone folks pointed that the code sample attachment in my previous post on the Async Multiple File Upload Control for Silverlight 2 was broken. I have fixed it in the post as well provided a link below to the code on my Windows Live SkyDrive.
Sorry for the incovinience.
By :.
Note that upping the boundary may be a lucrative option for very large file uploads to achieve faster uploads, but this is client memory, and you can soon get OutOfMemory exceptions if you are not careful.
Note that upping the boundary may be a lucrative option for very large file uploads to achieve faster uploads, but this is client memory, and you can soon get OutOfMemory exceptions if you are not careful..
Also the service now puts all uploaded files in a subfolder called Assets under the service directory. This is hardwired in the service code. Change it as you see fit, but do remember to change service code accordingly as well.
Also the service now puts all uploaded files in a subfolder called Assets under the service directory. This is hardwired in the service code. Change it as you see fit, but do remember to change service code accordingly as well.
There are a lot of things incomplete in the :
I!!!!!:
<Button RenderTransformOrigin="0.625,2.55" Grid.
<Button.Content>
<Grid>
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition />
<RowDefinition/>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RadioButton Content="RB 1" Grid.
<CheckBox Content="CB 2" Grid.
</Grid>
</Button.Content>
</Button>.
<ListBox IsSynchronizedWithCurrentItem="True" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="158,142,0,194"
Width="96" Template="{DynamicResource CTListBox}">
<ListBoxItem Content="Item 1"/>
<ListBoxItem Content="Item 2"/>
<ListBoxItem Content="Item 3"/>
<ListBoxItem Content="Item 4"/>
</ListBox> :
<ListBox IsSynchronizedWithCurrentItem="True" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="158,142,0,194"
BorderBrush="LightBlue" BorderThickness="7" Background="Black"
Width="96" Template="{DynamicResource CTListBox}">
<ListBoxItem Content="Item 1"/>
<ListBoxItem Content="Item 2"/>
<ListBoxItem Content="Item 3"/>
<ListBoxItem Content="Item 4"/>
</ListBox>
<ListBoxItem Content="Item 1"/>
<ListBoxItem Content="Item 2"/>
<ListBoxItem Content="Item 3"/>
<ListBoxItem Content="Item 4"/>
</ListBox>
<Button Content="Hello World" RenderTransformOrigin="0.625,2.55" Grid..
Scott Guthrie announced a CTP release for ASP.Net Extensions available for public download. Lots of exciting features that you can play with, including the new ASP.Net MVC Framework, as well as the Entity Framework.
ASP.Net 3.5 Extensions CTP
MVC Toolkit Extras
Quick Starts
Also download the beta 3 build of Entity Framework Tools for Visual Studio 2008 RTM from here.
ADO.Net Entity Framework Tools Dec 07 Community Technology Preview
It is becoming increasingly obvious that designing telecommunication architectures in a service oriented way actually makes a lot of sense. Joe Hofstader, another Architect on our team, has tons of experience building service based solutions for the telecom industry. Check out his article on Caas here. Joe does an excellent job in positioning a Caas Reference architecture based on SIP and IMS.
If.
Customers that I demonstrate Silverlight to, often ask me about Live Streaming using Silverlight. It is actually pretty trivial to demo a live stream.
To create the live source, all you need is a digital video camera that plugs into either a USB port or the 1394 port on your laptop. Your standard DV Handycam is fine(I have tried my Sony Mini DV successfully) , and so are any of the typical clip-on style video conferencing cameras (like a Microsoft Lifecam). Obviously this provides an SD source – to get HD you will probably have to shell out some more money and get one of the new fangled HD consumer cameras.
You will also need an encoder (either Expression Media Encoder or Windows Media Encoder works fine) and a MediaElement on a page pointing to the URL where the encoder publishes the stream. If you want to get fancy and demonstrate a somewhat more realistic scenario, you can also add Windows Media Services as the streaming service to this mix – I typically use Windows Media Services 2008 running in a VM.
Once you plug in the camera and switch to Live Streaming mode in your encoder, xMedia Encoder or WM Encoder will pick up the camera as both a video and an audio source. Below is a snapshot of xMedia Encoder using my Lifecam as a source.
The default publishing options for xMedia Encoder is to broadcast over port 8080 - make sure you check the Streaming checkbox in the Output tab.
Your MediaElement declaration can look like so:
<MediaElement x:
And below is the result - my handsome mug in all its glory :-).
If you want to make the scenario a little bit more realistic, you may want to add a streaming service to the mix. It is highly unlikely that a production environment would allow players to directly connect to an encoder.
I have been pretty successfully using Windows Media Services 2008 on a Windows Server 2008 Enterprise RC0 VM. Once you install Media Services, you will need to add the Streaming Media Server role to the server instance. You will then need to take the following steps to set up Windows Media Server to stream your live content:
Once you are done, revisit Expression Media Encoder, and change the Streaming settings in the Output tab to publish to the publishing point you just set up, by providing the URL to the publishing point. The URL is of the format http://[Media Server Name]:[Port You Selected]/[Publishing Point Name]. Clicking the Pre Connect button will confirm connection, and may ask for credentials depending on your domain settings. With this out of the way, if you start Encoding, the stream will automatically be pushed to the Publishing Point by Expression Media Encoder.
<MediaElement x:
And that's all you need to do to get Windows Media Server into the streaming process.
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http://blogs.msdn.com/jitghosh/
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crawl-002
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en
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refinedweb
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Out of the Angle Brackets
This is the first of a multi-post series (#2 is now online).
Pingback:
Please provide VB 9.0 code examples along with the C# 3.0 (for a change).
--rj
I found this post on the struggle that the XML team has had to try and get streaming to work intuitively...
In the first post in this series we gave some background to a problem the LINQ to XML design team has
As S. Somasegar announced , Orcas Beta 1 is ready to ship and will be generally available for download
A team within Microsoft ran an "app week" recently to build applications that implement customer scenarios
LINQ to XML and the XML API that underpins it contained in the System.Xml.Linq namespace is essentially...
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http://blogs.msdn.com/xmlteam/archive/2007/03/05/streaming-with-linq-to-xml-part-1.aspx
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crawl-002
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en
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refinedweb
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Design Guidelines, Managed code and the .NET Framework
The MSDN folks keep giving this morning… They just posted a highres version of the namespace poster we gave out here at the PDC. Enjoy!
I’d still love to hear you feedback…
I love helping developers understand our developer platform... one of the fun ways I get to do that is
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http://blogs.msdn.com/brada/archive/2005/09/15/PDC2005NamespacePoster.aspx
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crawl-002
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en
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refinedweb
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EDM Changes
1. CommandText attribute on Function element in SSDL schema has been changed to a child Element.
Mitigation
If you used the CommandText attribute on Function elements, change it to a Child Element.
Beta 2 Code
<Function Name="InsertProduct" IsComposable="false" CommandText="Insert Products ...">
Beta 3 Code
<Function Name="InsertProduct" IsComposable="false" > <CommandText>Insert Products ...</CommandText>
2. Changed all Enumeration values in Schema Files to have Pascal Casing so that they are consistent.
Change the SchemaFiles to reflect the new values.
Csdl Changes
Area
Beta 2
Beta 3
DateTimeKind
UTC
Utc
Mode
in
In
out
Out
inout
InOut
ConcurrencyMode
none
None
fixed
Fixed
MaxLength
max
Max
Ssdl Changes
StoreGeneratedPattern
identity
Identity
computed
Computed
ProviderManifest Changes
CSMapping Changes
Version
original
Original
current
Current
CodeGeneration Changes
Access
public
Public
internal
Internal
private
Private
Getter/Setter
3. GetMappedPrimitiveType method on MetadataWorkspace and ItemCollection class has been removed.
Beta 2 Code
PrimitiveTypeKind edmType = ((PrimitiveType)
sourceProperty.Type.EdmType).PrimitiveTypeKind;
PrimitiveType sqlType = workspace.GetMappedPrimitiveType(edmType,
DataSpace.SSpace);
Beta 3 Code
TypeUsage edmType = sourceProperty.TypeUsage;
EntityConnection connection = context.Connection as EntityConnection;
DbProviderServices services = DbProviderServices.CreateProviderServices
(connection.StoreConnection);
DbProviderManifest manifest = services.GetProviderManifest
TypeUsage sqlType = manifest.GetStoreType(edmType);
4. StoreItemCollection that is Constructed over SqlConnection needs an Open or Openable connection. Previously a non-null SqlConnection would have worked even if it could not be opened.
If you were previously using a SqlConnection that was not openable and you don't prefer the provider to open a connection, you would need to use a new Constructor added to the StoreItemCollection that takes in DBProviderFactory instead of DBConnection. This would only work if the SSDL file passed into the constructor had a ProviderManifestToken attribute added to the Schema element.
storeItemCollection = new StoreItemCollection( new SqlConnection(), ssdlFilePath);
storeItemCollection = new StoreItemCollection(SqlClientFactory.Instance, ssdlFilePath);
5. Unsigned types have been removed from EDM/CSDL type system.
No mitigation for this.
Entity Services Changes
6. Obtaining the native SQL generated for a given command has changed. EntityCommand - DbProviderServices.CreateCommandDefinition, ObjectQuery.CreateCommandTree() and DbProviderServices.CreateCommandDefinition are no longer available
There is a new, simpler, pattern. Use EntityCommand.ToTraceString() or ObjectQuery.ToTraceString().
string esql = "SELECT VALUE product \n" + "FROM Northwind.Products AS product\n" + "WHERE LEFT(product.ProductName, 1) = 'C' \n" + "ORDER BY product.ProductName";EntityCommand productsCmd = connection.CreateCommand();productsCmd.CommandText = esql;connection.Open();productsCmd .Prepare();IServiceProvider serviceProvider = (IServiceProvider)EntityProviderFactory.Instance;DbProviderServices providerServices = (DbProviderServices)serviceProvider.GetService(typeof(DbProviderServices));EntityCommandDefinition commandDefinition = (EntityCommandDefinition)providerServices.CreateCommandDefinition(productsCmd );foreach (string commandText in commandDefinition.MappedCommands){ Console.WriteLine(commandText);}
// For EntityCommand
string esql = "SELECT VALUE product \n" + "FROM Northwind.Products AS product\n" + "WHERE LEFT(product.ProductName, 1) = 'C' \n" + "ORDER BY product.ProductName";EntityCommand productsCmd = connection.CreateCommand();productsCmd.CommandText = esql;connection.Open();Console.WriteLine(productsCmd.ToTraceString());
// For ObjectQuery
ObjectQuery<Northwind.Product> products = northwind.Products .Where("LEFT(it.ProductName, 1) = 'C'") .OrderBy("it.ProductName");northwind.Connection.Open();Console.WriteLine(products.ToTraceString());
7. Canonical function Edm.Length() ignores trailing white space when connected to SQL Server (any version).
Previously Edm.Length() was trying to include trailing spaces. Starting with Beta 3 it maps directly to SqlServer.Len() which ignores trailing spaces. Consider trimming trailing white space on literals and properties before sending them down the pipeline.
Edm.Length('abc ') -- T-SQL: LEN('abc ' + '.') - LEN('.')-- Returns: 4
Edm.Length('abc ')
-- T-SQL: LEN('abc ')
-- Returns: 3
LINQ to Entities Changes
8. Group By can no longer be applied on a navigation property
Add the key properties of the related entity to the query after the navigation property.
var query = from p in context.Products group p by p.Category into g select new { CategoryID = g.Key, AveragePrice = g.Average(p=>p.UnitPrice) };
var query = from p in context.Products group p by p.Category.CategoryID into g select new { CategoryID = g.Key, AveragePrice = g.Average(p=>p.UnitPrice) };
Object Services Changes
9. ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry() no longer accepts an entity object instance as a parameter
Pass an EntityKey instead.
var order = context.Orders.First();
var state = context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(order);
var state = context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(order.EntityKey);
10. ObjectQuery.First(), -FirstOrDefault(), and -Exists() have been removed.
Use the LINQ to Entities implementation through IQueryable.
Product product = northwind.Products.First();
using System.Linq;
11. ObjectQuery.Parameters collection is locked once the query is compiled/executed.
Ability to add or remove paramters to the parameter collection once the query is compiled was an error. Now Entity Framework explicitly throws on such attempts. Note: values of existing parameters may be changed, and subsequent executions of the query will use the new values. passes throws InvalidOperationException
12. EntityKey.EntityKeyValues has changed from ReadOnlyCollection<KeyValuePair<string, object>> to EntityKeyMember[].
An EntityKeyMember is a KeyValuePair that can be serialized using Xml serialization. It contains both a string key name and an object key value.
13. ObjectContext no longer opens a connection during the constructor.
The ObjectContext class no longer opens the underlying EntityConnection as part of the constructor call. As a result, the MetadataWorkspace that is returned from the MetadataWorkspace property will not contain the SSpace and CSSpace metadata immediately. These metadata collections will be available the first time the ObjectContext opens the underlying EntityConnection.
14. EntityKey class no longer implements IXmlSerializable
The EntityKey class is still serializable using the XmlSerializer, but uses public properties rather than an explicit implementation of IXmlSerializable.
15. EntityKey(EntitySet entitySet, IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<string, object>> entityKeyValues) constructor has been removed.
Use an alternative constructor.
EntityKey key = new EntityKey(entitySet, keyValues);
EntityKey key = new EntityKey(entitySet.EntityContainer.Name + "." + entitySet.Name, keyValues)
16. EntityKey(string qualifiedEntitySetName, string[] keyNames, object[] keyvalues) constructor has been removed
Use an alternative constructor such as
EntityKey key = new EntityKey("EC.ES", new string[] {"K1", "K2"}, new object[] {key1, key2});
EntityKey key = new EntityKey("EC.ES", new EntitykeyMember[] {
new EntityKeyMember("K1", key1),
new EntityKeyMember("K2", key2)});
17. ObjectStateManager.GetEntityKey(object) has been removed.
To get an EntityKey for an object instance, call ObjectContext.GetEntityKey(entitySetName, object). This key can then be used to lookup an ObjectStateEntry in the ObjectStateManager to determine if the object is being tracked.
EntityKey key = stateManager.GetEntityKey(object);
EntityKey key = context.GetEntityKey(entitySetName, object);
18. EntityCollection.CollectionChanged event has been renamed to AssociationChanged
Use the AssociationChanged event instead of the CollectionChanged event
collection.CollectionChanged += handler;
collection.AssociationChanged += handler;
19. ObjectQuery IListSource implementation is explicitly implemented.
You will need to cast the ObjectQuery to an IListSource before calling ContainsListCollection property or the GetList method.
IList list = query.GetList();
IList list = ((IListSource)query).GetList();
20. ObjectContext.Refresh no longer takes a params array of objects to refresh.
The overloads for Refresh include one that takes a single object to refresh, as well as one that takes an IEnumerable of objects to refresh.
ctx.Refresh(RefreshMode.ServerWins, o1, o2, o3);
ctx.Refresh(RefreshMode.ServerWins, new object[] {o1, o2, o3});
21. ObjectQuery.GetResultType() requires the user to open the connection.
The GetResultType() call requires that the user have the CSSpace and SSpace metadata collections loaded into the ObjectContext's MetadataWorkspace. To do this, the ObjectContext's connection must have opened at some point. The connection can be forced to open by calling ctx.Connection.Open().
Tools Changes
22. EDMX files created in CTP1 don't always open in CTP2 of the designer
The file format of .edmx files has changed in CTP2. Opening .edmx files created with earlier versions of the designer is not supported.To resolve this issue:Recreate the .edmx file in CTP2 of the designer.
23. Build error when projects with .edmx files created in Visual Studio Beta 2 and EDM Designer CTP 1 are rebuilt in Visual Studio 2008 RTM
Projects with .edmx files created in earlier CTPs had a reference to EdmxDeploy.exe in the project post-build event. Building such projects in VS 2008 RTM causes a build failure with a message that EdmxDeploy.exe cannot be found.To resolve this issue:The functionality provided by EdmxDeploy.exe is now available in the EntityDeploy MSBUILD task. Modify the post-build event in project properties and remove the reference to EdmxDeploy.exe
If you would like to receive an email when updates are made to this post, please register here
RSS
There were a number of changes to the Entity Framework between Beta 2 and Beta 3 that will require updates
1-> ADO.NET Entiry Framework Bet3
La beta 3 de l' ADO.Net Entity Framework pour Visual Studio 2008 RTM , et la CTP de Décembre des Entity
Buenas, mientras en el equipo de Soluciones de Avanade Spain , seguimos debatiendo sobre las mejores
Новости про ADO.NET Entity Framework Beta 3 - что нового, кто поддерживает ADO.N
In Beta2, edmgenerator does not successfully generate classes if the table contains a primary key of type guid. Is this issue fixed in Beta3?
Here are some tips that may be helpful when developing and testing a data provider that supports Entity
This code does not match the current constructors. The current constructors are asking for Sqlconnection and filepath. Can someone help.
Thanks.
|
http://blogs.msdn.com/adonet/pages/breaking-changes-entity-framework-beta-3.aspx
|
crawl-002
|
en
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refinedweb
|
Can There Be a Non-US Internet? 406. (Score:5, Funny)
Re:Oblig. (Score:5, Insightful)
Non-US Internet (Score.
Re:Non-US Internet (Score.
....
6. Control the ideas/speech of all websites within Iran.
Technically yes; practically unlikely (Score:5, Insightful)
Re:Technically yes; practically unlikely (Score:5, Interesting) )).
Amazon.*** namespaces (Score): (Score:2): (Score:2)
Why ironic?
Re: (Score:2, Interesting)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:3)
WTF is the point? (Score:5, Insightful): ): (Score:2)
Also, and not to sound like an apologist, pretty much every other country has just as crappy government reputations for things like privacy.
Re: (Score:2)
No.
Re:Yes, but it won't make any difference. (Score:4, Insightful): ). (Score:5, Informative)
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:3): (Score:2)
They just follow the old doctrine of communism: There's no need to conquer by force.
Nothing to do with communism. That's Sun Tzu [wikipedia.org] 25 centuries ago.
Re: (Score) wi
Re: (Score:2) politic
Why do we keep discussing this... (Score:5, Insightful)
..: (Score:3) dea
Re:Why do we keep discussing this... (Score:5, Insightful)
..: ) (Score:3) anoth (Score:2, Insightful)
That is not what they declared (Score:5, Informative).) t
Re:WWW (Score:5, Informative): (Score:2)
By the way, the actual invention was done not by a programmer but by the an engineer who was doing the real work.
Re: (Score:2)
Re: (Score:3, Interesting))
Re: (Score:2)
*word
Re: (Score.
|
https://tech.slashdot.org/story/13/09/25/231220/can-there-be-a-non-us-internet?sdsrc=nextbtmnext
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
Creating a ComboBox for AD Users
Started by
jazzyjeff,
4
- By satanico64
Hi huys !
how are you ? family ? dog, cat ? well..
I've got a problem: _GUICtrlComboBox_GetCueBanner
i can't get it to work.
Simple: even the example from help does'nt work...
I insist, it's excactly the example from the help, no modifications
#include <GuiComboBox.au3> #include <GUIConstantsEx.au3> #include <WindowsConstants.au3> Global $g_idMemo Example() Func Example() Local $idCombo ; Create GUI GUICreate("ComboBox Get Count", 400, 296) $idCombo = GUICtrlCreateCombo("", 2, 2, 396, 296) _GUICtrlComboBox_SetCueBanner($idCombo, "Select an Item") $g_idMemo = GUICtrlCreateEdit("", 10, 50, 376, 234, $WS_VSCROLL) GUICtrlSetFont($g_idMemo, 9, 400, 0, "Courier New") GUISetState(@SW_SHOW) ; Add files _GUICtrlComboBox_BeginUpdate($idCombo) _GUICtrlComboBox_AddDir($idCombo, @WindowsDir & "\*.exe") _GUICtrlComboBox_EndUpdate($idCombo) MemoWrite("Cue Banner: " & _GUICtrlComboBox_GetCueBanner($idCombo)) ; Loop until the user exits. Do Until GUIGetMsg() = $GUI_EVENT_CLOSE GUIDelete() EndFunc ;==>Example ; Write a line to the memo control Func MemoWrite($sMessage) GUICtrlSetData($g_idMemo, $sMessage & @CRLF, 1) EndFunc ;==>MemoWrite I also added the display of the cuebanner in the loop.
It never display what actually appears in the combo
If you can show me any king of working example.
Thanks Guys !
Nicolas.
Actually autoit v3.3.14.2
- By Terenz
Hello,
I have searched everywhere but on the forum there isn't an example of a combobox with checkbox. I think is a very useful control but require subclassing. Several example in C++, one of this:
CheckComboBox Control
If somone has some time to check it out. If need i can provide the source code. Thanks
|
https://www.autoitscript.com/forum/topic/134320-creating-a-combobox-for-ad-users/
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
en
|
refinedweb
|
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