protein_name
stringlengths 7
11
| species
stringclasses 238
values | sequence
stringlengths 2
34.4k
| annotation
stringlengths 6
11.5k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|
ANGL3_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MFTIKLLLFIVPLVISSRIDQDNSSFDSLSPEPKSRFAMLDDVKILANGLLQLGHGLKDFVHKTKGQINDIFQKLNIFDQSFYDLSLQTSEIKEEEKELRRTTYKLQVKNEEVKNMSLELNSKLESLLEEKILLQQKVKYLEEQLTNLIQNQPETPEHPEVTSLKTFVEKQDNSIKDLLQTVEDQYKQLNQQHSQIKEIENQLRRTSIQEPTEISLSSKPRAPRTTPFLQLNEIRNVKHDGIPAECTTIYNRGEHTSGMYAIRPSNSQVFHVYCDVISGSPWTLIQHRIDGSQNFNETWENYKYGFGRLDGEFWLGLEKIYSIVKQSNYVLRIELEDWKDNKHYIEYSFYLGNHETNYTLHLVAITGNVPNAIPENKDLVFSTWDHKAKGHFNCPEGYSGGWWWHDECGENNLNGKYNKPRAKSKPERRRGLSWKSQNGRLYSIKSTKMLIHPTDSESFE | Acts in part as a hepatokine that is involved in regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism ( , ). Proposed to play a role in the trafficking of energy substrates to either storage or oxidative tissues in response to food intake (By similarity). Has a stimulatory effect on plasma triglycerides (TG), which is achieved by suppressing plasma TG clearance via inhibition of LPL activity. The inhibition of LPL activity appears to be an indirect mechanism involving recruitment of proprotein convertases PCSK6 and FURIN to LPL leading to cleavage and dissociation of LPL from the cell surface; the function does not require ANGPTL3 proteolytic cleavage but seems to be mediated by the N-terminal domain, and is not inhibited by GPIHBP1 ( ). Can inhibit endothelial lipase, causing increased plasma levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and phospholipids (, ). Can bind to adipocytes to activate lipolysis, releasing free fatty acids and glycerol . Suppresses LPL specifically in oxidative tissues which is required to route very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG to white adipose tissue (WAT) for storage in response to food; the function may involve cooperation with circulating, liver-derived ANGPTL8 and ANGPTL4 expression in WAT (By similarity). Contributes to lower plasma levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol by a mechanism that is independent of the canonical pathway implicating APOE and LDLR. May stimulate hypothalamic LPL activity (By similarity).
In vitro inhibits LPL activity; not effective on GPIHBP1-stabilized LPL.
Involved in angiogenesis. Binds to endothelial cells via integrin alpha-V/beta-3 (ITGAV:ITGB3), activates FAK, MAPK and Akt signaling pathways and induces cell adhesion and cell migration . Secreted from podocytes, may modulate properties of glomerular endothelial cells involving integrin alpha-V/beta-3 and Akt signaling . May increase the motility of podocytes. May induce actin filament rearrangements in podocytes implicating integrin alpha-V/beta-3 and Rac1 activation. Binds to hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and is involved in the regulation of HSC activity probably implicating down-regulation of IKZF1/IKAROS (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Cell projection, Lamellipodium
Colocalized with HSPG2 and activated ITGB3 on podocytes.
Expressed principally in liver. Weakly expressed in kidney. Binds to adipocytes. Increased expression and colocalization with activated ITGB3 in glomeruli of patients with nephrotic syndrome showing effaced podocyte foot processes (at protein level). |
ANGL4_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSGAPTAGAALMLCAATAVLLSAQGGPVQSKSPRFASWDEMNVLAHGLLQLGQGLREHAERTRSQLSALERRLSACGSACQGTEGSTDLPLAPESRVDPEVLHSLQTQLKAQNSRIQQLFHKVAQQQRHLEKQHLRIQHLQSQFGLLDHKHLDHEVAKPARRKRLPEMAQPVDPAHNVSRLHRLPRDCQELFQVGERQSGLFEIQPQGSPPFLVNCKMTSDGGWTVIQRRHDGSVDFNRPWEAYKAGFGDPHGEFWLGLEKVHSITGDRNSRLAVQLRDWDGNAELLQFSVHLGGEDTAYSLQLTAPVAGQLGATTVPPSGLSVPFSTWDQDHDLRRDKNCAKSLSGGWWFGTCSHSNLNGQYFRSIPQQRQKLKKGIFWKTWRGRYYPLQATTMLIQPMAAEAAS | Mediates inactivation of the lipoprotein lipase LPL, and thereby plays a role in the regulation of triglyceride clearance from the blood serum and in lipid metabolism ( , ). May also play a role in regulating glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity (Probable). Inhibits proliferation, migration, and tubule formation of endothelial cells and reduces vascular leakage (, ). Upon heterologous expression, inhibits the adhesion of endothelial cell to the extracellular matrix (ECM), and inhibits the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions in endothelial cells that have adhered to ANGPTL4-containing ECM (in vitro) . Depending on context, may modulate tumor-related angiogenesis (By similarity).
Mediates inactivation of the lipoprotein lipase LPL, and thereby plays an important role in the regulation of triglyceride clearance from the blood serum and in lipid metabolism ( , ). Has higher activity in LPL inactivation than the uncleaved protein (, ).
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Secreted, Extracellular space, Extracellular matrix
The unprocessed form interacts with the extracellular matrix (, ). This may constitute a dynamic reservoir, a regulatory mechanism of the bioavailability of ANGPTL4 (Probable).
Detected in blood plasma (at protein level) . Detected in liver . Detected in white fat tissue and placenta . Expressed at high levels in the placenta, heart, liver, muscle, pancreas and lung but expressed poorly in the brain and kidney. |
ANM5_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MAAMAVGGAGGSRVSSGRDLNCVPEIADTLGAVAKQGFDFLCMPVFHPRFKREFIQEPAKNRPGPQTRSDLLLSGRDWNTLIVGKLSPWIRPDSEVEKIRRNSEAAMLQELNFGAYLGLPAFLLPLNQEDNTNLARVLTNHIHTGHHSSMFWMRVPLVAPEDLRDDIIENAPTTHTQEYSGEEKTWIWWHNFRTLCDYSKRIAVALEIGADLPSNHVIDRWLGEPIKAAILPTSIFLTNKKGFPVLSKMHQRLIFRLLKLEVQFIITGTNHHSEKEFCSYLQYLEYLSQNRPPPNAYELFAKGYEDYLQSPLQPLMDNLESQTYEVFEKDPIKYSQYQQAIYKCLLDRVPEEEKDTNVQVLMVLGAGRGPLVNASLRAAKQADRRIKLYAVEKNPNAVVTLENWQFEEWGSQVTVVSSDMREWVAPEKADIIVSELLGSFADNELSPECLDGAQHFLKDDGVSIPGEYTSFLAPISSSKLYNEVRACREKDRDPEAQFEMPYVVRLHNFHQLSAPQPCFTFSHPNRDPMIDNNRYCTLEFPVEVNTVLHGFAGYFETVLYQDITLSIRPETHSPGMFSWFPILFPIKQPITVREGQTICVRFWRCSNSKKVWYEWAVTAPVCSAIHNPTGRSYTIGL | Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA), with a preference for the formation of MMA. Specifically mediates the symmetrical dimethylation of arginine residues in the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins Sm D1 (SNRPD1) and Sm D3 (SNRPD3); such methylation being required for the assembly and biogenesis of snRNP core particles. Methylates SUPT5H and may regulate its transcriptional elongation properties (By similarity). May methylate the N-terminal region of MBD2 (By similarity). Mono- and dimethylates arginine residues of myelin basic protein (MBP) in vitro. May play a role in cytokine-activated transduction pathways. Negatively regulates cyclin E1 promoter activity and cellular proliferation. Methylates histone H2A and H4 'Arg-3' during germ cell development (By similarity). Methylates histone H3 'Arg-8', which may repress transcription (By similarity). Methylates the Piwi proteins (PIWIL1, PIWIL2 and PIWIL4), methylation of Piwi proteins being required for the interaction with Tudor domain-containing proteins and subsequent localization to the meiotic nuage (By similarity). Methylates RPS10. Attenuates EGF signaling through the MAPK1/MAPK3 pathway acting at 2 levels. First, monomethylates EGFR; this enhances EGFR 'Tyr-1197' phosphorylation and PTPN6 recruitment, eventually leading to reduced SOS1 phosphorylation. Second, methylates RAF1 and probably BRAF, hence destabilizing these 2 signaling proteins and reducing their catalytic activity. Required for induction of E-selectin and VCAM-1, on the endothelial cells surface at sites of inflammation. Methylates HOXA9. Methylates and regulates SRGAP2 which is involved in cell migration and differentiation (By similarity). Acts as a transcriptional corepressor in CRY1-mediated repression of the core circadian component PER1 by regulating the H4R3 dimethylation at the PER1 promoter (By similarity). Methylates GM130/GOLGA2, regulating Golgi ribbon formation. Methylates H4R3 in genes involved in glioblastomagenesis in a CHTOP- and/or TET1-dependent manner. Symmetrically methylates POLR2A, a modification that allows the recruitment to POLR2A of proteins including SMN1/SMN2 and SETX. This is required for resolving RNA-DNA hybrids created by RNA polymerase II, that form R-loop in transcription terminal regions, an important step in proper transcription termination. Along with LYAR, binds the promoter of gamma-globin HBG1/HBG2 and represses its expression. Symmetrically methylates NCL. Methylates p53/TP53; methylation might possibly affect p53/TP53 target gene specificity (By similarity). Involved in spliceosome maturation and mRNA splicing in prophase I spermatocytes through the catalysis of the symmetrical arginine dimethylation of SNRPB (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated protein) and the interaction with tudor domain-containing protein TDRD6 (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Golgi apparatus
Localizes to promoter regions of target genes on chromosomes (By similarity). Localizes to methylated chromatin (By similarity). |
ANM6_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSQPKKRKLESGGGGEGGEGTEEEDGAEREAALERPRRTKRERDQLYYECYSDVSVHEEMIADRVRTDAYRLGILRNWAALRGKTVLDVGAGTGILSIFCAQAGARRVYAVEASAIWQQAREVVRFNGLEDRVHVLPGPVETVELPEQVDAIVSEWMGYGLLHESMLSSVLHARTKWLKEGGLLLPASAELFIAPISDQMLEWRLGFWSQVKQHYGVDMSCLEGFATRCLMGHSEIVVQGLSGEDVLARPQRFAQLELSRAGLEQELEAGVGGRFRCSCYGSAPMHGFAIWFQVTFPGGESEKPLVLSTSPFHPATHWKQALLYLNEPVQVEQDTDVSGEITLLPSRDNPRRLRVLLRYKVGDQEEKTKDFAMED | Arginine methyltransferase that can catalyze the formation of both omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and asymmetrical dimethylarginine (aDMA), with a strong preference for the formation of aDMA ( ). Preferentially methylates arginyl residues present in a glycine and arginine-rich domain and displays preference for monomethylated substrates ( , ). Specifically mediates the asymmetric dimethylation of histone H3 'Arg-2' to form H3R2me2a ( ). H3R2me2a represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression and is mutually exclusive with methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me2 and H3K4me3) (, ). Acts as a transcriptional repressor of various genes such as HOXA2, THBS1 and TP53 . Repression of TP53 blocks cellular senescence (By similarity). Also methylates histone H2A and H4 'Arg-3' (H2AR3me and H4R3me, respectively). Acts as a regulator of DNA base excision during DNA repair by mediating the methylation of DNA polymerase beta (POLB), leading to the stimulation of its polymerase activity by enhancing DNA binding and processivity . Methylates HMGA1 (, ). Regulates alternative splicing events. Acts as a transcriptional coactivator of a number of steroid hormone receptors including ESR1, ESR2, PGR and NR3C1. Promotes fasting-induced transcriptional activation of the gluconeogenic program through methylation of the CRTC2 transcription coactivator (By similarity). May play a role in innate immunity against HIV-1 in case of infection by methylating and impairing the function of various HIV-1 proteins such as Tat, Rev and Nucleocapsid protein p7 (NC) . Methylates GPS2, protecting GPS2 from ubiquitination and degradation (By similarity). Methylates SIRT7, inhibiting SIRT7 histone deacetylase activity and promoting mitochondria biogenesis .
Subcellular locations: Nucleus
Highly expressed in kidney and testis. |
ANPRA_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MPGPRRPAGSRLRLLLLLLLPPLLLLLRGSHAGNLTVAVVLPLANTSYPWSWARVGPAVELALAQVKARPDLLPGWTVRTVLGSSENALGVCSDTAAPLAAVDLKWEHNPAVFLGPGCVYAAAPVGRFTAHWRVPLLTAGAPALGFGVKDEYALTTRAGPSYAKLGDFVAALHRRLGWERQALMLYAYRPGDEEHCFFLVEGLFMRVRDRLNITVDHLEFAEDDLSHYTRLLRTMPRKGRVIYICSSPDAFRTLMLLALEAGLCGEDYVFFHLDIFGQSLQGGQGPAPRRPWERGDGQDVSARQAFQAAKIITYKDPDNPEYLEFLKQLKHLAYEQFNFTMEDGLVNTIPASFHDGLLLYIQAVTETLAHGGTVTDGENITQRMWNRSFQGVTGYLKIDSSGDRETDFSLWDMDPENGAFRVVLNYNGTSQELVAVSGRKLNWPLGYPPPDIPKCGFDNEDPACNQDHLSTLEVLALVGSLSLLGILIVSFFIYRKMQLEKELASELWRVRWEDVEPSSLERHLRSAGSRLTLSGRGSNYGSLLTTEGQFQVFAKTAYYKGNLVAVKRVNRKRIELTRKVLFELKHMRDVQNEHLTRFVGACTDPPNICILTEYCPRGSLQDILENESITLDWMFRYSLTNDIVKGMLFLHNGAICSHGNLKSSNCVVDGRFVLKITDYGLESFRDLDPEQGHTVYAKKLWTAPELLRMASPPVRGSQAGDVYSFGIILQEIALRSGVFHVEGLDLSPKEIIERVTRGEQPPFRPSLALQSHLEELGLLMQRCWAEDPQERPPFQQIRLTLRKFNRENSSNILDNLLSRMEQYANNLEELVEERTQAYLEEKRKAEALLYQILPHSVAEQLKRGETVQAEAFDSVTIYFSDIVGFTALSAESTPMQVVTLLNDLYTCFDAVIDNFDVYKVETIGDAYMVVSGLPVRNGRLHACEVARMALALLDAVRSFRIRHRPQEQLRLRIGIHTGPVCAGVVGLKMPRYCLFGDTVNTASRMESNGEALKIHLSSETKAVLEEFGGFELELRGDVEMKGKGKVRTYWLLGERGSSTRG | Receptor for the atrial natriuretic peptide NPPA/ANP and the brain natriuretic peptide NPPB/BNP which are potent vasoactive hormones playing a key role in cardiovascular homeostasis. Has guanylate cyclase activity upon binding of the ligand.
Subcellular locations: Membrane |
ANT3_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MYSNVIGTVTSGKRKVYLLSLLLIGFWDCVTCHGSPVDICTAKPRDIPMNPMCIYRSPEKKATEDEGSEQKIPEATNRRVWELSKANSRFATTFYQHLADSKNDNDNIFLSPLSISTAFAMTKLGACNDTLQQLMEVFKFDTISEKTSDQIHFFFAKLNCRLYRKANKSSKLVSANRLFGDKSLTFNETYQDISELVYGAKLQPLDFKENAEQSRAAINKWVSNKTEGRITDVIPSEAINELTVLVLVNTIYFKGLWKSKFSPENTRKELFYKADGESCSASMMYQEGKFRYRRVAEGTQVLELPFKGDDITMVLILPKPEKSLAKVEKELTPEVLQEWLDELEEMMLVVHMPRFRIEDGFSLKEQLQDMGLVDLFSPEKSKLPGIVAEGRDDLYVSDAFHKAFLEVNEEGSEAAASTAVVIAGRSLNPNRVTFKANRPFLVFIREVPLNTIIFMGRVANPCVK | Most important serine protease inhibitor in plasma that regulates the blood coagulation cascade (, ). AT-III inhibits thrombin, matriptase-3/TMPRSS7, as well as factors IXa, Xa and XIa . Its inhibitory activity is greatly enhanced in the presence of heparin.
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Extracellular space
Found in plasma. |
ANT3_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MYSNVIGTITSGKRKVYLLSLLLIGFWDCVTCHGSPVDICIAKPRDIPMNPMCIYRSPEKKATEDEGSEQKIPEATNRRVWELSKANSRFATTFYQHLADSKNDNDNIFLSPLSISTAFAMTKLGACNDTLQQLMEVFKFDTISEKTSDQIHFFFAKLNCRLYRKANKSSKLVSANRLFGDKSLTFNETYQDISELVYGAKLQPLDFKENAEQSRAAINKWVSNKTEGRITDVIPPEAINELTVLVLVNTIYFKGLWKSKFSPENTRKELFYKADGESCSASMMYQEGKFRYRRVAEGTQVLELPFKGDDITMVLILPKPEKSLAKVEKELTPEVLQEWLDELEEMMLVVHMPRFRIEDGFSLKEQLQDMGLVDLFSPEKSKLPGIVAEGRDDLYVSDAFHKAFLEVNEEGSEAAASTAVVIAGRSLNPNRVTFKANRPFLVFIREVPLNTIIFMGRVANPCVK | Most important serine protease inhibitor in plasma that regulates the blood coagulation cascade. AT-III inhibits thrombin, matriptase-3/TMPRSS7, as well as factors IXa, Xa and XIa. Its inhibitory activity is greatly enhanced in the presence of heparin (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Extracellular space
Plasma. |
AOFB_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSNKCDVVVVGGGISGMAAAKLLHDSGLNVVVLEARDRVGGRTYTLRNQKVKYVDLGGSYVGPTQNRILRLAKELGLETYKVNEVERLIHHVKGKSYPFRGPFPPVWNPITYLDHNNFWRTMDDMGREIPSDAPWKAPLAEEWDNMTMKELLDKLCWTESAKQLATLFVNLCVTAETHEVSALWFLWYVKQCGGTTRIISTTNGGQERKFVGGSGQVSERIMDLLGDRVKLERPVIYIDQTRENVLVETLNHEMYEAKYVISAIPPTLGMKIHFNPPLPMMRNQMITRVPLGSVIKCIVYYKEPFWRKKDYCGTMIIDGEEAPVAYTLDDTKPEGNYAAIMGFILAHKARKLARLTKEERLKKLCELYAKVLGSLEALEPVHYEEKNWCEEQYSGGCYTTYFPPGILTQYGRVLRQPVDRIYFAGTETATHWSGYMEGAVEAGERAAREILHAMGKIPEDEIWQSEPESVDVPAQPITTTFLERHLPSVPGLLRLIGLTTIFSATALGFLAHKRGLLVRV | Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary and some secondary amines such as neurotransmitters, and exogenous amines including the tertiary amine, neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), with concomitant reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide and participates in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues ( ). Preferentially degrades benzylamine and phenylethylamine ( ).
Subcellular locations: Mitochondrion outer membrane |
AOFB_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MSNKCDVVVVGGGISGMAAAKLLHDSGLNVVVLEARDRVGGRTYTLRNQKVKYVDLGGSYVGPTQNRILRLAKELGLETYKVNEVERLIHHVKGKSYPFRGPFPPVWNPITYLDHNNFWRTMDDMGREIPSDAPWKAPLAEEWDNMTMKELVDKLCWTESAKQLATLFVNLCVTAETHEVSALWFLWYVKQCGGTTRIISTTNGGQERKFVGGSGQVSERIMDLLGDRVKLERPVIYIDQTRENVLVETLNHEMYEAKYVISAIPPTLGMKIHFNPPLPMMRNQMITRVPLGSVIKCIVYYKEPFWRKKDYCGTMIIDGEEAPVAYTLDDTKPEGNYAAIMGFILAHKARKLARLTKEERLKKLCELYAKVLGSPEALEPVHYEEKNWCEEQYSGGCYTTYFPPGILTQYGRVLRQPVDRIYFAGTETATHWSGYMEGAVEAGERAAREILHAMGKIPEDEIWQSEPESVDVPAQPITTTFLERHLPSVPGLLRLIGLTTIFSATALGFLAHKRGLLVRV | Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary and some secondary amines such as neurotransmitters, and exogenous amines including the tertiary amine, neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), with concomitant reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide and participates in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Preferentially degrades benzylamine and phenylethylamine.
Subcellular locations: Mitochondrion outer membrane |
AP5S1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MVHAFLIHTLRAPNTEDTGLCRVLYSCVFGAEKSPDDPRPHGAERDRLLRKEQILAVARQVESMCRLQQQASGRPPMDLQPQSSDEQVPLHEAPRGAFRLAAENPFQEPRTVVWLGVLSLGFALVLDAHENLLLAEGTLRLLTRLLLDHLRLLAPSTSLLLRADRIEGILTRFLPHGQLLFLNDQFVQGLEKEFSAAWPR | As part of AP-5, a probable fifth adaptor protein complex it may be involved in endosomal transport. According to , it is required for efficient homologous recombination DNA double-strand break repair.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Late endosome membrane, Lysosome membrane |
AP5Z1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MFSAGAESLLHQAREIQDEELKKFCSRICKLLQAEDLGPDTLDSLQRLFLIISATKYSRRLEKTCVDLLQATLGLPACPEQLQVLCAAILREMSPSDSLSLAWDHTQNSRQLSLVASVLLAQGDRNEEVRAVGQGVLRALESRQPEGPSLRHLLPVMAKVVVLSPGTLQEDQATLLSKRLVDWLRYASLQQGLPHSGGFFSTPRARQPGPVTEVDGAVATDFFTVLSSGHRFTDDQWLNVQAFSMLRAWLLHSGPEGPGTLDTDDRSEQEGSTLSVISATSSAGRLLPPRERLREVAFEYCQRLIEQSNRRALRKGDSDLQKACLVEAVLVLDVLCRQDPSFLYRSLSCLKALHGRVRGDPASVRVLLPLAHFFLSHGEAAAVDSEAVYQHLFTRIPVEQFHSPMLAFEFIQFCRDNLHLFSGHLSTLRLSFPNLFKFLAWNSPPLTSEFVALLPALVDAGTALEMLHALLDLPCLTAVLDLQLRSAPAASERPLWDTSLRAPSCLEAFRDPQFQGLFQYLLRPKASGATERLAPLHQLLQPMAGCARVAQCAQAVPTLLQAFFSAVTQVADGSLINQLALLLLGRSDSLYPAPGYAAGVHSVLSSQFLALCTLKPSLVVELARDLLEFLGSVNGLCSRASLVTSVVWAIGEYLSVTYDRRCTVEQINKFFEALEALLFEVTQCRPSAALPRCPPQVVTVLMTTLTKLASRSQDLIPRASLLLSKMRTLAHSPATSSTHSEEGAEAIRTRATELLTLLKMPSVAQFVLTPSTEVCSPRYHRDANTALPLALRTVSRLVEREAGLMPG | As part of AP-5, a probable fifth adaptor protein complex it may be involved in endosomal transport. According to it is a putative helicase required for efficient homologous recombination DNA double-strand break repair.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Nucleus
By SDS-PAGE, 2 isoforms have been observed, the shorter seems to be predominantly nuclear and the longer is mostly cytoplasmic. |
APAF_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MDAKARNCLLQHREALEKDIKTSYIMDHMISDGFLTISEEEKVRNEPTQQQRAAMLIKMILKKDNDSYVSFYNALLHEGYKDLAALLHDGIPVVSSSSGKDSVSGITSYVRTVLCEGGVPQRPVVFVTRKKLVNAIQQKLSKLKGEPGWVTIHGMAGCGKSVLAAEAVRDHSLLEGCFPGGVHWVSVGKQDKSGLLMKLQNLCTRLDQDESFSQRLPLNIEEAKDRLRILMLRKHPRSLLILDDVWDSWVLKAFDSQCQILLTTRDKSVTDSVMGPKYVVPVESSLGKEKGLEILSLFVNMKKADLPEQAHSIIKECKGSPLVVSLIGALLRDFPNRWEYYLKQLQNKQFKRIRKSSSYDYEALDEAMSISVEMLREDIKDYYTDLSILQKDVKVPTKVLCILWDMETEEVEDILQEFVNKSLLFCDRNGKSFRYYLHDLQVDFLTEKNCSQLQDLHKKIITQFQRYHQPHTLSPDQEDCMYWYNFLAYHMASAKMHKELCALMFSLDWIKAKTELVGPAHLIHEFVEYRHILDEKDCAVSENFQEFLSLNGHLLGRQPFPNIVQLGLCEPETSEVYQQAKLQAKQEVDNGMLYLEWINKKNITNLSRLVVRPHTDAVYHACFSEDGQRIASCGADKTLQVFKAETGEKLLEIKAHEDEVLCCAFSTDDRFIATCSVDKKVKIWNSMTGELVHTYDEHSEQVNCCHFTNSSHHLLLATGSSDCFLKLWDLNQKECRNTMFGHTNSVNHCRFSPDDKLLASCSADGTLKLWDATSANERKSINVKQFFLNLEDPQEDMEVIVKCCSWSADGARIMVAAKNKIFLFDIHTSGLLGEIHTGHHSTIQYCDFSPQNHLAVVALSQYCVELWNTDSRSKVADCRGHLSWVHGVMFSPDGSSFLTSSDDQTIRLWETKKVCKNSAVMLKQEVDVVFQENEVMVLAVDHIRRLQLINGRTGQIDYLTEAQVSCCCLSPHLQYIAFGDENGAIEILELVNNRIFQSRFQHKKTVWHIQFTADEKTLISSSDDAEIQVWNWQLDKCIFLRGHQETVKDFRLLKNSRLLSWSFDGTVKVWNIITGNKEKDFVCHQGTVLSCDISHDATKFSSTSADKTAKIWSFDLLLPLHELRGHNGCVRCSAFSVDSTLLATGDDNGEIRIWNVSNGELLHLCAPLSEEGAATHGGWVTDLCFSPDGKMLISAGGYIKWWNVVTGESSQTFYTNGTNLKKIHVSPDFKTYVTVDNLGILYILQTLE | Oligomeric Apaf-1 mediates the cytochrome c-dependent autocatalytic activation of pro-caspase-9 (Apaf-3), leading to the activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis. This activation requires ATP. Isoform 6 is less effective in inducing apoptosis.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm
Ubiquitous. Highest levels of expression in adult spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes, and in fetal brain, kidney and lung. Isoform 1 is expressed in heart, kidney and liver. |
APC5_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MASVHESLYFNPMMTNGVVHANVFGIKDWVTPYKIAVLVLLNEMSRTGEGAVSLMERRRLNQLLLPLLQGPDITLSKLYKLIEESCPQLANSVQIRIKLMAEGELKDMEQFFDDLSDSFSGTEPEVHKTSVVGLFLRHMILAYSKLSFSQVFKLYTALQQYFQNGEKKTVEDADMELTSRDEGERKMEKEELDVSVREEEVSCSGPLSQKQAEFFLSQQASLLKNDETKALTPASLQKELNNLLKFNPDFAEAHYLSYLNNLRVQDVFSSTHSLLHYFDRLILTGAESKSNGEEGYGRSLRYAALNLAALHCRFGHYQQAELALQEAIRIAQESNDHVCLQHCLSWLYVLGQKRSDSYVLLEHSVKKAVHFGLPYLASLGIQSLVQQRAFAGKTANKLMDALKDSDLLHWKHSLSELIDISIAQKTAIWRLYGRSTMALQQAQMLLSMNSLEAVNAGVQQNNTESFAVALCHLAELHAEQGCFAAASEVLKHLKERFPPNSQHAQLWMLCDQKIQFDRAMNDGKYHLADSLVTGITALNSIEGVYRKAVVLQAQNQMSEAHKLLQKLLVHCQKLKNTEMVISVLLSVAELYWRSSSPTIALPMLLQALALSKEYRLQYLASETVLNLAFAQLILGIPEQALSLLHMAIEPILADGAILDKGRAMFLVAKCQVASAASYDQPKKAEALEAAIENLNEAKNYFAKVDCKERIRDVVYFQARLYHTLGKTQERNRCAMLFRQLHQELPSHGVPLINHL | Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins: it mainly mediates the formation of 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains and, to a lower extent, the formation of 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Spindle |
APC7_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MNVIDHVRDMAAAGLHSNVRLLSSLLLTMSNNNPELFSPPQKYQLLVYHADSLFHDKEYRNAVSKYTMALQQKKALSKTSKVRPSTGNSASTPQSQCLPSEIEVKYKMAECYTMLKQDKDAIAILDGIPSRQRTPKINMMLANLYKKAGQERPSVTSYKEVLRQCPLALDAILGLLSLSVKGAEVASMTMNVIQTVPNLDWLSVWIKAYAFVHTGDNSRAISTICSLEKKSLLRDNVDLLGSLADLYFRAGDNKNSVLKFEQAQMLDPYLIKGMDVYGYLLAREGRLEDVENLGCRLFNISDQHAEPWVVSGCHSFYSKRYSRALYLGAKAIQLNSNSVQALLLKGAALRNMGRVQEAIIHFREAIRLAPCRLDCYEGLIECYLASNSIREAMVMANNVYKTLGANAQTLTLLATVCLEDPVTQEKAKTLLDKALTQRPDYIKAVVKKAELLSREQKYEDGIALLRNALANQSDCVLHRILGDFLVAVNEYQEAMDQYSIALSLDPNDQKSLEGMQKMEKEESPTDATQEEDVDDMEGSGEEGDLEGSDSEAAQWADQEQWFGMQ | Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins: it mainly mediates the formation of 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains and, to a lower extent, the formation of 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains . APC7 is not required for the assembly of the APC/C complex, but has an enzyme-substrate adapter activity mediating the processive ubiquitination of specific substrates . Involved in brain development through the specific ubiquitination and clearance of MKI67 from constitutive heterochromatin after neuronal progenitors exit mitosis .
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Spindle
Localizes to spindle during metaphase and to cytoplasmic microtubules during interphase. |
APEX1_GORGO | Gorilla gorilla gorilla | MPKRGKKGAVAEDGDELKTEPEAKKSKTAAKKNDKEAAGEGPALYEDPPDQKTSPSGKPATLKICSWNVDGLRAWIKKKGLDWVKEEAPDILCLQETKCSENKLPAELQELPGLSYQYWSAPXXKEGYSGVGLLSRQCPLKVSYGIGEEEHDQEGRVIVAEFDSFVLVTAYVPNAGRGLVRLEYRQRWDEAFRRFLKGLASRKPLVLCGDLNVAHEEIDLRNPKGNKKNAGFTPQERQGFGELLQAVPLADSFRHLYPNTPYAYTFWTYMMNARSKNVGWRLDYFLLSHSLLPALCDSKIRSKALGSDHCPITLYLAL | Multifunctional protein that plays a central role in the cellular response to oxidative stress. The two major activities of APEX1 are DNA repair and redox regulation of transcriptional factors. Functions as an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions induced by oxidative and alkylating agents. Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends. Does also incise at AP sites in the DNA strand of DNA/RNA hybrids, single-stranded DNA regions of R-loop structures, and single-stranded RNA molecules. Has a 3'-5' exoribonuclease activity on mismatched deoxyribonucleotides at the 3' termini of nicked or gapped DNA molecules during short-patch BER. Possesses a DNA 3' phosphodiesterase activity capable of removing lesions (such as phosphoglycolate) blocking the 3' side of DNA strand breaks. May also play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by participating in DNA demethylation. Acts as a loading factor for POLB onto non-incised AP sites in DNA and stimulates the 5'-terminal deoxyribose 5'-phosphate (dRp) excision activity of POLB. Plays a role in the protection from granzymes-mediated cellular repair leading to cell death. Also involved in the DNA cleavage step of class switch recombination (CSR). On the other hand, APEX1 also exerts reversible nuclear redox activity to regulate DNA binding affinity and transcriptional activity of transcriptional factors by controlling the redox status of their DNA-binding domain, such as the FOS/JUN AP-1 complex after exposure to IR. Involved in calcium-dependent down-regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) expression by binding to negative calcium response elements (nCaREs). Together with HNRNPL or the dimer XRCC5/XRCC6, associates with nCaRE, acting as an activator of transcriptional repression. Stimulates the YBX1-mediated MDR1 promoter activity, when acetylated at Lys-6 and Lys-7, leading to drug resistance. Acts also as an endoribonuclease involved in the control of single-stranded RNA metabolism. Plays a role in regulating MYC mRNA turnover by preferentially cleaving in between UA and CA dinucleotides of the MYC coding region determinant (CRD). In association with NMD1, plays a role in the rRNA quality control process during cell cycle progression. Associates, together with YBX1, on the MDR1 promoter. Together with NPM1, associates with rRNA. Binds DNA and RNA (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Nucleus speckle, Endoplasmic reticulum, Cytoplasm
Detected in the cytoplasm of B-cells stimulated to switch. Colocalized with SIRT1 in the nucleus. Colocalized with YBX1 in nuclear speckles after genotoxic stress. Together with OGG1 is recruited to nuclear speckles in UVA-irradiated cells. Colocalized with nucleolin and NPM1 in the nucleolus. Its nucleolar localization is cell cycle dependent and requires active rRNA transcription (By similarity). Colocalized with calreticulin in the endoplasmic reticulum. Translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is stimulated in presence of nitric oxide (NO) and function in a CRM1-dependent manner, possibly as a consequence of demasking a nuclear export signal (amino acid position 64-80). S-nitrosylation at Cys-93 and Cys-310 regulates its nuclear-cytosolic shuttling. Ubiquitinated form is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Mitochondrion
Translocation from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria is mediated by ROS signaling and cleavage mediated by granzyme A. Tom20-dependent translocated mitochondrial APEX1 level is significantly increased after genotoxic stress. The cleaved APEX2 is only detected in mitochondria (By similarity). |
APEX1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MPKRGKKGAVAEDGDELRTEPEAKKSKTAAKKNDKEAAGEGPALYEDPPDQKTSPSGKPATLKICSWNVDGLRAWIKKKGLDWVKEEAPDILCLQETKCSENKLPAELQELPGLSHQYWSAPSDKEGYSGVGLLSRQCPLKVSYGIGDEEHDQEGRVIVAEFDSFVLVTAYVPNAGRGLVRLEYRQRWDEAFRKFLKGLASRKPLVLCGDLNVAHEEIDLRNPKGNKKNAGFTPQERQGFGELLQAVPLADSFRHLYPNTPYAYTFWTYMMNARSKNVGWRLDYFLLSHSLLPALCDSKIRSKALGSDHCPITLYLAL | Multifunctional protein that plays a central role in the cellular response to oxidative stress. The two major activities of APEX1 are DNA repair and redox regulation of transcriptional factors. Functions as an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions induced by oxidative and alkylating agents. Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends. Does also incise at AP sites in the DNA strand of DNA/RNA hybrids, single-stranded DNA regions of R-loop structures, and single-stranded RNA molecules. Has a 3'-5' exoribonuclease activity on mismatched deoxyribonucleotides at the 3' termini of nicked or gapped DNA molecules during short-patch BER. Possesses a DNA 3' phosphodiesterase activity capable of removing lesions (such as phosphoglycolate) blocking the 3' side of DNA strand breaks. May also play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by participating in DNA demethylation. Acts as a loading factor for POLB onto non-incised AP sites in DNA and stimulates the 5'-terminal deoxyribose 5'-phosphate (dRp) excision activity of POLB. Plays a role in the protection from granzymes-mediated cellular repair leading to cell death. Also involved in the DNA cleavage step of class switch recombination (CSR). On the other hand, APEX1 also exerts reversible nuclear redox activity to regulate DNA binding affinity and transcriptional activity of transcriptional factors by controlling the redox status of their DNA-binding domain, such as the FOS/JUN AP-1 complex after exposure to IR. Involved in calcium-dependent down-regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) expression by binding to negative calcium response elements (nCaREs). Together with HNRNPL or the dimer XRCC5/XRCC6, associates with nCaRE, acting as an activator of transcriptional repression. Stimulates the YBX1-mediated MDR1 promoter activity, when acetylated at Lys-6 and Lys-7, leading to drug resistance. Acts also as an endoribonuclease involved in the control of single-stranded RNA metabolism. Plays a role in regulating MYC mRNA turnover by preferentially cleaving in between UA and CA dinucleotides of the MYC coding region determinant (CRD). In association with NMD1, plays a role in the rRNA quality control process during cell cycle progression. Associates, together with YBX1, on the MDR1 promoter. Together with NPM1, associates with rRNA. Binds DNA and RNA.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Nucleus speckle, Endoplasmic reticulum, Cytoplasm
Detected in the cytoplasm of B-cells stimulated to switch (By similarity). Colocalized with SIRT1 in the nucleus. Colocalized with YBX1 in nuclear speckles after genotoxic stress. Together with OGG1 is recruited to nuclear speckles in UVA-irradiated cells. Colocalized with nucleolin and NPM1 in the nucleolus. Its nucleolar localization is cell cycle dependent and requires active rRNA transcription. Colocalized with calreticulin in the endoplasmic reticulum. Translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is stimulated in presence of nitric oxide (NO) and function in a CRM1-dependent manner, possibly as a consequence of demasking a nuclear export signal (amino acid position 64-80). S-nitrosylation at Cys-93 and Cys-310 regulates its nuclear-cytosolic shuttling. Ubiquitinated form is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm.
Subcellular locations: Mitochondrion
The cleaved APEX2 is only detected in mitochondria (By similarity). Translocation from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria is mediated by ROS signaling and cleavage mediated by granzyme A. Tom20-dependent translocated mitochondrial APEX1 level is significantly increased after genotoxic stress. |
APEX1_PANPA | Pan paniscus | MPKRGKKGAVAEDGDELRTEPEAKKSKTAAKKNDKEAAGEGPALYEDPPDQKTSPSGKPATLKICSWNVDGLRAWIKKKGLDWVKEEAPDILCLQETKCSENKLPAELQELPGLSHQYWSAPSDKEGYSGVGLLSRQCPLKVSYGIGEEEHDQEGRVIVAEFDSFVLVTAYVPNAGRGLVRLEYRQRWDEAFRKFLKGLASRKPLVLCGDLNVAHEEIDLRNPKGNKKNAGFTPQERQGFGELLQAVPLADSFRHLYPNTPYAYTFWTYMMNARSKNVGWRLDYFLLSHSLLPALCDSKIRSKALGSDHCPITLYLAL | Multifunctional protein that plays a central role in the cellular response to oxidative stress. The two major activities of APEX1 are DNA repair and redox regulation of transcriptional factors. Functions as an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions induced by oxidative and alkylating agents. Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends. Does also incise at AP sites in the DNA strand of DNA/RNA hybrids, single-stranded DNA regions of R-loop structures, and single-stranded RNA molecules. Has a 3'-5' exoribonuclease activity on mismatched deoxyribonucleotides at the 3' termini of nicked or gapped DNA molecules during short-patch BER. Possesses a DNA 3' phosphodiesterase activity capable of removing lesions (such as phosphoglycolate) blocking the 3' side of DNA strand breaks. May also play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by participating in DNA demethylation. Acts as a loading factor for POLB onto non-incised AP sites in DNA and stimulates the 5'-terminal deoxyribose 5'-phosphate (dRp) excision activity of POLB. Plays a role in the protection from granzymes-mediated cellular repair leading to cell death. Also involved in the DNA cleavage step of class switch recombination (CSR). On the other hand, APEX1 also exerts reversible nuclear redox activity to regulate DNA binding affinity and transcriptional activity of transcriptional factors by controlling the redox status of their DNA-binding domain, such as the FOS/JUN AP-1 complex after exposure to IR. Involved in calcium-dependent down-regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) expression by binding to negative calcium response elements (nCaREs). Together with HNRNPL or the dimer XRCC5/XRCC6, associates with nCaRE, acting as an activator of transcriptional repression. Stimulates the YBX1-mediated MDR1 promoter activity, when acetylated at Lys-6 and Lys-7, leading to drug resistance. Acts also as an endoribonuclease involved in the control of single-stranded RNA metabolism. Plays a role in regulating MYC mRNA turnover by preferentially cleaving in between UA and CA dinucleotides of the MYC coding region determinant (CRD). In association with NMD1, plays a role in the rRNA quality control process during cell cycle progression. Associates, together with YBX1, on the MDR1 promoter. Together with NPM1, associates with rRNA. Binds DNA and RNA (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Nucleus speckle, Endoplasmic reticulum, Cytoplasm
Detected in the cytoplasm of B-cells stimulated to switch. Colocalized with SIRT1 in the nucleus. Colocalized with YBX1 in nuclear speckles after genotoxic stress. Together with OGG1 is recruited to nuclear speckles in UVA-irradiated cells. Colocalized with nucleolin and NPM1 in the nucleolus. Its nucleolar localization is cell cycle dependent and requires active rRNA transcription (By similarity). Colocalized with calreticulin in the endoplasmic reticulum. Translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is stimulated in presence of nitric oxide (NO) and function in a CRM1-dependent manner, possibly as a consequence of demasking a nuclear export signal (amino acid position 64-80). S-nitrosylation at Cys-93 and Cys-310 regulates its nuclear-cytosolic shuttling. Ubiquitinated form is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Mitochondrion
Translocation from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria is mediated by ROS signaling and cleavage mediated by granzyme A. Tom20-dependent translocated mitochondrial APEX1 level is significantly increased after genotoxic stress. The cleaved APEX2 is only detected in mitochondria (By similarity). |
APEX1_PANTR | Pan troglodytes | MPKRGKKGAVAEDGDELRTEPEAKKSKTAAKKNDKEAAGEGPALYEDPPDQKTSPSGKPATLKICSWNVDGLRAWIKKKGLDWVKEEAPDILCLQETKCSENKLPAELQELPGLSHQYWSAPSDKEGYSGVGLLSRQCPLKVSYGIGEEEHDQEGRVIVAEFDSFVLVTAYVPNAGRGLVRLEYRQRWDEAFRKFLKGLASRKPLVLCGDLNVAHEEIDLRNPKGNKKNAGFTPQERQGFGELLQAVPLADSFRHLYPNTPYAYTFWTYMMNARSKNVGWRLDYFLLSHSLLPALCDSKIRSKALGSDHCPITLYLAL | Multifunctional protein that plays a central role in the cellular response to oxidative stress. The two major activities of APEX1 are DNA repair and redox regulation of transcriptional factors. Functions as an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions induced by oxidative and alkylating agents. Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends. Does also incise at AP sites in the DNA strand of DNA/RNA hybrids, single-stranded DNA regions of R-loop structures, and single-stranded RNA molecules. Has a 3'-5' exoribonuclease activity on mismatched deoxyribonucleotides at the 3' termini of nicked or gapped DNA molecules during short-patch BER. Possesses a DNA 3' phosphodiesterase activity capable of removing lesions (such as phosphoglycolate) blocking the 3' side of DNA strand breaks. May also play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by participating in DNA demethylation. Acts as a loading factor for POLB onto non-incised AP sites in DNA and stimulates the 5'-terminal deoxyribose 5'-phosphate (dRp) excision activity of POLB. Plays a role in the protection from granzymes-mediated cellular repair leading to cell death. Also involved in the DNA cleavage step of class switch recombination (CSR). On the other hand, APEX1 also exerts reversible nuclear redox activity to regulate DNA binding affinity and transcriptional activity of transcriptional factors by controlling the redox status of their DNA-binding domain, such as the FOS/JUN AP-1 complex after exposure to IR. Involved in calcium-dependent down-regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) expression by binding to negative calcium response elements (nCaREs). Together with HNRNPL or the dimer XRCC5/XRCC6, associates with nCaRE, acting as an activator of transcriptional repression. Stimulates the YBX1-mediated MDR1 promoter activity, when acetylated at Lys-6 and Lys-7, leading to drug resistance. Acts also as an endoribonuclease involved in the control of single-stranded RNA metabolism. Plays a role in regulating MYC mRNA turnover by preferentially cleaving in between UA and CA dinucleotides of the MYC coding region determinant (CRD). In association with NMD1, plays a role in the rRNA quality control process during cell cycle progression. Associates, together with YBX1, on the MDR1 promoter. Together with NPM1, associates with rRNA. Binds DNA and RNA (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Nucleus speckle, Endoplasmic reticulum, Cytoplasm
Detected in the cytoplasm of B-cells stimulated to switch. Colocalized with SIRT1 in the nucleus. Colocalized with YBX1 in nuclear speckles after genotoxic stress. Together with OGG1 is recruited to nuclear speckles in UVA-irradiated cells. Colocalized with nucleolin and NPM1 in the nucleolus. Its nucleolar localization is cell cycle dependent and requires active rRNA transcription (By similarity). Colocalized with calreticulin in the endoplasmic reticulum. Translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is stimulated in presence of nitric oxide (NO) and function in a CRM1-dependent manner, possibly as a consequence of demasking a nuclear export signal (amino acid position 64-80). S-nitrosylation at Cys-93 and Cys-310 regulates its nuclear-cytosolic shuttling. Ubiquitinated form is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Mitochondrion
Translocation from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria is mediated by ROS signaling and cleavage mediated by granzyme A. Tom20-dependent translocated mitochondrial APEX1 level is significantly increased after genotoxic stress. The cleaved APEX2 is only detected in mitochondria (By similarity). |
APEX1_PONPY | Pongo pygmaeus | MPKRGKKGAVAEDGDELKTEPEAKKSKTTAKKNDKEAAGEGPALYEDPPDQKTSPSGKPATLKICSWNVDGLRAWIKKKGLDWVKEEAPDILCLQETKCSENKLPAELQELPGLSHQYWSAPSDKEGYSGVGLLSRQCPLKVSYGIGEEEHDQEGRVIVAEFDSFVLVTAYVPNAGRGLVRLEYRQRWDEAFRRFLKGLASRKPLVLCGDLNVAHEEIDLRNPKGNKKNAGFTPQERQGFGELLQAVPLADSFRHLYPNTPYAYTFWTYMMNARSKNVGWRLDYFLLSHSLLTALCDSKIRSKALGSDHCPITLYLAL | Multifunctional protein that plays a central role in the cellular response to oxidative stress. The two major activities of APEX1 are DNA repair and redox regulation of transcriptional factors. Functions as an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions induced by oxidative and alkylating agents. Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends. Does also incise at AP sites in the DNA strand of DNA/RNA hybrids, single-stranded DNA regions of R-loop structures, and single-stranded RNA molecules. Has a 3'-5' exoribonuclease activity on mismatched deoxyribonucleotides at the 3' termini of nicked or gapped DNA molecules during short-patch BER. Possesses a DNA 3' phosphodiesterase activity capable of removing lesions (such as phosphoglycolate) blocking the 3' side of DNA strand breaks. May also play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by participating in DNA demethylation. Acts as a loading factor for POLB onto non-incised AP sites in DNA and stimulates the 5'-terminal deoxyribose 5'-phosphate (dRp) excision activity of POLB. Plays a role in the protection from granzymes-mediated cellular repair leading to cell death. Also involved in the DNA cleavage step of class switch recombination (CSR). On the other hand, APEX1 also exerts reversible nuclear redox activity to regulate DNA binding affinity and transcriptional activity of transcriptional factors by controlling the redox status of their DNA-binding domain, such as the FOS/JUN AP-1 complex after exposure to IR. Involved in calcium-dependent down-regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) expression by binding to negative calcium response elements (nCaREs). Together with HNRNPL or the dimer XRCC5/XRCC6, associates with nCaRE, acting as an activator of transcriptional repression. Stimulates the YBX1-mediated MDR1 promoter activity, when acetylated at Lys-6 and Lys-7, leading to drug resistance. Acts also as an endoribonuclease involved in the control of single-stranded RNA metabolism. Plays a role in regulating MYC mRNA turnover by preferentially cleaving in between UA and CA dinucleotides of the MYC coding region determinant (CRD). In association with NMD1, plays a role in the rRNA quality control process during cell cycle progression. Associates, together with YBX1, on the MDR1 promoter. Together with NPM1, associates with rRNA. Binds DNA and RNA (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Nucleus speckle, Endoplasmic reticulum, Cytoplasm
Detected in the cytoplasm of B-cells stimulated to switch. Colocalized with SIRT1 in the nucleus. Colocalized with YBX1 in nuclear speckles after genotoxic stress. Together with OGG1 is recruited to nuclear speckles in UVA-irradiated cells. Colocalized with nucleolin and NPM1 in the nucleolus. Its nucleolar localization is cell cycle dependent and requires active rRNA transcription (By similarity). Colocalized with calreticulin in the endoplasmic reticulum. Translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is stimulated in presence of nitric oxide (NO) and function in a CRM1-dependent manner, possibly as a consequence of demasking a nuclear export signal (amino acid position 64-80). S-nitrosylation at Cys-93 and Cys-310 regulates its nuclear-cytosolic shuttling. Ubiquitinated form is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Mitochondrion
Translocation from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria is mediated by ROS signaling and cleavage mediated by granzyme A. Tom20-dependent translocated mitochondrial APEX1 level is significantly increased after genotoxic stress. The cleaved APEX2 is only detected in mitochondria (By similarity). |
APEX2_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MLRVVSWNINGIRRPLQGVANQEPSNCAAVAVGRILDELDADIVCLQETKVTRDALTEPLAIVEGYNSYFSFSRNRSGYSGVATFCKDNATPVAAEEGLSGLFATQNGDVGCYGNMDEFTQEELRALDSEGRALLTQHKIRTWEGKEKTLTLINVYCPHADPGRPERLVFKMRFYRLLQIRAEALLAAGSHVIILGDLNTAHRPIDHWDAVNLECFEEDPGRKWMDSLLSNLGCQSASHVGPFIDSYRCFQPKQEGAFTCWSAVTGARHLNYGSRLDYVLGDRTLVIDTFQASFLLPEVMGSDHCPVGAVLSVSSVPAKQCPPLCTRFLPEFAGTQLKILRFLVPLEQSPVLEQSTLQHNNQTRVQTCQNKAQVRSTRPQPSQVGSSRGQKNLKSYFQPSPSCPQASPDIELPSLPLMSALMTPKTPEEKAVAKVVKGQAKTSEAKDEKELRTSFWKSVLAGPLRTPLCGGHREPCVMRTVKKPGPNLGRRFYMCARPRGPPTDPSSRCNFFLWSRPS | Functions as a weak apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions induced by oxidative and alkylating agents . Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends. Also displays double-stranded DNA 3'-5' exonuclease, 3'-phosphodiesterase activities ( ). Shows robust 3'-5' exonuclease activity on 3'-recessed heteroduplex DNA and is able to remove mismatched nucleotides preferentially (, ). Also exhibits 3'-5' exonuclease activity on a single nucleotide gap containing heteroduplex DNA and on blunt-ended substrates . Shows fairly strong 3'-phosphodiesterase activity involved in the removal of 3'-damaged termini formed in DNA by oxidative agents (, ). In the nucleus functions in the PCNA-dependent BER pathway . Plays a role in reversing blocked 3' DNA ends, problematic lesions that preclude DNA synthesis . Required for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and DNA cleavage step of class switch recombination (CSR) of immunoglobulin genes (By similarity). Required for proper cell cycle progression during proliferation of peripheral lymphocytes (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondrion
Together with PCNA, is redistributed in discrete nuclear foci in presence of oxidative DNA damaging agents.
Highly expressed in brain and kidney. Weakly expressed in the fetal brain. |
APOB_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MDPPRPALLALLALPALLLLLLAGARAEEEMLENVSLVCPKDATRFKHLRKYTYNYEAESSSGVPGTADSRSATRINCKVELEVPQLCSFILKTSQCTLKEVYGFNPEGKALLKKTKNSEEFAAAMSRYELKLAIPEGKQVFLYPEKDEPTYILNIKRGIISALLVPPETEEAKQVLFLDTVYGNCSTHFTVKTRKGNVATEISTERDLGQCDRFKPIRTGISPLALIKGMTRPLSTLISSSQSCQYTLDAKRKHVAEAICKEQHLFLPFSYKNKYGMVAQVTQTLKLEDTPKINSRFFGEGTKKMGLAFESTKSTSPPKQAEAVLKTLQELKKLTISEQNIQRANLFNKLVTELRGLSDEAVTSLLPQLIEVSSPITLQALVQCGQPQCSTHILQWLKRVHANPLLIDVVTYLVALIPEPSAQQLREIFNMARDQRSRATLYALSHAVNNYHKTNPTGTQELLDIANYLMEQIQDDCTGDEDYTYLILRVIGNMGQTMEQLTPELKSSILKCVQSTKPSLMIQKAAIQALRKMEPKDKDQEVLLQTFLDDASPGDKRLAAYLMLMRSPSQADINKIVQILPWEQNEQVKNFVASHIANILNSEELDIQDLKKLVKEALKESQLPTVMDFRKFSRNYQLYKSVSLPSLDPASAKIEGNLIFDPNNYLPKESMLKTTLTAFGFASADLIEIGLEGKGFEPTLEALFGKQGFFPDSVNKALYWVNGQVPDGVSKVLVDHFGYTKDDKHEQDMVNGIMLSVEKLIKDLKSKEVPEARAYLRILGEELGFASLHDLQLLGKLLLMGARTLQGIPQMIGEVIRKGSKNDFFLHYIFMENAFELPTGAGLQLQISSSGVIAPGAKAGVKLEVANMQAELVAKPSVSVEFVTNMGIIIPDFARSGVQMNTNFFHESGLEAHVALKAGKLKFIIPSPKRPVKLLSGGNTLHLVSTTKTEVIPPLIENRQSWSVCKQVFPGLNYCTSGAYSNASSTDSASYYPLTGDTRLELELRPTGEIEQYSVSATYELQREDRALVDTLKFVTQAEGAKQTEATMTFKYNRQSMTLSSEVQIPDFDVDLGTILRVNDESTEGKTSYRLTLDIQNKKITEVALMGHLSCDTKEERKIKGVISIPRLQAEARSEILAHWSPAKLLLQMDSSATAYGSTVSKRVAWHYDEEKIEFEWNTGTNVDTKKMTSNFPVDLSDYPKSLHMYANRLLDHRVPQTDMTFRHVGSKLIVAMSSWLQKASGSLPYTQTLQDHLNSLKEFNLQNMGLPDFHIPENLFLKSDGRVKYTLNKNSLKIEIPLPFGGKSSRDLKMLETVRTPALHFKSVGFHLPSREFQVPTFTIPKLYQLQVPLLGVLDLSTNVYSNLYNWSASYSGGNTSTDHFSLRARYHMKADSVVDLLSYNVQGSGETTYDHKNTFTLSCDGSLRHKFLDSNIKFSHVEKLGNNPVSKGLLIFDASSSWGPQMSASVHLDSKKKQHLFVKEVKIDGQFRVSSFYAKGTYGLSCQRDPNTGRLNGESNLRFNSSYLQGTNQITGRYEDGTLSLTSTSDLQSGIIKNTASLKYENYELTLKSDTNGKYKNFATSNKMDMTFSKQNALLRSEYQADYESLRFFSLLSGSLNSHGLELNADILGTDKINSGAHKATLRIGQDGISTSATTNLKCSLLVLENELNAELGLSGASMKLTTNGRFREHNAKFSLDGKAALTELSLGSAYQAMILGVDSKNIFNFKVSQEGLKLSNDMMGSYAEMKFDHTNSLNIAGLSLDFSSKLDNIYSSDKFYKQTVNLQLQPYSLVTTLNSDLKYNALDLTNNGKLRLEPLKLHVAGNLKGAYQNNEIKHIYAISSAALSASYKADTVAKVQGVEFSHRLNTDIAGLASAIDMSTNYNSDSLHFSNVFRSVMAPFTMTIDAHTNGNGKLALWGEHTGQLYSKFLLKAEPLAFTFSHDYKGSTSHHLVSRKSISAALEHKVSALLTPAEQTGTWKLKTQFNNNEYSQDLDAYNTKDKIGVELTGRTLADLTLLDSPIKVPLLLSEPINIIDALEMRDAVEKPQEFTIVAFVKYDKNQDVHSINLPFFETLQEYFERNRQTIIVVLENVQRNLKHINIDQFVRKYRAALGKLPQQANDYLNSFNWERQVSHAKEKLTALTKKYRITENDIQIALDDAKINFNEKLSQLQTYMIQFDQYIKDSYDLHDLKIAIANIIDEIIEKLKSLDEHYHIRVNLVKTIHDLHLFIENIDFNKSGSSTASWIQNVDTKYQIRIQIQEKLQQLKRHIQNIDIQHLAGKLKQHIEAIDVRVLLDQLGTTISFERINDILEHVKHFVINLIGDFEVAEKINAFRAKVHELIERYEVDQQIQVLMDKLVELAHQYKLKETIQKLSNVLQQVKIKDYFEKLVGFIDDAVKKLNELSFKTFIEDVNKFLDMLIKKLKSFDYHQFVDETNDKIREVTQRLNGEIQALELPQKAEALKLFLEETKATVAVYLESLQDTKITLIINWLQEALSSASLAHMKAKFRETLEDTRDRMYQMDIQQELQRYLSLVGQVYSTLVTYISDWWTLAAKNLTDFAEQYSIQDWAKRMKALVEQGFTVPEIKTILGTMPAFEVSLQALQKATFQTPDFIVPLTDLRIPSVQINFKDLKNIKIPSRFSTPEFTILNTFHIPSFTIDFVEMKVKIIRTIDQMLNSELQWPVPDIYLRDLKVEDIPLARITLPDFRLPEIAIPEFIIPTLNLNDFQVPDLHIPEFQLPHISHTIEVPTFGKLYSILKIQSPLFTLDANADIGNGTTSANEAGIAASITAKGESKLEVLNFDFQANAQLSNPKINPLALKESVKFSSKYLRTEHGSEMLFFGNAIEGKSNTVASLHTEKNTLELSNGVIVKINNQLTLDSNTKYFHKLNIPKLDFSSQADLRNEIKTLLKAGHIAWTSSGKGSWKWACPRFSDEGTHESQISFTIEGPLTSFGLSNKINSKHLRVNQNLVYESGSLNFSKLEIQSQVDSQHVGHSVLTAKGMALFGEGKAEFTGRHDAHLNGKVIGTLKNSLFFSAQPFEITASTNNEGNLKVRFPLRLTGKIDFLNNYALFLSPSAQQASWQVSARFNQYKYNQNFSAGNNENIMEAHVGINGEANLDFLNIPLTIPEMRLPYTIITTPPLKDFSLWEKTGLKEFLKTTKQSFDLSVKAQYKKNKHRHSITNPLAVLCEFISQSIKSFDRHFEKNRNNALDFVTKSYNETKIKFDKYKAEKSHDELPRTFQIPGYTVPVVNVEVSPFTIEMSAFGYVFPKAVSMPSFSILGSDVRVPSYTLILPSLELPVLHVPRNLKLSLPDFKELCTISHIFIPAMGNITYDFSFKSSVITLNTNAELFNQSDIVAHLLSSSSSVIDALQYKLEGTTRLTRKRGLKLATALSLSNKFVEGSHNSTVSLTTKNMEVSVATTTKAQIPILRMNFKQELNGNTKSKPTVSSSMEFKYDFNSSMLYSTAKGAVDHKLSLESLTSYFSIESSTKGDVKGSVLSREYSGTIASEANTYLNSKSTRSSVKLQGTSKIDDIWNLEVKENFAGEATLQRIYSLWEHSTKNHLQLEGLFFTNGEHTSKATLELSPWQMSALVQVHASQPSSFHDFPDLGQEVALNANTKNQKIRWKNEVRIHSGSFQSQVELSNDQEKAHLDIAGSLEGHLRFLKNIILPVYDKSLWDFLKLDVTTSIGRRQHLRVSTAFVYTKNPNGYSFSIPVKVLADKFIIPGLKLNDLNSVLVMPTFHVPFTDLQVPSCKLDFREIQIYKKLRTSSFALNLPTLPEVKFPEVDVLTKYSQPEDSLIPFFEITVPESQLTVSQFTLPKSVSDGIAALDLNAVANKIADFELPTIIVPEQTIEIPSIKFSVPAGIVIPSFQALTARFEVDSPVYNATWSASLKNKADYVETVLDSTCSSTVQFLEYELNVLGTHKIEDGTLASKTKGTFAHRDFSAEYEEDGKYEGLQEWEGKAHLNIKSPAFTDLHLRYQKDKKGISTSAASPAVGTVGMDMDEDDDFSKWNFYYSPQSSPDKKLTIFKTELRVRESDEETQIKVNWEEEAASGLLTSLKDNVPKATGVLYDYVNKYHWEHTGLTLREVSSKLRRNLQNNAEWVYQGAIRQIDDIDVRFQKAASGTTGTYQEWKDKAQNLYQELLTQEGQASFQGLKDNVFDGLVRVTQEFHMKVKHLIDSLIDFLNFPRFQFPGKPGIYTREELCTMFIREVGTVLSQVYSKVHNGSEILFSYFQDLVITLPFELRKHKLIDVISMYRELLKDLSKEAQEVFKAIQSLKTTEVLRNLQDLLQFIFQLIEDNIKQLKEMKFTYLINYIQDEINTIFSDYIPYVFKLLKENLCLNLHKFNEFIQNELQEASQELQQIHQYIMALREEYFDPSIVGWTVKYYELEEKIVSLIKNLLVALKDFHSEYIVSASNFTSQLSSQVEQFLHRNIQEYLSILTDPDGKGKEKIAELSATAQEIIKSQAIATKKIISDYHQQFRYKLQDFSDQLSDYYEKFIAESKRLIDLSIQNYHTFLIYITELLKKLQSTTVMNPYMKLAPGELTIIL | Apolipoprotein B is a major protein constituent of chylomicrons (apo B-48), LDL (apo B-100) and VLDL (apo B-100). Apo B-100 functions as a recognition signal for the cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles by the apoB/E receptor.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Secreted, Lipid droplet |
APOC1_AOTNA | Aotus nancymaae | MRLFLSLPVLVVALLMILEGPGPAQGAPEAVDTSSGLDKLKEFGTTLEDKVREFFNRVKESDIPAKTRNWFSETLQKVKEKLRIES | Inhibitor of lipoprotein binding to the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, LDL receptor-related protein, and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor. Associates with high density lipoproteins (HDL) and the triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in the plasma and makes up about 10% of the protein of the VLDL and 2% of that of HDL. Appears to interfere directly with fatty acid uptake and is also the major plasma inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Binds free fatty acids and reduces their intracellular esterification. Modulates the interaction of APOE with beta-migrating VLDL and inhibits binding of beta-VLDL to the LDL receptor-related protein.
Subcellular locations: Secreted |
APOC1_ATEGE | Ateles geoffroyi | MRLFLSLPVLVVVLLMILEGPGPAQGAPEALDTSSGLDKLKEFGNTLEDKVREFFNRVKESDIPAKTRNWFSETLQKVKEKLRIES | Inhibitor of lipoprotein binding to the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, LDL receptor-related protein, and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor. Associates with high density lipoproteins (HDL) and the triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in the plasma and makes up about 10% of the protein of the VLDL and 2% of that of HDL. Appears to interfere directly with fatty acid uptake and is also the major plasma inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Binds free fatty acids and reduces their intracellular esterification. Modulates the interaction of APOE with beta-migrating VLDL and inhibits binding of beta-VLDL to the LDL receptor-related protein.
Subcellular locations: Secreted |
APOC1_CEBCA | Cebus capucinus | MRLFLSLPVLVVVLLMILEGPVPAQGAPEAVDASSGLDKLKEFGNTLENKVREFFSRIKESDIPTKTRNWFSETLQKVKEKLNIES | Inhibitor of lipoprotein binding to the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, LDL receptor-related protein, and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor. Associates with high density lipoproteins (HDL) and the triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in the plasma and makes up about 10% of the protein of the VLDL and 2% of that of HDL. Appears to interfere directly with fatty acid uptake and is also the major plasma inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Binds free fatty acids and reduces their intracellular esterification. Modulates the interaction of APOE with beta-migrating VLDL and inhibits binding of beta-VLDL to the LDL receptor-related protein.
Subcellular locations: Secreted |
AQP73_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MVQASGHRRSTRGSKMVSWSVIAKIQEICERKMAREFLAEFMSTYVMMVFGLGSVAHMLLNKTFGSYLGVNLGFGFGVTMGVHMAGRTSGAHMNAAVSLTNCALGRVPWRKFPVYVLGQFLGSFLAAATIYSLFYTAILHFSGGELMVTGPVATVGIFATYLPDHMTLWRGFLNEEWLTGMLQLCLFAIVDQENNPALPGTHALVIGILVVIIRVYHGMNTGYAINPSRDLPPRIFTFIAGWGKLVFSDGENLWWVPVVAPLLGASLGGIIYLVFIGSTIPREPLKLEDSVAYEDHGITVLPKMGSHEPMISPLTLISVSPANRSSVHPAPPLHESMALEHF | Subcellular locations: Membrane |
AQP7B_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MVQASGHRRSTRGSKMVSWSVIAKIQEIWCEEDERKMVREFLAEFMSTYVMMVFGLGSVAHMVLNKTYGSYLGVNLGFGFGVTMGVHVAGRISGAHMNAAVTFTNCALGRVPWRKFPVHVLGQFLGSFLAAATIYICVSAAAILHFSGGELMVTGPFATAGIFATYLPDHMTLWRGFLNEEWLTRMLQLCLFTITDQENNPALPGTHALVISILVVIIRVSHGINTGYAINPSRDPPPSIFTFIAGWGKQVFSDGENWWWVPVVAPLLGASLGGIIYLVFIGSTIPREPLKLEDSVAYEDHGITVLPKMGSHEPMISPLTLISVSLANRSSVHSAPPLHESMALEHF | Subcellular locations: Membrane |
AQP7_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MVQASGHRRSTRGSKMVSWSVIAKIQEILQRKMVREFLAEFMSTYVMMVFGLGSVAHMVLNKKYGSYLGVNLGFGFGVTMGVHVAGRISGAHMNAAVTFANCALGRVPWRKFPVYVLGQFLGSFLAAATIYSLFYTAILHFSGGQLMVTGPVATAGIFATYLPDHMTLWRGFLNEAWLTGMLQLCLFAITDQENNPALPGTEALVIGILVVIIGVSLGMNTGYAINPSRDLPPRIFTFIAGWGKQVFSNGENWWWVPVVAPLLGAYLGGIIYLVFIGSTIPREPLKLEDSVAYEDHGITVLPKMGSHEPTISPLTPVSVSPANRSSVHPAPPLHESMALEHF | Forms a channel that mediates water and glycerol transport across cell membranes at neutral pH ( , ). The channel is also permeable to urea . Plays an important role in body energy homeostasis under conditions that promote lipid catabolism, giving rise to glycerol and free fatty acids. Mediates glycerol export from adipocytes. After release into the blood stream, glycerol is used for gluconeogenesis in the liver to maintain normal blood glucose levels and prevent fasting hypoglycemia. Required for normal glycerol reabsorption in the kidney (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Cell cortex, Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane, Lipid droplet
Internalized from the cell membrane in response to catecholamine-induced activation of PKA; detected on intracellular membranes and colocalizes with lipid droplets (By similarity). Colocalizes with PLIN1 in adipocytes, probably on lipid droplets .
Detected in the sperm head (at protein level) . Detected in white adipose tissue . |
AQP7_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MVQTSRHRRSTRGSKMVSWSVMAKIQEILQKKMVREFLAEFMSTYVMMVFGLGSVAHMVLNKKYGSYLGVNLGFGFGVTMGVHVAGHISGAHMNAAVTFANCALGRVPWRKFPVYVLGQFLGSFLAAATIYTLFYTAILHFSGGQLMVTGPVATAGIFATYLPDHMTLWRGFLNEAWLTGMLQLCLFAITDQENNAALPGTQALVIGILVVIIGVSLGMNTGYAINPSRDLPPRVFTFIAGWGKEVFSEGENWWWVPVVAPLLGACLGGIIYLVFIGSTTPREPLKLEDSVAYEDHGITVLPKMGSHEPTISPLTPVSVSPANRSSVRPAPPLHESMALGHF | Forms a channel that mediates water and glycerol transport across cell membranes at neutral pH (By similarity). The channel is also permeable to urea (By similarity). Plays an important role in body energy homeostasis under conditions that promote lipid catabolism, giving rise to glycerol and free fatty acids. Mediates glycerol export from adipocytes. After release into the blood stream, glycerol is used for gluconeogenesis in the liver to maintain normal blood glucose levels and prevent fasting hypoglycemia. Required for normal glycerol reabsorption in the kidney (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Cell cortex, Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane, Lipid droplet
Internalized from the cell membrane in response to catecholamine-induced activation of PKA; detected on intracellular membranes and colocalizes with lipid droplets (By similarity). Colocalizes with PLIN1 in adipocytes, probably on lipid droplets (By similarity). |
AQP8_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSGEIAMCEPEFGNDKAREPSVGGRWRVSWYERFVQPCLVELLGSALFIFIGCLSVIENGTDTGLLQPALAHGLALGLVIATLGNISGGHFNPAVSLAAMLIGGLNLVMLLPYWVSQLLGGMLGAALAKAVSPEERFWNASGAAFVTVQEQGQVAGALVAEIILTTLLALAVCMGAINEKTKGPLAPFSIGFAVTVDILAGGPVSGGCMNPARAFGPAVVANHWNFHWIYWLGPLLAGLLVGLLIRCFIGDGKTRLILKAR | Channel that allows the facilitated permeation of water and uncharged molecules, such as hydrogen peroxide and the neutral form of ammonia (NH3), through cellular membranes such as plasma membrane, inner mitochondrial membrane and endoplasmic reticulum membrane of several tissues ( , ). The transport of the ammonia neutral form induces a parallel transport of proton, at alkaline pH when the concentration of ammonia is high (By similarity). However, it is unclear whether the transport of proton takes place via the aquaporin or via an endogenous pathway (By similarity). Also, may transport ammonia analogs such as formamide and methylamine, a transport favourited at basic pH due to the increase of unprotonated (neutral) form, which is expected to favor diffusion . Does not transport urea or glycerol . The water transport mechanism is mercury- and copper-sensitive and passive in response to osmotic driving forces . At the canicular plasma membrane, mediates the osmotic transport of water toward the bile canaliculus and facilitates the cAMP-induced bile canalicular water secretion, a process involved in bile formation . In addition, mediates the hydrogen peroxide release from hepatocyte mitochondria that modulates the SREBF2-mediated cholesterol synthesis and facilitates the mitochondrial ammonia uptake which is metabolized into urea, mainly under glucagon stimulation (, ). In B cells, transports the CYBB-generated hydrogen peroxide from the external leaflet of the plasma membrane to the cytosol to promote B cell activation and differentiation for signal amplification (By similarity). In the small intestine and colon system, mediates water transport through mitochondria and apical membrane of epithelial cells (By similarity). May play an important role in the adaptive response of proximal tubule cells to acidosis possibly by facilitating the mitochondrial ammonia transport .
Subcellular locations: Cell membrane, Mitochondrion inner membrane, Apical cell membrane, Basolateral cell membrane, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane
Localized at the hepatocyte canalicular plasma membrane . Localized at the apical membrane of the gall-bladder epithelial cells lining both the neck and corpus regions, the pancreatic acinar cells and mucosal epithelium of the colon and jejunum (By similarity). Trafficking from intracellular vesicles to the hepatocyte canalicular plasma membrane is induced by glucagon or the second messenger 3',5'-cyclic AMP and the translocation is protein kinase A and microtubule-dependent. Localized at the brush border membranes of epithelial cells from jejunum (By similarity). Localized at the luminal membranes of crypts in ascending colon (By similarity).
Detected in the sperm midpiece (at protein level) . Expressed only in pancreas and colon. |
ARBK1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MADLEAVLADVSYLMAMEKSKATPAARASKKILLPEPSIRSVMQKYLEDRGEVTFEKIFSQKLGYLLFRDFCLNHLEEARPLVEFYEEIKKYEKLETEEERVARSREIFDSYIMKELLACSHPFSKSATEHVQGHLGKKQVPPDLFQPYIEEICQNLRGDVFQKFIESDKFTRFCQWKNVELNIHLTMNDFSVHRIIGRGGFGEVYGCRKADTGKMYAMKCLDKKRIKMKQGETLALNERIMLSLVSTGDCPFIVCMSYAFHTPDKLSFILDLMNGGDLHYHLSQHGVFSEADMRFYAAEIILGLEHMHNRFVVYRDLKPANILLDEHGHVRISDLGLACDFSKKKPHASVGTHGYMAPEVLQKGVAYDSSADWFSLGCMLFKLLRGHSPFRQHKTKDKHEIDRMTLTMAVELPDSFSPELRSLLEGLLQRDVNRRLGCLGRGAQEVKESPFFRSLDWQMVFLQKYPPPLIPPRGEVNAADAFDIGSFDEEDTKGIKLLDSDQELYRNFPLTISERWQQEVAETVFDTINAETDRLEARKKAKNKQLGHEEDYALGKDCIMHGYMSKMGNPFLTQWQRRYFYLFPNRLEWRGEGEAPQSLLTMEEIQSVEETQIKERKCLLLKIRGGKQFILQCDSDPELVQWKKELRDAYREAQQLVQRVPKMKNKPRSPVVELSKVPLVQRGSANGL | Specifically phosphorylates the agonist-occupied form of the beta-adrenergic and closely related receptors, probably inducing a desensitization of them . Key regulator of LPAR1 signaling . Competes with RALA for binding to LPAR1 thus affecting the signaling properties of the receptor . Desensitizes LPAR1 and LPAR2 in a phosphorylation-independent manner . Positively regulates ciliary smoothened (SMO)-dependent Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway by facilitating the trafficking of SMO into the cilium and the stimulation of SMO activity (By similarity). Inhibits relaxation of airway smooth muscle in response to blue light .
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Postsynapse, Presynapse
Expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes. |
ARF5_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGLTVSALFSRIFGKKQMRILMVGLDAAGKTTILYKLKLGEIVTTIPTIGFNVETVEYKNICFTVWDVGGQDKIRPLWRHYFQNTQGLIFVVDSNDRERVQESADELQKMLQEDELRDAVLLVFANKQDMPNAMPVSELTDKLGLQHLRSRTWYVQATCATQGTGLYDGLDWLSHELSKR | GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
(Microbial infection) Functions as an allosteric activator of the cholera toxin catalytic subunit, an ADP-ribosyltransferase.
Subcellular locations: Golgi apparatus, Cytoplasm, Perinuclear region, Membrane, Golgi apparatus, Trans-Golgi network membrane |
ARF6_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGKVLSKIFGNKEMRILMLGLDAAGKTTILYKLKLGQSVTTIPTVGFNVETVTYKNVKFNVWDVGGQDKIRPLWRHYYTGTQGLIFVVDCADRDRIDEARQELHRIINDREMRDAIILIFANKQDLPDAMKPHEIQEKLGLTRIRDRNWYVQPSCATSGDGLYEGLTWLTSNYKS | GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking that regulates endocytic recycling and cytoskeleton remodeling ( , ). GTP-bound form plays an important role in the transport of multiple palmitoylated proteins form the Golgi to the plasma membrane . Required for normal completion of mitotic cytokinesis (By similarity). Plays a role in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and the formation of stress fibers (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of dendritic spine development, contributing to the regulation of dendritic branching and filopodia extension . Potentiates the neurite outgrowth in primary neurons by interacting with the molecular adapter APBB1 . Plays an important role in membrane trafficking, during junctional remodeling and epithelial polarization . Regulates surface levels of adherens junction proteins such as CDH1 (By similarity). Required for NTRK1 sorting to the recycling pathway from early endosomes (By similarity).
(Microbial infection) Functions as an allosteric activator of the cholera toxin catalytic subunit, an ADP-ribosyltransferase.
(Microbial infection) Plays a key role in the endocytosis of enterovirus 71 and thus viral entry into brain microvascular endothelial cells.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Cell membrane, Endosome membrane, Recycling endosome membrane, Cell projection, Filopodium membrane, Cell projection, Ruffle, Cleavage furrow, Midbody, Midbody ring, Early endosome membrane, Golgi apparatus, Trans-Golgi network membrane
Distributed uniformly on the plasma membrane, as well as throughout the cytoplasm during metaphase. Subsequently concentrated at patches in the equatorial region at the onset of cytokinesis, and becomes distributed in the equatorial region concurrent with cleavage furrow ingression. In late stages of cytokinesis, concentrates at the midbody ring/Flemming body . Recruitment to the midbody ring requires both activation by PSD/EFA6A and interaction with KIF23/MKLP1 . After abscission of the intercellular bridge, incorporated into one of the daughter cells as a midbody remnant and localizes to punctate structures beneath the plasma membrane . Recruited to the cell membrane in association with CYTH2 and ARL4C . Colocalizes with DAB2IP at the plasma membrane and endocytic vesicles . Myristoylation is required for proper localization to membranes: myristoylation on Lys-3 allows ARF6 to remain on membranes during the GTPase cycle (, ).
Ubiquitous, with higher levels in heart, substantia nigra, and kidney. |
ARK2N_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MKMEEAVGKVEELIESEAPPKASEQETAKEEDGSVELESQVQKDGVADSTVISSMPCLLMELRRDSSESQLASTESDKPTTGRVYESDSSNHCMLSPSSSGHLADSDTLSSAEENEPSQAETAVEGDPSGVSGATVGRKSRRSRSESETSTMAAKKNRQSSDKQNGRVAKVKGHRSQKHKERIRLLRQKREAAARKKYNLLQDSSTSDSDLTCDSSTSSSDDDEEVSGSSKTITAEIPETGFCYVVQAGLGLLGLSDLHTLASQSAEILWDSHLA | Subcellular locations: Nucleus |
ARK72_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MLSAASRVVSRAAVHCALRSPPPEARALAMSRPPPPRVASVLGTMEMGRRMDAPASAAAVRAFLERGHTELDTAFMYSDGQSETILGGLGLGLGGGDCRVKIATKANPWDGKSLKPDSVRSQLETSLKRLQCPQVDLFYLHAPDHGTPVEETLHACQRLHQEGKFVELGLSNYASWEVAEICTLCKSNGWILPTVYQGMYNATTRQVETELFPCLRHFGLRFYAYNPLAGGLLTGKYKYEDKDGKQPVGRFFGNSWAETYRNRFWKEHHFEAIALVEKALQAAYGASAPSVTSAALRWMYHHSQLQGAHGDAVILGMSSLEQLEQNLAATEEGPLEPAVVDAFNQAWHLVAHECPNYFR | Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of succinic semialdehyde to gamma-hydroxybutyrate. May have an important role in producing the neuromodulator gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). Has broad substrate specificity. Has NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase activity towards 2-carboxybenzaldehyde, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and pyridine-2-aldehyde (in vitro). Can reduce 1,2-naphthoquinone and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (in vitro). Can reduce the dialdehyde protein-binding form of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to the non-binding AFB1 dialcohol. May be involved in protection of liver against the toxic and carcinogenic effects of AFB1, a potent hepatocarcinogen.
Subcellular locations: Mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, Cytoplasm
Detected in brain, liver, small intestine and testis, and at lower levels in heart, prostate, skeletal muscle and spleen. Detected in kidney proximal and distal tubules, endothelial cells lining the Bowman's capsules and some cysts. Detected at low levels in lung and pancreas (at protein level). Widely expressed. |
ARK73_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSRQLSRARPATVLGAMEMGRRMDAPTSAAVTRAFLERGHTEIDTAFVYSEGQSETILGGLGLRLGGSDCRVKIDTKAIPLFGNSLKPDSLRFQLETSLKRLQCPRVDLFYLHMPDHSTPVEETLRACHQLHQEGKFVELGLSNYAAWEVAEICTLCKSNGWILPTVYQGMYNAITRQVETELFPCLRHFGLRFYAFNPLAGGLLTGKYKYEDKNGKQPVGRFFGNTWAEMYRNRYWKEHHFEGIALVEKALQAAYGASAPSMTSATLRWMYHHSQLQGAHGDAVILGMSSLEQLEQNLAAAEEGPLEPAVVDAFNQAWHLVTHECPNYFR | Can reduce the dialdehyde protein-binding form of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to the non-binding AFB1 dialcohol. May be involved in protection of liver against the toxic and carcinogenic effects of AFB1, a potent hepatocarcinogen.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm
Expressed in colon, kidney, liver, pancreas, adenocarcinoma and endometrium. |
ARK74_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSRQLSRARPATVLGAMEMGRRMDAPTSAAVTRAFLERGHTEIDTAFLYSDGQSETILGGLGLRMGSSDCRVKIATKANPWIGNSLKPDSVRSQLETSLKRLQCPRVDLFYLHAPDHSAPVEETLRACHQLHQEGKFVELGLSNYAAWEVAEICTLCKSNGWILPTVYQGMYSATTRQVETELFPCLRHFGLRFYAYNPLAGGLLTGKYKYEDKDGKQPVGRFFGTQWAEIYRNHFWKEHHFEGIALVEKALQAAYGASAPSMTSAALRWMYHHSQLQGAHGDAVILGMSSLEQLEQNLAAAEEGPLEPAVVDAFNQAWHLFAHECPNYFI | Can reduce the dialdehyde protein-binding form of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to the non-binding AFB1 dialcohol. May be involved in protection of liver against the toxic and carcinogenic effects of AFB1, a potent hepatocarcinogen (By similarity).
Mainly expressed in uterus. |
ARL10_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAPRPLGPLVLALGGAAAVLGSVLFILWKTYFGRGRERRWDRGEAWWGAEAARLPEWDEWDPEDEEDEEPALEELEQREVLVLGLDGAGKSTFLRVLSGKPPLEGHIPTWGFNSVRLPTKDFEVDLLEIGGSQNLRFYWKEFVSEVDVLVFVVDSADRLRLPWARQELHKLLDKDPDLPVVVVANKQDLSEAMSMGELQRELGLQAIDNQREVFLLAASIAPAGPTFEEPGTVHIWKLLLELLS | null |
ARL11_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGSVNSRGHKAEAQVVMMGLDSAGKTTLLYKLKGHQLVETLPTVGFNVEPLKAPGHVSLTLWDVGGQAPLRASWKDYLEGTDILVYVLDSTDEARLPESAAELTEVLNDPNMAGVPFLVLANKQEAPDALPLLKIRNRLSLERFQDHCWELRGCSALTGEGLPEALQSLWSLLKSRSCMCLQARAHGAERGDSKRS | May play a role in apoptosis. May act as a tumor suppressor.
Expressed in lung and leukocytes. |
ARL14_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGSLGSKNPQTKQAQVLLLGLDSAGKSTLLYKLKLAKDITTIPTIGFNVEMIELERNLSLTVWDVGGQEKMRTVWGCYCENTDGLVYVVDSTDKQRLEESQRQFEHILKNEHIKNVPVVLLANKQDMPGALTAEDITRMFKVKKLCSDRNWYVQPCCALTGEGLAQGFRKLTGFVKSHMKSRGDTLAFFKQN | GTPase that recruits MYO1E to MHC class II-containing vesicles via the effector protein ARL14EP and hence controls the movement of these vesicles along the actin cytoskeleton in dendritic cells.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasmic vesicle
Colocalizes with MHC II-containing cytoplasmic vesicles.
Expressed in immature dendritic cells. |
ARL8A_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MIALFNKLLDWFKALFWKEEMELTLVGLQYSGKTTFVNVIASGQFNEDMIPTVGFNMRKITKGNVTIKLWDIGGQPRFRSMWERYCRGVSAIVYMVDAADQEKIEASKNELHNLLDKPQLQGIPVLVLGNKRDLPGALDEKELIEKMNLSAIQDREICCYSISCKEKDNIDITLQWLIQHSKSRRS | Plays a role in lysosome motility (By similarity). In neurons, mediates the anterograde axonal long-range transport of presynaptic lysosome-related vesicles required for presynaptic biogenesis and synaptic function (By similarity). May play a role in chromosome segregation (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Late endosome membrane, Lysosome membrane, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Spindle, Cell projection, Axon, Synapse
Localizes with microtubules at the spindle mid-zone during mitosis.
Ubiquitously expressed. |
ARL8B_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MLALISRLLDWFRSLFWKEEMELTLVGLQYSGKTTFVNVIASGQFSEDMIPTVGFNMRKVTKGNVTIKIWDIGGQPRFRSMWERYCRGVNAIVYMIDAADREKIEASRNELHNLLDKPQLQGIPVLVLGNKRDLPNALDEKQLIEKMNLSAIQDREICCYSISCKEKDNIDITLQWLIQHSKSRRS | Small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states (, ). In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins playing a key role in the regulation of lysosomal positioning which is important for nutrient sensing, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antigen presentation. Along with its effectors, orchestrates lysosomal transport and fusion ( ). Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility by recruiting PLEKHM2, which in turn recruits the motor protein kinesin-1 on lysosomes. Required for lysosomal and cytolytic granule exocytosis ( ). Critical factor involved in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Drives the polarization of cytolytic granules and microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) toward the immune synapse between effector NK lymphocytes and target cells . In neurons, mediates the anterograde axonal long-range transport of presynaptic lysosome-related vesicles required for presynaptic biogenesis and synaptic function (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of endosome to lysosome trafficking pathways of special significance for host defense . Regulates cargo trafficking to lysosomes by binding to PLEKHM1 and recruiting the HOPS subunit VPS41, resulting in functional assembly of the HOPS complex on lysosomal membranes (, ). Plays an important role in cargo delivery to lysosomes for antigen presentation and microbial killing. Directs the intersection of CD1d with lipid antigens in lysosomes, and plays a role in intersecting phagosomes with lysosomes to generate phagolysosomes that kill microbes (, ). Involved in the process of MHC II presentation. Regulates the delivery of antigens to lysosomes and the formation of MHC II-peptide complexes through the recruitment of the HOPS complex to lysosomes allowing the fusion of late endosomes to lysosomes (By similarity). May play a role in chromosome segregation .
(Microbial infection) During Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, is required for plasma membrane repair by controlling the exocytosis of lysosomes in macrophages. ARL8B secretion pathway is crucial to control the type of cell death of the M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages, distinguishing avirulent from virulent Mtb induced necrotic cell death.
(Microbial infection) During infection, coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and the chaperone HSPA5/GRP78 are probably co-released through ARL8B-dependent lysosomal exocytic pathway for unconventional egress.
Subcellular locations: Late endosome membrane, Lysosome membrane, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Spindle, Cell projection, Axon, Synapse, Cytolytic granule membrane
GTP-bound form resides on lysosomal membranes, whereas GDP-bound form is likely associated with microtubular structures . Localizes with microtubules at the spindle mid-zone during mitosis. In dendritic cells, localizes to MHC II+ compartments (By similarity).
Ubiquitously expressed. |
ARL8B_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MLALISRLLDWFRSLFWKEEMELTLVGLQYSGKTTFVNVIASGQFSEDMIPTVGFNMRKVTKGNVTIKIWDIGGQPRYRSMWERYCRGVNAIVYMIDAADREKIEASRNELHNLLDKPQLQGIPVLVLGNKRDLPNALDEKQLIEKMNLSAIQDREICCYSISCKEKDNIDITLQWLIQYSKSRRS | Small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins playing a key role in the regulation of lysosomal positioning which is important for nutrient sensing, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antigen presentation. Along with its effectors, orchestrates lysosomal transport and fusion. Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility by recruiting PLEKHM2, which in turn recruits the motor protein kinesin-1 on lysosomes. Required for lysosomal and cytolytic granule exocytosis. Critical factor involved in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Drives the polarization of cytolytic granules and microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) toward the immune synapse between effector NK lymphocytes and target cells (By similarity). In neurons, mediates the anterograde axonal long-range transport of presynaptic lysosome-related vesicles required for presynaptic biogenesis and synaptic function (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of endosome to lysosome trafficking pathways of special significance for host defense. Regulates cargo trafficking to lysosomes by binding to PLEKHM1 and recruiting the HOPS subunit VPS41, resulting in functional assembly of the HOPS complex on lysosomal membranes. Plays an important role in cargo delivery to lysosomes for antigen presentation and microbial killing. Directs the intersection of CD1d with lipid antigens in lysosomes, and plays a role in intersecting phagosomes with lysosomes to generate phagolysosomes that kill microbes (By similarity). Involved in the process of MHC II presentation. Regulates the delivery of antigens to lysosomes and the formation of MHC II-peptide complexes through the recruitment of the HOPS complex to lysosomes allowing the fusion of late endosomes to lysosomes (By similarity). May play a role in chromosome segregation (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Late endosome membrane, Lysosome membrane, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Spindle, Cell projection, Axon, Synapse, Cytolytic granule membrane
GTP-bound form resides on lysosomal membranes, whereas GDP-bound form is likely associated with microtubular structures. Localizes with microtubules at the spindle mid-zone during mitosis (By similarity). In dendritic cells, localizes to MHC II+ compartments (By similarity). |
ARL8B_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MLALISRLLDWFRSLFWKEEMELTLVGLQYSGKTTFVNVIASGQFSEDMIPTVGFNMRKVTKGNVTIKIWDIGGQPRFRSMWERYCRGVNAIVYMIDAAYREKIEASRNELHNLLDKPQLQGIPVLVLGNKRDLPNALDEKQLIEKMNLSAIQDREICCYSISCKEKDNIDITLQWLIQHSKSRRS | Small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins playing a key role in the regulation of lysosomal positioning which is important for nutrient sensing, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antigen presentation. Along with its effectors, orchestrates lysosomal transport and fusion. Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility by recruiting PLEKHM2, which in turn recruits the motor protein kinesin-1 on lysosomes. Required for lysosomal and cytolytic granule exocytosis. Critical factor involved in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Drives the polarization of cytolytic granules and microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) toward the immune synapse between effector NK lymphocytes and target cells (By similarity). In neurons, mediates the anterograde axonal long-range transport of presynaptic lysosome-related vesicles required for presynaptic biogenesis and synaptic function (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of endosome to lysosome trafficking pathways of special significance for host defense. Regulates cargo trafficking to lysosomes by binding to PLEKHM1 and recruiting the HOPS subunit VPS41, resulting in functional assembly of the HOPS complex on lysosomal membranes. Plays an important role in cargo delivery to lysosomes for antigen presentation and microbial killing. Directs the intersection of CD1d with lipid antigens in lysosomes, and plays a role in intersecting phagosomes with lysosomes to generate phagolysosomes that kill microbes (By similarity). Involved in the process of MHC II presentation. Regulates the delivery of antigens to lysosomes and the formation of MHC II-peptide complexes through the recruitment of the HOPS complex to lysosomes allowing the fusion of late endosomes to lysosomes (By similarity). May play a role in chromosome segregation (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Late endosome membrane, Lysosome membrane, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Spindle, Cell projection, Axon, Synapse, Cytolytic granule membrane
GTP-bound form resides on lysosomal membranes, whereas GDP-bound form is likely associated with microtubular structures. Localizes with microtubules at the spindle mid-zone during mitosis (By similarity). In dendritic cells, localizes to MHC II+ compartments (By similarity). |
ARL9_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MRPTWKALSHPAWPEEKNKQILVLGLDGAGKTSVLHSLASNRVQHSVAPTQGFHAVCINTEDSQMEFLEIGGSKPFRSYWEMYLSKGLLLIFVVDSADHSRLPEAKKYLHQLIAANPVLPLVVFANKQDLEAAYHITDIHEALALSEVGNDRKMFLFGTYLTKNGSEIPSTMQDAKDLIAQLAADVQ | null |
ARLY_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MASESGKLWGGRFVGAVDPIMEKFNASIAYDRHLWEVDVQGSKAYSRGLEKAGLLTKAEMDQILHGLDKVAEEWAQGTFKLNSNDEDIHTANERRLKELIGATAGKLHTGRSRNDQVVTDLRLWMRQTCSTLSGLLWELIRTMVDRAEAERDVLFPGYTHLQRAQPIRWSHWILSHAVALTRDSERLLEVRKRINVLPLGSGAIAGNPLGVDRELLRAELNFGAITLNSMDATSERDFVAEFLFWASLCMTHLSRMAEDLILYCTKEFSFVQLSDAYSTGSSLMPQKKNPDSLELIRSKAGRVFGRCAGLLMTLKGLPSTYNKDLQEDKEAVFEVSDTMSAVLQVATGVISTLQIHQENMGQALSPDMLATDLAYYLVRKGMPFRQAHEASGKAVFMAETKGVALNQLSLQELQTISPLFSGDVICVWDYGHSVEQYGALGGTARSSVDWQIRQVRALLQAQQA | Catalyzes the reversible cleavage of L-argininosuccinate to fumarate and L-arginine, an intermediate step reaction in the urea cycle mostly providing for hepatic nitrogen detoxification into excretable urea as well as de novo L-arginine synthesis in nonhepatic tissues ( ). Essential regulator of intracellular and extracellular L-arginine pools. As part of citrulline-nitric oxide cycle, forms tissue-specific multiprotein complexes with argininosuccinate synthase ASS1, transport protein SLC7A1 and nitric oxide synthase NOS1, NOS2 or NOS3, allowing for cell-autonomous L-arginine synthesis while channeling extracellular L-arginine to nitric oxide synthesis pathway . |
ARMC8_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MACLLETPIRMSVLSEVTASSRHYVDRLFDPDPQKVLQGVIDMKNAVIGNNKQKANLIVLGAVPRLLYLLQQETSSTELKTECAVVLGSLAMGTENNVKSLLDCHIIPALLQGLLSPDLKFIEACLRCLRTIFTSPVTPEELLYTDATVIPHLMALLSRSRYTQEYICQIFSHCCKGPDHQTILFNHGAVQNIAHLLTSLSYKVRMQALKCFSVLAFENPQVSMTLVNVLVDGELLPQIFVKMLQRDKPIEMQLTSAKCLTYMCRAGAIRTDDNCIVLKTLPCLVRMCSKERLLEERVEGAETLAYLIEPDVELQRIASITDHLIAMLADYFKYPSSVSAITDIKRLDHDLKHAHELRQAAFKLYASLGANDEDIRKKIIETENMMDRIVTGLSESSVKVRLAAVRCLHSLSRSVQQLRTSFQDHAVWKPLMKVLQNAPDEILVVASSMLCNLLLEFSPSKEPILESGAVELLCGLTQSENPALRVNGIWALMNMAFQAEQKIKADILRSLSTEQLFRLLSDSDLNVLMKTLGLLRNLLSTRPHIDKIMSTHGKQIMQAVTLILEGEHNIEVKEQTLCILANIADGTTAKDLIMTNDDILQKIKYYMGHSHVKLQLAAMFCISNLIWNEEEGSQERQDKLRDMGIVDILHKLSQSPDSNLCDKAKMALQQYLA | Component of the CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that selectively accepts ubiquitin from UBE2H and mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor HBP1.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Cytoplasm |
ARMC8_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MACLLETPIRMSVLSEVTASSRHYVDRLFDPDPQKVLQGVIDMKNAVIGNNKQKANLIVLGAVPRLLYLLQQETSSTELKTECAVVLGSLAMGTENNVKSLLDCHIIPALLQGLLSPDLKFIEACLRCPRTIFTSPVTPEELLYTDATVIPHLMALLSRSRYTQEYICQIFSHCCKGPDHQTILFNHGAVQNIAHLLTSLSYKVRMQALKCFSVLAFENPQVSMTLVNVLVDGELLPQIFVKMLQRDKPIEMQLTSAKCLTYMCRAGAIRTDDNCIVLKTLPCLVRMCSKERLLEERVEGAETLAYLIEPDVELQRIASITDHLIAMLADYFKYPSSVSAITDIKRLDHDLKHAHELRQAAFKLYASLGANDEDIRKKIIETENMMDRIVTGLSESSVKVRLAAVRCLHSLSRSVQQLRTSFQDHAVWKPLMKVLQNAPDEILVVASSMLCNLLLEFSPSKEPILESGAVELLCGLTQSENPALRVNGIWALMNTAFQAEQKIKADILRSLSTEQLFRLLSDSDLNVLMKTLGLLRNLLSTRPHIDKIMSTHGKQIMQAVTLILEGEHNIEVKEQTLCILANIADGTTAKDLIMTNDDILQKIKYYMGHSHVKLQLAAMFCISNLIWNEEEGSQERQDKLRDMGIVDILHKLSQSPDSNLCDKAKMALQQYLA | Component of the CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that selectively accepts ubiquitin from UBE2H and mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor HBP1.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Cytoplasm |
ARMC9_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGDILAHESELLGLVKEYLDFAEFEDTLKTFSKECKIKGKPLCKTVGGSFRDSKSLTIQKDLVAAFDNGDQKVFFDLWEEHISSSIRDGDSFAQKLEFYLHIHFAIYLLKYSVGRPDKEELDEKISYFKTYLETKGAALSQTTEFLPFYALPFVPNPMVHPSFKELFQDSWTPELKLKLIKFLALISKASNTPKLLTIYKENGQSNKEILQQLHQQLVEAERRSVTYLKRYNKIQADYHNLIGVTAELVDSLEATVSGKMITPEYLQSVCVRLFSNQMRQSLAHSVDFTRPGTASTMLRASLAPVKLKDVPLLPSLDYEKLKKDLILGSDRLKAFLLQALRWRLTTSHPGEQRETVLQAYISNDLLDCYSHNQRSVLQLLHSTSDVVRQYMARLINAFASLAEGRLYLAQNTKVLQMLEGRLKEEDKDIITRENVLGALQKFSLRRPLQTAMIQDGLIFWLVDVLKDPDCLSDYTLEYSVALLMNLCLRSTGKNMCAKVAGLVLKVLSDLLGHENHEIQPYVNGALYSILSVPSIREEARAMGMEDILRCFIKEGNAEMIRQIEFIIKQLNSEELPDGVLESDDDEDEDDEEDHDIMEADLDKDELIQPQLGELSGEKLLTTEYLGIMTNTGKTRRKGLANVQWSGDEPLQRPVTPGGHRNGYPVVEDQHTPPQTAQHARNGHPQALPAAHEAVYREGKPSTPESCVSSSSAIIAKPGEWLPRGRQEEPRPAPTGTPRQPREAPQDPGNGVTTRECASAFTCKPRAPCTPEMLDWNPPKAKASVLAPLFSSCGPQQASRPGSTASSTRGLPSSQSHRK | Involved in ciliogenesis . It is required for appropriate acetylation and polyglutamylation of ciliary microtubules, and regulation of cilium length . Acts as a positive regulator of hedgehog (Hh)signaling (By similarity). May participate in the trafficking and/or retention of GLI2 and GLI3 proteins at the ciliary tip (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Cilium basal body, Cell projection, Cilium, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Microtubule organizing center, Centrosome, Centriole
Localized to the proximal region in cilia. Stimulation of Hh signaling leads to redistribution of ARMC9 toward the ciliary tip within 6 hours, follow by a gradual return to its original proximal location (By similarity). Localizes to the daughter centriole of the primary cilium in RPE1 cells .
Strongly expressed in most melanomas and melanocytes. Weakly expressed in the testis. |
ARMC9_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MGDILAHESELLGLVKEYLDFAEFEDTLKTFSKECKIKGKPLCKTVGGSFRDSKSLTIQKDLVTAFDNGDQKVFFNLWEEHIPSSVRDGDSFAQRLEFYLHIHFAIYLLKYSVGRPDKEELDEKISYFKTYLETKGAALSQTTEFLPFYALPFVPNPMVHPSFKELFQDSWTPELKMKLEKFLALIFKASNTPKLLTIYKENGQSNKEMLQQLHQQLVEAERRSMTYLKRYNKIQADYHNLIGVTAELVDSLEATVSGKMITPEYLQSVCVRLFSNQMRQSLAHSVDFTRPGTASTMLRASLAPVKLKDVPLLPSLDYEKLKKDLILGSDRLKAFLLQALRWRLTTSHPGEQRETVLQAYISNDLLDCYSHNQRSVLQLLHSKSDVVRQYMARLINAFASLAEGRLYLAQNTKVLRMLEGRLKEEDKDIITRENVLGALQKFSLRRPLQTAMIQDGLIFWLVDVLKDPDCLSDYTLEYSVALLMNLCLRSTGKNMCAKVAGLVLKVLSDLLGHENHEIQPYVSGALYSILSVPSIREEARAMGMEDILRCFIKEGNAEMIRQIEFIIKQLNSEELPDGVLESDDDEDEDDEEDHDIMEADLDKDELIQPQLGELSGEKLLTTEYLGIMTNTGKMRRKGLANVQWSGDEPLQRPVTPGGHRNGYPV | Involved in ciliogenesis. It is required for appropriate acetylation and polyglutamylation of ciliary microtubules, and regulation of cilium length (By similarity). Acts as a positive regulator of hedgehog (Hh)signaling (By similarity). May participate in the trafficking and/or retention of GLI2 and GLI3 proteins at the ciliary tip (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Cilium basal body, Cell projection, Cilium, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Microtubule organizing center, Centrosome, Centriole
Localized to the proximal region in cilia. Stimulation of Hh signaling leads to redistribution of ARMC9 toward the ciliary tip within 6 hours, follow by a gradual return to its original proximal location (By similarity). Localizes to the daughter centriole of the primary cilium in RPE1 cells (By similarity). |
ARMD1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MTSIKEQAAISRLLSFLQEWDNAGKVARSHILDKFIETNQGKTAPELEQEFSQGASLFLVRLTTSLRITYMTDSCLEKLLRSIGIFLSAVSSNRYLIEFLEVGGVLTLLEILGLEKIKEEAKKESVKLLQVIANSGRTYKELICESYGVRSIAEFLAKSKSEETQEEVQVLLDSLVHGNPKYQNQVYKGLIALLPCESPKAQQLSLQTLRTAQPIIGTTHPSIVDCVLKVLGTMHLEVQYEAIELIKDLVGYDVRQALLKGLVALLIPSVKEISKLQAKILSDPSVLQLTPSLPMFLQQAAAAKAIGVLARNDMSIAEELLYLRVVRGLMAAMGNTDHSNSQRLASLTLECFVQMFPLVAEHVRKCMGEELYQLFLSNAEDLYMKIDSIQADILAANTVNVTKALCLHGSSYSMNTLYGSRDSAQMAYLTHFEEDVESKE | null |
ARMD2_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MANSRFSCTQIWVKMYGYFAGLCRRLQKFWRVTVKGFFVKKKEKKIPSAETYFHEEKIVVLGQVLMNESLPIEKRAQAAQKIGLLAFTGGPPAGNFAAEYMEEVAHLLQDEELAPKIKILLLQSVACWCYLNPVSQKRAKSLQFIPILISFFEGRFESTIKSETNSYLLLKFWTCYVLSVMTCNNLSCVKELKDHSALKYHLQMLAAENWSGWTENFAEVLYFLIGFHRN | null |
ARMD3_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAQVEKRGGLLRKSSASKKPLKEKVVLMYDEIFMTEDPSKCSPRFWEELFLMKVNLEYLEGKLESLDGEELMKIKDNINCLFQHCIQALGEEHPIRVVNALQTLCALIRGVHQKNKSTSGFDIINMLMGFDKAELCMKNLMESLDSLLCAEGSESLKSLCLKLLLCLVTVTDNISQNTILEYVMINSIFEAILQILSHPPSRREHGYDAVVLLALLVNYRKYESVNPYIVKLSIVDDEATLNGMGLVIAQALSEYNRQYKDKEEEHQSGFFSALTNMVGSMFIADAHEKISVQTNEAILLALYEAVHLNRNFITVLAQSHPEMGLVTTPVSPAPTTPVTPLGTTPPSSDVISSVELPLDADVQTSNLLITFLKYSSIVMQDTKDEHRLHSGKLCLIILTCIAEDQYANAFLHDDNMNFRVNLHRMPMRHRKKAADKNLPCRPLVCAVLDLMVEFIVTHMMKEFPMDLYIRCIQVVHKLLCYQKKCRVRLHYTWRELWSALINLLKFLMSNETVLLAKHNIFTLALMIVNLFNMFITYGDTFLPTPSSYDELYYEIIRMHQSFDNLYSMVLRLSTNAGQWKEAASKVTHALVNIRAIINHFNPKIESYAAVNHISQLSEEQVLEVVRANYDTLTLKLQDGLDQYERYSEQHKEAAFFKELVRSISTNVRRNLAFHTLSQEVLLKEFSTIS | Involved in GBF1 recruitment, Golgi maintenance and protein secretion.
Subcellular locations: Golgi apparatus membrane, Cytoplasm
The majority of ARMD3 is cytosolic, with a portion colocalizing with GBF1 at juxtanuclear Golgi sites. |
ARP6_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MTTLVLDNGAYNAKIGYSHENVSVIPNCQFRSKTARLKTFTANQIDEIKDPSGLFYILPFQKGYLVNWDVQRQVWDYLFGKEMYQVDFLDTNIIITEPYFNFTSIQESMNEILFEEYQFQAVLRVNAGALSAHRYFRDNPSELCCIIVDSGYSFTHIVPYCRSKKKKEAIIRINVGGKLLTNHLKEIISYRQLHVMDETHVINQVKEDVCYVSQDFYRDMDIAKLKGEENTVMIDYVLPDFSTIKKGFCKPREEMVLSGKYKSGEQILRLANERFAVPEILFNPSDIGIQEMGIPEAIVYSIQNLPEEMQPHFFKNIVLTGGNSLFPGFRDRVYSEVRCLTPTDYDVSVVLPENPITYAWEGGKLISENDDFEDMVVTREDYEENGHSVCEEKFDI | Required for formation and/or maintenance of proper nucleolar structure and function . Plays a dual role in the regulation of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription (By similarity). In the presence of high glucose, maintains active rDNA transcription through H2A.Z deposition and under glucose starvation, is required for the repression of rDNA transcription, and this function may be independent of H2A.Z (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Nucleus, Nucleus, Nucleolus
Colocalizes with HP1 family proteins at pericentric heterochromatin. |
ARRB1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGDKGTRVFKKASPNGKLTVYLGKRDFVDHIDLVDPVDGVVLVDPEYLKERRVYVTLTCAFRYGREDLDVLGLTFRKDLFVANVQSFPPAPEDKKPLTRLQERLIKKLGEHAYPFTFEIPPNLPCSVTLQPGPEDTGKACGVDYEVKAFCAENLEEKIHKRNSVRLVIRKVQYAPERPGPQPTAETTRQFLMSDKPLHLEASLDKEIYYHGEPISVNVHVTNNTNKTVKKIKISVRQYADICLFNTAQYKCPVAMEEADDTVAPSSTFCKVYTLTPFLANNREKRGLALDGKLKHEDTNLASSTLLREGANREILGIIVSYKVKVKLVVSRGGLLGDLASSDVAVELPFTLMHPKPKEEPPHREVPENETPVDTNLIELDTNDDDIVFEDFARQRLKGMKDDKEEEEDGTGSPQLNNR | Functions in regulating agonist-mediated G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes. During homologous desensitization, beta-arrestins bind to the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and sterically preclude its coupling to the cognate G-protein; the binding appears to require additional receptor determinants exposed only in the active receptor conformation. The beta-arrestins target many receptors for internalization by acting as endocytic adapters (CLASPs, clathrin-associated sorting proteins) and recruiting the GPRCs to the adapter protein 2 complex 2 (AP-2) in clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). However, the extent of beta-arrestin involvement appears to vary significantly depending on the receptor, agonist and cell type. Internalized arrestin-receptor complexes traffic to intracellular endosomes, where they remain uncoupled from G-proteins. Two different modes of arrestin-mediated internalization occur. Class A receptors, like ADRB2, OPRM1, ENDRA, D1AR and ADRA1B dissociate from beta-arrestin at or near the plasma membrane and undergo rapid recycling. Class B receptors, like AVPR2, AGTR1, NTSR1, TRHR and TACR1 internalize as a complex with arrestin and traffic with it to endosomal vesicles, presumably as desensitized receptors, for extended periods of time. Receptor resensitization then requires that receptor-bound arrestin is removed so that the receptor can be dephosphorylated and returned to the plasma membrane. Involved in internalization of P2RY4 and UTP-stimulated internalization of P2RY2. Involved in phosphorylation-dependent internalization of OPRD1 ands subsequent recycling. Involved in the degradation of cAMP by recruiting cAMP phosphodiesterases to ligand-activated receptors. Beta-arrestins function as multivalent adapter proteins that can switch the GPCR from a G-protein signaling mode that transmits short-lived signals from the plasma membrane via small molecule second messengers and ion channels to a beta-arrestin signaling mode that transmits a distinct set of signals that are initiated as the receptor internalizes and transits the intracellular compartment. Acts as a signaling scaffold for MAPK pathways such as MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2). ERK1/2 activated by the beta-arrestin scaffold is largely excluded from the nucleus and confined to cytoplasmic locations such as endocytic vesicles, also called beta-arrestin signalosomes. Recruits c-Src/SRC to ADRB2 resulting in ERK activation. GPCRs for which the beta-arrestin-mediated signaling relies on both ARRB1 and ARRB2 (codependent regulation) include ADRB2, F2RL1 and PTH1R. For some GPCRs the beta-arrestin-mediated signaling relies on either ARRB1 or ARRB2 and is inhibited by the other respective beta-arrestin form (reciprocal regulation). Inhibits ERK1/2 signaling in AGTR1- and AVPR2-mediated activation (reciprocal regulation). Is required for SP-stimulated endocytosis of NK1R and recruits c-Src/SRC to internalized NK1R resulting in ERK1/2 activation, which is required for the antiapoptotic effects of SP. Is involved in proteinase-activated F2RL1-mediated ERK activity. Acts as a signaling scaffold for the AKT1 pathway. Is involved in alpha-thrombin-stimulated AKT1 signaling. Is involved in IGF1-stimulated AKT1 signaling leading to increased protection from apoptosis. Involved in activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and in actin bundle formation. Involved in F2RL1-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangement and chemotaxis. Involved in AGTR1-mediated stress fiber formation by acting together with GNAQ to activate RHOA. Appears to function as signaling scaffold involved in regulation of MIP-1-beta-stimulated CCR5-dependent chemotaxis. Involved in attenuation of NF-kappa-B-dependent transcription in response to GPCR or cytokine stimulation by interacting with and stabilizing CHUK. May serve as nuclear messenger for GPCRs. Involved in OPRD1-stimulated transcriptional regulation by translocating to CDKN1B and FOS promoter regions and recruiting EP300 resulting in acetylation of histone H4. Involved in regulation of LEF1 transcriptional activity via interaction with DVL1 and/or DVL2 Also involved in regulation of receptors other than GPCRs. Involved in Toll-like receptor and IL-1 receptor signaling through the interaction with TRAF6 which prevents TRAF6 autoubiquitination and oligomerization required for activation of NF-kappa-B and JUN. Binds phosphoinositides. Binds inositolhexakisphosphate (InsP6) (By similarity). Involved in IL8-mediated granule release in neutrophils. Required for atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2-induced RAC1-LIMK1-PAK1-dependent phosphorylation of cofilin (CFL1) and for the up-regulation of ACKR2 from endosomal compartment to cell membrane, increasing its efficiency in chemokine uptake and degradation. Involved in the internalization of the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3. Negatively regulates the NOTCH signaling pathway by mediating the ubiquitination and degradation of NOTCH1 by ITCH. Participates in the recruitment of the ubiquitin-protein ligase to the receptor .
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Cell membrane, Membrane, Clathrin-coated pit, Cell projection, Pseudopodium, Cytoplasmic vesicle
Translocates to the plasma membrane and colocalizes with antagonist-stimulated GPCRs. The monomeric form is predominantly located in the nucleus. The oligomeric form is located in the cytoplasm. Translocates to the nucleus upon stimulation of OPRD1 (By similarity). |
ARRB1_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MGDKGTRVFKKASPNGKLTVYLGKRDFVDHIDLVDPVDGVVLVDPEYLKERRVYVTLTCAFRYGREDLDVLGLTFRKDLFVANVQSFPPAPEDKKPLTRLQERLIKKLGEHAYPFTFEIPPNLPCSVTLQPGPEDTGKACGVDYEVKAFCAENLEEKIHKRNSVRLVIRKVQYAPERPGPQPTAETTRQFLMSDKPLHLEASLDKEIYYHGEPISVNVHVTNNTNKTVKKIKISVRQYADICLFNTAQYKCPVAMEEADDTVAPSSTFCKVYTLTPFLANNREKRGLALDGKLKHEDTNLASSTLLREGANREILGIIVSYKVKVKLVVSRGGDVAVELPFTLMHPKPKEEPLHREVPENQTPVDTNLIELDTNDDDIVFEDFARQRLKGMKDDKEEEENGTGSPQLNNR | Functions in regulating agonist-mediated G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes. During homologous desensitization, beta-arrestins bind to the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and sterically preclude its coupling to the cognate G-protein; the binding appears to require additional receptor determinants exposed only in the active receptor conformation. The beta-arrestins target many receptors for internalization by acting as endocytic adapters (CLASPs, clathrin-associated sorting proteins) and recruiting the GPRCs to the adapter protein 2 complex 2 (AP-2) in clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). However, the extent of beta-arrestin involvement appears to vary significantly depending on the receptor, agonist and cell type. Internalized arrestin-receptor complexes traffic to intracellular endosomes, where they remain uncoupled from G-proteins. Two different modes of arrestin-mediated internalization occur. Class A receptors, like ADRB2, OPRM1, ENDRA, D1AR and ADRA1B dissociate from beta-arrestin at or near the plasma membrane and undergo rapid recycling. Class B receptors, like AVPR2, AGTR1, NTSR1, TRHR and TACR1 internalize as a complex with arrestin and traffic with it to endosomal vesicles, presumably as desensitized receptors, for extended periods of time. Receptor resensitization then requires that receptor-bound arrestin is removed so that the receptor can be dephosphorylated and returned to the plasma membrane. Involved in internalization of P2RY4 and UTP-stimulated internalization of P2RY2. Involved in phosphorylation-dependent internalization of OPRD1 ands subsequent recycling. Involved in the degradation of cAMP by recruiting cAMP phosphodiesterases to ligand-activated receptors. Beta-arrestins function as multivalent adapter proteins that can switch the GPCR from a G-protein signaling mode that transmits short-lived signals from the plasma membrane via small molecule second messengers and ion channels to a beta-arrestin signaling mode that transmits a distinct set of signals that are initiated as the receptor internalizes and transits the intracellular compartment. Acts as a signaling scaffold for MAPK pathways such as MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2). ERK1/2 activated by the beta-arrestin scaffold is largely excluded from the nucleus and confined to cytoplasmic locations such as endocytic vesicles, also called beta-arrestin signalosomes. Recruits c-Src/SRC to ADRB2 resulting in ERK activation. GPCRs for which the beta-arrestin-mediated signaling relies on both ARRB1 and ARRB2 (codependent regulation) include ADRB2, F2RL1 and PTH1R. For some GPCRs the beta-arrestin-mediated signaling relies on either ARRB1 or ARRB2 and is inhibited by the other respective beta-arrestin form (reciprocal regulation). Inhibits ERK1/2 signaling in AGTR1- and AVPR2-mediated activation (reciprocal regulation). Is required for SP-stimulated endocytosis of NK1R and recruits c-Src/SRC to internalized NK1R resulting in ERK1/2 activation, which is required for the antiapoptotic effects of SP. Is involved in proteinase-activated F2RL1-mediated ERK activity. Acts as a signaling scaffold for the AKT1 pathway. Is involved in alpha-thrombin-stimulated AKT1 signaling. Is involved in IGF1-stimulated AKT1 signaling leading to increased protection from apoptosis. Involved in activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and in actin bundle formation. Involved in F2RL1-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangement and chemotaxis. Involved in AGTR1-mediated stress fiber formation by acting together with GNAQ to activate RHOA. Appears to function as signaling scaffold involved in regulation of MIP-1-beta-stimulated CCR5-dependent chemotaxis. Involved in attenuation of NF-kappa-B-dependent transcription in response to GPCR or cytokine stimulation by interacting with and stabilizing CHUK. May serve as nuclear messenger for GPCRs. Involved in OPRD1-stimulated transcriptional regulation by translocating to CDKN1B and FOS promoter regions and recruiting EP300 resulting in acetylation of histone H4. Involved in regulation of LEF1 transcriptional activity via interaction with DVL1 and/or DVL2 Also involved in regulation of receptors other than GPCRs. Involved in Toll-like receptor and IL-1 receptor signaling through the interaction with TRAF6 which prevents TRAF6 autoubiquitination and oligomerization required for activation of NF-kappa-B and JUN. Involved in IL8-mediated granule release in neutrophils. Binds phosphoinositides. Binds inositolhexakisphosphate (InsP6) (By similarity). Required for atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2-induced RAC1-LIMK1-PAK1-dependent phosphorylation of cofilin (CFL1) and for the up-regulation of ACKR2 from endosomal compartment to cell membrane, increasing its efficiency in chemokine uptake and degradation. Involved in the internalization of the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3 (By similarity). Negatively regulates the NOTCH signaling pathway by mediating the ubiquitination and degradation of NOTCH1 by ITCH. Participates in the recruitment of the ubiquitin-protein ligase to the receptor (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Cell membrane, Membrane, Clathrin-coated pit, Cell projection, Pseudopodium, Cytoplasmic vesicle
Translocates to the plasma membrane and colocalizes with antagonist-stimulated GPCRs. The monomeric form is predominantly located in the nucleus. The oligomeric form is located in the cytoplasm. Translocates to the nucleus upon stimulation of OPRD1 (By similarity). |
ARRB2_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGEKPGTRVFKKSSPNCKLTVYLGKRDFVDHLDKVDPVDGVVLVDPDYLKDRKVFVTLTCAFRYGREDLDVLGLSFRKDLFIATYQAFPPVPNPPRPPTRLQDRLLRKLGQHAHPFFFTIPQNLPCSVTLQPGPEDTGKACGVDFEIRAFCAKSLEEKSHKRNSVRLVIRKVQFAPEKPGPQPSAETTRHFLMSDRSLHLEASLDKELYYHGEPLNVNVHVTNNSTKTVKKIKVSVRQYADICLFSTAQYKCPVAQLEQDDQVSPSSTFCKVYTITPLLSDNREKRGLALDGKLKHEDTNLASSTIVKEGANKEVLGILVSYRVKVKLVVSRGGDVSVELPFVLMHPKPHDHIPLPRPQSAAPETDVPVDTNLIEFDTNYATDDDIVFEDFARLRLKGMKDDDYDDQLC | Functions in regulating agonist-mediated G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes. During homologous desensitization, beta-arrestins bind to the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and sterically preclude its coupling to the cognate G-protein; the binding appears to require additional receptor determinants exposed only in the active receptor conformation. The beta-arrestins target many receptors for internalization by acting as endocytic adapters (CLASPs, clathrin-associated sorting proteins) and recruiting the GPRCs to the adapter protein 2 complex 2 (AP-2) in clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). However, the extent of beta-arrestin involvement appears to vary significantly depending on the receptor, agonist and cell type. Internalized arrestin-receptor complexes traffic to intracellular endosomes, where they remain uncoupled from G-proteins. Two different modes of arrestin-mediated internalization occur. Class A receptors, like ADRB2, OPRM1, ENDRA, D1AR and ADRA1B dissociate from beta-arrestin at or near the plasma membrane and undergo rapid recycling. Class B receptors, like AVPR2, AGTR1, NTSR1, TRHR and TACR1 internalize as a complex with arrestin and traffic with it to endosomal vesicles, presumably as desensitized receptors, for extended periods of time. Receptor resensitization then requires that receptor-bound arrestin is removed so that the receptor can be dephosphorylated and returned to the plasma membrane. Mediates endocytosis of CCR7 following ligation of CCL19 but not CCL21. Involved in internalization of P2RY1, P2RY4, P2RY6 and P2RY11 and ATP-stimulated internalization of P2RY2. Involved in phosphorylation-dependent internalization of OPRD1 and subsequent recycling or degradation. Involved in ubiquitination of IGF1R. Beta-arrestins function as multivalent adapter proteins that can switch the GPCR from a G-protein signaling mode that transmits short-lived signals from the plasma membrane via small molecule second messengers and ion channels to a beta-arrestin signaling mode that transmits a distinct set of signals that are initiated as the receptor internalizes and transits the intracellular compartment. Acts as a signaling scaffold for MAPK pathways such as MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) and MAPK10 (JNK3). ERK1/2 and JNK3 activated by the beta-arrestin scaffold are largely excluded from the nucleus and confined to cytoplasmic locations such as endocytic vesicles, also called beta-arrestin signalosomes. Acts as a signaling scaffold for the AKT1 pathway. GPCRs for which the beta-arrestin-mediated signaling relies on both ARRB1 and ARRB2 (codependent regulation) include ADRB2, F2RL1 and PTH1R. For some GPCRs the beta-arrestin-mediated signaling relies on either ARRB1 or ARRB2 and is inhibited by the other respective beta-arrestin form (reciprocal regulation). Increases ERK1/2 signaling in AGTR1- and AVPR2-mediated activation (reciprocal regulation). Involved in CCR7-mediated ERK1/2 signaling involving ligand CCL19. Is involved in type-1A angiotensin II receptor/AGTR1-mediated ERK activity. Is involved in type-1A angiotensin II receptor/AGTR1-mediated MAPK10 activity. Is involved in dopamine-stimulated AKT1 activity in the striatum by disrupting the association of AKT1 with its negative regulator PP2A. Involved in AGTR1-mediated chemotaxis. Appears to function as signaling scaffold involved in regulation of MIP-1-beta-stimulated CCR5-dependent chemotaxis. Involved in attenuation of NF-kappa-B-dependent transcription in response to GPCR or cytokine stimulation by interacting with and stabilizing CHUK. Suppresses UV-induced NF-kappa-B-dependent activation by interacting with CHUK. The function is promoted by stimulation of ADRB2 and dephosphorylation of ARRB2. Involved in p53/TP53-mediated apoptosis by regulating MDM2 and reducing the MDM2-mediated degradation of p53/TP53. May serve as nuclear messenger for GPCRs. Upon stimulation of OR1D2, may be involved in regulation of gene expression during the early processes of fertilization. Also involved in regulation of receptors other than GPCRs. Involved in endocytosis of TGFBR2 and TGFBR3 and down-regulates TGF-beta signaling such as NF-kappa-B activation. Involved in endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein receptor/LDLR. Involved in endocytosis of smoothened homolog/Smo, which also requires GRK2. Involved in endocytosis of SLC9A5. Involved in endocytosis of ENG and subsequent TGF-beta-mediated ERK activation and migration of epithelial cells. Involved in Toll-like receptor and IL-1 receptor signaling through the interaction with TRAF6 which prevents TRAF6 autoubiquitination and oligomerization required for activation of NF-kappa-B and JUN . Involved in insulin resistance by acting as insulin-induced signaling scaffold for SRC, AKT1 and INSR. Involved in regulation of inhibitory signaling of natural killer cells by recruiting PTPN6 and PTPN11 to KIR2DL1. Involved in IL8-mediated granule release in neutrophils. Involved in the internalization of the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3. Acts as an adapter protein coupling FFAR4 receptor to specific downstream signaling pathways, as well as mediating receptor endocytosis (, ). During the activation step of NLRP3 inflammasome, directly associates with NLRP3 leading to inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine release and inhibition of inflammation .
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Cell membrane, Membrane, Clathrin-coated pit, Cytoplasmic vesicle
Translocates to the plasma membrane and colocalizes with antagonist-stimulated GPCRs. |
ARRB2_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MGEKPGTRVFKKSSPNCKLTVYLGKRDFVDHLDKVDPVDGVVLVDPDYLKDRKVFVTLTCAFRYGREDLDVLGLSFRKDLFIATYQAFPPVPNPPRPPTRLQDRLLRKLGQHAHPFFFTIPQNLPCSVTLQPGPEDTGKACGVDFEIRAFCAKSLEEKSHKRNSVRLVIRKVQFAPEKPGPQPSAETTRHFLMSDRSLHLEASLDKELYYHGEPLNVNVHVTNNSTKTVKKIKVSVRQYADICLFSTAQYKCPVAQLEQDDQVSPSSTFCKVYTITPLLSDNREKRGLALDGKLKHEDTNLASSTIVKEGANKEVLGILVSYRVKVKLVVSRGGDVSVELPFVLMHPKPHDHIPLPRPQSAAPETDVPVDTNLIEFDTNYATDDDIVFEDFARLRLKGMKDDDYDDQLC | Functions in regulating agonist-mediated G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes. During homologous desensitization, beta-arrestins bind to the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and sterically preclude its coupling to the cognate G-protein; the binding appears to require additional receptor determinants exposed only in the active receptor conformation. The beta-arrestins target many receptors for internalization by acting as endocytic adapters (CLASPs, clathrin-associated sorting proteins) and recruiting the GPRCs to the adapter protein 2 complex 2 (AP-2) in clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). However, the extent of beta-arrestin involvement appears to vary significantly depending on the receptor, agonist and cell type. Internalized arrestin-receptor complexes traffic to intracellular endosomes, where they remain uncoupled from G-proteins. Two different modes of arrestin-mediated internalization occur. Class A receptors, like ADRB2, OPRM1, ENDRA, D1AR and ADRA1B dissociate from beta-arrestin at or near the plasma membrane and undergo rapid recycling. Class B receptors, like AVPR2, AGTR1, NTSR1, TRHR and TACR1 internalize as a complex with arrestin and traffic with it to endosomal vesicles, presumably as desensitized receptors, for extended periods of time. Receptor resensitization then requires that receptor-bound arrestin is removed so that the receptor can be dephosphorylated and returned to the plasma membrane. Mediates endocytosis of CCR7 following ligation of CCL19 but not CCL21. Involved in internalization of P2RY1, P2RY4, P2RY6 and P2RY11 and ATP-stimulated internalization of P2RY2. Involved in phosphorylation-dependent internalization of OPRD1 and subsequent recycling or degradation. Involved in ubiquitination of IGF1R. Beta-arrestins function as multivalent adapter proteins that can switch the GPCR from a G-protein signaling mode that transmits short-lived signals from the plasma membrane via small molecule second messengers and ion channels to a beta-arrestin signaling mode that transmits a distinct set of signals that are initiated as the receptor internalizes and transits the intracellular compartment. Acts as a signaling scaffold for MAPK pathways such as MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) and MAPK10 (JNK3). ERK1/2 and JNK3 activated by the beta-arrestin scaffold are largely excluded from the nucleus and confined to cytoplasmic locations such as endocytic vesicles, also called beta-arrestin signalosomes. Acts as a signaling scaffold for the AKT1 pathway. GPCRs for which the beta-arrestin-mediated signaling relies on both ARRB1 and ARRB2 (codependent regulation) include ADRB2, F2RL1 and PTH1R. For some GPCRs the beta-arrestin-mediated signaling relies on either ARRB1 or ARRB2 and is inhibited by the other respective beta-arrestin form (reciprocal regulation). Increases ERK1/2 signaling in AGTR1- and AVPR2-mediated activation (reciprocal regulation). Involved in CCR7-mediated ERK1/2 signaling involving ligand CCL19. Is involved in type-1A angiotensin II receptor/AGTR1-mediated ERK activity. Is involved in type-1A angiotensin II receptor/AGTR1-mediated MAPK10 activity. Is involved in dopamine-stimulated AKT1 activity in the striatum by disrupting the association of AKT1 with its negative regulator PP2A. Involved in AGTR1-mediated chemotaxis. Appears to function as signaling scaffold involved in regulation of MIP-1-beta-stimulated CCR5-dependent chemotaxis. Involved in attenuation of NF-kappa-B-dependent transcription in response to GPCR or cytokine stimulation by interacting with and stabilizing CHUK. Suppresses UV-induced NF-kappa-B-dependent activation by interacting with CHUK. The function is promoted by stimulation of ADRB2 and dephosphorylation of ARRB2. Involved in p53/TP53-mediated apoptosis by regulating MDM2 and reducing the MDM2-mediated degradation of p53/TP53. May serve as nuclear messenger for GPCRs. Upon stimulation of OR1D2, may be involved in regulation of gene expression during the early processes of fertilization. Also involved in regulation of receptors other than GPCRs. Involved in endocytosis of TGFBR2 and TGFBR3 and down-regulates TGF-beta signaling such as NF-kappa-B activation. Involved in endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein receptor/LDLR. Involved in endocytosis of smoothened homolog/Smo, which also requires GRK2. Involved in endocytosis of SLC9A5. Involved in endocytosis of ENG and subsequent TGF-beta-mediated ERK activation and migration of epithelial cells. Involved in Toll-like receptor and IL-1 receptor signaling through the interaction with TRAF6 which prevents TRAF6 autoubiquitination and oligomerization required for activation of NF-kappa-B and JUN. Involved in insulin resistance by acting as insulin-induced signaling scaffold for SRC, AKT1 and INSR. Involved in regulation of inhibitory signaling of natural killer cells by recruiting PTPN6 and PTPN11 to KIR2DL1. Involved in IL8-mediated granule release in neutrophils. Involved in the internalization of the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3 (By similarity). Acts as an adapter protein coupling FFAR4 receptor to specific downstream signaling pathways, as well as mediating receptor endocytosis. During the activation step of NLRP3 inflammasome, directly associates with NLRP3 leading to inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine release and inhibition of inflammation. Involved in the internalization of FFAR4. Interacts with GPR35 (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Cell membrane, Membrane, Clathrin-coated pit, Cytoplasmic vesicle
Translocates to the plasma membrane and colocalizes with antagonist-stimulated GPCRs. |
ASCL1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MESSAKMESGGAGQQPQPQPQQPFLPPAACFFATAAAAAAAAAAAAAQSAQQQQQQQQQQQQAPQLRPAADGQPSGGGHKSAPKQVKRQRSSSPELMRCKRRLNFSGFGYSLPQQQPAAVARRNERERNRVKLVNLGFATLREHVPNGAANKKMSKVETLRSAVEYIRALQQLLDEHDAVSAAFQAGVLSPTISPNYSNDLNSMAGSPVSSYSSDEGSYDPLSPEEQELLDFTNWF | Transcription factor that plays a key role in neuronal differentiation: acts as a pioneer transcription factor, accessing closed chromatin to allow other factors to bind and activate neural pathways. Directly binds the E box motif (5'-CANNTG-3') on promoters and promotes transcription of neuronal genes. The combination of three transcription factors, ASCL1, POU3F2/BRN2 and MYT1L, is sufficient to reprogram fibroblasts and other somatic cells into induced neuronal (iN) cells in vitro. Plays a role at early stages of development of specific neural lineages in most regions of the CNS, and of several lineages in the PNS. Essential for the generation of olfactory and autonomic neurons. Acts synergistically with FOXN4 to specify the identity of V2b neurons rather than V2a from bipotential p2 progenitors during spinal cord neurogenesis, probably through DLL4-NOTCH signaling activation. Involved in the regulation of neuroendocrine cell development in the glandular stomach (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus |
ASCL2_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MDGGTLPRSAPPAPPVPVGCAARRRPASPELLRCSRRRRPATAETGGGAAAVARRNERERNRVKLVNLGFQALRQHVPHGGASKKLSKVETLRSAVEYIRALQRLLAEHDAVRNALAGGLRPQAVRPSAPRGPPGTTPVAASPSRASSSPGRGGSSEPGSPRSAYSSDDSGCEGALSPAERELLDFSSWLGGY | Transcription factor. Binds to E-box motifs 5'-CANNTG-3' in the regulatory elements of target genes, probably as a heterodimer with another basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein such as the transcription factor TCF3. May bind both open and closed chromatin, acting as a pioneer transcription factor to allow other factors to bind and activate lineage-specific genes. Required during post-implantation development for the generation of some differentiated trophoblast cell types. Transcriptional activity of ASCL2 may be antagonised in a subset of trophoblast cells by bHLH transcription factor HAND1, perhaps by competing for dimerization with other bHLH proteins. Involved in differentiation and function of follicular T-helper (Tfh) cells, thereby playing a role in germinal center responses; probably modulates expression of genes involved in Tfh cell function, such as BCL6. May also act as a suppressor of Th1-, Th2- and Th17-cell differentiation. Induces the formation of stem cells in intestinal crypts in vitro, synergistically activating transcription of target genes, such as SOX9, together with TCF4/beta-catenin. May form a bistable transcriptional switch, controlling expression of its own gene together with Wnt/R-spondin signaling, and thereby maintaining stem cell characteristics (By similarity). Modulates expression of target genes, including perhaps down-regulating EGR1/Krox24 and chemokine CXCL10/Mob-1 and up-regulating CXCR4 and CDKN1C/p57kip2, in Schwann cells. May play a role in reducing proliferation of Schwann cells, perhaps acting via modulation of expression of CDKN1C (By similarity). May be dispensable for blastocyst formation and later embryonic function (By similarity). May be involved in the determination of neuronal precursors (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus
Expressed in the placenta at a stage between the first and second trimesters and when it matures, at about 32-36 weeks . Expressed in the extravillous trophoblasts, the intermediate trophoblasts, and at lower levels in the cytotrophoblasts and stroma of chorionic villi of the developing placenta (, ). Expressed in follicular T-helper (Tfh) cells . |
ASCL3_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MMDNRGNSSLPDKLPIFPDSARLPLTRSFYLEPMVTFHVHPEAPVSSPYSEELPRLPFPSDSLILGNYSEPCPFSFPMPYPNYRGCEYSYGPAFTRKRNERERQRVKCVNEGYAQLRHHLPEEYLEKRLSKVETLRAAIKYINYLQSLLYPDKAETKNNPGKVSSMIATTSHHADPMFRIV | Transcriptional repressor. Inhibits myogenesis. Plays a role in progenitor cells which differentiate into ductal and acinar, but not myoepithelial, cell lineages in the salivary glands. Involved in the functions of the microvillar cells and Bowman's glands and probably, in a non-cell-autonomous manner, in the development or regeneration of a complete olfactory epithelium (OE).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus
Widely expressed in fetal and adult tissues. |
ASHWN_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAGDVGGRSCTDSELLLHPELLSQEFLLLTLEQKNIAVETDVRVNKDSLTDLYVQHAIPLPQRDLPKNRWGKMMEKKREQHEIKNETKRSSTVDGLRKRPLIVFDGSSTSTSIKVKKTENGDNDRLKPPPQASFTSNAFRKLSNSSSSVSPLILSSNLPVNNKTEHNNNDAKQNHDLTHRKSPSGPVKSPPLSPVGTTPVKLKRAAPKEEAEAMNNLKPPQAKRKIQHVTWP | Subcellular locations: Nucleus |
ASPG_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MARKSNLPVLLVPFLLCQALVRCSSPLPLVVNTWPFKNATEAAWRALASGGSALDAVESGCAMCEREQCDGSVGFGGSPDELGETTLDAMIMDGTTMDVGAVGDLRRIKNAIGVARKVLEHTTHTLLVGESATTFAQSMGFINEDLSTTASQALHSDWLARNCQPNYWRNVIPDPSKYCGPYKPPGILKQDIPIHKETEDDRGHDTIGMVVIHKTGHIAAGTSTNGIKFKIHGRVGDSPIPGAGAYADDTAGAAAATGNGDILMRFLPSYQAVEYMRRGEDPTIACQKVISRIQKHFPEFFGAVICANVTGSYGAACNKLSTFTQFSFMVYNSEKNQPTEEKVDCI | Cleaves the GlcNAc-Asn bond which joins oligosaccharides to the peptide of asparagine-linked glycoproteins.
Subcellular locations: Lysosome |
ASPG_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MARKSKLPLLLVPLLLCQALVRCSSPLPLVLNTWPFKNATEAAWRALASGGSALDAVESGCAMCETEQCGGSVGFGGSPDELGETTLDAMIMEGTTMDVGAVGDLRRIKNAIGVARKVLEHTTHTLLVGESATKFAESMGFVNEDLSTSASQALHSDWLARNCQPNYWRNVVPDPSKYCGPYKPLGILKQDIPIHKETEDNRGHDTIGMVVIHKTGRIAAGTSTNGIKFKIHGRVGDSPVPGAGAYADDTAGAAAATGEGDILMRFLPSYQAVEYMRGGEDPTIACQKVISRIQKYFPEFFGAVICANVTGSYGAACNKLSTFTQFSFMVYNSEKNQPTEEKVDCI | Cleaves the GlcNAc-Asn bond which joins oligosaccharides to the peptide of asparagine-linked glycoproteins.
Subcellular locations: Lysosome |
AT1B3_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MTKNEKKSLNQSLAEWKLFIYNPTTGEFLGRTAKSWGLILLFYLVFYGFLAALFSFTMWVMLQTLNDEVPKYRDQIPSPGLMVFPKPVTALEYTFSRSDPTSYAGYIEDLKKFLKPYTLEEQKNLTVCPDGALFEQKGPVYVACQFPISLLQACSGMNDPDFGYSQGNPCILVKMNRIIGLKPEGVPRIDCVSKNEDIPNVAVYPHNGMIDLKYFPYYGKKLHVGYLQPLVAVQVSFAPNNTGKEVTVECKIDGSANLKSQDDRDKFLGRVMFKITARA | This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The exact function of the beta-3 subunit is not known.
Subcellular locations: Apical cell membrane, Basolateral cell membrane, Melanosome
Identified by mass spectrometry in melanosome fractions from stage I to stage IV. |
AT1B4_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MRRQLRSRRAPSFPYSYRYRLDDPDEANQNYLADEEEEAEEEARVTVVPKSEEEEEEEEKEEEEEEEKEEEEGQGQPTGNAWWQKLQIMSEYLWDPERRMFLARTGQSWSLILLIYFFFYASLAAVITLCMYTLFLTISPYIPTFTERVKPPGVMIRPFAHSLNFNFNVSEPDTWQHYVISLNGFLQGYNDSLQEEMNVDCPPGQYFIQDGNEDEDKKACQFKRSFLKNCSGLEDPTFGYSTGQPCILLKMNRIVGFRPELGDPVKVSCKVQRGDENDIRSISYYPESASFDLRYYPYYGKLTHVNYTSPLVAMHFTDVVKNQAVPVQCQLKGKGVINDVINDRFVGRVIFTLNIET | May act as a transcriptional coregulator during muscle development through its interaction with SNW1. Has lost its ancestral function as a Na,K-ATPase beta-subunit.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus inner membrane
Detected in nuclear envelops.
Highly expressed in skeletal muscle and at a lower level in heart. |
AT2B2_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGDMTNSDFYSKNQRNESSHGGEFGCTMEELRSLMELRGTEAVVKIKETYGDTEAICRRLKTSPVEGLPGTAPDLEKRKQIFGQNFIPPKKPKTFLQLVWEALQDVTLIILEIAAIISLGLSFYHPPGEGNEGCATAQGGAEDEGEAEAGWIEGAAILLSVICVVLVTAFNDWSKEKQFRGLQSRIEQEQKFTVVRAGQVVQIPVAEIVVGDIAQVKYGDLLPADGLFIQGNDLKIDESSLTGESDQVRKSVDKDPMLLSGTHVMEGSGRMLVTAVGVNSQTGIIFTLLGAGGEEEEKKDKKGVKKGDGLQLPAADGAAASNAADSANASLVNGKMQDGNVDASQSKAKQQDGAAAMEMQPLKSAEGGDADDRKKASMHKKEKSVLQGKLTKLAVQIGKAGLVMSAITVIILVLYFTVDTFVVNKKPWLPECTPVYVQYFVKFFIIGVTVLVVAVPEGLPLAVTISLAYSVKKMMKDNNLVRHLDACETMGNATAICSDKTGTLTTNRMTVVQAYVGDVHYKEIPDPSSINTKTMELLINAIAINSAYTTKILPPEKEGALPRQVGNKTECGLLGFVLDLKQDYEPVRSQMPEEKLYKVYTFNSVRKSMSTVIKLPDESFRMYSKGASEIVLKKCCKILNGAGEPRVFRPRDRDEMVKKVIEPMACDGLRTICVAYRDFPSSPEPDWDNENDILNELTCICVVGIEDPVRPEVPEAIRKCQRAGITVRMVTGDNINTARAIAIKCGIIHPGEDFLCLEGKEFNRRIRNEKGEIEQERIDKIWPKLRVLARSSPTDKHTLVKGIIDSTHTEQRQVVAVTGDGTNDGPALKKADVGFAMGIAGTDVAKEASDIILTDDNFSSIVKAVMWGRNVYDSISKFLQFQLTVNVVAVIVAFTGACITQDSPLKAVQMLWVNLIMDTFASLALATEPPTETLLLRKPYGRNKPLISRTMMKNILGHAVYQLALIFTLLFVGEKMFQIDSGRNAPLHSPPSEHYTIIFNTFVMMQLFNEINARKIHGERNVFDGIFRNPIFCTIVLGTFAIQIVIVQFGGKPFSCSPLQLDQWMWCIFIGLGELVWGQVIATIPTSRLKFLKEAGRLTQKEEIPEEELNEDVEEIDHAERELRRGQILWFRGLNRIQTQIRVVKAFRSSLYEGLEKPESRTSIHNFMAHPEFRIEDSQPHIPLIDDTDLEEDAALKQNSSPPSSLNKNNSAIDSGINLTTDTSKSATSSSPGSPIHSLETSL | ATP-driven Ca(2+) ion pump involved in the maintenance of basal intracellular Ca(2+) levels in specialized cells of cerebellar circuit and vestibular and cochlear systems (, ). Uses ATP as an energy source to transport cytosolic Ca(2+) ions across the plasma membrane to the extracellular compartment (, ). Has fast activation and Ca(2+) clearance rate suited to control fast neuronal Ca(2+) dynamics. At parallel fiber to Purkinje neuron synapse, mediates presynaptic Ca(2+) efflux in response to climbing fiber-induced Ca(2+) rise. Provides for fast return of Ca(2+) concentrations back to their resting levels, ultimately contributing to long-term depression induction and motor learning (By similarity). Plays an essential role in hearing and balance (, ). In cochlear hair cells, shuttles Ca(2+) ions from stereocilia to the endolymph and dissipates Ca(2+) transients generated by the opening of the mechanoelectrical transduction channels. Regulates Ca(2+) levels in the vestibular system, where it contributes to the formation of otoconia (, ). In non-excitable cells, regulates Ca(2+) signaling through spatial control of Ca(2+) ions extrusion and dissipation of Ca(2+) transients generated by store-operated channels . In lactating mammary gland, allows for the high content of Ca(2+) ions in the milk (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cell membrane, Synapse
Subcellular locations: Apical cell membrane, Basolateral cell membrane
Subcellular locations: Apical cell membrane, Basolateral cell membrane
Subcellular locations: Basolateral cell membrane
Subcellular locations: Basolateral cell membrane
Subcellular locations: Basolateral cell membrane
Mainly expressed in brain cortex. Found in low levels in skeletal muscle, heart muscle, stomach, liver, kidney and lung. Isoforms containing segment B are found in brain cortex and at low levels in other tissues. Isoforms containing segments X and W are found at low levels in all tissues. Isoforms containing segment A and segment Z are found at low levels in skeletal muscle and heart muscle. |
AT2B3_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGDMANSSIEFHPKPQQQRDVPQAGGFGCTLAELRTLMELRGAEALQKIEEAYGDVSGLCRRLKTSPTEGLADNTNDLEKRRQIYGQNFIPPKQPKTFLQLVWEALQDVTLIILEVAAIVSLGLSFYAPPGEESEACGNVSGGAEDEGEAEAGWIEGAAILLSVICVVLVTAFNDWSKEKQFRGLQSRIEQEQKFTVIRNGQLLQVPVAALVVGDIAQVKYGDLLPADGVLIQANDLKIDESSLTGESDHVRKSADKDPMLLSGTHVMEGSGRMVVTAVGVNSQTGIIFTLLGAGGEEEEKKDKKGKQQDGAMESSQTKAKKQDGAVAMEMQPLKSAEGGEMEEREKKKANAPKKEKSVLQGKLTKLAVQIGKAGLVMSAITVIILVLYFVIETFVVEGRTWLAECTPVYVQYFVKFFIIGVTVLVVAVPEGLPLAVTISLAYSVKKMMKDNNLVRHLDACETMGNATAICSDKTGTLTTNRMTVVQSYLGDTHYKEIPAPSALTPKILDLLVHAISINSAYTTKILPPEKEGALPRQVGNKTECALLGFVLDLKRDFQPVREQIPEDKLYKVYTFNSVRKSMSTVIRMPDGGFRLFSKGASEILLKKCTNILNSNGELRGFRPRDRDDMVRKIIEPMACDGLRTICIAYRDFSAGQEPDWDNENEVVGDLTCIAVVGIEDPVRPEVPEAIRKCQRAGITVRMVTGDNINTARAIAAKCGIIQPGEDFLCLEGKEFNRRIRNEKGEIEQERLDKVWPKLRVLARSSPTDKHTLVKGIIDSTTGEQRQVVAVTGDGTNDGPALKKADVGFAMGIAGTDVAKEASDIILTDDNFTSIVKAVMWGRNVYDSISKFLQFQLTVNVVAVIVAFTGACITQDSPLKAVQMLWVNLIMDTFASLALATEPPTESLLLRKPYGRDKPLISRTMMKNILGHAVYQLAIIFTLLFVGELFFDIDSGRNAPLHSPPSEHYTIIFNTFVMMQLFNEINARKIHGERNVFDGIFSNPIFCTIVLGTFGIQIVIVQFGGKPFSCSPLSTEQWLWCLFVGVGELVWGQVIATIPTSQLKCLKEAGHGPGKDEMTDEELAEGEEEIDHAERELRRGQILWFRGLNRIQTQIRVVKAFRSSLYEGLEKPESKTSIHNFMATPEFLINDYTHNIPLIDDTDVDENEERLRAPPPPSPNQNNNAIDSGIYLTTHVTKSATSSVFSSSPGSPLHSVETSL | ATP-driven Ca(2+) ion pump involved in the maintenance of basal intracellular Ca(2+) levels at the presynaptic terminals ( , ). Uses ATP as an energy source to transport cytosolic Ca(2+) ions across the plasma membrane to the extracellular compartment (, ). May counter-transport protons, but the mechanism and the stoichiometry of this Ca(2+)/H(+) exchange remains to be established (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cell membrane, Presynaptic cell membrane
Localized at parallel fiber terminals.
Highly expressed in the cerebellum . Expressed in adrenal glands . |
AT2B4_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MTNPSDRVLPANSMAESREGDFGCTVMELRKLMELRSRDALTQINVHYGGVQNLCSRLKTSPVEGLSGNPADLEKRRQVFGHNVIPPKKPKTFLELVWEALQDVTLIILEIAAIISLVLSFYRPAGEENELCGQVATTPEDENEAQAGWIEGAAILFSVIIVVLVTAFNDWSKEKQFRGLQCRIEQEQKFSIIRNGQLIQLPVAEIVVGDIAQVKYGDLLPADGILIQGNDLKIDESSLTGESDHVKKSLDKDPMLLSGTHVMEGSGRMVVTAVGVNSQTGIILTLLGVNEDDEGEKKKKGKKQGVPENRNKAKTQDGVALEIQPLNSQEGIDNEEKDKKAVKVPKKEKSVLQGKLTRLAVQIGKAGLLMSALTVFILILYFVIDNFVINRRPWLPECTPIYIQYFVKFFIIGITVLVVAVPEGLPLAVTISLAYSVKKMMKDNNLVRHLDACETMGNATAICSDKTGTLTMNRMTVVQAYIGGIHYRQIPSPDVFLPKVLDLIVNGISINSAYTSKILPPEKEGGLPRQVGNKTECALLGFVTDLKQDYQAVRNEVPEEKLYKVYTFNSVRKSMSTVIRNPNGGFRMYSKGASEIILRKCNRILDRKGEAVPFKNKDRDDMVRTVIEPMACDGLRTICIAYRDFDDTEPSWDNENEILTELTCIAVVGIEDPVRPEVPDAIAKCKQAGITVRMVTGDNINTARAIATKCGILTPGDDFLCLEGKEFNRLIRNEKGEVEQEKLDKIWPKLRVLARSSPTDKHTLVKGIIDSTVGEHRQVVAVTGDGTNDGPALKKADVGFAMGIAGTDVAKEASDIILTDDNFTSIVKAVMWGRNVYDSISKFLQFQLTVNVVAVIVAFTGACITQDSPLKAVQMLWVNLIMDTFASLALATEPPTESLLKRRPYGRNKPLISRTMMKNILGHAFYQLIVIFILVFAGEKFFDIDSGRKAPLHSPPSQHYTIVFNTFVLMQLFNEINSRKIHGEKNVFSGIYRNIIFCSVVLGTFICQIFIVEFGGKPFSCTSLSLSQWLWCLFIGIGELLWGQFISAIPTRSLKFLKEAGHGTTKEEITKDAEGLDEIDHAEMELRRGQILWFRGLNRIQTQIDVINTFQTGASFKGVLRRQNMGQHLDVKLVPSSSYIKVVKAFHSSLHESIQKPYNQKSIHSFMTHPEFAIEEELPRTPLLDEEEEENPDKASKFGTRVLLLDGEVTPYANTNNNAVDCNQVQLPQSDSSLQSLETSV | Calcium/calmodulin-regulated and magnesium-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium out of the cell . By regulating sperm cell calcium homeostasis, may play a role in sperm motility (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cell membrane, Cell projection, Cilium, Flagellum membrane
Isoform XB is the most abundant isoform and is expressed ubiquitously. Isoforms containing segment Z have only been detected in heart, while isoforms containing segment a have been found in heart, stomach and brain cortex. |
AT2C1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MKVARFQKIPNGENETMIPVLTSKKASELPVSEVASILQADLQNGLNKCEVSHRRAFHGWNEFDISEDEPLWKKYISQFKNPLIMLLLASAVISVLMHQFDDAVSITVAILIVVTVAFVQEYRSEKSLEELSKLVPPECHCVREGKLEHTLARDLVPGDTVCLSVGDRVPADLRLFEAVDLSIDESSLTGETTPCSKVTAPQPAATNGDLASRSNIAFMGTLVRCGKAKGVVIGTGENSEFGEVFKMMQAEEAPKTPLQKSMDLLGKQLSFYSFGIIGIIMLVGWLLGKDILEMFTISVSLAVAAIPEGLPIVVTVTLALGVMRMVKKRAIVKKLPIVETLGCCNVICSDKTGTLTKNEMTVTHIFTSDGLHAEVTGVGYNQFGEVIVDGDVVHGFYNPAVSRIVEAGCVCNDAVIRNNTLMGKPTEGALIALAMKMGLDGLQQDYIRKAEYPFSSEQKWMAVKCVHRTQQDRPEICFMKGAYEQVIKYCTTYQSKGQTLTLTQQQRDVYQQEKARMGSAGLRVLALASGPELGQLTFLGLVGIIDPPRTGVKEAVTTLIASGVSIKMITGDSQETAVAIASRLGLYSKTSQSVSGEEIDAMDVQQLSQIVPKVAVFYRASPRHKMKIIKSLQKNGSVVAMTGDGVNDAVALKAADIGVAMGQTGTDVCKEAADMILVDDDFQTIMSAIEEGKGIYNNIKNFVRFQLSTSIAALTLISLATLMNFPNPLNAMQILWINIIMDGPPAQSLGVEPVDKDVIRKPPRNWKDSILTKNLILKILVSSIIIVCGTLFVFWRELRDNVITPRDTTMTFTCFVFFDMFNALSSRSQTKSVFEIGLCSNRMFCYAVLGSIMGQLLVIYFPPLQKVFQTESLSILDLLFLLGLTSSVCIVAEIIKKVERSREKIQKHVSSTSSSFLEV | ATP-driven pump that supplies the Golgi apparatus with Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) ions, both essential cofactors for processing and trafficking of newly synthesized proteins in the secretory pathway ( ). Within a catalytic cycle, acquires Ca(2+) or Mn(2+) ions on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and delivers them to the lumenal side. The transfer of ions across the membrane is coupled to ATP hydrolysis and is associated with a transient phosphorylation that shifts the pump conformation from inward-facing to outward-facing state ( ). Plays a primary role in the maintenance of Ca(2+) homeostasis in the trans-Golgi compartment with a functional impact on Golgi and post-Golgi protein sorting as well as a structural impact on cisternae morphology (, ). Responsible for loading the Golgi stores with Ca(2+) ions in keratinocytes, contributing to keratinocyte differentiation and epidermis integrity ( ). Participates in Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) ions uptake into the Golgi store of hippocampal neurons and regulates protein trafficking required for neural polarity (By similarity). May also play a role in the maintenance of Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) homeostasis and signaling in the cytosol while preventing cytotoxicity .
Subcellular locations: Golgi apparatus, Trans-Golgi network membrane, Golgi apparatus, Golgi stack membrane
During neuron differentiation, shifts from juxtanuclear Golgi position to multiple Golgi structures distributed over the neural soma with a predominance in the apical dendritic trunk.
Found in most tissues except colon, thymus, spleen and leukocytes . Expressed in keratinocytes (at protein level) (, ). |
AT2C1_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MKVARFQKIPNGENETMIPVLTSKKASELPVSEVASILQADLQNGLNKCEVSHRRAFHGWNEFDISEDEPLWKKYISQFKNPLIMLLLASAVISVLMHQFDDAVSITVAILIVVTVAFVQEYRSEKSLEELSKLVPPECHCVREGKLEHTLARDLVPGDTVCLSVGDRVPADLRLFEAVDLSIDESSLTGETTPCSKVTAPQPAATNGDLASRSNIAFMGTLVRCGKAKGVVIGTGENSEFGEVFKMMQAEEAPKTPLQKSMDLLGKQLSFYSFGIIGIIMLVGWLLGKDILEMFTISVSLAVAAIPEGLPIVVTVTLALGVMRMVKKRAIVKKLPIVETLGCCNVICSDKTGTLTKNEMTVTHIFTSDGLHAEVTGVGYNQFGEVIVDGDVVHGFYNPAVSRIVEAGCVCNDAVIRNNTLMGKPTEGALIALAMKMGLDGLQQDYIRKAEYPFSSEQKWMAVKCVHRTQQDRPEICFMKGAYEQVIKYCTTYQSKGQTLTLTQQQRDVQQEKARMGSAGLRVLALASGPELGQLTFLGLVGIIDPPRTGVKEAVTTLIASGVSIKMITGDSQETAIAIASRLGLYSKTSQSVSGEEIDAMDVQQLSQIVPKVAVFYRASPRHKMKIIKSLQKNGSVVAMTGDGVNDAVALKAADIGVAMGQTGTDVCKEAADMILVDDDFQTIMSAIEEGKGIYNNIKNFVRFQLSTSIAALTLISLATLMNFPNPLNAMQILWINIIMDGPPAQSLGVEPVDKDVIRKPPRNWKDSILTKNLILKILVSSIIIVCGTLFVFWRELRDNVITPRDTTMTFTCFVFFDMFNALSSRSQTKSVFEIGLCSNKMFCYAVLGSIMGQLLVIYFPPLQKVFQTESLSILDLLFLLGLTSSVCIVAEIIKKVERSREKIQKHVSSTSSSFLEV | ATP-driven pump that supplies the Golgi apparatus with Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) ions, both essential cofactors for processing and trafficking of newly synthesized proteins in the secretory pathway (By similarity). Within a catalytic cycle, acquires Ca(2+) or Mn(2+) ions on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and delivers them to the lumenal side. The transfer of ions across the membrane is coupled to ATP hydrolysis and is associated with a transient phosphorylation that shifts the pump conformation from inward-facing to outward-facing state (By similarity). Plays a primary role in the maintenance of Ca(2+) homeostasis in the trans-Golgi compartment with a functional impact on Golgi and post-Golgi protein sorting as well as a structural impact on cisternae morphology. Responsible for loading the Golgi stores with Ca(2+) ions in keratinocytes, contributing to keratinocyte differentiation and epidermis integrity (By similarity). Participates in Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) ions uptake into the Golgi store of hippocampal neurons and regulates protein trafficking required for neural polarity (By similarity). May also play a role in the maintenance of Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) homeostasis and signaling in the cytosol while preventing cytotoxicity (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Golgi apparatus, Trans-Golgi network membrane, Golgi apparatus, Golgi stack membrane
During neuron differentiation, shifts from juxtanuclear Golgi position to multiple Golgi structures distributed over the neural soma with a predominance in the apical dendritic trunk. |
AT2C2_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MVEGRVSEFLKKLGFSGGGRQYQALEKDEEEALIDEQSELKAIEKEKKVTALPPKEACKCQKEDLARAFCVDLHTGLSEFSVTQRRLAHGWNEFVADNSEPVWKKYLDQFKNPLILLLLGSALVSVLTKEYEDAVSIATAVLVVVTVAFIQEYRSEKSLEELTKLVPPECNCLREGKLQHLLARELVPGDVVSLSIGDRIPADIRLTEVTDLLVDESSFTGEAEPCSKTDSPLTGGGDLTTLSNIVFMGTLVQYGRGQGVVIGTGESSQFGEVFKMMQAEETPKTPLQKSMDRLGKQLTLFSFGIIGLIMLIGWSQGKQLLSMFTIGVSLAVAAIPEGLPIVVMVTLVLGVLRMAKKRVIVKKLPIVETLGCCSVLCSDKTGTLTANEMTVTQLVTSDGLRAEVSGVGYDGQGTVCLLPSKEVIKEFSNVSVGKLVEAGCVANNAVIRKNAVMGQPTEGALMALAMKMDLSDIKNSYIRKKEIPFSSEQKWMAVKCSLKTEDQEDIYFMKGALEEVIRYCTMYNNGGIPLPLTPQQRSFCLQEEKRMGSLGLRVLALASGPELGRLTFLGLVGIIDPPRVGVKEAVQVLSESGVSVKMITGDALETALAIGRNIGLCNGKLQAMSGEEVDSVEKGELADRVGKVSVFFRTSPKHKLKIIKALQESGAIVAMTGDGVNDAVALKSADIGIAMGQTGTDVSKEAANMILVDDDFSAIMNAVEEGKGIFYNIKNFVRFQLSTSISALSLITLSTVFNLPSPLNAMQILWINIIMDGPPAQSLGVEPVDKDAFRQPPRSVRDTILSRALILKILMSAAIIISGTLFIFWKEMPEDRASTPRTTTMTFTCFVFFDLFNALTCRSQTKLIFEIGFLRNHMFLYSVLGSILGQLAVIYIPPLQRVFQTENLGALDLLFLTGLASSVFILSELLKLCEKYCCSPKRVQMHPEDV | ATP-driven pump that supplies the Golgi apparatus with Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) ions, both essential cofactors for processing and trafficking of newly synthesized proteins in the secretory pathway ( , ). Within a catalytic cycle, acquires Ca(2+) or Mn(2+) ions on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and delivers them to the lumenal side. The transfer of ions across the membrane is coupled to ATP hydrolysis and is associated with a transient phosphorylation that shifts the pump conformation from inward-facing to outward-facing state (, ). Induces Ca(2+) influx independently of its ATP-driven pump function. At the basolateral membrane of mammary epithelial cells, interacts with Ca(2+) channel ORAI1 and mediates Ca(2+) entry independently of the Ca(2+) content of endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi stores. May facilitate transepithelial transport of large quantities of Ca(2+) for milk secretion via activation of Ca(2+) influx channels at the plasma membrane and active Ca(2+) transport at the Golgi apparatus (, ).
Subcellular locations: Golgi apparatus, Trans-Golgi network membrane, Cell membrane, Basolateral cell membrane
Highly expressed in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, prostate, thyroid, salivary, and mammary glands . Expressed in colon epithelial cells (at protein level). Expressed in brain and testis (at protein level) . |
ATG12_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAEEPQSVLQLPTSIAAGGEGLTDVSPETTTPEPPSSAAVSPGTEEPAGDTKKKIDILLKAVGDTPIMKTKKWAVERTRTIQGLIDFIKKFLKLVASEQLFIYVNQSFAPSPDQEVGTLYECFGSDGKLVLHYCKSQAWG | Ubiquitin-like protein involved in autophagy vesicles formation. Conjugation with ATG5 through a ubiquitin-like conjugating system involving also ATG7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and ATG10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme, is essential for its function. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate acts as an E3-like enzyme which is required for lipidation of ATG8 family proteins and their association to the vesicle membranes.
(Microbial infection) May act as a proviral factor. In association with ATG5, negatively regulates the innate antiviral immune response by impairing the type I IFN production pathway upon vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection . Required for the translation of incoming hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA and, thereby, for the initiation of HCV replication, but not required once infection is established .
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Preautophagosomal structure membrane
TECPR1 recruits the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate to the autolysosomal membrane.
Ubiquitous. |
ATG7_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAAATGDPGLSKLQFAPFSSALDVGFWHELTQKKLNEYRLDEAPKDIKGYYYNGDSAGLPARLTLEFSAFDMSAPTPARCCPAIGTLYNTNTLESFKTADKKLLLEQAANEIWESIKSGTALENPVLLNKFLLLTFADLKKYHFYYWFCYPALCLPESLPLIQGPVGLDQRFSLKQIEALECAYDNLCQTEGVTALPYFLIKYDENMVLVSLLKHYSDFFQGQRTKITIGVYDPCNLAQYPGWPLRNFLVLAAHRWSSSFQSVEVVCFRDRTMQGARDVAHSIIFEVKLPEMAFSPDCPKAVGWEKNQKGGMGPRMVNLSECMDPKRLAESSVDLNLKLMCWRLVPTLDLDKVVSVKCLLLGAGTLGCNVARTLMGWGVRHITFVDNAKISYSNPVRQPLYEFEDCLGGGKPKALAAADRLQKIFPGVNARGFNMSIPMPGHPVNFSSVTLEQARRDVEQLEQLIESHDVVFLLMDTRESRWLPAVIAASKRKLVINAALGFDTFVVMRHGLKKPKQQGAGDLCPNHPVASADLLGSSLFANIPGYKLGCYFCNDVVAPGDSTRDRTLDQQCTVSRPGLAVIAGALAVELMVSVLQHPEGGYAIASSSDDRMNEPPTSLGLVPHQIRGFLSRFDNVLPVSLAFDKCTACSSKVLDQYEREGFNFLAKVFNSSHSFLEDLTGLTLLHQETQAAEIWDMSDDETI | E1-like activating enzyme involved in the 2 ubiquitin-like systems required for cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagy. Activates ATG12 for its conjugation with ATG5 as well as the ATG8 family proteins for their conjugation with phosphatidylethanolamine. Both systems are needed for the ATG8 association to Cvt vesicles and autophagosomes membranes. Required for autophagic death induced by caspase-8 inhibition. Facilitates LC3-I lipidation with phosphatidylethanolamine to form LC3-II which is found on autophagosomal membranes . Required for mitophagy which contributes to regulate mitochondrial quantity and quality by eliminating the mitochondria to a basal level to fulfill cellular energy requirements and preventing excess ROS production. Modulates p53/TP53 activity to regulate cell cycle and survival during metabolic stress. Also plays a key role in the maintenance of axonal homeostasis, the prevention of axonal degeneration, the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells, the formation of Paneth cell granules, as well as in adipose differentiation. Plays a role in regulating the liver clock and glucose metabolism by mediating the autophagic degradation of CRY1 (clock repressor) in a time-dependent manner (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Preautophagosomal structure
Localizes also to discrete punctae along the ciliary axoneme and to the base of the ciliary axoneme.
Widely expressed, especially in kidney, liver, lymph nodes and bone marrow. |
ATLA1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAKNRRDRNSWGGFSEKTYEWSSEEEEPVKKAGPVQVLIVKDDHSFELDETALNRILLSEAVRDKEVVAVSVAGAFRKGKSFLMDFMLRYMYNQESVDWVGDYNEPLTGFSWRGGSERETTGIQIWSEIFLINKPDGKKVAVLLMDTQGTFDSQSTLRDSATVFALSTMISSIQVYNLSQNVQEDDLQHLQLFTEYGRLAMEETFLKPFQSLIFLVRDWSFPYEFSYGADGGAKFLEKRLKVSGNQHEELQNVRKHIHSCFTNISCFLLPHPGLKVATNPNFDGKLKEIDDEFIKNLKILIPWLLSPESLDIKEINGNKITCRGLVEYFKAYIKIYQGEELPHPKSMLQATAEANNLAAVATAKDTYNKKMEEICGGDKPFLAPNDLQTKHLQLKEESVKLFRGVKKMGGEEFSRRYLQQLESEIDELYIQYIKHNDSKNIFHAARTPATLFVVIFITYVIAGVTGFIGLDIIASLCNMIMGLTLITLCTWAYIRYSGEYRELGAVIDQVAAALWDQGSTNEALYKLYSAAATHRHLYHQAFPTPKSESTEQSEKKKM | GTPase tethering membranes through formation of trans-homooligomers and mediating homotypic fusion of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Functions in endoplasmic reticulum tubular network biogenesis . May also regulate Golgi biogenesis. May regulate axonal development.
Subcellular locations: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane, Golgi apparatus membrane, Cell projection, Axon
Localizes to endoplasmic reticulum tubular network .
Expressed predominantly in the adult and fetal central nervous system. Measurable expression in all tissues examined, although expression in adult brain is at least 50-fold higher than in other tissues. Detected predominantly in pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus of the brain. Expressed in upper and lower motor neurons (at protein level). |
ATLA1_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MAKNRRDRNSWGGFSEKTYEWSSEEEEPVKKAGPVQVLIVKDDHSFELDETALNRILLSEAVRDKEVVAVSVAGAFRKGKSFLMDFMLRYMYNQESVDWVGDYNEPLTGFSWRGGSERETTGIQIWSEVFLINKPDGKKVAVLLMDTQGTFDSQSTLRDSATVFALSTMISSIQVYNLSQNVQEDDLQHLQLFTEYGRLAMEETFLKPFQSLIFLVRDWSFPYEFSYGADGGAKFLEKRLKVSGNQHEELQNVRKHIHSCFTNISCFLLPHPGLKVATNPNFDGKLKEIDDEFIKNLKILIPWLLSPESLDIKEINGNKITCRGLVEYFKAYIKIYQGEELPHPKSMLQATAEANNLAAVATAKDTYNKKMEEICGGDKPFLAPNDLQSKHLQLKEESVKLFRGVKKMGGEEFSRRYLQQLESEIDELYIQYIKHNDSKNIFHAARTPATLFVVIFITYVIAGVTGFIGLDIIASLCNMIMGLTLITLCTWAYIRYSGEYRELGAVIDQVAAALWDQGSTNEALYKLYSAAATHRHLYHQAFPTPKSESTEQSEKKKM | GTPase tethering membranes through formation of trans-homooligomers and mediating homotypic fusion of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Functions in endoplasmic reticulum tubular network biogenesis. May also regulate Golgi biogenesis. May regulate axonal development.
Subcellular locations: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane, Golgi apparatus membrane, Cell projection, Axon
Localizes to endoplasmic reticulum tubular network. |
ATLA1_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MAKNRRDRNSWGGFSEKTYEWSSEEEEPVKKAGPVQVLIVKDDHSFELDETALNRILLSEAVRDKEVVAVSVAGAFRKGKSFLMDFMLRYMYNQESVDWVGDYNEPLTGFSWRGGSERETTGIQIWSEIFLINKPDGKKVAVLLMDTQGTFDSQSTLRDSATVFALSTMISSIQVYNLSQNVQEDDLQHLQLFTEYGRLAMEETFLKPFQSLIFLVRDWSFPYEFSYGADGGAKFLEKRLKVSGNQHEELQNVRKHIHSCFTNISCFLLPHPGLKVATNPNFDGKLKEIDDEFIKNLKILIPWLLSPESLDIKEINGNKITCRGLVEYFKAYIKIYQGEELPHPKSMLQATAEANNLAAVATAKDTYNKKMEEICGGDKPFLAPNDLQTKHLQLKEESVKLFRGVKKMGGEEFSRRYLQQLESEIDELYIQYIKHNDSKNIFHAARTPATLFVVIFITYVIAGVTGFIGLDIIASLCNMIMGLTLITLCTWAYIRYSGEYRELGAVIDQVAAALWDQGSTNEALYKLYSAAATHRHLYHQAFPTPKSESTEQSEKKKM | GTPase tethering membranes through formation of trans-homooligomers and mediating homotypic fusion of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Functions in endoplasmic reticulum tubular network biogenesis. May also regulate Golgi biogenesis. May regulate axonal development.
Subcellular locations: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane, Golgi apparatus membrane, Cell projection, Axon
Localizes to endoplasmic reticulum tubular network. |
ATLA2_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAEGDEAARGQQPHQGLWRRRRTSDPSAAVNHVSSTTSLGENYEDDDLVNSDEVMKKPCPVQIVLAHEDDHNFELDEEALEQILLQEHIRDLNIVVVSVAGAFRKGKSFLLDFMLRYMYNKDSQSWIGGNNEPLTGFTWRGGCERETTGIQVWNEVFVIDRPNGTKVAVLLMDTQGAFDSQSTIKDCATVFALSTMTSSVQVYNLSQNIQEDDLQHLQLFTEYGRLAMEEIYQKPFQTLMFLIRDWSYPYEHSYGLEGGKQFLEKRLQVKQNQHEELQNVRKHIHNCFSNLGCFLLPHPGLKVATNPSFDGRLKDIDEDFKRELRNLVPLLLAPENLVEKEISGSKVTCRDLVEYFKAYIKIYQGEELPHPKSMLQATAEANNLAAVAGARDTYCKSMEQVCGGDKPYIAPSDLERKHLDLKEVAIKQFRSVKKMGGDEFCRRYQDQLEAEIEETYANFIKHNDGKNIFYAARTPATLFAVMFAMYIISGLTGFIGLNSIAVLCNLVMGLALIFLCTWAYVKYSGEFREIGTVIDQIAETLWEQVLKPLGDNLMEENIRQSVTNSIKAGLTDQVSHHARLKTD | GTPase tethering membranes through formation of trans-homooligomers and mediating homotypic fusion of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Functions in endoplasmic reticulum tubular network biogenesis ( ).
Subcellular locations: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane
Localizes at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) three-way tubular junctions .
Expressed in peripheral tissues (at protein level). |
ATLA2_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MVLKKGVKFFQRLINSKSLRFGENYEDDDLVNSDEVMKKPCPVQIVLAHEDDHNFELDEEALEQILLQEHIRDLNIVVVSVAGAFRKGKSFLLDFMLRYMYNKDSQSWIGGNNEPLTGFTWRGGCERETTGIQVWNEVFVIDRPNGTKVAVLLMDTQGAFDSQSTIKDCATVFALSTMTSSVQVYNLSQNIQEDDLQHLQLFTEYGRLAMEEIYQKPFQTLMFLIRDWSYPYEHSYGLEGGKQFLEKRLQVKKNQHEELQNVRKHIHNCFSNLGCFLLPHPGLKVATNPSFDGRLKDIDEDFKRELRNLVPLLLAPENLVEKEISGSKVTCRDLVEYFKAYIKIYQGEELPHPKSMLQATAEANNLAAVAGARDTYCKSMEQVCGGDKPYIAPSDLERKHLDLKEVAIKQFRSVKKMGGDEFCRRYQDQLEAEIEETYANFIKHNDGKNIFYAARTPATLFAVMFAMYIISGLTGFIGLNSIAVLCNLVMGLALTFLCTWAYVKYSGEFREIGTMIDQIAETLWEQVLKPLGDNLMEENIRQSVTNSIKAGLTDQVSHHARLKTD | GTPase tethering membranes through formation of trans-homooligomers and mediating homotypic fusion of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Functions in endoplasmic reticulum tubular network biogenesis.
Subcellular locations: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane
Localizes at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) three-way tubular junctions. |
ATLA3_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MLSPQRVAAAASRGADDAMESSKPGPVQVVLVQKDQHSFELDEKALASILLQDHIRDLDVVVVSVAGAFRKGKSFILDFMLRYLYSQKESGHSNWLGDPEEPLTGFSWRGGSDPETTGIQIWSEVFTVEKPGGKKVAVVLMDTQGAFDSQSTVKDCATIFALSTMTSSVQIYNLSQNIQEDDLQQLQLFTEYGRLAMDEIFQKPFQTLMFLVRDWSFPYEYSYGLQGGMAFLDKRLQVKEHQHEEIQNVRNHIHSCFSDVTCFLLPHPGLQVATSPDFDGKLKDIAGEFKEQLQALIPYVLNPSKLMEKEINGSKVTCRGLLEYFKAYIKIYQGEDLPHPKSMLQATAEANNLAAAASAKDIYYNNMEEVCGGEKPYLSPDILEEKHCEFKQLALDHFKKTKKMGGKDFSFRYQQELEEEIKELYENFCKHNGSKNVFSTFRTPAVLFTGIVALYIASGLTGFIGLEVVAQLFNCMVGLLLIALLTWGYIRYSGQYRELGGAIDFGAAYVLEQASSHIGNSTQATVRDAVVGRPSMDKKAQ | GTPase tethering membranes through formation of trans-homooligomers and mediating homotypic fusion of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Functions in endoplasmic reticulum tubular network biogenesis ( ).
Subcellular locations: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane
Localizes to endoplasmic reticulum tubules and accumulates in punctuate structures corresponding to 3-way junctions, which represent crossing-points at which the tubules build a polygonal network.
Expressed in the central nervous system and in dorsal root ganglia neurons. Expressed in peripheral tissues (at protein level). |
ATP23_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAGAPDERRRGPAAGEQLQQQHVSCQVFPERLAQGNPQQGFFSSFFTSNQKCQLRLLKTLETNPYVKLLLDAMKHSGCAVNKDRHFSCEDCNGNVSGGFDASTSQIVLCQNNIHNQAHMNRVVTHELIHAFDHCRAHVDWFTNIRHLACSEVRAANLSGDCSLVNEIFRLHFGLKQHHQTCVRDRATLSILAVRNISKEVAKKAVDEVFESCFNDHEPFGRIPHNKTYARYAHRDFENRDRYYSNI | null |
ATP4A_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGKAENYELYSVELGPGPGGDMAAKMSKKKKAGGGGGKRKEKLENMKKEMEINDHQLSVAELEQKYQTSATKGLSASLAAELLLRDGPNALRPPRGTPEYVKFARQLAGGLQCLMWVAAAICLIAFAIQASEGDLTTDDNLYLAIALIAVVVVTGCFGYYQEFKSTNIIASFKNLVPQQATVIRDGDKFQINADQLVVGDLVEMKGGDRVPADIRILAAQGCKVDNSSLTGESEPQTRSPECTHESPLETRNIAFFSTMCLEGTVQGLVVNTGDRTIIGRIASLASGVENEKTPIAIEIEHFVDIIAGLAILFGATFFIVAMCIGYTFLRAMVFFMAIVVAYVPEGLLATVTVCLSLTAKRLASKNCVVKNLEAVETLGSTSVICSDKTGTLTQNRMTVSHLWFDNHIHTADTTEDQSGQTFDQSSETWRALCRVLTLCNRAAFKSGQDAVPVPKRIVIGDASETALLKFSELTLGNAMGYRDRFPKVCEIPFNSTNKFQLSIHTLEDPRDPRHLLVMKGAPERVLERCSSILIKGQELPLDEQWREAFQTAYLSLGGLGERVLGFCQLYLNEKDYPPGYAFDVEAMNFPSSGLCFAGLVSMIDPPRATVPDAVLKCRTAGIRVIMVTGDHPITAKAIAASVGIISEGSETVEDIAARLRVPVDQVNRKDARACVINGMQLKDMDPSELVEALRTHPEMVFARTSPQQKLVIVESCQRLGAIVAVTGDGVNDSPALKKADIGVAMGIAGSDAAKNAADMILLDDNFASIVTGVEQGRLIFDNLKKSIAYTLTKNIPELTPYLIYITVSVPLPLGCITILFIELCTDIFPSVSLAYEKAESDIMHLRPRNPKRDRLVNEPLAAYSYFQIGAIQSFAGFTDYFTAMAQEGWFPLLCVGLRAQWEDHHLQDLQDSYGQEWTFGQRLYQQYTCYTVFFISIEVCQIADVLIRKTRRLSAFQQGFFRNKILVIAIVFQVCIGCFLCYCPGMPNIFNFMPIRFQWWLVPLPYGILIFVYDEIRKLGVRCCPGSWWDQELYY | The catalytic subunit of the gastric H(+)/K(+) ATPase pump which transports H(+) ions in exchange for K(+) ions across the apical membrane of parietal cells. Uses ATP as an energy source to pump H(+) ions to the gastric lumen while transporting K(+) ion from the lumen into the cell (By similarity). Remarkably generates a million-fold proton gradient across the gastric parietal cell membrane, acidifying the gastric juice down to pH 1 (By similarity). Within a transport cycle, the transfer of a H(+) ion across the membrane is coupled to ATP hydrolysis and is associated with a transient phosphorylation that shifts the pump conformation from inward-facing (E1) to outward-facing state (E2). The release of the H(+) ion in the stomach lumen is followed by binding of K(+) ion converting the pump conformation back to the E1 state (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Apical cell membrane
Localized in the apical canalicular membrane of parietal cells .
Expressed in gastric parietal cells (at protein level). |
ATP4B_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAALQEKKTCGQRMEEFQRYCWNPDTGQMLGRTLSRWVWISLYYVAFYVVMTGLFALCLYVLMQTVDPYTPDYQDQLRSPGVTLRPDVYGEKGLEIVYNVSDNRTWADLTQTLHAFLAGYSPAAQEDSINCTSEQYFFQESFRAPNHTKFSCKFTADMLQNCSGLADPNFGFEEGKPCFIIKMNRIVKFLPSNGSAPRVDCAFLDQPRELGQPLQVKYYPPNGTFSLHYFPYYGKKAQPHYSNPLVAAKLLNIPRNAEVAIVCKVMAEHVTFNNPHDPYEGKVEFKLKIEK | The beta subunit of the gastric H(+)/K(+) ATPase pump which transports H(+) ions in exchange for K(+) ions across the apical membrane of parietal cells. Plays a structural and regulatory role in the assembly and membrane targeting of a functionally active pump (By similarity). Within a transport cycle, the transfer of a H(+) ion across the membrane is coupled to ATP hydrolysis and is associated with a transient phosphorylation of the alpha subunit that shifts the pump conformation from inward-facing (E1) to outward-facing state (E2). Interacts with the phosphorylation domain of the alpha subunit and functions as a ratchet, stabilizing the lumenal-open E2 conformation and preventing the reverse reaction of the transport cycle (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Apical cell membrane, Cell membrane
Localized in the apical canalicular membrane of parietal cells. |
ATPA_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MLSVRVAAAVVRALPRRAGLVSRNALGSSFIAARNFHASNTHLQKTGTAEMSSILEERILGADTSVDLEETGRVLSIGDGIARVHGLRNVQAEEMVEFSSGLKGMSLNLEPDNVGVVVFGNDKLIKEGDIVKRTGAIVDVPVGEELLGRVVDALGNAIDGKGPISSKTRRRVGLKAPGIIPRISVREPMQTGIKAVDSLVPIGRGQRELIIGDRQTGKTSIAIDTIINQKRFNDGSDEKKKLYCIYVAIGQKRSTVAQLVKRLTDADAMKYTIVVSATASDAAPLQYLAPYSGCSMGEYFRDNGKHALIIYDDLSKQAVAYRQMSLLLRRPPGREAYPGDVFYLHSRLLERAAKMNDAFGGGSLTALPVIETQAGDVSAYIPTNVISITDGQIFLETELFYKGIRPAINVGLSVSRVGSAAQTRAMKQVAGTMKLELAQYREVAAFAQFGSDLDAATQQLLSRGVRLTELLKQGQYSPMAIEEQVAVIYAGVRGYLDKLEPSKITKFENAFLSHVVSQHQALLGTIRADGKISEQSDAKLKEIVTNFLAGFEA | Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F(1). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits. Subunit alpha does not bear the catalytic high-affinity ATP-binding sites (By similarity). Binds the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and can promote mitochondrial accumulation of enterobactin-derived iron ions (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Mitochondrion inner membrane, Cell membrane
Colocalizes with HRG on the cell surface of T-cells. |
ATPG_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MFSRAGVAGLSAWTLQPQWIQVRNMATLKDITRRLKSIKNIQKITKSMKMVAAAKYARAERELKPARIYGLGSLALYEKADIKGPEDKKKHLLIGVSSDRGLCGAIHSSIAKQMKSEVATLTAAGKEVMLVGVGDKIRGILYRTHSDQFLVAFKEVGRKPPTFGDASVIALELLNSGYEFDEGSIIFNKFRSVISYKTEEKPIFSLNTVASADSMSIYDDIDADVLQNYQEYNLANIIYYSLKESTTSEQSARMTAMDNASKNASEMIDKLTLTFNRTRQAVITKELIEIISGAAAL | Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(1) domain and the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary element. The gamma subunit protrudes into the catalytic domain formed of alpha(3)beta(3). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Subcellular locations: Mitochondrion inner membrane |
ATPMK_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAGPESDAQYQFTGIKKYFNSYTLTGRMNCVLATYGSIALIVLYFKLRSKKTPAVKAT | Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation . ATP5MK is a minor subunit of the mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase required for dimerization of the ATP synthase complex and as such regulates ATP synthesis in the mitochondria (, ).
Subcellular locations: Mitochondrion membrane |
ATPO_CALJA | Callithrix jacchus | MAAPAVSGVSQQVRYFGTSVVRPFAKLVRPPVQVYGVEGRYATALYSAASKQKKLEQVEKELLRVAQILKEPKVAASVLNPYVKHSIKVKSLSDIIAKERFSPLTTNLINLLAENGRLSNTQGVVSAFSTMMSVHRGEVPCTVTTASPLEEATLSELKTVLKSFLSQGQILKLEVKTDPSIMGGMIVRIGEKYVDMSAKTKIQKLSKAMREVI | Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Mitochondrion, Mitochondrion inner membrane |
ATTY_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MDPYMIQMSSKGNLPSILDVHVNVGGRSSVPGKMKGRKARWSVRPSDMAKKTFNPIRAIVDNMKVKPNPNKTMISLSIGDPTVFGNLPTDPEVTQAMKDALDSGKYNGYAPSIGFLSSREEIASYYHCPEAPLEAKDVILTSGCSQAIDLCLAVLANPGQNILVPRPGFSLYKTLAESMGIEVKLYNLLPEKSWEIDLKQLEYLIDEKTACLIVNNPSNPCGSVFSKRHLQKILAVAARQCVPILADEIYGDMVFSDCKYEPLATLSTDVPILSCGGLAKRWLVPGWRLGWILIHDRRDIFGNEIRDGLVKLSQRILGPCTIVQGALKSILCRTPGEFYHNTLSFLKSNADLCYGALAAIPGLRPVRPSGAMYLMVGIEMEHFPEFENDVEFTERLVAEQSVHCLPATCFEYPNFIRVVITVPEVMMLEACSRIQEFCEQHYHCAEGSQEECDK | Transaminase involved in tyrosine breakdown. Converts tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. Can catalyze the reverse reaction, using glutamic acid, with 2-oxoglutarate as cosubstrate (in vitro). Has much lower affinity and transaminase activity towards phenylalanine. |
AUNIP_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MRRTGPEEEACGVWLDAAALKRRKVQTHLIKPGTKMLTLLPGERKANIYFTQRRAPSTGIHQRSIASFFTLQPGKTNGSDQKSVSSHTESQINKESKKNATQLDHLIPGLAHDCMASPLATSTTADIQEAGLSPQSLQTSGHHRMKTPFSTELSLLQPDTPDCAGDSHTPLAFSFTEDLESSCLLDRKEEKGDSARKWEWLHESKKNYQSMEKHTKLPGDKCCQPLGKTKLERKVSAKENRQAPVLLQTYRESWNGENIESVKQSRSPVSVFSWDNEKNDKDSWSQLFTEDSQGQRVIAHNTRAPFQDVTNNWNWDLGPFPNSPWAQCQEDGPTQNLKPDLLFTQDSEGNQVIRHQF | DNA-binding protein that accumulates at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) following DNA damage and promotes DNA resection and homologous recombination . Serves as a sensor of DNA damage: binds DNA with a strong preference for DNA substrates that mimic structures generated at stalled replication forks, and anchors RBBP8/CtIP to DSB sites to promote DNA end resection and ensuing homologous recombination repair . Inhibits non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) . Required for the dynamic movement of AURKA at the centrosomes and spindle apparatus during the cell cycle .
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Microtubule organizing center, Centrosome, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Spindle pole
Accumulates at sites of DNA damage by binding to DNA substrates that mimick structures generated at stalled replication forks . Localizes to the centrosome in interphase and to the spindle pole in metaphase .
Expressed in heart, skeletal muscles, placenta and testis. |
B2L14_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MCSTSGCDLEEIPLDDDDLNTIEFKILAYYTRHHVFKSTPALFSPKLLRTRSLSQRGLGNCSANESWTEVSWPCRNSQSSEKAINLGKKKSSWKAFFGVVEKEDSQSTPAKVSAQGQRTLEYQDSHSQQWSRCLSNVEQCLEHEAVDPKVISIANRVAEIVYSWPPPQATQAGGFKSKEIFVTEGLSFQLQGHVPVASSSKKDEEEQILAKIVELLKYSGDQLERKLKKDKALMGHFQDGLSYSVFKTITDQVLMGVDPRGESEVKAQGFKAALVIDVTAKLTAIDNHPMNRVLGFGTKYLKENFSPWIQQHGGWEKILGISHEEVD | Plays a role in apoptosis.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytosol
Diffusely distributed throughout the cytosol.
Subcellular locations: Endomembrane system
Predominantly localized to cytosolic organelles.
Isoform 1 is widely expressed. Isoform 2 is testis-specific. |
B2L15_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MKSSQTFEEQTECIVNTLLMDFLSPTLQVASRNLCCVDEVDSGEPCSFDVAIIAGRLRMLGDQFNGELEASAKNVIAETIKGQTGAILQDTVESLSKTWCAQDSSLAYERAFLAVSVKLLEYMAHIAPEVVGQVAIPMTGMINGNQAIREFIQGQGGWENLES | null |
B2LA1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MTDCEFGYIYRLAQDYLQCVLQIPQPGSGPSKTSRVLQNVAFSVQKEVEKNLKSCLDNVNVVSVDTARTLFNQVMEKEFEDGIINWGRIVTIFAFEGILIKKLLRQQIAPDVDTYKEISYFVAEFIMNNTGEWIRQNGGWENGFVKKFEPKSGWMTFLEVTGKICEMLSLLKQYC | Retards apoptosis induced by IL-3 deprivation. May function in the response of hemopoietic cells to external signals and in maintaining endothelial survival during infection (By similarity). Can inhibit apoptosis induced by serum starvation in the mammary epithelial cell line HC11 (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm
Seems to be restricted to the hematopoietic compartment. Expressed in peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow, at moderate levels in lung, small intestine and testis, at a minimal levels in other tissues. Also found in vascular smooth muscle cells and hematopoietic malignancies. |
B2MG_ALOSE | Alouatta seniculus | MARFVVVALLALLSLSGLEAIQHAPKIQVYSRHPAENGKPNFLNCYVSGFHPSDIEVDLLKNGKKIEKVEHSDLSFSKDWSFYLLYYTEFTPNEKDEYACRVSHVTFPTPKTVKWDRTM | Component of the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Secreted |
B2MG_AOTAZ | Aotus azarae | MARFVVVALLVLLSLSGLEAIQRAPKIQVYSRHPAENGKPNFLNCYVSGFHPSDIEVDLLKNGKKIEKVEHSDLSFSKDWSFYLLYYTEFTPNEKDEYACRVSHVTLSTPKTVKWDRNM | Component of the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Secreted |
B2MG_AOTLE | Aotus lemurinus | MARFVVVALLVLLSLSGLEAIQHAPKIQVYSRHPAENGKPNFLNCYVSGFHPSDIEVDLLKNGKKIEKVEHSDLSFSKDWSFYLLYYTEFTPNEKDEYACRVSHVTLSTPKTVKWDRNM | Component of the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Secreted |
B2MG_AOTNA | Aotus nancymaae | MARFVVVALLVLLSLSGLEAIQHAPKIQVYSRHPAENGKPNFLNCYVSGFHPSDIEVDLLKNGKKIEKVEHSDLSFSKDWSFYLLYYTEFTPNEKDEYACRVSHVTLSTPKTVKWDRNM | Component of the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system.
Subcellular locations: Secreted |
B2MG_ATEPA | Ateles paniscus | MARSVVVALLVLLSLSGLEAIQHAPKIQVYSRHPAENGKPNFLNCYVSGFHPSDIEVDLLKNGKKIEKVEHSDLSFSKDWSFYLLYYTEFTPNEKDEYACRVSHVTFSTPKTVKWDRTM | Component of the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Secreted |
B4GA1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MQMSYAIRCAFYQLLLAALMLVAMLQLLYLSLLSGLHGQEEQDQYFEFFPPSPRSVDQVKAQLRTALASGGVLDASGDYRVYRGLLKTTMDPNDVILATHASVDNLLHLSGLLERWEGPLSVSVFAATKEEAQLATVLAYALSSHCPDMRARVAMHLVCPSRYEAAVPDPREPGEFALLRSCQEVFDKLARVAQPGINYALGTNVSYPNNLLRNLAREGANYALVIDVDMVPSEGLWRGLREMLDQSNQWGGTALVVPAFEIRRARRMPMNKNELVQLYQVGEVRPFYYGLCTPCQAPTNYSRWVNLPEESLLRPAYVVPWQDPWEPFYVAGGKVPTFDERFRQYGFNRISQACELHVAGFDFEVLNEGFLVHKGFKEALKFHPQKEAENQHNKILYRQFKQELKAKYPNSPRRC | Beta-1,4-glucuronyltransferase involved in O-mannosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1) ( , ). Transfers a glucuronic acid (GlcA) residue onto a xylose (Xyl) acceptor to produce the glucuronyl-beta-1,4-xylose-beta disaccharide primer, which is further elongated by LARGE1, during synthesis of phosphorylated O-mannosyl glycan (, ). Phosphorylated O-mannosyl glycan is a carbohydrate structure present in alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1), which is required for binding laminin G-like domain-containing extracellular proteins with high affinity (, ). Required for axon guidance; via its function in O-mannosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1) (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Golgi apparatus membrane
Localizes near the trans-Golgi apparatus.
In the adult, highly expressed in heart, brain, skeletal muscle and kidney and to a lesser extent in placenta, pancreas, spleen, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine and colon. Very weak expression in lung, liver, thymus and peripheral blood leukocytes. In fetal highly expressed in brain and kidney and to a lesser extent in lung and liver. |
B4GA1_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MQMSYAIRCAFYQLLLAALMLVAMLQLLYLSLLSGLHGQEEQDQYFEFFPPSPRSVDQVKTQLRTALASGGVLDASGDYRVYRGLLKTTMDPNDVILATHASVDNLLHLSGLLERWEGPLSVSVFAATKEEAQLATVLAYALSSHCPDMRARVAMHLVCPSRYEAAVPDPREPGEFALLRSCQEVFDKLARVAQPGINYALGTNVSYPNNLLRNLAREGANYALVIDVDMVPSEGLWRGLREMLDQSNQWGGTALVVPAFEIRRARRMPMNKNELVQLYQVGEVRPFYYGLCTPCQAPTNYSRWVNLPEESLLRPAYVVPWQDPWEPFYVAGGKVPTFDERFRQYGFNRISQACELHVAGFDFEVLNEGFLVHKGFKEALKFHPQKEAENQHNKILYRQFKQELKAKYPNSPRRC | Beta-1,4-glucuronyltransferase involved in O-mannosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1). Transfers a glucuronic acid (GlcA) residue onto a xylose (Xyl) acceptor to produce the glucuronyl-beta-1,4-xylose-beta disaccharide primer, which is further elongated by LARGE1, during synthesis of phosphorylated O-mannosyl glycan. Phosphorylated O-mannosyl glycan is a carbohydrate structure present in alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1), which is required for binding laminin G-like domain-containing extracellular proteins with high affinity. Required for axon guidance; via its function in O-mannosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1).
Subcellular locations: Golgi apparatus membrane
Localizes near the trans-Golgi apparatus. |
BAGE1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAARAVFLALSAQLLQARLMKEESPVVSWRLEPEDGTALCFIF | Unknown. Antigen recognized on a melanoma by autologous cytolytic T-lymphocytes.
Subcellular locations: Secreted
Not expressed in normal tissues, except in testis. Expressed with significant proportion in melanomas, but also in tumors of various histological origins, such as bladder carcinomas, head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, lung and breast carcinomas. Not expressed in renal, colorectal and prostatic carcinomas, leukemias and lymphomas. More frequently expressed in metastatic melanomas than in primary melanomas. |
BAGE2_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAAGVVFLALSAQLLQARLMKEESPVVSWRLEPEDGTALDVHFVSTLEPLSNAVKRNVPRCIIILVLQEPTAFRISVTSSCFVQNTLTKLLKDRRKMQTVQCATARETS | Unknown. Candidate gene encoding tumor antigens.
Subcellular locations: Secreted
Not expressed in normal tissues except in testis. Expressed in 22% of melanomas, in bladder and lung carcinomas. |
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