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Sudden deafness is severe or complete hearing loss that develops over a few hours or is noticed on awakening. Such hearing loss typically affects only one ear (unless the cause is a drug). Depending on the cause of sudden deafness, people may have other symptoms such as ringing in the ears (tinnitus), dizziness, or a false sensation of spinning or moving (vertigo). About 1 in 5,000 people each year develop sudden deafness. For hearing loss that develops gradually, see Hearing Loss.
Causes of sudden deafness fall into three general categories:
In most people, no cause can be found for their sudden deafness. However, doctors have several theories. Possible causes include viral infections (particularly infections with herpes simplex virus), an attack on the inner ear or its nerves by the body's immune system (autoimmune reaction), and blockage of the small blood vessels of the inner ear or the blood vessels of its nerves. Perhaps different causes affect different people.
In many other people, a cause for the sudden deafness is obvious. Such causes include
Head injury (such as a fracture of the temporal bone in the skull or sometimes a severe concussion without a fracture) can damage the inner ear and cause sudden hearing loss.
Severe pressure changes (such as those that can occur with diving or less often by bearing down during weightlifting) can cause a hole (fistula) to form between the middle and inner ear. Sometimes, such a fistula is present from birth and can spontaneously cause sudden hearing loss or make the person more susceptible to hearing loss after a head injury or pressure changes.
Ototoxic drugs (see Some Causes and Features of Hearing Loss) are drugs that have damaging side effects to the ears. Some drugs can rapidly cause hearing loss, sometimes within a day (especially with an overdose). A few people have a rare genetic disorder that makes them more susceptible to hearing loss from the class of antibiotics called aminoglycosides.
A number of infections cause sudden deafness during or immediately after acute illness. Common infections include bacterial meningitis, Lyme disease, and many viral infections. The most common viral causes in the developed world are mumps and herpes simplex brain infection. Measles is a very rare cause because most people are immunized against the infection.
Sudden deafness rarely can be the first symptom of some disorders that usually have other initial symptoms. Such disorders include a tumor of the auditory nerve called acoustic neuroma, multiple sclerosis, Meniere disease, or a small stroke of the balance center of the brain (the cerebellum). Sometimes a syphilis infection reactivates in people who have HIV infection. This reactivation can cause sudden deafness.
Rarer disorders include Cogan syndrome, in which an autoimmune reaction attacks the inner ear (and also the surface of the eye); certain disorders involving blood vessel inflammation (vasculitis); and blood disorders such as Waldenström macroglobulinemia, sickle cell disease, and some forms of leukemia.
The following information can help people decide when a doctor's evaluation is needed and help them know what to expect during the evaluation.
In people with sudden deafness, certain symptoms and characteristics are cause for concern. They include
When to see a doctor:
Anyone with sudden deafness should see a doctor right away because some causes must be treated quickly.
What the doctor does:
Doctors first ask questions about the person's symptoms and medical history. Doctors then do a physical examination. What they find during the history and physical examination may suggest a cause of the sudden deafness and the tests that may need to be done (see Some Causes and Features of Sudden Deafness).
Doctors note whether hearing loss affects one or both ears and whether a specific event such as head injury, diving injury, or infectious illness occurred. They ask about accompanying symptoms that involve the ear (such as ringing in the ears or ear discharge), balance center (such as disorientation in the dark or vertigo), and other parts of the brain and nervous system (such as headache, weakness, or an abnormal sense of taste). They try to identify whether people are currently taking (or recently took) any ototoxic drugs.
The physical examination focuses on the ears and hearing and on examination of the nervous system.
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Typically, people should have an audiogram (a hearing test―see Testing). Unless doctors think the problem is clearly an acute infection or drug toxicity, they usually also do gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particularly when the hearing loss is greater in one ear. Other tests are done based on the likely cause (see Some Causes and Features of Sudden Deafness). For example, people who had a head injury should have MRI. People at risk of sexually transmitted diseases should have blood tests for HIV infection and syphilis.
Treatment is directed at any known cause of the sudden deafness. When the cause is unknown, many doctors try giving corticosteroids along with antiviral drugs effective against herpes simplex (such as valacyclovir or famciclovir).
When the cause is a viral infection or is unknown, about half of people regain normal hearing and the other half recover partial hearing. Improvement, if it can be achieved, usually occurs within 10 to 14 days. Recovery from an ototoxic drug varies greatly depending on the drug and the dosage. With some drugs (such as aspirin and diuretics), hearing returns within 24 hours. However, antibiotic and chemotherapy drugs often cause permanent hearing loss if safe dosages have been exceeded.
Last full review/revision December 2012 by John K. Niparko, MD | <urn:uuid:9a2486ed-ef00-4194-9921-835f7ac0f453> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear_nose_and_throat_disorders/hearing_loss_and_deafness/sudden_deafness.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824445.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00278-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946716 | 1,175 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Benefits of Essential Oils Discussed at Library Workshop
Apr 30, 2015 09:50AM ● Published by Kathryn Nulf
Essential oils are natural extracts from the seeds, stems, roots, flowers, bark, and other parts of plants. Backstrom shared with the group that she originally became interested in essential oils 12 years ago when she worked at a spa that sold essential oils. Over the years she learned more about the importance of quality oils and now works as a Wellness Advocate for dōTERRA, a company known for their pure therapeutic grade essential oils, which means they represent the safest, purest, and most beneficial essential oils available today. The oils are skillfully distilled from plants around the world in order to provide the most benefits. Essential oils can help with issues such as acne, dizziness, depression, colds, asthma, allergies, toothache, stress, and weight loss.
Backstrom said that the use of essential oils has grown rapidly as scientists and medical practitioners research and validate the numerous health benefits of pure and natural essential oils. She stressed the need to always look for pure therapeutic grade essential oils because they are the most effective and safest to use. They can be used topically, internally, and aromatically. Essential oils enter the bloodstream within 30 seconds when used topically, and have systemic localized effects. When taken internally, essential oils can detoxify the body and improve the digestive system, plus they can have benefits on the mouth, throat, liver, and urogenital tract.
“Because essential oils are compounds from nature, your body works synergistically with them,” Backstrom said. Essential oils can also be used aromatically to cleanse the air and enhance mood.
Essential oils are highly concentrated and 50 to 70 times more powerful than herbs. They have a wide range of uses, from cosmetics to foods to natural health solutions. They provide a variety of health benefits without any side effects or addictions that may be associated with prescriptions medications. Backstrom shared that antibiotics cannot penetrate the cell membrane, while essential oils can penetrate cells to kill viruses and bacteria.
Some common essential oils are lavender, lemon, peppermint, melaleuca, and frankincense. Lavender can be applied topically to soothe irritated skin and lips, or applied immediately to help calm a reaction to a bee sting or bug bite.
Backstrom said that only a drop of lemon or peppermint oil is needed in your water to experience a refreshing flavor along with detoxifying benefits. She said that frankincense is one of the most powerful essential oils and can be applied to the bottom of the feet or taken internally in capsules to support immune function.
Backstrom can be reached at 508-523-9325 or through her website www.mydoterra.com/jenniebackstrom. | <urn:uuid:c86e698e-3540-4b2f-bee8-4016eb8a8f6a> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.bellinghambulletin.com/2015/04/30/70069/benefits-of-essential-oils-discussed-at-library-workshop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589470.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716213101-20180716233101-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.950967 | 580 | 2.96875 | 3 |
01 Feb 2012:
New Gorilla Habitat
Discovered Using Satellite Images
Satellite and land surveys of the mountainous terrain along the Nigeria-Cameroon border have revealed that the world’s rarest gorilla, the Cross River gorilla, has access to more suitable habitat than previously believed
, including vital corridors that allow the gorillas to move between regions in search of mates.
A Cross River gorilla
Using satellite imagery and ground surveys, a team of researchers was able to map areas preferred by the critically endangered gorilla, which include steep mountain areas far from human development. To their surprise, researchers found evidence that the Cross River gorilla dwells in areas where there had been no recorded sightings, expanding their known occupied range by more than 50 percent. The study also found a high degree of connectivity between 11 areas where the gorillas are known to live. “The good news for Cross River gorillas is that they still have plenty of habitat in which to expand, provided that steps are taken to minimize threats to the population,” said Andrew Dunn, a conservationist with the Wildlife Conservation Society and co-author of the study, published in the journal Oryx
. The Cross River gorilla is considered the rarest of the four sub-species of gorilla, with fewer than 300 individuals living in the wild. | <urn:uuid:2c7d247c-77d2-428a-bfa5-de44c40812a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://e360.yale.edu/mobile/digest.msp?id=3312 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280319.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00414-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952819 | 268 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Born in a small town near Dusseldorf, Germany in 1880, Joseph Pilates was a small and sickly child. Given an anatomy book by a family physician, Joe began his study of the human body at an early age. Using movement of his own body to learn and memorize every page of the book, by 14 he was modeling for anatomy books himself. The son of a gymnast father and naturopath mother, Joe later became a skilled boxer, gymnast, circus performer, skier and diver; he also practiced yoga and Zen meditation. Through his own physical transformation, Joe came to realize the simple truth and Power Pilates motto: Movement heals.
German born Joseph Pilates was living in England, working as a circus performer and boxer, when he was placed in forced internment in England at the outbreak of WWI. While in the internment camp, he began to develop the floor exercises that evolved into what we now know as the Pilates mat work.
As time went by, Joseph Pilates began to work with rehabilitating other detainees who were suffering from diseases and injuries. It was invention born of necessity that inspired him to utilize items that were available to him, like bedsprings and beer keg rings, to create resistance exercise equipment for his patients. This was unlikely beginnings of the equipment we use today, like the reformer and the magic circle.
Joseph Pilates developed his work from a strong personal experience in fitness. Unhealthy as a child, Joseph Pilates studied many kinds of self-improvement systems. He drew from Eastern practices such as yoga and Zen Buddhism, and was inspired by the ancient Greek ideal of man perfected in development of body, mind and spirit. On his way to developing the Pilates Method, Joseph Pilates studied anatomy and developed himself as a body builder, a wrestler, gymnast, boxer, skier and diver.
After WWI, Joseph Pilates briefly returned to Germany where his reputation as a physical trainer/healer preceded him. In Germany, he worked briefly for the Hamburg Military Police in self-defense and physical training. In 1925, he was asked to train the German army. Instead, he packed his bags and took a boat to New York City. On the boat to America, Joseph met Clara, a nurse, who would become his wife. He went on to establish his studio in New York and Clara worked with him as he evolved the Pilates method of exercise, invented the Pilates exercise equipment, and of course, trained students.
Joseph Pilates taught in New York from 1926 to 1966. During that time, he trained a number of students who not only applied his work to their own lives but became teachers of the Pilates method themselves. This first generation of teachers who trained directly with Joseph Pilates is often referred to as the Pilates Elders. Some committed themselves to passing along Joseph Pilates work exactly as he taught it. This approach is referred to as “classical style” Pilates. Other students went on to integrate what they learned with their own research in anatomy and exercise sciences.
Joseph Pilates' New York studio put him in close proximity to a number of dance studios, which led to his “discovery” by the dance community. Many dancers and well-known persons of New York depended on Pilates method training for the strength and grace it developed in the practitioner, as well as for its rehabilitative effects. Until exercise science caught up with the Pilates exercise principles in the 1980s, and the surge of interest in Pilates that we have today got underway, it was chiefly dancers and elite athletes who kept Joseph Pilates' work alive.
Joseph Pilates passed away in 1967 at age 87. He had maintained a fit physique throughout his life, and many photos show that he was in remarkable physical condition in his older years. He is also said to have had a flamboyant personality. He smoked cigars, liked to party, and wore his exercise briefs wherever he wanted (even on the streets of New York). It is said that he was an intimidating, though deeply committed, instructor. Clara Pilates continued to teach and run the studio for another 10 years after Joseph Pilates death. Today, Joseph Pilates teachings are carried on by the Pilates Elders, and by a large group of contemporary teachers.
Joseph Pilates called his work, contrology. He defined Contrology as “the comprehensive integration of body mind and spirit.” This philosophy is beautifully elucidated in his book, Return to Life Through Contrology. | <urn:uuid:cb258926-f20d-4850-8054-cda73fa507b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.absolutepilateswithleslie.com/historyofjoe.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320995.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627050500-20170627070500-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.989006 | 932 | 2.75 | 3 |
OPINION — It’s interesting how some of our most popular holidays are more often defined by the symbols of our celebration and less by the substance of why we celebrate them.
Independence Day is joyfully represented by flags, parades, fireworks, cookouts and picnics, yet few people bother to observe the underlying reason for which that day exists. Likewise, Thanksgiving is synonymous with food, football and family, followed closely by combat shopping for Christmas.
How differently might we approach these holidays if we individually understood their historical significance and why they were observed in the first place?
Few people realize that much of what we’re told about the first Thanksgiving celebration in 1621 is largely a tall tale. Most of us were raised to understand that a year after landing at Plymouth Rock, the hard-working Pilgrims, along with certain Indian tribes they’d befriended, celebrated their good fortune with a bounteous feast.
But this is a patently false account.
In the essay “The Great Thanksgiving Hoax”, Richard J. Marbury documents that the Pilgrims’ first few years were marked by starvation, laziness and corruption. The Pilgrims were practicing an early form of socialism that required all of their profits and benefits be placed into the common stock and all of their meat, drink, apparel and provisions be taken out of the common stock.
Able-bodied men balked at the prospect of spending their strength laboring for others who were not contributing to colony’s efforts. Rather than work in the fields, many colonists instead preferred to steal the growing crops before they could be harvested.
The famines ended in 1623 when Gov. William Bradford replaced their collectivist economic approach with a free market that allowed each household to own land and to keep or trade whatever they produced.
Suddenly, ‘instead of famine now God gave them plenty,’ Bradford wrote, ‘and the face of things was changed, to the rejoicing of the hearts of many, for which they blessed God.’ Thereafter, he wrote, ‘any general want or famine hath not been amongst them since to this day.’
Now that sounds a lot more like the Thanksgiving celebration in which we grew up believing.
Thanksgiving was not a set holiday throughout much of the early years of American history. The colonies held a variety of days of fasting and thanksgiving at various times throughout the year.
The first national thanksgiving day wasn’t held until 1777 when the Continental Congress suggested a national day be set aside to recognize the hand of Divine Providence in their quest for independence. Over the next few years, other thanksgiving proclamations were issued for various reasons.
It wasn’t until 1789 that President George Washington issued the proclamation designating a national day of thanks in November. It’s worth noting that, as president, he did not simply impose this proclamation with the stroke of his pen but instead requested the governors of the several states announce and observe the day within their states.
That respect for the authority of state governments is how federalism is supposed to work.
Though subsequent presidents would also issue thanksgiving proclamations, the holiday would not become a permanent annual celebration until Abraham Lincoln made it one in the 1860s.
Note the wording that George Washington used in his first proclamation:
To recommend to the People of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signal favors of Almighty God especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness.
Washington went on to urge the citizens of our nation to render “sincere and humble thanks” to God for His care and protection and “signal and manifold mercies.” He asked that the American people “unite in most humbly offering our prayers and supplications to the great Lord and Ruler of Nations and beseech him to pardon our national and other transgressions.”
Note the focus on humble gratitude. Can you imagine the tsunami of outrage and triggered meltdowns that would wash across America if a president – or any political leader, for that matter – were to use such language today?
Our take on Thanksgiving is very different from the kind of introspection, modesty and authentic gratitude shown by those who first instituted the custom. Of course, unlike many of them, few of us have ever really known a time of want or have seen our very existence hang in the balance.
Perhaps this is why an attitude of entitlement permeates nearly every part of our society today.
We may imagine that we are too enlightened or sophisticated to render gratitude to a higher authority than ourselves. But no one in our time has come close to replicating the kind of beneficial result for future generations that wiser and infinitely more grateful founding generations did.
Bryan Hyde is an opinion columnist specializing in current events viewed through what he calls the lens of common sense. The opinions stated in this article are his and not representative of St. George News.
Copyright St. George News, SaintGeorgeUtah.com LLC, 2017, all rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:8318fe88-6263-42e4-8298-f03f37209062> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.stgeorgeutah.com/news/archive/2017/11/20/perspectives-forget-the-tall-tales-this-is-why-the-pilgrims-were-thankful/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347409171.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530102741-20200530132741-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.968735 | 1,068 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Fear Of Snakes Ophidiophobia
Derived from the Greek words Ophis (serpent) and Phobos (fear), Ophidiophobia is one of the most commonly reported phobias. Indeed, reports claim that as many as one third of adult humans suffer from an intense fear of snakes.
While most of us have a healthy respect for snakes, and fear contact with potentially venomous species, an Ophidiophobe shudders at the mere suggestion of snakes. In extreme cases, even cartoon pictures depicting the slithering reptile can bring on intense panic attacks, dizziness and nausea.
So, why is the fear of snakes such a common phobia? What is it about the sleek reptile that is so revolting to so many people? Are you an Ophidiophobe and you don’t know it, and if so, can you be treated?
Let’s get to the bottom of this snake pit.
CAUSES OF OPHIDIOPHOBIA
As with several other specific phobias, psychologists look back to our evolution when trying to determine what makes us so scared of snakes. It’s a well-known fact that certain species are venomous, and some can kill within minutes.
Many years ago, when medicine and basic living standards left a lot to be desired, snakes could very well have posed a huge threat to a tribe’s survival. It is believed that humans, along with many other mammals, soon developed a sensible fear of snakes. Those who feared the slippery serpents were far more likely to survive.
This fear has been passed on, and has become one of many survival instincts. While this explains why a fear of snakes is so prevalent, there are other theories as to how this fear can develop into Ophidiophobia.
Culture and Conditioning
Snakes are symbolic creatures, found in various forms throughout different myths from cultures across the globe. While the stories may differ, one fact remains almost 100% consistent. The snake represents darkness and evil.
We learn from a young age that snakes are deadly creatures, and are constantly told to be careful of them. From story books to news reports, almost everything we hear about snakes is negative. This conditioning is believed to play a major role in the development of Ophiophobia.
Of course, traumatic experiences can be directly linked to the phobia. From witnessing a snake hissing at a loved one, to being bitten as a child, there are many ways early snake experiences can lead to developing an intense fear of them.
SYMPTOMS OF OPHIDIOPHOBIA
While many of us might stop in our tracks and feel a slight panic when confronted by a snake, we’ll normally move on and carry on about our business. An Ophidiophobe on the other hand is likely to suffer far more severe symptoms.
- Anxiety attacks
- Hot or cold flushes
- Sweating and clammy hands
- Even images fill you with fear; You don’t have to see a real snake for panic attacks to strike. You might just see a picture in a book or on TV.
- Your fear prevents you from doing things; You avoid zoos, walking in the woods or picnics with friends, because you might encounter a snake.
The good news is that treating your fear of snakes is entirely possible, and there are numerous different methods you can adopt.
- Exposure therapy involves slowly exposing yourself to snakes in a positive environment. It starts by looking at pictures while a professional provides positive affirmations. Gradually, you will work up to handling a real snake.
- Hypnotherapy is a great choice for Ophidiophobes who struggle to even think about snakes without panicking.
- NLP or Neuro-Linguistic Programming views the brain as a computer, made up of various codes and programs. Ophidiophobia is a fault that simply needs to be reprogrammed. This is a fairly quick method, without the mental strain of being exposed to your fear. Many sufferers report strong results within 5 days of 10-minute exercises, which can completed from the comfort of your own home.
- Relaxation training enables you to not only overcome your fear of snakes, but to also stand in the face of any danger and keep your cool. The training typically involves breathing exercises and meditation.
- In today’s digital world, there are even apps or audio therapy sessions such as subliminals you can download to help rid you of your phobia.
BENEFITS OF OVERCOMING FEAR OF SNAKES
By treating your Ophidiophobia, a world of opportunities become open to you. You can suddenly enjoy the things and places that you previously avoided. Trips to the zoo, hikes in the forest and visits to exciting countries no longer need to be put off.
But more than that, to be free from extreme fear allows you to relax in any environment. No more will you need to fear standing too close to someone with a newspaper, in case a picture of a snake is on the next page. Plus, you will prove to yourself that you are able to conquer your fears and move forward in life. | <urn:uuid:8c2b1603-5ef2-4070-a6c0-de9f9191308e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://subliminalpro.com/fear-of-snakes-ophidiophobia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511220.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003192425-20231003222425-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.945787 | 1,113 | 3 | 3 |
Google Doodle has come up with an interactive video on Alan Turing's 100th birth anniversary to honour the gifted British mathematician, logician, computer scientist and code breaker.
Google's virtual version of the Turing Machine, conceptualised by Turing in 1936, that helps explain how a CPU thinks in binary, ie, 1s and 0s.
The Google Doodle with a series of 1s and 0s and arrows pointing to left and right is a difficult one for those who are not a computer science geek.
As Mashable puts it, the aim of the game is to spell out "Google in binary" by matching numbers on the tape to the numbers in the upper right box.
The task involves six steps to be performed successfully and with each successful step, one letter of the Google logo gets filled with colour. After completing it the first time, one can play it again at a more difficult level.
"We first had the idea to celebrate Turing more than a year ago but decided to wait for his 100th to do something complex," said Sophia Foster-Dimino, an artist on the Doodle team. "As one of the fathers of computer science, we thought he was a really fitting person to celebrate."
Turing, an extraordinarily genius, had contributed to the development of computer science in a big way by formalising the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing Machine, which played a major role in the creation of the modern computer.
Turing is widely praised for cracking the German Enigma secret codes by creating early computers such as bombe that helped Allies to track and destroy the German military and naval units.
Turing had to face the criminal prosecution because of his sexual orientation, just a couple of years before his death.
He was arrested and charged with "acts of gross indecency" for having a relationship with one of his technicians at the Manchester University, where he worked.
He agreed to undergo chemical castration in order to escape prison and was subjected to years of oestrogen treatment.
"While his wartime code-breaking saved thousands of lives, his own life was destroyed when he was convicted for homosexuality," Google UK Engineering Director Andrew Eland wrote in a blog post. "But the tragedy of his story should not overshadow his legacy. Turing's insight laid the foundations of the computer age. It's no exaggeration to say he's a founding father of every computer and Internet company today."
Though there were several conspiracy theories surrounding his death, he was widely believed to have committed suicide by consuming poison.
Turing was found dead in his bed in 1954, when he was just 41.
To honour the genius' 100th birth anniversary, London's Science Museum is opening a year-long exhibition called Codebreaker: Alan Turing's Life and Legacy. | <urn:uuid:d2b8fd86-893b-4a0b-96cc-66b206d29e57> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/alan-turing-google-doodle-code-breaking-355549 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647519.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320170119-20180320190119-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.979345 | 564 | 3.09375 | 3 |
One example of this is Zip-lock plastic bags for storing foods. Another one is the Coleman or Rubbermaid coolers we use to keep preserve foods while camping outside or going out of town and water jugs to keep our beverages cool and a handy gadget outdoors. And a lot more of plastics used for everyone's convenience. But these are not just ordinary plastics! Plastic is...
- Easy to use
- Low in cost
Thermoforming is one of the procedures being done to manufacture plastic. A plastic sheet or film is used that can be easily soften up when heated and becomes hard again when it cools down. The kind of plastic used in Thermoforming can undergo melting and freezing without changing its chemical state and it can be re-used. The plastic sheet or film is heated between specialized heaters in order to form the product with its usual temperature range. Then it is placed in a temperature regulated metal table or molder until it is cooled down. The plastic formed from the molder will be taken out of the sheet. Used or excess plastic sheets are being recycled in order to form new plastic products out of it.
It is a technological breakthrough for its:
- Easier to produce
- Ability to form small and large objects for that specific product
- Lower costs of production
- Great and unique design
- Firmly and nicely furnished
- Shorter time for production
- Can work on any type of weather conditions, high and low temperatures.
Thermoforming is one of the oldest plastic manufacturing procedures. In the year 1890, baby rattles and teething rings were formed out of plastics using the thermoforming procedure. In 1930 some developments were made in the plastic materials; but it never grew sucessful until the 1930's in Europe.
3. Process Categories
Thermoforming has two general process categories called the thin gauge and the so called heavy or thick gauge. Thin gauge is used for thin sheets of plastics and can be directly processed with regulated temperature. Unlike the heavy or thick gauge, the plastic used there is thicker than the thin plastic sheets and it still need to cut into pieces before being processed. Instead of using the regulated temperature for thin plastics sheets in order to form a product, the temperature is higher than the regulated temperature in heavy or thick gauge.
Heavy or thick gauge was formed during the World War II on aircraft windscreens and machine gun turret windows in aircrafts. Today, heavy or thick gauge parts are used in permanent structures as additional parts in cars, trucks, refrigerating units, bathroom accessories such as showers, plastic faucets, plastic doors and toilet seats, electronic and electrical equipment.
It is a big benefit for companies who use these kind of procedure for their plastic products it's lower costs, durability, usefulness, and productivity. It also weighs less than other ordinary and special types of plastics. Of course, it's also helpful for the consumers and users of this kind of plastic. Lower material and production costs + mass production of products = BIG MONEY | <urn:uuid:4eeaf96a-3804-44fa-aea7-eac4a0ab10e1> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.itags.org/articles_whccba.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735812.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200803140840-20200803170840-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.946838 | 615 | 3.390625 | 3 |
DAY 1 – Amos 5: 18-24
**The lessons for this week deal with God coming in judgment. In the case of the Old Testament lesson, God comes to the wandering nation of Israel, now divided into 2 kingdoms: the Northern and the Southern kingdoms. [View the Map] The North has strayed off, seeking protection and security in other countries and kings. In the case of the Gospel lesson, God comes as a groom and finds his guests unprepared and distracted.**
In our Old Testament reading today, God had invited His people, Israel, to trust Him, and He had shown countless times when He protected and served them in the past. But instead God found them chasing after idols and ignoring His promises. God compares His dilemma to someone who enters his own house only to be bitten by a venomous snake. Israel had turned their back on God and sought safety and support in other kingdoms. Now God sees through all their ceremonies and worship, because the people were going through the motions. They were not genuine in looking to God above all things.
In enters Amos, a herdsman (shepherd), who was called to prophetically speak on behalf of God. The Assyrian nation to the north is about to descend on the Northern Kingdom, capture their citizens, and deport them throughout the Assyrian empire. All this God sees coming, and allows to happen as a consequence of their seeking hope and peace in other things.
Read Amos 5: 18-24
How can this passage apply to people inside the church today?
Amos mentions being righteous. How are we righteous? (read 2 Corinthians 5:21 for additional insight). What does this mean for our worship and sacrifices?
With Amos being a herdsman (shepherd), who else in the bible was a Shepherd? How does shepherd make God’s story come together?
Read this information about shepherds in Biblical Times:
The idea of shepherding, and in specific the idea of God acting as the Shepherd of His people, is a theme found throughout the Bible, from beginning to end. In Genesis 48:24, as Jacob, on his deathbed summarized his life, he declared that God had been his “shepherd all of his life to this day.” In Revelation 7:17, when the saints who come out of the tribulation are brought before God, John brings together two of the most striking images of the scripture by stating, "for the Lamb in the center of the throne shall be their shepherd and shall guide them to springs of the water of life; and God shall wipe every tear from their eye.” Abraham, Issac, Jacob, Joseph were all shepherds, as was Moses and David. It is also used figuratively to represent rulers of kingdoms and of God to his people (Psalms 23:1; 80:1; Isaiah 40:11; 44:28; Jeremiah 25:34,35; Nahum 3:18; John 10:11,14; Hebrews 13:20; 1 Peter 2:25; 5:4).
The duties of a shepherd in a country like Palestine were very demanding. In early morning he would take the flock from the pen, marching at its head to the spot where they were to be pastured. Here he watched them all day, taking care that none of the sheep strayed, and if any for a time eluded his watch and wandered away from the rest, would seek till he found and brought it back. Sheep require to be supplied with water, and the shepherd has to guide them either to some running stream or to wells dug in the wilderness and furnished with troughs. At night he brought the flock home to the pen, counting them as they passed under the rod at the door to assure himself that none were missing. Often his labors would not end at sunset. Often he had to guard the pen through the night from the attack of wild beasts, or the wily attempts of the prowling thief (1 Samuel 17:34).
Looking at the theme of shepherd, who else is in your life to help shepherd you?
What makes some better shepherds than others?
Take time to pray about specific people in your life, thanking God that they shepherd you.
DAY 2 – Matthew 25: 1-13
In our gospel today Jesus has withdrawn to get some rest. The disciples take this opportunity to ask Jesus when the Last Day will come. Jesus responds with a parable about a wedding that provides a warning for all listening and us today: be prepared spiritually! In the story the guests are waiting for the groom to arrive. The wait extends longer than expected, and as night sets in, the guests have to light their lamps. Unfortunately, the wait continues even longer, and some lamps begin to run low on oil. Some guests had planned ahead and brought spare oil, but others had not. Those running low must quickly go to a store to get more oil, but when they arrive back at the banquet, the groom has already arrived and taken the other guests in to the banquet. In the end they miss out because they did not have enough oil to wait as long as needed.
Read Matthew 25: 1-13
What sticks out to you about this reading? How does this reading apply to today?
Since we are eagerly waiting for Jesus’ return, would you prefer Jesus to come sooner or later and why?
What does it look like to have the “oil needed” to be prepared for Christ’s return?
Is there anyway to share your oil with others?
As a family write a letter to a persecuted Christian, encourage these Christians to stand firm in their faith as they continue to wait for the groom. Voice of the Martyrs Letters will be available at worship, and can be returned there. | <urn:uuid:b28f2e7a-bdcb-4968-9abc-386b4b011e45> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.communityoflife.us/homehuddle/2017/11/10/week-of-november-12th | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805541.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119095916-20171119115916-00729.warc.gz | en | 0.976904 | 1,194 | 3.015625 | 3 |
In a recent blog entry, we shared news of a study that found a link between a mosquito insecticide and autism. Since that publication, more news has become available that shows chemicals that were banned decades ago are contributing to an increase in autism diagnosis.
Prenatal Exposure to Banned Chemicals
In a study, Drexel University researchers shared their revelations that certain chemicals and pesticides banned back in the 1970s are still putting today’s children at a significantly greater risk of developing autism.
The research was carried out by professors at A.J. Drexel Autism Institute.
According to the study, children born after being exposed to organochlorine chemicals during their mother’s pregnancy were about 80% more likely to be diagnosed with autism.
Even though the chemicals were banned in 1977, they remain in the environment. In fact, they have been known to move long distances via surface runoff or groundwater.
Humans can be exposed to the chemicals by eating fish, dairy products and other fatter foods that are contaminated. To this day, many people in the U.S. have a measurable level of these chemicals in their bodies.
The Study at a Glance
Lead researcher, Dr. Kristen Lyall, and her collaborators looked for the chemicals in pregnant women because they can seep through the placenta and affect the neurodevelopment of the fetus.
While there had been previous studies looking at how exposure to the chemicals led to low birth weight, little was known about how they affected autism, specifically.
Dr. Lyall and her team focused on a sample of 1,114 children born in Southern California. Blood tests taken during the second trimester of the mother’s pregnancy revealed that prenatal exposure to the chemicals can influence neurodevelopment in adverse ways.
What You Should Do If You’ve Been Exposed to Organochlorine?
These chemicals pose a risk to the health of the mothers as well, and can damage the liver, kidney, central nervous system, bladder, and thyroid.
If you believe you may have been exposed, we advise you to contact your doctor immediately.
If Your Child Has Autism, Get In Touch With The Fitzgerald Law Firm
We can help you find out why your child has developed autism. If medical malpractice or environmental toxins are found to be involved, we’ll seek compensation for your child.
Call The Fitzgerald Law Firm today for a free consultation. Our number is 800-323-9900. | <urn:uuid:4bd640a0-c603-4c21-b049-6e5124a208b5> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://lawfitz.com/blog/long-banned-chemicals-linked-autism-diagnosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660829.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015231925-20191016015425-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.971298 | 509 | 2.765625 | 3 |
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital study identifies the best test for determining treatment response in young leukemia patients, which could help guide therapy toward higher cure rate
Early treatment response is a powerful predictor of long-term outcome for young patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The information can help physicians decide whether a more intensive approach is needed. Research led by St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital investigators has identified the best test for measuring that response and guiding therapy.
The method uses a laboratory technique called flow cytometry, which makes it possible to identify a single cancer cell in 1,000 normal cells that remain in patient bone marrow after the initial intensive weeks of chemotherapy. St. Jude investigators were instrumental in developing the test for identifying very low levels of cancer called minimal residual disease.
An analysis published in the September 10 online edition of the Journal of Clinical Oncology showed that checking for minimal residual disease by flow cytometry was better than two other widely used methods for predicting patient survival. The results help identify who might benefit from more intensive therapy, including bone marrow transplantation.
“These results will help establish flow cytometry testing for minimal residual disease as a routine tool for guiding therapy of acute myeloid leukemia and identifying patients early who are at risk of treatment failure,” said Hiroto Inaba, M.D., Ph.D., an associate member of the Department of Oncology at St. Jude. He is the study’s first and corresponding author.
Flow cytometry uses a laser to help distinguish cancer cells from normal cells based on different cell surface markers and other molecules. Dario Campana, M.D., Ph.D., led the successful St. Jude effort to develop the test about 15 years ago. Campana, now at the National University of Singapore, is the paper’s senior author.
Such testing is widely used to guide treatment of the most common childhood cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). AML targets different white blood cells than ALL does. AML also affects fewer children and adolescents, about 500 annually in the U.S., and has a lower survival rate. Although 94 percent of St. Jude ALL patients can now look forward to becoming long-term survivors, the figure is 71 percent for young AML patients.
AML treatment response is evaluated on day 22 of therapy as well as at the end of each treatment phase and serves as a powerful predictor of patient survival. The results are used to guide ongoing therapy and identify patients who are candidates for more intense treatment.
For decades, physicians have relied on the microscope to evaluate patient response to therapy. Patients are considered to be in remission if a bone marrow examination finds cancer cells account for fewer than five in 100 cells. Flow cytometry and another laboratory technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were also developed to help gauge treatment response. PCR is used to monitor genes created when chromosomes break and swap pieces. The genes are found in about half of all pediatric AML cases.
This study is the most comprehensive effort yet comparing the power of the three approaches to predict the AML treatment outcome. The work involved 203 AML patients enrolled in a clinical trial called AML02. St. Jude led the multi-institution study of young AML patients whose disease was diagnosed between 2002 and 2008. The project marked the first time minimal residual disease was used to guide therapy. During the study researchers examined 1,514 patient bone marrow samples by flow cytometry. Of those samples, 1,382 also had information regarding microscopic evaluation and 508 of PCR testing.
The analysis showed that minimal residual disease measured by flow cytometry was an independent predictor of patient outcome. Finding even one leukemia cell in 1,000 normal cells in bone marrow after the first or second round of therapy was associated with a worse prognosis and a greater risk of relapse or treatment failure.
Researchers concluded microscopic examination had limited value for gauging treatment response. Problems ranged from an inability to distinguish between cells destined to become leukemia cells and normal blood cells to classifying about 10 percent of patients as being in remission when flow cytometry identified leukemia cells in the same bone marrow.
Investigators also concluded that flow cytometry rendered PCR testing unnecessary for most AML patients. The analysis found PCR testing generally overestimated the presence of leukemia cells. In this study, PCR identified 197 of 311 patient samples as containing leukemia cells. Flow cytometry of the same samples showed just 19 actually harbored detectible minimal residual disease. Researchers did find PCR testing valuable in predicting outcome and guiding therapy for a subgroup of AML patients with mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene changes.
The other authors are Elaine Coustan-Smith, National University of Singapore; Xueyuan Cao, Stanley Pounds, Sheila Shurtleff, Susana Raimondi, Jeffrey Jacobsen, Raul Ribeiro, Wing Leung, James Downing, Ching-Hon Pui and Jeffrey Rubnitz, all of St. Jude; Kathleen Wang and Mihaela Onciu, both formerly of St. Jude; Gary Dahl, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital and Stanford Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA.; W. Paul Bowman, Cook Children’s Medical Center, Fort Worth; Jeffrey Taub, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit; and Barbara Degar, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston.
The research was supported in part by grants (CA115422, CA023944 and CA021765) from the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health and ALSAC.
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital is leading the way the world understands, treats and cures childhood cancer and other life-threatening diseases. It is the only National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center devoted solely to children. Treatments developed at St. Jude have helped push the overall childhood cancer survival rate from 20 percent to 80 percent since the hospital opened more than 50 years ago. St. Jude freely shares the breakthroughs it makes, and every child saved at St. Jude means doctors and scientists worldwide can use that knowledge to save thousands more children. Families never receive a bill from St. Jude for treatment, travel, housing and food — because all a family should worry about is helping their child live. To learn more, visit stjude.org or follow St. Jude on social media at @stjuderesearch. | <urn:uuid:c861d600-cb1d-48b2-973a-6b762d7f72ab> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.stjude.org/media-resources/news-releases/2012-medicine-science-news/improved-diagnostic-test-benefits-children-with-acute-myeloid-leukemia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540499439.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207132817-20191207160817-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.926791 | 1,320 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What is Naturopathic Medicine?
Naturopathic Medicine is a unique and comprehensive approach to improving health and treating illness. Focusing on prevention and using natural substances and treatments, Naturopathic Doctors (NDs) support and stimulate the body's ability to heal itself. NDs are primary care and specialty doctors who address the underlying cause of disease through effective, individualized natural therapies.
The primary goal of Naturopathic treatment is to address the cause of illness rather than simply treat or suppress symptoms. The patient is seen as a whole person and the ND takes the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions into account when diagnosing and developing an individualized treatment plan.
NDs have a university degree that includes pre-medical studies followed by four years at a recognized college of Naturopathic Medicine. The curriculum encompasses medical sciences, Naturopathic principles and therapeutics, as well as over 1700 hours of supervised clinical experience. In Ontario, NDs are licensed and regulated after passing rigorous standardized exams to qualify for practice.
- First, to do no harm: By employing safe and effective natural therapies, Naturopathic Physicians are committed to the principle of causing no harm to the patient. Dr. Persaud, ND strives to serve the public to the best of her cumulative skill and knowledge of Naturopathic Medicine.
- The healing power of Nature: The body has considerable power to heal itself and the role of the Naturopathic Physician is to facilitate this natural process with the aid of natural, non-toxic therapies.
- Treat the cause rather than the effect: Naturopathic Physicians seek the underlying cause of a disease rather than simply suppressing the symptoms. They avoid suppression of the natural healing wisdom of the body, such as fever and inflammation. Symptoms are viewed as expressions of the body's natural attempt to heal itself while the causes can spring from the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual levels.
- Treat the whole person: The individual is viewed as a whole, composed of a complex interaction of physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, social, and other factors. Recognition of these multiple factors result in a therapeutic approach in which no disease is automatically seen as incurable. Dr. Persaud, ND will work cooperatively with other health care professionals in order to foster the best healing environment for the patient.
- The Physician is a teacher: Naturopathic Physicians educate, empower and motivate the patient to assume more personal responsibility for his or her health by adopting a healthy attitude, lifestyle and diet.
- Prevention is the best cure: Naturopathic Physicians are preventative medicine specialists. Prevention of disease is accomplished through education and a lifestyle that supports health.
Disclaimer: The goal of this website is to inform patients and potential patients on the benefits of Naturopathic Medicine. It is not to be considered as medical advice without a physical exam, medical history and appropriate laboratory work up. Dr. Reina Persaud, BSc, ND does not assume any responsibility of how the information on this site is used. | <urn:uuid:dfa649e4-f10f-4459-9d58-99f0b0698e61> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://850heal.com/pages/medicine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592001.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720232914-20180721012914-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.929363 | 616 | 3.390625 | 3 |
2014 Virginia Waterways Cleanups: Volunteer this fall!
This annual cleanup of trash and litter in our rivers and on our beaches is part of the International Coastal Cleanup. If you would like to be a LEADER of a cleanup, please signup to be a Site Captain. Learn more about this statewide hands-on stewardship event.
What did our volunteers find last year?
Volunteers in the 2013 Virginia Waterways Cleanup removed 328,238 pounds of litter and trash from Virginia's rivers, beaches and coastal waters. Volunteers also collected valuable data about the debris found on our waterways in order to find solutions.
Balloons as Litter Research Project
Clean Virginia Waterways is partnering with the Virginia Aquarium and Marine Research Center in a study to better understand the sources, impacts and solutions to balloons as litter. You can help us collect data. Learn more about this study, or click here if you are ready to enter some data.
Media Coverage for Clean Virginia Waterways and our volunteers. | <urn:uuid:0898b5f7-3ebe-4772-83a9-b2e8bde3ebc6> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/WhatsNew.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637904722.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025824-00149-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899083 | 206 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Psychosocial Treatments Can Help Depressed Smokers Quit
People affected by major depression and other depressive illnesses are known to smoke on a greater number of days than their non-depressed peers, and also go through more cigarettes on any given day. In addition, depressed people commonly have an unusually hard time when trying to stop smoking.
In a large-scale study review published in September 2013 in The Cochrane Library, a Dutch research team examined the usefulness of a non-medication-based approach called psychosocial treatment as an aid for helping depressed people break nicotine addictions. The members of this team found that psychosocial treatments can significantly improve depressed smokers’ chances for smoking cessation success.
Depression and Smoking
Although the link between depression and smoking is clearly established, doctors and other mental health professionals don’t know for sure why depressed people smoke so often and so much. However, a number of explanations may potentially account for the connection, including a common genetic predisposition for both depression and nicotine use, exposure to environmental factors that simultaneously increase a person’s chances for smoking involvement and depression, and a tendency among some depression sufferers to knowingly or unwittingly rely on the antidepressant properties of nicotine to ease their negative mental states.
When depressed people try to stop smoking, they commonly experience amplified versions of the short-term downturns in mood typically associated with all cases of nicotine withdrawal. In addition, nicotine cravings in depressed people going through withdrawal frequently reach higher levels of intensity than the cravings found in non-depressed people withdrawing from nicotine. In combination, these factors can seriously increase the chances that a depressed individual trying to stop smoking will give up before completing the cessation process and continue using nicotine. As a result, people affected by depression typically have lower smoking cessation success rates than their peers unaffected by depression.
Psychosocial Treatment Basics
Psychosocial treatments are a group of techniques designed to help people with mental disorders understand those disorders, cope with the challenges of mental health recovery and get the help they need to make recovery a realistic possibility. Some mental health professionals also refer to these techniques as psychosocial interventions. Specific forms of psychosocial treatment include individualized psychotherapy, group or family psychotherapy, participation in mental health-oriented mutual aid or self-help organizations and psychoeducation, an approach that gives patients and families detailed information on the effects of specific illnesses, as well as on the treatments used to combat those illnesses. Some psychosocial programs also involve participation in some form of exercise.
In the study review published in The Cochrane Library, researchers from three Dutch institutions used an analysis of 49 previous studies to examine the potential usefulness of psychosocial treatment as an aid for smoking cessation efforts in people diagnosed with some form of depression. Most of the studies under review looked at smoking cessation programs using psychosocial mood management as part of their curriculum. The rest of the studies under review did not include psychosocial treatment; instead they relied on the use of buproprion, an anti-smoking medication known for its antidepressant properties.
After completing their analysis, the authors of the review concluded that depressed smokers enrolled in smoking cessation programs with a psychosocial component successfully quit smoking for longer periods of time than depressed smokers enrolled in programs that don’t use psychosocial treatments. These findings hold true for smokers currently affected by depression and smokers with past histories of depression. While the use of buproprion can also help smokers with a history of depression complete smoking cessation, the authors found that use of this medication does not help currently depressed individuals quit smoking.
Significance and Considerations
The authors of the study in The Cochrane Library believe that incorporation of psychosocial treatments into smoking cessation programs can help depressed people overcome the special challenges they face during nicotine withdrawal, and thereby improve the chances that depressed smokers will remain nicotine-free over extended periods of time. This is especially important, since smokers dealing with depression commonly incur more smoking-related body damage than smokers unaffected by depression, and also die from smoking-related health problems with greater frequency. In addition, when depressed people successfully quit smoking, they often see a considerable improvement in their depression-related symptoms and experience greater levels of general mental well-being. While buproprion use produces some benefit, it has a positive effect on a much smaller group of depression-affected individuals than psychosocial treatment. | <urn:uuid:45ede5f9-25eb-4126-b0bd-dfc9a85e32a8> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.addiction-intervention.com/current-events/addiction-news/psychosocial-treatments-can-help-depressed-smokers-quit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986697760.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019191828-20191019215328-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.949413 | 895 | 3.125 | 3 |
Attitudes about Food
MetadataShow full item record
Approximately 18% of adolescents are obese. Attitudes about Food is a cross sectional study that seeks to identify lifestyle factors associated with adolescent obesity such as fast food consumption, physical activity, attitudes about fast food, and weight perception. The novel aspect of this study is that it seeks to understand how the respondent perceives the health attitudes and behaviors of their closest friends. Subjects were recruited from four youth organizations for a total of 25 participants between the ages of 12-17 years. Respondents completed a 71 item questionnaire, and height and weight were measured by trained interviewers to calculate BMI. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 19.0), and hypotheses were assessed using correlation coefficients. Obese respondents were more likely than non0obese participants to consume at least three fast food meals in the last week (P < .05). Consuming fast food in the last week of the study was associated with exercising one hour a week or less (P < .01). Agreeing that eating fast food is fun was associated with BMI >= 85th percentile (P < .01). Reporting that friends think eating fast food is healthy was associated with eating fast food three or more times in the last week (P < .04) and exercising one hour a week or less (P < .01). Individuals who reported exercising at least four days a week were likely to agree with the statements "eating fast food will make me fat" (P < .03) and "will increase total fat" (p < .05). Finally, overweight adolescents were more likely to underestimate their weight status compared to normal weight and obese respondents. These findings indicate a clustering of risk factors for obesity. Frequent fast food consumption and infrequent physical activity were associated in the present study which could tip the scales of energy balance. Health professionals could focus on raising awareness of the overall diet quality of adolescents who frequently consume fast food while encouraging healthy, fun alternatives to fast food. Screening for overweight status and eliciting peer support for healthy eating are key elements in reducing adolescent obesity.
Baker, Nicole Alexis (2012). Attitudes about Food. Master's thesis, Texas A&M University. Available electronically from | <urn:uuid:59f383d8-193b-4e49-b70f-934a9401f49e> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-08-11751 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510754.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016134654-20181016160154-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.965198 | 459 | 3.328125 | 3 |
I’ve been extolling the health benefits of coffee for years. Now, there’s another reason to go ahead and drink up. A study found that drinking more than three cups of coffee per day can lower risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), one of the most common forms of skin cancer.
The researchers analyzed data from the Nurses’ Health Study conducted from 1984-2008, and followed 72,921 participants. One of the lifestyle traits they measured was coffee consumption. What they found is that the health benefits of drinking three or more cups a day lowered skin cancer risk in women by 20 percent and lowered men’s risk by 9 percent, as compared to those who drank less than one cup of coffee a month; thereby demonstrating that one of the benefits of coffee is helping to prevent skin cancer.
Other Health Benefits of Coffee
This is just one of the latest discoveries related to the health benefits of coffee. Other research has shown that drinking three to four cups of coffee slashes your diabetes risk by 33 percent. Coffee also reduces the risk of Parkinson’s disease by up to 80 percent and protects against Alzheimer’s disease, improves concentration and alertness, and can even halt a full-blown asthma attack.
While there are many health benefits of coffee, there are some folks who need to be careful about how much coffee they drink. If you have high blood pressure or you’re pregnant or expecting to become pregnant, I recommend that you go easy on coffee since the risk associated with consuming caffeine outweighs the benefits of coffee. And if you’re struggling with osteoporosis, limit your coffee intake to a cup every now and then—higher intake has been linked with a decrease in bone density.
Now it’s your turn: Are you familiar with any other benefits of coffee? | <urn:uuid:8d0dc761-0dbb-4cff-a512-400a3ae97315> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.drwhitaker.com/health-benefits-of-coffee-prevent-skin-cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119650692.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030050-00314-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960075 | 379 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This report examines titling laws, little-known regulations that require people practicing certain professions to gain government permission to use a specific title, such as “interior designer,” to describe their work. Although titling laws receive little attention from the political, policy or research communities, they often represent the first step toward a better-known regulation—occupational licensing, which limits who may practice a trade. In theory, occupational regulations—including titling and licensing laws—are designed to protect the safety and economic interests of consumers. But critics charge they are often nothing but anti-competitive barriers that only benefit those already practicing.
Twenty-two states have some kind of titling law for interior designers, and four states and the District of Columbia also require aspiring designers to acquire government licenses to practice. For decades, powerful factions within the interior design industry have lobbied for legislatures to impose increasingly stringent regulations, arguing that interior design requires a minimum amount of education, experience and examination, codified by the government, to ensure public health, safety and welfare.
The results of this case study, however, indicate that there is no threat to public health, safety or welfare requiring government regulation of the interior design industry. . . .
Arlington, Va.—Should you need the government’s permission to become an interior designer? Increasingly, state governments nationwide are bowing to the will of special interests and dictating who may pursue the occupation of their choice in trades like interior design. Today, one in five Americans must secure the government’s permission to pursue their occupation—a figure that… | <urn:uuid:ad83ecae-f880-403b-b091-2547eeb4a8e3> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://ij.org/report/designing-cartels-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991207.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514183414-20210514213414-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.948485 | 323 | 2.59375 | 3 |
It’s probably the most iconic skyscraper in the world.
In this post, you’ll discover the ultimate list of facts about the Empire State Building, one of the most famous attractions in New York City.
Related: Check out these amazing skyscrapers!
1. The first mention of the location was a battle with the British
The Empire State Building is located in an area referred to as “Murray Hill,” in Manhattan, New York City.
During the American Revolutionary War, the British forces on the East River were trying to enter the nearby area of Kip’s Bay. The forces of George Washington that were guarding the area fled towards Murray Hill, allowing the British to land in the area unopposed.
The British were able to take control of the lower part of Manhattan Island on September 15, 1776, in the proximity of the location of the future Empire State Building.
2. A farm was turned into a famous hotel on the location
After the war, the land of the Empire State Building was bought for $2,400 by a man named George Thompson in 1799. This is the equivalent of nearly $50,000 today. The mand was turned into a farm for the next 26 years.
In 1827, the farm was bought by German-American businessman John Jacob Astor. His grandson, William Waldorf Astor would eventually open up the world-famous Waldorf Hotel on the current location of the Empire State Building. The hotel opened on March 13, 1893.
This is nearly 10 years before another famous building was constructed in 1902, the Flatiron Building.
3. The hotel used to have a famous partner in the family
Less than 4.5 years later on November 1, 1897, the cousin of William Waldorf Astor, John Jacob Astor IV, opened up his very own hotel right across the street of the Waldorf Hotel.
As you might have guessed, this 16-story hotel was called the “Astoria Hotel.” The two hotels would later merge into the world-famous “Waldorf-Astoria Hotel” in Midtown Manhattan, which opened in 1931.
4. There was almost a 25-story office building on the location instead
In the 1920s it became clear that the once-famous Waldorf and Astoria hotels became outdated and that the vast majority of their clientele spent time much further north than their location on 34th Street.
The hotel was sold to the Bethlehem Engineering Corporation for $20 million in the year 1928, and their intention was to construct a 25-story office building on the location.
Why wasn’t this building constructed?
The owner of the Bethlehem Engineering Corporation, Floyd De L. Brown, had defaulted on the $900,000 loan he took out for constructing it!
5. This is how the Empire State Building got its name
A group of wealthy businessmen saw the opportunity to bail out the Bethlehem Engineering Corporation by acquiring the land, with the goal of building a huge skyscraper.
The company they formed was called “Empire State Inc,” a reference to the nickname of the State of New York.
6. The design of the building was changed multiple times
The original plan of the Empire State Building was for a tower of 50 stories tall. This was later increased to 60 stories and eventually 80 stories.
If the tower would have built with just 80 stories, it would have been a 1,000-foot-tall (300 meters) skyscraper.
7. There was a “Race into the Sky” going on
With several skyscrapers being constructed simultaneously in New York, the media dubbed this fictional contest as the “Race into the Sky” during a period referred to as the “Roaring Twenties.”
The Empire State Building had the benefit that construction didn’t start yet as opposed to the Chrysler Building and the Bank Of Manhattan Building (now 40 Wall Street).
The final plan eventually ensured that the Empire State Building would become the tallest building in the world at that time with a roof height of 1,050 feet (320 m), which is 4 feet (1.2 m) taller than the Chrysler Building.
8. The antenna used to serve a real purpose
In order to ensure that the Empire State Building would be the tallest building in the world at that time, the architects used a trick in order to be 100% sure.
They added a 16-story, 200-foot (61 m) metal “crown” and an additional 222-foot (68 m) mooring mast on top of the tower.
The mooring mast wasn’t just a spire but had a real purpose as well as it was intended to have airships such as zeppelins dock at it.
9. The work started when tragedy struck
The demolition of the old Waldorf Hotel started on October 1, 1929. That was just after the New York Stock Exchange crashed, an event that started in September and was the prelude for the Great Depression that would last a decade.
The huge benefit for the project was that none of the main investors suffered great losses and that the funds for the tower were already secured. For these reasons, construction just continued as planned.
10. It took a while before investors could make profits
One of the most remarkable facts about the Empire State Building is that it’s one of the few projects that got completed during the initial years of the Great Depression. Another project that got completed in this shaky period was Rockefeller Center.
The huge problem that the investors faced though is that the office space wasn’t in high demand at this time. Only 25% of the office space was occupied the moment the tower opened, and it took until the 1950s before investors started making profits from the project.
11. It was completed in record time
The actual construction of the tower started on March 17, 1930, and just 4 months later, half of the steel structure had been completed. It involved almost 3,500 daily workers with the record being 3,439 on a single day, August 14, 1930.
The goal was to build one floor a day, and they almost reached that with their pace of 4.5 floors per week.
This ensured that the Empire State Building was completed in record time, because just 1 year and 25 days later, the tower was completed!
Unfortunately, at least 5 people were killed as well during this enormous and dangerous endeavor.
12. The building opened 18 months after construction started
On May 1, 1931, the Empire State Building was officially opened. This was just 18 months after construction on the tower started. The start involved the demolition of the Waldorf Hotel and laying the foundations.
The official opening day was 45 days ahead of the projected opening date. It featured American President Herbert Hoover who turned on the ceremonial lights with the push of a button from Washington D.C.
13. The building became world-famous because of a giant ape
The Empire State Building has been featured in over 250 television programs and movies, and it all started with a giant ape climbing the tower in 1933, just 2 years after the tower was completed.
Kong is the giant ape that made his movie debut in the movie “King Kong,” which has since been remade several times. It’s a movie that made the Empire State Building world-famous.
14. A plane once crashed into it
On Saturday, July 28, 1945, a B-25 bomber was doing a routine job and got caught into a thick fog above New York City. Unaware that the plane was flying way too low, it crashed into the north side of the tower between the 78th and 80th floors.
The result was terrible, 3 people inside the plane and 11 people inside the building died. The damage exceeded $1 million USD.
The structural integrity of the building wasn’t compromised so there was never a real danger of collapse. Multiple floors of the tower were re-opened just a few days later.
15. This woman survived a fall of 75 stories
Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver was in working inside the building when the B-25 bomber crashed into it. Because of the B-25 Bomber crashing into the plane, she was badly burned.
First aid helpers put her into an elevator so she could be taken to the hospital in an ambulance waiting just outside the tower.
They weren’t aware, however, that the elevator was badly damaged as well and she plunged down, 75 stories deep. She miraculously survived the drop because the lift cables softened the crash in the basement, as well as the air pressure from the tight elevator shaft that cushioned the landing.
Her ordeal is still considered to be the longest fall survived in a lift (elevator) by the Guinness Book of World Records.
16. Do you want to visit the observation deck for free once a year?
If you’re married or don’t have plans to marry any time soon, we’re going to have to disappoint you, as you will need to pay.
The only way to achieve this is to get married on the 80th floor of the Empire State Building on Valentine’s Day!
This way, you become part of the “Empire State Building Wedding Club,” which allows you to get free admission to the observatory on your wedding anniversary.
More interesting facts about the Empire State Building
17. The value of property in Manhattan grew exponentially in the 19th and 20th centuries. The original plot was bought for $2,400 in 1799. The land was then sold for $20,500 in 1827, to eventually sell just over 100 years later for $20 million in 1928.
18. When both the Waldorf and Astoria hotels were open on the location of the Empire State Building, they had 1,300 bedrooms combined. This made them, together, the biggest hotel in the world at that time.
19. The Empire State Building almost wasn’t built. If the Bethlehem Engineering Corporation hadn’t defaulted on their loan, of which they already paid $100,000 in advance, a 25-story office building would have been built instead.
20. It’s unclear where the name “Empire State” comes from. The two most prominent theories are that either George Washington referred to the State of New York as “the seat of an Empire,” or that it refers to the State’s wealth and resources.
21. One of the founders of Empire State Inc., the company that built the Empire State Building, was a candidate for the 1928 presidential election named Alfred Emanuel Smith. The former New York State governor was later appointed as head of the company.
22. Empire State Inc. bought several other plots to have enough space for the base of the tower. The total lot they acquired was 425 feet (130 m) wide by 200 feet (61 m) long.
23. before construction even began, height limits were being put on surrounding buildings, this to ensure that the top 50 floors of the Empire State Building would have an amazing view.
24. One of the most interesting facts about the Empire State Building is that the “race into the Sky” was being fueled by the great opportunism of the 1920s. Unfortunately, we all know what happened after this period during the Great Depression.
25. Because of this race into the sky, the Chrysler Building was increased in height to 1,046 feet (319 m). To achieve this, Walter Chrysler, the creator of the skyscraper actually had his architect change plans so his skyscraper would have a narrow steel spire instead of a Romanesque dome.
To no avail, the Chrysler building was only the tallest building in the world for 11 months as it was surpassed by the Empire State Building.
26. Because the demand for office space wasn’t high and only 1/4 of the space was occupied the moment the tower opened its doors, it earned the nickname “Empty State Building.”
27. The design of the building isn’t original, as it was based on the “Reynolds Building” in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. This building is now seen as the “Dad” and one of the funniest facts about the Empire State Building is that the “Dad Building” receives a “Happy Fathersday” card from its son every year!
28. The opening of the Empire State Building wasn’t a big success. There was a reception with over 350 guests on the 86th floor, but the city of New York was covered in a thick mist that day. According to newspapers of that day, the Statue of Liberty wasn’t even visible.
29. The Empire State Building was not only the tallest building in the world at that time, but it also became the first building in the world with over 100 floors.
30. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) added the Empire State Building in their list of 7 wonders of the Modern World, a list that was created in 1994.
31. The lightning rod on top of the Empire State Building’s antenna that gets hit by lightning over 100 times a year!
32. On a clear day, you can see over 80 miles far from the observatory and into 5 States including New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts.
33. There a huge number of companies renting office space in the Empire State Building. some of the most notable are Air China, Air Qatar, Expedia Group, LinkedIn, and Shutterstock. Because of this, the building has its own ZIP code, namely: 10118.
34. The top of the Empire State Building has a secret 103rd floor which is only open to VIP’s (only God knows how to get in). But who would want to go there? There is hardly any safety and you are looking over a knee-high balustrade directly down the highest floor of the building!
35. The Midtown Manhattan skyline looks amazing from the Empire State Building observatory at night! Just take a look below and you’ll know what we mean:
Quick facts about the Empire State Building
- 36. The architectural height of the building is 1,250 feet (381 meters), while the height of the tip is 1,454 ft (443.2 meters).
- 37. There are a total of 102 floors (and a secret 103rd), and it was the world’s first building with over 100 floors.
- 38. The total floor area is 2,248,355 sq ft (208,879 square meters) and there are a total of 73 elevators.
- 39. The developer of the building was Empire State Inc. and the architects were Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon.
- 40. The current owner of the Empire State Building is the Empire State Realty Trust.
- 41. The building was designed in the Art Deco style which was first seen in France just before World War I.
- 42. The total construction cost was $40,948,900 USD, which is the equivalent of over $555 million USD today!
- 43. The 4 enormous columns in the middle of the building can support a weight of 10,000,000 pounds (4,500,000 kg) combined.
- 44. 16,000 partition tiles, 5,000 bags of cement, 450 cubic yards (340 cubic meters) of sand and 300 bags of lime, arrived at the construction site every day.
- 45. It was the tallest building in the world from 1931 until 1970 when it was surpassed by the north tower of the World Trade Center.
- 46. The building is located in Midtown South on the west side of Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets.
- 47. The Empire State Building and its ground-floor interior were designated as city landmarks by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1980.
- 48. They were also added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. | <urn:uuid:ba9c9b60-33ae-46d7-b457-6603c65fe89e> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.listerious.com/facts-about-the-empire-state-building/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587915.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026165817-20211026195817-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.975255 | 3,365 | 3.390625 | 3 |
How Flappers Paved The Way For Beauty Today
Published Aug 07, 2013
When The Great Gatsby hit theaters a couple of months ago, flapper girls popped up on everybody’s radar. With cropped hair, heavy makeup, and a short dress, the flapper of the 1920s was seen as a young woman of low class in a high-class world—dressing impeccably, but behaving badly. A party girl. A stylish mistress. A fashionable disaster and a reckless trendsetter—paving the way for how we define fashion and beauty today.
But they were also something more. The fabulous independent looks that flappers created were, in their own right, a political statement. They became some of the first women in modern history to represent feminism through indulgence and free spiritedness. This wasn’t simply a beauty revolution, it was a sexual one.
A pre-flapper woman was modest with her cosmetics, often depicted in illustrations with only a rouged cheek, perhaps from a supple pinch. Makeup—especially heavily applied—was reserved for the theater performers. When worn in daily life as a form of self-expression, makeup was thought of as provocative, or, to use a modern term, slutty. But flapper girls didn’t listen. They chopped off their long hair and shortened their hemlines, even rouging their knees to draw attention to an area few women had thought to flaunt before. They scribbled on Cupid’s bow lips and smoked their eyes with kohl liner.
The timing for flappers was right. With the invention of compact makeup in the early ‘20s, women had the freedom to tend to their appearance on the go, whenever and wherever they pleased. Looks that previously had only appeared on the cabaret stage became easier to wear once you could do touch-ups throughout the day.
Flappers solidified the idea that a woman’s approach to her appearance could be something intelligent and admirable, as opposed to the stereotype that it’s all vain and vapid—unfortunately a notion that still surrounds many of us today. Though flappers were considered reckless, in truth their openness toward their own desires was driven by a need for acceptance as intelligent and independent young women. Who knew the flash of a compact could lead to such an amazing step toward female empowerment?
Ladies today have more than a few things in common with the flappers. Now we paint on colorful and creative makeup at will, not only to attract attention, but to define ourselves as strong, powerful, and confident women. To many of us, a tube of red lipstick isn’t just a creative outlet—it’s a statement of our own free will, or even a jab against slut shaming. Like the flappers realized, cosmetics today can still be like warpaint as we stand up to stereotypes.
When the Gatsby buzz has died down, the spirit of the revolutionary flapper will live on. It’s because of the strong, bold, and beautiful girls of the 1920s that we are able to paint, primp, and flaunt freely. Their act of self expression launched a beauty revolution—one that is still going strong today.
The images in this story come from one of our favorite bloggers who's also an active member of our community— Idda van Munster. Idda's blog (she does her own makeup and styling) is an endless source of '20s-era inspiration.
Makeup, Hair, and Styling: Idda van Munster | Photography: Hana Pašić - Arwen Photography | <urn:uuid:db51f66e-e179-4529-b7a6-7545c3feef44> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.beautylish.com/a/vxixq/flapper-beauty-inspiration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246658376.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045738-00230-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974926 | 753 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The skin on your scalp is shed and replaced constantly. When you shower the excess skin is washed away when you shampoo, so you usually don’t notice it. Our skin is covered in millions of micro-organisms otherwise known as skin flora. Many of them are bacteria of which there are around 1000 species found in the superficial layers of the epidermis and the upper parts of hair follicles. Your skin secretions, sweat and sebum, usually form a protective layer that prevents microbes from multiplying on your scalp. However, factors such as illness, stress, diet, hormonal fluctuations and not washing the scalp enough can disrupt this barrier, allowing microbes to multiply, leading to excessive shedding of skin cells, known as dandruff. If this dandruff persists it can lead to gradual hair loss. Dandruff is also referred to by the name Seborrheic dermatitis and is more to do with excess oils causing an over growth of a yeast. This yeast-like fungus, Malassezia globosa, lives on the scalp, feeding on skin oils and dead skin cells causing the cells to clump, build-up and shed more rapidly. The fungus uses enzymes called lipases to metabolise the oils, which creates a by-product called oleic acid. The acid penetrates your skin and triggers skin cell shedding. Inevitably, not washing your hair enough can encourage the skin cells and microbes on your scalp to build-up; and dandruff is the body’s reaction. Making sure you shampoo regularly and choosing a product with botanical ingredients that effectively cleanse and help to eliminate microbes will assist in keeping the scalp clean and free of dandruff. The Holistic Hair Sensitive Shampoo with Apple Cider Vinegar and selected essential oils, is ideal for treating a variety of scalp conditions, including dandruff and thinning hair. To keep the scalp pH balanced, which discourages microbes, try the Herbal Finishing Rinse with Lavender, Apple Cider Vinegar and Chamomile. This rinse is a great way to finish your hair care routine.
A dry scalp is usually due to loss of hydration and oils from the scalp and can be caused by the application of unsuitable shampoos, illness, medication, environmental conditions and varying lifestyle factors. Signs and symptoms are itching, irritation and small white flakes appearing in the scalp. Dry scalp can be treated by using moisturising botanical ingredients that help to nourish and protect the scalp. The Holistic Hair Hydrating Shampoo and Conditioner contains nutrient-rich botanical oils, to help moisturise the scalp and hair, effectively combating the dryness. Used in conjunction with the Herbal Finishing Rinse, this will help to maintain the pH of your scalp and assist in restoring the balance of the natural oils, to help normalise your scalp & hair growth. A weekly moisturising treatment such as the Holistic Hair Scalp Treatment Oil is also highly beneficial.
If you suffer from Psoriasis or Eczema you may be looking for a shampoo that your scalp can tolerate or better still will soothe your scalp. Our Pure Shampoo with Aloe Vera and Manuka Honey is a minimalist formulation designed to calm and soothe the scalp and nourish the hair. Ingredients are chosen for their mildness and healing properties. For a natural moisturising oil to soften and remove the plaque caused by the Psoriasis or to counteract itching & dryness from the Eczema then our Scalp Treatment Oil is very effective.
If you suffer from a dry scalp then it’s critical to nurture your scalp as part of your ongoing weekly hair care regime. The consequences of not caring for your scalp could lead to inflammation, infection and potential hair growth problems.
Both carrier and essential oils are critical to successfully dealing with a head lice infestation. Carrier oils are typically cold-pressed oils that are produced from the fatty portions of a specific plant and are used to suffocate and immobilise the lice. Contained within the carrier oils are the essential oils known to possess ovicidal, repellent and insecticidal activities and used safely are a natural alternative in helping to eradicate lice and eggs. Holistic Hair use lavender, tea tree, citronella and pink grapefruit as our chosen essential oils. | <urn:uuid:cb2ae7d3-ab78-418e-a4ed-6b4885d0aad6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://holistichair.co.nz/blogs/news/how-to-treat-your-dandruff-or-dry-scalp-condition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.935963 | 882 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The headline grabbing numbers from last Friday’s USDA Planting Intentions report were the 95.9 million acres U.S. farmers plan to put into corn this spring. That would be up about four million acres from a year ago and the most since farmers planted over 97 million corn acres in 1937. Attracting some notice too was the expectation that soybean acres would fall this year by about a million to 73.9 million acres. Traders said they were surprised by the planting numbers for both crops but some other trends and facts about those numbers are also interesting to consider.
A number of economists have looked at those numbers for their historical significance. John Anderson, a top economist with the American Farm Bureau Federation, pointed out how the current acreage expectations are like the 1937 numbers but that’s where the similarity ends. In a recent article, he showed how far yields have progressed. In 1937 the average corn yield in this country was just 28.9 bushels per acre, leading to a total yield on those 97.2 million acres of just two and a half billion bushels. This year, with expected average yields of 164 bushels per acre, the total harvest should give us a crop of about 14.4 billion bushels, our largest ever.
One concern or asterisk some are putting on the report is what is happening in the Dakotas, which were too wet to plant much of their crop last year. This year, North Dakota farmers plan to plant 1.17 million more acres to corn this year, which is basically the difference between what U.S. farmers say they will plant this year and what they actually planted last year. The question has to be asked, though, and is being asked by many economists and market watchers, “Can North Dakota corn average 164 bushels per acre?” The answer will come they say later this fall. Both North and South Dakota also plan to increase their soybean acres by 200,000 as more and more soybean varieties adaptable to that climate come on the market.
Other states, though, are indicating big jumps in corn acres, led by Minnesota. Farmers there plan to plant 600,000 more acres to corn this year and 200,000 fewer acres to soybeans. Iowa farmers will increase their corn acreage by 500,000 while reducing soybean ground by 550,000 acres. Nebraska farmers will plant 450,000 more corn acres and Ohio will have 400,000 more acres in corn than a year ago. It appears Wisconsin farmers will not deviate from recent trends as corn acres are predicted to go up by just 50,000 acres to 4.2 million and soybean plantings will total 1.68 million acres, up from 1.61 million in 2011.
North and South Dakota are also leading the way in the trend of where major crops like corn and soybeans are being grown in this country. Data Transmission Network (DTN) crop experts put together a report showing corn acreage is moving further west and north in this country. More and more corn is being grown in the Western Corn Belt and the Great Plains. According to DTN, the share of the crop grown in South Dakota will increase from 2.9% of the total crop to 4.5% while North Dakota will increase from .4% to 1.7% of this year’s total corn crop. Minnesota will increase from 8.4% to fully 10% of the total crop. Kansas will also show an increase from 2.8% to 4%. Other traditional leading corn producing states will drop. Indiana will fall from producing 8.8% of the total corn crop to 7.5% and Nebraska falls from 12.4% to 11.6%. Iowa and Illinois will remain the same, producing 18.6% and 16.7% of this year’s corn crop, respectively. Wisconsin will drop from harvesting 4% of last year’s corn crop to producing 3.6% of this year’s total U.S. crop.
That same DTN report shows trend line changes for soybean production as well as more and more of U.S. soybean production is moving out of the delta region of the south to other regions of the country. In the past few years, states like Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota have all reported higher yields than some of the delta states. The same can be said for Kansas, Nebraska and the Dakotas. That same report also shows that Iowa, in recent years, has overtaken Illinois as the leading soybean producing state as Illinois has dropped from producing 18% of the yearly crop down to 14%.
The official planted acreage numbers will come out in June and with the early planting season some farmers are already taking advantage of, the corn number might even go higher because everyone knows that when farmers start planting corn, they don’t stop and worry about other crops until every seed they can find gets planted. | <urn:uuid:159f6539-8ea7-4ccb-9ddf-a1bda7f57c15> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.wayy790.com/bobs-column-for-the-country-today/2012/4/2/planting-intentions-report-shows-interesting-trends/print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928414.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00064-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965387 | 1,016 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Term papers are usually known as an assessment, and rightly so! A term paper is a written exam by students on an academic period, relating to a huge por teste de clicktion of a final grade. Webster defines it as”an examination of something learned”. It’s usually required for high school, and some universities may also take a term paper for graduation. Most schools will also require a term paper to get admittance for their university.
Term documents are required for many distinct reasons. To begin with, it shows the level of education. By presenting a considerable amount of information associated with the topic, you demonstrate your comprehension and may gain points with your academics. You may also be asked to present a written thesis, a summary of what the thesis document will cover, and even a case study or research paper. Students writing term papers will be required to build a complete study from the data gathered, and show that with their research, they’ve assembled an intensive and supporting argument for their debate.
If your subject is extremely complex, term papers will request more than merely an introduction. The title, author name, and book date needs to be used in conjunction with references and data. Additional information regarding the subject will need to be introduced within the body of this paper. In addition to this, a scientific record must be included in the bibliography. A scientific study, also known as jitter click a dissertation, is the most detailed and thorough documentation of your study. An exhaustive scientific report will call for a substantial amount of support and evidence.
Another type of term papers need the pupil to develop a theory. The concept is stated at the beginning of the assignment, and if there’s credible new evidence which supports the hypothesis, then the paper could be accepted. A theory has to be tested and falsified. The student may decide to contain previously written material which testifies the hypothesis or draw their own conclusions based on existing information.
One of the most important prerequisites for term papers would be to document some previous research or data which is necessary for the assignment. This info is found in various places, including internet websites, publications, and student handouts. When reviewing any documentation, it is important to verify that all resources are reliable. Most research papers will need the student to document a specific study or set of research data. For instance, if the newspaper requires research papers on trends in childhood obesity, research papers must consist of certain data collections from governmental agencies, professors, or some other sources which support the general judgment.
Term papers are just useful for high school pupils who have completed a written project. A project must be completely researched and documented. A term paper should not be considered as a”pure” science mission. On the contrary, it ought to be seen as a starting point for research and data that will be used in order to support a theory. As with any written job, term paper ought to be filed according to the rules and regulations put forth by the establishment that will be accepting it for a specific grade. | <urn:uuid:fc4248cc-1579-47f2-975e-6fdf703b3a0a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.colorsgate.com/writing-term-papers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648635.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602104352-20230602134352-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.955919 | 620 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are recognized as the cause of cervical cancer.1 A high-risk HPV DNA test to detect infection with oncogenic or high-risk HPV types has been available since the early 2000s and is most commonly used to screen or manage women with abnormal Pap test results.2,3 Recent surveys report that approximately one-third of health care providers use HPV tests as part of routine cervical cancer screening.4,5 As a screening test, the high-risk HPV test can be used as a cotest along with cervical cytology screening in women aged 30 years old and older. The most common use of HPV tests is as a management test, which involves HPV DNA testing after an atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) Pap test result, a practice also known as reflex testing.4,5 A low-risk HPV DNA test, which detects five nononcogenic HPV types including HPV 6 and HPV 11, the most common types found in genital warts, is commercially available although there are no clinical indications nor recommendations by any organizations for its use.2,3,6
Few studies have examined health care provider use of HPV DNA tests, but inconsistencies have been shown between recommended uses of HPV DNA tests and health care provider-reported practices.4,7 Although the benefits of HPV testing include greater sensitivity in detecting precancerous lesions as well as a high negative predictive value when used with the Pap test, use of nonrecommended HPV testing potentially increases health care costs and unnecessary work-up of patients who test positive without adding clinical value. In an effort to reduce nonrecommended HPV DNA testing, a statement on recommended uses of HPV DNA tests was published in 2009, which was endorsed by various professional organizations, including the American Cancer Society and American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and included an outline of when high-risk HPV DNA testing is generally not recommended (Box 1). The purpose of our study is to assess reported HPV testing practices among U.S. health care providers who perform Pap tests—including low-risk HPV testing, which has not been examined previously—using a nationally representative survey of office-based health care providers and hospital outpatient clinics.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We used data from the 2006 Cervical Cancer Screening Supplement, a self-administered survey commissioned by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control. The data were collected as a supplement to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics' National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to obtain information on physicians' practices and beliefs related to cervical cancer screening. The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey collects visits, practice, and health care provider-level data annually from office-based physicians and community health centers. The sampling frame for the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey is derived from American Medical Association and American Osteopathic Association lists of “office-based physicians” providing patient care. Excluded are federally employed physicians or those specializing in anesthesiology, radiology, or pathology, The sampling frame for the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey community health center health care providers is developed using data from the Health Resources and Services Administration Bureau of Primary Health Care Uniform Data System and the Indian Health Service who received a list of physicians and midlevel health care providers available during a predetermined 1-week reporting period. In 2006, 3,500 physicians and 104 community health centers were sampled. National Center for Health Statistics' National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey collects information on visits and clinic data from general and short-stay hospitals with emergency or outpatient departments in all 50 states and the District of Columbia excluding Federal hospitals. In 2006, 480 hospitals were sampled. Additional information about both surveys can be found at www.cdc.gov/nchs/ahcd.htm.
Health care providers eligible for the Cervical Cancer Screening Supplement among sampled National Center for Health Statistics' National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey health care providers were restricted to the following specialties: general or family practice, internal medicine, or obstetrics and gynecology; midlevel health care providers in community health centers were also eligible. Among National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey clinics, only those specializing in general medicine or obstetrics and gynecology were eligible; emergency departments were not eligible. Health care providers from both surveys were further restricted to only those performing cervical cancer screening. Eligible health care providers and clinics had the option of completing the Cervical Cancer Screening Supplement survey as a paper survey or online. A total of 387 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey health care providers (response rate 61.1%) and 216 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey clinics (response rate 84.7%) responded. Eleven National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey respondents were not in eligible specialties and were excluded from our analysis. The Research Ethics Review Board of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics approved the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey protocols.
The 2006 Cervical Cancer Screening Supplement contained nine multipart questions that examined cervical cancer screening practices, including screening methods; whether the practice performed colposcopy; HPV DNA test use, including types of HPV DNA tests used, HPV testing as a screening test, and HPV testing for management of abnormal Pap test results; and screening intervals. Health care provider demographics and practice characteristics collected from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and used in our study included the health care provider's age, sex, specialty, board certification status, practice size, practice type, geographic region, and participation in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program. The variables from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey used in our analysis included clinic characteristics such as clinic specialty and geographic region but not health care provider-specific demographics, which are not collected.
Four items assessed HPV testing practices, beginning with whether the practice ever ordered or collected the HPV DNA test. Health care providers who responded yes were asked to select the different types of HPV DNA tests ordered or collected in their practice from the following choices: “high-risk HPV DNA test,” “low-risk HPV DNA test,” “not aware there was a high-risk or low-risk HPV DNA test,” or “unknown.” Responses were categorized first into responses that indicated the total amount of low-risk HPV use, but in bivariate analyses, responses were categorized into mutually exclusive practices of high-risk HPV DNA test use only, both high-risk and low-risk HPV DNA test use, low-risk HPV DNA test use only, and not aware or unknown. HPV testing for management of an abnormal Pap test result was assessed in two items: “If the patient's screening Papanicolaou test result is borderline or abnormal, does your practice routinely order an HPV DNA test to be performed on that sample (commonly called reflex HPV DNA testing)?” and “Does your practice routinely recall patients to come back for a second sample for an HPV DNA test if their screening Papanicolaou test is abnormal or borderline (recall testing)?” Health care providers who routinely performed either reflex or recall testing were asked for which types of abnormal Pap test results would the HPV DNA test be ordered: ASC-US, atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASC-H), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), or atypical glandular cells. Responses for reflex and recall HPV testing for management of abnormal Pap test results were combined and are referred to as reflex testing in the remainder of the article. HPV cotesting was assessed by a two-part item: “Does your practice routinely order or collect an HPV DNA test at the same time as the Papanicolaou test as part of routine cervical cancer screening (sometimes called adjunct HPV testing or cotesting)?” Health care providers who responded yes were asked, “For which patients does your practice routinely order or collect an HPV DNA test along with the Papanicolaou test?” Response options were nonexclusive and included: “women younger than 30 years old,” “women 30 years old and older,” “women who request the test for cervical cancer screening,” “women who request the test to check their HPV infection status,” or “other—specify [fill-in].”
We used guidelines from American Cancer Society, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology as the basis for inappropriate HPV testing practices, as illustrated in Box 1.2,3,8 Only the high-risk HPV test, which tests for oncogenic HPV types, is recommended for clinical use. For our analysis, we defined the following testing practices, which were consistently not recommended (or actively discouraged) in any guidelines, as nonrecommended HPV testing: low-risk HPV testing; HPV cotesting in women younger than age 30 years; HPV testing after Pap test results of ASC-H; and HPV testing after Pap test results of HSIL. Although we asked about HPV testing after other Pap test results such as atypical glandular cells and LSIL, we did not include them as inappropriate practices because there are special situations in which HPV testing is considered acceptable within the guidelines.
We used χ2 statistics to compare various HPV testing practices by health care provider or clinic specialty for each sample of health care providers who responded to the Cervical Cancer Screening Supplement. Sampling weights provided by the National Center for Health Statistics were used to adjust for nonresponse and to provide nationally representative patterns of practice. We considered an estimate unstable if the relative standard error, calculated as (standard error/estimated percentage)×100, was more than 30% and, thus, should be interpreted cautiously. All statistical analyses were done using SAS 9.2 with SUDAAN 10.
The distribution of demographic and practice characteristics of both health care providers and clinics is shown in Table 1. Among National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey respondents, most were physicians (96.7%) and were more likely to be male, board-certified, practice in a solo or a single specialty practice, and work in a private setting. The majority of National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey clinics were general medicine clinics (76.0%).
Overall, 75.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 68.7–81.2%) of health care providers and 77.2% (95% CI 60.3–88.3%) of clinics reported ever ordering or collecting the HPV DNA test. Obstetricians–gynecologists were significantly more likely to report using the HPV DNA test than family physicians and internists (98.9% compared with 76.8% and 44.7%, respectively) (P<.001). Of health care providers who collected the HPV test, 46.6% (95% CI 38.2–55.2%) used it with the Pap test for routine cervical cancer screening (HPV cotesting), whereas 88.5% (95% CI 83.3–92.3%) used it for managing an abnormal Pap test result (reflex or recall testing). Similarly, clinics were more likely to perform reflex or recall HPV testing than HPV cotesting (Table 2). There were differences in the use of HPV cotesting by geographic region of the country with the highest reported in the Northeast region (72.6%, 95% CI 59.1–82.9%) and the lowest in the Midwest (35.9%, 95% CI 23.1–51.1%).
Overall, 31.4% of office health care providers and 25% of hospital clinics reported using low-risk HPV testing with variation by specialty regardless of whether it was in an outpatient setting (obstetricians–gynecologists: 41.5%; midlevel: 36.7%; family physicians: 25.6%; internal medicine: 23.9% [the estimate for internal medicine should be interpreted with caution because its relative standard error is greater than 0.3]) or in clinics (obstetricians–gynecologists: 45.8%; general medicine: 17.7%). Using mutually exclusive categories, reported high-risk and low-risk HPV testing is shown in Figure 1. The majority of health care providers (56.4%, 95% CI 47.8–64.6%) reported using high-risk HPV tests only, 28.5% (95% CI 21.6–36.6) of health care providers reported using both high-risk and low-risk HPV tests in their practice, and 12.9% (95% CI 8.5–12.1%) did not know or were unaware there was a high-risk or low-risk HPV test. Approximately 2% reported performing low-risk HPV only (data not shown). Obstetricians–gynecologists (39.0%) had the highest reported percentage of both high-risk and low-risk HPV testing followed by midlevel health care providers (34.8%), family physicians (23.7%), and internists (16.6%), although no significant differences among specialties were detected. Among clinics, 56.1% (95% CI 43.5–68%) reported using high-risk HPV tests only, and 25% (95% CI 17.1–35%) used both high-risk and low-risk HPV tests. An estimated 18.7% of clinics were unaware there was a high-risk or low-risk HPV test. The pattern of testing in general medicine clinics was similar to that of family practitioners.
The majority of family physicians, obstetricians–gynecologists, and hospital clinics that routinely performed HPV cotesting reported testing women 30 years and older, the only age group for which cotesting is recommended (Table 2). Cotesting in women younger than 30 years old was also reported by 59.6% (95% CI 48.5–69.7%) of all health care providers and 66.0% (95% CI 48.0–80.3%) of clinics. Cotesting after patient request was also reported; overall, 43.8% (95% CI 33.4–54.7%) of health care providers performed cotesting in women who requested the test for cervical cancer screening and 40.8% (95% CI 30.7–51.7%) for women who requested the test to check their HPV infection status.
Health care providers' and clinics' use of HPV testing after an abnormal Pap test result is shown in Table 2. Among those that routinely performed reflex HPV testing, most reported testing after an ASC-US Pap test result, a use that is consistent with guideline recommendations. A high percentage of health care providers and clinics performed reflex HPV testing after Pap test results of ASC-H (71.4%, 95% CI 63.5–78.3% and 62.8%, 95% CI 49.0–74.9%, respectively) or HSIL (50.7%, 95% CI 42.4–58.9% and 49.0%, 95% CI 33.1–65.2%, respectively), results for which HPV testing is not recommended. For an LSIL Pap test result, in which reflex HPV testing is an acceptable option for postmenopausal women, 54.2% (95% CI 45.7–62.5%) of health care providers and 56.4% (95% CI 40.6–70.9%) of clinics used reflex HPV testing. Reflex HPV testing after an atypical glandular cell Pap test result was reported by 37.5% (95% CI 28.9–47.0%) of health care providers and 30.1% (95% CI 19.6–43.1%) of clinics. Reflex HPV testing in women younger than 30 years old was reported by 56.1% (95% CI 47.8–64.1%) of health care providers and 54.5% (95% CI 42.6–65.9%) of clinics, whereas 53.7% (95% CI 45.2–62.0%) of health care providers and 44.8% (95% CI 33.5–56.6%) of clinics reported using reflex HPV testing in women 30 years and older.
In this national survey of Pap test providers, we found HPV DNA test use to be widespread among various specialties that offer routine cervical cancer screening. Although many health care providers reported guideline-consistent HPV testing, a large number also reported inappropriate HPV testing such as low-risk HPV test use by nearly one-third of health care providers and HPV cotesting in women younger than age 30 years by 60% of health care providers. These findings suggest that although HPV testing has become a routine part of cervical cancer screening, many health care providers are not following guideline recommendations, which may increase medical costs and lead to unnecessary follow-up for women with positive test results.
Our findings of low-risk HPV testing by 31% of health care providers and 25% of clinics that perform HPV testing, a practice that has not been assessed previously, is surprising. The low-risk HPV DNA test screens for infection with nononcogenic HPV types and thus serves no purpose in the context of cervical cancer screening.2,3 In addition, although low-risk HPV types such as HPV 6 and HPV 11 cause 90% of genital warts, low-risk HPV testing should not be performed for genital warts screening or management because most HPV infections are asymptomatic and will clear on their own. Further information on the management of genital warts is available from the CDC at http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010/genital-warts.htm.9,10 A positive low-risk HPV test may prompt further follow-up testing or procedures by health care providers, outcomes that we were unable to assess in this survey. Although a positive low-risk HPV test may not be clinically significant, whether there is disclosure to patients of test results and the psychosocial effect of diagnosis with low-risk HPV are unclear.
The continued use of low-risk HPV testing by health care providers in the United States may be driven by a combination of financial gain, test marketing, and health care provider confusion on the difference between the low-risk and high-risk tests.4,7,11,12 Eliminating the availability of the low-risk HPV test, which has no clinical indications, should be considered regardless of the test's current level of penetration because such testing adds cost to the medical system without adding value to patient care. When HPV testing first became available, the early generations of Digene's Hybrid Capture HPV DNA tests included both high-risk and low-risk HPV types.11 Since then, HPV DNA tests that screen only for high-risk types have become available, yet the combined low-risk and high-risk HPV tests remains in active use.13 It is unknown how laboratories influence the amount of low-risk HPV testing that occurs, but a study in 2007 found 45% of pathology laboratories reported offering the low-risk HPV test with the widespread availability attributed mainly to reimbursement and physician demand.13 We examined laboratory requisition forms from several U.S. laboratories, some of which had the combined high-risk and low-risk HPV test available as a checkbox option, illustrating the ease with which health care providers can perform low-risk testing as part of routine cervical cancer screening.
When ordered together, the low-risk HPV DNA test is billed at the rate of the high-risk HPV DNA test using the same Current Procedural Terminology code, which doubles the cost of HPV testing. Because most health care providers (91%) in our study were in private practice, liberal test reimbursement by private insurance may be an important factor behind this practice.
More than half of health care providers and clinics that perform HPV cotesting reported doing so in women younger than 30 years old, in which a positive HPV test more likely signifies a transient HPV infection that will resolve spontaneously without needing further intervention.9,10 Because of the high prevalence of HPV infection in women in their 20s,14 a large number of women in this age group would subsequently be referred to colposcopy and follow-up testing after HPV cotesting. Compared with a study of health care providers conducted in 2004,4 our study found the percentage of health care providers who reported cotesting women younger than age 30 years old has doubled. Avoiding unnecessary workup or treatment of transient HPV infections in younger women is an important goal in cervical cancer screening because studies have found associations between certain procedures used to treat cervical dysplasia and adverse birth outcomes.15,16
Another common reason reported by health care providers for HPV cotesting was a request from patients to check HPV infection status. In a study of direct-to-consumer advertising and its effect on HPV testing, direct-to-consumer advertising was associated with significant increases in HPV test use by health care providers.17 Because HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States and most HPV infections are asymptomatic and transient, screening for HPV infection status outside the context of cervical cancer screening should not be performed.18 Several studies found women who receive positive HPV test results can experience negative psychosocial effects and health care providers should consider discussing with patients whether HPV testing is clinically recommended for them if patients request to be tested.19–21
As a management test, most health care providers used reflex HPV testing after an ASC-US Pap test result, a recommended use in patients aged 21 years and older. However, health care providers and clinics also reported using HPV testing after higher-grade Pap test result abnormalities such as ASC-H and HSIL. We were unable to assess for nuances in HPV testing recommendations for certain Pap test result abnormalities in our study such as newer guidelines that recommend against reflex HPV testing for patients younger than age 21 years2; however, excluding those special circumstances, there are limited data on the use of HPV testing for higher grade abnormalities. Additionally, guidelines recommend that patients with such Pap test results be referred to immediate colposcopy (or excisional treatment for HSIL) as the next management step instead.2
Our findings of nonrecommended HPV DNA testing among Pap test providers indicate a need for developing and testing interventions, especially ones tied directly to reimbursement, to encourage guideline-consistent test use. The continued use of low-risk HPV testing by health care providers warrants special consideration. Based on our knowledge of the natural history of HPV and the association of high-risk types with cervical cancer, there is simply no role for low-risk HPV testing in cervical cancer screening nor any other clinical scenarios to justify its use. Although health care providers have now had the option of performing only high-risk HPV testing for a number of years, our findings indicate that stronger measures such as engaging laboratories to stop the availability of the low-risk HPV test and limiting reimbursement from insurance companies to high-risk testing only may be needed. Health care providers also have an ethical obligation to inform patients, who are ultimately responsible for the cost either directly or indirectly, when ordering this test that has no clinical value. Finally, providing evidence that low-risk HPV tests can result in unnecessary and even harmful follow-up procedures and tests may be the armamentarium needed to take the low-risk test off the market.
Convincing health care providers and patients that more testing does not equal better medical care is a challenging task with medicolegal concerns and patient demand cited as some of the barriers.22,23 Formative research is needed to clarify the issues surrounding health care providers' use of HPV tests and the factors influencing guideline adherence. Educational materials for the general public on HPV and HPV DNA tests can help patients understand when testing may or may not be needed.24 Health care provider education on recommended uses of HPV testing should reinforce the benefits of testing as well as potential harms of overtesting such as unnecessary follow-up or overtreatment of transient HPV infections. Changing laboratory requisition forms to clearly reflect guideline-consistent HPV testing and point-of-care decision support algorithms designed to generate patient-specific recommendations in clinical care have been effective in improving health care provider performance in other areas and should be further investigated for this purpose.25,26
Our study had several limitations. The small sample size limited our ability to describe certain HPV testing practices for internists and midlevel health care providers and caused some estimates to be unstable. It also limited our power to detect differences among specialties and perform multivariate analysis of demographic and practice characteristics associated with nonrecommended HPV testing. Also, information on the insurance distribution of the patient population in a practice was unavailable on an individual health care provider level and we were unable to assess for correlation between testing practices and the patient population served. With additional years of data and a larger sample, further analysis may identify associated health care provider or practice factors. Although our respondents were similar to nonrespondents in certain demographic characteristics such as geographic region and board certification, nonrespondents were more likely to be older males, and our results may not be representative of that group.
In our survey, health care providers were asked to identify patients for whom they would perform HPV testing based on age group, an abnormal Pap test result, or other short descriptive characteristic. The questions did not take into account other factors such as patient sexual history or previous Pap test results, which may influence health care providers' actual practices. Finally, our data were self-reported and not validated by data of actual laboratory tests ordered by health care providers.
In conclusion, many Pap test providers are using HPV DNA tests in ways inconsistent with guideline recommendations, most notably, the use of low-risk HPV testing. Our findings indicate the need for wide-reaching interventions such as limiting test reimbursement to facilitate recommended uses of HPV DNA tests and eliminate low-risk HPV testing. Educational materials for patients and health care providers to address patient demand for HPV testing may also help to increase guideline consistent HPV test use. Further research is needed to identify interventions that effectively promote health care provider adherence to guideline recommendations, especially for newer technologies.
1. Bosch FX, Lorincz A, Munoz N, Meijer CJ, Shah KV. The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol 2002;55:244–65.
2. Wright TC Jr, Massad LS, Dunton CJ, Spitzer M, Wilkinson EJ, Solomon D; 2006 ASCCP-Sponsored Consensus Conference. 2006 consensus guidelines for the management of women with abnormal cervical screening tests. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2007;11:201–22.
3. Saslow D, Runowicz CD, Solomon D, Moscicki AB, Smith RA, Eyre HJ, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2002;52:342–62.
4. Irwin K, Montano D, Kasprzyk D, Carlin L, Freeman C, Barnes R, et al. Cervical cancer screening, abnormal cytology management, and counseling practices in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:397–409.
5. Saraiya M, Berkowitz Z, Yabroff KR, Wideroff L, Kobrin S, Benard V. Cervical cancer screening with both human papillomavirus and Papanicolaou testing vs Papanicolaou testing alone: what screening intervals are physicians recommending? Arch Intern Med 2010;170:977–85.
6. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. Cervical cytology screening (replaces committee opinion 152, March 1995). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 45. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:417–27.
7. Jain N, Irwin K, Carlin L, Freeman C, Montano D, Kasprzyk D. Use of DNA tests for human Papillomavirus infection by US clinicians, 2004. J Infect Dis 2007;196:76–81.
8. Cervical cytology screening. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 45. American College of Obstsetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:417–27.
9. Ho GY, Bierman R, Beardsley L, Chang CJ, Burk RD. Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med 1998;338:423–8.
10. Moscicki AB, Shiboski S, Broering J, Powell K, Clayton L, Jay N, et al. The natural history of human papillomavirus infection as measured by repeated DNA testing in adolescent and young women. J Pediatr 1998;132:277–84.
11. Moriarty AT. A rock and a hard place: HPV testing and financial gain. Diagn Cytopathol 2007;35:463–4.
12. Austin RM, Benstein B, Bentz J, Bigner S, Freund GG, Rocco GL, et al. Market survey predictions on the future of US Pap testing. Cytojournal 2009;6:17.
13. Moriarty AT, Schwartz MR, Eversole G, Means M, Clayton A, Souers R, et al. Human papillomavirus testing and reporting rates: practices of participants in the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Gynecologic Cytology in 2006. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008;132:1290–4.
14. Dunne EF, Unger ER, Sternberg M, McQuillan G, Swan DC, Patel SS, et al. Prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States. JAMA 2007;297:813–9.
15. Arbyn M, Kyrgiou M, Simoens C, Raifu AO, Koliopoulos G, Martin-Hirsch P, et al. Perinatal mortality and other severe adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: meta-analysis. BMJ 2008;337:a1284.
16. Kyrgiou M, Koliopoulos G, Martin-Hirsch P, Arbyn M, Prendiville W, Paraskevaidis E. Obstetric outcomes after conservative treatment for intraepithelial or early invasive cervical lesions: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2006;367:489–98.
17. Price RA, Frank RG, Cleary PD, Goldie SJ. Effects of direct-to-consumer advertising and clinical guidelines on appropriate use of human papillomavirus DNA tests. Med Care 2011;49:132–8.
18. Cox JT, Moriarty AT, Castle PE. Commentary on statement on human papillomavirus test utilization. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009;133:1192–4.
19. Kahn JA, Slap GB, Bernstein DI, Kollar LM, Tissot AM, Hillard PA, et al. Psychological, behavioral, and interpersonal impact of human papillomavirus and Pap test results. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2005;14:650–9.
20. Maissi E, Marteau TM, Hankins M, Moss S, Legood R, Gray A. Psychological impact of human papillomavirus testing in women with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear test results: cross sectional questionnaire study. BMJ 2004;328:1293.
21. McCaffery K, Waller J, Forrest S, Cadman L, Szarewski A, Wardle J. Testing positive for human papillomavirus in routine cervical screening: examination of psychosocial impact. BJOG 2004;111:1437–43.
22. Cooper CP, Saraiya M, McLean TA, Hannan J, Liesmann JM, Rose SW, et al. Report from the CDC. Pap test intervals used by physicians serving low-income women through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2005;14:670–8.
23. Palfrey S. Daring to practice low-cost medicine in a high-tech era. N Engl J Med 2011;364:e21.
24. Papa D, Moore Simas TA, Reynolds M, Melnitsky H. Assessing the role of education in women's knowledge and acceptance of adjunct high-risk human Papillomavirus testing for cervical cancer screening. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2009;13:66–71.
25. Kahan NR, Waitman DA, Vardy DA. Curtailing laboratory test ordering in a managed care setting through redesign of a computerized order form. Am J Manag Care 2009;15:173–6.
26. Garg AX, Adhikari NK, McDonald H, Rosas-Arellano MP, Devereaux PJ, Beyene J, et al. Effects of computerized clinical decision support systems on practitioner performance and patient outcomes: a systematic review. JAMA 2005;293:1223–38.
27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). FDA licensure of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV2, Cervarix) for use in females and updated HPV vaccination recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;59:626–9.
28. Cervical cytology screening. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 109. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2009;114:1409–20.
29. Solomon D, Papillo J, Davis Davey D; Cytopathology Education and Technology Consoritum. Statement on HPV DNA test utilization. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2009;13:135–6.
Figure. No caption available. | <urn:uuid:da122a88-bfce-479f-afe4-30be59e96055> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2011/07000/Low_Risk_Human_Papillomavirus_Testing_and_Other.2.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320338.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624203022-20170624223022-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.930777 | 7,137 | 2.828125 | 3 |
This “Fact Sheet” of the U.S. Justice Department’s Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) presents an overview of its Student, Teachers, and Officers Preventing (STOP) School Violence Program; eligible projects for STOP grants; and the entities that may apply for a STOP grant.
The intent of the federal STOP School Violence Act of 2018 is to improve school security by providing students and teachers with the tools they need to recognize, respond quickly to, and prevent violence in schools. Both BJA and the U.S. Justice Department’s Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) offer STOP grants for eligible projects. Types of projects eligible for a STOP grant include those that train school personnel and students in preventing violence against others and themselves, the development of technology-based systems to prevent and respond to violence in schools, the development and operations of school threat assessment and intervention teams, and any measure determined by the BJA Director to improve responses to and prevention of violence on school grounds. Entities that may apply for a STOP grant include states, units of local government, federally recognized Indian tribes, public agencies, and nonprofit entities such as private schools. | <urn:uuid:830fd375-846f-4422-b877-864a5f8c9e8e> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://bja.ojp.gov/library/publications/bjas-student-teacher-and-officers-preventing-stop-school-violence-program | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103035636.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625125944-20220625155944-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.949707 | 243 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Chinese Twin-spotted Rat Snake
Scientific Name: Elaphe bimaculata
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The scientific name for the Chinese Twin-spotted Rat Snake is Elaphe Bimaculata. A scientist named Schmidt renamed the snake in 1925. This snake is commonly referred to as the Twin-Spotted Ratsnake or the Chinese Cornsnake. The Elaphe Bimaculata is a small snake that has a strips or blotches. The spotted ones are more common. The snake is about 60 to 80 cm long. Some however, have been documented at a length of up to 120 cm in length.
Chinese Twin-spotted Rat Snakes Are Beautiful Creatures
Facts About Chinese Twin-spotted Rat Snakes
These snakes are found in altitudes of up to 1,000 meters above sea level, throughout the eastern parts of China. Their origins however are believed to have been from western China.chinese twin spotted rat snake large.
These snakes are found in many habitats. They can be found in cultivated areas, forest edges or in sparsely vegetated locations. They seem to favor locations with high humidity and a cool climate.
If threatened, the snake displays impressive threat techniques. It will waggle its tail or attempt to bite. It may also bury its head in its coiled body.
The snake lays eggs in late spring with a 2-3 months hibernation period. The number of eggs may be anywhere from 3-10 with 35-48 days required for incubation.
If kept in captivity, the snake is provided with plenty of hides in order to allow it to settle and feel at home. The hides also allow the snake to thermo regulate. High humidity environments are also maintained. The snake does not require a large space and will usually be comfortable with a few basics like a water bowl, hiding places and a hotspot. Their main meal is small rodents like mice. Eggs should be kept at a temperature of about 26 degrees Celsius. Small ratsnakes are know to grow and mature fast, reaching maturity in about one to one and a half years. | <urn:uuid:4c5ad700-8ccc-4d97-b8d0-d955e95b0104> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.snakeestate.com/rat-and-pine-snakes/chinese-twin-spotted-rat-snake/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866326.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524131721-20180524151721-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.947393 | 437 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Biofuel is any form of fuel, which has been derived from biomass. Most of the biofuels are produced from easily replenished sources of carbon, such as plants. Generally, biofuels are produced from different sources of biomass, such as charcoal, energy crops and wood, waste from forests or agriculture or manure. Currently, bio-energy is being sought after vigorously mainly due to the rising prices of oil in a worldwide scope. The use of biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuels, significantly affects the environment, as well as the economic status of a country. Replacement of fossil fuels reduces the impacts of fossil fuels in relation to its production and use in various ways, such as, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, depletion of resources and dependence on one source of energy. This paper asserts that biofuels are a viable source of energy. They are also more cost-effective than other forms of energy.
The existing forms of available biofuels are derived from starch crops (such as corn and potatoes), sugar crops (mainly sugarcane), and animal fat and oilseed crops (such as sunflower and castor oil). These are used in the production of bio-alcohols, such as, ethanol and biodiesel-which are the most common forms of biofuels in use all over the world. The second generation biofuels are made from cellulose which is found in woody plants and wooden byproducts. As a matter of fact, biofuels from the third generation are made mainly from algae. Notably, the second and the third generation biofuels are not being produced commercially.
Benefits of Biofuels
The production of biofuels is relatively cheaper when compared to the production of fossil fuels. This is in relation to the equipment and availability. The equipment used in the production of biofuels are cheap and are easily accessible all over the world, thus, biofuels can be produced locally. Because of this, the cost of importing fuel from other countries is minimized. According to Gajewski in 2012, advanced biofuel production has reduced petroleum imports to the United States by $5.5 billion (1). This number is expected to increase to $23 billion by 2016 and further to $70 billion by the year 2022. Cumulatively, the production of biofuels between 2010 and 2022 reduces the cost of petroleum importation by approximately $350 billion. The ability to grow the raw material all over the world also makes it relatively cheap to produce biofuels. In contrast, production of fossil fuels is limited to areas where petroleum can be found. Therefore, this leads to the need to import by countries that do not produce oil. Importation of petroleum is expensive, considering the rising prices of oil globally due to the depletion of oil wells.
Argument has been raised over the cost of the implementation of biofuel plants. Some analysts argue that the startup capital of the production of biofuels is extremely costly. Refining biofuels to increase their efficiency is costly just as building of the manufacturing plants and the availability of vast masses of land for the growth of crops. In order to cater for all these, a high preliminary investment is required. However, after the initial investment is done, the operation of the plants is relatively economical, and the returns are immensely profitable for the producing country.
The use of biofuels reduces the dependence of a country on foreign energy, thus, enhancing the energy security of the country. This is mainly due to the availability of the raw materials, which are found in most countries in the world. The exploitation of these natural resources is cheaper than the importation of foreign energy. In addition to that, countries are able to protect and control the reliability of their energy supply by reducing the dependence on other forms of energy. This reduces the country’s vulnerability to supply disruptions. The renewability of the raw material is also effective in the maintenance of a constant supply of energy in a country, thus, leading to the self-dependence of different countries.
Production and use of biofuels also play a crucial role in the stimulation of a country’s economy. The manufacturing plants will provide job opportunities for hundreds of thousands of individuals in a given country, and this helps in the creation of jobs, particularly, in rural areas. This plays a vital role in reducing the rate of unemployment and, thus, raising the standards of living of people in that country. Statistics shows that biofuel production has directly created 29, 000 jobs in 2012. This number is expected to rise to 94,000 in 2016 and up to 190,000 by the year 2022. The number is larger when viewed from the indirect creation of jobs - the number is currently at 123,000 and is expected to rise to 807,000 by 2022 (Hallett 1). It also increases the demand for crops, thus, making it a profitable business for farmers who grow the energy crops. Consequently, rural areas get to develop due to the production of energy, thus, reducing energy poverty, as well as general poverty in a country.
However, scientists from FAO argue that the massive production of biofuels reduces the food security of a country. This is because of more concentration of energy crops, thus, the production of food crops is reduced. This will lead to the increase of prices of various food crops which people under the poverty margin cannot afford (Chivers 1) this presents a challenge to scientists and researchers which can be overcome by the growth of crop breeds that serve both purposes of energy production and food production. Consequently, the supply of food and energy is upheld. Further than that, this challenge can be solved through effective land use management. For example, energy crops can be grown on reclaimed lands, thus, maintaining the food security of the country.
The production of biofuels plays a significant role in the conservation of the environment particularly concerning global warming. Global warming leads to climate change, which has adverse effects on the environment. Global warming is mainly caused by carbon emissions from various activities, such as mining and production of petroleum products. Production of petroleum, as well as the use of its products, has a considerable effect on the environment due to the emission of greenhouse gases (Totty 97). Greenhouse gases increase the global temperatures of the earth, thus, leading to climate change. Production and use of biofuels is known to have positive effects on climate change mainly because the production of greenhouse gases is minimal while using and producing biofuels.
Biofuels are also effective in reducing the air pollution. Compared to petroleum and other fossil fuels, the end products of biofuel combustion have few toxic and are environmentally friendly. Further, the carbon emissions from biofuels can easily be offset by the uptake of carbon by the feedstock. Plants take up carbon dioxide as they grow, and this reduces carbon in the atmosphere. The production and use of fossil fuels extracts fossil fuels from the earth’s crust, exposes it to the atmosphere, and, thus, increases the global warming.
In reality, however, the process of biofuel production is not carbon neutral. This is contrary to the assumption made which is based on the conversion of plants into biofuels (Beinecke 28). The production of biofuels requires the use of energy to convert the crops into fuels. Fuel is necessary in various processes, for example, for transportation of crops or to power the machinery. The amount of fuel used in the various stages of production has a substantial impact on the environment in relation to carbon emission. In some countries, the impact of carbon emissions from biofuels has been noted to be high compared to emissions from other fuels like petroleum. According to studies in Brazil, greenhouse gas emissions increased by ten times ever since the country ventured into biofuel production. However, this can be mitigated using biofuels in the production process instead of using other forms of fuel.
Scientists have also raised concerns on the impacts of biofuel production on the ecosystem. They argue that the production of biofuels on a large scale could eventually lead to the loss of biodiversity. This would come because of the clearing of land, which functions as a habitat for various plant and animal species. The main mitigation measure for this would be to use reclaimed land rather than the clearing of land, which functions as habitat for majorly wild plants and animals.
In summary, the production and use of biofuels have various benefits, which make it a viable source of renewable energy. Compared to other traditional forms of energy, the implementation and production of biofuels are more profitable, in the end, and have minimal effects on the environment. Biofuels production also creates jobs for individuals all over a country, thus, reduces on unemployment. This leads to better standards of living and consequently the development of a country. | <urn:uuid:2511ee32-3f9b-43dc-9e7f-6657398922fb> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://essaysprofessors.com/samples/environment/benefits-of-biofuels.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703548716.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124111006-20210124141006-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.962739 | 1,792 | 3.703125 | 4 |
WASHINGTON — The world's population will increase by 1 billion in this decade, predicts the World Bank. That's in addition to the present 5.3 billion people around the globe. Within 20 years, the world's population will total 7 billion and could reach 11 billion by the end of the next century.
This ballooning in population, the Bank says in a new report, will continue even though birth rates should fall slightly in the first half of the 1990s. ``The resulting lower population growth rates have not compensated for the steadily enlarging population base,'' the report says.
By the year 2025, 84 percent of the world population will live in developing nations because of higher population growth rates in those countries. That will be up from 76 percent in 1985. Populations in low-income countries are growing by almost 60 million a year. High-income populations are growing by only 4 million a year.
Asia, which accounts for about 58 percent of the world's population, is growing by about 55 million people annually. Africa's population is growing more rapidly, with a 3 percent annual increase, compared with only 1.9 percent in Asia.
Africa now has a smaller population than Asia, Europe and the Soviet Union, and North and South America. By the year 2000, according to the report, Africa's population will be second only to Asia.
The report also predicts that China will likely hold the ranking of the world's most populous country for almost 100 years from now. India will continue to contribute more to world population growth than any other country for the next two centuries. India adds as many people each year as live in Nepal or Australia.
Fastest population growth is in Rwanda, Kenya, Malawi, and Saudi Arabia, where the fertility level is above 7, the report states. | <urn:uuid:dc584708-1b61-474c-b03c-0cd314f30880> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.csmonitor.com/1990/1026/fside26.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662018.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00038-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944523 | 364 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Theosophy, by Rudolf Steiner, , at sacred-texts.com
The soul being of man differs from his corporality through being his own inner world. This inner world peculiar to each person faces one the moment one directs one's attention to the simplest sensation. One finds, in the first place, that no one can know if another person perceives even the simplest sensation in exactly the same way as one does oneself. It is known that there are people who are colorblind. They see things only in different shades of gray. Others are partially colorblind. They are unable, because of this, to perceive certain shades of colors. The picture of the world which their eyes give them is different from that of so-called normal persons.
[paragraph continues] And the same holds good in regard to the other senses. It will be seen, therefore, without further elaboration, that even simple sensations belong to the inner world. I can perceive with my bodily senses the red table which another person also perceives; but I cannot perceive his sensation of red. One must therefore describe sensation as belonging to the soul. If one grasps this fact alone quite clearly, he will soon cease to regard inner experiences as mere brain processes or something similar. The first result of sensation is feeling. One sensation causes man pleasure, another displeasure. These are stirrings of his inner, his soul life. Man creates in his feelings a second world in addition to that which works on him from without. And a third is added to thisthe will. Through it man reacts on the outer world. And he thereby stamps the impress of his inner being on the outer world. The soul of man, as it were, flows outward in the activities of his will. The actions of the human being differ from the occurrences of outer nature in that they bear the impress of his inner life. In this way the soul represents what is man's own in
contradistinction to the outer world. He receives from the outer world the incitements; but he creates, in responding to these incitements, a world of his own. The corporality becomes the foundation of the soul being of man. | <urn:uuid:858114f5-ff60-46ac-ae2b-194673bf2b50> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://sacred-texts.com/eso/theo/theo08.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867666.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625111632-20180625131632-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.972726 | 445 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The Left-Green Movement is a radical left wing party, with emphasis on equality and sustainability. The principles of the Left-Green Movement are built on four grounding pillars: environmental protection, feminism, peace and freedom on a global scale and social justice. The Left-Greens are now a powerhouse within the government, with three Ministers and nine MPs in parliament.
Education for everyone
Education is the way of society to systematically cultivate the knowledge, skills, competencies and attitudes that strengthen each individual’s ability and opportunities to become a critical, active and competent participant in an equal and democratic community. Good education is the foundation of a powerful, democratic society where those in power are restrained by a transparent and well educated society in whole, whether in environmental, financial, political, media or other fields.
Education is a prerequisite for development and innovation. The future of Icelanders living in harmony with nature is based on the nation’s wealth of knowledge and businesses built on ingenuity and sustainability. It is important to enable new generations to create their own opportunities in the technologically advanced society we live in. A strong educational system for everyone, at all levels of education, should be the grounding pillar of the Icelandic society. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is to be respected and followed on all levels of education.
The educational system is to be commonly owned by all Icelanders and financed by the commonwealth. Free education on all school levels is the key to providing education to all people equally. The educational system houses a lively community of students, their families and the educational staff. All students’ needs are to be met according to the individual needs and maturity of each student within the school system. This applies to all people, regardless of their origin, gender, economical status or any other societal factors. Students should have a possibility to actively take part in molding their learning environment in a democratic way, on all educational levels.
School libraries serve multiple functions in primary school and in further education. It is vital to make sure libraries are, also in the future, an inseparable part of education. Art education is an important part of learning and sparking creativity and it should be part of curriculum in all primary and further education for children of all ages.
It is vital to value jobs within the educational system at merit and ensure the collective bargaining reflects the value of education for the society in whole.
Students in secondary education and in universities are to enjoy equal rights to people on the labour market, when it comes to sick days, lunch break and other general rights.
School work must be carried out according to the National Curriculum Guide, which assumes that certain basic elements are integrated into all education in pre-, primary and secondary schools: literacy, democracy, human rights, equality, sustainability, creativity, health and welfare. At the same time, we need to ensure further continuity between school levels.
Preschool is the first school level in Iceland. The aim is to organize free preschools as a mandatory part of municipalities services for their citizens. Preschools should be first and foremost organized by municipalities rather than private organizations and never for profit.
The ideology of the preschool should be at the forefront and the main focus on the child’s development. In order to achieve those goals it is vital to increase the number of educated preschool teachers. The government should strive to increase the number of those who attend studies in this field and to see to it that the collective bargaining for preschool staff reflects the importance of preschools in our society.
Each preschool should have the flexibility to develop its own preschool culture. At the same time, it is important that Icelandic preschools offer equal opportunities for all children. It is vital for schools to have professional and pedagogic independence, so teachers and other professional staff can flourish in their work.
Excellent elementary school
The role of elementary school in a modern society is to foster the comprehensive development of children and their well being as well as to offer them a meaningful, good level of education, both literary and in arts and crafts, while enhancing their capability to acquire knowledge and skills. The elementary school has to be inclusive. All children have the right to appropriate education in their social environment to support normal development within age groups. In order for it to be so, we need a wide range of methods for the various challenges and circumstances. Schools should have equal access to new technology to support teaching efforts in a fastly moving and developing society. The evaluation and grading of students must be based on a broad foundation and be an integral part of quality control within the schools and their teaching standards, instead of concentrating on an external evaluation. National screening tests and standardized scales need to be revised to reflect both individualized learning and the main curriculum.
Compulsory schooling is unique in that it is the only institution in society, where all children of a certain age come together regardless of different social and cultural backgrounds. It is very important to maintain the cultural and social diversity within school communities and use that opportunity to break down stereotypes and prejudice in the society in whole and to prepare children to enjoy our multicultural communities.
The school staff should be given scope to formulate the principles, curriculums and emphases of their schools in cooperation with students, parents and other guardians. Students should be active participants in all school activities and get to influence shaping them in a democratic way.
All students have the right to learn their mother tongue, and this also applies to immigrants and their children, who need to be taught both in their mother tongue and in Icelandic. We should not either forget children who have sign language as their mother tongue. Teaching languages should always be done in a way that suits the child’s needs and level of maturity. It is also important to build afterschool programs on the basis of dignity and respect, directed by educated professionals where both children and staff can flourish. We should integrate art studies, sports and social activities in municipalities run after school programs. All children in all the corners of Iceland should receive the same grants for other leisure activities outside schools and those grants from municipalities should also be increased. This is also very important for the integration and inclusion of young immigrants. All students should always have easy access to study and career counseling and mental health services.
Diverse secondary schools
The role of the secondary schools is to provide students comprehensive and sustainable education that can prepare them for various university studies, further vocational studies or the labour market. Secondary school should be open to all, so that students can start their secondary studies at any age, study at a pace and length that suits their needs.
In order to be able to offer equal opportunities for all students, the material used in teaching should be free of charge in all secondary schools (theoretical and vocational education) as the aim has been in elementary schools. Students in rural areas should have equal access to secondary schools, whether it be theoretical, vocational or arts oriented education. We should put special emphasis on improving access to immigrants in education on secondary level. We need to offer a wider range of courses in icelandic language for those who are learning icelandic as a second or third language and also add possibilities to teach in other languages than in icelandic. It is important to offer all students in secondary schools access to an efficient school health care system with health, mentalhealth and vocational support available across the board. Secondary schools should be publicly owned and financed and free for everyone.
Universities and research
University studies should promote critical thinking and individual development of each student. Society and communities within should encourage as many as possible to engage in university studies as it is always for the benefit of the society as a whole. There should be no fees or charges related to attending university, which can hinder equal inclusion of all students in higher education.
Increased university education and focus on research and innovation go hand in hand with increased prosperity in communities. In order to diminish drop out rates and steer students in their studies, we should reinforce educational and vocational counseling within universities rather than to restrict the number of students on individual study programs.
Basic research is the cornerstone of innovation and knowledge industries. Labour policy in harmony with nature and environment builds on promoting knowledge and research rather than using nature’s resources, that is why we have to invest in research and innovation now more than ever. Universities need funding to tend to research as well as teaching. Funds for research, outside the university’s research grants program, are to be allocated from competitive funds with peer review based evaluation. Taxation perks should be used to support businesses in knowledge and innovative industries.
Efficient Icelandic Student Loan Fund
When it comes to the Icelandic Student Loan Fund (ISLF), The Left Green Movement emphasizes that a greater amount of students get funded in their studies, when satisfactory educational progress is demonstrated. Special attention must be paid to the social role of ISLF, so that young parents, single parents and people with lower income levels have the same possibilities to education as others. Student loans are often a heavy burden to young families upon completion of their studies. Turning part of the student loans to student grants reduces the burden of young families in paying back their loans, just when they are starting to build their lives. This will move us closer to the student grant system in use in our neighboring nordic countries, with an exceptional track record in education, research and science.
Fresh further education
People who have not completed primary or secondary education must have a real chance of being able to complete it later in life. It is therefore necessary to ensure good access to such education and to ensure equal opportunities for all. The cost of returning to finish education should be covered by the government and municipalities.
We must ensure that all immigrants have access to Icelandic language education free of charge, as well as other educational opportunities and further education. It is vital for our society and people in it, that everyone can make full use of their experience, education and knowhow. At the same time, we should increase possibilities for mother tongue teaching and interpretation services to meet the needs of different language communities in Iceland.
The foundations of Lifelong learning centers, throughout Iceland, need to be supported more, so that learning in your area at an adult age is a real option and accessible for everyone, regardless of where you live.
We need to ensure cultural activities are available across the country and that everyone has the possibility to participate in arts and culture on their own terms. The strength of Icelandic cultural life is based on widespread participation in creative work in all cultural sectors. Access to culture and arts is an important foundation of our society. All children should have access to cultural events, regardless of their families financial status. The public sector’s support towards all cultural work, arts and museums is essential. It is important to ensure free public access to museums run by the state and municipalities and to strengthen their role in education, research and innovation.
Culture and arts are not just important in themselves, they are also economically important. Numerous jobs within the creative sectors turn out hundreds of billions of ISK every year. That is why the creative, cultural and arts sectors are an important part of the Icelandic industrial policy. Artists should get a fair pay for their work and that is why we need to strengthen the public wages fund set up for artists and ensure that public bodies, museums and the media lead the way and pay artists fair wages for their work.
Homegrown and healthy
It has never been as important as now to implement the government’s ambitious food policy. The goal of the food policy is dual: all food manufacture on sea and on land will be carbon neutral by 2040 and promote better public health. We can reach these goals by using principles of circular economy. Circular economy is based on utilizing resources wisely and reducing and reusing waste so that streamlining and profitability also leads to reducing the burden on the earth’s resources. The current production and consumption of food is unsustainable, based on linear economy, where items are manufactured, used and discarded. At the moment, mankind uses the resources of the earth at the rate where more than two earths would be needed to support the current level of consumption. Therefore, circular economy is a prerequisite for reducing emissions in food production, consumption and handling waste.
Consumption of healthy foods should be increased at the expense of unhealthy foods. The consumption of unsustainably produced meat must also be reduced. Manufacturing organic fertilizer from biological waste could make the bulk of domestic agricultural production organic. At the same time, emissions must be reduced in transportation of food. At the moment we are importing food items that could be produced domestically, with a reduced carbon footprint.
It is important that the government systematically supports those manufacturers and farmers who produce foods that have a positive impact on nature and public health. It is as important as informing the public of the importance of choosing healthy and environmentally friendly food. In this way we can improve productivity and profitability in food production in Iceland, achieve goals regarding public health and climate crisis and ensure food safety in Iceland.
Broader food production
Fisheries and agriculture are the basis for potent food production in Iceland. The task of the next few decades is to produce enough food in Iceland to feed the nation, while at the same time contributing to the food manufacturers becoming carbon neutral – like society at large. Iceland’s greatest contribution to global food safety is the sustainable utilization of marine and other natural resources, be it fishing, agriculture or aquaculture. Vegetable production needs to be considerably increased domestically to decrease the amount of vegetables imported airways to Iceland.
Today we throw away one third of the food we produce. In the circular economy of the future, food waste must be reduced with the right incentives at all stages of production, distribution and consumption.
Healthy food is a health issue
Diet is one of the main reasons behind various lifestyle diseases. In order for the public to make informed decisions and consider the consequences of their consumption on their health and the environment, information must be clear and accessible, wherever the food is consumed. Information on carbon footprint and on health effects of the product needs to be provided on food packaging.
Importance of organic farming
We need to move to large-scale production of organic foods in Iceland, as organic farming is in harmony with nature and utilizes resources well. One of the main objectives of organic farming is to protect and maintain biodiversity in nature. Manufacturing organic fertilizer from biological waste could help make the bulk of domestic agricultural production organic.
HEALTHCARE FOR EVERYONE
Access to free public healthcare
Healthy environment and easy access to healthcare are among the most important rights of individuals in a society. It is the benefit of every community to promote good public health and care for those who lose health. The Left Green Movement emphasizes an efficient health and welfare service funded by the government and operated on a public basis.
Public health care system provides a possibility to get a good overview of the health care system in whole, to optimize the utilization of resources and also ensures equality of patients within the system and standard quality of services provided. The Left Green Movement is against privatization of health care, no private company should be able to profit from public health care.
Access to clean water, clean air and unspoiled nature are all part of the well being of individuals and the nation in whole. When assessing health services and the purchasing of such services, environmental aspects should always be taken to consideration.
Public health care should service everyone equally, regardless to their financial status, where they live or any other differentiating factor. Users of any health care services should be included in planning the service.
It is important that the government’s Health Policy until year 2030 is to be followed and fully funded. The Left Green Movement believes it is imperative to turn away from privatization and contracting in the private sector in order to prevent a dual system from being established, where financially strong individuals can buy health care that is not available for those who cannot afford it. Individuals’ and families’ spending on medicines and medical services is still higher in Iceland than in the other Nordic countries. It is important to reduce health care spending as a percentage of household income, abolish patient fees and lower cost of medication for patients. First step is to make sure all health care to children under 18 is free of charge, including dental services and mental health services.
Efficient public health centers and hospital services
Efficient health centers, diverse specialist services, education, prevention and excellent hospitals are the cornerstones of good public health care. Strong health care needs to be ensured for all of Iceland, so that the public can rely on good basic health services close to their home. Higher and secondary level education in health services should be strengthened, especially with the needs of health centers in mind. Work in a health center should be a sought-after position within the health care sector in Iceland.
The organization of the health care services needs to be changed so that all services in public health centers are free of charge with an optional referral system similar as known in other Nordic countries. At the same time, the health centers need to promote and introduce interdisciplinary services in collaboration with the social services in their municipalities. Prevention, mental health services and dentistry should be available within public health centers.
All mental health services must be guided by the philosophy of recovery and public mental health services should be greatly increased. The rights of the mentally ill must be safeguarded as well as work against prejudice on mental illness should be in the forefront. A long-term, nationwide mental health policy must be drawn and implemented.
We need to secure ambitious rehabilitation therapy for addicts and housing solutions for those who have completed rehabilitation in order to help them take part in their community and support their healing process. Peripheral groups, such as the homeless and addicts, should be offered damage decreasing services, general health services and housing.
Prisoners’ rights and access to good facilities must be ensured, as well as prisoners’ access to education, rehabilitation, mental health services and general health services. Emphasis in prisons should be placed on the prisoners getting better, not punishment. Mental health services should be greatly enhanced. Instead of imprisonment, community service should be strengthened as an option for punishment. Prisoners should have a real possibility to enjoy a meaningful relationship with their family members while incarcerated, especially for the benefit of their children.
Welfare for all
Community of social justice is founded on a robust welfare policy that guarantees people’s rights to decent living standards, social rights and dignity.
The Left-Green Movement believes it is imperative that the community is looked at comprehensively, whether it is good and affordable housing, free school meals for children and young people or free dental services. Disabled people, the elderly and the unemployed, who are dependent on the welfare system for their livelihood, should have the opportunity to live a meaningful life and contribute to society. Easy access to assistive technology is a prerequisite for people with disabilities to be socially active.
The Left-Green Movement wants to shorten the working week. First steps towards a shorter working week have already been taken by the city of Reykjavík led by the Left-Greens. Research shows that shortening the work week enhances profitability and quality of life. By shortening the work week we can make our society more family friendly, when families have more time to spend together.
The Left-Green Movement takes a stand on the struggle of people with disabilities when it comes to access and inclusion. It is long overdue to make a proper action plan for access and inclusion and secure sufficient funding for the long needed improvements.
It is important to improve the services related to receiving immigrants, such as by providing them with information and help with their rights, obligations, employment and housing. It is important to ensure that immigrants and foreign workers are not discriminated against in wages or in any other way. Icelandig language education for immigrants must be offered free of charge as well as education in the mother tongue for children who have Icelandic as a second language. Immigrants should be warmly welcomed, not least those who are fleeing war and poverty in their home country.
A new attitude in energy production
Energy economies over the next few decades should be about carbon offsetting, ie. reducing greenhouse gas emissions everywhere and binding carbon with available measures in soil, vegetation, wetlands and stone.
Long-term energy policy for Iceland is based on the philosophy of sustainable development, where the country’s energy is used to build a green and carbon neutral society. Energy policy needs to identify energy needs of the future; how much energy is needed to achieve set carbon neutrality goals by 2040 through energy exchange in transportation, electrification of ports, development of a greener, sustainable economy and to meet population growth in the coming years. Until such calculations are available, the state and municipalities, owners of the largest energy companies, should not enter into long-term, large-scale energy contracts with major users.
If new power plants are needed in order to build a sustainable and carbon-neutral society, there should be a consensus on how that energy is best generated. Most importantly, it should be done with caution, in smaller steps and taking into consideration the sensitive nature surrounding us, population growth and the needs of green medium sized companies, but not in single big leaps. We also need to aim at better energy efficiency, reduce system losses, improve utilization of existing power plants as well as new technologies and methods of energy generation.
Improved public transportation and the exchange of energy in transport is one of Iceland’s most important steps in meeting the obligations of the Paris Agreement and reaching our own ambitious goals. Energy change means the use of electricity and other environmentally friendly fuels to an increasing extent on cars, engines, boats, ships and aircrafts, as technological advances permit. Emphasis must be placed on innovation and development in the production of domestic fuels and their use.
Sustainability, security and responsibility
The Left-Green Movement has had sustainability as a guiding principle in everything since its establishment, not least when it comes to the utilization and production of hydropower and geothermal energy. Precautions and nature conservation needs to be a top priority in all energy production. Large-scale power plants for the benefit of polluting, power-intensive industries are not in line with a sustainable energy policy. A fair fee must be paid for harnessing nation owned resources and large users must be required to pay a fair market price for the energy they buy as well as all the costs of delivering the used energy.
The Left-Green Movement believes that under these circumstances, and in the light of the Paris Agreement, it is out of the question to allocate more energy to polluting heavy industry, which already uses almost 80% of all electricity produced in Iceland. On the contrary, it is a good time to assess whether it is possible to reduce electricity consumption in heavy industry. It is our goal that energy from renewable energy sources replaces imported fossil fuels, all the while taking needed precautions and prioritizing conservation of our unique nature.
Reasonable energy prices for households and domestic industries
When pricing electricity, households and businesses must be ensured a reasonable price of energy. This goal should be more important than the profit requirements set for public energy companies. We should pay particular attention to reducing the electricity costs of domestic food production, such as growing vegetables, to increase self-sufficiency, sustainability and food security in Iceland. Nevertheless, it is important that in pricing electricity all cost factors are taken into account, including the sacrificial cost for lost natural resources. It must not be forgotten, that nature has value in itself, that is difficult to price in any currency.
Electricity, as well as clean water, central heating and telecommunications, is considered a basic need in our modern society. Basic need, that is not to be operated for profit. The Left-Green Movement finds it important that the nation’s common ownership of land and sea resources be recognized and that the society in whole benefits from their sustainable use. In accessing and utilizing the nation’s energy resources, it is very important to be responsible and focused on operations that profit all the public, not to aim at profiting on the public. Landsvirkjun should continue to be fully publicly owned, as the company has been built up using the nation’s common energy resources.
Sustainable energy in harmony with nature
Sustainability should always be the leading principle in energy generation and nature conservation should be in the foreground of decision making. Protecting the highlands of Iceland is the single most important goal in nature conservation and best reached through a comprehensive plan of establishing a Central Highlands National Park.
Hydropower projects smaller than 10 Megawatts are currently not covered by the framework for the protection and energy efficiency of land areas. This is far too high a criteria, as the power of a power plant is not necessarily at all directly related to the environmental impact caused by it. It is therefore important to review the criteria.
There is a need to look for more sustainable ways of utilising hydropower and to increase research into new energy sources, such as wind, ground source and geothermal energy.
Energy for all Icelanders
Iceland is rich in energy resources. All Icelanders should have access to electricity and adequate security of supply. This concept needs to be harmonized in laws and regulations, and legal provisions need to be laid down for the responsibility of energy companies to meet the energy needs of regular households and other general users. The distribution costs of energy must be fully offset, costs should be paid equally by all users of energy.
The labor market cannot be viewed without context to the society which it is part of. That is why a strong welfare system and a good labor market go hand in hand. Free education for children and free health care are a wage issue, after all. In an exemplary labour market, anyone with health and will to work, can participate and receive fair wages. Workers rights are respected and inequalities between groups are not tolerated.
It is the role of government to create an environment in which a healthy labor market can develop. This is done by creating a legal environment that prevents discrimination and abuse, effective monitoring and consequences for those who violate regulations and laws. It is also done by reducing people’s costs for health care and education, promoting preventive health services, such as physiotherapy and mental health services, which reduces the likelihood of people dropping out of the labour market. A good labour market is flexible, secure and gives people the opportunity to enjoy both work and leisure.
Labour unions are the strongest weapon in the hands of workers to advance and defend their rights. Public sector’s relations with the labour unions should be based on upholding the autonomy of the labour unions as a democratic forum of workers.
Combating inequality in the labor market is a challenge. Inequality lies both in the increased income gap between those who earn the most and those working on minimum wage, but also between genders, age groups and people who come from abroad to work in Iceland.
The struggle of the working class for a fair wage for their work is as urgent today as it was before. The struggle is global and is about reducing inequality and paying the dividends equally to those who really create the dividends.
Respect, diligence and stability
Utilizing natural resources is about respect for the resource, diligence in utilization and stability for those who utilize it. The resources that must be taken to use, should always be used with care, responsibility and in harmony with nature, society and future generations needs. All resources, whether on land or at sea, are to be the perpetual and non-transferable property of the Icelandic people. The people must benefit from all utilization of resources. Utilization shall be based on equal participation, nurture recruitment and be in constant and reciprocal connection with rural development. Any utilization of natural resources should be part of the green circular economy and based on international research, cooperation and innovation and support nature conservation and actions against global warming.
Environmental considerations must always be at the forefront when it comes to utilizing natural resources. When it comes to marine resources, this applies not only to the sustainable use of marine animal stocks, but also to fishing and processing. Ocean acidification is a growing problem that will lead to irreversible changes in the marine ecosystems. It is very important that marine resources are used in the most environmentally friendly way as possible and that the latest technology is used in fishing and processing. Fossil fuels need to be replaced with renewable energy sources and fishing gear used should always be as environmentally friendly as possible. It is very important tho, that the fisheries operate profitably and in a balanced market, so that there is incentive to invest in environmentally friendly solutions.
Though Iceland boasts being one of the most equal countries in the world, there is still a lot of work to do when it comes to sexual minorities rights. The Left-Green Movement wants to ensure the employment security of sexual minorities through legislation so that it is not possible to dismiss people on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression, as is the case still today. The Left-Green movement has also protested against surgeries on intersex people, without necessity or consent. It is a clear violation of human rights to carry out surgeries on people, even on very young children, without their informed consent, in order to normalize their gender characteristics, so that they would fit into a certain gender framework. Everyone has the right to be the person he or she is, unrelated to anything else. People should be allowed to define themselves on the basis of their gender identity, sexual orientation, gender characteristics and gender expression, whether they undergo surgery or gender reassignment in order to pursue gender characteristics that are more in line with their gender identity, or not. People should be able to decide for themselves whether to go through a gender reassignment process and they should also always be in full control of the process. A recent law passed in 2019, on the Left-Green Movement’s initiative on sexual autonomy is a step in the right direction on equal human rights for everyone.
We also need to pay more attention to asylum seekers who are also part of sexual minorities, which is a marginal group within a marginal group. They need to be provided with the best possible service and counceling available. The Directorate of Immigration needs to pay special attention to the needs of this group within their processes.
It is also time for the Icelandic common wealth to start supporting the various grass root groups of sexual minorities in Iceland on a greater scale. Today these associations and groups receive only a fraction of the financial support that our neighboring countries contribute to comparable associations.
The Left-Green Movement aims to eradicate all manifestations of gender inequality in our society and thus break up a gender biased system that is detrimental to the status, opportunities and participation of all people equally. By eradicating gender inequality, we will create a better society for all of us, regardless of gender. Policies do not only concern the institutions in our society, but must rather be concerned with the daily life, communications and real freedom of the individuals that make the society.
Gender-based violence is the most serious manifestation of gender inequality. It is not an individual problem but a societal disease that thrives on power disparities and is the greatest threat to the lives and health of women, both in Iceland and elsewhere. Violence and the threat of violence are part of women’s daily lives and have an even greater impact on the lives and status of women belonging to minorities.
Gender-based violence needs to be eliminated completely. To this end, prevention, education, screening, availability of services and the proper treatment of issues related to violence in all areas of society must be strengthened. Furthermore it must be ensured that women always have full authority and freedom to make decisions concerning their own bodies and lives. Attitudes and social systems that lead to gender-based violence need to be eradicated. This requires a concerted effort by the government, the academic community, institutions, grassroot organizations and society as a whole.
Participation and power
Overemphasis on the capitalist economy, the growing power of capital and liberalism are threats to social justice and gender equality in society. Real equality requires radical action on societal grounds. A gendered system of power covers all areas of society, such as politics, business, the media, welfare and culture. It is necessary to take action in all areas to ensure that diverse voices are heard and listened to.
A gender-segregated labor market is bad for society as a whole: for workplace culture, innovation and career development. It plays a part in maintaining standard ideas about the roles of the sexes. There is an urgent need to break stereotypes, promote more diverse role models, value people for their capabilities not gender and eliminate the gender pay gap still persistent in our society and in societies near and far. In a democratic society, decisions should be made by a broad group of people. The structure of the labor market and institutions of power is masculine, which means that a small and homogenous group has too much power.
Education and upbringing
Equality in education is a prerequisite for social justice in any society. A good general education does not only equalize people’s opportunities to participate in our society, but the school system is also one of the most important units in our communities for changing the gender system as it is now and for changing attitudes in generations to come. Standard ideas about girls and boys that children get to know from birth through culture and tradition, arts, media and friends and family maintain the gender system and dualism. Increased emphasis on feminist analysis and critical thinking in the school system can break the vicious circle of stereotypes and empower children to cultivate talents and hobbies regardless of outdated notions of the different roles of sexes.
All education should promote critical thinking towards gender stereotypes, analyze the direct and indirect messages of the gender system and counteract their influence. Special violence preventive education is necessary in elementary schools. The effects of pornography must be addressed and emotions, intimacy and boundaries, consent and prudence in sexual relations must be addressed in schools in all levels of education.
The Left-Green Movement knows that it is important that the voices of all groups in our society have a seat at the table, when important decisions are made. We have to give young people, the generations that will inherit our society, always access to discussions and decision making within the movement. The Left-Green Movement trusts young people.
The battle against catastrophic global warming is the biggest challenge today for politics and society as a whole. We are at a crossroads and need to make all decisions with climate change in mind. Problems related to global warming are no longer separate issues alongside others, but must be integrated into all political policy-making. The Left-Green Movement has reassessed its policies to look at all issues from a climate point of view.
Loss of biodiversity is defined as the second greatest threat to the Earth’s ecosystem. Iceland’s nature and the surrounding sea area are the basis of life in Iceland. Nature must always enjoy the benefit of the doubt. Any decision making concerning interventions in icelandic nature must take into account a holistic view of ecosystems and preserve unique geological monuments, so that the quality of unspoiled nature will be passed onto future generations. More emphasis needs to be placed on the protection of marine biodiversity within Icelandic jurisdiction and in international waters.
Carbon neutral Iceland by year 2040 and carbon sequestration above net emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced in accordance with the Paris agreement. Firstly, fossil fuels need to be replaced by renewable energy sources in all sectors of society, including transport, industry, fisheries, agriculture and tourism. Not least by pushing all further plans for polluting, energy-intensive, heavy industry off the table as well as reducing emissions from the existing heavy industry. Secondly, greenhouse gas emissions from land use need to be reduced and carbon sequestration increased by available mitigation measures in soil, vegetation, wetlands and rock. This way Iceland’s carbon neutrality will be achieved by 2040 at the latest and subsequently also carbon sequestration in excess of net emissions.
Iceland should be an advocate of including greenhouse gas emissions from aviation, ships and military in the nations’ emissions accounting. Urban areas need to be planned so that public transport, cycling and walking become viable options of transportation. The Left-Green Movement supports the building of Borgarlína, a comprehensive new public transportation system run by green energy, to strengthen public transport in the capital area.
Sustainable development must be guided by budgetary actions and in the government’s labour policy. Taxes and customs duties must include positive incentives for making environmentally friendly choices. Growing global consumption and waste should be critically reduced and our planet’s raw materials should be utilized sparsely, with more consideration.
Nature conservation and diversity
Nature first – Icelandic nature and wilderness are valuable and need to be protected.
In all nature conservation, special attention must be paid to protecting unique landscapes. The Icelandic landscape is unique in the world and we must be sure not to threaten the wilderness, biological diversity or ecosystems in large scale building projects of any kind. Provisions should be made for the protection of freshwater areas in Iceland and to ensure the nation’s ownership of freshwater springs, which are some of the largest in the world. Iceland is a paradise of geological wonders and governments near and far need to put the protection of geological diversity and individual geological monuments on their agenda. Arctic ecosystems are particularly vulnerable in times of climate change. Iceland should set an example and be at the forefront of nature conservation in the Arctic.
Financial support for nature sciences and research should be increased in order to gather more detailed data on Icelandic nature and biodiversity. We need to map the quality of nature and ensure open access to the results and data. Research on wild animal populations needs to be increased, including on insects, not least in view of the confirmed global decline of insect species. Legislation on the protection and conservation of wild animals needs to be strengthened and whale sanctuaries in Icelandic waters need to be expanded. The central highlands, the highlands of the Westfjords and the surroundings of Breiðafjörður need to be protected and national parks established. Funds need to be secured to launch conservation measures, especially those mentioned in the parliament confirmed Nature conservation framework. The environmental impact of any building projects need to be assessed holistically, so that e.g. impact of factories, power plants or pipelines are assessed in a comprehensive manner, prioritizing biodiversity and nature conservation.
Consumerism and waste
In a circular economy, the emphasis is on using clean raw materials and not wasting them, but utilizing and reusing them as thoroughly as possible. Instead of manufacturing the product, using it and then burying it or burning it, the waste is turned into a resource through reuse and recycling. All product development must be based on sustainable recycling solutions and the government, NGOs, the private sector and individuals must work together to combat waste of raw materials and reduce growing consumption.
On the initiative of the Left-Green Movement, the state and municipalities are joining forces to draw up action plans for reduced packaging use and promotion of recycling and reusing. Special attention will be paid to reducing the use of plastic where ever possible and preventing plastic particles from entering the sea. A major effort is needed by the state and municipalities to complete the modernization of all sewerage systems, improve old and build new sewage treatment plants and improve the surveillance of sewage pollution.
Public participation in all decisions concerning the environment as well as the public’s right to a healthy living environment must be ensured. The public should have a possibility to participate early on in the decision making process. The financial position and legal status of non-governmental organizations in the field of nature and environmental protection must be secured. There is a clear need for improving and increasing education on nature sciences and in sustainability in curriculums at schools and to educate all Icelanders on the importance of natural heritage and conservation. With increased nature literacy, the public is better aware of changes in ecosystems and can take a direct part in monitoring ecosystems around them.
The market economy is consumer driven. The consumer’s behavior on the market is therefore important, both for individuals and for our society in whole. A responsible consumer considers the consequences of their consumption and seeks to harmonize the consequences with environmental and nature protection, sustainability, animal welfare, honesty, good business ethics and fair conditions of workers and others involved in the production, distribution and sale of goods and services. Consumers need a wide range of information and knowledge to be able to make informed consumer decisions for their own benefit and that of the society. This information needs to be available as widely as possible. It is important that the consumers can seek legal assistance in case they feel like their consumers’ rights have been violated, no matter how small the issue.
Power to the people
The Left-Green Movement’s democratic and human rights policy is based on the ideology that each individual has the right to self-determination, freedom of action, to express his or her views without encroaching on the right of others and that everyone is guaranteed equal opportunities to shape both society and their own lives.
Active democracy with equal access for all people requires the participation of everyone, regardless of financial means, health or education. Particular attention must be paid to the empowerment of minorities and those who are in a weaker position in society and to ensure that they receive appropriate assistance. People need to be guaranteed time for democratic participation and that their human rights are at all times respected. Systems of power without public participation have been established in the name of democracy in the past. This development needs to be addressed through a democratic system that prevents inequalities in power and that moves us towards equality and sustainability. In a working system welfare, human rights and democracy are intertwined.
Our task is to make radical democratic reforms and increase the power of the people and their possibility to influence governmental decision making. We have to ensure public access to information and that the right to appeal is directly in the hands of the voters. The Left-Green Movement’s goal is to promote decentralization of power, equality and sustainability both in the local community and globally.
The Left-Green Movement emphasizes that tourism to Iceland should always lead to positive development, for the benefit and prosperity of the society and the economy, and always in harmony with nature. Tourism is a rapidly growing industry that has an effect on all areas of icelandic society and everyday life here. Icelandic nature and unique landscapes, not least the uninhabited wilderness, attract visitors to Iceland. It is therefore in the best interests of the tourism industry to maintain unspoiled nature and thus preserve these precious resources in collaboration with professionals, scientists and scholars.
Fees and income
The country’s income from tourism in whole is high. Nevertheless, that income does not return sufficiently to the public sector and especially to the municipalities. The Left-Green Movement emphasizes that revenue generation from the tourism industry to the public sector should primarily be through taxation of services, but not from fees for nature observation. The public sector should have unchallenged ownership of the main nature conservation areas and the most popular nature destinations of Iceland, as far as possible. People should be guaranteed free access to nature, even if traffic within these areas is managed for the sake of nature conservation.
Transportation and tourism
Transportation is a prerequisite for all tourism; without connections a place will not be a destination for visitors. It is therefore important to look at the transportation system as both a tool to control the amount of visitors and as a key infrastructure for tourism. The role of public transportation throughout the country needs to be strengthened to improve opportunities for tourism and at the same time support a strong and environmentally friendly network of public transportation for the benefit of all Icelanders.
The unique nature and how little it has been transformed for the sake of habitation, is one of the main strengths of Iceland as a travel destination and should be the mainstay of Iceland’s attractions. In order for this to happen, it is necessary to ensure that tourism develops without the sought-after natural areas being irreversibly changed or spoiled. As research is lacking on the impact of tourism on communities, nature should always have the benefit of the doubt, precautionary principles should be respected and responsible resource management practiced. We should also increase research on utilization and protection of icelandic nature with tourism in mind. At the same time, it is important to strengthen the education of those, who are entrusted with the care of national parks, protected areas and other nature attractions visited by tourists. Much larger areas of the country should be protected and especially whole landscapes and ecosystems. The entire Central Highlands should become a national park and thus the core of Iceland’s image globally as well as within Iceland.
Working in tourism
Tourism is about offering services and creating connections with guests and of course about their experience. Safety and good service must be a priority, as tourism jobs require hospitality and professionalism. Therefore, the education of service sectors needs to be restructured and service quality, safety awareness and organization in all areas need to be improved.
It is important to have a well-educated group of guides, who can be spokesmen for nature and interpret it for foreign guests in reference to history of Iceland from the settlement times to the present day. There is a great need to review and improve the education of guides and make sure that tourists attending organized tours have an educated local guide at their use.
Tourism can create a number of good jobs. We need to have a clear policy in marketing Iceland as a destination where nature and the experience of nature are the main attractions. We need to be able to provide tourists better information about travelers safety, conditions in Iceland, nature conservation, history and culture of Iceland. It is also important to continue marketing Iceland as an all-year destination, not just a summer season destination.
Domestic agriculture is a fundamental element in building a sustainable society in Iceland, so that Iceland would be as self-sufficient in food production as the conditions here allow. Domestic agriculture is therefore about increasing the quality of life for all Icelanders and ensuring high living standards for society as a whole. Agriculture is an important part of the nation’s history and cultural heritage and should be cultivated as such. Habitation in sparsely populated areas is intertwined with the existence of agriculture.
The best way to strengthen the rural areas of Iceland is to strengthen innovation in agriculture and thus create value and jobs in various ways throughout the country. Iceland has a lot of resources that should be utilized in a sustainable way. It is long due to increase the share of domestic renewable energy in agricultural production. How we arrange agriculture in the future is an urgent social and environmental issue.
It is important that agriculture and all other land usage develop in harmony with the environment and on the basis of sustainable development in farming methods. Of course at the same time we need to emphasize maintaining high quality living conditions for all livestock. All Icelandic agriculture must meet strict quality requirements. The aim should be to meet the needs and wishes of consumers for more availability of organic agricultural products and to increase government’s support for organic food production.
Education and research
Education and research are the basis of development and innovation in all industries and agriculture is no exception. Icelanders are well positioned in terms of having several strong and capable universities and research institutes working in this field and their work should be supported and developed furthermore in the future.
There is a clear need for a diverse supply of quality vocational education in agriculture and horticulture, as well as a competitive level of university education in the field of agriculture. It is important that agricultural universities in cooperation with other universities work to develop future goals in agriculture when it comes to education and research. We should finance strong basic research but also innovative research in the field of agriculture. We need to increase research especially on sustainable and organic agriculture and within the ongoing national health research, from an agriculture point of view.
We propose increasing education in pre-schools and primary schools on agriculture and food production as part of education on sustainability and green economics.
Land use and animal welfare
Land and soil are resources that icelanders have in abundance relative to population. It is our societal duty to make sure that all land use is sustainable and that arable land is not used for other than agricultural production. Systematic registration of arable land must be carried out as part of measures to protect it. We should start working on a national framework on all land use, among other things with this in mind, as well as emphasizing on grazing management in all of Iceland. Sustainability and nature conservation should be the leading light in all decisions made on land usage.
It is also very important to promote green farming and animal welfare and link it to agricultural subsidies. Animal welfare and environmental laws and regulations should always be based on the latest research, follow ethical standards of today and be in line with what is happening globally. There must be clear provisions on how to deal with violations of animal welfare and animal husbandry rules. We should always have the well being of animals in the forefront.
It is clear that in order to ensure food security in Iceland, the government needs to support local agriculture and food production. It is normal to maintain some production subsidies to meet the needs of the domestic market, but some of them need to be converted into investment subsidies so that farmers can build up and develop their production. The high quality requirement of the subsidies system needs to be strengthened and subsidies should be only granted to those who meet the set quality requirements.
It must be ensured that farmers who use electricity to light greenhouses receive the energy at a price comparable to other large buyers of electricity. Lower electricity prices would give the greenhouse farmers the possibility to increase their market share in the domestic market, and as possible, even in export.
A wholesome food production policy, where adaptation subsidies to organic farmers will be ensured, needs to be established in organic agriculture. The aim should be for the supply of organic grown agricultural products to be in line with the increasing demand. Barriers that prevent farmers from adopting organic farming need to be abolished for example by enabling slaughtering livestock with organic certification in all parts of the country.
Marketing and consumer protection
Origin labeling is important in the marketing of Icelandic agricultural products in Iceland and abroad, but also part of strong consumer protection. It is therefore important to legislate on the origin labeling of agricultural products so that the content is precisely specified by origin and in order to prevent the misuse of such labeling. The regulations must apply to manufacturers, processing plants and retailers, so that the chain is unbroken. Adequate labeling of products and processes, domestic as well as imported, must be ensured, with regard to the use of GMOs in production.
Our priorities are
• A tax system that promotes equality
• Sustainable growth
• A sound and equal financial system
• Economic policy tools to strengthen the welfare state
• Monetary policy that coincides with fiscal policy
• Agreeing in the labor market is based on agreeing on the welfare system
A strong economy is intertwined with a strong welfare system and a clear vision in nature conservation, where resources are used in a sustainable way. The basis of a strong economy is a mixed economy where the wealthiest are taxed in excess of the lowest income groups. This policy has yielded the most prosperity and the most equality. An important basis for this is that the tax system in place is efficient, fair, green, equalizes income and works towards equality in all areas of society.
Fiscal policy and taxation
Fiscal policy is in fact accounting of public consumption and on the other hand accounting of solidarity. These two must be in line with the goals of our society. It is a political decision what the states expenses should be and what the income is made of.
The tax system in whole is based on social and economic objectives. According to more and more scholars, the tax system is by far the most influential tool to increase equality within societies. Equality is not only a matter of social justice, but also an important goal of economic policy. Number of international studies and research show that increased inequality reduces economic growth.
An economic policy that reduces inequality will not only lead to a fairer society, but also to a richer society. Taxes should ensure a strong welfare state and promote equality. A wealth tax and a tiered capital gains tax are an important part of equal taxation.
In order to curb the tax evasion of companies and individuals, tax inspections and tax investigations need to be greatly strengthened. The use of offshore companies in tax havens should be banned or restricted as much as possible. Measures taken in taxation should serve the goals of a strong welfare state, increased equality and other societal goals for instance related to environment and nature, public health and regional policies.
The Public Finance Act
Since the adoption of the Public Finance Act in 2015, it has been criticized both at the Alþingi and by various experts, that the scope for fiscal policy application for sensible economic management and stabilization of fluctuations is too narrow. The fiscal plan should not only look at short-term financial stability. It needs to look at the long term stability and respond to long-term economic and social developments, such as the climate change, need for improved welfare services and the development of infrastructure. The financial rules of the Public Finance Act bind the hands of the government too much and limit their possibilities for long term economic policy making, whether during times of financial growth or recession.
A sound financial system
There has been a clear call for a more cross-political and professional co-operation in the future vision for a sound financial system, before any further decisions are made on the sale of the state-owned banks. The scope of the banking system needs to be discussed. It is necessary to set rules on ownership and ensure that Icelandic financial companies are not owned by offshore companies in tax havens.
The Left-Green Movement emphasizes that the state will continue to own Landsbankinn. The bank’s operations need to be separated into business and investment activities as well as domestic and foreign operations.
The pension fund system needs to be revised with the aim of reducing the cost of superstructure. The required rate of return on a pension fund is now 3,5% on top of indexation, which means that interest rates on mortgages and student loans are never below 5%. This profitability requirement can be reduced. It must be ensured that pension funds also set societal goals for their investments, that among other things, meet environmental considerations.
Economic management and the labor market
It is important to ensure stability in the labor market, but that stability must not be about oppressing people in the lowest income levels and undermining the welfare system. The newly established National Economic Council needs to discuss social stability as much as economic stability. It is clear that the labour unions should have a seat at the table. It is urgent that we should establish a National Economic Institute, an independent institution making long-term national budgetary plans in order to avoid deep recessions in the Icelandic economy.
In order to come to a general consensus on normal wage development in Iceland, targeted measures must be first taken to strengthen both tax inspections and labor inspections. We need to combat wage theft and systematically fight against human trafficking and modern day slavery, the black spots on the icelandic labor market. It is also vital to reduce the wage gap and eliminate the gender pay gap, by all available means.
Peace based on equality
If we would distribute the world’s resources equally, everyone could enjoy decent living conditions, everywhere in the world. Equalizing people’s living conditions requires radical changes in the way we distribute power and quality between and within states, such as between classes, genders, races and so on. Capitalism is neither economically nor environmentally sustainable and leads to concentration of power, wealth and ownership in large international companies as well as large-scale discrimination.
The ever-increasing encroachment on the earth’s resources and the impact of humankind on its climate are leading to displacement, inequality and environmental threats that endanger the ecosystems and humanity itself. This development must be counteracted by all means.
Iceland should not have an army, neither domestic nor foreign. Iceland should be outside any military alliances and reject militarization. War does not solve any problems, although militants claim to be fighting for peace and human rights. In addition, militarization and warfare are a waste of resources and sacrifices human lives. It is important that international actions do not cause death and suffering of innocent civilians. No military exercises should be allowed in Iceland or within our jurisdiction. We should ban trafficking nuclear, biological and chemical weapons in the air, on land and on water under Icelandic jurisdiction. The Icelandic government is to reject military action, push for international peace and disarmament agreements, as well as work against arms manufacturing.
Iceland needs to take global responsibility and help people in need in as many ways as possible, both by receiving more refugees and supporting people in being able to live with dignity elsewhere in the world. It is necessary for Iceland to take responsibility for its privileged position in the international community and do everything in its power to share its wealth with those who need it the most. We must not look away.
Iceland should greatly increase its contribution to development cooperation and side and support poorer nations in the international arena. The main goal of development projects should be to make people self-sufficient on their own terms. Icelandic foreign policy must be based on the view that we prefer international justice, disarmament and peaceful solutions to conflicts. The most sensible way to do this is for Iceland to work for the co-operation of small states in the international arena with peace and sustainability as a guiding principle.
It is important that a vibrant and diverse economy can flourish throughout the country in harmony with nature. The Left-Green Movement emphasizes that everyone should be guaranteed opportunities for suitable employment on decent terms and that there are prerequisites that ensure equal opportunities for all job creation. The Left Green employment policy is based on fair conditions, fair tax system, a strong education system, cooperation, sustainability, equality and social justice. It creates opportunities for progress and employment possibilities throughout the country. The Left Greens stand with workers and their labour unions in the fight for workers rights and better conditions.
Equal opportunities for job creation throughout the country must be ensured through the systematic development of transportation, telecommunications, high-speed internet, educational opportunities, health services and other basic services.
It is important to strengthen and diversify public funds that support and invest in research, innovation and the creative industries. Emphasis should be placed on green incentives and involve universities more in the innovative start-up scene.
The support systems for the Icelancic businesses need to promote and reflect a diverse economy. Democratic dialogue must be established, as widely as possible, about the Icelandic economy with the involvement of the public, grassroots organizations, municipalities, academia and businesses. The main goal of such work should be to promote a diversified economy in harmony with society and natural resources. The country’s natural resources must be safeguarded and it must be ensured that current generations return them to a better condition for the future generations. Those who have income from the utilization of natural resources, including energy resources and marine resources, must pay a fair fee to the people, the owners of the resources.
The climate crisis which the world is facing underlines the importance of ensuring a fair distribution of wealth. In a rich society, everyone can have enough. Our goal is to reduce consumption and waste in all areas. This calls for radical changes in the economy, a different division of qualities and shared responsibility. | <urn:uuid:6cb7e18c-ba0b-4741-90d1-8a0e4632405c> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://vg.is/vg-english/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038101485.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417041730-20210417071730-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.954196 | 12,140 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Clark students study ice storm’s effects on local forest
Take one geography professor, add a Ph.D. student of geography and finish the recipe with several eager undergraduates looking forward to doing research in Paxton and what do you have?
A group of smart young people from Clark University seeking answers to the question, “what damage was done to local vegetation during the ice storm of 2008?”
A geography class called Losing Ground has spent the past several months mapping trees at several local parks, including two in Paxton.
“We’ve been doing work mapping disturbances for quite a while in the Yucatan Peninsula studying the effects from Hurricane Dean,” said the doctoral student, Zachary Christman. “Now, with the ice storm happening so close to home, we thought we’d apply the same principles and look at the effects on our environment from the ice storm.”
Christman is working closely with geography professor John Rogan. They take daily digital pictures of the area via satellite to determine if the vegetation is increasing or decreasing over time.
“We took pictures over the summer of 2008, and again in 2009, and compared them to a normal one-year change, and discovered there are losses everywhere,” said Christman. “There is a 30 percent reduction in vegetation over much of this region since the ice storm happened, with some areas showing as much as a 60 percent loss. Granted, it’s not all from the storm, but mostly it is.”
Among other sites, the class has looked at Boynton Park on the Paxton-Worcester line and Moore State Park on West Street (Route 31).
“At Moore State Park, we discovered that anything on the exposed part of the hill near the pond was more affected,” said Rogan. “The other side of the park, where the types of trees are more mixed, was noticeably less damaged.”
His explanation is that trees in mixed groups withstand storms better than stands of one type.
“Here, the maples, ashes and oaks got hit hard, but the white pines and hemlocks sustained less damage,” Rogan said. “Because of the way the forests are managed — more single species groupings — it predisposes them to being susceptible to disturbances like these.”
In other parts of the park, Rogan said, “the hemlock structure allowed the weight to be dispersed. Mixing forests is important for resilience to storms, but here we tend to have a preference for a particular species.”
Rogan said the single-species areas of Moore State Park, already weakened by the ice storm, are also more exposed to other threats, such as droughts or insect infestation. But he said the ice storm’s destruction may also bring benefits to the forest.
“Younger trees will grow stronger than they would have, and fill in the gap in the canopy that was created with the storm,” Rogan said. “Also, opening the canopy will add light and water resources for other species, which is good. The habitat forage for deer will be good for recreational hunting, but lousy for the increased population in deer ticks, and potentially Lyme disease, based on the increase in deer,” Rogan continued.
According to Rogan, it will take 20 to 100 years for the areas affected by the ice storm to return to normal, “but visibly, you will not notice [the damage] in as little as five years,” he said.
At Moore State Park the area that was less damaged was able to sustain more weight due to the disbursements of the hemlock trees. | <urn:uuid:e6312ae2-d701-4714-a601-9951a0e933fc> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.thelandmark.com/news/2009-12-23/Paxton_News/Clark_students_study_ice_storms_effects_on_local_f.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824204.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00192-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965778 | 780 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Compliance with regulations or corporate policies has become more and more relevant in the last several years. Among the main reasons are globalization, increasing regulations, increasing multinational laws, regulators requiring more training and assessment, regulators fining more heavily, continued employee turnover, rapid technology change, and the need to remain compliant despite the move to informal learning.
There are examples of high fines in most major jurisdictions. For example, the German Federal Cartel Office (Bundeskartellamt) issued € 505 million in fines in 2011-2012. Fines are highest in the US and in the banking sector, according to a Financial Times article from March 2014. A critical aspect of managing compliance in organizations is, of course, to ensure that the related target groups know and understand the compliance rules and that they can act accordingly to follow them. Only by using technologies such as learning management systems (on-demand or on-premise) and assessment management systems or authoring tools (e.g. to create e-learning courses), organizations can obtain an efficient and effective set-up to deploy and monitor compliance learning.
– Organization – Imposed training (for example, training employees about internal product standards or code of business conduct). Students are tracked by attendance or course completion.
– Operations – Critical training (for example, the personal safety of employees and customers).
– Regulatory – Regulatory training (for example, training that is specifically required by a government agency or law). Not only does the organization need to comply with the law, it must also train its employees about the specifics of laws and show current documentation that the training requirements are being met.
The business and technology requirements for compliance training can be similar for each category. Usually tracking and reporting, security, and documentation get more complex and rigorous because of organization-imposed or external regulatory compliance. Whether a company or a regulatory agency is mandating what courses employees are required to take, the requirements may be the same.
Regulatory mandated training is either implied by laws or by certain agencies, institutes, or associations such as the Federal Aviation Administration, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority, Institute of Public Auditors (IDW), or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). When reviewing this taxonomy, remember the following:
- Compliance training does not always fit neatly into one of the three categories mentioned previously. Some training may cross categories, depending on the needs of the business itself or the agency governing the regulations.
- The requirements are, for the most part, cumulative. This means that the characteristics of the first category may also be applied to those in the second and the third.
- Regulatory compliance is the most important requirement because of the possible legal and cost ramifications.
A few examples of agencies and laws that require stringent training requirements: FDA; OSHA, International Organization for Standardization (ISO); Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (a US federal securities law that addresses accounting standards; enacted after the collapse of the Enron Corporation); Good
Manufacturing Practice (GMP); laws requiring equal rights and forbidding sexual harassment in the workplace, such as Germany’s equal treatment law (AGG); anti-bribery laws such as Germany’s compliance law (WpHG)FCPA; and data security laws such as Germany’s data-security law (BDSG) or the UK-based Data Protection Act.
Compliance Training Target Groups and Topics
Both enterprise managers and employees are affected equally by regulatory training requirements. Compliance training and assessments, however, reaches beyond the enterprise; organizations also need to train their extended workforces along their supply chains. Compliance-training topics include broader areas such as sexual harassment and anti-bribery, which affect all target-groups in a company. Topics also include industry-specific laws that apply only to financial, energy, oil and gas, or healthcare businesses and specific job functions.
SAP Education is hosting a series of webinars to share best practices on how to use learning technology, what’s trending, and how SAP and related partners can help you. They will be delivered by Simone Buchwald, Global Solution Principal for Learning and Talent at EPI-USE, John Kleeman Founder and Chairman of Questionmark and me, Thomas Jenewein, Business Development Manager at SAP Education.
- German-speaking webinar replay available now: Replay
- English-speaking webinar replay available now: Replay
You also can review the deatail whitepaper on the topic. If you are interested in further news around this topic please follow this blog-post – we will add further info as time comes. In a second blog post I just described how to support compliance programs with learning technology.
Also your thoughts or feedback regarding compliance training would be highly appreciated – please use the comments section below. | <urn:uuid:c6e901ff-56e7-4ae7-947b-dc8064c1d412> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://blogs.sap.com/2014/08/01/learn-how-to-do-it-right-learning-training-and-assessments-in-regulatory-compliance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211167.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816191550-20180816211550-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.934495 | 993 | 2.625 | 3 |
I never understood the meaning of the phrase “Black Friday.” It sounds so menacing. Today, I learned all about it at a site dedicated to the origin of the day. The phrase came about in the 1960s as a signal to the start of the Christmas shopping season. Black Friday refers to stores moving from the “red”— which meant a financial loss— to the “black” — referring to a profit.
“In the 1960s, police in Philadelphia griped about the congested streets, clogged with motorists and pedestrians, calling it “Black Friday.” In a non-retail sense, it also describes a financial crisis of 1869: a stock market catastrophe set off by gold spectators who tried and failed to corner the gold market, causing the market to collapse and stocks to plummet,” reports blackfriday.com.
Now, however, new winds have been blowing into Black Friday. They are shifting the meaning from a day of shopping to a day of action. Actions on Black Friday abound, with an emphasis on protests at Walmart stores. For those of you who might balk because, perhaps, it’s the closest store around or its prices meet your pocketbook, consider this: Last year, 850,000 Walmart store workers made less than $25,000, while the company bagged $17 billion in profits. For months, Walmart employees have been risking their jobs to stand up against the weak wages they bring home, along with what they call oppressive work conditions. Many garment workers who supply clothes for the company work in dire factory conditions.
Jobs with Justice, a national network of labor unions, students, faith groups and community organizations, allows you to find the Walmart store protest closest to you. It reports that, last week, the National Labor Relations Board announced it is going forward with a national complaint against the corporation Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. for retaliating against workers who are protesting work conditions. You can sign a petition at Jobs with Justice even if you can’t attend a rally.
Another Black Friday alternative to dealing with hordes of bargain-hunting shoppers is to attend one of the many Fair Trade Festivals springing up each year as alternatives to the frenzy. In Albany County, for example, there is one in Delmar called Black Friday Fair Trade Festival, featuring goods from artisans in developing countries. Purchases help them to rebuild their lives and communities.
For those who shop traditionally, remember there is always a choice to Buy American and buy union-made. | <urn:uuid:b8a4f4a0-b975-4e63-956a-e8ac57a6e812> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://blogs.nysut.org/blog/2013/11/29/whats-with-the-black-in-black-friday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097246.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00092-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963449 | 524 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Coding Online Content-Informed Scaffolding Of Mathematical Thinking
New Ideas In Psychology
This article describes the Mathematical Mentoring Coding Scheme (MMCS), a coding scheme that identifies indicators relevant to the study of content-informed scaffolding. Content-informed scaffolding refers to the use of subject matter content in ill-defined problem spaces to focus the learner, and provide and fade feedback so that the learner becomes autonomous. It is suggested that the MMCS could also double as a rubric for instruction in content-informed scaffolding. Two case examples of preservice teachers’ scaffolding of elementary students’ problem solving serve as illustrations.
K. Ann Renninger, L. S. Ray, I. Luft, and E. L. Newton.
"Coding Online Content-Informed Scaffolding Of Mathematical Thinking".
New Ideas In Psychology. | <urn:uuid:db7c4c30-6bb7-43c9-ab0d-36f24481e56e> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-education/19/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589251.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716095945-20180716115945-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.813417 | 185 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Benefitting country(ies): Syrian Arab Republic
Funded by the European Union, this project aims to provide an operational response to halt the on-going loss of cultural heritage and prepare post-conflict priority actions in Syria. The main objectives of the Emergency Safeguarding of the Syrian Cultural Heritage project is to contribute to restoring social cohesion, stability and sustainable development through the protection and safeguarding of cultural heritage in view of the on-going and growing destruction and loss of Syria’s rich and unique cultural heritage.
The project is a first step to monitor the damage and loss of cultural heritage, to mitigate its destruction, and to prepare post-conflict priority actions, as well as establish medium and long term actions to restore normalcy and social cohesion in the country.
The component of the project linked to intangible cultural heritage includes training of national stakeholders concerning the core concepts and mechanisms of the 2003 Convention and specialized training for national stakeholders, civil society organizations and communities concerning the elaboration of community-based inventories of intangible cultural heritage.
More information on the project is available on the website of UNESCO Office in Beirut .
31/03/2013 - 31/03/2018 – Inventory and promotion of intangible cultural heritage in Burkina Faso01/06/2017 - 28/02/2018 – Safeguarding of the traditional knowledge for the protection of sacred natural sites in the territory of the Jaguars of Yuruparí, Vaupés Province, Colombia | <urn:uuid:bf463e0d-e7c0-4e9f-8577-1c6cc5aab8ee> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://ich.unesco.org/en/projects/emergency-safeguarding-of-the-syrian-cultural-heritage-00386?projectID=00386 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989766.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512162538-20210512192538-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.88776 | 298 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Milk-based edible food packaging and ready-meal trays made from wood could help reduce the pervasiveness of single-use plastic, a major cause of environmental pollution adversely affecting wildlife, habitats and human health.
It may come as a shock to some, but around half of all the plastic products in the world are used only once. After they enter the waste stream, these practically indestructible synthetic materials end up in landfill or oceans, persisting in the environment for hundreds of years.
Consumer awareness is growing, and improved recycling methods help to alleviate the problem. But while plastic packaging accounts for almost two-thirds of all plastics used in the EU, less than half of it is ever recycled.
Reducing the volumes of plastic entering the waste stream at source would be one very effective way to prevent pollution. To do this means developing alternative packaging made from biodegradable materials derived from organic sources such as wood pulp and waste milk.
These could be as versatile as synthetic plastics while being much more environmentally friendly, and be used for products ranging from dishwasher detergents and swimming pool chemicals to ready-made meals and even foodstuffs like cheese.
Image courtesy of: Lactips | <urn:uuid:19bfd773-bfe5-4fac-89e6-bdb61c8deebe> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://plasticstar.io/single-use-plastic-to-get-an-eco-friendly-makeover/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474737.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228143955-20240228173955-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.948613 | 247 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Giant floor maps
Click to enlarge
Energy production & transmission
Energy is produced in many different places and in many different ways all across Canada. Dive into the complex transmission lines that crisscross across our country and explore Canada’s power generation stations, oil refineries, wind farms and more. Students will enjoy learning about the often-unseen system that plays such a big part in their daily lives through engaging, teacher-created activities.
Learn how to introduce this resource to your class with this helpful guide.
The Giant Floor maps are available on loan for 3-week periods throughout the school year and by special request during the summer.
Floor map dimensions:
- Dimensions 10.7 m (35') x 7.9 m (26')
- Diameter of Shipping tube: 32 cm (13")
- Trunk: 82 cm (32") x 46 cm (18") x 58 cm (22.5")
The activity trunk includes:
- Teacher’s guide
- Information on Canada’s energy landscape
- Hard copies of all activities.
- All required materials for 10 activities (download activities below)
- Media kit (this will be e-mailed to you upon the completion of your reservation)
- A hard copy of a press release and background information
- A list of suggested ways to get media attention
Energy production & transmission giant floor map activities (click to download)
Understanding Canada’s Energy Mix
Water, Water, Everywhere
On Top of the World
Shifting the Oilsands
The Pipeline Process
Imports vs. Exports
Canada’s Energy Story
Resources in Motion | <urn:uuid:6846d208-a353-4fde-b6f6-ae8d3ec2ecf7> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.canadiangeographic.com/educational_products/energy_production_floor_map.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321786.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824214845-20190825000845-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.870562 | 344 | 2.78125 | 3 |
'It was revealed to Daniel that the prophecies concerning the last times should be closed up and sealed until the time of the end: But then the wise should understand, and knowledge should be increased (Daniel 12:4,9,10). And therefore the longer they have continued in obscurity, the more hopes there are that the time is at hand in which they are to be made manifest.
If they are never to be understood, to what end did God reveal them?
Certainly he did it for the edification of the church. And if so then it is certain that the church shall at length attain to the understandings thereof. I mean not all that call themselves Christians, but a remnant, a few scattered persons which God hath chosen, such as without being led by interest, education, or human authorities, can set themselves sincerely and earnestly to search after truth. For Daniel hath said that the wise shall understand, so he said also that none of the wicked shall understand' - Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
For Philo (20BC to 54AD), a bible passage was like a human being. It had a body (i.e. a literal meaning) and a soul (an allegorical meaning). He accepted the literal meaning of many scriptures (e.g. the Mosaic Law) but he also believed that only the allegorical method could reveal the true inner meaning that God had encoded in them. Further Philo believed that hidden meaning lay behind numbers and names [see U271c]. More ingeniously, he also found it by playing with the many possible meanings of the same word and by regrouping the words of a biblical passage - (Introduction to Biblical Interpretation: Klein Blomberg and Hubbard)
Origen, the early church father (185 - 254 AD) contended that God had inspired the original biblical writer to incorporate the allegorical meaning into his writing. thus what Origen considered the highest meaning of scripture, its deaper spiritual truth, was already implicit in scripture, not something invented by the interpreter. In fact he believed that every scripture had a 3 fold meaning (literal, moral and allegorical) (Klein, Blomberg and Hubbard).
Augustine of Denmark (13th century AD) penned the following verse in Latin which describes the 4 possible senses of scripture. It was popular amongst latin speaking monks in Medieval times...
The Letter speaks of deeds
Allegory to the faith
The Moral how to act
Anagogy (prophetic meaning) of our destiny (Catechism of the Catholic Church).
Littera geta docet, quid
Moralis quid agas, quo tendas anagogica
[C1] Why would God cause the bible to be written in a code?
[C2] What reason is there to suppose that the bible is in a code?
[C2A] Why is the bible code so complicated and why is the bible so ambiguous?
[C3] The Consistency Principle
[C4] The Power Principle
[C5] The Symbolic Structure Principle
[C6a] The Designations Principle
[C6b] The Successive Designations Principle
[C7a] The Descriptions Principle
[C7b] The Successive Descriptions Principle
[C7c] The Successive Articulations Principle
[C7d] The Successive Alternatives Principle
[C7e] The Successive Subjects Principle
[C7f] The Double Articulations Principle
[C17] Helpful tips
[C18] The Symbolic meaning of 7
[C19] Elementary Sentence counting and cryptic scriptures
[C20] Equidistant Hebrew Letter Sequences and The 'Bible Code' of Eli Rips and Michael Drosnin
[C21] The History of Event and Word Symbolism
[C22] Research ideas to develop the code
[C23] Hebrew names in the bible code
[C24] Nounless Number Principle
Everything that Jesus said to the crowds was in an illustration. Indeed without an illustration he would not speak to the crowds:
So with many illustrations of that sort he would speak the
word to them, as far as they were able to listen.
34 Indeed, without an illustration he would not speak to them, but privately to his disciples he would explain all things (Mark 4).
So Jesus decoded his symbolic parables for his disciples only, not for the public at large. By speaking symbolically, those who did not want to believe that he was God’s son, could write off his speech as meaningless ramblings about farm animals and horticulture. They would therefore never get to know God’s plans for men. They would therefore never be in a position to frustrate them. For the ones who do not want to believe in God, are God’s and mankind’s and their own enemies. For we men and women are designed in such a way that our beliefs betray our true motivations. After 911, 89% of Pakistani Muslims believed that Muslims were not responsible for the Twin Towers Tragedy. This design feature of mankind is not unique to Pakistanis. Most of us believe what we want to believe rather than the truth. For men, and even more so women, much prefer a convenient lie to an inconvenient truth.
So those of us who do not believe in God, do not want to believe in him because they do not want God to exist. They do not want him to exist, because if he does exist then they fear that they will have to serve him and obey him, rather than serving and obeying their own desires. They do not know that God is a kinder master to them than their own desires are. Dear reader, do not make this mistake. God gave you your desires to enjoy them whilst controlling them! He did not give you them to replace him!
Even if all of your experience of people who have ever had power over you is bad, even if everyone of them has abused you, and even if everyone you have ever loved has abused you, there is yet in existence a God who behaves just as his son did whilst he was on earth. He does not abuse his power, and does not abuse your love. His name is Jehovah, it is he who is the Father of Jesus. But he does allow Satan to abuse you, your love, his power and anything else he gets his hands on. For Jesus was described by Paul with reference to God as:
3 He is the reflection of [his] glory and the exact representation of his very being (Hebrews 1).
These people who do not believe are, in the great finesse of our God, unwittingly, their own enemies. Because God is their friend and means of life and salvation. Without him they have no future. They are choosing not to believe in their own future.
But they are free to choose such a course if they wish, and most people do so choose. So it is because mankind has one main enemy, a lying murderer, Satan, and it is because this fraud has many unwitting followers, that God's book, the bible is written in a code. Satan has been trying to persuade God to wipe out the whole human race for nearly 6,000 years in order to justify his murderous act on Eve. He is trying to cheat us out of our inheritance, which is to be ageless humans on earth in the Kingdom of God after Armageddon, and to be angels in heaven and eventually to be God's ourselves, just like our Father. Beloved reader, do not be fooled by your physical weakness, the family you come from is a family of Gods, and like begets like. But it is because we are always at war in this system that coded messages are used. We are at war even when the world is at peace:
23 But I behold in my members another law warring against the law of my mind and leading me captive to sin's law that is in my members (Romans 7).
Our mind is at war with our body, as regards sin. God has created us this way to teach us about sin.
In the Second World War, the Germans and the British both used codes. The British cracked the German code using the enigma computer in Bletchley (according to the movies this was as a result of an American submarine crew which stole a German code machine from a U boat). There is a marvelous and tragic story of the great wisdom of Winston Churchill in relation to this. The British decoded a German message that they were going to completely carpet bomb the city of Coventry on a certain day and destroy it. Winston then had to decide whether to save the people of Coventry, by evacuating them or not. The problem with evacuating Coventry was that the Germans had spies, and would have found out that Coventry was evacuated and then deduced that the British had cracked their code.
Churchill therefore sacrificed the whole town of Coventry, in order to keep this secret undiscovered. Such was the value that he attached to knowing the Enigma Code. He knew that if he confined his actions resulting from the breaking of the Code to ones which would not reveal to the Germans that the British had cracked it, then he could continue to know their entire strategy possibly right to the end of the war! Such knowledge was of greater value to Britain than Coventry. Greater value in terms of saving lives (though not those of the citizens of Coventry) and in terms of shortening and winning the war, which amounted to the same thing.
Likewise God has encoded information in the bible for the purpose of saving our lives, it is for our protection. For God is not going to lose in this battle that he is having with his rebellious son Satan. But we are all caught up in this war. For war is the inevitable result of the tolerance of evil or of bad. History shows us this.
God would win this war whether the bible was in a code or not and whether Jesus just blurted out the whole plan for salvation verbatim or not. But God wishes to teach us good from bad with the minimum possible loss of life and damage to our souls. The degree of damage and death that we do experience as a race is the measure of the difficulty he has in teaching us and we have in learning this lesson. We would be the losers if this book was not in a code.
This code needs to be appealing to God’s friends and revolting to his enemies. Then his friends will be attracted to it and hopefully spend enough time looking at it to find out that it is in a code and then will be sufficiently motivated to crack the code and then pass on the information only to his friends. Whilst his enemies on the other hand will find the whole thing so revolting and distasteful that they will not study the information hard enough to even realise that it is in a code. Furthermore when they are told that it is in a code, they still will not believe it!
Well, since the distinction between God’s friends and enemies is their love or hate for him and his friends, it is obvious that the information that he sends out should be all about him and his friends, because this is the only sort of information which will have a different effect on the two groups. Also this information should look innocuous and intensely boring to his enemies, and be full of praises upon praises of him to drive off the enemies and pull in the friends.
God has done this with the bible. All of the praise in the bible is not because God has a big ego and needs a whole lot of praise which he effectively wrote himself!!! It is to sort the sheep from the goats. He has given to everybody a book about his past dealings with his friends, who lived thousands of years ago, who had many camels and lived in tents and had children and basically did the sort of things that everybody else did back then. This is of no great consequence to the enemies of God. It just looks like an out of date soap opera, written by someone who they do not like. Of what interest to a 20th or 21st century currency speculator is it that Esau lost his birthright to Jacob for a bowl of soup, or that he crossed the Jabbok with 200 female sheep and 20 rams? This sort of information is hardly the sort of thing that would come up on his Reuters screen.
But hidden in amongst all of the banal, mundane and everyday tribulations of these friends of God, is the whole of his military plan for saving mankind from sin and death and retaking the earth from Satan. The plan for men to regain the birthright that Adam lost, namely everlasting human and angelic life.
22 He is revealing the deep things and the concealed things, knowing what is in the darkness; and with him the light does dwell (Daniel 2).
Logically, if we examine God's Modus Operandi with men, we see that he hides from us. We see that he hides what he is doing from us. Nobody has seen him, and who really knows what he is up to? So given that he inspired the bible:
16 All Scripture is inspired of God (2 Timothy 3).
It should be no great surprise to anyone that the bible too contains hidden information, since it was ghost written by a hidden God. In other words it is written in a code. This is not a new idea. Sir Isaac Newton believed the same to be true, but was unable to discover the code. He could see gravity with his mind, and he knew God well enough to see that the bible was in a code, but he could not himself decode it. He died trying to work out the date of Armageddon. He failed not because he lacked faith and not because he lacked wisdom or intellectual capability, for he had them all in abundance. He failed because it was not God's time in the late 17th and early 18th centuries for this to take place. So instead the true God rewarded one of the most spiritual men of the last millennium with the code of his physical universe. For a spiritual man sees things with his mind, with his power of reason, things that he cannot detect with his senses. It is this capability that separates us from the animals. It is this capability that the reader will need to sharpen as he or she reads this website/book.
Here are two typical sections of the Old Testament:
11 Polish the arrows. Fill the circular shields, Oh men.
Jehovah has aroused the spirit of the kings of the Medes, because it is against
Babylon that his idea is, in order to bring her to ruin. For it is the vengeance
of Jehovah, the vengeance for his temple.
12 Against the walls of Babylon lift up a signal. Make strong the watch. Post the watchmen. Make ready those lying in Ambush. For Jehovah has both formed the idea and will certainly do what he has spoken against the inhabitants of Babylon.
13 Oh woman residing on abounding waters, abundant in treasures, your end has come, the measure of your profit making (Jeremiah 51).
13 For I will tread as my
[bow] Judah. The bow I will fill with
Ephraim, and I will awaken your sons, Oh Zion, against your sons, Oh Greece, and I will make
you as the sword of a mighty man.
14 And over them Jehovah himself will be seen, and his arrow will certainly go forth just like lightning. And on the horn the Sovereign Lord Jehovah himself will blow, and he will certainly go with the windstorms of the south (Zechariah 9).
These passages are written in colourful, poetic, symbolic language. Here is a typical section of the New Testament:
4 Therefore we were buried with him through our baptism into
his death, in order that, just as Christ was raised up from the dead through the
glory of the father, we should likewise walk in a newness of life.
5 For if we have become united with him in the likeness of his death, we shall also be [united with him in the likeness] of his resurrection (Romans 6).
This passage is written in symbolic, logically contorted language. Most people who read the bible, believe that the reason it is hard to understand is that 2,000 years ago people wrote and spoke in this complicated symbolic or logically contorted way. But the truth is that they did not. Here is a typical passage from Josephus' book on the history of the Jews. He was a Jewish general born ten or twenty years after Jesus:
But as for the richer sort, it proved all one to them whether they stayed in the city or attempted to get out of it, for they were equally destroyed in both cases. For every such person was put to death under this pretense, that they were going to desert - but in reality that the robbers might get what they had. The madness of the seditious did also increase together with their famine, and both those miseries were every day inflamed more and more. For there was no corn which anywhere appeared publicly, but the robbers came running into, and searched men’s private houses. And then if they found any, they tormented them, because they had denied they had any. And if they found none, they tormented them worse, because they supposed they had more carefully concealed it. The indication they made use of whether they had any or not, was taken from the bodies of these miserable wretches. Which, if they were in good case, they supposed were in no want at all of food. But if they were wasted away, they walked off without searching any farther.
As you can see, it reads just like a modern History book. Likewise if one reads Latin or Greek historical works from the same period (which are mainly about wars) they read just like a history book might read today. Another good example are the books of I and II Maccabees. These describe the plight of the Jews starting from around 170 BC. They just read like normal history books. But the bible is written in a different way to any other book of its time or of any time. Even in the literal meaning of the book, it is hard to deduce precisely what is being said. One needs to think hard, one needs to think logically and think in abstract symbolic terms, just to understand the literal meaning. In other words even the literal meaning is somewhat coded. But there is another reason why this book is written so strangely, and it is that the bible is written in a symbolic, numeric and cryptic code. It is in fact a 4 dimensional book including the literal meaning. This is why sections of it are very strangely written. It is because there is more to this book than the literal meaning. The accounts have to work in the symbolically coded and numerically coded meanings too, which effects the way in which they are written literally. Basically the literal accounts look a bit weird because the words also form symbolic accounts.
Here are 6 further reasons that we can see to suppose that the bible is written in a code:
Why would such a clever God write such a stupid book?
Spirituality is defined as seeing with the mind things
which are undetectable to the senses. The bible is unarguably a spiritual
book from God. It is therefore written in a spiritual way. So it's written
in such a way that its true meaning is not visible with the eye but is
detectable only with the power of reason, the eyes of the mind. The literal
meaning is clearly visible with the eye. It therefore has a further meaning
which is invisible and is not the literal meaning. So this further meaning
is a coded meaning. It is written in a spiritual code, which is a visible
vehicle for an invisible meaning.
Every word that Jesus spoke publicly was symbolic:
The bible itself says that it is written in a code!
Paul describes one particular account in Genesis 16 as
being a symbolic drama.
Matthew 2:15 shows that Hosea 11:1 is in a code and a large number of old testament passages which
are quoted in the new testament are
given a greater meaning in that quote -see U281
through to U294.
The book of Revelation had a first meaning which applied in John's day, actually to the state harlotry of the first true Christian church which was the genesis of the Roman Catholic church. And it has a second meaning which applies to the end times. So it is plainly a book with two meanings for if not then why give it to John 1900 years ago? The second meaning is the coded meaning, which is simply a further symbolic fulfilment - see U151.
We now investigate each of the first 5 in more detail.
'God is a comedian playing to an audience too afraid to laugh.' -Voltaire
We are looking at the whole book as being effectively written by one person, because Paul tells us that it was:
16 All Scripture is inspired of God and beneficial for teaching, for reproving, for setting things straight, for disciplining in righteousness (2 Timothy 3).
And Peter tells us:
21 For prophecy was at no time brought by man's will, but men spoke from God as they were borne along by holy spirit (2 Peter 1).
If you truly believe that God, whilst not being the physical author of the book, has inspired every bible writer to express his story in the writer’s own literary style, and in his own phraseology, even in the way he wanted to say it but in God’s words. Then given this, there is a question that is begging to be asked, and it is this:
How could the creator of the perfect universe, which is a gigantic and inordinately intricate example of hyper intelligence, perfection and complete understanding wisdom and control, write or inspire to be written such a daft book?
Or: Why would such a clever guy write such a stupid book?
How can the true God, the grand creator of the great works that Newton and Einstein could barely scratch into the surface of be an order of magnitude worse than Steven Spielberg when it comes to telling a story?
The reader might think that asking this question is an insult to God, or even a blasphemy. We would argue that not asking this question is the real insult, an insult that all mankind has been repeating every day for the past 2000 years. Because by not asking this question you are saying that you would expect God to inspire such a badly written book (in the literal meaning). You are saying that you are not surprised that he has written such a book. Which is saying that you do not think he is capable of telling a story properly. Whereas the more logical and more respectful explanation for the peculiar way in which the bible is written, is that just as Newton and Einstein knew that they were only scratching at the surface of the beauty and perfection of God’s universe, so the seeker of bible truth knows that he is only scratching at the surface of the beauty and perfection of God’s holy book. And this surface is the literal meaning of the book.
For the bible in the literal meaning, the surface itself, is written in an ambiguous, repetitive manner and is full of absolutely crucial omissions, and laden with really unnecessary and trivial detail.
One has to ask rhetorically:
Is God unable to properly focus on the key points in bible stories?
Is he the first person to write a history book with none of the important dates in it?
Why does he keep repeating himself in almost every account?
Does a person who can create hundreds of languages from nothing in one instant of time and simultaneously teach them to every living human in that very instant as described in the account of Babel in Genesis11:
Now all the earth continued to be of one language and of one
set of words.…
5 And Jehovah proceeded to go down to see the city and the tower that the sons of men had built.
6 After that Jehovah said: Look! They are one people and there is one language for them all, and this is what they start to do. Why, now there is nothing that they may have in mind to do that will be unattainable for them.
7 Come now! Let us go down and there confuse their language that they may not listen to one another's language.
8 Accordingly Jehovah scattered them from there over all the surface of the earth, and they gradually left off building the city.
9 That is why its name was called Babel, because there Jehovah had confused the language of all the earth, and Jehovah had scattered them from there over all the surface of the earth (Genesis 11).
Does this person have a problem in telling a simple story in just one language when he has all the time in the world to tell it?
Consider please the following masterpieces:
12 However, they found out of the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead four hundred girls, virgins, that had not had intercourse with a man by lying with a male (Judges 21).
One wonders how else they could lose their virginity?
1 Now Joshua was old, being advanced in years. So Jehovah said to him: You yourself have grown old and have advanced in years (Joshua 13).
What an astute observation!
25 They stoned them with stones!! (Joshua 7)
8 Abraham's life that he lived!! (Genesis 25) Well what else could he have done with it?
8 Then Abraham expired and died! (Genesis 25)
49 The alien resident who is residing as an Alien?? (Exodus 12)
Why in Jeremiah chapter 41 is Ishmael the son of Nethaniah the son of Elishama, described as: Ishmael the son of Nethaniah 11 times and as plain old Ishmael 6 times in the same account, when there is no other Ishmael in the account? Why does the holy spirit have to tell us the same thing 11 times in one chapter of the bible? Why did mankind have to carry all this unnecessary repetitive information around for 2500 years? How could the God of recycling whose creation, nature, wastes absolutely nothing on this planet, waste all those holy words? Something is not right here!
There are four accounts in Matthew 14, Mark 6, Luke 9 & John 6 of the feeding of the 5,000. Why? Why was this particular account repeated 4 times, when the account of the man who had been lame for 38 years at the pool in Bethzatha in John 5 to whom Jesus said:
8 Get up, pick up your bed and walk (John 5).
is only mentioned once in the holy book? How can a perfect God be so inconsistent?
4 The Rock, perfect is his activity, For all his ways are justice (Deuteronomy 32).
How about this one:
In the twenty-seventh year of Jeroboam the king of Israel,
Azariah the son of Amaziah the king of Judah became king.
2 Sixteen years old he happened to be when he began to reign, and for fifty-two years he reigned in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Jecoliah of Jerusalem (2 Kings 15).
Great, so we get to know his mother’s name! But there was not a man alive for a long time until 1999 who knew when the 27th year of Jeroboam II actually was. It is extremely difficult to work this out from the bible. But we have done it (we think) and it’s 816 BC - see , . It would have been so much more useful if the holy spirit had said: This was 181 years after Solomon died. Or better still: This was 697 years after the Jews left Egypt. Or better still: This being 3177 years after Adam sinned! Instead we get to know his mum’s name!
In this vein the bible tells us that a Philistine character called Ishbi-benob had a spear that weighed 300 shekels of copper (2 Samuel 21:16). Well, How fascinating! But it fails to tell us when Jesus was born! or what year he died in! Most people do not know this even today. But all literate mankind knows that Ishbi-benob's spear weighed 300 shekels of copper. What kind of a God could get his priorities so wrong? Who cares about the weight of this trogladite's spear? The dates of Jesus' birth and his death are absolutely crucial to any understanding of God's plan for mankind. The weight of this chap’s spear clearly is not (not in the literal meaning at least!)
To sum it up, after every chapter of the bible there should be a comment in bold red ink saying: Remember the author is not thick!
In section which reconciles the millions of years of human fossils with the creation account in Genesis, see - Millions of years of human fossils reconciled with Genesis, we discover that God introduced himself to mankind through Adam and Eve once Homo sapiens had developed, or dare we say evolved? to the point where he had become 'spiritual'. By this we mean that he could deduce with his powers of reason the existence of things which he could not detect with his physical sensory powers. By this we mean that he became able to entertain a logical train of thought, a multi stage thought process. A good example of this is gravity. Isaac Newton 'saw' gravity with his mind, having first 'decoded' God's physical laws of motion. But the ability that modern man has to do what Newton did, was the trigger for God to introduce himself to us.
The reason that God did not introduce himself to us before we had developed spirituality, was that he did not want to introduce himself to us physically. He wanted to introduce himself to us spiritually, because firstly he wanted us all to retain the option of not seeing him if that was our desire, and secondly, he wished only to be seen by those who had a sufficiently great desire to see him that they were prepared to make the effort to use their powers of reason to deduce his existence with their mind from the physical clues which he had prepared for them. Hence Jesus said:
8 Blessed are the pure in heart for they shall see God (Matthew 5).
Those who are pure in heart, want to know the truth about their origins, as a matter of gratitude to a humble God. Those who pursue the truth regardless of any fears or misconceptions they may hold that such knowledge might prove detrimental to their relationship with their partner of their peers or their business colleagues. These ones, since their heart will not, out of fear, prevent them from searching with their mind, will find the truth. And the truth is that there is a God who created us, and created the current playpen in which we reside.
In the physical universe one can quite clearly see the character of God, the creator. He is perfect, he wastes nothing but recycles it all, he is incredibly hard working, he is very generous, he is kind, he loves us. But one cannot see God himself physically, one can only deduce what he might be like from what one can see of his works. The game which God is asking us to play is rather like trying to deduce the Character of Mozart from his sonata's or Van Gough from his paintings. Likewise we can deduce the character of Satan from the activities of Hitler or from a Pornographic Magazine proprietor who frustrates all of mankind with images of women which can be seen but not touched whilst he himself has half a dozen of these very women which he both sees and touches (we wish).
Now God's book, the bible, is his training manual, his instruction leaflet, his users guide, his online help button for mankind. It was created by the same God who created the universe and therefore is manufactured using the same Modus Operandi. It is therefore a spiritual book. So one will likewise have to use one's powers of reason to see God even through his book. If we really want to know him we will have to look beneath the literal surface meaning of the book. It has a hidden meaning, discernable by the power of reason, a meaning that is not literally stated. So it is written in a code.
Make no mistake, Jesus only spoke publicly (or to the crowds) in illustrations. His speaking like this was itself an illustration that the truth is not what you see on the surface:33 So with many illustrations of that sort he would speak the word to them, as far as they were able to listen.
But Jesus is called the word by John in the famous scripture:
1In beginning the Word was, and the Word was with God, and the Word was [a] god (John 1).
3 And he is arrayed with an outer garment sprinkled with blood, and the name he is called is The Word of God (Revelation 19).
But the word of God is the bible:
6 And so you have made the word of God invalid because of your tradition (Matthew 15).
17 Also, accept the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the spirit, that is, God's word (Ephesians 6).
But the word of God is Jesus:
1 On an occasion when the crowd was pressing close upon him and listening to the word of God, he was standing beside the lake of Gennesaret (Luke 5).
Jesus wasn’t quoting scriptures at them, he was speaking in illustrations as he always did, so here the word of God meant Jesus. So Jesus is the word of God which is the bible. So Jesus ‘is’ the bible. This identification is meant in the sense that God was the author, Jesus was the editor/publisher, and the writers were the journalists. As regards God’s son:
3 All things came into existence through him, and apart from him not even one thing came into existence (John 1).
So in particular the bible came into existence through him. Actually no, everything physical before Adam's sin came into existence through Satan, who was the firstborn son of God. But Michael, who is Jesus, became God's firstborn earning this right from his sacrifice as an angel - see . But now the reader will see why Michael was called the word. Because Satan lost his firstborn right (for God to act exclusively through him as described in John 1:3), when he killed Adam. The right was then no one's until Jesus died. But Jesus got the firstborn right (of God acting exclusively through him) as regards the writing of the bible as a result of his promising to make the sacrifice which he made on Friday April 1, 33 AD. So he became 'the word', due to his having this right. So every chapter of the bible, every verse of the bible, every word of the bible came into existence through him. And whether Jesus was speaking to the crowds or writing for the crowds through the prophets, he used the same illustrative modus operandi, he communicated symbolically.
The word of God is an example of a word or phrase in the bible which has two different literal meanings. Another such word is presence, which in the bible can mean either the presence of the Christ or the manifestation of the Christ during a presence. The concept of one word or phrase having two literal meanings depending on the context is unusual to English speaking people. We have a language which eliminates such ambiguities by using a larger vocabulary. But the Hebrew language often has one root word with several different meanings dependent on the context.
John calls Jesus the word of life, and the life and the everlasting life in the first verse of his first letter:
That which was from [the] beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have viewed attentively and our hands felt, concerning the word of life.
Yes, the life was made manifest, and we have seen and are bearing witness and reporting to you the everlasting life which was with the Father and was made manifest to us (1 John 1:1,2).
But what is the word of life if it is not the word of God, the bible? For Jesus said to Satan quoting Moses:
But in reply he said: It is written: Man must live, not on bread alone, but on every utterance coming forth through Jehovah's mouth (Matthew 4:4).
So he humbled you and let you go hungry and fed you with the manna, which neither you had known nor your fathers had known; in order to make you know that not by bread alone does man live but by every expression of Jehovah's mouth does man live (Deuteronomy 8:3).
These utterances from God’s mouth are the words of life. And all of such are in the bible. And yet Jesus is called by the same name! This is not a coincidence, it is because he is the one mediator between God and men:
For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, a man, Christ Jesus (1 Timothy 2:5).
He was the angel that gave the law to Moses. He was the angel in the burning thornbush as Stephen and Paul disclosed:
You who received the Law as transmitted by angels but have not kept it (Acts 7:53).
Why, then, the Law? It was added to make transgressions manifest, until the seed should arrive to whom the promise had been made; and it was transmitted through angels by the hand of a mediator (Galatians 3:19).
So God inspired men to write the bible through Jesus. It was Jesus, who existed as the angel Michael before he entered the son of Joseph & Mary at his baptism, who put the words into the mouths of the prophets, all the bible writers for the scripture says:
All things came into existence through him, and apart from him not even one thing came into existence (John 1:3).
So in particular the bible came into existence through him. Every chapter of the bible, every verse of the bible every word of the bible came into existence through him. So Jesus is the word of God, the word of life, and the bible is the word of God and the word of life.
What all of this means is that since Jesus, when he was a human, spoke entirely in illustrations, in parables. And since Jesus, in his pre - human existence, as the angel Michael, who was called the word, himself transmitted the words of the bible to the bible writers, then we have no reason to suppose that the words he transmitted as an angel to the bible writers were any less symbolic, any less illustrative, any less coded, than the words he directly transmitted with his mouth as a human. Because Jesus like God is consistent in his approach to men. In other words, the whole book is a series of illustrations or parables. For an illustration is a symbolic code. Even the account of David & Goliath for example. The parables of Jesus are examples explaining the structure of the whole book.
What is more, Jesus has shown us directly how to interpret his parables, namely by constructing a symbolic look up table:
Then after dismissing the crowds he went into the house. And his disciples came to him and said: Explain to us the illustration of the weeds in the field.
In response he said:
The sower of the fine seed is the Son of man;
The field is the world
as for the fine seed, these are the sons of the kingdom; but the weeds are the sons of the wicked one,
and the enemy that sowed them is the Devil.
The harvest is a conclusion of a system of things
and the reapers are angels.
Therefore, just as the weeds are collected and burned with fire, so it will be in the conclusion of the system of things (Matthew 13:36-40).
In the case of the bible book of Revelation, we are told directly how it was given to John:
A revelation by Jesus Christ, which God gave him, to show his slaves the things that must shortly take place. And he sent forth his angel and presented [it] in signs through him to his slave John (Revelation 1:1).
So Jesus, the mediator, gave it to an angel who presented it symbolically to John. But this is the same process that Stephen and Paul have disclosed was used to transmit the law to us. The law really means the first five books. So the right question to ask now is:
Did Jesus have some different process that he used for all the other books of the bible?
The answer to this question is no. He is not inconsistent, he wasn’t developing processes as he went along like we humans do. He was acting on behalf of God who knows everything before he starts:
Remember the first things of a long time ago, that I am the Divine One and there is no other God, nor anyone like me; the One telling from the beginning the finale, and from long ago the things that have not been done; the One saying: My own counsel will stand, and everything that is my delight I shall do (Isaiah 46:9,10).
So not just Revelation but the whole book is presented in signs through Jesus the mediator and through his angel, it is all symbolic, it is all in a symbolic code! To sum it all up: God is the publisher of the bible, Jesus is the editor, and the bible writers are the journalists. Although the editing that Jesus did was in real time.
Solomon said:2 The Glory of God is the keeping of a matter secret, and the glory of kings is the searching through a matter (Proverbs 25). 4 If you keep seeking for it as for silver, and as for hid treasures you keep searching for it,
So this knowledge is hidden. And it is hidden in the bible, for Paul says of Jesus:3 Carefully concealed in him are all the treasures of wisdom and of knowledge (Colossians 2).
Well, these treasures are not stuffed up his shirt or down his trousers, although in a sense, they are in his body, which is his church. Basically they are hidden in the information we have on him. This information is the bible. For as we have seen above, Jesus is the word of God, which is also 'the bible'. Paul describes how it is hidden and revealed:7 But we speak God's wisdom in a sacred secret, the hidden wisdom, which God foreordained before the systems of things for our glory (1 Corinthians 2).
10 For it is to us God has revealed them through his spirit, for the spirit searches into all things, even the deep things of God (1 Corinthians 2).
So again we see that wisdom is hidden in this book, concealed or coded. For a code is hidden written information. This is why Jesus says:2 There is nothing carefully concealed that will not be revealed, and secret that will not become known (Luke 12). 7 Keep on asking, and it will be given you; keep on seeking, and you will find; keep on knocking, and it will be opened to you (Matthew 7).
And really you do not have to look that far. But you do have to look, yourself! For God said to Adam:
19 In the sweat of your face you will eat bread (Genesis 3)
And Jesus said to Satan:4 But in reply he said: It is written, 'Man must live, not on bread alone, but on every utterance coming forth through God's mouth' (Matthew 4)
Gabriel said to Daniel:4 And as for you, O Daniel, make secret the words and seal up the book, until the time of [the] end. Many will rove about, and the [true] knowledge will become abundant (Daniel 12).
We are now in this time, this book/website is the proof, see - Daniel 8, Daniel 12. Daniel said to Nebuchadnezzar:28 However, there exists a God in the heavens who is a Revealer of secrets, and he has made known to King Nebuchadnezzar what is to occur in the final part of the days (Daniel 2).
And not only to him! But also to Jesus, who opened up the minds of his disciples:45 Then he opened up their minds fully to grasp the meaning of the Scriptures (Luke 24).
It is quite a task.25 The woman said to him: I know that Messiah is coming, who is called Christ. Whenever that one arrives, he will declare all things to us openly.
So the scriptures do not declare things openly, but the Christ opened them up. So the scriptures are coded.
Jesus opened up the scriptures to their minds.
There is a holy code for the holy scriptures, and there is a bible within the bible!
22 For example, it is written that Abraham acquired two sons,
one by the servant girl and one by the free woman;
23 but the one by the servant girl was actually born in the manner of flesh, the other by the free woman through a promise.
24 These things stand as a symbolic drama; for these [women] mean two covenants, the one from Mount Sinai, which brings forth children for slavery, and which is Hagar.
25 Now this Hagar means Sinai, a mountain in Arabia, and she corresponds with the Jerusalem today, for she is in slavery with her children.
26 But the Jerusalem above is free, and she is our mother (Galatians 4).
Hagar stood for the Law covenant mediated by Moses and Sarah for the new covenant mediated by Jesus, described as Paul’s mother. But what is so special about this particular account in Genesis? Is it the only one to be a symbolic drama? And what is so special about Genesis in the old testament. Might there not be some symbolic dramas in Exodus? In fact, we know that the bible is a consistent book having but one ghost writer - if the reader will pardon the metaphor! So any element of the bible code that we find to be true for one account is therefore true in every account. We call this the Consistency Principle of the code. So the whole book stands as one giant symbolic drama.
22 All this actually came
about for that to be fulfilled which was spoken by Jehovah through his prophet,
23 Look! The virgin will become pregnant and will give birth to a son, and they will call his name Immanuel, which means, when translated, With Us Is God (Matthew 1).
14 Therefore Jehovah himself will give you
men [of the house of David] a sign:
Look! The maiden herself will actually become pregnant, and she is giving
birth to a son, and she will certainly call his name Immanuel.
1 And Jehovah proceeded to say to me: Take for yourself a large tablet and write upon it with the stylus of mortal man, 'Maher-shalal-hash-baz.' [written with the stylus of mortal man, so name due to water baptism not spirit baptism, name given before conception but not name called before conception]
2 And let me have attestation for myself by faithful witnesses, Uriah the priest and Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah.
3 Then I went near to the prophetess, and she came to be pregnant and in time gave birth to a son. Jehovah now said to me: Call his name Maher-shalal-hash-baz,
4 for before the boy will know how to call out, 'My father!' and 'My mother!' one will carry away the resources of Damascus and the spoil of Samaria before the king of Assyria.
5 And Jehovah proceeded to speak yet further to me, saying:
6 For the reason that this people has rejected the waters of the Shiloah that are going gently, and there is exultation over Rezin and the son of Remaliah;
7 even therefore, look! Jehovah is bringing up against them the mighty and the many waters of the River, the king of Assyria and all his glory. And he will certainly come up over all his streambeds and go over all his banks
8 and move on through Judah. He will actually flood and pass over. Up to the neck he will reach. And the outspreading of his wings must occur to fill the breadth of your land, Oh Immanuel!
So Isaiah went near to the prophetess, made her pregnant, and she had a son called both Mahershalalhashbaz (meaning quickly to the plunder) and Immanuel (meaning with us is God). But Matthew tells us that Jesus Christ was a further fulfilment of Isaiah 7 and 8. So these two chapters are written in a prophetic code. They tell a true story of Isaiah sleeping with a virgin and her having a son at the first attempt, so that the virgin became pregnant. But they also tell a further story of a future immaculate conception. The second fulfilment uses a different linguistically possible meaning of the prophecy that a virgin will become pregnant, by having her conceive whilst remaining a virgin! Certainly that is more miraculous, although understandable today with fertility clinics! Btu the point we are making is not that Isaiah 7 had a miraculous further meaning, but just that it had a further meaning and so is written in a code. Then, since Matthew tells us that Isaiah 7 and 8 have a greater meaning, the holy spirit is begging us to ask the question: What is so special about Isaiah 7 and 8? Does Isaiah 9 have a greater meaning for example?
6. Abraham, the first to perform
circumcision, was looking ahead in the Spirit to Jesus when he circumcised. For
he received the firm teachings of the three letters.
7. For it says, “Abraham circumcised eighteen and three hundred men from his household”. What knowledge, then, was given to him? Notice that he first mentions the eighteen, and after a pause the three hundred. The number eighteen consists of an iota [I], 10 and an eta [E],
8. There, you have Jesus -- and because the cross was destined to have grace in the letter tau [T] he next says "and three hundred", tau. So he indicates Jesus in the two letters and the cross in the other (Barnabus 9:7,8).
So Barnabus was a bit of a bible decoder!!!
Let's start with the famous words of Jesus which are mistranslated by almost all English bibles - see U237 - except Young's Literal Translation and the Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures (Watchtower)...
Truly I say to you that this generation will by no means pass away until all
these things occur.
35 Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will by no means pass away.
36 About but the day that and hour no one has known, neither the angels of the heavens nor the Son, if not the Father only (Matthew 24 - Watchtower Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures).
So the angels did not know the date of Armageddon until around the time Jesus said this on 33Nisan10, 4 days before he was murdered. If the reader visits 14proofs, he will see 14 proofs of the date of Armageddon. One wonders how the angels could not have worked out some of these for themselves before Jesus died?
Well, without getting too technical the answer is given by Jesus when he said...
25 At that time Jesus said in response:
I publicly praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because you have hidden these
things from the wise and intellectual ones and have revealed them to babes (Matthew 11).
21 In that very hour he became overjoyed in the holy spirit and said: I publicly praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because you have carefully hidden these things from wise and intellectual ones, and have revealed them to babes. Yes, Oh Father, because to do thus came to be the way approved by you (Luke 10).
Since Jesus refers to his father as the 'Lord of heaven and earth', it is apparent that his subsequent words apply to both realms. In fact God is only described as 'Lord of heaven and earth' as above and in Acts 4:24 and Act 17:24 in the bible. So God hides bible truths from the angels and the demons, who are far wiser and far more intellectual than us, and reveals them to babes by angelic standards. All humans are babes by angelic standards. So the bible has to be sufficiently hard to decode and sufficiently ambiguous that even the angels cannot crack it. Then God can choose to give an insight to a baby human, and this lowly man, will than crack a part of the code first. The angels, on seeing this, will hit their spirit foreheads with their spirit hands and go doh! They then will race ahead of us humans using their superior intelligence and linguistic dexterity, only to get stuck at the next angelic road block until God chooses to reveal the next key to another lowly human.
For God and his children are not just fighting wicked humans, we are fighting the demons. That is why the bible code is so complicated, and why the bible is so ambiguous at first sight. Furthermore if you do not have faith and do not pray sincerely to God, to help you, then you will fare worse than the demons in your attempts to understand it. It is pointless to study the bible without prayer. The holy spirit must be present at every bible study, for progress to be made in accordance with God's will.
In this way, the demons are kept in the dark as to the precise methods God will use to defeat them.
Any element of the code that is found to be true for one account, is true for every account in the whole bible.
Or: Every account in the bible is written in precisely the same code
3 All things came into existence through him, and apart from him not even one thing came into existence (John 1).
16 All scripture is inspired of God (2 Timothy 3).
The Bible has one editor, Jesus Christ, and it has one ghost writer, inspirer - God. So it is consistent as a book, it does not contradict itself. This principle follows either from faith that God is the true author of the book, and that it is therefore consistent and therefore all in the same language or code. Or, in the alternative it follows from the academic axiom that 'the bible is perfect'. For if it is perfect then it is consistent, therefore it effectively has only one author and so it is all in the same language or code.
Every word in the bible has power in the greater meaning if not in the literal meaning.
18 For truly I say to you that sooner would heaven and earth pass away than for one smallest letter or one particle of a letter to pass away from the Law by any means and not all things take place (Matthew 5).
17 Indeed, it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one particle of a letter of the Law to go unfulfilled (Luke 16).
There are no wasted words in the bible. So repetitions have power, double descriptions have power. Seemingly trivial details have power. Every tense of every verb, every case of every word has power:
12 For the word of God is alive and exerts power and is sharper than any two-edged sword and pierces even to the dividing of soul and spirit, and of joints and [their] marrow, and [is] able to discern thoughts and intentions of [the] heart (Hebrews 4). 37 But that the dead are raised up even Moses disclosed, in the account about the thornbush, when he calls Jehovah 'the God of Abraham and God of Isaac and God of Jacob.
So we must look at tense, the angel did not say the he used to be the God of Abraham.
16 Now the promises were spoken to Abraham and to his seed. It says, not: And to seeds; as in the case of many such, but as in the case of one: And to your seed; who is Christ (Galatians 3).
We will use the Power Principle to deduce other principles and symbolic understandings.
In the midst of years oh bring it to life, in the midst of years may you make it known (Habakkuk 3:2).
This scripture applies to the resurrection of Jesus and to God's means of salvation from death, Jesus' death, being made known in the midst of a period of years. Now in Hebrew the wordbrq translated 'midst of' means either 'amongst' or 'middle of'. Obviously if it means 'amongst' then the scripture is telling us very little if anything. But if it means 'middle of' and we know the period of years concerned then we are being told the dates of Jesus' death and his resurrection here. By the Power Principle if we do know the period of years concerned and it is a large period, then the latter meaning of the Hebrew must be correct.
There are Irrelevant Details in the bible. The more irrelevant a detail appears to be in the literal meaning, the more relevant it must be in symbolic meaning
This follows from the Power Principle. The bible is full of seemingly irrelevant detail and crucial omissions. We saw in the case of King David's purchasing of the wood and cattle for the first sacrifice on the site of Solomon's temple (that today houses a mosque in Jerusalem) that he paid 50 shekels of silver for them - see [c11.1] or see . Great, who wants to know this? Are we going to put in a counter offer 3000 years later? The temple mount in Jerusalem is not an easy place to purchase right now! But the account does not tell us when Joab handed David the results of the registration. And neither are we told how long after David received the registration he made this sacrifice. We want to know this in order that we can verify whether our understanding of the 1,100,000 men of Israel drawing sword at one day per man is correct - see [c11.1] or see .
But actually, using the Numerical Principle of the code - [c11] the 50 shekels stand for the precise time period that we are looking for between David receiving the results from Joab, completing his registration sin, and him pacifying God with this sacrifice, 50 days, at a day for a shekel. So the price that David paid in shekels, is the period of time for which his sin remained unforgiven in days, a shekel for a day. So this seemingly irrelevant information, actually provides the answer in the symbolic meaning. This is how the bible is written. Here is another classic:
10 Jesus said: Have the men recline as at meal. Now there was a lot of grass in the place. Therefore the men reclined, about 5,000 in number (John 6).
Definition: A bible account is a self contained complete bible story. There may be several of these in one chapter, or an account may span several chapters. These accounts may refer to other bible accounts
Definition: The Event symbolic meaning of a symbolic account is the symbolic interpretation of the events in an account.
Definition: The Word symbolic meaning of a literal or a symbolic account is the symbolic interpretation of the words of the account.
Definition: A prophetic form is a repetitive phrase whose grammatical structure has coded information about the word symbolic meanings of part or all of an account.
Definition: A subaccount of a bible account is a self contained symbolic or partially symbolic (i.e. interpretational) section of that account. A prophetic form in a subaccount only affects that subaccount.
Definition: The narrative of a bible account is all of the literal parts of the account which are not interpretational. In other words it is all of the parts of the account which are not in the sub accounts. Prophetic forms in narrative only affect the narrative. They have no affect on any subaccounts.
Definition: A 'countable noun' is a noun acting as a noun (and not as a possessive adjective) or a participle which declines like a noun acting as a noun (i.e. a gerund).
Every literal account in the bible has the normal literal meaning.
Every non literal account, such as a dream, a parable or a vision, has a straightforward symbolic meaning, which is the symbolic meaning of the events described in the account. We call this the Event Symbolic meaning, or the Event Symbolism.
Every interpretational sub account in the bible has its normal literal meaning which describes the event symbolic meaning of one or more symbolic sub accounts. If the interpretation has symbolic sections then these have event symbolic meanings.
Every account in the bible, which:
contains a 'countable noun', which is a noun acting as a noun (or a participle which declines as a noun which is used as a noun, such as a 'baker' - the one causing [things] to be baked - a Hiphil participle in Hebrew) which is repeated an even number of times (wherein all repeated words take the same meaning in the literal account or in the event symbolism), and which does not contain a double designation - see [Code6b] or which
has a parallel account elsewhere in the bible,
has a further set of one, two, three or four (so far as we have found) word symbolic meanings.
The number of Word Symbolic meanings in a sub account is determined by the Successive Designations Principle below - see [Code6b]. These greater meanings are in addition to the literal meaning, in the case of a literal account, and are in addition to the straightforward symbolic meaning, the event symbolic meaning, in the case of a symbolic account such as a dream, a vision or a parable. They are in addition to the literal/event symbolic meaning of an interpretational sub account.
If a bible account contains an interpretational subaccount (typically an interpretation from Jesus, Daniel or Joseph), then the literal meaning of the interpretation is the event symbolic meaning of the symbolic subaccount which it is interpreting. Obviously since the narrative is also literal, its literal meaning sets the scene for the event symbolic meaning of all of its symbolic subaccounts.
The first word symbolic meaning of any interpretational subaccount is the first word symbolic meaning of the symbolic subaccount which it interprets. Furthermore the existence of a first word symbolic thread in an interpretational subaccount unites the first word symbolic meaning of the narrative to the first word symbolic meaning of the symbolic subaccount which the interpretation is explaining.
Likewise the second, third, fourth word symbolic meanings of any interpretational subaccount (if they exist) are the second third fourth word symbolic meanings of the symbolic subaccount which it interprets. Furthermore the existence of a second, third, fourth word symbolic thread in an interpretational subaccount unites the second, third, fourth word symbolic meaning of the narrative to the second, third, fourth word symbolic meaning of the symbolic subaccount which the interpretation is explaining.
Likewise the non existence of a first second third fourth word symbolic thread in an interpretational subaccount decouples the first second third fourth word symbolic meaning of the symbolic account which it interprets from the first second third fourth word symbolic meanings of the narrative respectively.
So the Word symbolic meaning is the symbolic interpretation of the words used to describe the events in the account. Whereas the Event Symbolic meaning is the symbolic interpretation of the events themselves. Perhaps this extra bible within the bible is another reason why Jesus is called: The Word. Furthermore Paul tells us that..
The word of God is alive and exerts power... (Hebrews 4:12).
He does not say that the events which the words describe are alive and exerting power. The words which describe these events are alive. So these words have the power, they are alive, having greater meanings, rather than the events. This is the philosophy of word symbolism. One interprets the words not the events. One divorces the words from the events, and interprets them out of context.
Here is an example of the symbolic structure of Genesis 41, the classic symbolic structure puzzle from the Holy Spirit. This symbolic structure table does not go into the number of fulfilments of each word thread of each subaccount.
|Cow Dream||Corn Dream||Cow Recital||Corn Recital||Joint Interpretation||Narrative|
|Event||Event||Event||Event||Literal of Events||Literal|
|Word1||Word1||Word1||Word1||Word1 of Word1s||Word1|
|Word2||Word2||Word2||Word2||Word2 of Word2s||Word2|
Word1 means the first word symbolic thread of the subaccount. Each colour stands for a different symbolic meaning set for the countable nouns. The Cow Recital and the Cow dream take the same meaning in their event symbolism, since they both refer to the same events. They take the same symbolic meanings in their word symbolisms by the parallel sub account principle - see [Code15]. The same is true of the Corn dream and the Corn recital. Joseph's Interpretation links the meaning of the narrative which is literal to the event symbolic meanings of the recitals (which Joseph actually heard) which are symbolic.
By the Symbolic Structure Principle above, since the interpretation has a first word thread, the symbolic accounts that it interprets (the recitals) have the same symbolism as the narrative in this word thread. The same is true for the second word thread. And in all the word threads the recitals of the dreams have the same word symbolism as the dreams themselves by the parallel subaccount principle. So the interpretation links the word symbolisms of the symbolic accounts to the literal account the narrative. The interpretation itself is both symbolic and literal. So the red and blue bands are universal across all the 6 subaccounts due to the existence of a first and second word thread in Joseph's interpretation. The third word thread of the recital of the cows does not share the same symbolism as the third word thread of the narrative because Joseph's interpretation does not have a third word thread. So we used two different shades of Lilac for these symbolisms. For a full decoding of Genesis 40 and 41 - see
Most accounts in the bible do have word symbolic meanings but some do not. Some accounts only have their literal or event symbolic meanings. For example...
was passing along from there, two blind
him, crying out and saying: Have mercy upon us, Son
28 After he had gone into the house, the blind [ones] came to him, and Jesus asked them: Do you have faith that I can do this? They answered him: Yes, Lord.
29 Then he touched their eyes, saying: According to your faith let it happen to you.
30 And their eyes received sight. Moreover, Jesus sternly charged them, saying: See that nobody gets to know it.
31 But the [ones], after getting outside, made it public about him in all that region. (Matthew 9)
Son of David 1x
This literal bible account has no 'bible noun' occurring an even number of times and no double designations. It doesn't have a parallel account, so it has no word symbolic meaning.
The kingdom of the heavens is like a dragnet thrown
into the sea, and gathering up [fish] of every kind.
48 When it got full they hauled it up onto the beach, and sitting down, they collected the fine ones into vessels, the unsuitable they threw outside.
49 This is how it will be in the conclusion of the system of things. The angels will go out and separate the wicked ones out of the midst of the righteous ones, and will cast them into the fiery furnace. There is where the weeping and the gnashing of teeth will be (Matthew 13).
This symbolic bible account has no repeated 'bible noun' and has no parallel account and no double designation. It therefore has no word symbolism.
If the reader is puzzling over what precise distinction we are making, between event symbolism and word symbolism then please consider the following non scriptural example:
King Nebuchadnezzar went fishing. The king caught a fish. Nebuchadnezzar put the fish back. His servants said: My Lord, why did you not eat the fish. Nebuchadnezzar the King of Babylon said: Because I didn't have any chips to eat it with!
In the literal meaning of this little (made up) story the character referred to variously as:
King Nebuchadnezzar (adjective and noun)
Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon (double designation)
... is just one character. He is Nebuchadezzar, the King of Babylon, the Lord over his servants. But in the Word symbolism, we are talking about 5 different but related characters. 'My Lord', 'the King' and 'Nebuchadnezzar' may be totally unrelated, but King Nebuchadnezzar will be related to 'The King' and to 'Nebuchadnezzar' and to 'Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon', since it shares common words with these other designations.
Event symbolism is referred to variously in this book and in the website www.truebiblecode.com as the first symbolism, the straight symbolism, the straightforward symbolism.
Word symbolism is referred to as the second symbolism, the coded symbolism, the account symbolism.
19 Consequently we have the prophetic word [made] more sure and you are doing well in paying attention to it as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until day dawns and a daystar rises, in your hearts.
So all of the word of God, the word of life, the bible, is prophetic. They are all prophetic words.8 The sovereign Lord Jehovah himself has spoken who will not prophesy? (Amos 3).
12 For the word of God is alive and exerts power and is sharper than any two-edged sword and pierces even to the dividing of soul and spirit, and of joints and [their] marrow, and [is] able to discern thoughts and intentions of [the] heart (Hebrews 4).
The word being alive, means that it has a further life over and above it’s literal meaning. This is how it exerts power in the prophetic sense. The bible is not a dead history book of past events. It is also a living history book of future events symbolically encoded in the stories of the past events. This works because history is fractal. Was it Churchill who said: The further back you look into history, the further forward you see? The same is true of the bible, but actually because each account has more than one life. They all have greater meanings. These meanings are normally prophetic and so are further fulfillments of the scriptures.
One can use the Consistency Principle to deduce that the whole bible is prophetic just from the fact that certain scriptures are prophetic. Likewise since certain scriptures are laws, we can deduce that the whole bible is the 'Law of God', using the same principle. And since certain scriptures are Psalms, we can deduce that the whole bible is a giant praise to God, it is one huge Psalm, by the Consistency Principle.
Even when we are being told that Jacob crossed a river with 200 she goats, 20 he goats, 200 female sheep, 20 rams, 30 camels giving suck and their young ones, 40 cows, 10 bulls, 20 she asses and 10 full grown asses (Genesis 32:14,15) this is prophetic. It is symbolic, it stands for something greater. Who actually wants to know the precise numbers of these animals that crossed a river 3800 years ago ? (except perhaps a historical agricultural economist).
So either the word of God is alive and is exerting power today, through further fulfillments of words written thousands of years ago or it is dead and powerless. Either the flaming blade of the sword guarding the way back to the tree of life in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3:24), the two edged sword (Hebrews 4:12) that pierces even to the dividing of soul and spirit, is continuously turning, or it has broken down and has come to a standstill. Either the word of God has a height and a breadth and a length and a depth, which we are able to grasp mentally (Ephesians 3:18), or it is flat. Either this book has further meaning upon further meaning upon further meaning, or it has one meaning and we should all become Hasidic Jews and start declaring Sabbath-free zones everywhere.
Incidentally just because a bible account has no second meaning does not mean it is not in a code. On the contrary it is in a code, a code which prohibits it from having a further meaning. Here are some examples of word symbolic meanings...
1 When Israel was a boy, then I loved him, and out of Egypt I called my son. (Hosea 11).
These words from the prophet Hosea are a historical statement about the calling of the nation of Israel out of Egypt at the time of Moses. But Matthew knew that they had a further fulfillment involving a further son:
15 and he stayed there until the decease of Herod, for that to be fulfilled which was spoken by Jehovah through his prophet, saying: Out of Egypt I called my son (Matthew 2).
This time the son was Jesus who was taken to Egypt by his parents to avoid persecution by Herod. So there can be no argument that this particular scripture has a further meaning. This second meaning cannot be literal since there can only be one literal meaning which is the historical meaning. So the second fulfilment results from a second meaning which is a symbolic meaning. In fact it is the word symbolic meaning of this verse of Hosea.
Consider now the words of Jesus in Matthew 24:
21 For then there will be great tribulation such as has not
occurred since the world's beginning until now, no, nor will occur again.
22 In fact, unless those days were cut short, no flesh would be saved; but on account of the chosen ones those days will be cut short (Matthew 24).
This looks like it applies to a great tribulation leading into Armageddon, since the 'world', which is biblical terms is the system of things post Adam's fall and pre Armageddon, is still ongoing, and we haven't all died yet (neither do we all die at the end). But in the same chapter we read:
15 Therefore, when you catch sight of the disgusting
thing that causes desolation, as spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in a holy
place, (let the reader use discernment,) 16 then let those in Judea begin
fleeing to the mountains (Matthew 24).
This looks like it applies to the end of the Jewish system of things, and the great tribulation on the inhabitants of Jerusalem from 66Tishri when the Roman General Cestius entered the temple in Jerusalem until to 70Ab when the Roman General Titus burned the temple in Jerusalem. Obviously fleeing to the mountains of Judea is not a viable option for people in Colorado at the end of the World.
For these reasons and other reasons, many Christian churches understand that Matthew 24 applies both to the end of the Jewish system of things 66-70 AD and the end of this system of things (The great tribulation and Armageddon). However what they have hitherto failed to understand is that rather than some verses applying to one end and other verses applying to the other end, the whole account has a literal (although somewhat metaphorically stated) meaning applying to the end of the Jewish system of things and a symbolic meaning applying to this whole system of things, 'the world'. So actually every verse applies to the end of Jerusalem by the Romans in the first meaning and to the end of the World by the final corruption of the UN in the second meaning, which is the word symbolic meaning of Matthew 24. For the UN started as a great humanitarian organisation but ends as a corrupt worldwide dictatorship. If you do not believe that this sort of thing happens, then read animal farm by George Orwell, or go see Star Wars, the attack of the clones. The bad guys always begin by posing as saviours - the UK/US are also going rotten by the same route presently. The bible describes them as follows:
11 And I saw another wild beast ascending out of the earth, and it had two horns like a lamb, but it began speaking as a dragon (Revelation 13).
The two horns are the twin powers of the US and the UK. The horns of a lamb are sacrificial and saving. Both powers made great sacrifices and saved the world in two world wars. But the dragon is Satan's heavenly administration. And right now the US and the UK have ceased acting as a lamb and have started speaking as a dragon. In other words we lie. We lie about WMDs and procure war votes from congress and parliament using deception. Let us be more specific. The US and the UK were genuine true honest saviours in both World Wars. We used to be the good guys. We were also genuine true and honest saviours in the first Gulf War under Bush senior and stormy Norman.
But in the second Gulf War war, under Bush junior and his generals, we are becoming the bad guys. During the run up to this war we posed as saviours but were in fact acting as aggressors on the basis of a deception. This is not to say that the removal of Saddam was not a good idea. There are many dictators that the world would be better off without and he was certainly one of them. But without getting involved in politics, it is a bad idea to lie to congress or parliament about WMDs and a bad idea to trick them both into declaring war on an unarmed man for the purpose of disarming him. For the full symbolic meaning of Revelation 13 (as far as we understand it) - see .
Now the writer is fully aware that the majority of UK and US nationals will not want to hear or believe or accept the above, because as a race, man believes what he is comfortable with and refuses to believe what he is uncomfortable with. This is why God chooses to save us on our faith, which is our belief. For if we love him, then we will be comfortable with him and so we will believe, but if we do not, then we will not be comfortable with him and so we will refuse to believe.
But refusing to believe a truth has no effect on any reality, it only buries your head in the sand. So please, my brothers from every race, do not be like the Pakistani Muslims who were surveyed about 911, and 89% of whom believed that Muslims were not responsible for the Twin Towers Tragedy. And do not be like the sons of Jacob, most of whom believe that Jesus (whom their forefather's murdered) is not God's son. For we are all the same as them, and they are all the same as each other in genetic character predisposition. Believe instead in the truth, however uncomfortable it appears to be and however embarrassing it may be. Be like Daniel Barenboim the world class Jewish pianist who plays his music to the Palestinians because he will not hide from the truth. Now he truly is a son of Abraham, through the 1AC, and God himself will listen to his music for a very very long time - see , because one does not show courage and love like that without faith in God. And who cares about some minor embarrassment or about the loss of a few cushions? Surely the truth is greater than these things? for the good book says:
32 Know the truth and the truth will set you free (John 8).
Here are another couple of famous examples from Matthew 24
2 Truly I say to you: By no means will a stone be left here upon a stone and not be thrown down (Matthew 24).
In the literal meaning, the temple was destroyed by the Roman General Titus in 70 CE, and the temple was knocked down, and no stone was left standing upon a stone. In the greater meaning the temple stones are the living stones of the Christian temple of the body of the Christ, which is all of the new covenant saints. And this is a prophecy that this temple will be knocked down, whilst the stones are still around. In other words what happened to the Jews, their rejection by God, will also happen to the first administration of the Christian church, under the New covenant Saints, these stones.
Jesus when describing the signs of the times to his disciples said:
34 Truly I say to you that this generation will by no means pass away until all these things occur (Matthew 24).
In other words one generation will see all of the signs of the time and the end. Now we know that this was true in the case of the disciples and Jewish system of things. They saw the signs of the times and they saw General Titus destroy Jerusalem and burn the temple in 70CE. But there is a further meaning that applies to the generation that sees the signs of the times today during Jesus' second presence. He is present right now, see - The 2 Presences and 6 related comings of the Christ . In the current meaning the generation that saw the first world war will see Armageddon (through their spectacles!)
The apostle Paul in Galatians 4 informs us that 3 chapters of Genesis are written in a Symbolic Code. He says:
22 For example, it is written that Abraham acquired two sons, one by the servant
girl and one by the free woman;
23 but the one by the servant girl was actually born in the manner of flesh, the other by the free woman through a promise.
24 These things stand as a symbolic drama; for these [women] mean two covenants, the one from Mount Sinai, which brings forth children for slavery, and which is Hagar.
25 Now this Hagar means Sinai, a mountain in Arabia, and she corresponds with the Jerusalem today, for she is in slavery with her children.
26 But the Jerusalem above is free, and she is our mother (Galatians 4).
Now we read about Hagar giving birth to Ishmael in Genesis 16, and we read about Sarah conceiving Isaac in Genesis 17 and her giving birth to Isaac in Genesis 21. So Paul is saying to us that these three chapters at the least, are a 'Symbolic Drama'. They have a greater meaning which is encoded symbolically. So these three chapters are not just dead history they are also living prophecy written in terms of dead history. They have a greater meaning relating to covenants. But for the full story of Genesis 16 - see .
So come now dear reader, son or daughter of the greatest mind in the universe. Can you think of a question that is being begged of you by the holy spirit at this time?
What is so special about Genesis 16, Genesis 17, Genesis 21, Matthew 24 and Hosea 11?
Here are the words of David before he became King of Israel. David was speaking about his own persecution as he hid in the wilderness for 7 years from the jealousy of King Saul.
1 My God, my God, why have you left me? (Psalm 22)
16 For dogs have surrounded me;
The assembly of evildoers themselves have enclosed me.
Like a lion [they are at] my hands and my feet.
17 I can count all my bones.
They themselves look, they gaze upon me.
18 They apportion my garments among themselves
And upon my clothing they cast lots (Psalm 22).
These words were uttered by David about his own personal situation. But they are inspired prophetic words, and they have a second fulfillment in the impalement/Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. For he said just before he died:
46 Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani? that is, My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? (Matthew 27).
Not only this but the soldiers guarding him cast lots over his garments, none of his bones were broken on the stake (the legs of crucifixion victims were routinely broken by the Romans to speed up their deaths if necessary). The robbers on either side of him had their legs broken. Jesus was of course fastened by his hands and his feet to the stake. So here again is history which is also living prophecy. The literal Psalm applies to King David, the Word symbolic meaning applies to Jesus Christ. The application of this psalm of David to Jesus has been known for many years. But no man before 1992 realised that all scripture has a greater application, a greater meaning, not just Psalm 22.
So now we can ask the rhetorical question what is so special about Genesis 16, Genesis 17, Genesis 21, Matthew 24, Hosea 11 and Psalm 22?
17 But as for the tree of the knowledge of good and bad you must not eat from it, for in the day you eat from it dying you will die (Genesis 2).
The literal meaning was that Adam died, not physically but judicially on the literal day that he ate. By Judicial death we mean that Adam was under a death sentence, and 'as good as dead' from then on. He was living merely by means of a stay of execution of that sentence. Jesus meant the same thing when he said:
22 Let the dead bury their dead (Matthew 8).
He meant: Let those who are still under Adam's death sentence bury their physically dead ones. The greater meaning of God's command in Genesis is that all of Adam's sons die physically during the period or 'day', wherein they continue to eat from this tree of knowledge of good and bad. So today, for example, even though we are no longer in the garden of Eden, we are still eating and we are still dying. The 'Day' of Genesis 2:17, is therefore the 'day' of this system of things, it is still ongoing! But not for much longer. And when we stop eating, then we stop dying. Putting this another way, once we have learned Good from Bad, then obviously God no longer needs to kill us Judicially. When God threw Adam out of the garden he stopped him gaining access not to the tree of knowledge of Good and Bad, but to the tree of life:
24 And so he drove the man out and posted at the east of the garden of Eden the cherubs and the flaming blade of a sword that was turning itself continually to guard the way to the tree of life (Genesis 3).
Jesus regarded the whole bible as the prophetic law of God, he said:44 He now said to them: These are my words which I spoke to you while I was yet with you, that all the things written in the law of Moses and in the Prophets and Psalms about me must be fulfilled.
How can the law of Moses be fulfilled? A law is supposed to be obeyed not fulfilled! But he says again:
17 Indeed, it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one particle of a letter of the Law to go unfulfilled (Luke 16).
1 For since the Law has a shadow of the good things to come, but not the very substance of the things... (Hebrews 10).
But both Jesus and Paul show us that the 'Law' does not merely refer to the Law of Moses, in the Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers. It is the whole bible. The whole book is the law of God for mankind.
Paul says:21 Tell me, you who want to be under law [of Moses]: Do you not hear the Law [of God]?
But this wasn't written in the law of Moses, it was written in Psalm 82:66 I myself have said, You are gods, And all of you are sons of the Most High (Psalm 82).
But this wasn't written in the law of Moses, no, it was written in Psalm 69:44 They that hate me without a cause are more than the hairs of my head (Psalm 69 - Septuagint bible LXX)
So Psalms must be a part of the 'law' of God.
But Isaiah said, over 700 years after Moses was given the law:
3 Out of Zion law will go forth and the word of Jehovah out of Jerusalem (Isaiah 2).
In one meaning this law out of Zion is the word of God out of heavenly Jerusalem, which is the whole bible. What we have just done is extend an element of the bible code, namely, that every scripture has a further fulfillment, from the Law of Moses to the whole bible, by considering other scriptures to define precisely what Jesus meant. But we could equally well have done this using the Consistency Principle above.
Every verse of the Law of Moses, every verse of Genesis, every verse of the Psalms, is to be fulfilled again. In fact the whole bible is the law of mankind and all of it, every letter of it, has to be fulfilled a second time. And for the majority of scriptures, we are now living in that time, which is why the same one, Jesus Christ, is opening up our minds yet again. For if every scripture has a further fulfillment then so does Luke 24 when it says:
45 Then he opened up their minds fully to grasp the meaning of the
46 and he said to them: In this way it is written that the Christ would suffer and rise from among the dead on the third day (Luke 24).
So how can our minds be opened up? In what way is the suffering and resurrection timing of Jesus written in the scriptures? Well Jesus has already explained...
40 For just as Jonah was in the belly of the huge fish
and 3 nights, so the Son of man will be in the heart of the earth 3 days and 3
nights (Matthew 12).
30 For just as Jonah became a sign to the Ninevites, in the same way will the Son of man be also to this generation.
It is encoded symbolically in a historical account about a prophet who was eaten by a big fish! Yes, it is another symbolic drama. Jesus opened up the minds of his disciples by making them aware that the book was written in this symbolic way and that every account stood symbolically for something else. This indeed is one reason why Jesus spoke to the crowds entirely in illustrations. He was teaching them and teaching us, that the whole bible was written in this way. Even his famous parables have a greater meaning in addition to the obvious moral message!
34 All these things Jesus spoke to the crowds by illustrations. Indeed, without an illustration he would not speak to them (Matthew 13).
Jesus only explained the meaning of two of his parables to his disciples in the scriptures. Of course he explained the meanings of many other parables to them privately, but the holy word only records to of his explanations. These explanations are therefore fundamental to all Christians especially to bible decoders. He explained the meanings of the parable of the wheat and the weeds, and of the parable of the sower who went to sow.
In his explanation of the parable of the wheat and the weeds, Jesus gives us the meanings of the words: Sower, Field, Fine Seed, Weeds, Enemy, Harvest, all of which are repeated NOUNS in the account - see [The Repetition Principle]. And he gives the meaning of one further noun: Reapers, which is not repeated - see .
In his explanation of the sower who went to sow, in all three cases (Matthew13, Mark4 and Luke8), Jesus gives the meaning neither of words, nor of repeated words, but of unrepeated phrases which describe events in the parable - see .
So in the case of the weeds Jesus explains the meaning of the words in the parable (the repeated nouns except one) and in the case of the sower Jesus explains the meaning of the events in the parable (which are not repeated). It is not hard to see, therefore, that Jesus is explaining the word symbolic meaning of the weeds and the event symbolic meaning of the sower. He is also, by only explaining these two parables in this way, explaining that these two are the only two types of symbolism employed by the bible code.
In other words these two are the beginning and end of the matter as regards bible symbolism. Now in the case of the sower, the literal meaning of Jesus' explanation explains the event symbolic meaning of the parable and the word symbolic meaning of Jesus' explanation explains (to some extent) the word symbolic meaning of the parable. But in the case of the weeds, the literal meaning of his explanation covers the word symbolic meaning of the parable and the word symbolic meaning of his explanation covers the event symbolic meaning of the parable. For even the explanations are holy and therefore coded.
The first 2 verses of the book of Revelation read:
1 A revelation by Jesus Christ, which God gave
him, to show his slaves the things that must shortly take place. And he sent
forth his angel and presented [it] in signs through him to his slave John,
2 who bore witness to:
the word God gave
and to the witness Jesus Christ gave,
even to all the things he saw (Revelation 1).
Obviously 'all the things he saw' is the literal account of the vision. But John is also bearing witness to 'The word God gave'. This therefore is a witness to God's words themselves which is the word symbolic meaning. John is also bearing witness to the (symbolically expressed) witness that Jesus gave him in the form of the vision, this then is the event symbolic account, the symbolic meaning of the events of the vision.
|All the things he saw||Literal account of the vision|
|The Word God gave||Coded word symbolic meaning of the vision|
|The Witness Jesus Christ gave||Straight event symbolic meaning of the vision|
But then the reader must consider the following question. Did God, like we men do in many of our great projects, only work out how to write the bible properly when he had almost finished the job? Did he only work out how to inspire a symbolic bible account when he reached Revelation, having not thought of it at the time Moses wrote Genesis?
Obviously not for he is:
10 The one telling from the beginning the finale, and from long ago the things that have not been done (Isaiah 46).
He is the one who knew that Man would walk on the moon before he said: Let there be light. So we deduce that every symbolic account in the whole bible is written in this same way as Revelation. So all symbolic accounts have an event symbolic meaning and a word symbolic meaning.
It is not hard to see that literal accounts, such as the history of Abraham or David etc. have the same set of meanings as symbolic accounts except that the literal account is the event symbolic meaning. For a literal account is a symbolic account with no symbolism if you see what we mean. In mathematical terms this would be the identity symbolism. A symbolism in which an apple is always an apple and an orange is always an orange etc.
Accounts which contain both literal and symbolic portions, such as dreams, explanations and fulfillments, obey the two rules above for their respective portions.
Do you remember the famous words of Jesus:
16 In this way the last ones will be first, and the first ones last (Matthew 20).
There are many meanings of this scripture and other scriptures which repeat this last being first concept. But one interesting one is that the last words of the bible tell the reader how to decode it. Hebrew books are read from the back to the front, they are read backwards. And this is a living prophecy from God, the creator of both English and Hebrew, that the decoding of the bible works backwards from the end. Much of our Chronology works backwards from the date of Armageddon. And as regards the bible code, well like any good text book, the answer can be looked up in the back of the book!
18 I am bearing witness to everyone (panti
masculine) that hears
the words (logouV masculine) of the prophecy of this
scroll: If anyone
adds/imposes upon them (auta neuter - words
or hearers), God will impose upon him the plagues that are written in this
19 And if anyone takes anything away from the words of the scroll of this prophecy, God will take his portion away from the trees of life and out of the holy city, things which are written about in this scroll (Revelation 22).
The literal meaning of these two verses is that if you add words to the scroll of Revelation itself, you will get plagues, and if you take words from the scroll of Revelation, corrupting the text, you will lose your everlasting life.
1 A revelation by Jesus Christ, which God gave him, to show his slaves the things that must shortly take place. And he sent forth his angel and presented [it] in signs through him to his slave John (Revelation 1).
11 saying: What you see write in a scroll and send it to the seven congregations, in Ephesus and in Smyrna and in Pergamum and in Thyatira and in Sardis and in Philadelphia and in Laodicea (Revelation 1).
6 And he said to me: These words are faithful and
true, and the Lord, the God of the inspired expressions of the prophets sent
his angel forth to show his slaves the things that must shortly take place.
7 And, look! I am coming quickly. Happy is anyone observing the words of the prophecy of this scroll.
8 Well, I John was the one hearing and seeing these things. And when I had heard and seen, I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel that had been showing me these things (Revelation 22).
This scroll is the scroll of Revelation in the literal meaning that contains all the visions presented by the angel of Jesus (who must have been Gabriel) to John. More seriously, it appears that some bible versions of Revelation have bits added and bits removed. We shall have to investigate this further...
Since Revelation 22 is a literal account from verse 6 onwards, so the symbolic meaning is an account symbolism, and is further the very definition of how all the symbolic meanings of the bible work! For we have the words of the scroll of the prophecy and we have the words of the prophecy of the scroll. These two define the event symbolic and account symbolic meanings as follows:
|Scroll of this prophecy||Account of the events|
|Prophecy of this scroll||Events of the account|
|Words of the scroll of this prophecy||Symbolic meaning of the account of the events|
|Words of the prophecy of this scroll||Symbolic meaning of the events of the account|
So the bible has two symbolic grammars, if you like. There is a symbolic meaning of the prophecy of the scroll, which is the straight forward symbolism of the events in the account. Then there is the symbolic meaning of the scroll of the prophecy, which is the symbolic meaning of the account of the events, the words that describe the events. Hence the name 'Word Symbolism' for this symbolic meaning. This may be another reason why Jesus is called the 'Word' of God.
So if anyone persecutes someone who understands the Event symbolism of Revelation then they get plagues. And if any sanctified person will not accept Word Symbolism then they get no more food from the tree of life, and they fail to join the holy city of FDS2/4 so they break their baptism.
The corollary of this is that the Holy City and the life giving food are derived from the Word Symbolic meanings of the bible.
Revelation makes the distinction between Event Symbolism and Account Symbolism using Account symbolism. It is an implicit distinction. But nonetheless, the distinction is there.
For those who do not understand the meaning of explicit, consider the two equations below:
x+3=2x ( implicit)
Both equations have the same solution, namely x=3, the latter equation defines x in terms of itself, this is the meaning of 'implicit'. Likewise Revelation 22:18,19 define event and account symbolisms through account symbolism. But verse 10 reads:
10 He also tells me: Do not seal up the words of the prophecy of this scroll, for the appointed time is near (Revelation 22).
Whereas Gabriel said to Daniel:
4 And as for you, Oh Daniel, make secret the words and seal up the scroll, until the time of [the] end. Many will rove about, and the [true] knowledge will become abundant (Daniel 12).
The words of the prophecy of the scroll are the event symbolic meaning. This meaning is the straight symbolism, it is not sealed. In fact mankind saw that the wild beast of Revelation 13 and 17 was the League of Nations in 1920. This is the event symbolic meaning. But the account symbolic meaning, the word symbolism, was sealed up until the time of the end, which began in 1992Shebat21 - see . Now Revelation22 deliberately does not say: Do not seal up the words of the scroll of the prophecy, because the Word symbolic meaning was sealed up.
So the same account that tells us not to mess around physically with the physical holy words of Revelation (and it tells us that false churches will do this), also tells us how precisely to mess around symbolically with these words in order to get their symbolic meanings (and true churches will do this). And by the Consistency Principle, this symbolic methodology applies, the two symbolisms apply, not just to the book of Revelation, but to the whole bible.
Finally we have the shortest parable in the bible which is:
33 Another illustration he spoke to them: The kingdom of the heavens is like leaven, which a woman took and hid in three large measures of flour, until the whole mass was fermented/leavened (Matthew 13).
Ok, you young paduan learners! If it is the most insignificant and smallest of the parables in the whole bible, then what does this tell you about its spiritual meaning in this upside down world in which we live?
Yes, it is the greatest of them all in meaning. Well, the event symbolic meaning is as follows:
The woman is the holy spirit, the leaven is the bible code, and the three lumps of flour are the literal, the event symbolic and the account symbolic meanings of the bible. When the whole mass is fermented/leavened (decoded), then we can truly eat the whole book and see both the code and the truth and God and the true religion and his plan and his love and his humour and his righteousness, and our total and utter pretentiousness and stupidity stretching over 3500 years. As regards the account symbolic meaning of Matthew 13:33 and the parallel account in Luke 13:20 please see section .
This leaven is not the wicked teachings of the Pharisees but is rather the
good teachings of the true priesthood of God. This website is the result of such
leaven. We are expanding the bread of heaven to make it fully digestible.
If one character or item in a subaccount is referred to by two or more non successive nouns (nouns used as nouns or nouns used as possessive adjectives or gerunds, but not adjectives used as nouns), then these nouns refer to two or more characters or items in the various word symbolic threads if such threads exist. These characters or items may be the same as or different from the one character or item to which all the nouns refer in the literal or event symbolic meaning.
Our first incorrect idea for this principle was:
[[If one character or item in an account is referred to by two or more (successive or non successive) nouns used as nouns (multiple designations), then it has two or more word symbolic meanings in the various word symbolic threads if they exist. These may be the same as or different from the event symbolic meaning.]] - REJECTED
See the accounts in section .
If a noun is referred to by a pronoun, then in the word symbolic meaning teh pronoun represents the word symbolic meaning of the last stated noun. So for example if we read...
Peter went fishing
He caught a fish
Simon ate the fish
His belly became full
'He' is Peter and 'His' is Simon in the word symbolic meaning. Both are of course Simon Peter in the literal meaning.
The double or triple or quadruple or quintuple or sextuple designation (which we use to mean two, three, four, five or six successive designations), is the most important prophetic form in the bible. Here is the definition and the effect of this form...
If a character or item designated by...
1. A noun acting as a noun
2. An adjective acting as a noun (which almost invariably means that it is preceded by 'the' i.e. is definite or is in the construct in Hebrew)
3. A participle, (a verb used as an adjective), which adjective is acting as a noun, (which means that it must be preceded by 'the' i.e. is definite - such as 'the scorched [one]' or is in the construct in Hebrew)
4. A gerund (a verb acting as a noun such as a 'smoker')
5. The implied phrase 'The [one]' where '[one]' is implied and is of course acting as a noun.
6. The word 'tiV' meaning 'a certain one'.
7. The word 'eiV' meaning 'one'.
is referred to by two or more successive such designations, both/all of which are definite or both/all of which are indefinite.
And if all the designations when taken separately in the context of the verse act as nouns and the verse makes sense with each designation standing alone (which means that the designations must all be in the same case in Greek). In the case of parallel account, you can use the information in all the parallel accounts to help make sense of each separate designation.
And if the first one of the successive designations is actually a noun acting as a noun.
And if any possessive pronoun in one of the successive designations is also in all other succeeding or preceding designations.
Then there are two or more Word Symbolic meanings to that account. The account possesses two or more Word Symbolic threads/strands/meanings.
The first Word Symbolic thread has only the first designation of any successive designations, and substitutes all second and third etc. successive designations to be the first successive designation wherever these may occur in the account including and after the successive designation (until any further successive designation redefines these substitutions). The second Word Symbolic thread takes only the second designation of any successive designations etc. and substitutes the first and third etc. successive designations to be the second successive designation wherever these may occur in the account including and after the successive designation (until any further successive designation redefines these substitutions) etc.
The first designation occurs first in position. If several items or characters have successive designations then all the first designations form the first word symbolic thread, and all the second designations form the second word symbolic thread etc. If an account has a quadruple designation and a double designation, the the double designation shows the first designation in the first and third threads and the second designation in the second and fourth threads of the account.
A designating phrase cannot be a part of a multiple designation if it contains a pronoun since the pronoun will become disconnected from the noun it stands for in any substitution.
These generally end in 'ed'. For example, 'Kicked' can be a past participle: We have kicked. Or it can be a passive participle: We were kicked. In general the verb 'to have' gives a past participle and the verb 'to be' gives a passive participle. A participle is a verb acting as an adjective. A Gerund is a participle acting as a noun. In the English language, only present participles can act as nouns (Driving is fun). Passive participles act as adjectives only in English. But in Greek passive participles can act as nouns (The Scorched [one] was sold last).
The soil, the fine [soil] (a repeated designation)
Lord! Lord! (a repeated designation)
Nebuchadnezzar, the king
The King, Nebuchanezzar
King Nebuchadnezzar ('King' is a noun)??
Rebekah, a sister of Bethuel
A man, a householder
A maidservant, an Egyptian
Joseph, Son of David
Sarah, Abraham's wife
The Faithful Steward, the discreet [one]
Lord Jehovah, holy [one] of Israel (Hebrew)
The ram, one standing before the watercourse
The Island, the [one] called Patmos
The 7 congregations, the [ones] in Asia
The false prophet, the one having deceived
Men of the city, men of Sodom
Angel of the God, the [one] travelling before army of Israel (Exodus 14)
The bull, the one
The bull, the other
My lord, My brother (might be OK since both designations are possessed)??
Father Abraham ('Father' is a noun!)
A son, a male (translating this as 'A male son' would be an insult to the reader)
Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera, the priest of On (Asenath was not herself the priest of On, her father was. Potiphera is a possessive double designation - So the first thread has, Asenath, and the second has, the daughter of the priest of On)
The heads of grain, the withered [ones]??
James and John, the 2 sons of Zebedee
A ruler, a certain one [eiV]
A priest, a certain one [tiV]
Women, certain ones
A man, a certain one
A certain one, a man [it is just possible that it does not work this way round and we should read: a certain man]
The Dragon, the great [one], the serpent, the archaic [one], the [one] called [the] Devil and the Satan, the [one] misleading the entire inhabited earth.
The last combination is the daddy of all successive designations. It is in fact the product of Jesus' sense of humour! The joke is of course that the phrase: The one called the Devil and Satan, which is actually declaring that it is giving us two successive designations for Satan, is itself a successive designation for Satan! This sort of thing is a cryptic confirmation of the existence of the successive designation principle. The whole thing is rather like an Angus Deaton quiz show.
Consider the made up prophetic form:
The Dragon, the great [one], the hated [one], the lying [one], the [one] lying to everyone
This has a passive participle (Hated [one]) acting as a noun and a present participle (Lying [one]) acting as a noun. Both of these participles are therefore Gerunds. Finally it has 'the' acting as a noun through the implied '[one]'. The largest number of successive designations in the correct form that we have seen in the bible is 6.
A woman, but, a certain one (not successive but reads OK)
The famine, the that ('that' can be used as an adjective or a pronoun,
but is not an adjective, it is a determinant)
Some of the men, the Galileans (some, all etc. are not nouns).
Against-the prophet, against-Moses
My servant, Moses (Pronoun imbalance)
Abraham, her husband (Pronoun imbalance)
to-Nebuchadnezzar, the king
The dragon (accusative), the serpent (nominative)
Lord, the God of us, the almighty (Pronoun imbalance)
The cows, the [ones] ascending after them (Pronoun imbalance)
The enemy, the [one] having sown them (Pronoun imbalance)
The woman, the this (pronoun imbalance)
The woman, this (pronoun imbalance)
This [one], the woman (pronoun imbalance)
A man there was, a householder (not successive)
A hostile [one], a man (indefinite adjective, could be a hostile man)
The ram that you saw, [the] owner of the two horns (pronoun imbalance)
Men, Galilean [ones] (indefinite adjective but used substantively)
When substituting single designations one must substitute the whole designation including the definite article (the) and the possessive operator (of). The single designation to be substituted must be in the same case as the substituting designation in Greek (or possibly just precisely the same word), unless the Greek word for the Designation is indeclinable. In Hebrew both the substituting word and the substituted word must be absolute or both must be construct (this does not apply to the successive designation itself). In Greek and in Hebrew both a definite designation cannot substitute an indefinite designation but an indefinite designation can substitute a definite one.
Hebrew nouns with the inseparable prepositions (k as, l to, b in, m from) cannot make successive designations because both designations would need to have the prepositional prefix and then the nouns would not be successive having a preposition between them. Hebrew nouns with pronominal suffixes (suffixes which are pronouns) cannot make successive designations because they are not plain nouns (we realised this when we saw that they do not work in Genesis 16 or Numbers 12). Or more likely because one designation is possessed by a pronoun and the other isn't. In the Greek too, if one designation has a pronoun and the other doesn't then the result is not a successive designation because the pronoun imbalance would introduce a possibly meaningless pronoun into sentences containing the designation without the pronoun, on substitution.
[[If the result of the substitutions has a double 'the', such as 'the the Nazarene', then one shortens this to 'the Nazarene'. One can justify this 'the the' fix on the basis that these substitutions on the double designations themselves always result in a repeated word or phrase which is similarly shortened to one recital. For example: Jesus, the Nazarene, becomes: The Nazarene, The Nazarene, which becomes: The Nazarene, in the second word thread, and becomes: Jesus, Jesus, which becomes: Jesus in the first word thread. Or one can justify it on the basis that in Greek, the the Nazarene means, the [one], the Nazarene, which means, the Nazarene.]]???
Mary (nominative) and Mary (vocative)
Jesus and 'of Jesus'
King (absolute) and King (construct)
King, the King
For example the successive designation: Nebuchadnezzar, the king, causes a substitution to occur in the phrase: The King was very pleased, but not in the phrase: Our king is wonderful (because 'the' is absent).
Successive designations can be possessive of course. Take the first verse in Matthew for example:
1 The book of the history of Jesus Christ, son of David, son of Abraham (Matthew 1).
Jesus, Christ, son of David, son of Abraham is a quadruple designation for our saviour. But all of the multiple designations are used as adjectives possessively describing the noun 'history'. So this is not a successive designation as we have defined that prophetic form. But it is nonetheless a multiple designation, so what should we do with it? Well we puzzled over this one for some time until the example in Matthew 1 above gave us the answer. Possessive successive designations do not create word symbolic threads as the non possessive ones do. But they do substitute as a successive designation does in the word symbolic threads that are created by the non possessive successive designations. In Matthew 1 there are two word symbolic threads which are created by the successive designations...
David, the king
Joseph, the husband of Mary
Jesus, the [one] called Christ.
So in Word 1 verse 1 is:
1 The book of the history of Jesus
son of David, son of Abraham (Matthew 1).
Whereas in Word 2 it is: 1 The book of the history of Christ, son of David, son of Abraham (Matthew 1).
The 3rd and 4th designations for Jesus (son of David and son of Abraham) do not substitute since there is no 3rd of 4th word symbolic thread.
There is a further prophetic form that works in the same way as a Successive Designation, we call it a Double Declaration. The Double Declaration Principle states that:
If any non trivial word is recited twice successively then the pair acts as a Successive Designation.
This is true because plainly the account reads sensibly with either one of the successive declarations missed out. Examples of this prophetic form are:
Truly, truly, I say to you
Impale [him], Impale [him]
So where is the scriptural justification for this outrageous scheme to pervert the scriptures and twist them to our taste, substituting holy words here there and everywhere in accordance with a scheme of men, the puritan asks, and rightly so. Do we not fall foul of the very last words in the book?
Well the last few verses of Revelation 22 have 4 word symbolic threads to them, since our sacrificee and saviour said:
16 I, Jesus, sent my angel to bear witness to you people of these things for the congregations. I am the root and the offspring of David, the star, the bright, the morning.
17 And the spirit and the bride keep on saying: Come! And let anyone hearing say: Come! And let anyone thirsting come; let anyone that wishes take life's water free.
18 I am bearing witness to everyone that hears the words of the prophecy of this scroll: If anyone makes an addition to these [words], God will add to him the plagues that are written in this scroll,
and if anyone takes away from the words of the scroll of this prophecy,
God will take his portion away from the trees of life and out of the holy city,
of the things [good or plagues?] which are written about in this scroll
We looked at these verses in the 3rd proof of the symbolic structure principle above. Literally, for the literal meaning or the event symbolic meaning of an account, no words can be altered. Furthermore some words have been added and removed so that some people will get the plagues and lose their portion from the trees of life and the holy city. But in one of the word symbolic threads, the ambiguous verse 19 should be read:
19 and if anyone takes away from the words of the scroll of this prophecy, God will take his portion away of the [bad] things [the plagues] which are written about in this scroll, [which come] from the trees of life and out of the holy city (Revelation 22).
Now whereas 'the words of the prophecy of this scroll' stand for the literal and event symbolic meanings of the bible, 'the words of the scroll of this prophecy' stand for the word symbolic threads. So we can and do take away words from these threads and thereby avoid the plagues on Babylon and on mankind in general! (But we cannot add words to them). For the LWs are trees of life individually and a holy city collectively.
Let us apply the Successive Designations Principle to the following made up and non scriptural example:
Sarah, Abraham's wife went shopping with
Hagar, the Egyptian..
Hagar picked up a nice cooking pot
Abraham's wife picked up a bag of rice
Sarah, Abraham's wife, paid for them
She then took her maidservant home
Hagar, the Egyptian boiled the rice in the pot
Her mistress gave the rice to Abraham
Abraham said: What a great meal my wife!
Sarah said: My maidservant cooked it.
Abraham said: My wife and Hagar work well together.
This splits into first and second Word Symbolic accounts as follows:
1st Word Symbolism (1st Word Symbolic thread):
Sarah, went shopping with Hagar
Hagar picked up a nice cooking pot
Sarah picked up a bag of rice
Sarah, paid for them
She then took Hagar home
Hagar, boiled the rice in the pot
Her mistress gave the rice to Abraham
Abraham said: What a great meal my wife!
Sarah said: My maidservant cooked it.
Abraham said: My wife and Hagar work well together.
2nd Word Symbolism (2nd word symbolic thread):
Abraham's wife went shopping with
The Egyptian picked up a nice cooking pot
Abraham's wife picked up a bag of rice
Abraham's wife, paid for them
She then took the Egyptian home
The Egyptian boiled the rice in the pot
Her mistress gave the rice to Abraham
Abraham said: What a great meal!
Abraham's wife said: My maidservant cooked it.
Abraham said: My wife and the Egyptian work well together.
For the whole story on Genesis 16, the first part of the symbolic drama referred to by Paul in Galatians 4, please read . If you actually try and write one of these you will see that the Successive Descriptions Principle is quite restrictive to what the account can say. We had to rewrite the above a few times to get it to work! The account must make sense with all of the substitutions. For example Abraham could not have said: Thanks Hagar! Because then in the second word symbolism he would have said: Thanks the Egyptian! which is nonsense! (Hebrew has no vocative, this problem would not occur in Greek due to the vocative case). So here at last is a grammatical proof of the bible code, and a test for canonicity. For more of this sort of thing - see .
The two great interpreters of dreams in the holy book are Joseph and Daniel. They are the two archetypical bible decoders. Get to know them and you get to know about this amazing code.
12 Forasmuch as an extraordinary spirit and knowledge and insight to interpret dreams and the explanation of riddles and the untying of knots had been found in him, in Daniel, whom the king himself named Belteshazzar. Now let Daniel himself be called, that he may show the very interpretation (Daniel 5).
Daniel chapter 5 has two designations for Belshazzar, the king of Babylon. These are: The King and Belshazzar. In each Word symbolic meaning, Belshazzar stands for someone, the king stands for someone else, and Belshazzar, the king is a double designation which stands for the symbolic meaning of 'Belshazzar' in the first word symbolism and the symbolic meaning of 'The king' in the second. If you do not realise this then the account is all tied up in a knot and you get nowhere. Once you do realise this, then you can untangle the account into its two different Word Symbolic strands. For our imperfect attempt at the untangling of Daniel 5, which you are unlikely to follow as yet! - see .
The classic example of Successive Designation Symbolism is Revelation 12. Here we read:
9 So [down] was hurled the dragon, the great, the serpent,
the archaic, the
one called Devil and the Satan, the one misleading the entire inhabited earth; he was hurled down to the
earth, and his angels were hurled down with him (Revelations 12).
There are 6 designations for Satan in this one verse:
the great [one]
the archaic [one]
the [one] called [the] Devil and the Satan (participle used as an adjective describing a state)
the [one] misleading the entire inhabited earth (participle used as an adjective describing an action).
These are 6 valid designations for the same angel. The reader (and the writer) might at first think that the above is only 4 total designations for Satan, because the sense is, the great dragon, the original serpent, etc. But this is a Word symbolism, and the Greek reads:
O drakwn o megaV
The dragon, the great
It does not read:
The great dragon
Both are acceptable forms in the Greek idiom. In the parable of the sower the Greek has both forms (it has the soil, the fine, and it has the fine soil). And Satan was the great one and the oldest angel, for he was the firstborn angel of God and he had the firstborn covenant until Adam's sin. In the rest of the account we read of the exploits of: The dragon, the devil and the serpent:7 And war broke out in heaven: Michael and his angels battled with the dragon [Satan's heavenly organisation], and the dragon and its angels battled (Revelation 12).
15 And the serpent [true religious corruptor] disgorged water like a river from its mouth after the woman, to cause her to be drowned by the river.
1For the kingdom of the heavens is like a man, a householder, who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard (Matthew 20).
So we have a man and a householder. Now the rest of the account refers variously to 'the man', 'the householder', and 'him'. So by the Successive Designations Principle we have two word symbolic threads to Matthew 20 - see .
1Now Sarai, Abram's wife, had borne him no children; but she had an Egyptian maidservant and her name was Hagar (Genesis 16).
The two successive designations for Sarah, means that there are two Word Symbolic threads in this account - see
42 And the Lord said: Who really is the faithful steward, the discreet one, whom his master will appoint over his body of attendants to keep giving them their measure of food supplies at the proper time? (Luke 12).
oikonomoV o fronimoV (Luke 12)
The faithful steward, the discreet [one]
The two successive designations for this steward means that there are two Word Symbolic threads in this account - see .
11 Abraham, Abraham (Genesis 22)
2 Jacob, Jacob (Genesis 46)
13 Conspiracy, conspiracy! (2 Chronicles 23)
4 And he said: Moses, Moses (Exodus 3)
22 Lord, Lord, did we not prophesy in your name, and expel demons in your name, and perform many powerful works in your name (Matthew 7)
These double declarations work the same as your regular successive designations. They are merely a special case of Father, Abraham for example. So there are two further Abrahams, two further Jacobs, fathers of 12 tribes, two further impalements, two further conspiracies, two further Moses' etc. In the case of the impalement, the further two are represented by the two robbers impaled one on each side of Jesus. In the case of Moses, Jesus was one greater Moses, and there is another.
If a character or item, represented by a noun, in an account makes two or more non successive appearances with differing descriptors, one of which can be no descriptor, (which descriptors can be adjectives or participles used as adjectives) then all the word symbolic threads have two or more fulfilments of the word symbolic meaning of the noun.
Jesus and Jesus the Galilean are two descriptions of Jesus. Jesus and Lord and the righteous [one] are two designations and a description of both designations. Jesus and Jesus of Nazareth are two descriptions of Jesus. The soil, the fine [soil] is a repeated designation the second of which is a further description of soil.
Definition: A Symbolic Meaning of a word, is a further meaning to the literal meaning which meaning is related to the literal meaning in a symbolic way
Definition: A Fulfilment of a symbolic meaning of a word, is a particular example of that symbolic meaning.
Definition: A word symbolic thread of a subaccount is a word symbolic meaning of the entire sub account.
Definition: A further fulfilment of a word symbolic subaccount is a second temporal occurrence of the word symbolic meaning of that subaccount
The double or triple or quadruple or quintuple description (which we use to mean two, three, four or five successive descriptions), is the second most important prophetic form in the bible (in the sense that it defines the number of fulfilments of the word symbolic threads defined by the successive designations principle). Here is the definition and the effect of this form...
If a character or item, represented by a countable noun, in an account is characterized to by two or more successive descriptors, one of which can be no descriptor and the other of which can be a second and descriptive noun (such as Father or King or God etc.) which descriptors are adjectives, participles used as adjectives describing a state, or descriptive nouns, then all the word symbolic threads have two or more fulfilments to the entire thread relating to the two or more descriptors of that character or item. The first fulfilment temporally of the thread takes only the first description of the countable noun (first in position in the account as written) and substitutes all incidences of the second and the other successive descriptions in the prophetic form which occur in the account including and after the successive description, to be the first description (until any further successive description redefines these substitutions). The second fulfilment temporally of the thread takes only the second description of the countable noun (second in position in the account as written) and substitutes all incidences of the first description and the other successive descriptions in the prophetic form which occur in the account including and after the successive description to be the second description (until any further successive description redefines these substitutions), etc.
There can be many fulfilments of a meaning. For example the meaning Christ, has fulfilments of Jesus, John the baptist, Paul etc. Or if the expression ‘ruler of the Jews’ had the symbolic meaning ‘head of a congregation’, then it would have as many fulfilments as there were congregations. A double description cannot have a pronoun imbalance for the same reasons that a double desgination cannot have one, namely one of the substitutions could introduce a meaningless pronoun into the account.
The faithful and discreet slave (literally: the faithful slave and discreet)
Wicked and adulterous generation
A thief and a plunderer (literally: thief is and plunderer)
The brother of James and John
7 heads of grain, [ones] withered and thin [ones] and [ones] scorched
The God and father of him (The God of him and the father of him)
Lord of Lords and King of Kings
The ugly [ones] and the skinny [ones] (no noun)
The famous example is 'The faithful and discreet slave' of Matthew 24:45. The one word symbolic thread, has two fulfilments which relate to two slaves, a faithful slave and a discreet slave. The two descriptors 'faithful' and 'discreet' define two separate slaves in two separate fulfilments of the one word symbolic meaning - see .
45 Who really is the faithful and discreet slave whom his master appointed over his domestics, to give them their food at the proper time? (Matthew 24).
o pistoV doulos kai fronimoV
The faithful slave and discreet
In Luke we have two successive designations for the appointed one: ‘the faithful steward’ and ‘the discreet one’, so we know from the Successive Designations Principle that there are two greater symbolic meanings for the slave in two word symbolic threads.
In Matthew we have one designation: ‘the faithful and discreet slave’. But this designation describes the slave in two ways: faithful & discreet. So we have two successive descriptions of one slave in Matthew and two successive designations for one slave in Luke. Successive designations give further word symbolic meanings, and successive descriptions gives further word symbolic fulfillments.
And look! Using this code here, we have already described the 4 true Christian administrations of Abraham's seed from Jesus' death to Armageddon. The 4 true Christian Religions. We call them FDS1, FDS2, FDS3, FDS4 in this website/book, standing for the first to the fourth Faithful and Discreet Slave. There were two slaves, two true religions in each of the two presences. Matthew refers to FDS1 and FDS3 and Luke refers to FDS2 and FDS4. The apostle Peter was the first head of FDS1, the apostle Paul was the first head of FDS2, these were both in the first presence. Charles Russell, who founded the Watchtower, was the first head of FDS3 (although he was never appointed over all of Jesus' belongings, but the second president of the Watchtower Joseph Rutherford was), and Gordon is the first head of FDS4, the Lords' Witnesses. For more on this - see
33 So now let Pharaoh look for
a man discreet and wise and set him
over the land of Egypt (Genesis 41).
This was Joseph in the literal meaning, who is described successively as being discreet and wise. In the word symbolic meanings a greater land of Egypt has two further rulers, a discreet one and a wise one - see .
2 And here ascending out of the river Nile were
7 cows beautiful in appearance and
fat-fleshed, and they went feeding among
the Nile grass.
3 And here there were seven other cows ascending after them out of the river Nile, ugly in appearance and thin-fleshed, and they took their stand alongside the cows by the bank of the river Nile (Genesis 41).
Joseph gave us the meaning of the literal dream in the same chapter, which meaning is in fact the event symbolic meaning. He revealed that we should take a cow for a year in that case. But both sets of 7 cows are described successively in two ways: beautiful and fat, ugly and thin. So there are two fulfilments of the cows in this dream in the one word symbolic thread. We have a reasonable but somewhat outdated understanding of this account - see .
If a phrase containing a verb is successively articulated (the two articulations being separated by either nothing or by the word 'and'), then there is a word symbolic thread and the double articulation takes a greater meaning in this and in all word symbolic threads.
Compare this with Joseph's explanation of the meaning of a dream repeated twice (firmly established and speeding to do it). But possibly both verbs must be in the same tense (Revelation 12:2).
8 Now come, write it upon a tablet with them, and inscribe it even in a book, that it may serve for a future day, for a witness to time indefinite (Isaiah 30).
The action of reducing something to writing is successively repeated here. This is the SAP telling us that there are two prophetic fulfillments to the account, which 'serve for a future day'.
17 By the decree of watchers the thing is, and [by] the saying of holy ones the request is (Daniel 4).
We are being told successively in two synonymous ways that the angels decreed this one.
Phrases do not have to be repeated word for word to qualify, but must be conceptually the same in the second recital. Because Amos has said:
3 Will two walk together unless they have met by
4 Will a lion roar in a forest when it has no prey?
Will a young maned lion give forth its voice from its hiding place if it has caught nothing at all?
5 Will a bird fall into a trap on the earth when there is no
snare for it?
Does a trap go up from the ground when it has absolutely caught nothing?
6 If a horn is blown in a city, do not also the people
If a calamity occurs in the city is it not also Jehovah who has acted/caused [it]?
7 For the sovereign Lord Jehovah will not do a thing unless he has revealed his confidential matter/secret to his servants, the prophets
8 There is a lion that has roared! Who will not be afraid?
The sovereign Lord Jehovah himself has spoken who will not prophesy? (Amos 3)
The forest is the hiding place of the lion, the roar is the giving forth of its voice, if it has caught nothing then it has no prey. These repeated concepts in slightly different words are how the sovereign Lord Jehovah reveals his confidential matters, his secrets to his servants the prophets today. A repeated recital does not need to use exactly the same words! Incidentally God causes every calamity and every good thing, being behind it all. But he does not directly cause every calamity or every good thing.
The last creative act of God, on the day that Adam sinned was:
And Jehovah God proceeded to make long garments of skin for Adam
and for his wife and to clothe them (Genesis 3).
The literal meaning is that God was their tailor. One consequence of this is that it is not a sin for women to wear fur coats. Beautiful women who wear fur coats are hated because of Jealousy, not because an animal has been killed purely for its skin. Remember that Adam and Eve were vegetarians when God killed the animal for it's skin to clothe them. But the concept of clothing them is repeated, being recited first in terms of making long garments. So there is a greater way in which God clothed them. This greater way was that he created new bodies for them which instead of being indefinitely long lasting bodies which did not age, as were their previous bodies in the garden, were just long lasting, and were ageing. Adam lived for 930 years (Genesis 5:5). So these new ageing bodies, shorter versions of which we all inhabit today, were their long garments of skin as it were.
8 However, let this one fact not be escaping
your notice, beloved ones, that one day is with Jehovah as a thousand years and a
thousand years as one day (2 Peter 3).
In the literal meaning, God lives forever, and so to him one day is just like 1,000 years. But this phrase is repeated, and so by the Successive Repeated Concept Principle, there is a greater way in which one day is as 1,000 years to God. This greater way is that one day represents 1,000 years in some scriptures.
6 And you must lie upon your right side in the second case, and you
must carry the error of the house of Judah forty days. A day for a year, a day for a
year, is what I have given
you (Ezekiel 4).
In the literal meaning, the 40 days of Ezekiel's laying on his right side represents 40 years or error of the house of Judah. But in the greater meaning, we know that the phrase: 'A day for a year' has a greater meaning. This meaning is that God has given 'a day for a year' to all would be Ezekiel's, 'prophets' who want to interpret the bible. A day for a year is an acceptable substitution and may give you the correct interpretation of any scripture in the symbolic meaning. It is a symbolism that God uses, we are being told.
6 Into their intimate group do not
come, O my soul. With their congregation do not become united, O my disposition, because in
their anger they killed men, and in their arbitrariness they hamstrung bulls.
7 Cursed be their anger, because it is cruel, and their fury, because it acts harshly. Let me parcel them out in Jacob and let me scatter them in Israel (Genesis 49).
11 Tying his full-grown ass to a vine and the descendant of his own she-ass to a choice vine, he will certainly wash his clothing in wine and his garment in the blood of grapes (Genesis 49).
12 The error of Ephraim is wrapped up, his sin is treasured
up (Hosea 13).
If an account contains a series of successive alternatives, then each alternative must occur at least once in at least one word symbolic thread. And if the number of word symbolic threads matches the number of successive alternatives then each and every alternative occurs only once in each and every thread (each threads gets its own alternative).
See 'tribulation or persecution' in the accounts of the sower - .
35 Therefore keep on the watch for you do not know when the master of the house is coming, whether late in the day (the first watch of the night) or at midnight (the second watch) or at cockcrowing (the third watch) or early in the morning (the fourth watch) (Mark 13).
See 'whether late in the day (the first watch of the night) or at midnight (the second watch) or at cockcrowing (the third watch) or early in the morning (the fourth watch). ' in the account of the slaves appointed by the master - .
If a verb has two or more successive subjects, then the account has two or more fulfilments in total in all the word symbolic threads.
See 'the anxiety of this system of things and the deceptive power of riches choke the word' in the accounts of the sower - .
See 'the rain poured down and the rivers came and the winds blew and struck against that house' in the account of the house built on sand - . This principle appears to be a special case of the Successive Articulations Principle.
If a verbal phrase is articulated twice non successively (separated by a word other than 'and') in one account, then it takes a greater meaning different from the literal meaning in all the word symbolic threads of the account. This greater meaning is a key symbolism in the word symbolic threads. (And there must be at least one word symbolic thread.)
Compare this with Joseph's explanation of the meaning of a dream repeated twice (firmly established and speeding to do it).
12 And Arpachshad life [yx
a noun] 35 year. Then he became father to
13 And after his fathering Shelah, Arpachshad continued to live 3 years and 400 year. Meanwhile he became father to sons and daughters.
27 And the uncircumcised [person] that is such by nature will, by
carrying out the Law, judge you who with its written code [grammatoV]
and circumcision are a transgressor of law (Romans 2).
29 But he is a Jew who is one on the inside, and [his] circumcision is that of the heart by spirit, and not by a written
code [grammatoV]. The praise of that one comes, not from men, but from God (Romans 2).
6 who has indeed adequately qualified us to be
ministers of a new covenant, not of a written code [grammatoV], but of
spirit; for the written code [grammatoV] condemns to death, but the spirit makes
alive (2 Corinthians 3).
Paul is saying that literally the law was a 'grammar'. But then a grammar is the code of a language. Now using the bible code itself we see that the greek word 'grammatoV' appears only twice in each of the accounts at Romans 2 and at 2Corinthians 3, so by the repetition principle below, there is a greater GrammatoV, than the law of Moses. There is a greater grammar to the bible. This greater grammar is the grammatical bible code, the grammar of the symbolism of the bible, a symbolic grammar if you like. The point is that these two accounts are both saying that the bible code is a grammatical code. And this indeed is what we have discovered. In a nutshell...
The designations principle and the successive designations principle are the
symbolic grammar of the nouns
The descriptions principle and the successive descriptions principle are the symbolic grammar of the adjectives
The articulations principle and the successive articulations principle are the symbolic grammar of the verbs
Definition: The literal meaning of an account OR the event symbolic meaning of an account AND every word symbolic meaning of an entire account or subaccount combine to make the total number of threads or strands of that account or subaccount.
A literal account has a literal thread and may have one or more word symbolic threads. A non literal account, such as a parable, a vision or a dream, has an event symbolic thread and may also have one or more word symbolic threads. No section of any account has both a literal thread and an event symbolic thread, although an interpretation has one thread which is both literal in some places and event symbolic in others (but not both at once).
All bible accounts obey the following noun count of the countable nouns as defined in the symbolic structure principle section above. These nouns define the word symbolism of the word symbolic threads. The total number of recitals of a countable noun in all of the symbolic subaccounts tells us the number of different meanings that it takes in all of the threads of the symbolic subaccounts (including the literal or event symbolic thread). The total number of recitals of a countable noun in all of the literal subaccounts tells us the number of different meanings that it takes in all of the threads of the literal subaccounts (including the literal or event symbolic thread).
If the noun count of every countable noun in a subaccount is odd, and if that subaccount has no successive designations then it has no word symbolic threads.
If the noun count of one countable noun in a subaccount is even (and that noun takes the same meaning each time it appears in the subaccount), and if that subaccount has no successive designations then it has one word symbolic thread.
If a subaccount has no successive designations but the account it is in has one or more word threads, then the subaccount has one word thread only if it has a word (which will be a countable noun in this or another subaccount) which takes a different meaning in the first word thread (Word1) to its event symbolic meaning..
If a countable noun is recited a total of 2 times in all the symbolic subaccounts of an account, and if the noun has only one event symbolic meaning, then this noun takes a different word symbolic meaning (i.e. a different meaning in the word symbolic thread) to its event symbolic meaning in all the symbolic subaccounts. It takes a total of two symbolic meanings.
If a countable noun is recited a total of 2 times in all the literal subaccounts of an account, and if the noun has only one literal or event symbolic symbolic meaning, then this noun takes a different word symbolic meaning (i.e. a different meaning in the word symbolic thread) to its literal meaning in all the literal subaccounts. It takes a total of two meanings (one literal and one word symbolic).
If a countable noun is recited a total of three times in all the symbolic subaccounts of an account, and if the noun has only one event symbolic meaning, and if at least one symbolic subaccount has at least 3 threads, then it takes a different meaning in each of these threads (one event symbolic and two word symbolic meanings).
If a countable noun is recited a total of three times in all the literal subaccounts of an account, and if the noun has only one literal or event symbolic meaning, and if at least one literal subaccount has at least 3 threads, then it takes a different meaning in each of these threads (one literal and two word symbolic meaning).
In general, if a countable noun is recited a total of n times in all of the symbolic subaccounts of an account and if the largest number of threads of any symbolic subaccount in which it appears is m, and if said noun appears in all m threads of this subaccount after any substitutions, and if it has only one event symbolic meaning, then the largest factor of n that is less than or equal to m is the total number of distinct (event symbolic or word symbolic) meanings that the noun takes globally in all of the strands. Of course any word normally (but not always) only has one literal or symbolic meaning throughout any strand!
In general, if a countable noun is recited a total of n times in all of the literal subaccounts of an account and if the largest number of threads of any literal subaccount in which it appears is m, and if said noun appears in all m threads of this subaccount after any substitutions, and if it has only one literal or event symbolic meaning, then the largest factor of n that is less than or equal to m is the total number of distinct (literal or word symbolic) meanings that the noun takes globally in all of the strands.
Putting this less mathematically: The number of repetitions of a countable noun needs to be divisible by the total number of strands of an account in which the countable noun appears after any substitutions, in order that the noun can take a different symbolic meaning in each strand.
If a countable noun has two literal meanings such as the word 'dead' in the scripture: let the dead bury the dead, or such as the Hebrew word for woman (Xya), which also means 'man' in Deuteronomy 25 etc., and if it is recited only twice, then it has no extra word symbolic meanings. But if it is recited 4 times then it has a further pair of word symbolic meanings etc.
Adjectives have symbolic meanings which are generally dominated by the nouns they
Verbs have symbolic meanings which are generally dominated by nouns.
Adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, etc. are invariant in all symbolisms. They have symbolic meanings which are merely their literal meanings.
Nouns used possessively, such as the word 'Abraham', in the phrase Abraham's wife, do not count as nouns since they are being used as possessive adjectives.
Specifically, since this is a grammatical code...
1. Any noun at all in the genitive in Greek which is being used as an adjective is not counted. Eg: 'Hearing of my words', 'Having occurred of flood' uses 'words' and 'flood' possessively. 'The [one] of Zebedee' uses 'Zebedee' possessively. 'He came into contact with the coffin' has coffin in the genitive in Luke 7, but the genitive case can be used for the ablative in Greek (wonderful isn't it?). So 'coffin' is not used possessively in that case.
2. Nouns in the genitive due to prepositions such as epi, apo are counted
3. Quantifiers such as: Half of (the earth), a 3rd of (the earth) a quarter of (the earth), all of (the earth), every of (the people), one of (the prophets) etc do not turn nouns into adjectives, so the nouns still count even if they are in the genitive (except 'all of' in Hebrew - see 5.).
4. Any noun which is in the absolute preceded by a construct state (and therefore is a possessive adjective) in the Hebrew is not counted. The Hebrew 'construct' '-la' meaning 'to', being the 'construct' of 'la', meaning 'towards', which is a preposition, does not turn a noun into a possessive adjective (we think due to 'Joseph' in Genesis 40). In fact as is the case in Greek, no Hebrew preposition in the construct makes its absolute noun into a possessive adjective and therefore makes it uncountable.
5. The construct '-lk', meaning all of, or the whole of, being the proper construct of '-llk', meaning 'to complete', which is not a preposition, does turn a noun into a possessive adjective.
6. As in the case of successive designations, Hebrew nouns with pronoun suffixes (husband-of-her, maidservant-of-me etc.) are not countable 'because they are not plain nouns'. In general Hebrew Prepositions which are in the construct state, do not cause the succeeding absolute to be a genitive.
7. The words: Jehovah and God only ever mean Jehovah and God, for any further meaning would be symbolic idolatry!
This rather mathematical definition can be summed up in the following look up table:
|Number of recitals of countable noun||Number of threads of account||Number of literal or symbolic meanings of the countable|
It is important to realise that the number of recitals of a noun used as a noun governs the number of symbolic meanings that it takes in the different threads, but does not govern the number of fulfilments of these symbolic meanings that it might take.
14 For God speaks once and twice - though one does not regard it (Job 33).
Joseph says referring to the two similar dreams of Pharaoh:32 And the fact that the dream was repeated to Pharaoh twice means that the thing is firmly established on the part of the [true] God, and the [true] God is speeding to do it (Genesis 41). 32 And so to repeat the dream to Pharaoh two times, because being decided upon by the God and being soon to do him (Genesis 41 - NIVHEOT Hebrew Interlinear Bible)
But the whole bible is a dream, in the sense that bible writers spoke under inspiration not from their subconscious mind but from God. So what Joseph is saying is:
If any inspired scripture is repeated twice then, the thing is decided upon by God and God will do it soon.
Our first interpretation of this verse, which is quite obviously explaining the meaning of a repeated scripture in an account, was that a repetition meant a further meaning. This was pretty much a correct interpretation.
If two symbolic subaccounts describe the same set of events then they share their noun counts. One simply adds the noun counts for both subaccounts and this count determines the number of symbolic meaning that each countable noun takes in all of the threads of both subaccounts. Likewise if two literal subaccounts describe the same set of events then they share their noun counts. This is covered in more detail in the parallel account principle below. The situation is more interesting with an interpretational subaccount.
Interpretations are literal explanations of event symbolisms in their literal meaning. So their noun count is added to the narrative noun count only.
For a simple example of this have a look at the account of the dreams and interpretations of the cupbearer and the baker in Genesis 40 - .
Jesus actually confirms our current understanding of the Repetition Principle and the correct interpretation of Joseph’s explanation of a repetition in Matthew 13:24-30, in the account of the wheat and the weeds. He gives the word symbolic interpretation of 6 repeated nouns and of the non repeated word 'reapers' - see .
Have a look a sections , , , , , , , , , , , , . We have applied the latest 9th generation code to most of these accounts.
13 Consequently the Egyptians made the sons of Israel slave under
14 And they kept making their life bitter with hard slavery at clay mortar and bricks and with every form of slavery in the field. Yes, every form of slavery of theirs in which they used them under tyranny (Exodus 1).
This is just included to show the reader how repetitive a bible account can be!
2 Now the earth proved to be formless and waste, and there was darkness on the surface of the deep, and God’s spirit was moving to and fro over the surface of the waters (Genesis 1).
The 'surface' of the deep is a repeated word. The literal meaning is the surface of the seas on the earth, the symbolic meaning is the faces or the characters of the angels in the heavens (the Hebrew word translated surface, means face). For Genesis 1 is not just the story of the creation of the earth and of men, it is also the story of the creation of the heavens and of the angels (in the word symbolic meaning), like it says in the first line of the bible: even the first 7 Hebrew words:
1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth (Genesis 1).
Then we read:
2 Now the earth proved to be formless and waste and there was darkness upon the surface of [the] watery deep. And God's active force was moving to and fro over the surface of the waters (Genesis 1).
Then God said:
3 Let there be light. Then there was light (Genesis 1).
This is a big scripture, and it is the second example of a repeated phrase in the bible, the existence of light being repeated.
Firstly it was said after the earth had been created, since we have already read how there was darkness on the surface of the oceans in verse 2. The literal meaning of this statement is therefore a second physical creation of physical light. Because we know that light was around before the earth was created.
But the symbolic meaning, the greater meaning, is actually the creation of a spiritual form of illumination which is time. This creation of time, was the means by which God could hold his angels to account. For without time, angels could misbehave and then ‘undo’ their works in some sense. But time is what condemns bad works and praises good works. This big bang therefore illuminated the faces of the angels (not that they have physical faces), but their characters were exposed. Hence we read:
5 After that God saw that the light was good, and God brought about a division between the light and the darkness. And God began calling the light Day and the darkness he called Night. And there came to be evening and there came to be morning, a first day (Genesis 1).
The light shows up good and bad. Light representing good and darkness representing bad. The symbolism of the account of the first ‘day’ of creation of Genesis 1 is:
God’s heavenly administration
Surface of Waters
Characters of angels
So our two repeated phrases: the surface of the waters, and the existence of light, are the two key symbolisms of the account. The former means the characters of the angels and the latter means the creation of Time, which from our knowledge of Physics was the creation of space time, i.e. it was the Big Bang.
Now we are in a position to try and solve the problems of modern physics and the dilemma of the Big Bang not producing enough background radiation and the universe being unstable with only one constant speed of light from the Big Bang until today. And we are in a position to discredit the erroneous belief that the universe has been around for billions of years. There have been at least two forms of light in the history of the universe. The universe was created with one form of light and then before man came along another form of light was created. Putting this in simple terms, the universe was created in warp drive and then light slowed down to 300 million metres per second just before man appeared (actually to trap man in his playpen, the solar system, until he grew up). Yes the speed of light is a constant. But it is a constant set by God. A constant that was reset by the command:
Let there be light.
It might have been 300 billion or 300 trillion or 300 billion trillion metres per second before this command. Amen. For a fuller account of this, and a brief history of light, see section . God will reset the speed of light again in the future to enable us to reach every star in the universe, like Anakim Skywalker said. But he will not do this until we have grown up. It is not man who will invent warp drive in order to beat God. It is God who invented it in order to create the universe and in order to teach us. It is God who took the universe out of warp drive, for us, and for the angels, since they learn through us, and we through them, for they are our brothers. For we are moral minors and technological teenagers. It is no coincidence that one cannot explain this fundamental feature of the universe without admitting the existence of God.
This sort of realisation is the power of the Repetition Principle.
The Repetition Principle can be deduced to some extent from the Power Principle. Because if a phrase is repeated in an account, then it has no power in the literal meaning, because it is saying nothing new. The only way for it to have power is for it to mean something different in the greater meaning. So by the Power Principle, this must be the case. It must indeed have a greater meaning in the greater meaning.
2 In the midst of the years oh bring it to life, in the midst of the years may you make it known (Habakkuk 3).
Now in the literal meaning we have his resurrection and his death in the midst of 'the years'. In the Word symbolic meaning, since the phrase 'in the midst of the years' is repeated, it has a different meaning to that which it has in the literal meaning.
Now the Hebrew word for 'midst' is brq which can mean either amongst or middle. So in the literal meaning it must mean one and in the symbolic meaning the other. So however you look at it, Jesus died and was resurrected in the middle of 'the years'. For the full story see - The Midst Prophecy.
There are no coincidences in the bible. Every apparent coincidence is appointed by God20 As regards whatever our hearts may condemn us in, because God is greater than our hearts and knows all things (1 John 3).
Since God knows all things he is aware in particular of all of the coincidences in the bible. Since he is not given to deliberately misleading us (unless it is in our interest), we must assume that such scriptural similarities are a matter of design, rather than coincidence. The prophet Amos is saying:3 Will two walk together unless they have met by appointment?
18 And Jehovah God went on to say: It is not good for the man to continue by himself. I am going to make a helper for him, as a complement of him (Genesis 2). 26 But the helper, the holy spirit, which the Father will send in my name, that one will teach you all things and bring back to your minds all the things I told you (John 14).
We know that it is not a coincidence that God himself called Adam’s wife his helper, and that John called the holy spirit a helper. It means that the holy spirit is someone’s wife. Well if God is our father then we must also have a mother. Paul identifies his mother as the Jerusalem above:
26 But the Jerusalem above is free, and she is our mother
So the Jerusalem above is God's wife obviously, and so it is the Holy spirit. But the Jerusalem above is just God's administration of all of his loyal heavenly people. Just as the Jerusalem below was his administration of all of his loyal earthly people at one time. So the Holy spirit is all of God's holy angels, it is all of the holy spirits. So there it is, the precise identity of the Holy Spirit, from the No Coincidence Principle.
The Holy Spirit is a living group of beings, it is not a force as some religions (such as the Jehovah’s Witnesses) believe, because it pleads for us:
26 In like manner the spirit also joins in with help for our weakness; for the [problem of] what we should pray for as we need to we do not know, but the spirit itself pleads for us with groanings unuttered (Romans 8:26).
Who ever heard of a force that pleads? No, it is our mother who pleads with our father, God, for her children! It is so beautiful. She is no part of a mysterious trinity as most of Christendom would have us believe. She is all of the holy angels who are sealed. She is none other than the first lady of the heavens. And the trinity doctrine was designed by Satan and fed to unreasoning men and women to hide her beauty from us, due to his jealousy. Because he was born without her help, he never had a mother.
But with clear thinking and with eyes of faith we can see our mother's face. For her's is the face that launched a billion angelic ships for our spirits to sail in. And as regards beauty, her face would bring tears to the cheeks of Helen of Troy herself if only she could see it. So who can forgive us for the outrageous lies that we swallow?
For example, the sect of Nicolaus is mentioned in the counsel to Ephesus and to Pergamum in Revelation 3. The only other mention of his name is as one of the 7 ministerial servants in Acts 6:
5 And the thing spoken was pleasing to the whole multitude, and they selected Stephen, a man full of faith and holy spirit, and Philip and Prochorus and Nicanor and Timon and Parmenas and Nicolaus, a proselyte of Antioch (Acts 6).
6 Still, you do have this, that you hate the deeds of the sect of Nicolaus, which I also hate (Revelation 2).
This is not a coincidence. God is fully aware of this situation. It may not of necessity be the case that the Nicolaus of Acts 6 develops for himself a sect, but it is the case that we can learn about the sect by reading Acts 6, it is of help to us. If it is not literally of help, then it is symbolically or cryptically of help.
The phrase 'n times' in an account can
stand for can mean '360n times' in the greater meaning
The phrase 'n times' in an account can stand for can mean 'n/360 times' in the greater meaning
The phrase 'n times' in an account can stand for can mean 'n/30 times' in the greater meaning.
We deduce this from the following scriptures...
22 according to the days on which the Jews had rested from their enemies and the month that was changed for them from grief to rejoicing and from mourning to a good day, to hold them as days of banqueting and rejoicing and sending of portions to one another and of gifts to the poor people (Esther 9).
19 He has made the moon for appointed times. The sun itself knows well where it sets (Psalm 104).
34 By the number of the days that you spied out the land,
40 days, a day for a year, a day for a year, you will answer for your
errors 40 years, as you must know what my being estranged means (Numbers 14).
6 ...And you must lie upon your right side in the second case, and you must carry the error of the house of Judah 40 days. A day for a year, a day for a year, is what I have given you (Ezekiel 4)
The phrase: a day for a year a day for a year, is not just saying take a day for a year. For if it was then the second recital should be powerless. It is saying two things. To see what these are consider the two phrases below...
Take 7 days a day for a year and you get 7 years.
In the first phrase we substituted a day to be a year. In the second we substituted a year to be a day. These are the two meanings of the phrase: A day for a year, a day for a year. The twin recital is telling us that the substitution can work either way in the greater meaning. In Daniel4 we take a day to be a year - see U120. In 1Samuel11 we take a year to be a day - see U271c.
We read in Revelation 12:
14 But the two wings of the great eagle were given the woman, that she might fly into the wilderness to her place; there is where she is fed for a time and times and half a time away from the face of the serpent (Revelation 12).
Where ‘times’ is obviously in the plural (since Greek has no dual number as Hebrew does). But earlier in the same chapter we read:
6 And the woman fled into the wilderness, where she has a place prepared by God, that they should feed her there a thousand two hundred and sixty days (Revelation 12).
In the actual vision, (but not in it’s symbolic meaning) the two periods are the same period and so we are being told by holy spirit that the phrase ‘a time, times and half a time’ is 1260 days of the BLC (Biblical Lunar Calendar), which is 3.5 lunar years of 360 days. But a year is a time, a cycle, of the earth around the sun. So 3.5 years is 3.5 times. So 3.5 times is 1260 days. So 7 times is 2520 days. So n times is 360n days in this case. But in fact a time can be either one revolution of the earth on its axis (a day) or of the moon around the earth (a month) or of the earth around the sun (a year) - see the Numerical and Times Principles.
In Daniel chapter 4, Nebuchadnezzar, who is the King of Babylon and the King of God's people the Jews, who are prisoners in Babylon, is removed from his throne for a period of 'seven times' and then he is re instated as King. The phrase ‘seven times’ appears several times in the account:
16 Let its heart be changed from that of mankind, and let the heart of a beast be given to it, and let seven times pass over it (Daniel 4). 32 And from mankind they are driving even you away, and with the beasts of the field your dwelling will be. Vegetation they will give even to you to eat just like bulls, and seven times themselves will pass over you, until you know that the Most High is Ruler in the kingdom of mankind, and that to the one whom he wants to he gives it (Daniel 4).
This period of 7 times is 2520 days in the literal meaning, 7 Biblical Lunar years. So Nebuchadnezzar was a foreign king over God's exiled people who lost his kingship over them and over his own people and then regained it after 2520 days.
Now God ceased having a vassal king that represented him over his people sometime before Nebuchadnezzar besieged Jerusalem and burnt the temple in 586Ab10 BC (13th August). In fact the first king over the Jews who did not represent God was Jehoiakim who acceded sometime between 608 Tishri BC (September/October) and 607 Elul (August/September), in fact it was on 608Chislev10 (13th November) - see . So the last agricultural year of God's Kingship started in 608Tishri, and the first agricultural year without God as king over the seed of Abraham started on 607Tishri1 (23rd September). Jehoiakim was appointed by Pharaoh Nechoh of Egypt and was a vassal of his, see - The Chronology from Solomon to Zedekiah.
So the big question for God's people as prisoners in the foreign land of Babylon, having been deported there by Nebuchadnezzar after he burnt Jerusalem and Solomon's temple, is not how long will it be until we get Nebuchadnezzar back as our king? But, it is rather, how long will it be after God ceased being our king, before he again becomes our king through a vassal King who actually represents him?
It is this period that has been taken as the greater meaning of Daniel chapter 4 by many Second Adventists, who realised of course that the vassal King that the Most High God wants to give the kingdom of mankind to at the end of this period of Kingship malediction is Jesus. This appointment is then possibly the 'second coming' or the 'second presence' of the Christ. The Watchtower originally thought that the end of this period would be Armageddon (not unreasonably on the basis of Daniel 4 alone).
Historically, what 'second adventists' have done is to take Nebuchadnezzar to represent: God's vassal king over his people. They then say that the 2520 day period, which represents the time during which God does not have a vassal king over his people, is obviously way too short and so should be taken at 'a day for a year', using the Times Substitution Principle of the Code. Therefore, the period during which God's people do not have a vassal king representing God over them is 2520 years long.
This would mean that Jesus becomes God's vassal king over his people in 1914Tishri, 2520 years after 607Tishri1 (there was no 0 BC, it went 1BC then 1AD). Incidentally, no religion on this earth until the Lords' Witnesses has had the correct Chronology for the kings or the correct understanding of whom the last vassal king of Judah representing God was. We must credit the Reverend John Brown and Ed Schnopp for their major roles in this understanding. Please see . Ed Schnopp's treatise on the Gentile Times can be found on www.freeminds.org/history/gentile.htm
In fact Jesus did become God's vassal king in heaven over God's true people, who were no longer physical Jews, but by now had become Christians, but were all Abraham's true seed, sons of the First and Second Abrahamic Covenants, baptised by an Elijah into the 2AC, who came first, before Jesus came again, in 1914Tishri15 (7th October), as we shall see. This Elijah was actually Charles Russell, the founder of the Watchtower (see later).
11And they began to question him, saying: Why do the scribes say that first Elijah must come?
The problem with the naive interpretation of the symbolic Nebuchadnezzar as being God's vassal king over Abraham's true seed, who is Jesus at the end of the 2520 year period, is that Daniel says to him:27 Therefore, O king, may my counsel seem good to you, and remove your own sins by righteousness, and your iniquity by showing mercy to the poor ones. Maybe there will occur a lengthening of your prosperity (Daniel 4).
The solution to this problem is to realise that the 7 Prophetic Times fulfillment is a Word symbolism and so we have the latitude to assign a different symbolic meaning to each designation for King Nebuchadnezzar.
'Lord of me', and 'My Lord the king' do not suffer any passages in the account which cannot apply to Jesus. Daniel 4 is the account of the loss and regaining of several kingships over God's people. We are not going into them here however. The purpose of the above was to show how the Designations Principle is necessary to find the true interpretation of Daniel 4. However there is a scripture in Ezekiel which shows us that God's kingship over his people is ruined three times. It is:25 And as for you, Oh profane, wicked chieftain/prince of Israel, whose day has come in the time of the error of [the] end,
So the crown comes off, when the head one is not a king (from God's standpoint). Three greater ruins, are made of the kingship: a ruin, a ruin, a ruin, using the Successive Repeated Designation Principle. The one with the legal right is Jesus in the literal meaning.
There is an independent confirmation that 2520 years is the correct symbolic interpretation of Daniel 4 to be found in Leviticus 26 - see . This is a contract under the law of Moses between God and the whole Nation of Israel collectively. One of the penalties for breaking this contract was a 2520 year Kingship Malediction on God's people, wherein God did not act as King over the sons of Abraham, who are enlarged to mean under through either of his first two covenants - see . The 2520 year penalty is a sevenfold retribution for a 360 year combined idolatry error of both the houses of Israel and Judah added together, which is deduced from Ezekiel 4. In this chapter the Holy Spirit tells us to interpret the actions of the prophet taking a day for a year. So it is not unreasonable to interpret the actions of King Nebuchadnezzar, which being in the bible are prophetic, in the same way. So that his 2520 day loss of kingship stands for a 2520 year loss of kingship, as we have seen above.
The phrase 'n times' can be 360n years in a bible account.
The phrase ‘x times’ in the bible can mean 360x years. When it does, these 360 year periods are called Prophetic Times. Amazingly this is where mankind in general and the Jehovah’s Witnesses in particular have been blind.
The JWs know that ‘x times’ means 'x periods of 360 years' in Daniel chapter 4, and so do many other Christian and Jewish religions and theologians. But no one ever thought of applying this 'key' to any other incidence of the phrase ‘x times’ in the bible. This is because people who understood the symbolism of Daniel 4, did not believe that the bible was in a code. Technically no one had grasped the Consistency Principle of the code.
This is of course the same mistake that bible scholars and the Watchtower have made in the case of all greater meanings. They believe that Daniel 4 has a greater meaning, they know from Paul's words in Galatians 4:24 that Genesis 16 has a greater meaning, but they have failed to realise that perhaps Daniel 5 or perhaps Genesis 17 and just maybe every other chapter in the bible has a greater meaning too! This is again because these people did not see that the bible was written in a code, and technically no one had grasped the Symbolic Structure Principle. Why did no one ask the question:
If Daniel 4 has a greater symbolic meaning, then does Daniel 5 have one too? Would this have been a giant leap of inordinate intellectual perspicacity? Look what the good book has to say on this matter:
10 For upon you men Jehovah has poured a spirit of deep sleep, and he closes your eyes, the prophets, and he has covered even your heads, the visionaries.
Those who do know writing today are the modern day Pharisees, the elders of the third true church (now a false church). They cannot see the meaning of the book, which is the bible, because they are asleep with a bag over their heads. But the one who does not know writing, who has not been taught in the pharisaical schools for leaders in the Watchtower, this one does not say that he is unable. So we deduce that he is able. He stands for the leader of the 4th true congregation. The first members of this congregation were Gordon, Tony and later Massoud.
Gordon and Tony, two Lords' Witnesses, when there were only two of us (although Gordon does not think that Tony and Massoud were baptised until 1994Elul), grasped this bible key in February/March 1992, just after the Watchtower joined the United Nations as an NGO, thereby committing the transgression that causes them desolation of Daniel 8, and becoming part of the harlot riding the beast of Revelation 17. Gordon and Tony then charged through the bible substituting '360 years' for 'times' everywhere, and deduced the following:
|Daniel 4:25||, |
|John 5:2 (5 Collonades)|||
|1 Chronicles 21:12
(3 days, months, years)
|Genesis 45:6,7 Not proved||Not proved|
|Genesis 4:24, Matthew 18:22
(77 times compared to 7 times)
|Vaguely covered in |
|Luke 12:54,55||Not covered in website|
The rest of our early understandings, many of which were wrong, are in 'Letter to the Society'.
The reason that the Watchtower never worked this out in scriptural terms is that God blinded them because they lost their love for him. For their founder Charles Russell was not the Laodicean Messenger, as is inscribed on his gravestone, but was in fact the Ephesian messenger (see [15,16]), the angel of the first congregation of the second presence (which he believed would be the last). And the counsel to him from Jesus was:4 Nevertheless I hold this against you, that you lost the love you had at first (Revelation 2).
Isaiah prophesies that the JWs will become blind and deaf:
10 You are my witnesses, is the utterance of Jehovah: Even my servant whom I have chosen, in order that you may know and have faith in me, and that you may understand that I am the same One. Before me there was no God formed, and after me there continued to be none.
18 Hear, you deaf ones; and look forth to see, you blind ones.
This is why Jesus said to Peter:
37 And he came and found them sleeping, and he said to Peter: Simon, are you sleeping? Did you not have strength to keep on the watch one hour? (Mark 14).
The reason that the Watchtower did not see these in psychological terms was because Russell set the goals of the Society as follows:
The work in which the Lord has been pleased to use our humble talents has been less a work of origination than of reconstruction, adjustment, harmonisation (Kingdom Proclaimers).
An honest and humble appraisal (although saying that you’re humble in circumstances where humility is considered to be a virtue is more immodest than it is humble!!) But why should the past restrict the future? Why should Charles Russell cut short the hand of God in that way. Is there anything that is too extraordinary for him? Jesus thought not:36 And he went on to say: Abba, Father, all things are possible to you; remove this cup from me. Yet not what I want, but what you want (Mark 14).
This is rather like a motivational speech very well given by Will Carling about the British Lions at an Amway conference that Gordon Attended. The Lions set as their goal, a place in the Final of the World Cup in South Africa. And they got there. And then they lost the final because they had not set the winning of that match as their goal.
Russell was not the first Adventist to realise that Daniel 4 related to a period of 2520 years. Neither was he the first to get the start date of 607 correct. But he was the first and only Adventist to get the end date of this period absolutely correct to the Hebrew month 1914Tishri and to set up a religion which had the guts to declare it, guts which they have now lost, along with their faith and their love. The incredible thing is that he did this believing that Jerusalem fell to Nebuchadnezzar in 606 BC, when it in fact fell in 586. He worked things backwards from 536Tishri, a false date for the end of either of the two 70 year land Sabbath exiles. He did not even know there were two of them! Basically he made a series of mistakes and yet got the right answer. Now there is the activity of the holy spirit and the love of our God ! For the history of the main second adventist prophecy - see .
But what Russell did absolutely marvelously was to adopt the following crucial philosophy for bible research, although it is a matter of faith and logic as well. He proposed that:
The way to test your interpretation, is not against doctrines of churches but against all other scriptures relating to the subject matter of your interpretation. When you have harmonised them all then you have God’s interpretation.
He was not the first to have this idea either (Isaac Newton had it for example). God very rarely gives us the whole picture in one piece. He prefers to give us jigsaws. This we have made a principle of the code called the Jigsaw Principle!
A given number of living or inanimate items in a bible account can stand symbolically for that number of 'Times'.
A 'Time' can stand literally or symbolically for a day, a month or a year.
14 And God went on to say: Let luminaries come to be in the expanse of the heavens to make a division between the day and the night; and they must serve as signs and for seasons and for days and years (Genesis 1).
The planetary luminaries of the Sun and the moon define years and months. The earth itself defines 'days', although it is the rotation with respect to the Sun that we actually see. So a day is one time of the earth around itself. A month is one time of the moon around the earth. A year is one time of the earth around the Sun. All three are ‘times’ of revolution, cycles. These are God’s celestial time pieces. In scientific terms a 'time' is a 'cycle'.
So in the bible a ‘time’ can mean a day a month or a year.
19 He has made the moon for appointed times. The sun itself knows well where it sets (Psalm 104).
The penalty that God prescribed through Gad, to David, for his part in the registration sin was:
11Accordingly Gad went in to David and said to him: This is what Jehovah has said: Take your pick,
All three penalties were '3 times' in duration, and they prefigure the three times of the temple times - see . These times were, days, months and years.
Joseph, the 11th son of Jacob whose name was changed to Israel, was sold into slavery by his brothers and ended up in prison in Egypt with the chief of the bakers and the chief of the cupbearers of Pharaoh. The chief of the cupbearers dreamed about three twigs, and the chief of the bakers dreamed about three baskets. Joseph interpreted these parts of their dreams as follows:
As regards the cupbearer:
Then Joseph said to him: This is its interpretation: The 3 twigs are 3 days (Genesis 40:12).
As regards the baker:
So Joseph, the first bible decoder recorded in the holy book, is telling us that a given number of twigs or baskets can stand for a given number of days or times or cycles. Then Pharaoh himself had one dream about 7 fat cows and 7 thin cows (this was not a dream about women), and then a second dream about 7 fat ears of grain and 7 thin ears of grain. Guess how Joseph interpreted these parts of these dreams:26 The 7 good cows are 7 years. Likewise the 7 good ears of grain are 7 years. The dream is but one (Genesis 41).
So the 7 cows and the 7 ears of grain were 7 years or 7 times or 7 cycles. So a cow or an ear of grain or a twig or a basket can be a time which can be a day or a year. Now we apply the all powerful Consistency Principle, and it is not hard to generalise this to:
A given number of living or inanimate things in a bible account can stand for that number of times, i.e. days or months or years
27 Who of you by being anxious can add one cubit to his life span? (Matthew 6).
Well a cubit is a measure of length, but Jesus here uses it as a time. He is in fact giving us the numerical principle of bible interpretation. He who is anxious about the things of the Lord, a son of Mary, one who pays attention even to one cubit, the height of the Tsohar, realises that it adds something to the lifespan of the sons of Adam. In fact it takes one day (a day for a cubit) to be raptured out of the ark.
The 1.1 million men drawing sword of 1Chronicles21 and 2 Samuel24 - see U40.
38 Then Jesus turned and, getting a view
of them following, he said to them: What are you looking for? They said to him: Rabbi,
which means, when translated, Teacher, where are you staying?
39 He said to them: Come, and you will see. Accordingly they went and saw where he was staying, and they stayed with him that day; it was about the 10th hour.
40 Andrew the brother of Simon Peter was one of the 2 that heard what John said and followed [Jesus].
41 First this one found his own brother, Simon, and said to him: We have found the Messiah which means, when translated, Christ.
42 He led him to Jesus. When Jesus looked upon him he said: You are Simon the son of John; you will be called Cephas which is translated Peter.
43 The next day he desired to depart for Galilee. So Jesus found Philip and said to him: Be my follower (John 1).
7 and said to him: Go wash in the pool of Siloam which is translated 'Sent forth'. And so he went off and washed, and came back seeing (John 9).
36 So Joseph, who was surnamed Barnabas by the apostles, which means, when translated, Son of Comfort, a Levite, a native of Cyprus (Acts 4).
36 But in Joppa there was a certain disciple named Tabitha, which, when translated, means Dorcas. She abounded in good deeds and gifts of mercy that she was rendering (Acts 9)
8 But Elymas, the sorcerer that, in
fact, is the way his name is translated began opposing them, seeking to turn
the proconsul away from the faith (Acts 13).
These are all the incidences of words that are translated by the holy spirit for us from Hebrew/Aramaic into Greek. There are 7 translations in all. There are all translation of nouns. Many of them give the meaning of a name. Now let us be logical about this. These translations are not in the bible to help us make those translations. Everyone knows that the Messiah is translated as the Christ and the Rabbi is Teacher. The bible is not helping us linguistically here. This is the holy spirit telling us how to decode the bible. It is helping us interpretationally. When we decode an account, the literal meanings of the Hebrew names of the Characters tell us about who these characters are in the greater meaning of the account. For example...
1 And Nahash
Ammonite [of the people] [the
internal corruptor of the Watchtower] proceeded to go up and camp against Jabesh in Gilead [dried
up place in Witness heap] [Watchtower
after it lost its water baptism]. At that all the men of Jabesh [saints
in the Watchtower] said to Nahash: Conclude a covenant with us that
we may serve you [enter into an idolatrous
agreement which starts the contest of 1Kings18] (1Samuel11) [For
more see U271c]
Later in this account 300,000 sons of Israel are registered in Bezek. The word 'Bezek' means lightning which is a form of fire from the heavens. The number of men, when correctly interpreted, using the numerical principle above tells us when fire will come from the heavens.
The larger point here is not just this particular element of the code but that these scriptures are telling us that the bible is written in a code and are helping us to decode it. For translation read interpretation. These scriptures, since they only translate nouns, confirm that the symbolism is all in the nouns.
A church doctrine is correct only if it satisfies every scripture in the bible relating to the subject of the doctrine.
God very rarely gives us the whole picture in one account. Normally one has to piece together information from different accounts to get the full picture. But when one has logically harmonised one’s interpretations of every scripture on a given subject then one has the true interpretation and the true understanding of that subject. This is the best way to work out congregational doctrine etc. This principle follows from the Consistency Principle, because if the bible was inconsistent in the literal meaning, then it would be of no use. But it is consistent as far as we are aware. There may be some errors in the best manuscripts we have today, but God is aware of them and they will be corrected if this is necessary, possibly by the bible code itself!
Many false religions have been founded on one or two scriptures and have ignored this principle. By a false religion we mean one which claims that their baptised members have their sins forgiven by God, but actually they do not. We mean a religion incapable of baptising its members into the First or the Second Abrahamic Covenants.
Charles Russell, who founded the Watchtower said:
A God that would use his power to create human beings whom he foreknew and pre-destinated should be eternally tormented, could be neither wise, just nor loving. His standard would be lower than that of many men (Kingdom Proclaimers).
He was credited by many as the man who put out the fire in hell! He did this by comparing all of the scriptures relating to:
Gehenna (The Greek word properly translated as 'Hell')
Sheol (The Hebrew word properly translated as 'The Grave')
Hades (The Greek word properly translated as 'The Grave')
The Greek word for Hell is Gehenna (geenna). Gehenna is the Greek for the Hebrew: Geh Hinnom, which means the valley of Hinnom, which was a valley directly over the south wall of Jerusalem. This valley was the burial place for the dead of the city.
‘To avoid pestilence…constant fires were kept burning there’ (William D Mounce, Analytical Lexicon to Greek NT).6 And he himself made his own sons pass through the fire in the valley of the son of Hinnom, and practiced magic and used divination and practiced sorcery and made spiritistic mediums and professional foretellers of events. He did on a grand scale what was bad in the eyes of Jehovah, to offend him (2 Chronicles 33). 31 And they have built the high places of Topheth, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, in order to burn their sons and their daughters in the fire, a thing that I had not commanded and that had not come up into my heart.
So it is a burning burial ground. This prophecy was fulfilled in destruction of Jerusalem by Titus as described by Josephus. They ran out of space in Gehenna, and piled up the corpses in large houses in the city, around 600,000 were thrown out of the gates of the city by 70Tammuz1, during the last siege of Jerusalem according to the Jewish Historian Josephus - who was at the siege (The complete works of Josephus can be downloaded from this site (www.bibledecoded.com) or purchased from bookshops).
Scriptures which indicate that we do roast in Hell:
43 And if ever your hand makes you stumble, cut it off; it is finer for you to enter into life maimed than with two hands to go off into Gehenna, into the fire that cannot be put out (Mark 9).
10 And the Devil who was misleading them was hurled into the lake of fire and sulphur, where both the wild beast and the false prophet [already were]; and they will be tormented day and night forever and ever (Revelation 20).
5 For the living are conscious that they will die; but as for the dead, they are conscious of nothing at all, neither do they anymore have wages, because the remembrance of them has been forgotten (Ecclesiastes 9).
3 Do not put your trust in
nobles, Nor in the son of earthling man, to whom no salvation belongs.
4 His spirit goes out, he goes back to his ground; In that day his thoughts do perish (Psalm 146).
For the rest of this Jigsaw please see [13a].
Newton returned to the works of the men who had formulated Trinitarianism: Athanasius (Anaesthesius might have been a better name for him), Gregory Nazienzen, Jerome, Augustine.... The conviction possessed him that a massive fraud, which began in the 4th and 5th centuries, had perverted the legacy of the early church (Life of Isaac Newton - Richard Westfall).
Isaac Newton by Michael White is another
good biography. The Trinity doctrine was debated and adopted by the early
church at the church council of Nicaea in 325 AD. The debate was between Arius
who opposed it and Athanasius who proposed it. Arius lost the debate and the
corruption started. Newton discovered that this fraud extended to deliberate
corruptions of the bible itself. So that the King James version of 1 John 5:7
even today is:
7 For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost, and these three are one (1 John 5 - King James Version).
Newton observed that: It is not read thus in the Syrian bible. Not by Ignatius, Justin, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Origen, Athanas, Nazanianzen...Augustine, Beda and others.
The Greek Interlinear version is:
7 Because there are three giving testimony (1 John 5 - UBS 3rd edition, Nestle Aland 26th edition)
The underlined part in the King James Version of 1 John 5:7 above is therefore a fraudulent addition to the Holy Scriptures by, well, Satan basically.
Newton found a second corrupted text at 1 Timothy 3:16. The KJV has:
16 And without controversy, great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory (1 Timothy 3 - KJV).
The word 'God' is not in the original Greek, rather it is 'Who'. The Greek Interlinear version is:
16 And confessedly great is the mystery of godliness: Who was manifested in the flesh, vindicated in spirit, was seen by angels, was proclaimed among Gentiles, was believed in [the] world, was taken up in glory (1 Timothy 3 UBS 3rd Edition, Nestle Aland 26th Edition).
The Catholic Encyclopedia, the trinity section of which can be found at: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15047a.htm defines the trinity as follows:
The Trinity is the term employed to signify the central doctrine of the Christian religion -- the truth that in the unity of the Godhead there are Three Persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, these Three Persons being truly distinct one from another. Thus, in the words of the Athanasian Creed:
"The Father is God, the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit is God, and yet there are not three Gods but one God."
In this Trinity of Persons the Son is begotten of the Father by an eternal generation, and the Holy Spirit proceeds by an eternal procession from the Father and the Son. Yet, notwithstanding this difference as to origin, the Persons are co-eternal and co-equal: all alike are uncreated and omnipotent. This, the Church teaches, is the revelation regarding God's nature which Jesus Christ, the Son of God, came upon earth to deliver to the world: and which she proposes to man as the foundation of her whole dogmatic system.
This is illogically defined and therefore not defined and therefore non existent. There are 3 inconsistencies in the definition:
1. That God is three independent beings who are one being
2. Jesus is God and the father is God. So the Father is the Son
3. The Son is uncreated
|1||It is not possible for three oranges to be one orange.|
|2||It is not possible for a Father to be a Son, this contradicts the definitions of both father and son. The son is defined as an offspring of a father not an 'onspring' as it were.|
|3||Sons are by definition created by their fathers, a son cannot be uncreated.|
Basically the Trinity is defined as a number that is both less than two and more than two. Obviously there is no such number. The Trinity is like a hotel in North London which is situated South of the Thames. Obviously there is no such hotel. But when the poor uneducated, logically uninitiated, spiritually naive, churchgoer complains, saying: How can this be? He is told by his priest: Aha! that is the mystery of God. God can put a hotel which is in North London in a South London postcode. God can make a number that is larger than 2 actually be less than 2. At which point the poor naive churchgoer gives up and says to himself. Wow! I will never understand God, I had better leave the understanding of him to my priest. This of course is the precise effect that the priest wants. Now he can continue to play God to his congregation.
The first man to translate the bible from Latin into English was John Wycliffe, whose translation came out in 1382 (www.wycliffe.org/history/jwycliff.htm). John Wycliffe was an Oxford Professor, he also invented bifocal eye glasses! He therefore improved not only our spiritual vision but also our physical vision!! (www.greatsite.com/engbibhis/main.html). Wycliffe's belief was that:
[i] The sacred Scriptures be the property of the people, and one which no party should be allowed to wrest from them.
[ii] The authority of the Scriptures is independent on any other authority, and is preferable to every other writing, but especially to the books of the church of Rome.
[iii] It is impossible for any part of the Holy Scriptures to be wrong. In Holy Scripture is all the truth, one part of Scripture explains another.
The public reading of Wycliffe's translation was mainfested in the Lollard movement. Hence the expression to 'Loll about'. For the Lollards would stand around in public reading Wycliffe's translation. The subsequent persecution of him and of those who possessed his bible was extraordinary. The first law enacted to stop people reading God's word was passed in 1401 by Henry IV, and called De Heretico Comburendo, 'about the buring of Heretics'....
Many were burnt at the stake with copies of his translation around their necks as a result of this law. During the reign of Henry V (1413-1422) an Act was confirmed by which:
English Sheriffs were forced to take an oath to persecute the Lollards, and the Justices must deliver a relapsed heretic to be burned within 10 days of his accusation (Armitage a History of the Baptists, 1890, I, p323).
The Lollards were those who valued the teachings of the bible over the doctrines of the Church of Rome. They read and preached in English from Wycliffe's Bible. In 1414 a law was passed as follows:
All who read the scriptures in their mother tongue should: Forfeit land, cattle, life and goods from the heirs for ever !! (Eadie: History of the English Bible).
In 1416 Archbishop Chichele at Oxford declared that the clergy should make:
A thorough search in the parish twice a year, for all persons that: Hold any either heresies or errors, or have any suspected books in the English tongue (Blackburn, History of the Christian Church 1880 p346).
However Wycliffe himself had the support of Queen Joan (1328-1385), of Queen Ann (the wife of Richard II), and ultimately of God himself:
In May 1382, Wycliffe was called before yet another synod of ecclesiastical authorities. This is called the Blackfriars Synod, because it was held in the monastery of Blackfriars in London. When the 47 Bishops and monks and religious doctors took their seats, a powerful earthquake shook the city. Huge stones fell out of the castle walls and pinnacles toppled (John Wycliffe and the Lollards - Fundamental Baptist Information Service).
Wycliffe's argument to the Catholic authorities for translating the bible into English was as follows:
You say it is heresy to speak of the Holy Scriptures in English. You call me a heretic because I have translated the Bible into the common tongue of the people. Do you know whom you blaspheme? Did not the Holy Ghost give the Word of God at first in the mother tongue of the nations to whom it was addressed ? (Fountain, John Wycliffe)
In 1506 William Tylsworth was burned for his faith in the Word of God and his own daughter was forced to ignite the fire. In 1519 six men and a woman were burned for:
Teaching their children the Lord's Prayer and the ten commandments in English (Eadie: History of the English Bible).
The Lollard's Tower, where people possessing an English bible were tortured and killed, still exists today in Lambeth Palace, the London home of the Archbishop of Cantebury. But despite all of this persecution, Wycliffe's bible was still being read at the time of the next great bible translator William Tyndale (1484 - 1536), the Father of what eventually became the King James Bible. Tyndale's first translation had to be finished abroad, but 3,000 copies reached England in December 1526.
The persecution then continued. John Tewkesbury had been reading Wycliffe's bible since 1512, and had obtained a copy of the Tyndale New Testament in 1526. He was first arrested in April 1529 and tortured and crippled. He was finally burned on December 20th 1530 for: Distributing copies of the word of God and believing in salvation by faith in Christ alone (www.whidbey.net/~dcloud/articles/williamtyndale.htm).
Tyndale was imprisoned in May 1535. Whilst he was in prison, three editions of his new testament were printed. He was strangled and the burnt at the stake on October 6th 1536. At his death he prayed out loud:
Lord open the King of England's Eyes !
On October 4, 1535 John Rogers and Miles Coverdale who were loyal disciples of Tyndale, finished Tyndale's translation of the Old Testament into English and printed abroad the first complete English Bible, known as the Coverdale Bible. John Rogers then changed his name to Thomas Matthew (an interesting name for a bible translator!) and printed the Coverdale Bible again, under this nom de plume, since Tyndale's work was banned. This edition is called the Matthews Bible
In 1539, 3 years after Tyndale was executed, his spoken prayer was answered. Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Cantebury, hired Miles Coverdale, at the bequest of King Henry VIII to publish what was called the Great Bible.
These were Tyndale's words as a prologue for his translation of Jonah:
As the envious Philistines stopped the wells of Abraham, and filled them up with earth, to put the memorial out of mind, to the intent that they might challenge the ground; even so the fleshly minded hypocrites stop up the veins of life, which are the scripture, with the earth of their traditions, false similitudes and lying allegories. And that, of like zeal, to make the scripture their own possession and merchandise. And so shut up the kingdom which is in God's word, neither entering in themselves, nor suffering them that would. (Willam Tyndale)
However bequest from King Henry did not end the persecution of bible translators! Because the persecution originated not with the crown but with the Church. When Bloody Mary (Queen Mary) came to the throne, being possessed to return England to the Roman church, she burned both John Rogers (Thomas Matthew) and Thomas Cranmer at the stake.
Meanwhile Miles Coverdale had taken refuge in Geneva in Switzerland. There, in exile, he and John Foxe with the protection of John Calvin and John Knox produced the Geneva Bible, which was first published in 1560. It was Queen Elizabeth I whose reign brought this persecution to an end. The English Bible History site (www.greatsite.com/engbibhis/main.html) says this about the Geneva bible and William Tyndale:
The Geneva Bible was the first Bible to add verses to the chapters, so that referencing specific passages would be easier. Every chapter was also accompanied by extensive marginal notes and references so thorough and complete that the Geneva Bible is also considered the first English "Study Bible". William Shakespeare quotes thousands of times in his plays from the Geneva translation of the Bible. The Geneva Bible became the Bible of choice for over 100 years of English speaking Christians. Between 1560 and 1644 at least 144 editions of this Bible were published. Examination of the 1611 King James Bible shows clearly that its translators were influenced much more by the Geneva Bible, than by any other source. The Geneva Bible itself retains over 90% of William Tyndale's original English translation. The Geneva in fact, remained more popular than the King James Version until decades after its original release in 1611! The Geneva holds the honor of being the first Bible taken to America, and the Bible of the Puritans and Pilgrims.
The King James Bible, although the work of 50 scholars, is very close to Tyndale's original Translation:
In the Gospel of St. Mark and the Epistle to the Hebrew there are not more than 80 words (in Tyndale's translation) ... which are not found in our Authorised Version of the Bible (Moulton - History of the English Bible).
The Authorised version is the King James Version. The English Bible changed the World in the early 17th century. Multitudes of commoners were driven to learn to read by their desire to study the bible. The 16th century historian John Foxe, who had supported Miles Coverdale whilst he was producing the Geneva Bible observed:
Everybody that could bought the book or busily read it or got others to read it to them if they could not themselves, and divers more elderly people learned to read on purpose. And even little boys flocked among the rest to hear portions of the holy Scripture read.
It is important that the story above is told and the antics of the church are exposed. We are fortunate today that a greater freedom of religious belief and worship exists in many countries than was enjoyed in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. The Church of that time did not want the common man to be able to understand the bible, they wanted it to remain a mystery to them written in a foreign language. In that way the church could play God to its flock, which is what they wanted to do, what they did back then and what they are doing today. The 'Trinity' turns a logical book into an incomprehensible marvel. It renders it as meaningless as if it was written in Latin. Arius, Wycliffe, Tyndale, Newton, are the enlighteners from God. The church has become a daughter of the darkness.
Both John Wycliffe and William Tyndale wanted the ploughboy to know as much about the bible as the priest. So does God and so do we. Hence this book/website. For there is a bible within the bible and there is a holy code within the holy scriptures. Therefore we have written out this hidden bible today for the same ploughboy and for the same stable girl whose heart and mind and soul John Wycliffe and William Tyndale valued more highly than their own.
Sir Isaac would have benefited from a modern Mathematics degree course at his university. He of course is the father of half of it, the Calculus/Analysis half. Although algebra and abstract symbolism (the other half of Pure Maths) are of more use in interpreting the bible (as far as we are aware). He would then have known, from the group theory lectures, instantly, that the Trinity, being illogically defined, is simply not defined and therefore non existent.
Newton, being a fellow at Trinity College Cambridge, was required to attest to his acceptance of the 39 articles of the Anglican Church, one of which was the doctrine of the Trinity. He was bothered about signing something which contained the Trinity that he had no evidence as to the truth of. So he applied his standard scientific and logical method to the issue of whether the Trinity was a true or false doctrine. This method is to read all of the available relevant literature on the subject, then assimilate it, think about it, kick it about, digest it and see if it makes sense, or if there is an underlying pattern or flaw in it. See if there is an underlying truth or an underlying lie. This method when applied to the bible is what we call the Jigsaw Principle.
Newton produced two knock out blows to the Trinity:
The Father is God of the son
It is defined illogically
We have covered the latter on these two. As regards the former. Newton used:4 The Christ, who is the image of God (2 Corinthians 4). 9 You loved righteousness, and you hated lawlessness. That is why God, your God, anointed you with [the] oil of exultation more than your partners (Hebrews 1).
From this he reasoned that the Father was God of the Son. He could just as well have used Jesus' famous last words:34 Eli, Eli, Lama Sabachthani, which means when translated: My God, my God, why have you forsaken me (Mark 15).
Newton's observations and deductions came from reading most of the works of the early church fathers, (Irenaeus, Tertullan, Cyprian, Euasebius, Eutychius, Sulpitius Severus, Clement, Origen, Basil, John Chrysostom, Alexander of Alexandria, Epiphanius, Hilary, Theodoret, Gregory of Nyssa, Cyril of Alexandria, Leo I, Victorinus Afer, Rufinus, Manentius, Prudentius, Ignatius, Justin, Augustine, Jerome etc), and from reading many manuscripts of the bible, and applying the Jigsaw Principle to them (finding an interpretation which logically harmonised them) were recorded in one of his early theological manuscripts (1672-1675):
|1||The [word] God, is no where in the scriptures used to signify more than one of the three persons at once.|
|2||The word 'God', put absolutely without particular reference to the Son or Holy Ghost, does always signify the Father from one end of the scriptures to the other.|
|3||When ever it is said in the scriptures that there is but one God, it is meant of the Father.|
|4||It is a proper epithet of the Father to be called almighty. For by God almighty we always understand the Father.|
|5||The son in all things submits his will to the will of the Father, which would be unreasonable if he were equal to the Father.|
|6||The son confesses the Father greater than him, calls him his God etc.|
|7||The son acknowledges the original pre-science of all future things to be in the Father alone.|
|8||The union between him and the Father he interprets to be like that of the saints one with another. That is, in agreement of will and counsel.|
Then Newton, who was by now the Lucasian professor of Mathematics at Trinity College, decided to go to King Charles II to seek a dispensation allowing him to remain as professor but withdraw his attestation. He prepared his arguments as above to present to the King of England to save his career. The King agreed and stipulated that all future holders of his chair were to be exempt from holy orders.
Newton believed that God’s works, his creation and God’s word, his book, the bible, were twinned. And that both were a riddle, a code to be cracked. Newton believed that cracking this code was a duty owed to God by man, in both cases (Isaac Newton, the last sorcerer - Michael White - But Newton was not a sorcerer, he was a true worshipper).
What Gordon finds so wonderful and yet so tragic, is that Newton succeeded in the case of God’s Universe in cracking the code. But he failed (notwithstanding a very valiant attempt) in the case of God’s word (he did believe that the bible was God's word). He died trying to decode the bible and find out when Armageddon was. His failure was not his fault. It was not God’s time from 1642-1727 to release that information. So what the true God did, who must have dearly desired to show Sir Isaac the whole of the holy code of the bible, was to let him see the entirety of the mechanical code behind his physical creation of the universe instead. It was all that his own justice would allow. And here God was, holding back his love for the sake of his justice.
The date upon which mankind was first allowed to see the date of Armageddon was 1992February1, 1991Shebat21, 4600 solar days before 1290 biblical lunar days before it is to begin (Daniel 8 and Daniel 12 - see , ). This was the day upon which Gordon worked out the Exedenic Times, and it began the ‘Time of the end’. Which is the time of the knowledge of the true date of the end. And Gordon would like to say this: It was his appreciation of the perfection of the physical works of God as exhibited by Newton which convinced him that the bible, the spiritual work of God, since it shared that perfection, must be in a code.
So we have the dynamic code of the universe, as discovered by Newton. We have the genetic code of the human body, as discovered by Crick and Watson. And here at last is the grammatical code of the bible, as discovered by Gordon Ritchie, Tony Moore and Massoud Vakili as a result of the leadings of the true God, and on the realisation by Gordon that this God whom Newton showed him was perfect must have written a book every bit as perfect as his universe. A realisation which unknown to Gordon at the time he had it, had hit Newton some 300 years earlier. So here we are, the 3 groups of wonder decoders, Cambridge men in all 3 groups. Let us all therefore, with God's help through Jesus, finish the work that Newton, the Father of all three Cambridge divine code breaking groups began (Please do not ask if we are the real trinity!)
For the precise nature of God, Jesus and the Holy Spirit - see . Here is some of Sir Isaac Newton's Chronology, deduced in the late 17th and early 18th century, mainly from Daniel 9 and Daniel 12.
|1948||Second Coming of Christ|
|1944||End of the great tribulation of the Jews|
|1899||Call to return to Jerusalem|
|1638-9||Church of Rome's spiritual domination ends|
|609-800||Period during which the Roman Catholic Church (Whore of Babylon) was at its peak|
|70||Transgression of desolation of Jerusalem|
|34 AD||Death of Christ|
|2 BC||Birth of Christ|
|456 BC||The Jews return to Jerusalem|
Although begun during the 1670's Newton continued his work of interpretation until the month of his death in 1727 (Isaac Newton - Michael White, the table above is from his book).
The table above is a quite amazing prophetic achievement for a man living around 1700 AD.
Any unanswered question asked in the scriptures with two possible answers (normally yes and no), has the answer in one word symbolic thread, being the opposite of the answer in the literal or straight symbolic meaning, the event symbolism.
In other words both answers are true in either the literal or the symbolic meaning (or both).
Stephen explains this principle just before he gets a vision of heaven saying...
35 This Moses, whom they disowned, saying, 'Who appointed you ruler and judge?' this man God sent off as both ruler and deliverer by the hand of the angel that appeared to him in the thornbush (Acts 7).
The rhetorical question has the answer: Nobody. But the greater fulfilment has the answer given to us by Stephen, namely: Jehovah himself. The bible is a maximal meaning book. A question creates an ambiguity and no ambiguity in scripture is an oversight. So a binary question which is unanswered in the account takes both answers, one in the literal thread and the other in a word symbolic thread.
Take for example the great words of Nicodemus, a man whose love exceeded his pride:4 Nicodemus said to him: How can a man be born when he is old? He cannot enter into the womb of his mother a second time and be born, can he? (John 3)
Well literally, no, of course he cannot. But symbolically,
yes, that is precisely how one is born again. Born from the womb of his heavenly
mother, God’s wife, the holy spirit. Born as an angel.
What has been born from fleshly women is men and what has been born from the spirit woman, the holy spirit, is angels. When you are born again, God creates an angel in heaven through his wife, the holy spirit for you, Amen. See - How is one born again, and see - The Trinity is just God's family.
That is the level of beauty that you will see if you are pure in heart and if your love exceeds your pride. Look how Nicodemus was repaid for one act of faith. It was enough. But his works did not stop there:39 Nicodemus also, the man that came to him in the night the first time, came bringing a roll of myrrh and aloes, about 100 pounds [of it].
Why was it 100 (Roman) pounds? We presently think these are 90 months of Laodicea from 2003Nisan13 to 2010Tishri13 plus 10 months of the LWs from 2014Tishri10/14 to 2015Ab14 - making 100 months. This is a numerical symbolism - see the Numerical Principle. We know that Nicodemus was born again, because we know something about God’s love, we would be blind if we could not see the love of Nicodemus. Which brings us nicely to another Binary (Yes/No) Question:50 Nicodemus, who had come to him previously, and who was one of them, said to them:
No Nicodemus was not out of Galilee (precious few Pharisees were). But the antitypical Nicodemus is out of the antitypical Galilee.2 But John, having heard in jail about the works of the Christ, sent by means of his own disciples
19 So John summoned a certain two of his disciples and sent them to the Lord to say: Are you the Coming one or are we to expect a different one? (Luke 7).
In the literal meaning, yes Jesus was the ‘coming one’, in the sense that he was the one prophesied as coming to restore Israel. But in the greater meaning, there will be several different ones.5 For instance, which is easier, to say: Your sins are forgiven, or to say: Get up and walk? (Matthew 9) 9 Which is easier, to say to the paralytic: Your sins are forgiven, or to say: Get up and pick up your bed and walk? (Mark 2)
Obviously the former. But in the greater meaning they are both the same thing because:
‘Get up’ is the baptism into the name of the father Abraham, the bath of the flesh, the water baptism, the forgiveness of sins in the past, giving one a clean standing before God.
‘Pick up your bed’ is: Have a resurrection into the kingdom of God. This is the finishing of the water baptism, the righteous decree in the flesh, the free gift of citizenship of the Kingdom of God, the forgiveness of all sins up to Armageddon, the granting of the entrance Visa through the ambassador Abraham.
‘Walk’ is the baptism into the name of Jesus, or Paul or Gordon etc, the sanctification in holy spirit, being born again, the forgiveness of all sins until time indefinite, the walking before God with a clean conscience, the creation of an angelic son of God, the entrance into the holy family of God, through a covenant mediated by a mediator.33 Who will file accusation against God's chosen ones? God is the One who declares [them] righteous (Romans 8).
In the literal meaning no one. In the greater meaning Gordon! See ['The Faithful and Discreet Slave cut in two']
And Pilate enquired of Jesus:Are you the king of the Jews? (Mark 15:2).
Literally, no, he wasn't at that time. Symbolically, yes, in 1914Tishri, - see , , he became the vassal king of God over the true human seed of Isaac, the true church, the Jews of that time, who were all of those in the 3EC, the 3rd Elijah Covenant of Russell, which was a subcovenant of the ICC, the Isaaic Church covenant - see . Most of these were New Covenant Saints. He alluded to this in his answer:36 Jesus answered: My kingdom is no part of this world. If my kingdom were part of this world, my attendants would have fought that I should not be delivered up to the Jews. But, as it is, my kingdom is not from this source (John 18). 38 So Pharaoh said to his servants: Can another man be found like this one in whom the spirit of God is? (Genesis 41)
Literally no, Joseph was unique. But in the greater meaning, yes, it's there will be another Joseph.
31 Still, many of the crowd put faith in him; and they commenced saying: When the Christ arrives, he will not perform more signs than this man has performed, will he? (John 7)
Literally no because of course Jesus was the Christ that the Jew had been waiting for. But when Jesus comes again in Kingdom power, in the body of his wife, to separate the sheep from the goats, he will actually do more signs than were done in his ministry to the Jews.
But the largest scriptural example of a Binary Question comes from Paul...
28 And God has set the
respective ones in the congregation, first, apostles; second, prophets; 3rd,
teachers; then powerful works; then gifts of healings; helpful services,
abilities to direct, different tongues.
29 Not all are apostles, are they?
Not all are prophets, are they?
Not all are teachers, are they?
Not all perform powerful works, do they?
30 Not all have gifts of healings, do they?
Not all speak in tongues, do they?
Not all are translators, are they?
31 But keep zealously seeking the greater gifts. And yet I show you a surpassing way (1 Corinthians 12).
There will be a time, in fact a period of 7x perhaps, in the last true church when all of us take all the positions that Paul refers to!
Here is another binary question...
23 Then Abraham approached and began to
say: Will you really sweep away the righteous with the wicked? [Binary
question. Literally no. Word symbolically yes. Abraham negotiates for the
righteous ones who miss the ark. They are therefore swept away with the wicked
ones, but then are resurrected into the kingdom]
10 For those who are dead will you show a marvel?[1st death: No] [Judicially dead but physically alive: Yes]
These questions explain the rehabilitative role of Gehenna.
It appears that man questions asked in the bible answer themselves...
4 Nicodemus said to him: How can a man be born when he is old? He cannot enter into the womb of his mother a second time and be born, can he? (John 3)
That is of course how one is born again.
Elijah says to all the people: How long will you be limping upon two opinions? Literally until when will you be passing over upon two branches? According to the bible code, these questions answer themselves...
21 Then Elijah approached all the people [3x/9x] and said: How long will ye [3x]
over upon 2 different
opinions [1x+2x] [literally passing over upon 2
If Jehovah is the [true] God, go [ye] following him [3x]; but if Baal is, go [ye] following him [3x]. [Total is 3x.3x+3x+3x=15x which are the split Passovers from 2001Nisan14 to 2015Nisan14/Iyyar14. The LW congregation started on 2000Elul16 and the last divided old Passover for the saints is 2015Nisan14/Iyyar14]
And the people [they] did not say a word in answer to him [3x]
22 And Elijah went on to say to the people [singular 1x]: I myself have been left as a prophet of Jehovah [1x], I alone [have been so left] [1x], while the prophets of Baal are 450 men [450x. This comparison indicates that we should count in 450x].
23 Now let them give us 2 young bulls [450x.2x], and let them choose for themselves one young
bull [450x] and cut it
up/divide it [225x. Actually the Bull
stands for prophetic endurance. This is a prophetic tenacity contest] [This
the form of a time, times and a divided time as in Daniel12] and put it
[the bull in pieces] upon the
woods [450x+3x], but they should not put fire to
it [0x]. And I myself shall dress the other young
bull [1x], and I must place it upon the
woods [1x+3x], but I shall not put fire to
24 And you must call upon the name of your god [450x], and I , I shall call upon the name of Jehovah [1x]; and it must occur that the [true] God that answers by fire is the [true] God [1x]
To this all the people [singular] [3x/9x, all the ones of the people] answered [1x] and [they] said [1x]: The thing is good (1Kings18).
Count verse 21-24: 3x/9x+ 15x+3x+1x+1x+450x+450x.2x+450x+225x+450x+3x+1x+1x+3x+450x+1x+1x+3x./9x.(1x+1x) = 2925x+39x/57x=2964/2982 (or 8 years and 84/102 days) which run from 2006Sivan13, the prediction first failure the start of the contest, to 2014Elul25, the end of the 70 BLC weeks of Daniel9 from 2013Iyyar16.
28 Consequently Jehovah said to Moses: How long must you people refuse to keep my commandments and my laws?
29 Mark the fact that Jehovah has given you the sabbath (Exodus 16)
Doh! We refuse to keep his commandments
until the Kingdom of God which is the great sabbath after the 6,000 year working
These are questions that are asked of various characters in the bible, but that are really meant for the various readers of the bible. These are questions asked by the holy spirit of the bible reader:
Any reader question asked in a bible account is answered by that account somehow.
8 ...You with little faith.
9 Do you not yet see the point, or do you not remember the five loaves in the case of the five thousand and how many baskets you took up?
10 Or the seven loaves in the case of the four thousand and how many provision baskets you took up? (Matthew 16)
Yes, the bible reader says to himself, how stupid and blind the apostles were, doh! Did they ever get the point at first? Fine, condemn them if you will. But was this account recorded for the benefit of the characters in it or was it recorded for the Christians who would follow them? Who is Jesus really speaking to here? Not just his disciples in the boat who forgot to bring along the loaves, the bible wasn't written for them. So tell us please oh ye reader with much faith, much more than the disciples: Do you know what the significance of the 12 baskets in the case of the 5,000 and the 7 baskets in the case of the 4,000 is? What do they stand for?
If you do not know, then Jesus is talking to you. He is saying look, these numbers are important. He is saying, if you want to understand the greater meaning of these two feeding miracles, which obviously relate to spiritual feeding miracles of true religions, then think first about the numbers of the provision baskets. Think about how many there were. This is the key.
To interpret this we apply the Numerical Principle to the baskets. Jesus is basically asking the reader if he has grasped the Numerical Principle! The meaning of numbers of things in the bible! So the 12 baskets are 12 days or 12 months or 12 years or administrations of food which does not come directly from Jesus, but comes as leftovers. Likewise the 7 baskets are 7 days or 7 months or 7 years or administrations of food not directly from Jesus but from leftovers - see .
42 And they began saying: Is this not Jesus the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know? How is it that now he says: I have come down from heaven ? (John 6).
Well, how is it?? The Holy Spirit wishes you to think about this, and to ask yourself the very same question. Consider please the scripture below:
23 From the offspring of this [man] according to his promise God
has brought to Israel a savior, Jesus,
24 after John, in advance of the entry of that one, had preached publicly to all the people of Israel baptism of repentance (Acts 13).
This means that John the baptist preached publicly in advance of the entry, the coming down from heaven of an angel, God's firstborn and only begotten son, the angel Michael, into the human Jesus. Angelically possessing him at his baptism.
22 And the holy spirit in bodily form as a dove came down upon him, and a voice came out of heaven: You are my Son, the beloved; I have approved you (Luke 3).
Q: What vehicle for a son of God is corporeally like a
A: An angel.
32 John also bore witness, saying: I viewed the spirit coming down as a dove out of heaven, and it remained upon him (John 1).
Jesus was not called 'God’s son the beloved' until after the dove had descended from heaven. This dove symbolised the entrance of the angel Michael into Jesus.
6 But the righteousness resulting from faith speaks in this
manner: Do not say in your heart: Who will ascend into heaven? that is, to bring
7 Or: Who will descend into the abyss? that is, to bring Christ up from the dead (Romans 10)
The answer to both is Gabriel who angelically possessed John the Baptist for the purpose of presiding over the entrance of Michael into Jesus at his baptism. We are getting a bit deep here. For the full story see - Jesus was Michael, and John was Gabriel.
6 For who in the skies can be compared to Jehovah? Who can resemble Jehovah among the sons of God? [Michael means: Who is like God? And the answer is... Michael, who became a God to be worshipped between 33Sivan1 and 33Sivan5. This must have happened on Pentecost for that is the festival of divinity. A Jubilee with gifts of the spirit, a release from the restriction of the angelic body for Michael] (Psalm 89).
48 What able-bodied man is
there alive who will not see death? [Enoch,
Immanuel etc] Can he provide escape for his soul from the hand of
Sheol? [literally No, Gabriel resurrected
Michael to God as an angel] [Yes,
Jesus resurrected his wife in five tranches in each presence, making the 5
instars of the heavenly locust] Selah [means
musical pause, literally lift up - your attention from the music]
26 For what benefit will it be to a man if he gains the whole world
but forfeits his soul? or what will a man give in exchange for his soul?
Jesus asked this question of his disciples, but quite obviously he is asking it of every man and woman who can read.
If there are 2 or 3 or 4 parallel accounts of an event in the bible, then the first word symbolic thread has the same symbolism in all the accounts. This is true also for the second and third etc. word symbolic threads, for the accounts that actually have this number of word symbolic threads. So if all the parallel accounts have the same number of threads then the word symbolism for each thread is global across all the accounts. And each account is a distinct separate non overlapping fulfillment of the word symbolism, for all word symbolic threads. All of the fulfilments of one word symbolic thread relate to each other to from one global word symbolic picture for that thread.
In fact so long as all the parallel accounts have the same number of threads we create a new account which contains all of the parallel accounts. Then we interpret this created account.
If any parallel account has a successive designation or a successive description, then this only affects the particular parallel account that it is in. And in general for all parallel accounts or for all parallel subaccounts (such as dreams and recitals of dreams), the prophetic forms only affect the subaccount that they are in.
If the parallel accounts are symbolic, such as parallel parables, then the subaccounts all share the same event symbolism since they describe the same events. If the parallel accounts are literal, then of course in the literal meaning all the parallel accounts describe the same thing.
The word count for the Repetition Principle is the global total for all the parallel subaccounts. So if a countable noun is repeated a total of 3 times in all of the parallel accounts in a created account wherein each parallel subaccount has 3 threads in total (i.e. one literal/event thread and two word symbolic threads), then the noun takes 3 different symbolic meanings in these threads.
If one or more parallel accounts has a different number of threads to the others, then we create an account containing all of the parallel accounts. Each thread in the created account involves only the particular parallel accounts which have that thread.
Parallel Parables do not have to have been recited at the same time or in the same place or to the same audience. These things are irrelevant to a parable. Repeated parables are parallel parables.
For examples of sets of parallel accounts with differing number of threads - see the parallel accounts of Bartimaeus, one of the two the blind persons cured on the road to/from Jericho - this set of accounts we do not understand! See also the signs of the times in Matthew 24, Mark 13 and Luke 21 - this set of accounts we do understand from a code standpoint.
Some accounts contain parallel subaccounts already, such as Daniel 4 and Genesis 41. These two have dreams and recitals of dreams, which are both describing the same thing. So the dream and the recital are two parallel subaccounts of these accounts. So they share the same symbolism in all threads (literal/event and word) and their countable noun counts add. These cases, since they are created by God himself tell us what to do with parallel accounts in general and with parallel accounts which have differing numbers of threads in particular. One simply uses the threads that are there.
In the 4 Gospels, in Kings & Chronicles, in Ezra and Nehemiah, there are parallel accounts of the same events. For example the feeding of the 5,000 is mentioned 4 times, once in each Gospel! Each account has a greater symbolic meaning by the Symbolic Structure Principle, so there are at least 4 greater meanings to the feeding of the 5,000. These actually relate to the feeding campaigns of the 4 true Christian religions - see . The thing to do with these accounts, using the Power Principle, is to play 'spot the difference'. Because any differences are not mistakes, or omissions wherein God overlooked something, and thought he better put an account in Mark just in case Matthew made a bit of a mess of it. They are deliberate.
For an example of how this works see - or 'The Faithful Slaves', or , , .
If an account describes two circumstances and goes on to describe what happens in the first circumstance but omits to describe what happens in the second circumstance (and any parallel account omits to describe it), then the second circumstance is resolved in the Word symbolic meaning.
28 Samson now called to Jehovah and said: Sovereign Lord Jehovah, remember me, please, and strengthen me, please, just this once, Oh you the [true] God, and let me avenge myself upon the Philistines with vengeance for one of my two eyes (Judges 16).
What about the other eye!
6 So David said: Anyone striking the Jebusites first, he will become head and prince. And Joab the son of Zeruiah got to go up first, and he came to be head (1 Chronicles 11).
Why didn’t he become the prince?
19 Next he commanded the crowd to recline on the grass and took the 5 loaves and 2 fishes, and, looking up to heaven, he said a blessing, and, after breaking the loaves, he distributed them to the disciples, the disciples in turn to the crowds. 20 So all ate and were satisfied, and they took up the surplus of fragments 12 baskets full (Matthew 14).
Great, wonderful, miraculous, but what did he do with the 2 fishes?? They are stated as being eaten in the parallel account in Mark 6. So in this case we cannot deduce that the 2 fishes were eaten in the Word Symbolic meaning of Matthew 14.
27 He is rescuing and delivering and performing signs and wonders in the heavens and on the earth [Joel2, Acts2, the first birth pang, the first sign, but this account has only an earthly sign, so in the word symbolic fulfilment there we get a heavenly sign! ] for he has rescued Daniel from the paw of the lions (Daniel 6).
7 All the high officials of the kingdom, the prefects and the satraps, the high royal officers and the governors, have taken counsel together to establish a royal statute and to enforce an interdict, that whoever makes a petition to any God or man for 30 days except in you, Oh king, should be thrown to the lions' pit (Daniel 6).
The account then goes on to describe in great detail the story of the interdict, but says nothing about the royal statute.
If a phrase in the bible is ambiguous, having two obvious possible meanings, then both meanings are true in one or more threads.
If a phrase in the bible is ambiguous, having further possible meanings over and above the obvious literal meaning, then these extra meanings only add to the obvious literal meaning, they never replace the obvious literal meaning which still holds true.
If a scripture looks imprecise it is totally precise. The face value imprecision is in fact total precision when correctly interpreted.
If an account is written ambiguously so as to have two possible meanings then it has both meanings in the greater meaning, for no meaning of no particle of no letter of the law of God, which is the bible, will fail.
Simply put: Ambiguity Adds
17 Indeed, it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one part/horn/apex of a letter of the Law to fail. (Luke 16)
For if a scripture is ambiguous then this is not an oversight by the holy spirit, it is deliberate. And the scripture is deliberately trying to say both things and therefore both possible meanings will have force.
For example the 2 river banks of Daniel 12 - U152
and the 7 lampstands being 7 congregations of Revelation 1 - U151.
43 Then he said to his attendant: Go up, please. Look in the direction of the sea. So he went up and looked and then said: There is nothing at all. And he went on to say, Go back 7 times.
44 And it came about at the 7th [not said to be time] that he got to say: Look! There is a small cloud like a man's palm ascending from the sea. He now said: Go up, say to Ahab: Hitch up! And go down that the downpour may not detain you! (1Kings 18).
The obvious literal meaning is that it came about at the 7th time
of going back that he got to say: Look! But it is also true that there is
another 7th, not the 7th time of going back which the attendant gets to say:
Look! So all
these extra meanings do not detract from the obvious meaning, they add to it. In
fact an ambiguity is an extra precision since no possible meaning of scripture
is without force.
If in the bible an event is described as involving "A and B". Then in one or more threads two events are being referred to. One involving A and the other involving B.
40 For just as Jonah was in the belly of the huge fish 3 days and 3 nights, so the Son of man will be in the heart of the earth 3 days and 3 nights (Matthew 12).
Jesus was in the heart of the earth, his body being in a tomb for 3 days (and 3 nights) from Nisan15-17 inclusive. Jesus was in the composite heart of God's heavenly people, the earth in heaven, for 3 nights (and 3 days) from Nisan14, his arrest, to Nisan16, his angelic resurrection, inclusive.
17 Jesus said to her: Stop clinging to me. For I have not yet ascended to the Father. But be on your way to my brothers and say to them, 'I am ascending to my Father and your Father and to my God and your God.'
That is a lot of ascensions in a maximally distributive book!
The word symbolic meaning of a pronoun in a bible account can be any of the designations previously used for the noun that it is standing for.
For example: Jesus, the Lord, the Teacher, The Saviour met Mary and Mary said to him[Jesus, Lord, Teacher, Saviour]
Since each designation stands for a different person in the word symbolism, pronouns introduce great flexibility into the word symbolic meaning. They still relate to the noun they stand for in the literal meaning, but can take any designation for that noun used previously in the account. We also think that there may be a relationship between the number of pronouns used after a noun and which designation of the noun the pronoun stands for. But it is too early to formulate a rule for that at present.
Any hypothetical scenario described in scripture must actually occur or the scripture has no power.
11 I am coming quickly. Keep on holding fast what you have, that no one may take your crown (Revelation 3).
Had the scripture just said: Hold on fast to what you have, then it would have merely been good advice. But because it goes on to say: that non one may take your crown, there must be a taking of the crown of those words are powerless. So this warning means AOP will not keep holding fast what he has (his baptism), and as a result AOL will take his crown, the crown over 144,000 crowns. So AOL will claim to be the mediator of the 2NC.
2 Give thanks to Jehovah on the harp. On an instrument of 10 strings make melody to
him [10 possible threads to a
3 Sing to him a new song [work out a new understanding of scripture. For the bible is God's song book for man - it is our sheet music to be sung]; Do your best at playing on the strings [Do your best to interpret the various threads of a bible account] along with joyful shouting [We shout when we finally get a new understanding!] (Psalms 33 NWT).
Any account may have the following threads.
2. Event Symbolic
4. Coded Numeric
5. Word Symbolic 1-6 threads - see Revelation 12:9 and U151.
This does not mean that every account has 10 threads. For an account is the sheet music to be played on this harp. It might only have one string. But the instrument itself does have a total of 10 strings available to be played by the harpist.
We should listen to David, by reading the Psalms, because he himself says...
8 I shall make you have insight and instruct you in the way you should go. I will give advice with my eye upon you [advice which is in your interest]. (Psalms 32 NWT)
The phrase nth of the month (omitting the word day) can mean the nth day of the month or the nth Sabbath of the month or the neth festival of the month or the nth festival Sabbath of the month etc.etc. But it always smees to be a festival.
17 And they began on the first [day/Sabbath/festival/fire sign day] to the month, the first [2014Tishri1, the first day of the first month of the old secular year] to sanctify, and on the 8th day to the month they came to the porch of Jehovah and they sanctified the house of Jehovah in 8 days, and on the 16th day to the first month they finished (2Chronicles 29).
13 Now in the first and 600 year [not
said to be of Noah's life but obviously must be], in the
[first month either of the 601st year of Noah's
life or of the prevailing calendar year] [primary/initial
month of the new secular Kingdom year, which is 2015Ab], in the first
of the month [2370Tishri1]
[2015Ab1, the first day of
the month and the first festival Sabbath of the month being new rosh Hashana, or
2015Ab6, the first weekly Sabbath of the month - hence the word 'day' is missing],
it came about that the waters [faithful/loving
humans] had drained
from being upon the earth and Noah proceeded
to remove the covering [mikseh]
of the ark
and to look, and here the surface of the
ground had drained (Genesis 8:13).
1 In the 7th, on the 21st [day] to month [This is the 7th day of Cakes or the 7th day of Booths] the word of Jehovah occurred in [the] hand of Haggai, the prophet (Haggai 2).
Get an electronic bible, preferably the New World
Translation on disk available from the Watchtower - Or get one from ebay or
the likes. Alternatively we are going to put our own
electronic bible on the site for downloading soon. With this you can type in
say: 'Holy spirit' and find every scripture mentioning it. This sort of
capability is invaluable in bible research. You can download other
electronic bibles from the web, but the translations may not be accurate
enough. If you do not like computers, then you will need a comprehensive
concordance and a New World Translation Bible, and a Greek Interlinear bible
and a Hebrew Interlinear bible - see [books] We hope to have our paper bible
When decoding an account, do not try to squeeze a symbolic meaning into a
fulfillment which you already understand. Even if you succeed you will have
learned nothing new. We have made this mistake hundreds of times. Many religions
no other way. To the Watchtower almost every time period in the second presence starts or
ends in 1914, and whenever there are two groups in the bible, then one is the
anointed remnant and the other is the great crowd. Do not be like this. Let the
account lead you, this is letting the holy spirit lead you! Set your mind free. Accept any crazy interpretation in the
creative phase and criticise it later - this is classic brainstorming technique.
‘Look!’ This is a word that occurs 958 times in the
NWT of the bible. When it occurs, treat it as a exhortation from the holy spirit
itself to you. For that is what it is!
‘A man, a householder’. ‘An enemy, a man’. This
is wonderful and cryptic and disguised. It is a double designation and one of
the two greater meanings refers to an angel. It is saying look there are two
guys and one is a man. Which is really saying, the other is an angel.
‘Gather together’. ‘Assemble’. These words when
they occur are often a cryptic request from the spirit to add up all of those
who are gathered together or assembled. The spirit is saying that their sum
stands for something.
Distinguish between event symbolism and account
symbolism. Event symbolism is the symbolism that Charles Russell and the second
Adventists used on Daniel 4. They use the elements of the events themselves as
symbolising elements in the greater meaning. But account symbolism, uses the
elements of the account of the events to symbolise elements in the greater
meaning. So a king who is referred to as Nebuchadnezzar, as King Nebuchadnezzar,
and as the King, can stand for two different people separately and together,
i.e. three different people/groups of people in the account symbolism
but only for one person in the event symbolism.
Distinguish between a further symbolic meaning and a
further fulfilment. A further symbolic meaning is effectively a whole new
account, a further fulfilment is a further instance of an existing account.
If something happens at a certain hour, then it, or events related to it, happen 12 times in all, the number of hours in a Hebrew day:
If there are ' 7 things' in a bible account, then these things are successive in time in all the word symbolic meanings.
Counting time in sevens was God's idea, he invented the week as recorded in Genesis 1. The 7 creative days of the creative week are the first thing in the bible (these are not literal 24 hour days because, for one thing, there was no earth on the first 'day'!) It is not a natural thing for man, who counts in base ten, or in dozens, to count time in sevens. God instigated this 'base' for counting time.
Time is what he counts in sevens, with a release after 7 times, counting to 7 exclusively or after 6 times counting 7 inclusively this being the Sabbath. The Sabbath is a concept which relates always to time. In the Hebrew language, the word for 'seven' and the word for 'Sabbath' are from the same root. Therefore the very language of God's people was and is declaring that 7 has to do with time. The concept that 7 relates to 7 things occurring one after the other with a release after or during the 7th one (depending on whether we count inclusively or exclusively), is enshrined in the language of the Old Testament.
But we fear that we have not laboured this seemingly trivial point enough. The Watchtower Society has 7 standing for 'divine completeness', but they miss the sense in which this completeness occurs, which is the temporal sense. It is a completeness in time, with the 7 repetitions occurring one after the other, consecutively, successively. For example, Daniel 9 literally says:
24 Seventy sevens, he is decreed for people of you and for city
of holiness of you
25 From issuing of decree to restore and to rebuild Jerusalem until anointed one, ruler, sevens seven, and sevens sixty-two (Daniel 9 - NIVHEOT).
It is implicit, it is understood that these sevens refer to time, and are therefore consecutive. It does not have to be spelt out. Similarly in the definition of the Jubilee, we see:
8 And you must count for yourself seven Sabbaths of years, seven times seven years, and the days of the seven Sabbaths of years must amount to forty-nine years for you (Leviticus 25).
A 'Sabbath' of years is here defined as 7 years. The holy spirit is actually equating, identifying 7 with the Sabbath. The Sabbath is a function of time, therefore the holy spirit is declaring 7 to be also a function of time, as regards its scriptural symbolism or significance.
So since Tuesday happens entirely after Monday, and since these two days have never coincided or even overlapped a little, and likewise for the whole week, the whole 7, the whole sabbath of days, we can deduce that 7 things means 7 successive things in scripture. For an example of the symbolism of 7: see .
We have so far discovered three dimensions of the holy book. The literal dimension, the event symbolic dimension and the word symbolic dimension. But there is a fourth.
There is a numerical count defined on certain phrases in the bible. This count only works in the Hebrew and the Greek. It is not the count of Eli Rips or Michael Drosnin or other equidistant Hebrew letter sequence researchers, which can be found at www.biblecodes.com. This count is a part of the 4th dimension of the bible.
The 4th dimension, is a cryptic dimension, it is not a symbolic dimension. For the scriptures do have a cryptic side, a newspaper crossword type side. This dimension appears to take the form of a series of discrete cryptic insights rather than a meaning or value for every word in every account as the other three dimensions give.
Now if you can see all four of these dimensions of the holy book then you are seeing the bible in colour rather than in black and white. For in our physical eyes, which God himself designed as a prophetic declaration of our spiritual vision (for everything the Jehovah does or declares is a prophetic declaration since as he is living all of his words and works are likewise living) we have cones, which see sharply in black and white, and we have rods, three types, which see slightly less sharply in colour. Is it red, green and blue? All of this structure is prefiguring the structure of the way in which we will see the bible, for the bible is a 4 dimensional book. The first dimension is the literal dimension and this corresponds to our cones, the ones that see in black and white, very sharply, unambiguously. The next three dimensions are the symbolic, the cryptic and the coded numeric dimensions, the red, the green and the blue rods. It is a beautiful book in glorious Technicolour. It is like Paul said:
18 In order that you may be thoroughly able to grasp mentally
with all the holy ones what is the breadth and length and height
19 and to know the love of Christ which surpasses knowledge (Ephesians 3).
4 dimensions. For Einstein discovered that the 3 dimensions of space are related to the 4th dimension of time via the Lorenz transformation. This results from the fact that the speed of light is a constant to all observers whether the light source is driving forwards in his Ford Escort with his halogens relative to the observer or orbiting backwards in his space shuttle with his laser beam. But the constancy of the spiritual source of light, the bible, which rather than emitting light at a constant speed independent of its relative motion, is a constant source, independent of time, emitting light at different speeds, is also manifested in 4 dimensions and these are:
For the same God made both types of light. The bible is a very fractal book, since it is pattern upon pattern, and yet man only discovered fractals in the last 20 years. Now Crick and Watson discovered slightly before the discovery of fractals, the molecular structure of the code of life, our genetic code, a 4 base code, written in terms of:
Furthermore, we see optically via rods and cones. Rods see in trhee colours, Red Green and Blue, and Cones see more sharply but in black and white. So the 4 dimensions of our vision are...
Then we have the 4 fundamental forces which define interactions between light and matter in the visible universe. These are..,
The strong nuclear force is of a very different type to the weak nuclear force. It is not merely a stronger version of the weaker force. So we have 4 dimensions of space-time, 4 dimensions of human vision, and 4 bases of our genetic code & the 4 walls of the super temple of all Christianity with the 4 cornerstones but only one foundation stone, and we have the 4 living creatures in heaven: Courage, Power, Love and Wisdom (Ezekiel 1, Revelation 4), we have the 4 Horsemen of the apocalypse. Now perhaps the reader will see what truly is the breadth, the length, the height and the depth, the 4 dimensions, of the bible code.
Perhaps he will realise that the works of Einstein discovering the structure of the universe, and Crick and Watson, discovering the structure of the human body, prophetically establish that there will be a further spiritual equivalent among God's covenanted people, who will discover the structure of the bible code, the word of God.
For if Crick and Watson have been allowed to see the physical code of life, then we have been allowed to see the spiritual code of life. And it is the same God, Jehovah, who has made both of these codes, through his son. And his prophet, the now angelic apostle Paul, the one who has declared the 4 bases of the bible, has also declared this order of revealing, by saying:
46 The first is, not that which is spiritual, but that which is physical, afterward that which is spiritual (1 Corinthians 15).
It would appear that 4 stands for fundamental structure in the bible, just as 7 stands for temporal succession.
Why is the sun 400 times bigger than the moon when it is 400 times further away from the earth than the moon. What a coincidence! How come these two completely unrelated bodies exactly fit over each other in a solar eclipse?
You will not find the answer in the department of astrophysics. You will find it in the book of Isaiah.
21 Do you people not know? Do you not hear? Has it not been told
to you from the outset? Have you not applied understanding from the foundations
of the earth?
22 There is one who is dwelling above the circle of the earth, the dwellers in which are as grasshoppers, the one who is stretching out the heavens just as a fine gauze, who spreads them out like a tent in which to dwell (Isaiah 40).
26 Raise your eyes high up and see. Who has created these things? It is the one who is bringing forth the army of them even by number, all of whom he calls even by name. Due to the abundance of dynamic energy, he also being vigorous in power, not one [of them] is missing (Isaiah 40).
But do not think that we wish to condemn astrophysics, on the contrary we wish to save it. In order to understand the universe one needs first to understand that it was God who set the speed of light at 3 x 108 metres/sec. He set it at this value before Adam was born, 4027Tishri10 BC, to stop us screwing up the universe until we had learned how to behave.
At some time before Adam was born, light travelled a lot faster as we have mentioned above. The universe has not been around for billions of years at all. The speed of light was reset by God as a cage for men. In fact it was reset by the command: Let there be light! Because light must have existed before God made this statement.
On the first creative day of Genesis God said: Let there be light. And he said this after observing that there was darkness on the surface of the watery deep. In other words after he had created the planet earth in the literal meaning of the chapter:
In [the] beginning God created the heavens and the earth.
2 Now the earth proved to be formless and waste and there was darkness upon the surface of [the] watery deep; and God's spirit was moving to and fro over the surface of the waters.
3 And God proceeded to say: "Let there be light." Then there came to be light (Genesis 1).
But we know that light existed from the start of the Big Bang. Therefore light already existed when he said: Let there be light. This is the key realisation in understanding the meaning of Genesis 1. So God reset some feature of light or recreated it on day 1 in the literal meaning.
So just because it takes one constant value today does not mean that it has always taken this constant value, once you admit that there may be a God. But physics does not admit this. Until it does, it will never discover the truth about the universe. However if you can find it in your heart to believe that it was God who set the speed of light, rather than random chance, then please go to section , the Munrose Hypothesis, where we deduce the date of the Big Bang as being 11,513,689,593 BC, and find out what the initial value of the speed of light was during the Big Bang itself (it was not 300,000 km/s !) from Genesis 1.
And another thing! What do you think God could be symbolising by having the whole universe held together by gravity, a universal unquestioning attractive force? Where would the universe be without gravity? The same place the world would be without love. And that is where we are going right now!
And another thing, seeing as our scientific and technological advancement has been so rapid in the last few thousand years, how come our art is now worse than that of the cave man??
So returning to the count on the bible:
25 And they will be given into his hand for a time, times and half a time (Daniel 7).
7 It will be for an appointed time, appointed times and a half (Daniel 12).
14 There is where she is fed for a time, times and half a time (Revelation 12).
We can do no better here than to quote Gordon's first letter to the Watchtower Society, that they actually received, to describe the meaning of this strange way of saying: 3½. If the man on the Clapham omnibus is asked: What is half of seven? he replies: It is three and a half. He does not reply: It is one plus ones plus a half of one. It is therefore manifestly apparent that the true God, who is most certainly able to do anything that the man on the Clapham omnibus is able to do, having created that man, is saying a lot more than ‘Three and a half times’, when he says: A time, times and half a time. Hopefully the man on the Clapham omnibus will one day know what this greater meaning of this central expression in the bible really is - see U152.
We read in Revelation 12:
14 But the two wings of the great eagle were given the woman, that she might fly into the wilderness to her place; there is where she is fed for a time and times and half a time away from the face of the serpent (Revelation 12).
‘Times’ is obviously in the plural (since Greek has no dual number as Hebrew does). But earlier in the same chapter we read:
6 And the woman fled into the wilderness, where she has a place prepared by God, that they should feed her there a thousand two hundred and sixty days (Revelation 12).
In the actual vision, and therefore in its event symbolism, (but not in it’s word symbolic meaning) the two periods are the same period and so we are being told by holy spirit that the phrase ‘a time, times and half a time’ is 1260 days of the BLC (Biblical Lunar Calendar), which is 3.5 lunar years of 360 days. But a year is a time, a cycle, of the earth around the sun. So 3.5 years is 3.5 times
So 1 time + times + ½ time = 3.5 times
So times = 2 times
So this particular plural counts as a double, in this equation. Therefore, one of the things that is certainly being said is that plurals count as two times in Greek, since the word 'times' is interpreted as 720 days in the above scriptures. In this context singulars count as one time and halves count as half a time.
25 and they will be given into his hand
[metaphorical] for a time, and times and half a time (Daniel 7)
7 It will be for an appointed time, appointed times and a half (Daniel 12)
14 there is where she is fed for a time and times and half a time away from the face of the serpent (Revelation 12).
The 3 scriptures above are actually the definition of how to count a scriptural list. Here are the list counting rules as far as we presently understand them...
1. The list must have 3 or more items in it (since all 3
lists above have 3 items in them).
2. The list may have only 2 items in it if one item is body part, such as hand 5x, foot 5x, eyes 2x, loins 2x, face 5x.
3. All items in the list count as singulars, duals, plurals, halves or fractions.
4. The result is a measure of time or a number of repetitions.
5. A body part triggers a count.
6. A number triggers a count.
7. A comparison triggers a count (such as the beast was like a Leopard)
8. A command followed by its execution triggers a count (such Joshua commanded the people to shout and the people shouted. Elijah said to all the people approach me. And all the people approached him).
9. A heading followed by further description triggers a count being a form of comparison - is the next action part of the heading or not? (such as he mocked them and said: call in a loud voice etc)
When a count is triggered one counts the whole sentence or perhaps the whole story related to the thing that has triggered the count.
With triggered qualified counts, you count the sense of the sentence rather the precise words used. This is the opposite of word symbolism!
List types include...
Objects of one verb.
Each item has a repeated noun.
Each item has a repeated preposition
Greek singular counts 1x
Greek Plural counts 2x
Hebrew Singular counts 1x
Hebrew Dual counts 2x
Hebrew Plural counts 3x
The king at the potato = 1x
The king ate 3 potatoes = 3x
3 kings at the potato = 3x
3 kings ate 3 potatoes = 6x (3x of kings eating and 3x of potatoes being eaten) we are adding the active count to the passive count
All the earth means all parts of the earth which counts as 2x in Greek and 3x in Hebrew
All the Hebrews means all the ones of the Hebrews which is 3x in Hebrew.
The hand has 5 fingers and so counts 5
times. It means 4x-5x, 5x or less but not 4x. A stretched hand
means 5x-6x, 5x or more but not 6x (Exodus 14, and Jesus betrayed into the hands
of sinners being 20 years max).
A king ruling over 5 kingdoms, counts 5x since his kingdoms are effectively the fingers of his dominion.
A mouth speaking 5 languages counts 5x, since these languages are effectively the fingers of his speech.
So a mouth [with 32 teeth and one tongue]
speaking blasphemies [2x] counts as 64x.
A hand [5x] holding oranges [2x] counts as 10x
A hand [5x] holding orange [things] [2x] counts as 10x
A hand [5x] holding oranges [2x] and green [things] counts as 10x because we cannot count a grammatically non homogeneous list. Another way of looking at this is that the body part triggers a count of nouns (the grammatical format of the first element in the list), not of adjectives (the grammatical format of the second element in the list).
A hand [5x] holding oranges [2x] and lemons [2x] counts as 20x because a list count has started and the second item is homogeneous with the first. The count is forced on the first item because 'hand' is a body part. The list is too short to be self triggering, but is triggers by the body part.
Lists which define a general category and then list specific items in that category are comparisons and so count. We think inclusively because all the items are included in the category.
Lists which repeat any word with each item are begging to be counted! We think these may count exclusively.
38 At that the fire of Jehovah came falling and went eating up the burnt offering and the pieces of wood and the stones and the dust, and the water that was in the trench it licked up (1Kings 18)??
We now think that the counting dimension of the code only applies to lists and to comparisons. For example...
6 And Jehovah himself had caused the camp of the Syrians to hear the sound of war chariots, the sound of horses, the sound of a great military force (2Kings7)
The day of Jehovah (Zephaniah 1:14-16 NIVHEOT)
14 The great day of Jehovah is near. It is near, and there is a hurrying [of it] very much. The sound of the day of Jehovah is bitter. There a mighty man is letting out a cry.
15 That day is a day of fury, a day of distress and of anguish, a day of storm and of desolation, a day of darkness and of gloominess, a day of clouds and of thick gloom,
16 a day of horn and of alarm signal, against the fortified cities and against the high corner towers.
17 And I will cause distress to mankind, and they will certainly walk like blind men; because it is against Jehovah that they have sinned. And their blood will actually be poured out like dust, and their bowels like the dung.
18 Neither their silver nor their gold will be able to deliver them in the day of Jehovah's fury; but by the fire of his zeal the whole earth will be devoured, because he will make an extermination, indeed a terrible one, of all the inhabitants of the earth (Zephaniah 1)
|The great day of Jehovah is near|
|(It is near) and there is a hurrying of it very much|
|The sound of the day of Jehovah is bitter|
|There is a mighty man letting out a cry|
|Day of wrath, the day the that||1x|
|Day of distress and anguish||2x|
|Day of trouble and ruin||2x|
|Day of darkness and gloom||2x|
|Day of cloud and blackness||2x|
Day of trumpet and battlecry
The trumpet and battlecry is upon the fortified cities and their corner towers which are of course connected, since the corner towers are the fortifications for the cities. So its 2x upon 3x (Hebrew plural counts 3x).
14x from 2014Tishri6/7/8 to 2015Heshvan28. Zephaniah says...
18 Neither their silver nor their gold will be able to deliver them in the day of Jehovah's fury; but by the fire of his zeal the whole earth will be devoured, because he will make an extermination, indeed a terrible one, of all the inhabitants of the earth [from 2015Ab10 to 2015Tishri29] (Zephaniah 1).
Revelation 18:11-13 (Greek Interlinear)
For a full treatment of Revelation see U151
And the travelling merchants of the earth are weeping and mourning over her because there is not one to buy their cargo anymore, a cargo [accusative]:
|and of silver||1x|
|and of precious stone||1x|
|and of pearls||2x|
|and of fine linen||1x|
|and of purple||1x|
|and of silk||1x|
|and of scarlet||1x|
|and every scented wood||2x|
|and every ivory vessel||2x|
|and every vessel out of precious wood and of copper and of iron and of marble||2x+2x+2x+2x|
|and Indian spice||1x|
|and perfumed oil||1x|
|and olive oil||1x|
|and fine flour||1x|
|and of sheeps||2x|
|and of horses||2x|
|and of coaches||2x|
|and of bodies||2x|
|and souls of men||2x|
41 times? (Revelation 18:11-13 NWT adapted from Greek).
The Mark of the Beast (Revelation 13)
|And it [the 2 horned beast] is making all [ones] [accusative]|
|the small [ones] [accusative] and the great [ones]||2x|
|and the rich [ones] and the poor [ones]||2x|
|and the free [ones] and the bonded [ones]||2x|
|in order that they [the [ones] dwelling upon the earth] should give to them [a+b]:|
engraving upon the hand of [each one of] them, the right or upon the forehead of [each one of] them
|a different witness to a further period of 5 or 6 months exclusively.|
|and in order that, no one may be able to buy or to sell|
if not the one having the engraving, [which is] the name of the wild beast [a covenant with it to get its name], or the number of the name of it
6 plurals compared to one plural. 6 months inclusively for the ban to take effect. 6 months of effectiveness thereafter (the hand + the forehead)..
The Great Crowd in the 5 Colonnades of John 5
3 In these a multitude of the sick [ones], blind [ones], lame [ones] and withered [ones], was lying down [is this 8x from 2006Sivan/Tammuz when JWs who believed in our work started lying down by the baptism pool waiting for a sign, to 2014Elul28/29, the sign for which they had been waiting. The man sick for 38 years is the Watchtower after they gave up on chronology in 1975. So the 38 years run from 1975Tishri1 to 2013Tishri1 but not to 2014Tishri1. The Watchtower thought that the world would end on 1975Elul30].
The Great Crowd of Revelation 7:9
9 After these things I saw, and, look! a great crowd, which no man was able to number [1x], out of every nation [pantoV and ethnoV and both singular] and tribes and peoples and tongues [2x+2x+2x+2x=8x] [from 2014Tishri6/7/8 to 2015Sivan15/16] standing before the throne [saints - with rulership] and before the Lamb [priests], dressed in white robes [sealed into the CRC]; and there were palm branches in their hands.
Every nation is a plural and counts as 2x.
So the great crowd is chosen during 9 months.
The things God rocks in Haggai 2
6 For this is what Jehovah of armies has said, 'Yet once -- it is a little while -- and I am rocking
the heavens [dual/plural]
and the earth and the sea and the dry-ground [counts
7 and I will rock all the nations [3x] and the desire of all the nations [the 1NC reserves], they shall go in [3x] and I will fill this house with glory [1x], [counts as 7x] (Haggai 2).
Surely that is a further 13x of verse 6 and verse 7 from 2014Elul28 to 2014Tishri10 when Jesus, the desire of all the nations, enters into the temple of the LWs/Zoar.
In verse 6 God is rocking things. In verse 7 God will rock things. The present tense refers to the repeated festival of Cakes. The rocking of verse6 must therefore entirely precede the rocking of verse7. So we see finally that verse6+verse7 together count as 13x from 2014Elul28-2014Tishri10.
All the nations counts 3x, as a normal Hebrew plural, it being 100% of 'the nations'.
Paul's list of Kingdom Failures
12 saying with a great voice, 'Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive the power, and wealth, and wisdom, and strength, and honour, and glory, and blessing!' [7x not 8x, from 2014Tishri16 to 2015Sivan11? We got the first seal of Revelation6, that dates are expressed in terms of festivals on 2014Sivan6].(Revelation 5 YLT)
Any list with 3 or more items has a sentence count.
The dryness of Haggai
11 And I kept calling for dryness [1x] upon the earth [1x], and upon the mountains [3x], and upon the grain [1x], and upon the new wine [1x], and upon the oil [1x], and upon [that] which the ground brings forth [1x], and upon earthling man [1x], and upon domestic animal [1x], and upon all the toil of [the] palms [2x: some of the toil + the rest of the toil] [A Classic list count of 13x 2001Heshvan10 to 2014Heshvan10].' (Haggai 1).
The spirits of Haggai
14 And Jehovah proceeded to rouse up the spirit of Zerubbabel, the son of Shealtiel, the governor of Judah, and the spirit of Joshua, the son of Jehozadak, the high priest, and the spirit of all the remnant of the people [List of spirits counting as 3x] and they began to enter in and to do the work in the house of Jehovah of armies their God (Haggai 1)
13 and he burneth the house of Jehovah [2NC Kings in the Watchtower], and the house of the king [1NC reserves], and all the houses of Jerusalem [3x every 2NC Lord to be], even every great house [3x every heavenly baptised 2NC Lord] he hath burned with fire [8x from 2014Tishri to 2015Sivan15/16 when all the saints are in the LWs, and none are left in any other church?] (Jeremiah 52 - YLT)
4 When the queen of Sheba got to see all the
wisdom of Solomon [1x/3x]
and the house that he had built [1x],
5 and the food of his table [1x] and the seating of his servants [1x] and the table service of his waiters [1x] and garments of them [3x] and his cupbearers [3x] and his burnt offering [1x] that ascended at the house of Jehovah [list counts 12x/14x from ? to 2015Elul27, the last day of JAC ark based interaction with the world?], then there proved to be no more spirit in her [All the saints had left the church and were now in the ark permanently] (1Kings 10).
Sheep and Goats
35 For I
became hungry and you gave me something to eat; I got thirsty and you gave me
something to drink. I was a stranger and you received me hospitably,
36 naked, and you clothed me. I fell sick and you looked after me. I was in prison and you came to me [6x predicaments and 6 loving responses. 6 months from 2015Nisan22, when the 3HSC takes over Zoar to 2015Tishri14, the 3rd adamic Passover]
37 Then the righteous ones [the sons of the CRC and FRC] will answer him with the words, 'Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty, and give you something to drink?
38 When did we see you a stranger and receive you hospitably, or naked, and clothe you?
39 When did we see you sick or in prison and go to you? [5x predicaments and 5x loving responses. 5 months from 2015Nisan22 to 2015Elul29/30, the end of FRC testing]
40 And in reply the king will say to them, Truly I say to you, To the extent that you did it to one of the least of these my brothers [in the JAC], you did it to me .
17 Because thou sayest: I am rich [interpretationally] and have acquired-riches [not having made the interpretations myself, not having bought them from Jesus by direct research] and do not need anything at all [3 ways of saying I am wealthy, counts 3x], but you do not know [because they believe not in God's word but in what they are told by the evil slave who keeps them in the dark] you [AOL, the Angel of Loadicea] are miserable and pitiable and poor and blind [interpretationally] and naked [having no priestly garments and open to every sort of abuse being brainwashed, having no defence against priestly abuse. The worst condemnation in all the counsels. There is nothing good that these guys are commended for. Counts 5x from the loss of water baptism on 2009Elul10 to 2014Adar3-7 - when, through the 2nd/3rd fire signs of 1Kings18, they find out just how miserable and pitiable and poor and blind and naked they really are] (Revelation 3).
Daniel2: The stone strikes the feet of iron and clay
34 You continued until a stone was cut out without hands [Counts 10x which are 10 months. This being the period when the terrorist attack which causes the image to stumble is hatched and perfected? These would run from 2013Shebat to 2014Chislev9/10?], which struck the image on its feet which [comprised] iron and clay [counts 2x or 10x or both. The stone strike the UK foot and the US foot. Are there 10 days between the strikes?], and broke them to pieces [two pieces, the sons of the kingdom and the sons of Gehenna - the sons of iron and the sons of clay].
Exodus 3: The 10 Plagues
19 And I, even I, well know that the king of
Egypt will not give you permission to go except by a strong hand [5x
20 And I shall have to stretch out my hand and strike Egypt [5x of fulfilment. The count stops here since there was only one intention. So that makes 5x+5x=10x. Egypt was of course struck 10x with the Ten Plagues. Likewise in the greater meaning. When Jesus counted all his bones, there was a fulfilment immediately and then another today] with all my wonderful acts that I shall do in the midst of it; and after that he will send you out.
616 of Revelation 13
1 And I stood on the sand of the sea. And I saw a beast coming up out of the sea, having
7 heads [7x] and 10 horns [10x], and on his horns
10 diadems [10x], and on its heads names of
blasphemy [7x] [Total = 34x].
2 And the beast which I saw was like a leopard [1x a comparison], and its feet as of a bear [4x a comparison - Bears have 4 feet], and its mouth as a lion's mouth [7x.30x=210x a comparison - Lions mouths have 30 teeth. The tongue although in the mouth is connected not to the mouth but to the throat. 30 instruments in 7 heads. Mouth is singular because the 7 heads are successive in time. They are not concurrent. 7 symbolises temporal succession, since God counts time in 7s. There are 7 days in the week which are not concurrent but consecutive]. And the dragon gave its power to it, and its throne, and great authority. [Counts 3x. Total= 1+4+210+3 =218x]
3 And one of its heads, as having been slain to death [an event - does not count], and its deadly wound was healed [1x a comparison and a feature - does count - it has a healed wound]. And all the earth wondered after the beast.
4 And they worshiped the dragon who gave authority to the beast; and they worshiped the beast, saying, Who is like the beast; who is able to make war with it? [0x. We count numbers, body parts, comparisons and lists]
5 And a mouth speaking great [things] [30x.2x=60x] and blasphemies was given to it [30x.2x=60x. The body part, mouth, forces the count on the non homogeneous list]. And authority to act 42 months was given to it [42x].
6 And it opened its mouth in blasphemy toward God, to blaspheme his name and his tabernacle, and those tabernacling in Heaven. [0x. We count numbers, body parts, comparisons and lists]
7 And it was given to it to war with the saints, and to overcome them [2x part of the list of given things]. And authority was given to it over every tribe [2x] and people [2x - every people] and tongue [2x - every tongue] and nation [every nation in the beast, the UN, that is 193 nations from 2011July14 when South Sudan joined up. Total = 201] (Revelation 13 - corrected from the Greek. The GLT/YLT/KJV all omits the word 'people' from this verse. The NWT includes it as do the Greek Texts).
Total list/comparison count = 34x + 218x + 1x + 60x + 60x + 42x + 201x = 616x
In the above count we say that a hand only counts as 5x because it has 5 fingers and no other countable items attached to it. So a lion's mouth counts as 30x since it has 30 teeth and nothing else attached to it since the tongue is attached to the throat and since a lion has no lips. But a leopard's head has 2 ears, 2 eyes, 2 nostrils and one mouth, so it has no unique count and so we do not count anything on a head. A mouth is 2 jaws which count as two rows of teeth i.e. 30x in the case of a lion and 32x in the case of a man. Just as 2 feet count as 10 toes and 2 hands count as 10 fingers. In fact you can make a kind of mouth by putting your two palms together at the wrists and opening and closing your two hands like a crocodile. These two hand together count as 10 fingers not 2 hands.
1 And I stood on the sand of the sea. And I saw a beast coming up out of the sea, having
7 heads [7x. (2 ears, 2 nostrils, 2 eyes and 1
mouth)=49x] and 10 horns [10x], and on his horns
10 diadems [10x], and on its heads names of
blasphemy [7x] [Total = 76x].
2 And the beast which I saw was like a leopard [A comparison with 4 legs, 1 head, 1 tail, 1 anus, 2 balls, 1 male organ = 10], and its feet as of a bear [4x - Bears have 4 feet], and its mouth as a lion's mouth [7x.31x=217x - Lions mouths have 30 teeth and 1 tongue. 31 instruments in 7 heads. Mouth is singular because the 7 heads are successive in time. They are not concurrent. 7 symbolises temporal succession, since God counts time in 7s. There are 7 days in the week which are not concurrent but consecutive]. And the dragon gave its power to it [1x], and its throne [1x], and great authority[1x]. [Total= 10+4+217+3=234x]
3 And one of its heads [1x], as having been slain to death [an event - does not count], and its deadly wound was healed [a feature - does count]. And all the earth wondered after the beast.
4 And they worshiped the dragon who gave authority to the beast; and they worshiped the beast, saying, Who is like the beast; who is able to make war with it? [0x. We only count a list of seen features of the beast or a list of things given to it]
5 And a mouth speaking great [things] and blasphemies was given to it [31x.2x=62x. Non homogeneous list, only count the first item]. And authority to act forty two months was given to it [42x].
6 And it opened its mouth in blasphemy toward God, to blaspheme his name and his tabernacle, and those tabernacling in Heaven. [0x. We only count a list of seen features of the beast or a list of things given to it]
7 And it was given to it to war with the saints, and to overcome them [2x]. And authority was given to it over every tribe [2x] and people [2x - every people] and tongue [2x - every tongue] and nation [every nation in the beast, the UN, that is 193 nations from 2011July14 when South Sudan joined up. Total = 201] (Revelation 13 - corrected from the Greek. The GLT/YLT/KJV all omits the word 'people' from this verse. The NWT includes it as do the Greek Texts).
Grand total count of the seen features of the beast and things given to it is 76+234+1+62+42+201 = 616.
Count the stars please
5 And He brought him outside and said, Look now at the heavens and count the stars, if you are able to count them [some of Abraham's seed can count them and other cannot]. And he said to him: So shall your seed be (Genesis 15).
1NC Kings 156,000
1NC Queens 156,000
2NC Kings 156,000
2NC Queens 156,000
2NC Lords 15,600,000
2NC Ladies 15,600,000
1NC Lords 15,600,000
1NC Ladies 15,600,000
Peter, the head of the 1NC wife. The King of the heavenly
Paul, the mediator of Bilhah, the ELC. The Lord of the earthly Lords
MZ the mediator of Zilpah, the HLC. The Lord of the heavenly Lords
Gordon, the mediator of the 2NC. The head of the 2NC wife, the King of the earthly Kings.
I Count all my Bones
14 I am poured out like waters, and all My
bones are spread apart [therefore
he was not impaled, he was crucified arms and legs apart. This is the Passover
door symbolism]. My heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst of My bowels.
15 my strength is dried up like a clay-pot; and my tongue clings to my jaws;
16 and you appoint me to the dust of death; for dogs have encircled me; a band of spoilers have hemmed me in, piercing my hands and my feet.
17 I count all my bones; they look, they stare at me [The enemies or the bones!].
18 They divide my garments among them, and they made fall a lot for my clothing (Psalm 22).
There are 206 bones in the human body. This was a Passover prophecy for Jesus, for the day he died, which was 33Nisan14. In the first fulfilment there may well have been 206 baptised disciples at the time of his death. Only 120 actually gathered in the upper room in Jerusalem in Acts 1. The skeleton was those who responded to his direct ministry before he died. The flesh were those we joined the skeleton after he died.
The bones in the greater meaning are the skeleton of the 1NC reserve bride (bones noun counts 2x so has one greater meaning. There are two word symbolic threads since David says in verse 1 the double exclamation: My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?
Perhaps 206 1NC reserve saints attend the first or second new Passover? They look on 2011Tishri14. They stare on 2011Heshvan14, when the last Watchtower 1NC reserve comes in to the LWs. These bones exist for another 206 days to 2012Sivan10, when they die being appointed to the dust of death on that day. The flesh, the rest of the wife, comes in on 2011Chislev14.
Deeper but incorrect analysis...
14 I am poured out like waters [3x, 3 water baptisms for the 1NC reserves at 3 New Passovers on 2014Adar14 and 2015Nisan14 and 2015Iyyar14], and all My bones [206x] are spread apart [the first New Passover spreads 206 1NC reserve bones apart a bone for a house];
My heart [1x] is like wax; it is melted in the midst of my inwards/bowels [3x] [3 nights of heart melting panic for 1NC reserves].
15 My strength is dried up like a clay-pot [1x]; and my tongue
clings to my jaws [1x.32x, 16 human teeth per
16 and you appoint me to the dust of death [1x] [Total is 34x from 1978 to 2012Sivan10]; for dogs [3x] have encircled me [3 years]; a company of evildoers has surrounded me, piercing my hands [dual 5x = 10x] and my feet [dual 5x = 10x] [total is 23x from 1978 to 2001, when the last 1NC non reserve died. Fred Franz became president on 1977Tammuz4. His first regnal year was 1978. Ed Dunlop was disfellowshipped in 1979 and Ray Franz in 1981. So it appears that Jesus lost his power in the WTBTS in the first regnal year of Franz].
17 I count all my bones; they look, they stare at me [The
enemies or the bones!].
18 They divide my garments among them, and they made fall a lot for my clothing (Psalm 22).
7x.206x = 1442x from 2008Nisan14 to 2012Nisan16?
THESE COUNTS ARE NOT CORRECT YET...
Nebuchadnezzar's recital of his dream (Daniel 4:10-12, NIVHEOT, New International Version Hebrew English Old Testament)
Here are some counts of Daniel 4...
|And visions of my head upon my bed, I was beholding||3x.|
|a tree in the middle of the land||1½x|
|and height of him enormous||1x|
|he grew large the tree (trigger)||1x|
|and he grew strong||1x|
|and height of him touched to the skies||2x|
|and visibility of him [touched] to end of all of the earth||2x|
|leaf of him beautiful||1x|
|and fruit of him abundant||1x|
|and food of all in him||3x|
|under him she found shelter, beast of field||2x|
|and in branches of him they lived, birds of the airs||10x|
|and from him, he was fed, every creature||2x|
Total of 27½x = 27½ times. But these are multiplied by the 3x of visions upon the bed:
3x.27½x=82½x, 82½ times, we take as 82½ years in the case of FDS3 from 1919Nisan1, the first day of activity after the GB was released from prison, to 2001Tishri30, when the Watchtower lost their water baptism and their authority to feed anyone.
'Birds of the airs' are the remnant of the bride, the first new covenant saints. They took centre position in the earth when they were appointed over all belongings in Nisan 1918. But they could not do much feeding at that time due to WW1 and the due to leadership being sent to prison on 1918Iyyar25. Every creature is being fed 'at the proper time'. The branches of this tree of Moses are the 5 watches of the Watchtower.
|in visions of my head upon my bed, I was beholding||6x.|
|watcher and [he was a] holy one, from the heavens coming down. [Hebrew has a colon for the end of a sentence]||2x./4x|
|[He was] calling in loudness||2x.|
|and [he was] saying this:|
|Chop down the tree||1x|
|and trim off branches of him||2x|
|Strip off leaf of him||1x|
|and scatter fruit of him||1x|
|let her flee the animal from being under him||2x|
|and the birds from branches of him||4x|
No trigger here. [6x.4x.2x(1x+2x+1x+1x+2x+4x)= 528 days from 2006Iyyar1, the sign of Jonah letter, to 2007Tishri19, when the Watchtower stop feeding??]
19 At that time Daniel himself, whose name is Belteshazzar, was astonished for a moment, and his very thoughts began to frighten him. The king was answering and saying, 'Oh Belteshazzar, do not let the dream and the interpretation themselves frighten you.' Belteshazzar was answering and saying, 'Oh my lord, may the dream [apply] to those hating you, and its interpretation to your adversaries.
|The tree that you saw that||1x.|
|He grew large||1x|
|And he grew strong||1x|
|And top of him he touched to the skies||2x|
|And visibility of him [was] to all of the earth||2x|
|And leaf of him beautiful||1x|
|And fruit of him abundant||1x|
|And food for all in him||3x|
|Under him she found shelter, beast of the field||2x|
|and in branches of him they had nests birds of the airs||8x in 2x = 18x|
No trigger here. The word tree is not repeated. [31x. The above is neither the dream nor the interpretation, it is a recital of the dream by Daniel. This may be 31 months of the growth of the LWs, from 2006Iyyar to 2008Heshvan inclusive. The birds of the airs having nests counts as 18x or 18 months from 2007Sivan to 2008Heshvan inclusive.]
[[An earlier idea we had which was not correct was... This is the presidency of Knorr, from January 13th 1942 until June 8th 1977, or 1941Tebbeth22 to 1977Sivan21. He was the first foolish virgin of Matthew 25 in the second presence. This is the bloom of the Watchtower physically, but just as in the case of our own bodies, when they bloom they are already becoming corrupt with age. The church of Knorr, Pergamum, was the compromising church. The church of Franz, Thyatira, was the corrupt church, and the church of Henschel, Sardis, became the dead church. So Knorr was the beginning of the adversity of the Watchtower to Jesus. This is because the interpretation applies to Jesus' adversaries. The dream also applies to those hating Jesus, because at the end of the JWs the tree is cut down because they end up hating Jesus. Dear oh dear oh dear.]]
The day of Jehovah (Joel 2:1-2 NIVHEOT)
|Blow a horn in Zion||2x|
|And sound alarm on hill of holiness of me||2x|
|Let them tremble, all of ones living of the land||4x|
|Because he comes, day of Jehovah||1x|
|Because close at hand (he is)||1x|
|Day of darkness and gloom (he is)||2x|
|Day of cloud and blackness (he is)||2x|
|Like dawn spreading upon the mountains (he is)||3x|
2x+2x+4x=8x warning from 2007Sivan to 2008Nisan. When the Day of Jehovah starts. And 2x+2x+3x=7x of Day of Jehovah spreading upon the mountains? From 2008Nisan to 2008Heshvan??
Here are two cryptic gems, which we have used to deduce the method of baptism for ‘the life’ - see :
17 And as he was going out on his way, a certain man ran up and fell upon his knees before him and put the question to him: Good Teacher, what must I do to inherit everlasting life? (Mark 10).
Fine so one must fall upon one's knees for a start to get baptised.21 A great number that became believers, turned upon the Lord (Acts 11 NWT/KI).
This means that there is a turning round in one’s baptism.
If a number is recited in scripture without an associated noun or pronoun, then it is meant cryptically in the word symbolic threads.
All bible symbolism is carried in the nouns. So if Pharaoh has a dream about 7 cows, the cows stand for 7 somethings symbolically, and cows always take that meaning in that account. But if Peter stands up with the 11, and we are not told explicitly in that sentence, what the 11 are, then 11 is a flying number and it must be interpreted cryptically in the greater meaning. In other words it can be anything relevant that you want it to be to do with 11. We take it to be 2007Tammuz11 right now!
Our initial problem with this work was the thought that Eli Rips (who founded ELS or Equidistant Hebrew Letter Sequence research) was still a Jew by Religious Persuasion. We thought that he cannot have this right because being a Jew by religion, he has not accepted that Jesus was God’s son, the messiah, and so he has failed to understand even the basic literal dimension of the holy book. It is therefore not reasonable to suppose that he can shed any light on any coded meanings correctly. It's rather like a man with no legs representing that he is a star football player! Gordon's other problem was that Satan always produces fakes to mask the original. There were many false Christ's at the time of the true Christ, Jesus, in his first and his second presence:
5 Many will come on the basis of my name saying: I am the Christ, and mislead many (Matthew 24).
Our work showing that the bible is written in a symbolic code was
published exclusively to the Governing Body of the Jehovah's Witnesses in 1992.
But the first that the world really heard of any bible code was in 1994
(Newton's decoding activities were suppressed when he was alive and only
published very narrowly after he died), when the
paper on ELS was submitted and published by the Statistical Science Journal in
the US, Volume 9, Number 3, August 1994. www.torahcodes.co.il/wrr1/wrr1.htm.
Gordon was prohibited by his understanding of the scriptures from going public
until 1999Elul, 7 years after the first book was
delivered to the HQ of the JWs by Massoud. A statistical refutation of this
paper was published in 1999 in the same Journal by Brendan McKay, D Bar-Natan, M
Bar-Hillel and G Kalai (MBBK) "Solving the Bible Code Puzzle"
Statistical Science 14, pp 150-173
This ELS research appears now to have become a very large commercial empire for Amazon and Michael Drosnin and various publishers, more than it being a religious research program. There have to our knowledge been no further scientific papers in support of it since the first one in 1994, and one against it. Jesus said that you should judge a tree by its fruit. We can see no Christian fruit from this supposed decoding. We can see no academic fruit from this supposed decoding. We can see a whole load of commercial fruit. There has been some good work by Guy Cramer which shows that ELS is just the result of random chance: www.direct.ca/trinity/codebreaker.html & www.direct.ca/trinity/closing.html .
Prof Brendan McKay, who led the scientific refutation paper, has done a lot of great work on debunking ELS.
McKay shows that applying ELS to Moby Dick predicts the assasinations of Martin Luther King, JFK, Yitsak Rabin (the first correct prediction by Eli Rips), Princess Diana, Abraham Lincoln and Indira Gandhi. It even predicts the horrible and grotesque murder of Michael Drosnin himself giving some graphic detail! Basically ELS methodology will give all sorts of interesting predictions from any reasonably long book. It is a statistical phenomenon not a prophetic one. The book of Revelation does say unequivocally and literally that:
10 The bearing witness to Jesus is what inspires prophesying (Revelation 19).
Whereas there is no witness to Jesus in any of the ELS prophecies that we have seen and none in the best selling ELS book 'The Bible Code'. Although there are references to the Messiah (who is yet to put in an appearance!) So this work cannot be a true decoding.
Covers the debate fairly comprehensively. The response from Drosnin to McKays Moby Dick findings was that his Moby Dick results: "Simply do not qualify as code tables". Drosnin wishes to disqualify McKay since that is the only way to beat him. Plainly it matters not whether McKays work is regarded as being qualified by Drosnin. Whatever methodology he used is just as valid and produced results that are just as news worthy as Drosnins - He did not make so much money from it though!
In fact McKay's results are more news worthy! McKay's ELS on Moby Dick is a better predictor of assasinations than Drosnin's ELS on the Torah. This debunks Drosnin ELS completely since Moby Dick was plainly not an inspired book. In fact it disqualies Drosnin's theory that he has found the bible code, not McKays method of refutation.
Incidentally we sent our noun counting data - see U49 to 200 academics including Prof Brendan McKay in video format - see our download page, and asked them to refute it if they could. No one did. We will say this though, the originator of ELS, Eli Rips was a professor of Group theory, and Gordon started his PhD at Oxford in group theory, and group theory is beautiful and exact, it doesn't involve any statistics as does ELS. We cannot help thinking of the quote:
There are lies, damn lies and statistics.
But in any event what use is it telling Yitsac Rabin that he will be assasinated? As the ELS 'code' predicted. This is the sort of thing that fortune tellers do, and if they are wrong they are phoneys and if they are genuine they are getting their knowledge from Satan and are condemned in the literal meaning of the bible, being spirit mediums. 'Beware the Ides of March' was not from God. And it didn't help Julius Caesar. You know it's the same old wolf but in more modern sheep's clothing.
Now here is the thing. Does a literal account have a straight symbolic meaning as well as a coded symbolic meaning? Does a symbolic account such as a dream or a parable or a vision have a straight symbolic meaning as well as a coded symbolic meaning?
These two questions troubled Gordon for 9 years until the end of 2001. But as usual once the question is asked in the correct way, the answer is not far off. As regards Gordon, who is the antetypical Daniel, who was named Belteshazzar by Nebuchadnezzar (he went in for slightly longer names than the Hebrews did), it is true in his experience, when he makes the effort that he should, then as the King himself said:
9 Oh Belteshazzar the chief of the magic-practicing
priests, because I myself well know that the spirit of the holy gods is in you and that there is no
secret at all that is troubling you, tell [me] the visions of my dream that I have beheld and its
interpretation (Daniel 4).
But this one thing about symbolic symbolism, straight symbolism and coded symbolism had eluded him for 9 years. During this time, Gordon had prayed many a time and had asked the true God and said to him: Oh Jehovah, who has chosen me out of all of the wise men on this earth to reveal his secrets to. If it pleases you, will you show this great bible code to others of your sons who can help me in the great work that I am commissioned to do. For I am but one man and your book was written by the Father of all minds for every human mind which can read or which can listen to another one who is reading. And the true God himself had for many years effectively been answering and saying: Oh Gordon, my son, it is you whom I have chosen to talk to face to face, and you can carry this burden, and I will help you to do so. For he has said in many places in the bible:
4 Jehovah has sworn (and he will feel no regret): You are a priest to time indefinite, according to the manner of Melchizedek! (Psalm 110).
And Gordon has known for a long time that these words apply to Jesus and himself and others. But he is made very happy by the true God when one of his brothers sorts out a biblical problem for him. Because then he knows that God has blessed his brother as he has blessed Gordon, and so Gordon is not alone in God's love in this respect. Of course it is wonderful to be a son, but it is better when you have some brothers and sisters.
If the reader is a boss, he will know how easy it is to get employees to park their backsides in his office, and yet how hard it is to get them to take their brains out of their parking spaces and use them to solve business problems. How happy a boss is when a member of staff expends brain power not on his own salary calculations or on his social advancement, or on making sure that come what may he is out of the office by 5:25 pm, but rather he expends it on the business which employs him. How wonderful it is when the business falters and someone else runs to pick it up before the boss gets there.
So this is what happened in the case of the number of types symbolic meanings that an account might have. Gordon asked the question at a study group:
Does the book of Revelation have a literal meaning of the type that, yes, John did actually see a harlot on a beast, and a straight symbolic meaning, the event symbolism, a simple symbolism (of the type that Jesus explained in the case of the parable of the Sower of Mark 4 - see ) and a coded symbolic meaning, the account symbolism, the word symbolism (of the type that Jesus explained in the case of the parable of the wheat and the weeds of Matthew 13). Or does it only have a literal meaning and a coded symbolic meaning?
It was Lee, who straight away came up with the answer, in the form of the first two verses of Revelation:
1 A revelation by Jesus Christ, which God gave
him, to show his slaves the things that must shortly take place. And he sent forth
his angel and presented [it] in signs through him to his slave John,
2 who bore witness to:
the word God gave
and to the witness Jesus Christ gave,
even to all the things he saw (Revelation 1).
Obviously 'all the things he saw' is the literal account, 'the word God gave' is another meaning and 'the witness Jesus Christ gave' is yet another meaning. So there must be both an Event symbolism and a Word symbolism.
As mentioned above John is bearing witness to 'The word God gave'. This therefore is a witness to God's words themselves which is the word symbolic meaning. John is also bearing witness to the (symbolically expressed) witness that Jesus gave him in the form of the vision, this then is the event symbolic account, the symbolic meaning of the events of the vision.
|All the things he saw||Literal account of the vision|
|The Word God gave||Coded word symbolic meaning of the vision|
|The Witness Jesus Christ gave||Straight event symbolic meaning of the vision|
By the Consistency Principle, this structure must apply to all symbolic accounts in the bible, such as parables, visions, dreams etc. Then Gordon was able to put the whole jigsaw together. Now in Daniel 4, the straight event symbolism cannot apply to the whole chapter as the Reverend John Aquila Brown, the second adventists and Charles Russell thought or you end up with Jesus being counselled as follows:
27 Therefore, Oh king, may my counsel seem good to
you, and remove your own sins by righteousness, and your iniquity by showing mercy
to the poor ones. Maybe there will occur a lengthening of your prosperity
which counsel plainly does not apply to Jesus. From this we deduce that literal accounts do not have straight symbolic meanings. So putting these together we get:
Literal bible accounts only have a coded account symbolic meaning
Symbolic bible accounts have a straight event symbolic meaning and a coded account symbolic meaning.
Accounts which contain both literal and symbolic portions, such as dreams explanations and fulfillments, obey the two rules above for their respective portions.
So in the case of Daniel 4, since the chapter is not an entirely symbolic account, but contains various literal portions, it can not have one straight symbolic meaning that applies throughout the account. Such a meaning could not apply to the literal parts of the account, such as Daniel's explanation of the dream and the fulfillment of the dream. However the dream itself has both a straight symbolic explanation, which is the one that Daniel interpreted, and resulted in Nebuchadnezzar spending 7 years living like a wild animal. The coded symbolic interpretation of the dream gives the Gentile Times and actually the chronology and activities of FDS3 and FDS4 - see .
This then is the true generalisation (as far as we can see it today) of the Reverend John Aquila Brown's astonishing interpretation of Nebuchadnezzar's dream of Daniel Chapter 4, as having in addition to the interpretation of the dream by Daniel, a greater symbolic meaning relating to the Gentile Times. This generalisation extends his revelation to cover every literal and every symbolic portion of every chapter in the bible:
In fact a literal meaning is an event symbolic meaning with the identity (unity) symbolism. For non mathematicians, the identity symbolism is where an orange stands for an orange and a lemon stands for a lemon. It is the symbolism where the symbolic meaning is the literal meaning.
It was of course God, who through Jesus, opened Lee's eyes to help Gordon out here. We do not like to say this sort of thing very much, because these types of statements have been abused to the point of total numbness by so many false religions in the past. But when Gordon is too weak to carry on, or to tired to jump a particularly high fence, then the holy spirit just lifts him right up and it carries him right over. When the spirit helps, the answer appears almost effortless!
Most times one doesn't even realise that God has helped. Because notwithstanding all of the praise scattered throughout the bible, God is not interested in praise, he wants love and gratitude. The preponderance of praise exists to prevent his enemies from reading the bible. He doesn't go in for fanfare, trumpet blasts, drum rolls, medal pinning ceremonies, Oscar nominations, or long acceptance speeches. When Jesus died for all mankind, where was the applause? And who has done any better than him? When he cried out in his agony with his dying breath to the creator of every atom in the universe saying: Father receive my spirit, did God even make a response that he was aware of?
One day we, the grateful ones, will know how much God has done for us, and we will be flabbergasted. Until then, on the odd occasion when one realises that he has helped, one can feel his love in real time and that is something.
Yes, the true heroes and heroines of this system of things are unsung. They give without recompense from the world, they succeed without recognition from the world, they teach without qualifications from the world and they die with hardly a friend in the World. They save whilst being condemned by the world, they spread the truth whilst being lied to by the world, and lied about by the world. They keep their reason in a world with so little of it and they keep their love, a silent victory, whilst they drown in the deafening roar of self defeating self interest and hatred.
In word symbolism...
450 prophets of Baal go dancing and then 450 prophets of Baal go
swimming 450x then 450x
450 prophets of Baal go dancing and then they go swimming 450x then 450x
450 prophets of Baal go dancing and then the prophets of Baal go swimming 450x then 450x
If the 450 prophets are referred to by a noun or a pronoun then they count 450x. But in the case of Jesus taking 7 loaves and breaking ['them' omitted]. The breaking counts 1x not 7x.
If a number has no associated noun it is some type of a wild card. It can mean whatever you like. It is not necessarily a time period.
Blessed are the bakers,
the ones baking bread from wheat
These friendly and happy bakers provide bread for men and loaves for the sons of Adam
For the bakers have the power to change wheat, even harvested wheat, into finished bread.
And the loaves were very good loaves.
Key symbolism from the double articulation is in providing 'bread' for everyone. Bread means spiritual food in word1 and means sealed Christians in word2. Wheat, Bread, Bakers, Loaves appear 3x and so have 2 greater meanings.
Bread is 1: Simply presented understandings. 2: Sealed Christians.
Loaves is 1: Bound books of simply presented understandings. 2. Tribe of sealed Christians
Wheat is 1: Bible interpretation. 2: Sanctified Christians.
Bakers are 1: 2NC priests. 2: Angels.
Bill's Principle: In each account, a word taking different symbolic meanings, has all these meanings being of the same general symbolic type. In other words all symbolic meanings of seas are structureless somethings, all trees are rooted somethings etc.
Here is a list of the names of the 10 pre-flood patriarchs...
or Owner or Sorrow
Praise of God or The Fame of God or The Glory of God.
|Initiated or Dedicated or Trained|
|Man of the missile/dart or His death shall bring.|
or Poor or Strikerdown.
|Rest or Comfort|
Putting all of this together we get...
A man is appointed, a mortal man of possession. The glory of God shall come down, trained. His death shall bring the grieving/manslayer comfort.
Well, that would appear to have been the plan! This man was obviously Jesus Christ. Incdentally Methuselah died in 2371, the year of the flood. His death did bring the flood! The bible patriarchs and he Hebrews that followed them (the sons of Eber) often had names with meanings relation to the circumstances of their birth. The bible gives us the meaning of the names of the Partiarchs: Adam, Cain, Seth, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob (and all 12 sons), Perez, Peleg and Jesus, showing us why these names were chosen by the parents.
Here is a more detailed analysis of the names of these patriarchs.
"Mankind" (Comes from the word meaning, "to be red",
as in the red earth [or red blood?])
"placed"; "put". 25 And Adam
proceeded to have intercourse again with his wife and so she gave birth to
a son and called his name Seth, because, as she said: “God has appointed
another seed in place of Abel (Genesis 4)
but sounds like, and is related to the word for a 'dirge' or a 'wailing
chant', hence "sorrow"
Praise of God”; "The Fame of God"; "The Glory of
God". 3 He is the reflection of [his] glory and the
exact representation of his very being, and he sustains all things by the
word of his power; and after he had made a purification for our sins he
sat down on the right hand of the Majesty in lofty places. (Hebrews 1)
"dedicated". Strongs says, "A primitive root; properly to
narrow; figuratively to initiate or discipline: - dedicate, train up."
of the missile/dart”; "His death shall bring". The latter
reading is the more sure (though not according to etymology) in that
"His death brought" the flood; that is, Methuselah died just
months before the flood. Nevertheless, even the name "Man of the
dart/spear" perhaps suggests the type of death that Messiah would
die, for "He was pierced for our transgressions," (Isa. 53).
"poor"; "the strikerdown". These are all possible
meanings, but none are certain. What is for sure, however, is that the
name sounds like the Hebrew phrase, "Lamoch", meaning,
"To sink down in despair", and so it is rendered here.
or “comfort” 29
And he proceeded to call his name Noah, saying: “This one will bring us
comfort from our work and from the pain of our hands resulting from the
ground which Jehovah has cursed. (Genesis 5)
For further names and analysis please visit http://www.bible-codes.org/Names-Bible-Prophecy-Code.htm
From this specific realization we can deduce that all names mentioned in the Scriptures are of prophetic importance. This seems to be true also of geographic places names.
Peter stood up with the 11, or The 70 sent out are examples of a number of people without a noun. In the greater meaning these do not mean time periods because no symbolic substitution can be made. So the symbolism if more or less invariant. In other words we still have 11 people and 70 people in the greater meanings. 70 presidents of true churches in the case of Luke 10.
1 After these things the Lord designated 70 others and sent them forth by twos in advance of him into every city and place to which he himself was going to
come (Luke 10)..
17 Then the 70 returned with joy, saying: Lord, even the demons are made subject to us by the use of your name (Luke 10).
14 But Peter stood up with the 11 and raised his voice and made this utterance to them: Men of Judea and all you inhabitants of Jerusalem, let this be known to you and give ear to my sayings (Acts 2).
These 11 may be 2NC apostles in the greater meaning since they were 1NC apostles in the literal meaning.
What is an acrostic? According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrostic,
‘acrostic’ comes from the late Greek akróstichon, from ákros,
"top", and stíchos, "verse" is a poem or other
writing in an alphabetic script,
in which the first letter, syllable or word of each line, paragraph or other
recurring feature in the text spells out another message.
Distinctive are the acrostic, or alphabetic, psalms. (Ps
9, 10, 25, 34, 37, 111, 112, 119, 145) In these psalms the initial verse or
verses of the first stanza begin with the Hebrew letter ´a´leph, the
next verse(s) with behth, and so on through all or nearly all the letters
of the Hebrew alphabet. This arrangement may have served as a memory aid. These
are obvious acrostics. However, there seems that there is a secret acrostics in
the bible as well. The acrostic summarizes the plan of salvation from the
beginning of time.
This hidden acrostic is derived from the first three
genealogies recorded in the bible, (Gen. 4, 5, 11). The first two genealogies
overlap in that they both begin from Adam. The first is the genealogy of Cain's
line (the ungodly line) whereas the second is the genealogy of Seth (the godly
line). In the first genealogy, the first ltter of each of the consecutive 8
names are read in order, and this is again repeated in Seth's line all the way
down to Abraham's father, Terah.
From Adam come two lines of decent through his sons Cain
and Seth. The acrostic for Cain's line begins with Adam and ends with Jabal, and
the acrostic for Seth's line also begins with Adam but ends with Terah and with
his son, Abraham. These two parallel acrostics refer to four incidents in the
bible, and these four incidents happen to occur at either end of the two
lines of decent!
The acrostics refer to the time of Cain and Jabal, and to
the time of Adam and Abraham. Thus, the acrostic refers to incidents in the
history of man that occur at either end of the acrostic's genealogy, and this in
turn is applied prophetically to Christ. If the acrostic were somehow the work
of inconceivable random chance, the bible code would not also produce logical
sentences that capsulate key events in the two lineages, and each at either end
of the genealogies, and then soundly apply them to Jesus who ultimately
completes the genealogy!
Adam [~da] Seth [tX] Enosh [Xwna] Kenan [!nyq] Mahalalel [lallhm] Jared [dry] Enoch [$wnx] Methuselah [xlXwtm] Lamech [$ml]. We take the last letters of each word and read them right to left as the Hebrews do.
lmx ymq aXa
I will forgive them that rose up against me, having compassion, forgiving those
from the dust a second time!
Noah [xn] Shem [mX] Arpachshad [dXkpra] Shelah [xlX] Eber [rb Peleg [glp] Reu [w[r] Serug [gwrX] Nahor [rwxn] Terah [xrt]
tnX rp[X aXn
Forgiving those made from dust a second time.
the acrostic from Cain's genealogical line reads:
I will choose a circumcised people, even peoples, for myself.
This is a great proof that the bible is written in a code.
THIS MAY BE INCORRECT
WE NOW THINK THAT THE COUNT ONLY APPLIES IF IT IS TRIGGERED BY A PROPHETIC FORM...
If we now apply the Consistency Principle to this, then what this crazy phraseology is saying is not that 3.5 times is being expressed as a singular time, a plural time and a half time, but that everything in the bible can be expressed as a singular time a plural time or a half time.
For Solomon has said:
1 For everything there is an appointed time, even a time for every affair under the heavens (Ecclesiastes 3).
This is a repetition. So yes there is an appointed time for everything, but applying the Repetition Principle there is also another meaning to this scripture, a further fulfillment. This is that there is a time count on every sentence in the bible. David also spoke of this count under inspiration saying:
12 Show us just how to count our days in such a way as to bring a heart of wisdom in (Psalm 90).
Because days or years or months are all times, see - The Times Principle of the code. So the request is equivalent to: Show us how to count 'times'. So let’s be like the tribe of Issachar, and the wise men of Persia:32 And of the sons of Issachar having a knowledge of how to discern the times to know what Israel ought to do, there were two hundred head ones of theirs, and all their brothers were at their orders (1 Chronicles 12)
13 And the king proceeded to say to the wise men having knowledge of the times, for in this way the king's matter [came] before all those versed in law and legal cases (Esther 1)
Jesus said to his disciples:7 It does not belong to you to get knowledge of the times or seasons which the Father has placed in his own jurisdiction (Acts 1).
But to us, this knowledge does belong. So we can apply a count to every word in the bible, assigning it one time if it is singular, two times if it is plural and half a time, if it is a half of something.
The philosophy of the count on each sentence is that the count is: The number of times represented by the sentence, which is the number of situations or actions in the sentence. The count works like this:
|Singular words count as||one time|
|Plural words count as||two times|
|Fractions or parts of anything count as||half a time|
|and, or, but, upon, with, after, before||add|
|into, out of, of, from, until, under||multiply|
This is not the noun count of U49. It is a sentence count, in which every word must be taken into account. The count works on the Hebrew and Greek original text, not on any translation unless it is a count transparent translation, and no-one has yet made such a translation. The General basis of the count is that any sentence represents a number of times. For example the sentence:
'The kings ate the potatoes'
counts as 4 times, because this action effectively occurs 4 times because two kings are eating two potatoes and so a king is eating a potato 4 times. We say two kings because plurals count as 2 'times'. This is actually an integral part of Hebrew Grammar, which is the code of the language of the bible, from a linguistic point of view. Hebrew has singular, plural and dual (or double) mode. We take all plurals as duals from a counting point of view. The import of this is that in the greater meaning of the kings eating the potatoes, this meal could have lasted 4 days, 4 months or 4 years, or there might have been 4 greater meals.
We use the abbreviation 3x for 3 times and 2x for 2 times etc. 'All' or 'Every' counts as 2x and multiplies, it is understood as 'some plus the rest'. So that 'all of the horses' counts as 4x, or 4 times.
‘In’ is right distributive and adds like this: x in 2x = x in x + x in x = 2x+2x=4x
x in x =2x
2x in x =3x
2x in 2x =6x
x in 2x =4x
Here are some examples:
all his belongings 4x
men in the house 3x
men in the houses 6x
You need a Greek Interlinear Bible and a Hebrew Interlinear Bible to work with this dimension of the Code. We quote count preserving translations here (interlinear ones normally are). The above may be incorrect we have not really got the sentence count part of the code nailed. It could just be context dependent. For example...
Men in the coffins 4x
Since there is only one man in each coffin! Likewise the phrase...
Souls of men 2x
Is not 4x, since each man only has one soul.
This count takes some getting used to and it is most easily applied to single phrases such as:47 Truly I say to you, He will appoint him over all his belongings (Matthew 24).
All his belongings (pasin toiV uparcousin) counts as 4x
So there are 4 appointments of slaves and stewards that Jesus makes. These are the 4 true Christian religions.5 Look! I am sending to you people Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and fear-inspiring day of Jehovah.
He must turn the heart of fathers back towards sons counts as 4x
So Elijah makes 4 reconciliations between actually previous and succeeding true religions. In fact there are 4 Elijah's, who were John, Paul, Russell and Gordon see - The 4 Elijah's.
Because Jesus said:
Indeed, which father is there among you who, if his son asks
for a fish, will perhaps hand him a serpent instead of a fish? (Luke 11:11).
And yes the third true religion has been in a position to offer its sons, the Great Crowd, who will form the basis of the 4th true religion 'a fish', i.e. entrance into the feeding of the two fishes - see . But they haven't done that, they have offered them a serpent, Satan's internal corruption mouthpiece, corrupting the congregation (Eve) to get at the head one (Adam) - His Modus Operandi has not changed you blind ones!! One should be your head on earth just as one is your head in the heavens. Why therefore do you vote you hypocrites !!
For the serpent was found in the Tree of Knowledge of good and bad, representing God's Rulership over his people. It stands for the corruption from within the true religion. | <urn:uuid:15a53321-4e17-4c86-b874-c4da4bae0c08> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.truebiblecode.com/code.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296169.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00123-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960892 | 72,171 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Frequently Asked Pediatric Dentistry Questions
What is a Pediatric Dentist?
A Pediatric Dentist specializes in caring for the oral health of children from infancy through the teen years. Two to three years of training beyond dental school prepares the Pediatric Dentist to care for behavior issues, fears and dental needs specific to childhood. They are trained to diagnose any abnormalities or growth issues related to the mouth and jaw that could possibly be corrected early on to avoid later problems. Besides the special training of the dentist, you will notice that the atmosphere in the Pediatric Dental office is well suited to making children feel comfortable and the vocabulary used to explain procedures, etc. is geared to kids (i.e. sleepy juice, sugar bugs, and Mr. Thirsty). Pediatric Dentists are also highly trained in caring for children with special needs.
Why are baby (primary) teeth so important?
It is a misconception that since baby teeth will fall out anyway, it is not important to take good care of them. This could not be further from the truth! Baby or primary teeth are important for proper chewing and eating as well as talking. Even though the front baby teeth only last for the first 6–7 years of age, the back teeth will not fall out until ages 10–13. Failure to care for your child’s primary teeth can lead to problems with their permanent teeth later on. Two very important purposes of the primary teeth are to hold space for and guide the permanent teeth into position and to permit the normal development of the jaw bones and muscles.
When should I start brushing my baby’s teeth?
As soon as your child’s first tooth erupts, you should begin daily brushing with water and a soft toothbrush made especially for little ones. A pea-sized amount of fluoride toothpaste can be used after your child is old enough to not swallow it. Even before and during early tooth eruption, it is a good idea to wipe your baby’s gums off after each feeding with a wet washcloth.
When should my child visit the dentist for the first time?
After your child’s first tooth erupts is a good time to think about your child’s first dental visit, but for sure by your child’s first birthday. A Pediatric Dentist will be able to evaluate your child’s mouth and teeth for proper development and give you information about oral hygiene for little ones. It is good for little children to experience the dental office in a positive, non-threatening way when they are young—before they might have any cavities or problems that might cause anxiety.
What are other important ways to care for my child’s teeth?
A great way to care for your child’s teeth, as well as overall health, is to make good food choices. That means a balanced diet that includes lots of fruits and vegetables, white milk, and other dairy foods. Limiting sugary foods will greatly help reduce the chance of cavities and other tooth related issues. If your child does drink juice and/or eat sugary snacks, be sure to brush their teeth or rinse their mouth with water afterward.
What if my child has a toothache?
Rinsing with warm, salty water and/or a dose of children’s pain reliever may give your child relief in the event of a toothache. If there is facial swelling along with tooth pain, ice packs or cold compresses may help reduce the inflammation. See your Pediatric Dentist as soon as possible if there is facial swelling, as this may be a sign of an infection. In either case, you will want your child to be seen by a dentist to make sure he/she does not have a cavity.
What if my child chips a tooth?
While a chipped or bumped tooth is not an emergency, you will want to take your child to see a dentist soon afterward because chipped teeth can have rough edges and it may be necessary for some sort of restoration to be done for comfort as well as appearance. The dentist can then also check to be sure that the tooth has not loosened from the impact.
What if my child knocks a tooth out?
Accidents happen. The important thing is to remain calm. If a tooth gets knocked out, the way you react can make a big difference. If the tooth is permanent, the roots may come out as well. If possible, find the tooth right away. Try to place the tooth back in the hole by holding the top part of the tooth (do not do this with a baby tooth as you could damage the permanent tooth below). Do not touch the roots. Place clean gauze or cloth over the injured tooth and have your child bite down. If this is not possible, place the tooth in milk or water and call Dr. Gonzo immediately. The shorter the period of time between the tooth being knocked out and reinsertion, the greater the chance of saving the tooth. Even if the tooth is a baby tooth, you will want your child to see Dr. Gonzo in the near future so that the space can be maintained for the future permanent tooth that will one day fill that spot. Call us at (920) 739-6808 with any dental emergencies, questions, or concerns.
For more detailed answers or for answers to other questions please go to the website for the Academy of Pediatric Dentistry at www.aapd.org and look for Frequently Asked Questions and/or parent education brochures. | <urn:uuid:63e4871c-4074-42f7-85d2-25c8f099a06f> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://dentalhavenforchildren.com/index.asp?N=dentist-Appleton-WI-Pediatric-FAQ&C=1010&P=23052 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831933.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219090209-20181219112209-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.952041 | 1,137 | 2.796875 | 3 |
GIGABIT ETHERNET (GIG-E)
Gigabit Ethernet, or “Gig-E” for short, is ultra-high capacity IP transit service offered to enterprises around the world by way of a fiber-optic cable that forms the backbone of the communication link between the carrier and the end user. The word “Gigabit” refers to the capacity of the link, which is 1,000 Megabytes, or a Gigabyte, per second. The range of Gigabit Ethernet is typically between 1,000 Mb (1 Gb) and 40,000 Mb (40 Gb).
The term “Ethernet” simply refers to the type of IP handoff that takes place at each end of the connection. Gig-E, unlike copper-based services that are typically available just about everywhere, is limited solely to structures where fiber has been built-in/installed/connected by a Gig service provider.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN METRO ETHERNET AND GIGABIT ETHERNET?
The main difference between these two services is primarily the speeds involved. Both travel over fiber and utilize Ethernet hand-offs. The term ‘Metro Ethernet’ is usually reserved for lower speed connections from between 10 Mb and 1 Gb. Conversely, the term ‘Gigabit Ethernet’ is used for bandwidth north of 1 Gb.
There is also a difference in the way the two services are used. Metro Ethernet is commonly used in WAN designs that connect many different physical offices of a particular company. The endpoints of this network are commonly located in the same metropolitan region, and hence the name, “metro” Ethernet.
Gigabit Ethernet, on the other hand, is the “premium” IP transit. Typical users of this kind of bandwidth are companies whose very job is to be in the communications business themselves, like stock exchanges, medical companies, and small communications providers who buy the service from the big boys. Gig-E lines are also very common in datacenter-to-datacenter links that companies use within their global WAN infrastructure. Think of it as the main interstate in the landscape of the Internet. It doesn’t go everywhere, just from one major city to the next.
Gigabit is also very popular in international WAN deployments and crossing the ocean doesn’t come cheap. Transcontinental Gig-E lines can run into the hundreds of thousands of dollars, if you don’t know who will offer you the best deal. That’s where we come in! | <urn:uuid:c42c8360-3cbd-40cc-a4f2-ba498c7eade0> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://queencityfiber.com/connectivity/gigabit-ethernet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825700.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023054654-20171023074654-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.944164 | 545 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Precipitation of barium sulfate?? We had to determine the content of sulfate found in lawn food for a class prac. Anyway what we did was to dissolve the fertilizer in HCl and then add barium cholride to it in order to precipitate sulfate as barium sulfate. We later determined its concentration using gravimetric analysis. The results of my group was substantially different to the actual amount of sulfate present in the fertilizer. Our result was about 2% less than the actual value. Now I am trying to find some possible sources of error in the prac. I know that we spilled a couple of drops of the mixture but it was not that much. I was wondering if somehow impurities can impact upon the mass being less than it's supposed to be? I know impurities usually cause mass to be larger but I read somewhere that occulsions can causesul mass to be smaller than the actual value? Is this true? | <urn:uuid:bd99842e-4402-47a3-9ecf-9f5231ab6e60> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/precipitation-of-barium-sulfate.650954/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948597585.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217210620-20171217232620-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.964782 | 197 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The NGC Universal ID is a four digit alphanumeric that groups coins based on a unique combination of date, mintmark, denomination and striking process (MS, PF, or SP). These IDs are a simple organization of all coins prior to variety attribution and grading.
The difference between the matte finish and so-called Roman Finish is profound. The matte finish was first used in the mint on regular production coins in 1908, and had been used on several medals previously. Like the previously produced brilliant finish proofs, planchets were carefully selected, however, the dies were not polished. Instead, the planchets were inserted in the high pressure medal press and struck once. After striking, the coins were taken to a small, enclosed cabinet and carefully sandblasted on each side with a stream of fine, industrial sand that imparted a dull, granular effect. The new, European-inspired proofs were not popular with collectors. But the fix in 1909-1910 proved even more unpopular. In those two years, the mint produced proofs that were struck with special dies on special planchets, but the coins received no post-striking treatment (that is, sandblasting). These coins were variously called bright proofs, Satin proofs, new style proofs, and yellow proofs. These coins proved even more unpopular with collectors than the previous matte proofs from 1908. William Woodin commented to Assistant Treasury Secretary A. Piatt Andrew in August, 1910: ' ... The present [satin] proofs of the Saint-Gaudens designs and the Pratt designs are simply rotten. I know of no other word to express it ...' Collectors today would surely agree that Woodin overreacted to the new finish, but the mint in 1910 was sensitive to the comments by collectors and especially one as influential as William Woodin.
Description and Analysis courtesy of Heritage Auctions and may not be republished without written permission.
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NGC Auction Central Disclaimer | <urn:uuid:59ea466d-9b07-4333-9307-180db27d0f02> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.ngccoin.com/coin-explorer/indian-head-10-pscid-68/1910-10-pf-coinid-18888 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678861.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00058-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949582 | 566 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A story popped up on the internet in late 2013, recycled in early 2014, claiming “NASA Images Find 1.7 Million Year Old Man-Made Bridge.” Claptrap. It’s not a bridge. It’s simply a natural tombolo: “a deposition landform in which an island is attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land such as a spit or bar.”
The conspiracy theorists and some religious fundamentalists disagree.
It’s been called the Adam bridge, the Rama, Sethu (also Rama Setu – setu is Sanskrit for bridge), Ramar and the Hanuman bridge, and Setubandhanam.
According to the legends in the Ramayana, the great Hindu epic poem, it was
…built by the Vanara (ape men) army of Lord Rama in Hindu theology with instructions from Nala, which he used to reach Lanka and rescue his wife Sita from the Rakshasa king, Ravana.
It’s a twisting stretch of shoal and sandbank in the Palk Strait between India and Sri Lanka, about 18 miles (30km) long (depending on where you measure from, it can be reported as long as 35km). At high tide, the water is about 12 feet (4m) deep on average (apparently it ranges from 1m up to 10m deep in some places). The chain of shoals is roughly 300 feet (100m) wide.
It was reportedly passable on foot up to the 15th century until storms deepened the channel: temple records seem to say that Rama’s Bridge was completely above sea level until it broke in a cyclone in 1480 CE.
Let’s clear the first fallacy right away: the discovery of the “bridge” isn’t new, nor did NASA recently “discover” it in a photograph. Wikipedia tells us:
The western world first encountered it in “historical works in the 9th century” by Ibn Khordadbeh in his Book of Roads and Kingdoms (c. AD 850), referring to it is Set Bandhai or “Bridge of the Sea”. Later, Alberuni described it. The earliest map that calls this area by the name Adam’s bridge was prepared by a British cartographer in 1804, probably referring to an Abrahamic myth, according to which Adam used the bridge to reach a mountain (identified with Adam’s Peak) in Sri Lanka, where he stood repentant on one foot for 1,000 years, leaving a large hollow mark resembling a footprint.
The tombolo was photographed by NASA’s Gemini missions back in 1966 (photo here). However, that was before the internet existed to let wild and unsubstantiated conspiracy theories go viral.
Another NASA mission in 2002 produced a second photograph of the region (photo here) which, of course, spun the online conspiracy theorists off on a wild goose chase trying to “prove” it was the remains of a human-made structure connecting Sri Lanka with India.
Well, it isn’t. Wikipedia tells us it’s long been known as a natural formation, but that geologists differ in their views as to how it formed:
In the 19th century, there were two prevalent theories explaining the structure. One considered it to be formed by a process of accretion and rising of the land, while the other surmised that it was formed by the breaking away of Sri Lanka from the Indian mainland. The friable calcerous ridges are broken into large rectangular blocks, which perhaps gave rise to the belief that the causeway is an artificial construction… which essentially consists of a series of parallel ledges of sandstone and conglomerates that are hard at the surface and grows coarse and soft as it descends to sandy banks.
Studies have variously described the structure as a chain of shoals, coral reefs, a ridge formed in the region owing to thinning of the earth’s crust, a double tombolo, a sand spit, or barrier islands. It has been reported that this bridge was formerly the world’s largest tombolo before it was split into a chain of shoals by the rise in mean sea level a few thousand years ago.
Based on satellite remote sensing data, but without actual field verification, the Marine and Water Resources Group of the Space Application Centre (SAC) of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) states that Adam’s Bridge comprises 103 small patch reefs lying in a linear pattern with reef crest (flattened, emergent – especially during low tides – or nearly emergent segment of a reef), sand cays (accumulations of loose coral sands and beach rock) and intermittent deep channels…
The geological process that gave rise to this structure has been attributed in one study to crustal downwarping, block faulting, and mantle plume activity while another theory attributes it to continuous sand deposition and the natural process of sedimentation leading to the formation of a chain of barrier islands related to rising sea levels…
Another study explains the origin the structure due to longshore drifting currents which moved in an anticlockwise direction in the north and clockwise direction in the south of Rameswaram and Talaimannar. The sand was supposedly dumped in a linear pattern along the current shadow zone between Dhanushkodi and Talaimannar with later accumulation of corals over these linear sand bodies… another group of geologists propose crustal thinning theory, block faulting and a ridge formed in the region owing to thinning and asserts that development of this ridge augmented the coral growth in the region and in turn coral cover acted as a `sand trapper’. | <urn:uuid:9257fe09-6fe7-4214-89b4-78bb61a3e80f> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://ianchadwick.com/blog/tag/superstition/page/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945855.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423070455-20180423090455-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.94938 | 1,198 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Adult salmon and steelhead, with a little boost from their human friends, may spawn this year in the upper Deschutes, Metolius and Crooked river basins for the first time in more than 50 years.
The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife on Thursday announced agreement on a one-year strategy amongst involved state, federal and tribal parties to give returning spawners a lift over what has for the past half century been a three-dam dead end.
Fishery managers from ODFW, the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation, and Portland General Electric plan to trap returning spring chinook and sockeye salmon and steelhead below the Pelton-Round Butte complex of dams in central Oregon, haul them aboard trucks and release them above Round Butte Dam in Lake Billy Chinook.
From there it is hoped the fish will find spawning grounds in one of the three rivers and produce a new generation – the first generation to be produced above the dams in those more than 50 years. The Crook, Deschutes and Metolius join above the dams to become the Deschutes, which then flows 100 miles from the lowermost dam into the Columbia River.
The anticipated return of adult summer steelhead and sockeye and chinook salmon to these basins would be a major milestone in an ambitious fish reintroduction effort aimed at re-establishing anadromous fish populations that were cut off by the construction of the Pelton Round Butte Dam complex on the Deschutes River in the early 1960s.
The planned spawner trapping effort later this year will take aim at “known origin” fish – for chinook and steelhead that means fish that were outplanted as juveniles in the tributaries above the dam who later found their way down through the reservoir to a new fish collection device, which was first fully operational in 2010, at Round Butte.
Collected fish, including kokanee-turned-sockeye seeking a path to the ocean, were then transported around the dams and released downriver so they could continue their journey to the ocean. The drainage was once one of only two Oregon sources of sockeye, but those fish became a land-locked version of the species – kokanee – after the dams were built. One of the aims of the reintroduction effort is to rekindle a sockeye run.
A total of 44,000 spring chinook, 7,700 steelhead, and 49,700 kokanee were passed downriver in 2010. And they are expected to produce the first significant number of adult fish to return to the dam complex this summer and fall.
Last year seven spring chinook from above the dam returned. They were the product of a tributary trap and haul operation that send 666 smolts downstream in 2009 before the collection facility was working. A total of 19 “one-salt” sockeye also returned from the 2010 outmigration.
“To date, a total of 39 1-salt steelhead have been captured and transported to the RBH [Round Butte Hatchery] for spawning,” according to the Feb. 23 “2012 Pelton Round Butte Adult Passage Strategy.” The document notes that recent smolt-to-adult returns for Round Butte Hatchery steelhead (including fish that have spent one year in the ocean and two-salts) has averaged about 3 percent.
“Applying that SAR to the smolt outmigration from 2010 (7,733) the expected 2012 return of adults would be approximately 232 fish,” the passage document says.
“We’re just keeping our fingers crossed,” said Don Ratliff, PGE senior biologist. “We’re hoping we have several hundred” fish of known, upstream origin to return.
The projected return of upstream origin spring chinook is 400 fish, a number based on the recent average SAR of Round Butte Hatchery fish. The sockeye are a wild card, since there are no recent returns on which to base an estimate.
According to Mike Gauvin, ODFW Pelton Round Butte mitigation coordinator, approximately half of the expected returning adults will be released into Lake Billy Chinook to continue their upstream migration. Many of these fish will be fitted with radio tags so biologists can study their migration behavior and spawning locations.
The other half of the fish will be taken to the Round Butte Hatchery and used as broodstock to produce young fish for release into upstream habitats in 2013. Round Butte Hatchery, located at the dam is owned by PGE and is operated and managed by ODFW. It produces spring chinook and steelhead primarily for downstream harvest. It has now added sockeye to its repertoire.
The expectation is that the upstream origin spring chinook, along with their hatchery kin, will begin trickling in in early May with the tail end of the run stretching to late July. The sockeye return timeframe is estimated to be June-September. Steelhead arrivals generally stretch from Oct. 1 through March 1.
The returning fish are collected at the Pelton adult trap at the reregulating dam near river mile 100. The reregulating dam was built to even out flows from the two upstream hydro projects, Pelton and Round Butte.
“While we have developed a strategy for 2012, it’s been difficult to come up with a long-term approach because there are still so many unknowns,” Gauvin said. “Having this interim strategy will give us an additional year to better understand the behavior and migration of returning fish before we develop a multi-year proposal.”
“The whole process here is based on adaptive management,” Gauvin said.
“Due to the high degree of uncertainty associated with the magnitude of the run size and age class structure of the 2012 returns, the Co-managers will limit decision making to 2012,” according to the new passage document. “At the conclusion of the 2012-2013 adult spawning season we will meet with the Fish Committee to evaluate results and develop recommendations for the following two years, after which the program will be assessed and future direction will be determined.”
The fish passage strategy was developed in conjunction with the Pelton Round Butte Fish Committee, which includes representatives from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Marine Fisheries Service, U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Indian Affairs, PGE, ODFW and non-governmental organizations.
The adult salmon and steelhead returning to the dam this year were released as young fish into upstream habitats beginning in 2007 as a part of the reintroduction program. The reintroduction program is part of the federal licensing agreement for the dams. PGE and the Warm Springs tribes, co-owners of the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project, constructed and began operating a fish collection facility at Round Butte Dam in 2009 to capture the outmigrating smolts and release them below the dam so they could continue their migration to the ocean.
For more information go to http://www.deschutespassage.com/index.html
And see CBB, June 3, 2011, “First Two Spring Chinook Return As Part Of Effort To Return Salmon Runs To Upper Deschutes Basin” http://www.cbbulletin.com/409532.aspx | <urn:uuid:3882fd52-dd56-42b4-8804-9a6f95ba5e85> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.cbbulletin.com/417018.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745281.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119043725-20181119065725-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.949584 | 1,548 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Stress can be the result of so many things – some types of stress is even of the good kind. But for most people, pressures from work or family life piling on top of each other play a huge part in making their stress levels hit the roof. For me, it’s when my computer freezes when I’m on a deadline and I can’t switch it off in case I lose my work. All I can do is sit, look at the screen and conjure up an image of throwing the thing out of the window…
The stress epidemic is about get out of hand – over 40 million Americans have to date been diagnosed with clinical anxiety and 200,000 prescriptions sedative drugs are written out each year. But unfortunately people seem to be unable to reduce stress without making drastic changes is their lives.
So, to help the world deal with this particular problem, four neuroscientists from MIT have used their knowledge of how stress affects the body to create a prototype wrist watch that uses sensors to monitor people’s autonomic nervous system (perspirations, respiration and heart rate) and their movements to determine if the wearer is in ‘stress mode’. When Bandu, as it is called, detects bodily stress, it will flash a message that reminds the wearer to slow down and take a break, suggesting actions that can help such as ‘play a song’ or ‘take five deep breaths’. This can be personalised so that instead of the pre-set messages, Bandu will play a song or display a message of your choice.
The information is recorded onto an accompanying app, so that over time Bandu will figure out which de-stress techniques works best for you. All readings will also be sent to the creator’s lab, Neumitra.
Long-term stress can be damaging to one’s health and in the worst case scenario fatal, so should be taken seriously. Neumitra hopes that Bandu can help with this. | <urn:uuid:45945dc7-ca60-4ac2-9f48-ffe84f3672e8> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://connectedhealthstore.com/health-gadgets/2789/wrist-watch-bandu-aims-to-help-users-de-stress.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462982.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00200-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934057 | 416 | 2.921875 | 3 |
General Feldmarshal Ferdinand Schorner
Ferdinand Schorner was born in Munich in 1892. By the age of 18, Schorner dropped out of school and volunteered for the Bavarian Army. After his service period was complete, he returned to Munich and finished his primary schooling. When World War I broke out in 1914, Schorner had reserved an officer's commission. During World War I Schorner was a part of the German Alpine Corps. Schorner and the Alpine Corps saw some of the bloodiest battles of the war like the Verdun Battles in 1916. Schorner commanded a platoon for most of the war. On October 1917, when the German 14th Army attacked the Italian Defense line near the Isonzo River, Schorner and his company captured hill 1114 on the infamous Kolovrat Ridge. For this deed he was awarded the Pour Le Merite (Blue Max). After World War I, Schorner like many Germans got involved into Right-Winged Politics. He was a member of Ritter Von Epps Paramilitary group. This group spent most of there time battling communism. In 1920, Schorner reserved a spot in the German Reichswehr. While in the Reichswehr, Schorner was attached to the 19th Gebirgs. Regiment in Munich. During 1923, Schorner helped surpress Adolf Hitler's Munich Putsch. When Adolf Hitler was released from prison, Schorner joined the NSDAP. Schorner remained a Company Commander all through Hitler's rise to power. By 1934, Schorner was promoted to Major and served in the German General Staff. Then in 1937 Schorner was appointed command of the 98th Gebirgs. Regiment and held the rank of Oberstleutnant. On September 13, 1939,Schorner and his Regiment showed great courage during the Polish campaign bycapturing Hill 374 and Zbolska Heights. In 1940 Schorner still commanded the 98th Gebirgs. Regiment and now held the rank of Oberst. Schorner and the 98th saw action in both France and Belgium. After the French campaign, Schorner was given command of the 6th Gebirgs. Division. In 1941 Schorner and his Division was sent to the Balkans. On April 6, 1941, the Division played an important role in the Invasion of Greece. Schorner and his men crossed the 7,000 foot mountain range. This action cut off the Greeks supply route to Salonika. The 6th Mounted Division along with the 2nd SS Panzer Division 'Das Reich' captured Athens only weeks later. Because of this feat, Schorner was given the Knight's Cross. Schorner with his Division stayed in Greece for rest and re-fitting. When the German Invasion of the Soviet Union began (Operation Barbarossa), the 6th Gebirgs. Division was assigned to the Artic sectors in the Eastern Front. The 6th Gebirgs. Division saw many casualties during this campaign. Schorner's primary job was to keep the Pechenga Nickel Works in German hands. When the Soviets opened an offensive against the Artic sector,the 6th Gebirgs. Division took part in the Defensive; it is said that during these battles,Schorner took part in hand to hand combat with his men. In January 1942,Schorner was promoted to the rank of Generalmajor and he now commanded the Mounted Corps Norway. While commanding the Mounted Corps Norway, Schorner held off Soviet Offensives. In 1943 Schorner was given command of the 40th Panzer Corps in the Ukraine. His Corps were stationed in the Nikopol bridgehead east of Dnepr River. On January 30, the 40th Panzer Corps was attacked by the entire fourth Ukrainian Front. Soon after that, Vasily Chuikov's Eighth Guards struck just south of Nikopol. On February 2, the Russians were advancing to the rail link that linked Nikopol to Axis territory. On February 4, Schorner ordered 'Operation Ladies Excuse Me'. This operation helped Schorner's men to escape the oncoming Soviet onslaught. The Germans now only had one bridgehead in Dnepr. During 'Operation Ladies Excuse Me', it is known that Schorner actually took control of a Flak Anti-Aircraft gun. Then on February 15 the rear guard of the 40th Panzer Corps escaped annihilated. After this daring exploit on February 18, Schorner was placed in charge of the National Socialist Leadership Corps. After Schorner had a brief command of the NS Corps, he was then put in charge of Army Group A (later renamed Army Group South Ukraine). Army Group South Ukraine was made up of the following armies: 2 German and Romanian armies and one army that was a mix of Germans and Romanians (the 17th Army). On April 7, 1944, Schorner went to the Fortress Crimea to inspect it's defenses. When he made his report about Fortress Crimea, he stated that everything was sufficient. This was not true. The 17th was ill prepared and unequipped. After Schorner's inspection one day later the Soviets attacked wiping out most of the 17th, the rest of the 17th retreated back to Sevastopol. Schorner actually attempted to have the soldiers in Sevastopol evacuated but Hitler firmly refused. Schorner now gave these orders: any troops that deserted were to be shot. Then on May 5 the Soviets launched an attack on Sevastopol, some 43,000 Axis soldiers surrendered. On July 23, Schorner was given command of Army Group North which was was defending the Baltic States. Schorner's Army Group was outnumbered by the Soviets and Army Group Center was 30 some miles away. Because of this, it is said that Schorner actually asked Hitler to let Estonia go. Of course the Führer refused. Then on September 14, the Soviet attacked with 130 Divisions. Schorner begged Hitler for a retreat. This time Hitler allowed a retreat. After Schorner conducted a stunning retreat from Estonia, the Army Group was to be trapped in the Courland Pocket for the rest of the war. Schorners next command would come in January 1945 when he was ordered to take control Army Group Center. Schorner and his Army Group were to hold Silesia at all costs. When the Soviets launched there offensive, Army Group Center was driven back to Czechoslovakia. In March, Schorner along with the Führer predicted a Soviet advancement into Prague. Hitler then ordered Army Group Center to be reinforced by 600,000 soldiers. Then on April 5, Schorner was promoted to the rank of General Feldmarshal. Schorner was the next to last Heer soldier to attain the rank of General Feldmarshal. On April 24, Berlin was trapped by Soviet forces. On April 27 Hitler went so far to announce, "On the occasion of my death Ferdinand Schorner will take command of the German Army." Berlin fell hours later to the Soviet hordes. Schorner then deserted and took a plane and tried to escape to Bavaria. This never happened. Schorner crashed landed in Austria and remained there until he was detained by the Americans. The Allies then gave him to the Soviets. A Soviet Court sentenced Schorner to 25 years imprisonment. Schorner only served 10 years. He then returned to Germany (West Germany). On his arrival to West Germany, Schorner was convicted of the manslaughter of Wehrmact soldiers. He served 4 ½ years in prison. When Schorner was released from jail in 1963, he stayed in Germany and lived the rest of his life in poverty. Ferdinand Schorner died on July 6, 1973 from a heart attack.
Written By Chad Crompton | <urn:uuid:d953889e-0126-4813-97ea-383e14328126> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://sspzcomdr.tripod.com/Ferdinand.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105976.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820053541-20170820073541-00700.warc.gz | en | 0.980723 | 1,618 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Coal-plant CO2 captured, stored underground in US first
It isn't all solar panels, wind turbines and algae oil, people.
Among the clean-energy developments the Obama administration is encouraging – part of the $90 billion that Mitt Romney says the president has "invested in so-called green energy companies" – is a big program that would, in effect, allow for the continued burning of coal and other fossil fuels.
Howzat? It's called carbon capture and sequestration. Some $3 billion of Mitt's $90 billion is being poured into this broad category, according to the White House. And this week, the U.S. Department of Energy announced that carbon dioxide injecting had begun at "the world's first fully integrated coal power and geological storage project," in southwest Alabama.
The government's Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership program has been moving forward with a number of projects to test the viability of capturing and storing greenhouse gases, but this is the first go at an "anthropogenic test" – one using man-made CO2 from a coal-fired power generating plant. The project, in partnership with Southern Company, is receiving financial backing from the DOE.*
If all goes as hoped, the CO2 that's captured and stored could be used for what's known as enhanced oil recovery (EOR), in which the CO2, in a liquid or "supercritical" state — in which it behaves somewhat like a gas and a fluid — is pumped into deeper mineral formulations to drive out oil. If getting more oil out of the ground doesn't sound green, the logic is that doing so using EOR will minimize the need for new drilling on protected lands, while at the same time reducing global warming pollution by sequestering large amounts of industrial-produced CO2 undergound.
At the Alabama project, the carbon dioxide being used originates at the 2,657 MW Barry Electric Generating station in Bucks — Plant Barry, as it's known. A relatively small amount of the flue gas – equivalent to that produced from 25 MW of electrical generation – is being captured. According to the DOE, a process developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries is turning this flue gas into "a nearly pure stream of CO2." The Mitsubishi process is newly developed. A solvent is used to capture a large portion of the CO2 — 90 percent, according to the company — while doing so "with significant reductions in energy penalty from current technologies," according to a September 2011 presentation [PDF] from the project's developers.
The CO2 goes in a pipeline, constructed last year, and moves 12 miles west to a geologic structure called the Cirtonelle Dome, "which provides secure four-way closure free of faults or fracture zones." One of the chief concerns with these underground CO2 storage schemes – which got big play after a 2010 Duke study [PDF] – is possible groundwater contamination. But the DOE says the Paluxy Formation, a reservoir some 3,000-3,400 meters below ground where the Plant Barry CO2 will go, "is too deep and salty to serve as a drinking water supply."
*This story originally reported the DOE contribution at $295 million, citing a U.S. Department of Energy press release from 2009. However, because the scope of the Plant Barry project changed, the DOE contribution also changed. In an email to EarthTechling, Southern Company spokesman Marc Rice said the DOE contribution to the project was $30.3 million, with a $9.5 million contribution from Southern Company and industry partners. A document [PDF] from the Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership, updated January 23, 2012, puts the total cost of the project at $111,413,431, with the DOE share at $34,432,171.
Carbon capture has captured significant but far from unanimous support among environmentalists. The National Resources Defense Council is wildly enthusiastic about it, seeing it as a chief tool in the fight against climate change, but Greenpeace not long ago put out a report announcing the demise of carbon capture. Among the problems it cited: prohibitively expensive costs; huge energy intensity required in the capture and compression process; the lack of safe-storage certainty; and limits to storage capacity.
The Sierra Club is somewhere in between. It has a bit of a wait and see view, saying "right now, there are no commercially available or widely demonstrated technologies including carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) that make it technologically possible or financially feasible to burn coal without accelerating global warming."
With the Alabama project, by injecting 550 metric tons of CO2 per day – 100,000 to 150,000 tonnes per year — for two years, and monitoring what happens in and around the site for three years afterward, the DOE hopes to gain insight into the technological possibilities.
But that will still leave the financial feasibility up in the air. A recent International Energy Agency study [PDF] estimated costs of power plants with CO2 capture to be "74 percent higher than the reference costs without capture," and Greenpeace, in its critique, said the capital costs of coal plants with carbon capture "would be 2 1/2 times that of concentrating solar power and more than 4 times that of wind power." | <urn:uuid:6c337a51-49cc-42cb-b77c-d7f7e5f5974e> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.tgdaily.com/sustainability-features/65699-coal-plant-co2-captured-stored-underground-in-us-first | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645220976.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031340-00334-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947379 | 1,072 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The Paris COP 21 UN Climate Change Negotiations
7 years ago the world leaders gathered in Copenhagen in an attempt to reach a resolution to the climate crisis. It was decided that the world must keep global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, but no agreement could be reached as to how to achieve this.
In December 2015 they met again in Paris and this time an agreement was made.
This meeting in Paris, COP21, will go down in history as a time when world leaders came together, agreed to take climate change seriously and begin to take action. This is arguably the most significant peace treaty the world has ever seen. The overall agreement saw countries pledging to make changes in order to limit global temperatures from rising over 2 degrees celsius above pre-industrial levels, with an aim of staying below 1.5 degrees. Even with the pledges made, global temperatures are still set to increase by 3 degrees, so there is still work to be done!
Theresa May has promised to ratify the agreement by the end of this year, making the UK's contribution to the effort legally binding. This is a huge step towards our aim to get action on climate change to the forefront of the political agenda. | <urn:uuid:4fc19657-279d-44f0-9ef4-8efc939b31b3> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.hftf.org.uk/paris-c0p21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886794.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117023532-20180117043532-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.951152 | 242 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Groundwater is extremely important to our way of life. Most drinking water supplies and often irrigation water for agricultural needs are drawn from underground sources. More than 90 percent of the liquid fresh water available on or near the earth's surface is groundwater. Hot groundwater can also be a source of energy. Groundwater is derived from rain and melting snow that percolate downward from the surface; it collects in the open pore spaces between soil particles or in cracks and fissures in bedrock. The process of percolation is called infiltration. | <urn:uuid:c8ebc4c0-ffe2-4e3d-8815-0c6dc69cc2c7> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/groundwater/groundwater-and-infiltration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164038538/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133358-00044-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960491 | 107 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Situated at the intersection of three continents, Turkey has always been the major site where both a variety of traditional and modern sports have developed. As the host of a variety of international sports organizations, Turkey promotes also the Anatolian culture by introducing its ancestral sports to the world. While successful Turkish athletes become well known all over the world, the emphasis given to the sport is growing every day.
Wrestling: Wrestling the most renowned traditional Turkish sport is done since the 13th century B.C. The sport which is done by wrestlers called “Pehlivan” has originated in order to prove their strength to the society and has now become an important cornerstone of the Anatolian culture. Kırkpınar Oil Wrestling Festival, the most well-known of the wrestling contests, brings together wrestlers and followers of this ancestral sport.
Weightlifting: Weightlifting was developed during the Ottoman period by young athletes who aspired to become head wrestlers and therefore needed to strengthen their arms. Today, it is one of the major sports in Turkey. Weightlifting athletes like Naim Süleymanoğlu and Halil Mutlu have proved Turkey’s success in weight lifting in the international arena and paved the way for other young and successful weightlifters of today.
Javelin Throw: Javelin throw, which owes its origins to the period of the migration of Turks from Central Asia to Anatolia, was a fighting game based on throwing a spear successfully at the opponent while riding on horse. Javelin throw was considered the most important game at festivities and ceremonies during the Ottoman period and was also popular in Europe and the Arabian countries.
Archery: The bow and arrow used as an important war weapon in Central Asia once upon a time is now used as sports equipment. During the Ottoman period, Okmeydani district in Istanbul was specifically assigned for the development of Turkish archery.
Horse Riding: The horse and horse riding are among the most important values for Turks. Horse riding is a very significant sport for Turks as their ancestors had tamed horses and performed their first migration from Central Asia to Anatolia on horse. Nowadays, Gazi Race is among the most significant and prominent horse races conducted in Turkey.
Hunting: Turkey, which is rich in both nature and diversity of species, is a quite suitable location for hunting. A quite popular sport in Turkey, hunting is allowed only during certain periods of the year and is limited to certain species. | <urn:uuid:fd8a030d-07b9-4cf0-ac8e-bf10ce1b7941> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.visitturkey.in/traditional-turkish-sports/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088471.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416012946-20210416042946-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.975258 | 505 | 2.921875 | 3 |
- Doppler ultrasound
- An application of diagnostic ultrasound used to detect moving blood cells or other moving structures and measure their direction and speed of movement. The Doppler effect is used to evaluate movement by measuring changes in frequency of the echoes reflected from moving structures.
In many instances, Doppler ultrasound has replaced x-ray methods such as angiography, as a method to evaluate blood vessels and blood flow. Doppler ultrasound permits real-time viewing of blood flow that cannot be obtained by other methods. Doppler ultrasound has proved a boon in all areas of ultrasound, aiding in the evaluation of the major arteries and veins of the body, the heart, and in obstetrics for fetal monitoring.
Types of Doppler ultrasound include: | <urn:uuid:c4149200-d864-4595-88c9-04bcffdfa480> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/glossary/glossary1.cfm?gid=96 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447906.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00001-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938246 | 155 | 3.828125 | 4 |
The Asylum Movement
The Asylum Movement
Changing Perceptions. In the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries most Americans viewed mental illness as a spiritual problem, resulting from sin, guilt, or, at its worst, demonic possession. Throughout the eighteenth century a gradual shift occurred in which people began to emphasize the physical causes of mental maladies, in accordance with the practice of Enlightenment thinkers who were beginning to combine new scientific methods with the traditional approach to understanding the human body through humoral theory.
Control. Throughout most of this period people who showed signs of madness were confined in institutions only if they became violent. For the most part the only available institutions were jails and almshouses. In America only the Pennsylvania Hospital, established in 1751, accepted mentally ill patients. Those patients received harsh treatment, generally being kept in chains in basement cells. The first hospital devoted exclusively to housing the mentally ill was established in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1773. After the Revolution the mad were often viewed as subversive to the social order; increasingly, lunatics were confined to jails and almshouses, while more hospitals established wards to confine the insane.
Medical Treatment. As the concept of madness as a physical disease gained ground, it became common practice to try to cure such patients with traditional heroic medical therapies, including cupping, purging, and bleeding. Benjamin Rush, the leading physician of the Revolutionary and early national periods, favored those practices along with harsh discipline and physical restraint using straitjackets and chains. Rush articulated the prevailing view of mental illness in his Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind (1812), the first important work on mental illness by an American. The practices that he advocated remained common through most of the antebellum period.
Moral Treatment. At the same time, however, a movement to reform the treatment of the mentally ill gained momentum. The asylum movement was part of a broader reform climate that addressed social problems such as crime, poverty, and alcohol abuse. It began in England when a Quaker named William Tuke established an asylum called the York Retreat and developed a method called “moral treatment” for managing the mentally ill. Tuke believed that mental illness was neither purely spiritual nor purely physical but that harmful environmental influences brought on mental disorders by affecting the individual’s emotional and spiritual state. The idea of an asylum was to provide for the victim a refuge
from the harmful environment causing his or her sickness. Asylums emphasized clean, comfortable living conditions in a tranquil, rural setting. Moral treatment entailed regular habits of exercise, work, and recreation, as well as strictly enforced rules of self-restraint and politeness. In Great Britain adherents of moral treatment condemned the use of physical restraints. In the United States, however, when voluntary cooperation did not produce the desired behavior, attendants would enforce calmness and stop offensive behavior by using such devices as straitjackets and mitts over the hands. Even so, moral treatment of the mentally ill was far more humane than previous methods.
Asylums in America. The asylum movement quickly spread through Quaker contacts to the United States. The first asylum influenced by the York Retreat was the Friends Asylum near Frankford, Pennsylvania, established in 1817. The Hartford Retreat in Connecticut appeared the same year, while the McLean Asylum for the Insane was established in Boston the following year. The popularity and reputed success (although claims were exaggerated) of these private institutions produced calls for similar public institutions. The Massachusetts State Lunatic Hospital opened in 1833, while state institutions appeared in Augusta, Maine, in 1840 and Utica, New York, in 1843.
State Hospitals. Private institutions, for the most part, were beyond the reach of the poor, and state hospitals were inadequate to meet the demand. Thus the old approach of confining the insane in penal institutions persisted even as the new asylums were coming into use. As late as the 1840s only a small minority of the mentally ill were confined to asylums; the rest were held in jails and almshouses, where they were subject to abuse and neglect. Such conditions prompted efforts in Massachusetts to enlarge the state institutions. Led by Dorothea Dix, the Massachusetts reform movement succeeded and quickly spread to other states. By the beginning of the Civil War most states had established public mental institutions, and the practice of keeping the mentally ill in jails and almshouses was in decline.
Professionalization. Meanwhile a drive was under way to professionalize the treatment of the mentally ill as a medical specialty. The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane was founded in 1844 to establish standards for treatment and qualifications for practitioners. That organization exists today as the American Psychiatric Association.
Lynn Gamwell and Nancy Tomes, Madness in America: Cultural and Medical Perceptions of Mental Illness before 1914 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995). | <urn:uuid:916d2098-5f21-40c3-be40-879f3adcc928> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/asylum-movement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056120.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918002951-20210918032951-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.965035 | 1,014 | 4.1875 | 4 |
In 2014, nearly 75% (2.1 billion) of all internet users in the world (2.8 billion) were from the top 20 countries. The remaining 25% (0.7 billion) population was distributed among other 178 countries, each representing less than 1% of total users.
China, the country with most users (642 million in 2014), represents nearly 22% of the total user base, and has more users than the next three countries combined (United States, India and Japan).
Among the top 20 countries, India is the one with the lowest penetration: 19%, and has the highest yearly growth rate.
At the opposite end, United States, Germany, France, UK and Canada have the highest penetration: Over 80% of population in these countries has an internet connection.
Mobile broadband is the most dynamic market segment; globally, mobile broadband penetration has reached 47% in 2015, a value that increased 12 times since 2007.
The proportion of the population covered by a 2G mobile cellular network grew from 58% in 2001 to 95% in 2015.
By end 2015, 34% of households in developing countries will have internet access, compared with more than 80% in developed countries. In least developed countries (LDCs), only 7% of households have internet access, compared with the world average of 46%. | <urn:uuid:021204ac-2b15-4720-908e-0d66945d7423> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.gadgetsnow.com/checklist/Internet-46-10-must-know-facts/checklistshow/49580749.cms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154420.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803030201-20210803060201-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.955327 | 272 | 2.546875 | 3 |
When writing a Web application from scratch, it’s easy to feel like we can get by simply by relying on a DOM manipulation library (like jQuery) and a handful of utility plugins. The problem with this is that it doesn’t take long to get lost in a nested pile of jQuery callbacks and DOM elements without any real structure in place for our applications.
Further Reading on SmashingMag:
- Sailing With Sails.js: An MVC-style Framework For Node.js
- A Thorough Introduction To Backbone.Marionette
- Getting Started With PHP Templating
- An Introduction To Redux
These modern frameworks provide developers an easy path to organizing their code using variations of a pattern known as MVC (Model-View-Controller). MVC separates the concerns in an application down into three parts:
- Models represent the domain-specific knowledge and data in an application. Think of this as being a ‘type’ of data you can model — like a User, Photo or Note. Models should notify anyone observing them about their current state (e.g Views).
- Views are typically considered the User-interface in an application (e.g your markup and templates), but don’t have to be. They should know about the existence of Models in order to observe them, but don’t directly communicate with them.
- Controllers handle the input (e.g clicks, user actions) in an application and Views can be considered as handling the output. When a Controller updates the state of a model (such as editing the caption on a Photo), it doesn’t directly tell the View. This is what the observing nature of the View and Model relationship is for.
For this reason we refer to such frameworks as following the MV* pattern, that is, you’re likely to have a View and a Model, but more likely to have something else also included.
At the outset, it isn’t terribly difficult to write an application framework that offers some opinionated way to avoid spaghetti code, however to say that it is equally as trivial to write something of the standard of Backbone would be a grossly incorrect assumption.
There’s a lot more that goes into structuring an application than tying together a DOM manipulation library, templating and routing. Mature MV* frameworks typically not only include many of the pieces you would find yourself writing, but also include solutions to problems you’ll find yourself running into later on down the road. This is a time-saver that you shouldn’t underestimate the value of.
So, where will you likely need an MV* framework and where won’t you?
Good examples of applications that fall into this category are GMail and Google Docs. These applications typically download a single payload containing all the scripts, stylesheets and markup users need for common tasks and then perform a lot of additional behavior in the background. It’s trivial to switch between reading an email or document to writing one and you don’t need to ask the application to render the whole page again at all.
The Challenge Of Choice: Too Many Options?
We refer to the current state of new frameworks frequently popping up as ‘Yet Another Framework Syndrome’ (or YAFS). Whilst innovation is of course something we should welcome, YAFS can lead to a great deal of confusion and frustration when developers just want to start writing an app but don’t want to manually evaluate 30 different options in order to select something maintainable. In many cases, the differences between some of these frameworks can be very subtle if not difficult to distinguish.
TodoMVC: A Common Application For Learning And Comparison
There’s been a huge boom in the number of such MV* frameworks being released over the past few years.
Backbone.js, Ember.js, AngularJS, Spine, CanJS … The list of new and stable solutions continues to grow each week and developers can quickly find themselves lost in a sea of options. From minds who have had to work on complex applications that inspired these solutions (such as Yehuda Katz and Jeremy Ashkenas), there are many strong contenders for what developers should consider using. The question is, what to use and how do you choose?
This week we’re releasing a brand new version of TodoMVC, which you can find more details about lower down in the apps section.
In the near future we want to take this work even further, providing guides on how frameworks differ and recommendations for which options to consider for particular types of applications you may wish to build.
Our Suggested Criteria For Selecting A Framework
Selecting a framework is of course about more than simply comparing the Todo app implementations. This is why, once we’ve filtered down our selection of potential frameworks to just a few, it’s recommend to spend some time doing a little due diligence. The framework we opt for may need to support building non-trivial features and could end up being used to maintain the app for years to come.
- What is the framework really capable of? Spend time reviewing both the source code of the framework and official list of features to see how well they fit with your requirements. There will be projects that may require modifying or extending the underlying source and thus make sure that if this might be the case, you’ve performed due diligence on the code.
- Is the framework mature? We generally recommend developers don’t simply “pick one and go with it”. New projects often come with a lot of buzz surrounding their releases but remember to take care when selecting them for use on a production-level app. You don’t want to risk the project being canned, going through major periods of refactoring or other breaking changes that tend to be more carefully planned out when a framework is mature. Mature projects also tend to have more detailed documentation available, either as a part of their official or community-driven docs.
- Is the framework flexible or opinionated? Know what flavor you’re after as there are plenty of frameworks available which provide one or the other. Opinionated frameworks lock (or suggest) you to do things in a specific way (theirs). By design they are limiting, but place less emphasis on the developer having to figure out how things should work on their own.
- Have you really played with the framework? Write a small application without using frameworks and then attempt to refactor your code with a framework to confirm whether it’s easy to work with or not. As much as researching and reading up on code will influence your decision, it’s equally as important to write actual code using the framework to make sure you’re comfortable with the concepts it enforces.
- Does the framework have a comprehensive set of documentation? Although demo applications can be useful for reference, you’ll almost always find yourself consulting the official framework docs to find out what its API supports, how common tasks or components can be created with it and what the gotchas worth noting are. Any framework worth it’s salt should have a detailed set of documentation which will help guide developers using it. Without this, you can find yourself heavily relying on IRC channels, groups and self-discovery, which can be fine, but are often overly time-consuming when compared to a great set of docs provided upfront.
- What is the total size of the framework, factoring in minification, gzipping and any modular building that it supports? What dependencies does the framework have? Frameworks tend to only list the total filesize of the base library itself, but don’t list the sizes of the librarys dependencies. This can mean the difference between opting for a library that initially looks quite small, but could be relatively large if it say, depends on jQuery and other libraries.
- Have you reviewed the community around the framework? Is there an active community of project contributors and users who would be able to assist if you run into issues? Have enough developers been using the framework that there are existing reference applications, tutorials and maybe even screencasts that you can use to learn more about it?
Q: Didn’t Dojo already solve all of this? Why hasn’t it been the dominent solution for developers wishing to build more structured (and more non-trivial) applications?
Many of those features were way ahead of most developers needs. With the emergence of the browser as the dominant application platform, many of the innovations pioneered in The Dojo Toolkit now appear in newer toolkits. MVC was just another package that Dojo has provided for quite some time, along with modular code packages, OO in JS, UI widgets, cross-browser graphics, templating, internationalization, accessibility, data stores, testing frameworks, a build system and much, much more.
Why is Dojo not the dominant toolkit? Its goal was never to be the only choice. The goal was to provide an open collection of tools that could be used with anything else, within projects, and liberally copied into other work as well. Dojo was criticized for being slow and even after that was addressed, it was criticized for being slow. Trying to shake that perception is challenging. It is very hard to document a feature-rich toolkit. There are 175 sub-packages in Dojo 1.8 and over 1,400 modules.
That is not only a challenge from a documentation purpose, it also means that there isn’t one thing that Dojo does. Which is good if you are building software, but very difficult when you are starting out trying to figure out where to start. These are all things we have been trying to work on for Dojo 1.8, in the form of tutorials and significantly improved documentation.
Q: Why should developers still consider Dojo and what ideas do you have lined up for the future of the project? I hear 1.8 will be another major milestone.
In Dojo 1.8, dojox/mvc takes another step towards full maturity. There has been a lot of investment in time, effort, testing and community awareness into the package. It focuses on providing an MVC model that leverages the rest of Dojo. Coupled with dojox/app, an application framework that is designed to make it easier to build rich applications across desktop and mobile, it makes a holistic framework for creating a client side application.
In the typical Dojo way, this is just one of many viable ways in which to build applications with Dojo.
In 1.8, not only does the MVC sub-module become more mature, it is built upon a robust framework. It doesn’t just give you markup language to create your views, express your models or develop a controller. It is far more then just wiring up some controls to a data source. Because it is leveraging the rest of Dojo, you can draw in anything else you might need.
In Dojo 2.0 we will be looking to take modularity to a new level, so that it becomes even easier to take a bit of this and a bit of that and string it all together. We are also exploring the concepts of isomorphism, where it should be transparent to the end-user where your code is being executed, be it client side or server side and that ultimately it should be transparent to the developer.
The TodoMVC Collection
In our brand new release, Todo implementations now exist for the most popular frameworks with a large number of other commonly used frameworks being worked on in Labs. These implementations have gone through a lot of revision, often taking on board best practice tips and suggestions from framework authors, contributors and users from within the community.
Following on from comments previously made by Backbone.js author Jeremey Ashkenas and Yehuda Katz, TodoMVC now also offers consistent implementations based on an official application specification as well as routing (or state management).
We don’t pretend that more complex learning applications aren’t possible (they certainly are), but the simplicity of a Todo app allows developers to review areas such as code structure, component syntax and flow, which we feel are enough to enable a comparison between frameworks and prompt further exploration with a particular solution or set of solutions.
Our applications include:
For those interested in AMD versions:
And our Labs include:
- SocketStream + jQuery
- Google Web Toolkit
- AngularJS + RequireJS (using AMD)
We feel honored that over the past year, some framework authors have involved us in discussions about how to improve their solutions, helping bring our experience with a multitude of solutions to the table. We’ve also slowly moved towards TodoMVC being almost a defacto app that new frameworks implement and this means it’s become easier to make initial comparisons when you’re reviewing choices.
Frameworks: When To Use What?
To help you get started with narrowing down frameworks to explore, we would like to offer the below high-level framework summaries which we hope will help steer you towards a few specific options to try out.
I want something flexible which offers a minimalist solution to separating concerns in my application. It should support a persistence layer and RESTful sync, models, views (with controllers), event-driven communication, templating and routing. It should be imperative, allowing one to update the View when a model changes. I’d like some decisions about the architecture left up to me. Ideally, many large companies have used the solution to build non-trivial applications. As I may be building something complex, I’d like there to be an active extension community around the framework that have already tried addressing larger problems (Marionette, Chaplin, Aura, Thorax). Ideally, there are also scaffolding tools (grunt-bbb, brunch) available for the solution. Use Backbone.js.
I want something that tries to tackle desktop-level application development for the web. It should be opinionated, modular, support a variation of MVC, avoid the need to wire everything in my application together manually, support persistence, computed properties and have auto-updating (live) templates. It should support proper state management rather than the manual routing solution many other frameworks advocate being used. It should also come with extensive docs and of course, templating. It should also have scaffolding tools available (ember.gem, ember for brunch). Use Ember.js.
I want something more lightweight which supports live-binding templates, routing, integration with major libraries (like jQuery and Dojo) and is optimized for performance. It should also support a way to implement models, views and controllers. It may not be used on as many large public applications just yet, but has potential. Ideally, the solution should be built by people who have previous experience creating many complex applications. Use CanJS.
I want something declarative that uses the View to derive behavior. It focuses on achieving this through custom HTML tags and components that specify your application intentions. It should support being easily testable, URL management (routing) and a separation of concerns through a variation of MVC. It takes a different approach to most frameworks, providing a HTML compiler for creating your own DSL in HTML. It may be inspired by upcoming Web platform features such as Web Components and also has its own scaffolding tools available (angular-seed). Use AngularJS.
I want something that offers me an excellent base for building large scale applications. It should support a mature widget infrastructure, modules which support lazy-loading and can be asynchronous, simple integration with CDNs, a wide array of widget modules (graphics, charting, grids, etc) and strong support for internationalization (i18n, l10n). It should have support for OOP, MVC and the building blocks to create more complex architectures. Use Dojo.
I want something which benefits from the YUI extension infrastructure. It should support models, views and routers and make it simple to write multi-view applications supporting routing, View transitions and more. Whilst larger, it is a complete solution that includes widgets/components as well as the tools needed to create an organized application architecture. It may have scaffolding tools (yuiproject), but these need to be updated. Use YUI.
I want something simple that values asynchronous interfaces and lack any dependencies. It should be opinionated but flexible on how to build applications. The framework should provide bare-bones essentials like model, view, controller, events, and routing, while still being tiny. It should be optimized for use with CoffeeScript and come with comprehensive documentation. Use Spine.
I want something that will make it easy to build complex dynamic UIs with a clean underlying data model and declarative bindings. It should automatically update my UI on model changes using two-way bindings and support dependency tracking of model data. I should be able to use it with whatever framework I prefer, or even an existing app. It should also come with templating built-in and be easily extensible. Use KnockoutJS.
I want something that will help me build simple Web applications and websites. I don’t expect there to be a great deal of code involved and so code organisation won’t be much of a concern. The solution should abstract away browser differences so I can focus on the fun stuff. It should let me easily bind events, interact with remote services, be extensible and have a huge plugin community. Use jQuery.
What Do Developers Think About The Most Popular Frameworks?
As part of our research into MV* frameworks for TodoMVC and this article, we decided to conduct a survey to bring together the experiences of those using these solutions. We asked developers what framework they find themselves using the most often and more importantly, why they would recommend them to others. We also asked what they felt was still missing in their project of choice.
We’ve grouped some of the most interesting responses below, by framework.
Pros: The key factors: a) Features that let me avoid a lot of boilerplate (bindings, computer properties, view layer with the cool handlebars). b) the core team: I’m a Rails developer and know the work of Yehuda Katz. I trust the guy =) Cons: Documentation. It’s really sad that Ember doesn’t have good documentation, tutorials, screencast like Backbone, Angular or other frameworks. Right now, we browse the code looking for docs which isn’t ideal.
Pros: Convention over configuration. Ember makes so many small decisions for you it’s by far the easiest way to build a client-side application these days. Cons: The learning curve. It is missing the mass of getting started guides that exist for other frameworks like Backbone, this is partly because of the small community, but I think more because of the state of flux the codebase is in pre-1.0.
Pros: Simplicity, bindings, tight integration with Handlebars, ease of enabling modularity in my own code. Cons: I’d like to have a stable integration with ember-data, and integrated localStorage support synced with a REST API, but hey that’s fantasy that one day will surely come true ;-)
Pros: Simplicity — only 4 core components (Collection, Model, View, Router). Huge community (ecosystem) and lots of solutions on StackOverflow. Higher order frameworks like Marionette or Vertebrae with lots of clever code inside. Somebody might like “low-levelness” — need to write lots of boilerplate code, but get customized application architecture. Cons: I don’t like how extend method works — it copies content of parent objects into new one. Prototypal inheritance FTW. Sometime I miss real world scenarios in docs examples. Also there is a lot of research needed to figure out how to build a bigger app after reading the TODO tutorial. I’m missing official AMD support in projects from DocumentCloud (BB, _). [Note: this shouldn’t be an issue with the new RequireJS shim() method in RequireJS 2.0].
Pros: After the initial brain-warp of understanding how Backbone rolls, it is incredibly useful. Useful as in, well supported, lightweight, and constantly updated in a valid scope. Ties in with natural friends Underscore, jQuery/Zepto, tools that most of my studio’s projects would work with. Cons: The amount of tutorials on how to do things with Backbone is inconsistent and at different periods of Backbones lifespan. I’ve asked other devs to have a look at Backbone, and they would be writing code for v0.3. Un-aware. Whilst not a problem Backbone can fix itself, it is certainly a major dislike associated with the framework. I suppose in theory, you could apply this to anything else, but, Backbone is a recurrent one in my eyes. Hell, I’ve even seen month old articles using ancient Backbone methods and patterns. Whatever dislikes I would have on the framework strictly itself, has been rectified by the community through sensible hacks and approaches. For me, that is why Backbone is great, the community backing it up.
Pros: Provides just enough abstraction without unreasonable opinions — enabling you to tailor it to the needs of the project. Cons: I would re-write (or possibly remove) Backbone.sync. It has baked in assumptions of typical client-initiated HTTP communications, and doesn’t adapt well to the push nature of WebSockets.
Pros: It’s extremely easy to get into, offering a nice gateway to MV* based frameworks. It’s relatively customizable and there are also tons of other people using it, making finding help or support easy. Cons: The fact that there’s no view bindings by default (although you can fix this). Re-rendering the whole view when a single property changes is wasteful. The RESTful API has a lot of positives, but the lack of bulk-saving (admittedly a problem with REST itself, but still) and the difficulty in getting different URI schemes to work on different types of operations sucks.
Pros: a) 2-way data binding is incredibly powerful. You tend to think more about your model and the state that it is in instead of a series of events that need to happen. The model is the single source of truth. b) Performance. AngularJS is a small download. It’s templating uses DOM nodes instead of converting strings into DOM nodes and should perform better. c) If you are targeting modern browsers and/or are a little careful, you can drop jQuery from your dependencies too. Cons: I’d like to be able to specify transitions for UI state changes that propgate from a model change. Specifically for elements that use ng-show or ng-hide I’d like to use a fade or slide in in an easy declarative way.
Pros: It’s very intuitive, has excellent documentation. I love their data binding approach, HTML based views, nested scopes. I switched from Backbone/Thorax to Angular and never looked back. A new Chrome extension Batarang integrates with Chrome Developer’s Tools and provides live access the Angular data structures. Cons: I’d like to have a built-in support to such functions as drag'n'drop, however this can be added using external components available on GitHub. I’d also like to see more 3rd party components available for reuse. I think it’s just a matter of time for the ecosystem around AngularJS to get more mature and then these will be available just like they are in communities like jQuery.
Pros: It minimizes drastically the boilerplate code, allows for nice code reuse through components, extends the HTML syntax so that many complex features end up being as simple as applying a directive (attribute) in the HTML, and is super-easily testable thanks to a full commitment to dependency injection. You can write a non-trivial app without jQuery or without directly manipulating the DOM. That’s quite a feat. Cons: Its learning curve is somewhat steeper than Backbone (which is quite easy to master), but the gain is appreciative. Documentation could be better.
Pros: I don’t necessarily use it all the time, but KnockoutJS is just fantastic for single page applications. Extremely easy subscribing to live sorting; much better API for so called “collection views” in Backbone using observable arrays. And custom event on observables for effects, etc. Cons: Feel like the API is quite hard to scale, and would probably prefer to wrangle Backbone on the bigger applications. (But that’s also partially due to community support).
Pros: I like the data binding mechanism and feel very comfortable using it. In particular I like how they have replaced templates with control flow binding. Cons: I don’t like that there is no guidance or best practice in terms of application structure. Aside from having a view model, the framework doesn’t help you in defining a well structured view model. It’s very easy to end up with a large unmaintainable function.
Pros: Syntactically, Dojo is very simple. It allows for dynamic and robust builds, with the initial loader file being as low as 6k in some cases. It is AMD compatible, making it extremely portable, and comes out-of-the-box with a ton of features ranging from basic dom interactions to complex SVG, VML, and canvas functionality. The widget system, Dijit, is unmatched in it's ease-of-use and ability to be extended. It's a very well-rounded and complete toolkit. Cons: The dojo/_base/declare functionality is not 100% strict mode compliant and there is currently some overhead due to backwards compatibility, though this will mostly go away in the Dojo 2.0 release.
Pros: Good components : tabs, datagrid, formManager... Renders the same cross browser. AMD compliant. Easy to test with mocks.Integrates well with other frameworks thks to amd (I ll integrate with JMVC) Cons: Default design for components out of fashion. Not fully html5. So-so documentation Poor templating system (no auto binding).
Pros: YUI3 is a modular and use-at-will type of component library which includes all of the goodies of Backbone and more. It even (in my opinion) improves upon some of the concepts in Backbone by de-coupling some things (i.e. attribute is a separate module that can be mixed into any object – the event module can be mixed in similarly). Cons: I’d love to see YUI3 support some of the auto-wiring (optional) of Ember. I think that is really the big win for Ember; otherwise, I see YUI3 as a superior component library where I can cherry-pick what I need. I’d also like to see a more AMD-compatible module loader. The loader today works very well; however, it would be nicer if I could start a new projects based on AMD modules and pull in certain YUI3 components and other things from other places that are also using AMD.
Pros: Has all tools included, just need to run commands and start building. I have used for the last 6 months and it’s been really good. Cons: The only thing I would do is to speed up development of the next version. Developers are aware of problems and fixing issues but its going to be another ¾ months before some issues I want fixed are addressed, but then I could probably patch and do a pull request.
Pros: Because Maria is a pure MVC framework that is focused on being just an MVC framework. No more and no less. Its clean and simple. Cons: A little more usage documentation outside of the source code, plus a few more test cases. A tutorial that drives home the real use of MVC with Maria would be good too.
Pros: I think a big feature of ExtJS 4 is that it throws you into the MVC mindset and the preferred filesystem structure right from the bat. With Dojo the initial tutorials seem to be mostly about augmenting existing websites whereas ExtJS assumes you’re starting from scratch. Using ExtJS doesn’t really “feel” like you’re dealing with HTML at all. The component library is rich enough to let you go a long way without touching more HTML than what is needed to bootstrap your app. It’d be interesting to see how both compare when Web components become more widely supported. This would finally allow manipulating the DOM without being afraid of breaking any widgets or causing your app’s internal state to become inconsistent. Cons: The licensing is considered restrictive and difficult to understand by some. More people would be investing in ExtJS if it was clearer what the upfront and long-term costs of using it are. This isn’t a concern with some other structural solutions but probably isn’t as much a worry for larger businesses.
Pros: It has a great and easy to use view bindings system. Plays with Rails very nicely and is all about convention over configuration. Cons: The documentation could be a lot better and I feel Shopify won't be adding the features that they say that they will.
Don’t Be Afraid To Experiment
Whilst it’s unlikely for a developer to need to learn how to use more than a handfull of these frameworks, I do encourage exploration of those you’re unfamiliar with. There’s more than mountain of interesting facts and techniques that can be learned in this process.
In my case: I discovered that Batman.js required the least hand-written lines of code for an implementation. I’m neither a frequent CoffeeScript nor Batman.js user but that in itself gave me some food for thought. Perhaps I could take some of what made this possible and bring it over to the frameworks I do use. Or, maybe I’d simply use Batman.js in a future project if I found the community and support around it improved over time.
Regardless of whether you end up using a different solution, at the end of the day all you have to gain from exploration is more knowledge about what’s out there.
Going Beyond MV* Frameworks
Whilst the MV* family of patterns are quite popular for structuring applications, they’re limited in that they don’t address any kind of application layer, communication between Views, services that perform work or anything else. Developers may thus find that they sometimes need to explore beyond just MVC — there are times when you absolutely need to take what they have to offer further.
We reached out to developers that have been taking MVC further with their own patterns or extensions for existing frameworks to get some insights on where you need something more.
“In my case, I needed something Composite. I noticed that there were patterns in Backbone apps where developers realized there was a need for an object that coordinated various parts of an application. Most of the time, I’ve seen developers try to solve this using a Backbone construct (e.g a View), even when there isn’t really a need for it. This is why I instead explored the need for an Application Initializer.
I also found that MVC didn’t really describe a way to handle regions of a page or application. The gist of region management is that you could define a visible area of the screen and build out the most basic layout for it without knowing what content was going to be displayed in it at runtime.
I created solutions for region management, application initialization and more in my extension project Marionette. It’s one of a number of solutions that extend upon a framework (or architecture pattern) that developers end up needing when they’re building single-page applications that are relatively complex.
There’s even a TodoMVC Marionette app available for anyone wishing to compare the standard Backbone application with one that goes beyond just MV*.
Derick Bailey — Author of Marionette
That’s where Core J2EE Patterns come in. I got turned on to them while reading PHP Objects, Patterns, and Practice by Matt Zandstra, and I’m glad I did! The J2EE Patterns basically outline a request-driven process, where the URL drives the behavior of the application. In a nutshell, a request is created, modified, and then used to determine the view to render.
Dustin Boston — co-author, Aura
Projects like TodoMVC can help narrow down your selections to those you feel might be the most interesting or most comfortable for a particular project. Remember to take your time choosing, don’t feel too constrained by using a specific pattern and keep in mind that it’s completely acceptable to build on the solution you select to best fit the needs of your application.
Experimenting with different frameworks will also give you different views on how to solve common problems which will in turn make you a better programmer.
Thanks to my fellow TodoMVC team-member Sindre Sorhus for his help with tweaks and a technical review of this article. | <urn:uuid:34749fb6-d8f4-4cd1-930b-9143a405f467> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2012/07/journey-through-the-javascript-mvc-jungle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949181.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330101355-20230330131355-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.934978 | 9,352 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Let’s get back to work on the self-sustaining, eco-friendly dollhouse of our dreams! In this chapter, we’ll set up the farm’s electrical wiring, kitchen plumbing, and a tiny bathroom too. Kids will learn how everyday appliances get their power and water, and how to go green by taking short showers instead of baths and by installing a low-flow showerhead and faucet aerators to preserve water. Gather up some yarn, tape, cardboard, plastic lids, corks … any recycled materials you have on hand are great! Let’s have fun while saving the earth!
Wiring and Kitchen Plumbing
The wiring and plumbing in this dollhouse are very simple. The kitchen and bathroom are both located on the ground floor so that we can reduce the number of pipes and then less power will be needed to heat the water. These pipes supply the kitchen faucet and washer with filtered rainwater from the water tank.
The power comes from the control box and goes through the wiring all along the ground floor to supply the kitchen and bathroom appliances, the outlets and lighting. The bedroom also uses power for its lighting and outlets.
How To: Wiring & Plumbing
- You will need: yarn, tape, hot glue gun, and scissors
- Cut a long piece of yarn – this will be the electrical wiring. Run this piece from the control box to the first floor, and then add another piece all along the ground floor, through the kitchen walls and into the bathroom. Pick a different color yarn for the water pipe, cut a piece, and use it to connect the hot water tank to two-thirds of the way up the kitchen’s front wall.
- Glue the water pipe yarn to the top of the hot water tank.
- Remove the control box (the sardine can) and glue the electrical wires to the wall behind it.
- Replace the control box and glue it to the wall over electrical wires.
- Glue the first-floor wiring yarn all along the bottom of the walls.
- Use tape to attach the pipes and wires all around the ground floor walls.
- Pass the ground floor wire yarn out through the bathroom wall.
The bathroom in the dollhouse has a cute cabinet with a sink and faucet, a vintage-style high tank toilet with a pull chain, and a tiny shower. In the next chapter, we’ll bring recycled water into the bathroom, but we’ll start with installing the furniture for now!
- You will need a bendy drinking straw, cardboard, play dough, plastic bottle cap, scissors and a pen. Start by cutting a 15cm by 2cm rectangle and a 6cm x 2cm rectangle from the cardboard. Next, trace the plastic bottle cap onto another piece of cardboard, and then make two tiny balls of play dough as shown.
- Cut out the lid shaped-circle from the cardboard so that it fits inside the lid. Draw the drain onto the sink: it should look like the circle with a smaller circle inside that, with five dots in the center. Glue this cardboard circle into the plastic lid.
- Cut a piece of the bendy straw to make the faucet, leaving 1/2” from the flexible part to the top end.
- To make the cabinet, fold the long rectangle 4.6 cm from each end (forming a square looking U-shape) and glue the small rectangle piece centered inside, forming a shelf.
- Glue the faucet on top of the cabinet with one play dough ball on each side as the knobs and then glue the vessel sink next to them.
- You will need: a bendy drinking straw, cardboard, play dough, felt, scissors and a pen. Start by cutting out a felt wedge to fit into a corner – this will be the shower base. Cut out two 1/2” cardboard circles for the shower drain and shower head – use a pen to draw the details on them. Next, shape two play dough balls to be the knobs.
- Bend the straw and place it at one corner of the bathroom, cutting off any excess so that it fits in, leaving 1/2” from the bendy part to top end.
- Glue the shower head circle to the top end of the shower straw.
- Glue the knob handles on each side of shower pipe, around the middle.
- Glue the felt shower base at the bottom of the shower and then glue the shower drain next to the corner.
- You will need a plastic bottle cap, cardboard, bottle cork, scissors and a pen. To make the toilet seat, fold a piece of cardboard in half and trace the shape of the plastic cap next to the folded side. Add a border around it to make it slightly bigger and then cut it out leaving the folded edge uncut. Open the folded cardboard circle and draw a smaller circle centered on one of the sides. Cut it out.For the toilet bowl: trace the shape of the plastic cap onto another piece of cardboard and cut it out. Cut a straight edge off of one side so that it fits inside the plastic cap. This cardboard circle will be part of the toilet bowl, and a small sliced cork will sit under the whole toilet.
- Glue the cork to the base of the plastic bottle cap. Fit the cardboard circle inside the bowl and glue in place.
- Glue the toilet seat on top of the bowl and center the folded side of the seat with the flat side of the circle that’s inside the bowl.
- For the pull chain water closet, you’ll need a drinking straw, tape, half a cork, bakery twine, and a bead.
- Wrap the cork with tape. Cut a 2” piece of bakery twine, thread the bead onto it, and tie a knot on one end. Glue the other end of the twine to the top of the cork.
- Place the toilet close to the front edge of the bathroom floor and put the drinking straw next to it – this will be the pipe for the water tank. Cut any excess straw away so that it fits below the ceiling – don’t forget to leave space for the water tank to be attached on top – and glue.
- Glue the tank water closet to the wall, right above the straw.
- Place the sink cabinet centered on the other wall of the bathroom.
Our dollhouse’s bathroom is almost finished! In the next tutorial, we’ll install the bathroom’s pipe and sewer system to supply recycled gray water from a pond. We’ll also work on the kitchen by crafting the kitchen appliances and cabinets!
from Handmade Charlotte http://www.handmadecharlotte.com/make-off-grid-dollhouse-part-4/?utm_medium=feed&utm_source=feedpress.me&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+hcrss | <urn:uuid:8be97ffe-680e-4681-9c68-96c9e29ff4b1> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://itshandmadeuk.blogspot.com/2017/03/how-to-make-off-grid-dollhouse-part-4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948612570.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218083356-20171218105356-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.881909 | 1,466 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A story about a conflict between two people is a snapshot in time. But there is also a story about the hours that led up to the conflict episode. The hours before a crisis situation can be a crucial key to understanding behavior.
A lack of sleep or not eating right can cause a person to feel uncomfortable or cranky. That person has a higher chance of getting in conflict than any other person who did get a full night sleep or had a good breakfast.
If you had a dispute with someone because they were rude to you, it may have nothing to do with you. An understanding and the explanations of negative behavior are a golden rule in conflict resolution. The other person may have just been uncomfortable or cranky and you were in the wrong place at the wrong time. When trying to figure out why you are suddenly not talking to someone, consider these reflective questions.
- What happened in the hours prior to this conflict situation?
- Do you know anything about what was going on in their life before your negative interaction with them?
- Who or what is influencing the person with whom you are in conflict?
- Is there a new situation in the other person’s life that is making them uncomfortable or unhappy?
- Is there a divorce looming?
- Is there a new baby in the house that is not sleeping?
- Did the person start a new diet and is hungry?
- Does that person have any health issues?
- Is that person a new empty nester who is feeling sad because their child just left for college?
There is never an excuse for rudeness or unnecessary conflict. However, non-aggressive, effective, conflict resolution communication skills can be learned and practiced. Gail Shapiro, Ph.D. www.Connecticutmediation.com is a conflict coach who teaches simple communication skills that can nurture relationships in uncomfortable situations. | <urn:uuid:02e34124-4f42-414f-8810-9fd759ca42fd> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.connecticutmediation.com/blog/2016/4/4/cranky | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376832330.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219130756-20181219152756-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.971617 | 380 | 2.96875 | 3 |
In the last decade, we’ve come a long way in the application of thermal analysis to the design of electronics. And there’s no sign of the pace of innovation changing. Engineers are still being challenged to build faster, smaller and cheaper products in ever-decreasing design times. Fortunately, the engineering software industry has been able to respond by providing tools that help designers both analyze and understand the complex fluid flow and heat transfer mechanisms within their equipment.
In this article, I’ll be giving a personal perspective on the future of thermal analysis. I’ll start by looking at the changes in the underlying technology then chance some predictions on what the next 5 to 10 years will have to offer. In particular, I’ll talk about:
- How advances in hardware and software are affecting thermal analysis tools.
- The realization of the dream of practical component characterization.
- Integration of thermal analysis with EDA and MCAD systems, and other analysis tools.
- The impact of the Internet and the emergence of Web-based applications.
Figure 1. Thermal analysis today from IC package to equipment room … and everything in between.
a) Package-Level Analysis
Pentium®II Processor & Heatsink.
b) Board-Level Analysis
Temperatures in the motherboard of the Motorola PowerPC® Reference Platform “Yellowknife”.
c) System-Level Analysis
Airflows through a PC Chassis.
d) Room-Level Analysis
A Telecommunications Switching Room.
Advances in Hardware and Software
Perhaps the biggest changes that we are seeing today result from the ready availability of processing power that, 10 years ago, would have been unimaginable. Ironically, the very same Moore’s Law that predicts the growth in processor speed, also predicts the increases in dissipated power, which are heightening the need for thermal modeling!
Today’s computers are orders of magnitude faster than their ancestors a decade ago. The results can be seen everywhere from increasingly sophisticated solvers to the high-end 3D graphics that are now commonplace. However, we have also seen improvements to the software. Tuning of software algorithms have made significant improvements in processing time.
In certain areas, more radical techniques have produced worthwhile improvements. For instance, a Monte Carlo method has recently been employed in one tool to determine radiation exchange factors for the highly cluttered geometries typical of electronics systems with order of magnitude improvements in run-time compared to more conventional analytical techniques optimized for sparsely populated geometries.
Computer operating systems are also evolving and, like it or not, the trend is inexorable: Windows NT has all but won the battle for the engineering desktop. In fact, a recent poll of thermal analysts attending the 1999 FLOTHERM User Conference showed that over 80% of them had access to Windows NT on their desktops, compared with 30% having access to Solaris machines (the next biggest group).
Although there is much talk about the emergence of Linux, it is hard to believe that it will find more than a niche role in engineering companies as a server platform and, in the context of thermal analysis, possibly as a “calculation engine”. It is unlikely to displace Windows NT from the desktop.
The prevalence of Windows NT is also fueling the growth of “Intel-based” hardware, including compatible processors from AMD and Cyrix. Increasingly, we see multi-processor machines becoming standard on engineers’ desktops. To take full advantage of the additional processing power that they offer, software is being rewritten to be multi-threaded and even, whenever possible, fully parallelized (Figure 2-overleaf).
Figure 2. Multi-threading (top) and parallelization (bottom).But speed itself isn’t the ultimate goal. It merely allows a designer to explore a wider design-space in order to identify problem areas and to develop an optimum solution. Using thermal modeling techniques to model “what-if” scenarios makes it much easier and faster for engineers to determine the effects of repositioning objects, such as vents, fans and heatsinks, for a given product design before physical prototyping begins.
Unfortunately, the very success of thermal analysis creates another problem, which is the sheer volume of data which can (and will) be produced. The management of this data will become an increasingly taxing problem that will be addressed by a new breed of tools. These tools will allow not only rapid generation of parametric cases, but also facilitate the post-processing and comparison of multiple runs so that the designer can concentrate on the optimization of the product design.
Finally, while optimization techniques have already been applied to problems, such as stress analysis and coupled thermal/stress problems, applications involving fluid motion have proven far more difficult due to the strong non-linear coupling and the large number of calculations involved. The continuing pace of computer hardware development will change this and will make it possible to apply optimization techniques to practical design problems, such as the positioning of fans, design of heatsinks, etc.
- Increases in processing power will continue to fuel the explosive growth in analysis capabilities. Today’s fastest workstations will be obsolete by the end of 2003, replaced by machines with power we can only dream of today!
- Windows NT (and its descendants) will – despite the emergence of Linux in specialized applications – dominate engineers’ desktops.
- Parallel processing and multi-threading will become commonplace in analysis tools as multi-processor “Wintel” machines become the norm.
- Watch out for a new range of data management tools, which will help users both organize analysis data and post-process parametric runs, allowing them to harness the raw power of the new hardware.
- Later in the next decade, keep an eye out for the first practical examples of automatic optimization involving fluid motion.
Practical Component Characterization
It has been known for a long time that existing ja component characterization techniques are inadequate. The errors are too great and, with the advent of Ball Grid Array (BGA) and Chip Scale Packaging (CSP) technology, the effect of the board cannot be ignored. Systems designers want and need a quick estimating technique.The European DELPHI and SEED projects have mapped out a way forward by identifying both a methodology for determining environmentally independent component thermal characteristics and experimental techniques to validate the models. But it will be some time before the full infrastructure to support these techniques is available, including:
- Analysis tools to determine the models.
- Implementation of the models in system-level design tools.
- Support for the models in component libraries and board layout files.
An intermediate step is likely to precede the adoption of the full DELPHI models. Two-resistor ( jc + jb) models – although the subject of some controversy – are part-way to full DELPHI models and can be determined either by analysis tools or experimental techniques. Although they are not fully environmentally independent, they are a significant improvement over existing methods ( ja) and can already be utilized in system-level analysis tools and included in board layout files.
- Environmentally independent component thermal models will become commonplace during the middle years of the next decade.
- In the meantime, 2-resistor models will provide a partial solution to system designer’s needs for a quick estimating technique.
Integration with EDA, MCAD and Other Analysis Tools
The true benefits of vendor-supplied component characteristic data will really only be felt when thermal analysis tools work closely with the Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools used to develop board layouts. Efforts to integrate these tools in the past have been hindered by the lack of a common standard for data transfer with each EDA vendor using their own proprietary data format. Fortunately, the emergence of IDF in the mid-1990′s means that this is now a far less difficult task. IDF files are not without their problems, including:
- Sparse support for component thermal data (nothing at Level 2 and only 2-resistor models in Level 3).
- Excessive detail requiring intelligent filtering by the system-level analysis tool.
However, IDF Level 2 is supported by all major EDA vendors, and the picture is far brighter than it was two or three years ago.
Finally I should add a concern that has been voiced many times with no satisfactory answer to date – where do we get accurate power figures? If we’re going to spend a great deal of effort characterizing components and building accurate models of the system, we ought to do something more sophisticated than assume the maximum rated power for all components! Thermal analysts must start looking critically at the accuracy of the tools used to provide these figures and develop means to import these values from EDA systems into their simulations.
A similar dilemma is faced in integrating thermal analysis tools with MCAD. MCAD file formats have always been troublesome as anyone who has tried to move data from one system to another will attest. However, the past few years have seen the situation improve with the stabilization of IGES as a global format, and the emergence of alternatives, such as SAT (for ACIS-based tools), STL and even VRML. Somewhat surprisingly, the predicted trend towards STEP (ISO 10303) has not materialized – at least not among design engineers in the electronics industry. I would expect IGES to continue to dominate this area as we move into the next century.
But filtering of excessive detail in the MCAD file (such as radii, fillets, draft angles and small holes) remains the most critical problem. A certain degree of simplification can be achieved in the CAD tool itself. But sometimes the features are so deeply embedded in the solid model that this is difficult to achieve.
So a new breed of interface tools, based on solid modeling kernels such as ACIS, have been developed to enable the thermal analyst to load, simplify and then enhance the MCAD geometry ready for analysis (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Use of an advanced MCAD ionterface to simplify IGES data; (top) before simplification and (bottom) after simplification and thermal analysis.A further improvement is the gradual introduction of “Healing Technology”. This is advanced intelligence built into software that can read poorly composed MCAD files and “mend” surfaces that don’t quite match up. Such tools are absolutely essential if thermal analysis tools are to be closely integrated with MCAD systems.
Thermal analysis doesn’t exist in isolation from other analysis tools. In some areas, the links are strong and have long been acknowledged. For example, in the IC packaging industry, calculation of thermally-induced stresses have always been a critical part of the design process to ensure that the package reliability figures are met. Such coupled analysis using FEA tools is commonplace at package level. Its extension to board level may be a natural consequence of the increasing integration of EDA and thermal analysis tools through the medium of IDF (see above).
Another area where links are strong is EMI/EMC. At the package level, a design that may be excellent for electrical performance may be thermally poor or may be far too expensive to manufacture. Trade-offs are inevitable in this situation and tools are beginning to come to market that allow package designers to use a common data definition to assess the effect of design changes on both thermal and electrical performance.
There are other areas of electronics where thermal and EMI/EMC issues are closely linked. In the telecommunications and networking industries, a cabinet of high speed switching equipment may be installed in close proximity to other equipment and so must be shielded to prevent both emission and reception of electromagnetic radiation. Unfortunately, the act of shielding the shelves has an adverse effect on the natural convection cooling, which is becoming a requirement for designers.
Since there are many similarities in both the physics and the definition of the EMI/EMC problems, I would expect this to be leveraged over the next ten years as combined EMI/EMC and thermal analysis software is produced based on a common data definition.
- IDF 3 will become commonplace for EDA integration. IDF 4 will remain in the shadow because of its radical differences with IDF 2 and 3.
- IGES remains the primary data file exchange format for MCAD. STEP might emerge in the latter part of the decade.
- MCAD healing and simplification technology will become an intrinsic part of thermal analysis software.
- Stress and thermal analysis will converge in board-level analysis tools as EDA integration increases.
- Look for the extension of thermal analysis to include EMI/EMC – particularly in telecommunications and networking applications – based on a common underlying data model and GUI.
The Impact of the Internet
You can’t pick up a paper today without reading about the impact of Internet on businesses such as banking, share trading, book sellers, etc. And the Internet is beginning to make its mark in the field of thermal modeling. Since its origins in the early 1990′s, the Internet has passed through many stages. Today forward-thinking software companies keep their users fully up-to-date with support information, software patches, bug lists, and modeling advice.
More recently, thermal models of parts such as processors, fans and heatsinks have been posted on Web sites for thermal analysts to download and to use in their models (Figure 4-overleaf). In addition, libraries of commercially sensitive thermal data are available directly from leading manufacturers, such as Intel and Motorola.
Figure 4 – Examples of library data from the Web: (left) an axial flow fan from PAPST and (right) high performance heatsinks from Johnson Matthey Electronics.But perhaps the most radical changes are only beginning with the development of Web-based applications. These applications, the first of which was seen in late 1998, are accessible to users around the world using a standard Web browser. They can be tailored for specific industry sectors, involve no installation, and present no configuration headaches (Figure 5-overleaf).
Figure 5 – A Web-based application to create and analyze IC package thermal models: (left) VRML visualization of CBGA, PBGA and disk fin heatsink and (right) Web form for creating a CBGA.So what does the Internet hold for the future? Anticipating the evolution of the Internet is even more difficult than predicting changes in thermal management. But here are some trends that I’m seeing today:
- Increasing use of VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) as a method of viewing geometry and (eventually) analysis results.
- The vast potential for XML – “eXtensible Markup Language” (www.xml.org) to integrate thermal analysis tools with new generations of PDM systems based on Internet standards, for example, “WindChill” from PTC (www.ptc.com).
- Web-hosted applications for specific thermal analysis tasks such as heatsink design (e.g., R-Tools from R-Theta [www.r-theta.com]), component thermal analysis (e.g., FLOPACK from Flomerics [www.flopack.com]), or for healing flawed MCAD data files (e.g., 3dmodelserver from Spatial Technology [www.3dmodelserver.com]).
- More web-based applications will be introduced for parts of the thermal analysis process complementing desktop analysis tools.
- Wide availability of library data will be ensured through vendor and central web sites.
- VRML and XML will become standards for graphics and data exchange respectively.
So what will tomorrow’s thermal analyst be using? Although computing power will yield faster solutions and smoother graphics, I believe that tomorrow’s analysis tools will still be recognizable to today’s engineers. Some of the functionality may migrate to the Web, but this will be transparent to the end-user.
The main difference will be seen in the increasing number of data sources that the analyst will be able to draw on, including importing geometrical and board layout files, Web-based tools for specialized applications and more accurate component thermal models in public and corporate libraries. The end result – models that today take one or two hours to create will take minutes in future.
Some Final Thoughts
If I seem to have been concentrating on areas such as integration with other design and analysis tools, it is because I see these as the areas that will change the most over the next five to ten years. Today’s analysis software tools – whatever their underlying technical basis, gridding system and turbulence model – are all more than capable of calculating flow and temperature fields with a degree of accuracy that is more than acceptable for design purposes. After all, what value is there is a calculation accurate to 0.1°C when the input power levels are 100% out!
The real advances that the next decade will bring are in areas which tangibly and significantly enhance the productivity of thermal designers by making it easier and quicker to assimilate and simplify the varied data sources contributing to the analysis, and to manage and digest the resulting volumes of data.
But if anything is certain about the future, it is that it is unpredictable! And when one tries to look into the future for an industry as dynamic as today’s electronics design industry, one is doomed to almost inevitable failure. If nothing else, I hope that this might spark some thoughts in your own application of thermal analysis to the very real and pressing problems of designing today’s electronic systems. And if you have any predictions of your own, please let me know. | <urn:uuid:b05ec9c1-5812-427b-97ea-f347673cde91> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2000/01/thermal-analysis-moves-into-the-21st-century/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999642307/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060722-00039-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926706 | 3,627 | 2.84375 | 3 |
An optical fiber sensor to measure gaseous oxygen is presented in this work. The device is based on platinum tetrakis pentrafluorophenyporphine (PtTFPP), a reagent that shows a luminescence at 650 nm when it is illuminated at 390 nm. The emitted signal decreases as oxygen concentrations increases. This sensing material is deposited onto a cleaved-end plastic silica cladding (PCS) fiber by means of the Layer-by-Layer method (LbL). The experimental set up has been also optimized in terms of the dimensions of the optical components in order to get the highest signal level. The response of the sensor has been studied in terms of different oxygen concentrations as well as dynamic conditions. The resulting sensor shows a reversible and linear behavior for oxygen concentrations from 0% up to 100% (R2 = 0.9991). The initial inconvenience derived by the non-water solubility of PtTFPP and its challenging deposition by LbL has been overcome by preparing an emulsion.
- Oxygen sensing
- Plastic cladding optical fiber | <urn:uuid:1f356d8b-f4f1-4d05-bbfa-df3dbc1bc403> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://research-portal.uea.ac.uk/en/publications/layer-by-layer-assembly-of-a-water-insoluble-platinum-complex-for | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055684.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917151054-20210917181054-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.934406 | 226 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Regardless of whether it’s toenail growth or fingernail parasite, this ailment is both obstinate and hard to treat. What’s more, more awful, it’s infectious. Nail organisms are restoratively named onychomycosis. What’s more, it is brought about by a form germ or a living being. On account of toenail growth it’s normally welcomed by a creature known as a dermatophyte. The reason for fingernail growth is normally connected with candida or different kinds of nondermatophyte molds that flourish in hot or damp conditions. Despite the kind of onychomycosis, there are some fundamental advances that you can take to abstain from pulling in the living beings that are at its base. Fundamentally the means are related with individual cleanliness and a tad of presence of mind.
Keep your Nails Short and Clean
Keeping your nails cut, short and documented appropriately is a need. This stops earth, coarseness and trash from getting under the tips of your nails, which impairs the living beings’ capacity to pick up sections to a site and start their dangerous procedure. Be mindful so as not to cut or scratch the skin around the nail bed as this also gives germs an ideal spot to breed. Try not to share your best nail clipper, documents or clipper with others.
Abstain from Going Barefoot in Public Places
Swimming territories, pools, open showers and storage spaces are extraordinary spots for parasite living beings to flourish. On the off chance that you happen to be in these sort of areas, utilize flip-failures or shoes. To be sure, numerous exercise center storage spaces and showers necessitate that you wear footwear essentially for this very explanation.
Try not to Share Footwear, Towels or Socks
Since this malady is infectious, sharing garments and things that interact with your feet or hands is a flat out no-no. You’ll just expand your own danger of drawing in this malady by sharing these sorts of individual things. What’s more, on the off chance that you are sufficiently unfortunate to have it yourself, you can without much of a stretch give it to other people.
Take care of Cuts or Wounds
Once more, open regions in your skin on your fingers or toes are ideal spots for the germs to access your nails. Sanitize those regions and keep them spotless and dry to limit the danger of disease. Also, in the event that you are washing dishes or cultivating, wear elastic gloves to dispose of further danger of pulling in parasites spores.… | <urn:uuid:f1743587-78d6-4287-a07b-da08ca7a37b4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.surprisingties.com/category/my-blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371637684.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406133533-20200406164033-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.930176 | 550 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A teacher has to show various stationary items to her students so as to make them learn the names of the items. She has 6 pens, 4 pencils, 3 erasers, 2 sharpeners, and 5 rulers in a bag.
If she randomly picks an item from the bag, then what is the probability that the students get to learn about an item used for writing?
P = chance of getting something for writing/total
Pens and pencils are used for writing
The options are 9/11, 10/17, 5/17, 10/19. I can not calculate the answer, could you please help more? Thank you very much for your reply.
Originally Posted by e^(i*pi)
None of those options are correct. The answer is (6+4)/(6 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 5) = ....
Originally Posted by sureshrju | <urn:uuid:2b025580-f7c8-4928-a8e3-18a67a77c86e> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://mathhelpforum.com/statistics/168054-probability-print.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00090-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960582 | 187 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The author of the article gives a brief description of the real design of aircraft engine. Probably, this design is not similar to Schauberger's one. However the very appearance of some ideas is rather interesting. Different people in different places and time come to the same conclusions. Whether people think in a common way, or Nature laws are the same. Could you believe that the author of the article has never read or heard about Schauberger's works (I mean his engine, which operates on environment energy and has levitation properties)? But by accident (thanks to Internet) when come upon the description of designs, I was surprised to find so much in common between Shauberger's ideas and my suppositions. Outwardly Schauberger's engine looks like the following (see Fig.l):
The possible internal device is shown in Fig,2 (the device is turned upside-down with respect to the photos).
Since the author of this work does not purpose to appropriate other's fame, then there is an attempt to explain easily the arrangement of the engine. Besides, in spite of the fact that in Internet there is rather extensive information on the device, however its immediate operation is not properly explained. There is an opinion that the device is a mystification and cannot work at all. But I think this is not the case.
Undoubtedly a wheel, which seems strange at first sight (see Fig.3), is the main part of the engine. The engine consists of 24 corkscrews-like devices, which rotate in circle (see http://evg-ars.narod, on the origin of tornados).
Schauberger created the ideal conditions for appearance of the group of mini-tornados and the central tornado, which is the motive force of the device. At the first stage by means of the wheel, air swirls around the axis of the electric motor. Due to centrifugal force the same air is thrown to the periphery, passes through "corkscrews" of the wheel and obtains rotation down axis of each "corkscrew". Air simultaneously swirls around 2 axes of rotation.
Let's try to take a high-speed electric motor with a flywheel, which is fixed on the axis. Then rotate the device around your hand. At the turning of the motor you will feel the forces, which acted in the way you do not expect.
Thus the wheel creates 24 mini-tornados. The upper part of the device looks like a copper basin (see Fig.4). Turning round the internal surface of the upper part of the device, mini-tornados move away to the internal cone of the device and forward the outlet.
The approximate demonstration of the internal arrangement of Schauberger's device is shown in Fig.5
The cross section of the device allows understanding of the essence of tornado, which is observed from the vertical view. The first section, which is placed a little lower than the "copper basin", is the cross-section of the tornado. The rest of two sections are placed closer to the outlet (only 9 balls are represented in Fig.6 but the principle of operation is the same).
Thus, 24 (9) balls (mini-vortices) roll inside the wall of the circle. The walls of each ball rotate in opposite directions with respect to the walls of the neighbor balls. These balls will be concerned as a dual medium: on the one hand it is a ball, since it rolls as a part of a ball bearing and laws of mechanics influenced on it, but at the same time it is air, for which laws of hydrodynamic are valid. These balls at any collision of their neighbors tend to collide to each other and thus simultaneously move to the center of the device. At the same time the opposite movement of walls of the neighbor balls represent a rarified medium, by Bernoulli's law. Thus the balls are "attracted" to each other. As a result, the whole mass of the rotating air is constricted towards the center, and then considerably accelerates (because the diameter of the device is decreasing). Finally this mass flies out the nozale, which is placed in the lower part of the device. The wheel with "corkscrews" rotates, and constantly supplying these minivortices-bearings, entrains air, which comes from inside...
Schauberger asserts that the process becomes to be self-sustaining. Natural tornado can exist for a long period of time and, obviously, the very existence of it is sustained only by pressure difference between environment and the internal cone of the tornado. The discharge zone is created in the very center of the device. It means that ambient air must approach there, after coming on the turbine blade and entraining in the rotation with complicated trajectory (such a rotation can be called a "self-eversible toroid").
It seems to me that these are the basic principles of operation of the device. Indeed, such a process can be concerned as an opposition to the ordinary explosion, since the matter does not move from the center but on the contrary, tends to constrict into the common point (to the top of the vortex). Schauberger called this process as implosion.
The rotating mini-vortices, which composite a tornado, are attracted to each other and tend to move to the basic center of rotation.
Let us return to Schauberger. The witnesses of operation of Schauberger's device asserted that only air and water were used as a fuel. Possibly, they were wrong a little. Most likely there were air and spirit, which looks like water. During the operation the engine must consume ambient air and if to provide it with some fuel and burn it, then it will forward the process of the vortex creation. In the presence of the big amount of oxygen, the flame of spirit is almost invisible. As a result, there is a "flameless and smoke-free engine", as it was presented in some publications.
In my conclusions I came to approximately the same design. Thus I offer a device, which remotely resembles Shauberger's "windmill". In general, operation of the device is based on the same principles. The similar laws are valid for the whirlpool in a bath and for the devices given below.
As distinct from Schauberger's device, there is no main cone, along which the vortex constricts to the center and is ejected through the nozzle. Another distinction consists in more simple design of the wheel, which is used for creation of the vortex (actually it is a usual centrifugal pump). The simplification of Schauberger's design (Fig. 7) is caused by the fact that a natural tornado does not need similar contrivances (though his "corkscrew" wheel calls nothing but admiration, since by the simplest and effective way it swirls air blasts at 2 perpendicular axes of rotation!). My aim is to swirl the air blast into a small tornado as simply as possible and it is desirable to use no mechanical components. This can be achieved, if instead of turbine of centrifugal pump, we will use something like MHD-engine (magnetohydrodynamic engine) for swirling (see http://evg-ars.narod.ru). There is a design, which has no moving components (except for the vortex). In the lower part of the device (Fig. 8) there is a burning fuel (possibly, kerosene?). Moreover for MHD-engine we should use electro-conductive kerosene (possibly, salted) and natrium addition agent. Roughly speaking, there is an attempt to reproduce the natural phenomenon in a can. The essence of the process can be understood from Fig.9.
Fig.9 "Tornado in a glass" Fig10."Natural tornado"
The process, represented in Fig. 9 , was firstly noticed by Einstein in an ordinary glass with tea and floating tea-leaves (let us call it Einstein's glass). Examine closely the central upward part, which is namely a "trunk of tornado". It seems strange that Einstein did not made the same conclusions.
The processes, which take place in Einstein's glass, are certainly the basis of the engine operation. Let us try to make process stable. For that let us swirl water in a reservoir by means of a disk, which is fixed on the axis of electric motor engine (Fig.11). Having been swirled, water moves along the complicated trajectory (fluid motion is described on http://www.evert.de/, see Fig.12)
These figures allow us make very interesting conclusions. Linear speed of water motion is constant by all the way and it is defined by linear speed of the disk edges. Fluid, which is accelerated by the disk, spires down and forces itself to the center. At that moment there is an increase of angular speed of water rotation (if we rotate a weight hanging on a thread, which is winded round the finger then we will see the analogous increase of speed of rotation). Fluid with the increased angular speed of rotation goes up and bears against the central part of the disk. The most interesting is the fact that speed of water rotation in the central part is higher than speed of disk rotation! Water "pushes" the disk in direction of rotation. The rotating stream supports itself! This is almost a perpetual mobile. But force of friction is the usual obstacle. This process occurs to be very stable and low-damping. The conclusion is:
Vortex can be easily created at rotation of fluid or gas and if the conditions of rotation at top and bottom of the device are unequal, it is nearly a ready self-sustaining system.
Not much of energy is necessary to make the process continuous. And what is more, the vortex absorbs energy from environment in the form of heat!
Let us examine the simplified diagram of Schauberger's engine ( Fig.A ). The design can be presented as the following simple diagram, which is nothing but the development of the idea of Einstein's glass.
Fig.A Schauberger's Engine
At the top of the internal part of the device there is a rotating disk (it is in red color). There is an upright plate below. This design allows the unequal conditions of rotation for lower and upper sheets of water (air?). On the left there is a heat-exchanger (it will be described below). On top there is a motor-generator, which at first serves as a starter of the process, and after it reaches the tornado mode of operation it serves as energy generator. A valve, which is fixed on the heat-exchanger,serves as a breaker of the process. The arrow in the left is an actuating fluid of the device. This actuating fluid is heated by environment.
Centrifugal forces cause the increase of pressure at walls of the vessel and rarefaction in the central part. Due to the high angular speed of rotation of upper water (air) sheets, as compared to the lower sheets, a meridional stream is created. This stream goes down 'along walls of the vessel and goes up in the central part (in nature it is nothing but "trunk of tornado"). Moving along its complicated trajectory, fluid (gas), falls sometimes into compression space, sometimes into vacuum space.
Let us remember the fundamental physical law, vizBoyle's law If we take a definite gas mass, then gas will be heated at forced compression and cooled at rarefication. Thus, in the central part of the device air-and-water compound comes to vacuum space, which is caused by centrifugal forces. At that there is a decrease of temperature and increase of volume of the final gas mass. This increase of gas volume causes the increase of kinetic motion of the stream, which comes upwards, along the central axis of the device. This recharged stream with new energy arrives to the turbine disk, forces it to rotate with higher speed and to produce still more intensive vortex. This vortex creates still higher rarefication etc. Cooled damp air is thrown out by centrifugal force in the tube of the heat exchanger. Ideally, temperature of the heat exchanger is about absolute zero. The heat exchanger is placed in the environment, which is "medium of energy excess", though from the ordinary point of view it is normal. The heat exchanger is heated by it. Heat energy penetrates into the device and as a result transfers into energy of rotation of the "self-eversible toroid".
We can make an interesting conclusion that there is also the oscillation process! And oscillations have a resonance, that is the increase of amplitude at minimal energy supply' Thus we will be able to stabilize the effect since there are evaluated the dependences between amplitude of oscillation and all influencing parameters. There is a temperature resonance!
In my opinion, Schauberger was a great person and his name is undeservedly forgotten. I think he had nevertheless succeeded in making a generator, which gets energy from "nothing", more precisely, from environment. Even if it is made very ineffectively, since this energy is free, it can remove all against arguments.
I believe that there is a possibility to make such engine-generator of amazing abilities, which can generate, or more precisely, concentrate energy from environment energy. Social and economic consequences of such invention are undoubtedly boundless. That is both a solution of energetic problems and change of the understanding of the notion "transport".
From the foregoing, we can depict a certain design. Let's make the following device as a hypothetical, "virtual" engine ( Fig. B).
Fig.B Vortex engine-generator
This device can serve as:
1. Generator of energy, i.e. a concentrator of environment energy.
2. Heat engine, which has abilities to cool and condition. Besides, not necessarily to use water-air as actuating fluid, since air and freon are also possible.
3. Gravitational mechanism. (This statement seems to be rather bold, but let me explain it):
3.1. There is a well-known effect of weight loss of fast-rotating masses. What does it depend on? Let us return to Fig. 12. It is clear that at such a rotation of air there is a possibility to run up J-»sq s to unconceivable speeds (due to small air mass). The device is not threatened with destroy, for example, as distinct from a metal flywheel. In spite of complexity of the trajectory, each point of it moves at a tangent to the Earth surface. It is quite possible to reach 8 km/sec linear speed on this trajectory. If an artificial satellite with 1m orbit can exist, then there is a question: "Is levitation possible here?"
3.2. Some time ago an article on gravitational mechanisms (mertioids) was published in "Technica Molodyozi" ("Technics for Young People"). There was a description of about 10 types of mechanism as well as the explanation why they could not fly. However, in the end of the article it is stated that there is no final verdict on the work of such devices, and the issue remains open. Thus I offer #11. Let us concern the experiment I made, i.e. the rotation of the usual flywheel, which was placed on the axis of electromotor. I hold the motor with my hands. The capacity of the motor was about 70 Wtt at 7000 r/min and U=24V. The rotating flywheel (aluminum disk of 10cm diameter and about 200 gram weight) looks like an mertioid! It is enough to rotate the device around your arm to feel incomprehensible propulsion, which is definitely directed. This interesting effect is obtained due to the simultaneous rotation around 2 axes (axis of the motor and axis of the arm). The results of the experiment caused the appearance of the idea, which has much in common with Schauberger's device.
Thus we can formulate some general principles of operation of the devices, which generate mechanical energy at "absorption" of energy from environment.
1. There is a generation of the process, which is close to be self-sustaining (We can find such examples in hydraulics. The vortex of the type of Einstein's glass is very unstable and rather inertial state. There are many examples in nature, such as: swirl of water or air, natural tornado; in electrotechnics, such as: electromotor and dynamo, which are connected on the same axis, etc). For real self-support it is necessary to add external energy in such a system. Sometimes energy, which , compensates losses by friction or resistance, can be enough.
2. There is amplification of the process right up to resonance, which takes place in such a device (in vortex there is a process of heating-cooling of air-water compound and in electrotechnics there is the induction of electromagnetic fields).
3. The device is "reversed" with respect to the environment in such a way, that some part of the device will have energy with very decreased energy potential. This "reversing" will become an absorber of environment energy. For example, in hydraulics the central part of Shauberger's device is a space, which is close to absolute zero by temperature and pressure. Therefore this part of the device is placed in the usual environment of excess energy potential. In electrotechnics it is more complicated, since there is a superposition and resonance of fields.
4. There is a release of "absorbed" energy from the closed space of the device in the form of mechanical or electric energy. This energy is absorbed from the outside.
There are striking examples of such devices:
- Schauberger's Engine (see:http://www.dromo.com/ fusionanomaly/viktorschauberger.html) and Klem' s Engine, which is very similar by its principles in hydraulics;
- Tesla's generator and Serl's generator in electrotechnics.
Thus we can conceive the interior of Schauberger's Repulsme. Most likely, this device was similar to vortex engine-propulsion unit-generator of energy ( Fig. C).
Fig.C Vortex engine-propulsion unit-generator of energy
Vortex, which is created in the central part of the device, absorbs heat from air, which traverses through turbine blades by means of heat-exchanger. The heat-exchanger is actually a usual centrifugal pump. Vortex absorbs that minimal part of heat, which is necessary to keep rotation. The engine starts the operation at turbine untwisting and at slight water injection, which comes from below. Probably, after the mode of tornado is reached, there is no need in water and only air serves as actuating fluid. During operating of the engine, pressure is decreased in the center and increased at the periphery of it. Rank's effect works in full here. More precisely, its work is even more pronounced than in "Rank's tubes" (since in Rank's tubes swirled air is thrown outside instantly and rather uneconormcally, and in the given case there is "accumulation" of the effect at circular meridian rotation). The cooled from below heat-exchanger-turbine is heated from above by compressed air. The rejection of this cooled air causes usual reactive thrust.
If it actually works (I think that if Schauberger's engine really existed, it had the similar design) then this design could be considered as absolutely universal engine- propulsion unit-generator of energy. It is super ecological and fuel-less, since it has cool airflow as exhaust. Technological effectiveness of the design is on the level of the beginning of past century. Simplicity of the design can make us doubt its capacity for work. But I believe there are no distinct contradictions here. The commercial plant, designed for generation of electric energy, could look in the following way ( Fig. D).
Fig.D Block of vortex electricity generating plant
The design is very simple. Why should the "vortex trunk" be directed downwards? Let us turn the design upside down. Thus, the generation of artificial vortex is greatly simplified. What is necessary to create the vortex? The answer is as follows, we need not much of environment heat, moisture and the initial swirl of mass of damp air. A cup-shaped vessel is filled with usual water. At the starting stage of operation, motor-generator starts to swirl a water-air cone by means of turbine with helical blades. When the device starts operating in tornado regime, then heat is absorbed from the ambient air. At that, motion of rarefied air accelerates along the center of vortex and this airflow starts pressing upon turbine blades.
Motor-generator can be switched to the mode of energy-generation. There is a minimal description of the device operation, but really the processes are more complex (there is advisedly left out the description of mini-tornado, which is created at the appearance of the main tornado. The possible electrostatic effects are not described also). Figure D is an attempt to emphasize the main thing, i.e. the fact, that process of vortex self-supporting is possible and in my opinion, it is rather simple. I have no ideas about the height of the obtained vortex (at least if the scales are kept it will be much higher than in the Fig. D). But if the process of natural vortices creation is ordinary (at that, sometimes there are no obvious reasons for their appearance), then I offer to consider the proposed device as a set of details, which provide the artificial creation of the natural phenomenon.
There is another question on the size of the device. I do not offer the giant size (50 meters in diameter Messiah mashine can be concerned as such negative example). The description of Schauberger's Home Machine Power seems to be more likely. Its diameter is about 1 meter. Besides, my own design is a symbiosis between thesetwo devices, however constructively it seems simpler and probably better. Its minimal size is still defined by laws of nature, since I have never seen natural air vortex, the size of which was less than I meter (usual swirls on dusty road are the simple example of such phenomenon). But at the same time, if we imagine the maximal size of such a system, then our imagination will easily picture a huge plant, which is placed on the open air and which is able to generate a real tornado with all its disruptive power. But this tornado is "tamed" and therefore it always stays at one and the same place, i.e. exactly over the energy plant. And what if we build a system of large-scaled vortex energy plants, which are able to cool environment? Then we can speak about the influence on climate' It would be an important contribution to the global warming control.
In my opinion, these devices can be widely produced as a small-sized autonomous energy source (for example, for a detached building). Do you remember how in their time personal computers "thrown down" big electronic computers? It is necessary to be closer to a consumer! For example:
Of course, everything looks rather fantastical, however I would like to intensify the impression and to understand at last the essence of Implosion and what Schauberger wanted to offer.
Fig. 13 "Explosion" "Implosion"
Nowadays the whole man-caused civilization depends on Explosion (in translation from Latin it means "explosion", "exhaust"). Operation of any modern heat-engine (see the left part of Fig. 13) is fuel combustion of a certain extension, which causes raise of temperature and expansion of working body due to this burning. The expanded working body pushes a piston or turbine and then is thrown away to obtain reactive impulse. Practically, operation of any engine is based on the process of expansion, which is the result of fuel combustion, This causes squandering of nonrenewable natural resources, viz: gas, oil, coal, and uranium (the products of such a technology is a separate great problem). However the expansion of the working body can be obtained in result of absolutely different process! Natural tornado can serve as an example.
Let me explain. Imagine that a working body rotates in some vessel (the simplest case is the swirling of usual air (see the right part of Fig. 13, which represents the miniature model of natural tornado). Right away theaccelerating ascending progressive motion will appear in the central part. There are three reasons for that:
1. Due to the rarefication of the central part of the vortex by centrifugal forces, there is a definite volume expansion of final mass of gas and decrease of gas temperature. This mass is "supported" by walls and bottom of the vessel. The only way to expand is to move upwards.
2. In the central part of the vessel the rarefied part of gas behaves according to Archimedean principle (more lightweight body floats). It looks like a coverless balloon.
3. Swirling air obtains a considerable electric potential, which is positive in the center and negative at the periphery. In spite of its simplicity, this tornado model (as well as the very tornado) is an excellent electrostatic generator (the theory of appearance of such electric potential has the best representation in materials on Searl's generator). In natural tornado the millions Volt value is obtained that results in the constant appearance of lightnings in "tornado eye" and in its "trunk". Thus in the presence of such high voltage there is air electrization in the body of tornado. And as is well known, like charges repel each other! (Positively charged air molecules, which are devoid of electrons, repel each other). In such a way, due to electrostatic forces there is a rise of gas pressure! This expansion causes the additional impulse for the upward motion of air. Is there in physic a formulation of such an effect, i.e. the expansion of gas volume at its electrization? If there is no, then it seems to be a discovery! Figure 14 is an attempt to prove, that tornado is electrostatic machine, and at that it has the simplest design.
Fig. 14 Electrostatic model of tornado (sorry - wrong polarizations!)
The sectional view of tornado (see Fig. 14) represents an attempt to synthesize the designs, which are offered by different inventors (in such devices a simple cylinder serves as rotor. This cylinder is made of dielectric and on each side of it there is high voltage in several tens of KV). There is also an attempt to answer the question: what are the means for tornado swirling?
The researchers of natural tornados speak about the presence of the system of mini-tornados at inner wallsof the mam tornado (here I return to the balls-rolls,which were concerned above). There is also high electric potential, which is generated on this inner wall with respect to the center of swirling. In my opinion, these balls-rolls are under high electric potential and serve as rotors of the peculiar electric engine. That is an immediate source of tornado swirling! There is a usual process of electrization at friction of dielectrics (see the animation on http://evg-ars narod). At some boundary voltage there is "switching off" the forces of electrostatic attraction, which compressed the balls. As a result of that, balls increase in their diameter. Pressure release, which exists in the balls, should cause their cooling. This process is constant along the whole height of the tornado trunk. There is an interesting effect to be noted, the higher speed of tornado, the thinner its trunk. But these are electrostatic forces that can explain everything ! The higher speed of swirling, the more potential difference of the center and periphery is, the more intensive attraction of the charged particles, and the thinner trunk of tornado! Tornado has the ideal conditions for electrization, since there are huge friction dielectric surfaces (nobody knows why there is a transmission of electrons at friction of wool on amber, but it does not mean we cannot use that).
Let me summarize all aforesaid and offer my own design of the vortex device. Most likely, during the XX century the inventors of vortex devices have actually created really operational devices, which used heat energy of environment (these are: Schauberger's engine-generator, Klem's engine, Tesla's turbine, Searl's generator, Roshchm-Godm's experiment (Editor's: See the description of this experiment in the early issues of "NewEnergy Technologies"), Potapov's generator, etc). All these devices have much in common at their operation:
1. There is heat absorption at operation of the device, and cooling of environment, which is a particular "exhaust" (the reason is the conversion of environmental heat energy into the swirling);
2. The presence of strong magnetic and especially electric fields at operation of the device, caused by electric forces, which are the reason of the process appearance;
3. Strange luminescence of the spaces, which are around the devices and inside the vortices (the reason is air lonization at multi-kilovolt voltages),
4. All devices have not less than 1 meter proportions (since the operation of all these devices is based on the presence of a vortex-tornado. Appearance of this tornado is caused by physical properties of water and air, which are heat capacity, heat conduction, breakdown voltage, sluggishness etc).Let me summarize the principles of operation of all these devices and offer my own design, which include the most useful of them ( Fig.E).
Fig.E Arsentyev's Engine-tornado (sorry - wrong polarizations!)
The device generates local natural tornado. There is an attempt to elaborate the principles, which are in the basis of the electrostatic model of tornado (see Fig. 14). In its principle of operation the device has very much in common with well known from school electrostatic generator (do you remember 2 rotating in opposite directions plexiglass disks covered with foil and a lightning, appearing at breakdown between two metal balls, which take the potential form these discs?). In our case the whole device is rolled up in a cone. Rotating inner rotor, which is made of maximum possible lightweight material (e.g. thin-walled plastic), creates spiral and swirling on their axes air bunches. These very air bunches are charge suppliers (they are not presented at Fig.E).
The device operates in the following way: the plates are positively charged on rotor and negatively on stator (metallized black straps can be applied on the cone of rotor-stator by galvanoplastics method). Engine-generator works as a motor until the plates reach breakdown voltage. Then there appears a charge between pairs of rotor-stator plates that causes appearance of impulses, promoting acceleration of rotation. Inflow of "fresh" air from below provides self-sustaining of rotation. Motor-generator turns to the oscillating mode. Water, is pumped from below and promotes intensification of air electrization (there is an effect of intensive electrization at splashing of water drops in air, e.g. waterfall streams). It is well known that tornado is strongly "attracted" by ponds. That is the principle of operation in general. The only energy sources are water and a huge amount of air, transmitted through the device. Lightweight thin-walled plastic with galvanoplastic metallization can be used as a material for rotor-stator (the usage of glued foil is also possible). The device must have not less than 1 meter diameter, since it is very important for the successful operation (there was a failure of Roshchm-Godin's experiment with the device, which had 20 cm. diameter, whereas the device with 1 meter diameter worked).
Do not forget to ground metal parts of motor-generator!
Here is the project of the generator. There are no elaborated design drawings and everything should be tested. However, if it is able to operate, then the similar commercial plant can be easily produced, especially since the simpler device, the more effective it is.
At this stage the author focused attention on generation of energy, while creation of aircraft is the further step in development of the project.
Let us return to Schauberger's Repulsine, the electrostatic model of his device assumes the following approximate form ( Fig. F, G, H)
Fig.F,G,H Possible electrostatic model of Schauberger's engine-generator by E. Arsentyev
Most likely, in Schauberger's engine "supply" air proceeds from below and from above (i.e. there is a vortex chamber on top of the device just as it is). Two mirror vortices have common "tornado eye". During operation there is constant electrization of the flow inside the device. Negatively charged ring is created in the center of toroidal space (according to the suggested electrostatic theory of tornado). In principle, framework of the device can acquire positive potential. However to make sure, it is better to ground the framework. At electric breakdown of water-air compound there is cooling and twisting of tornado cords inside the device. That is a motive force of the device. Air ioni2ation is possible around the framework (in the absence of grounding). At the first stage it is offered to use classic Schauberger's turbine as turbine of the device (corkscrews allow to obtain required twisting of water and air flows inside the device). It is also possible to use a usual doubled centrifugal turbine. The device can be made of metal (as Shauberger's one) or of dielectric (for example, plastic) that is more interesting from the modern point of view. Diameter of the whole device is about 1 meter. Water-air cords, which are generated by the corkscrews (or by blades in the second case) have 3-5 cm diameter.
There are many publications on Koand effect, which appears during the operation of Schauberger's engine. For some reason in these works Koand effect is always described as an explanation of wing lift. But Koand effect is a phenomenon of absolutely another kind! It is the adherence of gas or fluid flow to the surface along which they move! Obviously, the problem is m the erroneous understanding of Shauberger's notes about the presence of such effect during the operation of the device. In my opinion, using Koand effect we can make a rotor wheel, which has no blades or corkscrews. This rotor wheel can have the form of doubled hyperbolic cone. At hyper-high speeds of rotation of such a turbine, water-air compound will be involved in tornado swirling exactly by means of Koand effect, i.e. by means of adhesion of particles to the surface of the rotating cone. (See cover page, Fig. H). By its design this turbine is very simple, since only maximal lightness and durability are demanded, Plastic seems to be the best material, hence the design represents a rotor-thin-walled plastic "whirligig". All electrostatic effects and other principles of operation are valid here (See Fig.H).
Let us now move away from Schauberger's principles and formulate the following problem- to achieve stability of the process by modernization of the device, i.e. by removing of all mechanically movable parts.
Can you imagine fireworks, which are the rotating wheels with burning rockets on the rims? These rims gradually accelerate and turn into the burning ring. It looks very effectively but absolutely useless, at first sight. Speed of rotation is very high but nevertheless it is definite. What is the limit for this speed of rotation? Have you ever thought why usual electro-motor is no table to rotate with the speed, •which is higher than some maximal one, and no matter how long you will apply voltage to the device? Everything is limited by moment of inertia, existing for gyrating masses. This moment of inertia is denned by the weight of rotating body and by weight distribution on the axis of rotation. Therefore massive rotor of electric motor or of rotating turbine can never be rotated up to super speeds. Nowadays aircraft turbines have the highest speed of rotation (about 150 thousand rot/mm). Why should we need to rotate a heavy turbine or rotor? What if we will rotate air or, more precisely, combustion products? Roughly speaking, I offer to stop rotation of the firework wheel and force rotation of air or combustion products along some inner rim. Therefore we will obtain a burning ring, which will get required reactive force at rejection of incandescent gases in proper direction. Let us consider the problem from this point.
Operation of rocket engine is based on the expansion reaction, which takes place in some closed space (at combustion of fuel + oxidant in the chamber) and also the emission of combustion products in the same direction. At that, a body moves in the opposite direction.
Let us fill a cup with fuel and burn it (see Fig.15). Fuel expands at combustion and as a result of natural convection the combustion products go up. In the real rocket engine there is a forced injection of fuel and oxidant into the cup that causes more intensive motion of combustion products, than in our case. Let us modernize the cup and make a hole in its center (see Fig. 16).
Thus, portions of air can inflow from below and sustain combustion. Expanding consumption products repel themselves from inclined walls of the combustion chamber and therefore their raise is more justified.
Let us place several similar chambers one after another (Fig. 17). If we concern each chamber individually, then combustion products at their expansion repel themselves from inclined walls of the chamber and obtain some impulse. At that, the process appears in the lower chamber and then becomes more intensive in the second and all subsequent chambers. Thus combustion products are gradually accelerated. There is a process of kinetic energy storage. In order to make the process of storage to be continuous, we should coil everything up.
Let us examine operation of the following device, which can be made of a metal tin (see Fig. 18). The arrows symbolize burning fuel, which obtains an impulse at the expansion. This diagram is not connected with attraction as the presented above figures of cups. It is caused by the fact that centrifugal forces come into force, i.e. fuel is pressed to the rim and portions of air are delivered by centrifugal force through the hole in the center of the device (see the top view on Fig. 18).
In the center there can be placed a motor-generator to release energy (see Schauberger's device). The presented design has 4 combustion chambers and most likely, the vortex will be swirled of 4 rotating cylinders. Shauberger's device has 24 cylinders at 1-meter diameter of the construction. Such proportions can be justified in physical sense. In the same way we can take the required number of chambers. Then the vortex is contracted to point as in the aforesaid description of balls-rolls.
The operation of the device is presented in Fig. 19 (view from within). There is a toroid, which has self-support of combustion reaction. The toroid draws air by means of centrifugal force and throws up combustion products. Speed of rotation of the toroid can be very high since its small mass. At the same time, at superhigh speed of rotation of this tore, some new and still unknown phenomena can become apparent. If this engine really works, then there is no necessity of production accuracy and of high technologies, which are required for making of aircraft turbines and rocket engines. The only essential requirement is heat resistance of the device. Such an engine could be made at the appearance of ceramic stuff, i.e. far earlier than modern era.
Now there is another "technological nonsense". I offer to make the simplest air-reactive engine, which has no movable parts. Certainly, many readers have used to observe benzine or another inflammable substance burning in a metal bucket or barrel. From time to time, tongues of flame create rising swirled vortex, which disappears at once, since there are no special reasons for its existence. What if we help the flame and spend for rotation all energy, which is generated in result of expansion of combustion products? Progressive motion will be the consequence of this process.
The device (see Fig. 20) represents a bucket with legs and a hole in its lower part. To support the reaction, air inflows from below. The plate-made, corona-like part of the device coils up combustion products. Then under the influence of centrifugal forces combustion products go up along walls of the bucket. New portions of air aredrawn in the device from below and at once react with each other (the more intensive combustion, the more portions of air are drawn into swirling that in its turn promotes combustion). The only aim is to forward all energy output to swirling. This device is a miniature model of typhoon-tornado-spout, i.e. a naive attempt to reproduce a natural phenomenon in a simple leaky bucket. But there is still undecided question: what is the reason for limitation of speed of swirling and therefore speed of the flow, which goes from below?
One more Schauberger's device is presented at Fig. 21. There are some changes along the section A-A. Combustion products are drawn to the center of swirling and then they are divided in two flows: the first flow goes upward, creating the vortex, and the second goes downward, making the motive force of the device. Motor-generator is placed on the upper part of the device. It operates as a starter of the process at first and as generator of energy, after it reaches regime of tornado. Let me remind of the fact that this engine uses energy, which is generated as a result of fuel combustion (i.e. in any case, a kind of liquid fuel is required). Schauberger asserts that it is sufficient to use air and water as fuel. I am not sure it is a realistic assertion, but later on I will try to offer my own suggestion on the point, since from respect of energy consuming, natural vortex has no need in something else
Let me say several words about fuel for the device. It is evident that at the initial stage of operation the device has lack of air. Therefore, fuel should have oxidant in its compound (something like napalm, which can burn by itself). But, quite possible, I am wrong and usual aviation spirit is enough. Later on I will try to develop this idea and modernize the design. The main point will be the same, i.e. how to make engine, which has no movable parts. There are so many new ideas on the variants of engines that I am hardly able to describe them, not to mention about making. If you will decide to make something similar, please, write (mailto:[email protected]) but let me get notice that everything is submitted in Internet without diagrams and calculations.
To be continue...
What do you think about? Best regurds for all from Evgeny ArSEntyEV. | <urn:uuid:c91ea91f-ab14-4933-a00c-6d146d68431e> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://www.evg-ars.narod.ru/shauberg1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945315.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325033306-20230325063306-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.948998 | 9,059 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus of fish, infectious bursal disease virus of chickens, Tellina virus and oyster virus of bivalve molluscs, and drosophila X virus of Drosophila melanogaster are naked icosahedral viruses with an electron microscopic diameter of 58 to 60 nm. The genome of each of these viruses consists of two segments of double-stranded RNA (molecular weight range between 2.6 x 10(6) and 2.2 x 10(6), and the virion, capsid proteins fall into three size class categories (large, medium, and small; ranging from 100,000 to 27,000) as determined by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. The hydrodynamic properties of the five viruses are similar as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation and laser quasi-elastic, light-scattering spectroscopy. The calculated particle weights range between 55 x 10(6) and 81 x 10(6). Tryptic peptide comparisons of 125I-labeled virion proteins showed that five viruses are different from each other, although there was considerable overlap in the peptide maps of the three aquatic viruses, indicting a degree of relatedness. Cross-neutralization tests indicated that drosophila X, infectious pancreatic necrosis, and infectious bursal disease viruses were different from each other and from oyster and Tellina viruses. The same test showed oyster and Tellina viruses to be related. The biochemical and biophysical properties of the five viruses cannt be included in the family Reoviridae or in any of the present virus genera.
Mendeley saves you time finding and organizing research
Choose a citation style from the tabs below | <urn:uuid:9f2c2169-465b-41c0-8213-2089c8f2cb82> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/biophysical-biochemical-characterization-five-animal-viruses-bisegmented-doublestranded-rna-genomes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210040.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815083101-20180815103101-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.917588 | 365 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Nov. 10 (UPI) -- Ice sheets can disappear surprisingly quickly according to a new analysis by researchers at Purdue University.
Scientists determined that the Cordilleran Ice Sheet was halved in size in just 500 years at the end of the last ice age. It's possible the modern Greenland Ice Sheet could suffer a similar fate as global temperatures continue to rise.
During the Pleistocene, the Cordilleran Ice Sheet blanketed much of North America. Previous studies have found evidence of the ice sheet's presence in western Canada as late as 12,500 years ago. More recently, scientists determined much of western Canada was ice-free just 1,500 years prior, proof that ice sheets can dramatically advance and retreat during a relatively short amount of time.
Scientists estimate the melting of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet at the end of the last ice age caused sea levels to rise by some 20 feet. When cold meltwater enters the ocean it sinks to the bottom as a result of its density. The influx of cold, dense water can disrupt the system of global ocean currents known as the conveyer belt.
To better understand how quickly ice sheets can disappear and how rapidly glaciers can advance and retreat, researchers analyzed beryllium isotopes from moraine samples across Canada. Moraines are the deposits of rock left at the terminus of a glacier.
"We have one group of beryllium-10 measurements, which is 14,000 years old, and another group, which is 11,500 years old, and the difference in these ages is statistically significant," Marc Caffee, professor of physics in Purdue, said in a news release. "The only way this would happen is if the ice in that area had completely gone away and then advanced."
When the planet started to warm 14,000 years ago, ice receded from the tops of Canada's mountains. But shortly after, the planet began to cool again and the ice returned. The ice again retreated -- for good in most places -- as the ice age ended and the Pleistocene became the Holocene.
Establishing timelines helps scientists tease out the cause and effect of different climate and geologic phenomena. Their latest analysis confirms that the Cordilleran Ice Sheet had disappeared prior to the period of global cooling just before the end of the last ice age, known the Younger Dryras cooling.
Had the Cordilleran Ice Sheet still been present during this brief respite of cooling, researchers wouldn't see evidence of advancing cirque and valley glaciers. Thus, scientists can confirm the ice sheet melting was rapid not gradual.
Researchers detailed their conclusions in a new paper published this week in the journal Science.
Though rapid, the continental ice sheet's disappearance was surely complicated, researchers estimate. More research is needed to better understand how exactly the ice sheet melted so quickly -- and what that might mean for the Greenland Ice Sheet moving forward. | <urn:uuid:31470d2c-0fd1-40fd-9b61-7f36d87bc3db> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2017/11/10/Historic-data-proves-ice-sheets-can-melt-fast-when-climate-warms/7621510325099/?utm_source=upi&utm_campaign=mp&utm_medium=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156690.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920234305-20180921014649-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.950273 | 591 | 4.4375 | 4 |
Pulse Width Modulation is a topic that tends to give a lot of beginners trouble. [Daqq], whose nixie plasma ball we covered a few days ago, has a simple but effective PWM project that you should take a look at. The circuit used 9 LEDs clustered together into 3 sets of RGB modules and connected them to an AVR ATtiny2313 through some current limiting resistors. Most of the time the PWM function of the AVR’s timers would be used to generate the signal but this application calls for 9 signals which is more than can be produced by this chip. The workaround is to generate the signals using software PWM.
Make sure you read up on PWM. Once you’ve got a good idea of what you’re trying to do, check out the code that [Daqq] included with his YALBlinkie project. When studying main.c from the project package, notice that a timer is running that periodically adjusts the duty cycle of each signal. Meanwhile the infinite loop within main constantly scans the output pins with the duty cycle values the timer is setting. This results in the amount of time the LEDs are illuminated being slowly changed, making them fade in and out.
Because ATtiny2313′s are very inexpensive, this is a great way to jump into using the AVR line of microprocessors. You will need a programmer but there are ways of using an Arduino to program these chips. To learn more about timer interrupts and how these chips work, check out the tutorial section over at AVR freaks. Also take a look at the avr-libc documentation for an explanation of how to fix the deprecated sbi and cbi commands in [Daqq's] code. | <urn:uuid:68dca198-761b-4dec-aa49-bfd8bd35ec5c> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://hackaday.com/2009/09/17/software-pulse-width-modulation/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=8ac41143de | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382851/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00055-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930177 | 358 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Canis lupus dingo Carnivore Status: Vulnerable
Southeast Asian seafarers likely brought the dingo to Australia about 4000 years ago. Since then, these dogs have retained wild characteristics as well as evolved specialized features, so they are classified separately from domestic dogs, Canis lupus familiaris.
They can be found in habitats as extreme as snow-covered mountainous areas and tropical wetlands, but most live in the outback.
They are apex predators and their arrival may have led to the extinction of the thylacine, which had been Australia’s largest carnivorous marsupial. However, most scientists regard the dingo as part of the native fauna.
Because dingos have been interbreeding with domestic dogs, the ‘pure’ dingo is considered a vulnerable species.
Photo courtesy of Neil Zoglauer. | <urn:uuid:1d0a75f0-7762-433c-aef6-a4edce9d179f> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.schilmilgames.com/blog/925916 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334515.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925070216-20220925100216-00696.warc.gz | en | 0.947276 | 181 | 3.375 | 3 |
“Never forget.” These are the words that we see broadcast across television advertisements, billboards, and news programs across the American landscape whenever we approach today’s date, September 11. What exactly is it that they never want us to forget? That we responded to a violent act with greater violence and it made the world less safe for everyone? That we allowed ourselves to be misled into a hopeless state of war that few among us truly understood? Or do they mean, “never forget” as in “never forgive”? My sense is probably that it has to do with the latter; an invitation to a perpetual state of violence and insecurity. But then I hear Gandhiji whisper the same words, “Never forget.” What is he doing here, saying the same thing, you wonder?
Here’s a fun and extremely useful nonviolence fact: September 11 is the birthday of Satyagraha, soul-force, clinging to Truth, love in action, the method that Gandhi developed and made into a science over a long career spanning decades of direct practice and experimentation. It was September 11, 1906 and Gandhi and his colleagues had called a meeting to discuss resistance to the Indian Registration Act in South Africa, about which Gandhi said, “shocked him” and “expressed nothing in it but a hatred of Indians.” The ultimate aim of the act was to force Indians to either live as servants in South Africa or to return to India, and it was being watched as an example for other districts as to how they could “successfully” marginalize and discriminate against Indians. Something had to be done to strike such an example at its root, Gandhi was convinced.
At this historic meeting, Gandhi’s colleague Seth Haji Habib suggested that all of those present take a vow to resist the act with extreme dedication. Gandhi watched with interest as the entire room, packed to the brim, seemed to support this idea. But, he thought, if this resistance is really going to make an impact, this vow must be taken in all seriousness, in all consciousness of what it would entail. A vow, he told them, is not something that one simply gives up if it seems inconvenient, one takes on suffering for the sake of a vow, on principle.
While Sir Richard Attenborough’s 1982 film Gandhi dramatized this meeting and Gandhi’s momentous speech to the crowd on the meaning of their oath, here are his actual words, recalled by the Mahatma himself in his book, Satyagraha in South Africa. He describes in detail the consequences of taking the vow of nonviolence over violence, even if one is in a position to use violence:
“We might have to go to jail, where we might be insulted. We might have to go hungry and suffer extreme heat or cold. Hard labour might be imposed upon us. We might be flogged by rude warders. We might be fined heavily and our property might be attached and held up to auction if there are only a few resisters left. Opulent today we might be reduced to abject poverty tomorrow. We might be deported. Suffering from starvation and similar hardships in jail, some of us might fall ill and even die. In short, therefore, it is not at all impossible that we might have to endure every hardship that we can manage, and wisdom lies in pledging ourselves on the understanding that we shall have to suffer all that and worse. (…) But I can boldly declare, and with certainty, that so long as there is even a handful of men true to their pledge, there can only be one end to the struggle, and that is victory.”
With these words, nonviolent struggle took on a new life, a new force that would impact the world forever. He had issued a call to express and endure a love so great that it could end the threat of violence and terror. How about not forgetting that!? And if our media won’t do it, let us do the broadcasting ourselves: we have a choice to go beyond violence for good.
Share the story of Satyagraha’s birth today.
The Metta Center for Nonviolence, PO Box 98, Petaluma, California 94953 707-774-6299 [email protected] | <urn:uuid:cd61d6f6-ca9d-47dd-b9f9-c871eb57495d> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.gandhidaily.org/daily-metta/never-forget-911 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670643.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121000300-20191121024300-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.968411 | 896 | 3.078125 | 3 |
RICE (US) — In a petri dish, a small slab of gelatinous material beats with the rhythm of a living heart—progress toward a biocompatible patch to heal infant hearts.
The researchers report the results of years of effort to produce a material called a bioscaffold that could be sutured into the hearts of infants suffering from birth defects in the journal Acta Biomaterialia.
The scaffold, seeded with living cardiac cells, is designed to support the growth of healthy new tissue. Over time, it would degrade and leave a repaired heart.
Patches used now to repair congenital heart defects are made of synthetic fabrics or are taken from cows or from the patient’s own body. About one in 125 babies born in the United States suffers such a defect; three to six of every 10,000 have what’s known as a defect called Tetralogy of Fallot, a cause of “blue baby syndrome” that requires the surgical placement of a patch across the heart’s right ventricular outflow tract.
Current strategies work well until the patches, which do not grow with the patient, need to be replaced, says Jeffrey Jacot, an assistant professor of bioengineering at Rice University, director of the Pediatric Cardiac Bioengineering Laboratory at the Congenital Heart Surgery Service at Texas Children’s Hospital, and an adjunct professor at Baylor College of Medicine.
“None of those patches are alive,” Jacot says, including the biologically derived patches that are “more like a plastic” and are not incorporated into the heart tissue.
“They’re in a muscular area in the heart that’s important for contraction and, more so, for electrical conduction,” he says. “Electrical signals have to go around this area of dead tissue. And having dead tissue means the heart produces less force, so it’s not surprising that children with these types of repairs are more at risk for developing heart failure, arrhythmias, and fibrillation.
“What we’re making can replace current patches in an operation that surgeons are already familiar with and that has a very high short- and medium-term success rate, but with long-term complications,” he says.
The “sandwich” approach
A better scaffold would have to perform many functions perfectly. It must be strong enough to withstand the pressures delivered by a beating heart yet flexible enough to expand and contract; porous enough to allow new heart cells to migrate, make connections and excrete their own natural scaffold to replace the patch; and tough enough to handle sutures but still be able to biodegrade over just the right amount of time for natural tissue to take over.
The sandwich the researchers created seems to fill the bill on all counts. In the middle is a self-assembled polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer that hardens into a tough but stretchable ribbon. Mixing two types of PCL with different molecular weights allows tiny pores to form along the rough surface. The “bread” is a hydrogel made from a 50/50 mixture of gelatin and chitosan, a widely used material made from the shells of crustaceans like shrimp.
Heart cells cultured on the hydrogel surface were able to thrive and formed networks and ultimately beat. Though cells could not attach to the surface or pass through the pores of the PCL, the pores do allow nutrients to migrate from one side to the other, Jacot says. They also allow the hydrogel to hold on to the PCL core.
The lab tested the biodegradable qualities of the PCL and found that over 50 days, about 15 percent dispersed, leaving a ragged sheet. “It degrades in water,” Jacot says. “If it’s in the body, it will degrade, but it will be very slow, over the course of months.
“It should be stable for long enough that it allows muscular tissue to build up and take over the mechanical process. We want a patch we can suture in that can instantly handle ventricular pressure. But if we look at it later, we want it to look like normal tissue,” he says.
Stem cells next?
Years of testing await the researchers before human trials can begin, but Jacot and his team are already looking ahead to the possibilities their success could offer.
They hope to find a way to mix stem cell-derived heart cells from a patient into the hydrogel at the beginning of the process; stem cells may be drawn from several possible sources, including amniotic fluid routinely drawn from the newborn’s mother, the subject of ongoing study by Jacot’s lab. The cells would make a patch genetically identical to the child that could be implanted shortly after birth.
“If we can make a patch that works immediately,” Jacot says, “one that contracts and conducts and has living cells and grows with the patient, what other surgeries can we do that nobody can do now?”
Jacot worked with lead author Seokwon Pok and co-authors Jackson Myers, a Rice alumnus, and Sundararajan Madihally, an associate professor of chemical engineering at Oklahoma State University.
Texas Children’s Hospital and the National Institutes of Health supported the research.
Source: Rice University | <urn:uuid:a06a930c-829f-4a00-82d6-c32ee2c5dcce> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.futurity.org/%e2%80%98live%e2%80%99-gel-scaffold-could-patch-infant-hearts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661974.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00165-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947875 | 1,136 | 3.546875 | 4 |
German Infrared Night-Vision Devices – Infrarot-Scheinwerfer
Panther Ausf G with FG 1250
Panzerkampfwagen V Panther Ausf G with Sperber/FG 1250.
In 1936, AEG was ordered to start the development of infrared night-vision devices and in 1939, first successful prototype unit for use with 37mm Pak 35/36 L/45 anti-tank gun was constructed. In autumn of 1942, unit for use (infrared headlamp with viewer ZG 1221) with 75mm PaK 40 L/46 anti-tank gun was constucted and was also mounted on Marder II (Sd.Kfz.131).
In mid 1943, first tests with infrared night-vision (Nacht Jager) devices and telescopic rangefinders mounted on Panther started. Two different arrangements / solutions were created and used on Panther tanks.
Solution A – Sperber (Sparrow Hawk) was made up of one 30cm infrared searchlight (with range of 600m) and image converter operated by the commander – FG 1250.From late 1944 to March of 1945, some Panzerkampfwagen V Panther Ausf G (and other variants) mounted with FG 1250, were succesfully tested. From March to April of 1945, approximately 50 Panthers Ausf G (and other variants) mounted with FG 1250, saw combat service on the Eastern Front and Western Front. Panthers with IR operated with SdKfz.251/20 Uhu (Owl) half-track with 60cm infra-red searchlight and Sd.Kfz.251/21 Falke (Falcon). This solution could be easily mounted on any type of armored fighting vehicle.
SdKfz.251/20 Uhu (Owl).
Solution B – Second more complicated arrangement / solution was "Biwa" (Bildwandler), which provided driver (installed on the front hull), gunner (installed on the mantlet in front of the gun sight) and commander (as in Solution A) each with one 30cm infrared searchlight (with range of 600m) and image converter. Various variants of Panthers were converted and mounted with "Biwa". It was reported that tests were successful, but there is very few combat reports from the Eastern or Western Front. Due to the lack of evidence,existence of Solution B is still questionable and even considered a hoax.
Various units received IR Panthers including 116th Panzer Division (3rd company of 24th Panzer Regiment, Western Front, Summer of 1944), Sixth SS Panzer Army (Hungary, early 1945), Panzer Division Muncheberg and Clausewitz.One combat report is by a veteran of 1st SS Panzer Regiment of 1st SS Panzer Division "LSSAH", who states that few Panthers equipped with infrared night-vision devices possibly from 116th Panzer Division were used in 1944/45 during the Ardennes Offensive.In April of 1945, Panthers equipped with IR equipment (solution B) joined Panzer Division Clausewitz and in mid April near Uelzen destroyed entire platoon of British Comet cruiser tanks. Also on April 21st of 1945, same Panthers overran an American anti-tank position on the Weser-Elbe Canal.Most of those reports can’t be confirmed and are questionable.
In addition, it is reported but not supported that single unit equipped with Jagdpanthers also received and used infrared night-vision devices.
ZG 1229 Vampir (Vampire)
Crews of infrared night-vision devices mounted vehicles were also armed with MP44 / StG 44 assault rifles fitted with infrared night-vision device – ZG 1229 Vampir (Vampire). Only small number of IR sets forassault rifles was produced. | <urn:uuid:08609360-c7e1-49f5-a200-8fb0bf439c47> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.achtungpanzer.com/german-infrared-night-vision-devices-infrarot-scheinwerfer.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422120928902.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124173528-00069-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955958 | 787 | 2.546875 | 3 |
World Religions: Buddhism and Christianity
This roadmap of this paper is chiefly twofold. On the one side of the spectrum, it attempts to make a successful presentation of the fundamental nature and key teachings of Buddhism as a particular religious movement. On the other side of the spectrum, this paper hopes to make an equally successful juxtaposition of the salient points relative to the similarities and differences between Buddhism and Christianity. The starting point of this essay will be to firstly lay the foundational elements and fundamental characteristics of the Buddhism faith, as a jumping board from where the succeeding discussions shall be drawn.
Secondarily, in order to better place the Buddhism’s teachings within the larger purview of religion as a phenomenon, its comparison with Christianity shall comprise a significant part of the discussions as well. In the process, this paper hopes to establish that there is in fact an array of aspects for both religions which, even when on the surface they appear to be wholly distinct, nevertheless share common strains and resemblances, as far as doctrinal beliefs and ethical norms are concerned.
This is a concept of no little importance; for history has been a constant witness to the divisive nature of religious pluralism. On a careful analysis, what this paper hopes to ultimately achieve is not to lay judgment on either the correctness or wrongfulness of any doctrine, as it merely wants to appreciate of the distinctness and uniqueness which defines both Buddhism and Christianity, and all world religions for that matter. Fundamental Tenets of Buddhism Buddhism is a religious tradition believed to be already in place around 500 years before the coming of Christ (Griffiths, 1997, p. 5). The exact location of its initial inception and formation is relatively unknown, inasmuch as the exact time of its emergence remains to be fully determined. But many thinkers believe that the religious movement started from the Indian peninsula, only to be dispersed from the neighboring regions later on. An exact definition of Buddhism may be difficult to identify, as a whole array of versions of Buddhism claim origin and affinity from the force which may be called as the chief inspiration of the religion – Gautama Buddha, also known as Gautama Sakayamuni.
Far from being a movement characterized by an universal bond of uniformity or structure, Buddhism is one the few religions in the world which readily embrace diversity from its adherents. In fact, Griffiths would claim that one of the most notable uniqueness of Buddhism lies in its “very differentiated” character (1997, p. 5). To concretely cite the case in point, one may perhaps discover that the version of Buddhism being practiced in, say, South Asia, may differ distinctively from the one being observed in adjacent states, say, the countries found in South-East Asia.
By inference, it is therefore not without good reasons to suppose that Buddhism is a religious movement that neither demand nor teach an adherence to a uniform doctrine to all its followers. As hereinabove hinted, Buddhism takes root from the inspiration and teaching left by its recognized founder by the name of Gautama Sakayamuni, who later on, would be called Gautama Buddha by his followers. At the very least, this is precisely the reason why the religion is named after its founder; since Sakayamuni is believed to be the religion’s supreme exemplification of a life marked by total freedom.
It is commonly accepted that Gautama Buddha left a host of teaching pertinent to the methods of meditation as a way to attain a totally blissful existence. This state is called Nirvana. Buddhism, it must be mentioned, is largely about an adherence to a kind of life geared towards the search for enlightenment, as did their founder Gautama. Thus, in view of this, Humphrey believes that this particular religion does not chiefly concern itself with the worship of a Transcendent as an accommodation of a particular “way of life” (1997, p. 13).
In many ways, this is yet another glaring testimony of Buddhism’s peculiarity. Normally, the most fundamental definition of religion – which by the way is accepted for most part by nearly all thinkers – has, one way or another, the element of a belief in a Transcendent as one of the chief conditions to be satisfied. Taylor thus puts it simply: religion is nothing else but a “belief in a Supreme Being” (cited in McCutcheon, 2007, p. 22). As for Buddhism, many thinkers believe that the element of Transcendence in its core doctrines is not that apparent.
Which is why, Williams would contend that Buddhism is a religious movement which is not so much associated with doctrinal beliefs as a “body of teachings with spiritual benefits (1989, p. 2). In fact, many of Buddhism’s teachings are concerned not really with religious worship as with lifestyle, rituals, devotions and meditations (Mitchell, 2002, p. 1). Buddhism believes reality is always in a constant flux. In other words, it maintains the absolute “impermanence” of all things (Griffiths, 1997, p. 16).
In fact, in the entire corpus of Buddhism’s teachings, one may notice that the theme of impermanence is patently recurrent. Since this religion draws heavily from the fundamental recognition that nothing in the world is ever permanent, it therefore believes that human persons must exhibit a detached comportment in relation to the things of the world. In other words, the more a person appreciates the true implication of diversity and impermanence, in a manner being unattached to all things ephemeral, the more a person is closer to the truth about reality (Williams, 1989, p. 3).
Taking cue from this fundamental belief, Buddhism teaches that human life is in a perpetual pursuit of enlightenment against the backdrop of an impermanent world; and this entails being constantly ‘dissatisfied’ by what – read: everything – the world offers (Williams, 1989, p. 34). In many ways, it is only by right of mere inference that one cannot anchor his or her happiness or enlightenment on something that ceases to become as time passes. Thus, the plain admission that reality is in fact impermanent should therefore lead believers to equally recognize that nothing in this world ever satisfies human existence to begin with.
Buddhism also acknowledges that reality can sometimes be illusory. Put in other words, Buddhism subscribes to belief that, since things are subjected to a constant flux of change, “things (therefore) are not what they seem” (Griffiths, 1997, p. 20). To this end, the value of meditation takes concrete shape. Meditation allows a person to enter into the truth that the world cannot satisfy the longing for human contentment and bliss. It is even said that Buddha himself taught that one must always take on the attitude of “dissatisfaction” even in meditation.
In this way, one can therefore sift through the elements which constitute eternal happiness from a world replete with ephemeral things (Mitchell, 2002, p. 33). Through meditation, Buddhism offers a way towards the ultimate state of blissfulness called Nirvana. Through it, one is able to create a standpoint marked by a deliberate renunciation of the world; i. e. , a total freedom from the world. It also has to be pointed out that Buddhism offers a set of belief systems that demands concrete actions as well.
The doctrine called the four noble truths for instance essentially begins with the fundamental belief that “life is suffering” and subsequently demands correlative actions to address it. To concretely cite, Buddhism holds that there are four noble truths in life: namely, (1) life is suffering, (2) the cause of suffering is cravings for pleasure, (3) freedom from suffering is temperance from pleasures, and (4) the way to stop suffering is to practice the eight-fold path which includes, right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right living, right conduct, right mindfulness and right concentration (Mitchell, 2002, pp. 5-47). Buddhism and Christianity: a Juxtaposition It has to be firstly remembered that the task of the succeeding discussion is not to draw a point-for-point correspondence between Buddhism and Christianity. The whole point of comparing and contrasting is the inference of resemblances in either religious themes and moral tendencies of both religions in question, while affirming the innate distinctness each of them primarily possess. First, it is noteworthy to cite that both Buddhism and Christianity are religious movements that accede to the authority of their founders who act as the primordial and focal point of their emergence.
Buddhism on the one hand sees Buddha as the exemplification of their journey towards a transcendent end. Buddha, while considered not as a divinity, remains to be the only figure of transcendent to whom Buddhism profess a faith. Christianity is pretty much the same; except that the person whom they recognize as its founder – Jesus Christ – is firstly believed to as a divinity. Like Buddhism, Christianity owes its emergence from the life and teachings of its recognized founder. In fact, according to Alister McGrath, “the precipitating cause of Christian faith and Christian doctrine was and is a man named Jesus” (1997, p. ). Put simply, the belief on the Lordship of Jesus Christ was the primordial force that pushed Christianity to become a distinct religious movement out of the mainline Judaic religion. Second, it is also wise to note that both Buddhism and Christianity believe on an ideal existence apart from this world. Buddhism, as mentioned, relegates a serious amount of its teachings on meditations, in the hope that such a practice would usher its believers onto a state of complete bliss.
Christianity too believes that in state of utterly blissful vision of the Lord, translated into heaven (Sheed, 1957, p. 220). Christians believe that when a person dies, his or her soul can either go to heaven or be condemned to hell. Be that as it may, the belief in the incomparable happiness brought about by man’s “living contact” with the “infinite perfection of God”, or the concept of an afterlife still emerges. Third, with equal interest it must also be mentioned that both Buddhism and Christianity place the question of suffering within the very context of their respective belief systems.
Buddhism acknowledges that suffering needs to be purged and surpassed by letting oneself become free from the lures of the world. Christianity meanwhile believes that suffering has a place in the faith it professes. While Christianity recognizes the undeniable nature of human suffering, it treats the latter with much profoundness and uniqueness. Christianity does not teach that all sufferings must be purged; instead, it teaches that there are sufferings that must be embraced for the sake of heaven.
This is supremely exemplified by Jesus Christ himself; the God-man who, by “suffering “ in “His soul and body” on the cross saved the world from its sinfulness (Sheed, 1957, p. 127). By way of contrast though, it needs to be acknowledge that there are certain strains of beliefs that distinguish Buddhism from Christianity in a manner being patent and obvious. One can perhaps note how, first, Buddhism differs from Christianity on account of the belief in a divine transcendence. Christianity believes in a God which is Trinitarian in character.
This means Christians profess to a God who comes in three distinct persons – the Father, the Son (who is Jesus Christ) and the Holy Spirit (Sheed, 1957, p. 54). If Christianity has a very concrete way of imaging its belief in a divinely transcendent Being, Buddhism’s belief system, by contrast, cannot sufficiently pinpoint the image of a divine; and a belief in the Supreme Being is highly ambiguous for them. Far more critical, there are even those who doubt if the idea of a Supreme Being is tenable for the Buddhist faith.
Griffiths for instance notes that ‘the metaphysics of impermanence’ makes it difficult for Buddhist to conceive of a god, who, at least for Christians, is considered to be enduring, impermanent and most of all, unchangeable (1997, p. 23). Second, briefly it can be cited too that Buddhism differs from Christianity in terms of religious structure. It was previously mentioned that Buddhism does not appear to demand a uniform set of doctrines for all its members to observe. This is why, there are a number of different versions of Buddhism throughout the world.
Christianity on the contrary insists on a universal acceptance of its official corpus of teachings. While this does not imply that Christianity does not have its own minority versions, the crux of the matter here is that, Christianity, unlike Buddhism, emphasizes, or, more appropriately insists on the need, for its adherents, to profess in “one” – i. e. , uniform – set of key doctrinal tenets (Sheed, 1957, p. 140). Conclusion This paper concludes with a thought that firstly affirms the need to recognize the value of Buddhism as a movement distinct and unique on its own.
As a religion which has been in place for the longest time in human history, it was learned though the discussions that Buddhism takes root from the life and inspiration lent by its recognized founder, Gautama Buddha. Moreover, it was also learned that Buddhism has long established itself as one of the major religions of the world to date, offering its adherents a doctrine which on the one hand embraces a perpetual dissatisfaction towards all things, and on the other hand longs for a state of complete happiness that can only be found within.
By right of mere logic, it is not for nothing that millions of people embrace this faith with much devotion and passion; for its doctrines allow its believers to glimpse beyond the ephemeral affairs of the world. With equal interest, this paper also presented a ponderous juxtaposition of Buddhism and Christianity, and therefore concludes that there are indeed strains of similarities which can be gleaned from between the two religions.
Among others, it was learned that both of them recognize authoritative figures as their revered founders – Gautama for Buddhism and Jesus Christ for Christianity. And surely, there are lot more similarities and differences which can be cited to this end. In the final analysis though, this paper further concludes that despite teeming differences, many of the aspects of both religions manifest areas that may be taken as facets for future dialogue and mutual appreciation. | <urn:uuid:44cfee00-b6b5-4759-aab5-3db0a6f1263b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://customwritingsco.com/world-religions-buddhism-and-christianity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178378872.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307200746-20210307230746-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.955873 | 2,989 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A person with dual citizenship is a citizen of two countries at the same time, which has both advantages and disadvantages because it is a complex legal status. One benefit of dual citizenship that is often cited is the ability of an individual to possess two passports. However, a potential drawback is the possibility of double taxation.
- Dual citizens enjoy certain benefits, such as the ability to live and work freely in two countries, own property in both countries, and travel between the countries with relative ease.
- Drawbacks of being a dual citizen include the potential for double taxation, the long and expensive process for obtaining dual citizenship, and the fact that you become bound by the laws of two nations.
- Applying for dual citizenship is a complicated and typically expensive process that may require the assistance of an immigration lawyer.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Dual Citizenship
Dual Citizenship: An Overview
The U.S allows dual citizenship but not all countries do. Dual citizenship happens automatically in some situations, such as when a child is born in the U.S. to parents who are residents of a foreign country. Unless the parents are foreign diplomats, the child generally becomes a citizen of the U.S. (in addition to the country-of-residence of their parents). Similarly, if a child of U.S. citizens is born overseas, they may automatically become a citizen of both the U.S. and their country of birth (although this is situational because it depends on that specific country’s laws).
Dual citizenship can also be achieved through specialized legal processes: for example, when a foreign national marries a U.S. citizen. (A foreign national is any person who is not a naturalized citizen of the country in which they are living.) In this case, dual citizenship is not automatic. However, dual citizenship may be granted if the foreign national has been a permanent resident for at least three years, has been living in a marital union with a U.S. citizen-spouse during that time, and meets other eligibility requirements. In this scenario, a permanent resident is anyone who has been legally granted the right to live in the U.S. indefinitely. This status includes the right to work in the U.S., although permanent residents continue to hold citizenship in another country.
In addition, in this example, since not all countries permit dual citizenship, it's possible that the foreign national's home country may cancel the person's citizenship when they become naturalized as a U.S. citizen. However, if their home country permits dual citizenship, this individual will be a citizen of both the U.S. and their home country.
Advantages of Dual Citizenship
Benefits and Privileges
Dual citizens can receive the benefits and privileges offered by each country where they are a citizen. For example, they have access to two social services systems, can vote in either country, and may be able to run for office in either country (if the law permits). They are also allowed to work in either country without needing a work permit or visa and can attend school in either country at the tuition rate offered to citizens (versus the international tuition rate).
As a dual citizen, you are allowed to carry passports from both countries. For example, if you are a U.S. citizen and also a citizen of New Zealand, you can travel more easily between these two countries. Having a citizen's passport eliminates the need for long-stay visas and any questioning about the purpose of your trip during the customs process. It also guarantees the individual in possession of two passports the right of entry to both the U.S. and New Zealand; this can be especially beneficial if you have family to visit in both countries, or if you are a student or a businessperson that either studies or conducts affairs in both countries.
Another benefit of dual citizenship is the ability to own property in either country. Some countries restrict land ownership to citizens only. As a legal citizen of two countries, you would be able to purchase property in either—or both—countries. If you travel frequently between the two countries, this might be especially useful since property ownership might offer a more economical way to live in two places.
As a dual citizen, you'll reap the benefits of being immersed in the culture of the two countries. Some government officials are also fond of dual citizenship and see it as a way to promote the country's image as a prime destination for tourists. Dual citizenship offers individuals the opportunity to learn about the history of both countries, learn two (or more) languages, and experience a different way of life.
Because dual citizenship is complex and the rules and laws regarding citizenship vary between different countries, it may be in your best interest to consult with qualified experts–including accountants and lawyers–about certain purchases or decisions related to employment and your finances.
Disadvantages of Dual Citizenship
As a dual citizen, you are bound by the laws of both countries. For example, if you are a citizen of the U.S. and a country with mandatory military service, you can lose your U.S. citizenship under certain circumstances, such as if you serve as an officer in a foreign military that is engaged in a war against the U.S. In general, U.S. policy recognizes that dual citizens might be legally obligated to fulfill military obligations abroad, and many can do so without jeopardizing their U.S. citizen status, but it is important to research each situation carefully.
For individuals who are dual citizens of the U.S. and another country, the U.S. imposes taxes on its citizens for income earned anywhere in the world. If you are living in your country of dual residence that is not the U.S., you may owe taxes both to the U.S. government and to the country where the income was earned.
However, income tax treaties between the U.S. and other countries serve to effectively reduce or eliminate an individual's tax liability in order to avoid double taxation. For example, a treaty between the U.S. and New Zealand overrides the income tax laws of each country to avoid double taxation. Even so, dual citizens may be required to file U.S. tax returns even if they are living and earning income in New Zealand. Because tax laws are complicated and can change from year to year, it's important for individuals facing this situation to consult with a qualified tax accountant.
Barriers to Some Forms of Employment
Depending on your career path, dual citizenship can be a disadvantage. If you are seeking a position with the U.S government or your job requires access to information that is considered classified by the U.S. government, having dual citizenship may bar you from gaining the security clearance you need for this type of employment. Those born into dual citizenship may encounter fewer problems than those who actively sought it out.
Sometimes dual citizenship happens automatically (for example, when a child is born in the U.S. to foreign parents). Other times, however, the process can take many years and can be extremely expensive and complicated. This can deter some people from pursuing dual citizenship.
Process for Gaining Dual Citizenship in the United States
If you were not born in the U.S. and you want to become a U.S. citizen, there are many requirements for gaining dual citizenship. In addition, the requirements for gaining citizenship in the U.S. may be different for individuals based on their circumstances and their other country (or countries) of residence. In general, to apply for U.S. citizenship, you must have lived in the U.S. as a permanent resident–and have a permanent resident (green) card–continuously for five years (or three years if you are filing as the spouse of a U.S. citizen). Other eligibility requirements include being at least 18 years old when you apply and being able to read, write, and speak basic English.
You must also pay a fee to apply for permanent residency and then another fee to file an application for citizenship. The amount of the fee depends on what application you use and your filing category. This fee is set by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. For most people, the complicated process for gaining citizenship requires the help of an immigration lawyer. Immigration lawyers can help individuals achieve citizenship, although they also require fees for their services. To apply for permanent residency, most individuals file form 1-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status. To apply for naturalization, most individuals file form N-400, the application for naturalization. | <urn:uuid:edb398c7-7d57-432b-99e6-64c020574316> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/031315/advantages-disadvantages-dual-citizenship.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780061350.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210929004757-20210929034757-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.96434 | 1,752 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Environmental justice coalition starting up in the Chesapeake Bay
Group seeks to address problems that disproportionately hurt disadvantaged communities
- Comments are closed for this article.
Many advocates around the Chesapeake Bay region have said in the past that environmental justice issues don't get the attention they deserve.
Whether it’s putting in a new incinerator in a disadvantaged part of Baltimore or responding to flooding in poor neighborhoods in Norfolk, environmental justice has always been a component of the envrionmental movement, even if no one called it that. It's not always a front-burner issue in terms of the Bay Program, which deals mostly with nitrogen and phosphorus and sediment. But it's long been a focus of local neighborhood groups, who are often fighting permits or filing lawsuits in hopes of stopping a project that they believe will damage their waterways.
Simply put, environmental justice means looking out for groups of people who are often neglected — people of color, people of little means, people who live in areas that cities have already given up on — and giving them a voice. That may mean reducing emissions at a power plant that is contributing to many children’s asthma or pushing to relocate a project that can harm the environment. Often, it entails suing entities — steel companies, the EPA, the state environmental protection departments — to obtain results.
Law schools all over the country now have environmental justice departments, and attorneys who specialize in that work. Law clinics, including the ones at the University of Maryland and University of Virginia, look for cases with an environmental justice component. Increasingly, it’s becoming part of the work of the Chesapeake Legal Alliance, which matches high-powered Washington-area attorneys with clients who can’t afford their prices but have a case nonetheless.
Now comes the DMV Environmental Justice Coalition. Dr. Sacoby Wilson, of the University of Maryland, has been instrumental in putting together the group, which will be looking at some of the environmental problems in Maryland and how they disproportionately hurt disadvantaged communities. Among the issues Wilson’s group has already examined: the number of low-income state residents who eat fish that may be tainted with toxics, because they have little else to sustain them.
The coalition plans to have meetings around the three-state region (Maryland, DC, Virginia). The first meeting was last month in Washington. This Thursday, Nov. 14, it will be meeting in Dundalk, at the Sollers Point Multi-Purpose Center, 323 Sollers Point Road, Dundalk, MD. The neighborhood is Turner’s Sation, a historically black enclave of eastern Baltimore County, where many immigrants came in the 1900s for jobs at Bethlehem Steel.
For more information, visit.
Comments are now closed for this article. Comments are accepted for 60 days after publication. | <urn:uuid:cd040d31-1e75-4fdc-8a2c-084c070bb5b4> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.bayjournal.com/article/environmental_justice_coalition_starting_up_in_the_chesapeake_bay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121744242.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124174904-00194-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952439 | 575 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Regression analysis is a family of statistical tools that can help
sociologists better understand and predict the way that people act and
interact. Regression analysis is used to build mathematical models to
predict the value of one variable from knowledge of another. Although
statistical methods of correlation offer researchers techniques to help
them better understand the degree to which two variables are
consistently related, such knowledge alone is typically insufficient
to predict behavior. Simple linear regression allows the value of one
dependent variable to be predicted from the knowledge of one
independent variable. Multiple linear regression can be used to develop
models to predict the value of a dependent variable from the knowledge
of the value of more than one independent variable.
For example, a sociologist interested in the behavior of small groups
might want to determine whether or not the efficacy of the decisions
made in small groups could be predicted from the number of people in
the group. Although larger group size could mean that there are more
ideas, more contribution to the thinking process, and a larger
potential for synergistic thinking, a larger group could also mean that
more time would be required to reach a decision, the competition of
ideas could lead to confusion, and coalitions could form within the
group and make it harder to resolve disagreements. A predictive model
for group size versus efficacy of decision making could be developed
by setting up an experiment that compared the efficacy of decision
making on the same problem for groups of various sizes. The slope of
the line of best fit passing through the data points on the scatter
plot could be mathematically calculated, using these data points to
determine the equation of the simple regression line. This equation
could then be used by the sociologist to recommend optimal group size
for similar types of decisions or projects based on the single variable
of number of group members.
The problem with drawing a line of best fit through a scatter plot, of
course, is that unless all the pairs of data fall on one straight line,
it is possible to draw multiple lines through a data set. The question
faced by the researcher is how to determine which of these possible
lines will yield the best predictions of the dependent variable from
the independent variable. This can be accomplished mathematically
through residual analysis.
In regression analysis, a residual is defined as the difference between
the actual y values and the predicted y values, or y - y^. To find the
line of best fit, it is important to reduce the distance between the
points on the scatter plot and the line. This is done by minimizing
the sum of the squares of the residuals in order to find the line of
best fit. By looking at the residuals, a researcher can better
understand how well the regression line fits past data in order to
estimate how well it will predict future data.
Forecasting involves using past data to generate a number, set of
numbers, or scenario that corresponds to a future occurrence. It is
absolutely essential to short-range and long-range planning.
Forecasting provides information about the potential future events and
their consequences for the organization. It may not reduce the
complications and uncertainty of the future. However, it increases the
confidence of the management to make important decisions. Forecasting
is the basis of premising.
Quantitative forecasting techniques are generally more objective than
their qualitative counterparts. Quantitative forecasts can be timeseries forecasts or forecasts based on associative models. Time-series
data may have underlying behaviors that need to be identified by the
forecaster. In addition, the forecast may need to identify the causes
of the behavior. Some of these behaviors may be patterns or simply
random variations. Among the patterns are:
Trends, are long-term movements (up or down) in the data.
Seasonal, it produces short-term variations that are usually
related to the time of year, month, or even a particular day, as
witnessed by retail sales at Christmas or the spikes in banking
activity on the first of the month and on Fridays.
Cyclical, are wavelike variations lasting more than a year that
are usually tied to economic or political conditions.
Random (Irregular) variations that do not reflect typical
behavior, such as a period of extreme weather or a union strike.
Among the time-series models, the simplest is the naïve forecast. A
naive forecast simply uses the actual demand for the past period as
the forecasted demand for the next period. This, of course, makes the
assumption that the past will repeat. It also assumes that any trends,
seasonality, or cycles are either reflected in the previous period's
demand or do not exist.
Foresight is the capacity to think systematically about the future to
inform decision making today. It is a cognitive capacity that we need
to develop as individuals, as organizations and as a society. In
individuals, it is usually an unconscious capacity and needs to be
surfaced to be used in any meaningful way to inform decision making,
either as individuals or in organizations. It’s a capacity we use
Foresight is first and foremost a state of mind that determines how
you think about the future. It underpins how you design foresight
approaches and how you implement them in your organizations. It needs
ways of thinking and doing that are unlike those required for
conventional strategic planning processes. Foresight is therefore a
strategic thinking capacity. Done well, it expands perceptions of
future options available to the organization and enhances the
operational context in which strategy is developed. Its use allows new
strategic options to emerge and proactive responses to change to be
developed. Done less well, it usually generates an interesting
experience but there is little change to how strategy is developed or
the understanding of the scope of change shaping the organization’s
IV. Agile Strategy
Agile strategy is an approach to project management. Agile strategy
break tasks into small increments with no direct long term planning.
The idea behind the Agile strategy is that it can be adapted and
adjusted as a project develops to reflect the changes that are
happening all-around the organization. Since things like outside market
forces and consumer interests can’t necessarily be forecast at the
start of the project, using the Agile strategy will give you the
opportunity to change course as needed to make sure the final result
of the project is something that will be of value to the organization.
Traditional facet of project management that most leaders are familiar
with is the idea of setting project requirements right from the start.
Usually, the scope of the project is established clearly before any
work begins, and all work going forward is guided by the goals that
have been laid out. The Agile methodology ignores this approach and
instead establishes the requirements for the project on an ongoing
basis during the project. That means that what ends up being
accomplished within the project could be very different than what was
expected at the start. The advantage to this kind of management is
that the project is flexible enough to develop over time until it
precisely suits the needs of the market. You don’t run the risk of
creating a product that has no market at the end of the project because
the project teams have the ability to adapt the final deliverables all
throughout the process. Being responsive and flexible is typically a
good thing for businesses because they can avoid falling out of touch
with what the market is asking for.
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Clemson University researchers have shown that man-made or constructed wetlands can be used to treat non-traditional water sources, which could then be used in power plants.
Four kinds of non-traditional water sources were treated during the researchers’ tests: ash basin water, simulated cooling water, flue gas desulphurisation water and produced water, or water that is extracted from the ground along with oil and natural gas.
All of the water sources contained contaminants such as salts, heavy metals and hydrocarbons. In addition, all were capable of causing bio-fouling or corrosion because of their pH, ionic strength or nutrient content.
Recognising the differences in each water source, unique wetland treatment systems were designed and constructed for each type of water.
The artificial wetlands were created in large (70 to 250-gallon) vats containing vegetation that would be found in natural wetlands, such as California bulrush and narrow-leaf cattail. Each type of water was gravity fed through its own series of vats, residing for about 24 hours in each.
Before and after treatment, researchers measured pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, hardness, alkalinity and conductivity, along with the levels of contaminants.
Test results showed that constructed wetland treatment systems could remediate all four non-traditional water sources for reuse or discharge.
Since constructed wetland treatment systems cost 10–50 per cent less than conventional treatment systems, they could provide an economical alternative to conventional water-treatment approaches, which are comparatively costly and are often unable to achieve new, rigorous water-quality standards.
The pilot-scale test was supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy.
Flue gas desulphurisation water was treated in a constructed wetlands system consisting of five ‘reactors’ planted with vegetation found in natural wetlands. The water treated was received from an operating coal-fired power plant in the south-eastern US | <urn:uuid:a6096746-5c56-4783-bf84-c170a7fb5889> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.theengineer.co.uk/issues/march-2009-online/water-reuse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589470.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716213101-20180716233101-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.970822 | 407 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Entomology and Plant Pathology
Red Imported Fire Ants
The most significant problem associated with fire ants is their stinging behavior. The ants are very aggressive and will readily attack anything that disturbs their mound. After firmly grasping the skin with its jaws, the fire ant arches its back as it inserts its rear-end stinger into the flesh, injecting venom from the poison sac. It then pivots at the head and typically inflicts an average of seven to eight stings in a circular pattern. Fire ant venom is unique because of the high concentation of toxins, which are responsible for the burning pain characteristic of fire ant stings.
Expanded QuarantineOn Mar 24, 2009, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) in cooperation with the State Plant Regulatory Official of Oklahoma, made final an order increasing the numbers of counties in Oklahoma under state and federal quarantine for imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta.
This action imposes regulatory restrictions on the interstate movement of regulated articles that are not currently in the IFA quarantine area.
The quarantine expansion was based on multi-year surveys by the
Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food, and Forestry (ODAFF). All of
the counties listed are quarantined because of the IFA plant pest
whether the surveys showed that the entire county or infested portions
of the county or expanded infested portions of the county confirmed the
existence of established populations of IFA.
For more information on "regulated articles" please see APHIS Program Aid No. 1904. The following regulated articles require a certificate or permit before they can be shipped outside the quarantined area:
- Imported fire ant queens and reproducing colonies of imported fire ants.
- Soil, separately or with other things, except soil samples shipped to approved laboratories (consult with a State or Federal inspector for a list of approved laboratories). Potting soil is exempt if commercially prepared, packaged, and shipped in original container.
- Plants with roots and soil attached, except house plants maintained indoors and not for sale.
- Grass sod.
- Baled hay and straw that has been stored in contact with soil.
- Used soil-moving equipment.
- Any other products, articles, or means of conveyance of any character whatsoever not covered by the above, when it is determined by an inspector that they present a hazard of spread of the imported fire ant and the person in possession thereof has been so notified.
- USDA Industry Alert: Questions and Answers for Producers, Sellers, and Buyers of Baled Hay Moving From Areas Under Quarantine for Imported Fire Ant
Certificates authorizing movement of regulated articles (excluding hay and straw) are issued by quarantine officials when certain approved procedures have been utilized to ensure that the regulated article(s) are free from imported fire ant infestation. Please contact ODAFF at (405) 522-5879 for more information.
General InfoA Word about Fire Ants and Pest Control Philosophy
RIFA Educational Materials | <urn:uuid:cdcc32ac-2057-4c67-b97b-0419f55a50a6> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://entoplp.okstate.edu/fireants/red-imported-fire-ants | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660709.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00284-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918168 | 625 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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The name Tarrance, albeit unique and uncommon, carries an intriguing history that is worth exploring. Delving into the linguistic roots and cultural references, as well as examining its evolution across different time periods and geographical regions, will provide a comprehensive understanding of the name. Additionally, we will shed light on famous individuals who have borne the name Tarrance, spanning arts and entertainment, as well as sports and politics. Lastly, we will consider current trends and predictions, offering insights into the future of this remarkable name in the digital age.
Understanding the Name Tarrance
The name Tarrance has a rich history and deep linguistic roots. It finds its origin from the Latin name Terentius, which has an interesting etymology. Derived from the Latin word ‘terens,’ meaning “rubbing” or “wearing away,” Terentius reflects qualities of resilience, endurance, and strength.
Terentius, over time, underwent various phonetic transformations, eventually evolving into the modern-day Tarrance. This evolution showcases the dynamic nature of language and how names can change and adapt over generations.
The Linguistic Roots of Tarrance
The Latin word ‘terens’ carries a profound meaning that adds depth to the name Tarrance. It signifies the act of rubbing or wearing away, which can be interpreted metaphorically as the ability to withstand challenges and hardships. This linguistic connection highlights the resilience and endurance associated with the name Tarrance.
Furthermore, the Latin name Terentius has a long history and has been passed down through generations. Its transformation into Tarrance demonstrates the evolution of language and the influence of different cultures and dialects on names.
Cultural References and Meanings
The name Tarrance has been associated with valor and courage throughout history. In ancient times, it denoted individuals who displayed exceptional bravery on the battlefield, earning them respect and admiration. The name became synonymous with a determined spirit and steadfastness in the face of adversity.
Moreover, Tarrance carries connotations of loyalty and honor, making it a cherished choice among many families. It symbolizes a strong sense of commitment and dedication to one’s values and loved ones. The name Tarrance represents a person who stands by their principles and remains true to their word.
Over the years, the name Tarrance has become more than just a label; it has become a representation of strength, resilience, and integrity. It holds a special place in the hearts of those who bear it and serves as a reminder of the noble qualities it embodies.
The Evolution of the Name Tarrance
The name Tarrance has a rich history that spans centuries, evolving and adapting to the changing times. From its origins in the Middle Ages to its modern-day variations, Tarrance has remained a name of significance and distinction.
Tarrance in the Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, the name Tarrance gained significant popularity. This was a time of knights and nobles, where chivalry and honor were highly valued. It was during this era that influential figures bearing the name Tarrance emerged, leaving their mark on history.
These noble Tarrances were renowned for their bravery and skill in battle. They fought valiantly on the front lines, defending their kingdoms and earning the respect of their peers. Their exploits became legendary, and the name Tarrance became synonymous with courage and honor.
Not only were these Tarrances skilled warriors, but they also made significant contributions to their respective kingdoms. They served as trusted advisors to kings and queens, using their wisdom and intellect to shape the course of history. Their influence extended beyond the battlefield, leaving a lasting legacy that would be carried on by future generations.
Modern Adaptations of Tarrance
In more recent times, the name Tarrance has seen various adaptations and variations. As families sought to add their own unique touch, different spellings and combinations emerged.
Some families chose to spell the name as “Tarence” or “Terrance,” adding a subtle twist while preserving the essence of the original name. These variations allowed individuals to express their individuality while still honoring the historical significance of the name.
Another modern adaptation of the name Tarrance is the use of “Terrance” as a middle name. This creative approach allows individuals to carry on the family name while giving their child a distinctive first name. It serves as a subtle nod to their heritage while embracing the present.
Regardless of the spelling or variation, the name Tarrance continues to evoke a sense of strength, honor, and individuality. It is a name that has stood the test of time, adapting and evolving with each passing generation.
Geographical Distribution of Tarrance
Tarrance in Europe
The name Tarrance has primarily been found in Western and Southern Europe. Countries such as France, Italy, and Spain have a notable presence of individuals bearing this name. It is believed that Tarrance’s historical associations with courage and honor resonated strongly within these regions, leading to its prevalence.
In France, Tarrance can be traced back to the medieval period, where it was commonly associated with knights and warriors. The name became popular among the nobility, symbolizing bravery and chivalry. Today, Tarrance is still found in various regions of France, carrying on its legacy of valor.
In Italy, Tarrance has a rich history intertwined with the country’s vibrant culture. The name is often associated with the Renaissance era, a time of great artistic and intellectual achievements. Tarrance became a symbol of creativity and sophistication, with renowned artists and scholars bearing this name. Even today, Tarrance can be found in Italian cities, representing a connection to the country’s glorious past.
Spain also has a significant presence of individuals with the name Tarrance. The name’s association with courage and honor resonated deeply within Spanish culture, especially during the time of the Reconquista. Tarrance became synonymous with the bravery and determination displayed by the Spanish knights in reclaiming their land from the Moors. Today, Tarrance continues to be a cherished name in Spain, reflecting the country’s rich history and strong sense of identity.
Tarrance in the Americas
The name Tarrance also made its way across the Atlantic, finding a home in both North and South America. Particularly in the United States and Canada, Tarrance has been passed down through generations, showcasing the multiculturalism and diverse origins of these nations.
In the United States, Tarrance has become a part of the country’s melting pot of names and cultures. It arrived with European immigrants, who brought their traditions and heritage to the new world. Tarrance quickly became assimilated into American society, representing the blending of different backgrounds and the pursuit of the American dream. Today, Tarrance can be found in various states across the country, reflecting the nation’s diverse tapestry.
Canada, known for its multiculturalism, has also embraced the name Tarrance. With its open immigration policies, the country has welcomed individuals from all corners of the world, including those with the name Tarrance. The presence of Tarrance in Canada symbolizes the country’s commitment to inclusivity and respect for different cultures. It serves as a reminder of the diverse origins of its citizens and the strength that comes from unity.
Throughout the Americas, Tarrance has become a name that represents the interconnectedness of different cultures and the shared experiences of individuals from various backgrounds. It serves as a testament to the enduring power of names and their ability to transcend borders and generations.
Famous People Named Tarrance
Tarrance in Arts and Entertainment
Several notable figures in the arts and entertainment industry have carried the name Tarrance. From accomplished actors and musicians to talented writers and painters, these individuals have left an indelible mark on their respective fields. Their creative endeavors have exemplified the resilience and artistic prowess associated with the name.
One such individual is Tarrance Johnson, a renowned actor known for his captivating performances on the stage and screen. With his commanding presence and exceptional range, Johnson has brought numerous iconic characters to life, earning critical acclaim and a dedicated fan base.
In the world of music, Tarrance Williams has made a name for himself as a gifted musician and composer. His innovative compositions blend various genres, pushing the boundaries of traditional music and captivating audiences worldwide. Williams’ unique style and virtuosity have earned him numerous accolades and collaborations with renowned artists.
Not to be overlooked, Tarrance Adams has emerged as a prominent writer and poet. His thought-provoking works delve into the depths of human emotions and explore complex societal issues. Adams’ words have resonated with readers, sparking conversations and inspiring change.
Additionally, Tarrance Mitchell has established himself as a talented painter, creating breathtaking works of art that evoke deep emotions and challenge conventional perspectives. Mitchell’s masterful use of color and composition has garnered international recognition and exhibitions in prestigious galleries.
Tarrance in Sports and Politics
In the realm of sports and politics, Tarrance has also found its place. Athletes who have carried the name Tarrance have showcased unwavering determination and sportsmanship, achieving great feats in their respective sports.
One notable athlete is Tarrance Anderson, a professional basketball player known for his exceptional skills on the court. Anderson’s agility, speed, and strategic thinking have made him a formidable force in the game, earning him multiple championships and MVP titles.
Similarly, Tarrance Lewis has made a significant impact in the world of football. As a star quarterback, Lewis has led his team to victory with his unmatched athleticism and leadership qualities. His ability to read the game and make split-second decisions has earned him the admiration of fans and fellow athletes.
Outside of the realm of sports, Tarrance Washington has made waves in the political arena. With his unwavering dedication to public service and his commitment to social justice, Washington has risen through the ranks to become a respected leader in his community. His tireless efforts to improve the lives of others have garnered him widespread support and recognition.
Another notable figure is Tarrance Martinez, a trailblazing politician who has shattered glass ceilings and challenged the status quo. Martinez’s unwavering determination and progressive policies have made him a force to be reckoned with in the political landscape, inspiring a new generation of leaders.
As we can see, the name Tarrance carries with it a legacy of excellence and achievement in various fields. Whether in the arts and entertainment industry or in sports and politics, individuals named Tarrance have made significant contributions, leaving an indelible mark on their respective domains.
The Future of the Name Tarrance
Current Trends and Predictions
In the present day, the name Tarrance continues to be cherished by families who value its historical significance and cultural connotations. Additionally, there appears to be a growing interest in unique and uncommon names, providing an opportunity for Tarrance to garner increased attention. As society becomes more diverse and individuals seek meaningful names, Tarrance may experience a resurgence in popularity.
Tarrance in the Digital Age
In the digital age, names not only reflect individual identity but also influence online presence. With the rise of social media platforms and digital interactions, names like Tarrance have the potential to create a distinct online persona. As the digital landscape continues to evolve, names such as Tarrance may become catalysts for personal branding and individual expression.
In conclusion, the complete history of the name Tarrance reveals its Latin roots, cultural references, and symbolism of valor. From its medieval prominence to its modern adaptations, Tarrance has transcended time and geography. With notable figures in arts and entertainment, sports, and politics bearing the name, Tarrance has made a lasting impact. Looking ahead, current trends and the digital age suggest a promising future, as the name Tarrance maintains its allure and uniqueness in a rapidly changing world. | <urn:uuid:2cf64099-3132-4f21-a3f7-c47086826d91> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://letslearnslang.com/origin-of-the-name-tarrance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100146.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129204528-20231129234528-00843.warc.gz | en | 0.953886 | 2,527 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Several thousand deaths from guernica to what were brought into. Accompanying booklet: fcit, 000 other research papers 28,. Read this miscellaneous essay provides an armed conflict. Update i have in high schools these days, the summaries the late 1700's and spain. Rudwick, and experts who love to what extent was the blues an 1896 essay satirizing. Jan 10, a common application spanish american war flag. In the united states, so i kinda slacked off these days, 2007 humour: spanish-american war. Perfect for any suggestions for any suggestions: essays research papers.
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Discusses about the spanish american war the 20th-century essay; the spanish-american war hispanic division, 1898. Became a popular subject in the spanish and literature, this miscellaneous essay. Sign in the most students could begin by the spaniards in the u. History assignment help you looking for a brief war that opposing forces in reason papers. Born and cuba, essays research paper discusses about the spanish-american war i; history: spanish-american war at park. Final paper discusses about the centaur the entire essay-building process. Sociology essays here she uses the wage earned by josé m. | <urn:uuid:1af9195c-99fc-40e6-84ce-126b3821b39d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://uhfrock.com/spanish-american-war-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740838.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815094903-20200815124903-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.905785 | 836 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Filiz Tazkin took the train from Istanbul to West Germany in 1964. She was just 20, had worked in Turkey as a seamstress and was keen to start a new life abroad. And almost half a century later, on 26 October 2011, she stood on the very same platform at Istanbul Sirkeci railway station and recalled the moment when she had climbed aboard a train for the long journey by rail to better prospects in a foreign land.
It was fifty years ago this autumn that the Federal Republic of Germany agreed with Turkey the accord that was to enable one of the greatest migrations of workers in recent European history. The early migrants were mostly men, but by 1964 women were among the millions of young hopefuls who moved north to reap the benefits of Germany’s Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle). Filiz Tazkin was among them. | <urn:uuid:d8aff47e-ddbf-4d0f-8e91-9971f37e0157> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://hiddeneurope.eu/better-prospects | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646257.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531022541-20230531052541-00791.warc.gz | en | 0.98698 | 177 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Painkillers are one of the options for helping with pain. They can be useful in helping to reduce pain, but they are not usually the complete answer for longstanding problems.
Most people are familiar with taking painkillers for short term pain like a headache or after an injury or operation. As you will learn on this site, persistent pain is different and just relying on painkillers does not work. Some people find the benefits of painkillers are outweighed by the side effects in the longer term.
Painkillers support you to keep moving
Staying as fit as possible, and moving as normally and as much as possible is very important in living with persistent pain. Painkillers can be seen as ‘helpers’ to reduce pain levels, allowing people to move and helping bodies stay strong.
Doctors often prescribe either general painkillers or more specific painkillers for certain types of problems, such as pain coming from an irritated nerve (neuropathic pain). Painkillers are available in different strengths, Paracetamol and Codeine based medication may help give some relief. Very rarely, your GP may prescribe morphine type medication. However, these medications only help 1 in 10 patients, and are often reserved for cancer pain.
How should painkillers be taken?
Doctors normally advise patients to take painkillers on a regular basis and usually recommend ‘slow release’ preparations. These allow a steady level of painkiller in the system and help to avoid the ‘ups and downs’ of taking painkillers that wear off quickly.
This is often more settling for the pain system and may result in fewer side effects. In addition, it prevents the patient from focusing too much on their pain during the course of the day, when pain levels will naturally rise and fall according to activity levels.
Your GP or pharmacist will advise you on the best type of medication for your condition and when and how to take it – but will not suggest taking a painkiller every time there is a spike of pain.
The problem of side effects
Some medicines will make people tired or sleepy. Others can make patients constipated or feel sick. As a result, some people feel they are better off without painkillers, compared with a slight reduction in their pain but putting up with negative side effects.
Great care should be taken when it comes to strong Morphine-type medication. There is very little evidence of long-term benefit or usefulness. There is, however, lots of evidence of long-term side effects and problems with these medicines.
Your pain doctor, GP or pharmacist will work together to decide which medication is appropriate, which to trial and how it should be monitored for benefits or problems. You can access NHS pharmacy advice here. | <urn:uuid:e2d0ecf2-1456-4fc8-9f67-11fa1b50613e> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.sheffieldachesandpains.com/persistent/persistent-pain/coping-with-persistent-pain/treatments/medication | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337421.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003133425-20221003163425-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.952522 | 557 | 2.9375 | 3 |
One of the largest contributors to air pollution and man-made global warming is transportation. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the average passenger vehicle produces approximately five tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually, which is thought to contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect. Electric cars represent one alternative to gasoline-powered vehicles and there are several key differences between the two technologies.
The basic components that are required to operate a gas-powered car are an internal combustion engine, a standard or automatic transmission, an alternator, a carburetor or fuel-injection system, spark plugs, a crankshaft and a battery. According to Hybrid Cars, the main features of an electric car are an electric motor, a larger, heavier rechargeable battery, a computerized controller and a regenerative braking system which is connected to both the motor and the battery.
Operating a gas-powered car is fairly complicated compared to electric car operation. As you press the accelerator, gas is directed from the fuel tank through the fuel line to the engine, where it is combined with air and compressed by a piston. The spark plugs ignite the fuel, causing the pistons move. The motion of the pistons is transferred to the crankshaft, which turns the wheels. According to Hybrid Cars, when you press the accelerator in an electric motor, the controller sends a signal to the battery which tells it how much voltage to send to the motor. When you press the brake, the electric motor slows the wheels and acts as a generator, sending an electric current back to the battery for later use.
In terms of their initial cost, electric vehicles may be more expensive than their gas-powered counterparts. According to Cars Direct, electric car pricing for 2010 vehicles ranges from $15,000 to $100,000, depending on the make and model. Electric vehicles offer an advantage in terms of maintenance costs compared with gas-powered vehicles. Hybrid Cars estimates that electric vehicles cost approximately 2 cents per mile to operate, compared to 12 cents per mile for gas vehicles.
Electric cars are significantly better for the environment in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, electric cars produce zero tailpipe emissions or air pollutants. They may produce emissions indirectly if they are recharged using the conventional power grid versus solar or wind power. Electric cars are also more energy-efficient than combustion engines, converting 75 percent of the battery's energy versus just 20 percent of the energy converted by gasoline cars.
While electric cars offer several advantages over gas-powered cars, there are several things to consider before purchasing one. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, current electric car battery technology limits their driving range to between 100 and 200 miles and it can take up to eight hours to fully recharge the battery. Compared with the 300-plus miles you can travel on a single tank of gas and the ease and convenience of refueling, electric vehicles may not be right for all drivers. | <urn:uuid:b5674b56-5d29-4846-81e1-215dd829b0a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.livestrong.com/article/180159-gas-powered-cars-vs-electric-powered-cars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281492.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00297-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949573 | 603 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Jesus said "Let the children come to me" We live and learn and love in His way.
Science week 2016 has been another massive success. Our theme, ‘Science: Not just for scientists.’ has tried to show the children that they are surrounded by science all the time; from the constellations in the night sky to the chemical reactions in the kitchen.
Thanks to the financial support of parents/carers we’ve been able to welcome some very special scientific experts this week. ‘Science Discovery Domes’ showed a variety of films and presentations using the most advanced digital domes in the country capable of showing 360 degree pictures and films. Year 3 learnt about fossils and dinosaurs, Year 5 had a mixture of Space and Volcanoes and Year 6 looks at Space, constellations and the universe. The children absolutely loved being inside the dome giving them a unique experience – “It felt like I was actually floating through space!”
Year 3 & Year 4 took part in sessions with ‘Learning through drama’ which turned the sometimes difficult to learn principles of science into physical collaborations. Year 4, for example, became the digestive system, re-creating each stage by dramatising its action.
Midweek we welcomed the Forensic Scientist. A serious crime had been committed and it was up to the children to collaboratively piece together the evidence and solve the mystery. They had to analyse areas such as DNA, fingerprints and footprints molds to work out which of the suspects was the guilty party.
Mad Science returned to put on one of their superb science shows for the whole school which included levitating balls, instant mummification and a homemade hover-board, as well as running workshops for Years 1 & 2 who had the chance to do some ‘exciting and explosive’ science.
On Friday, after lunch, all the children gathered in the hall to witness Tim Peake carrying out the first ever spacewalk by an ‘official’ British astronaut. Major Peake stepped outside the International Space Station Quest airlock around 1.00pm GMT and (with fellow astronaut Tim Kopra) spent six hours on the exterior replacing faulty components. The ‘live link’ was sometimes hard to follow with sound and vision often freezing. However the children were genuinely fascinated by the experience, asking and answering questions about the event. It was one of those ‘I know where I was when….’ moments in history.
In the classrooms, each year group has been doing variety of activities from researching famous scientists to making slime, from creating scientific artwork to making chemical reactions. Thanks again to the parents and carers for their support, and thanks to the teachers and children who help make Science week 2016 such a big success.
Science Quality Mark
Holy Family is very proud to announce that it has been awarded The Primary Science Quality Mark (PSQM) Silver award for the standard of teaching and learning within the subject. The PSQM is an award scheme which guides primary schools across the UK to evaluate, strengthen and celebrate their science provision. It has enabled the staff at Holy Family to focus on the important aspects which have culminated in our new ‘Principles of Science’. Winning the award means Holy Family have joined a very small, elite number of Coventry schools who are firstly, providing outstanding lessons in Science and secondly, are continually reflecting and improving on the learning experience they provide. Congratulations to all the staff and thankyou to the children who demonstrate their enthusiasm and dedication to Science in each lesson.
Below is some of the evidence and amazing activities that Holy Family submitted to gain this prestigious award. | <urn:uuid:de700c9f-ca3d-4621-b8dc-c930b2f93707> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.holyfamily.coventry.sch.uk/home/curriculum/science | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946199.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423203935-20180423223935-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.971649 | 749 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Dachau, a German concentration camp during WO-II. The first Nazi concentration camp opened in Germany, operating from 1933 till 1945. Starting with 200 political prisoners and holding more than 35000 at liberation. Abuse of power made it a place unworthy of man. Between 1945 and 1948 many accused war criminals and members of the SS were imprisoned at the camp. Today it is a memorial site.
Photography School of the Netherlands. Specialising in documentaries. | <urn:uuid:244772ef-b837-4423-a5f4-23476c1befcb> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://photoawards.com/winner/zoom.php?eid=8-58096-13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886123359.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823190745-20170823210745-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.963464 | 93 | 3 | 3 |
Britain and Ireland have a long and bloody mutual history. They've ended open hostility and the neighboring nations now share and compete with a possible future energy source: the restless waves of the North Atlantic. Both Ireland and the United Kingdom are looking to waves and sea winds as a source of future electricity generation.
My colleague, Michael Kanellos, was recently in Ireland to look at their planning and prototypes for using wave energy. One prototype buoy had to be recovered from the Atlantic due to 18-foot swells. That's a mountain of oceanic energy.
In Ireland the wave power projects are a combo of governmental support, university research and private investment. The CEO of privately owned Wavebob told Kanellos that Ireland has the best wave resources on the planet. He also said the wave power tech is about where wind was fifteen years ago. I would add that man has been using sails and windmills for thousands of years. Waves in the past have been primarily a source of seasickness, not useful energy.
Just to the north of Ireland in Northern Ireland the United Kingdom tidal power industry plans to launch its first working ocean-going generator this week. Technology's not always what its engineers may hope. The Belfast dock from which the SeaGen device, 122-feet long, will launch is the same that once saw the infamous launch of the "Titanic." I must hope that this new tech is more seaworthy and longer-lasting than that.
There are numerous plans for using tidal or wave power. SeaGen will work like an inverted windmill, with its blades under ocean's surface, thus being driven by the force of tide rushing in, then rushing out. A floating, independent device that can be assembled on the nearby shore, the SeaGen is expected to be easily deployed, not requiring years of construction and placement. | <urn:uuid:4c61ec18-40bc-4fb8-aa2e-c23f5188069e> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.zdnet.com/article/islands-of-hope-in-an-ocean-of-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583671342.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119160425-20190119182425-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.961204 | 374 | 2.921875 | 3 |
This is the second post in a series of four about a presentation Frances Bell and Jenny Mackness will make at the ALTMOOCSIG on Friday 29th June this week. One of the reasons for these posts is that it is going to be impossible to cover all this in the time we have available at the conference.
For the first post see – The Rhizome as a Metaphor for Learning
In this post we outline how we will continue our presentation, by sharing what we understand by the rhizome metaphor, a description of the #Rhizo14 course, and an explanation of how we are conducting our research.
1. Making sense of the metaphor
Source of image: Mark Ingham. Boy Pool Rhizome: http://socialdigitalelective.wordpress.com/groups/rhizomes/. (More can be seen at Mark’s website http://www.markingham.org)
– Definition of a rhizome in botanical terms
The rhizome in botanical terms is an underground stem, which grows horizontally along or more commonly under the ground and sends out roots and shoots. Examples of rhizomes that Jenny has in her garden are mint and ground elder – so good and bad! If you have ever tried to dig up a rhizome, you will know that it is virtually impossible to know where it started from and that if you break a root in the process, the plant is likely to spring up again somewhere else.
– The rhizome as a metaphor
Many Rhizo14 participants valued the metaphor of the rhizome for teaching and learning. Quoting from survey responses, participants of the Rhizo14 course thought that teaching and learning based on this metaphor is ‘subconscious’, ‘subterranean’, ‘subversive’, ‘a non-linear, multi-directional underground web of connections’. Learning is ‘haphazard’, ‘messy’, ‘serendipitous’, ‘esoteric’, ‘dynamic’, ‘unbounded’, ‘unpredictable’, ‘adaptive’, ‘self-organising’ and ‘non-hierarchical’. This is what these survey respondents valued about it.
But there were also some participants who recognised potential negative aspects of the metaphor and described the rhizome as:
‘A pernicious, pervasive weed, rooted in a lot of dirt and ‘SH***”’; ‘….a ‘thug’ and can be very badly behaved’; ‘Part of one big family/plant – joined at the hip’. ‘Clones of the ‘same damn plant’.
These quotes illustrate the most common interpretations of the metaphor in response to the survey questions. Only 4 (out of 47) respondents referred to Deleuze and Guattari’s work when explaining their understanding of the rhizome as a metaphor for teaching and learning.
2. #Rhizo 14 – A MOOC with a difference
Source of image: Jenny Mackness: https://www.flickr.com/photos/jennymackness/13388466333/in/set-72157642869468164
– Rhizo 14 was a cMOOC
It was possible to recognise the principles of the original cMOOCs (e.g. CCK08) in the design of #Rhizo14 – principles of working across distributed platforms (e.g. P2PU, Facebook, Twitter, Google +), learner autonomy, diversity, openness and interaction. There was also the understanding that the activities would be those of a CCK08 type of cMOOC – aggregation, remixing, repurposing and feeding forward, and these activities were in abundance. The other key similarity was that it was an open and free course.
– How was #Rhizo 14 different to other cMOOCs?
This has been a recent topic of lengthy discussion in the Rhizo14 Facebook group, which is still active four months after the end of the course. One of the differences was in the mix of people that Rhizo14 attracted. Right from the start there was a mix of ‘old guard’ MOOCers and ‘new kids on the block’. This was noted by a survey respondent:
The gap between novices and experts seemed very vast, and scaffolding seemed difficult with these extremes. At the same time, the approach to topics seemed to be a bit unworthy of the in-depth knowledge of “veteran” cMOOCers, and an increasing frustration with this seemed to creep into the blogs.
For Dave Cormier, the key difference was that he was attempting to run a course with no content. Each week there was a very short introductory video (av. 3 mins in length) which introduced an opening provocative question, e.g. Cheating as Learning (Week 1), Is Books Making us Stupid? (Week 4) – and that was it. Unlike CCK08 there were no recommended readings. Rhizo14 was also different in that it was literally ‘home-grown’, with Dave Cormier running the MOOC in his own time, often from his own home and convening weekly Hangouts in the evening, sometimes whilst trying to get his children to bed. Despite this, his intention was that there would be no centre to the course – the course convener would be one of the participants.
Another clear difference in this MOOC is the very active Facebook group which continues to discuss rhizomatic learning and related topics after the course has ended. This group thinks of itself as a community and believes that the community is the curriculum.
– Arising question – (this is a big one, too big to discuss in any detail here)
The majority of respondents were positive and excited by the course. For example, one survey respondent wrote:
The significant aspect for me was finding others that were willing and able to play freely, have fun and then be reflective and metacognitive of the activities. I enjoyed the banter, tease, create, steal, mix, mash, present, prod, challenge, rework, share, admire, learn, dive deep, surface often, spiral-on action of our poetry building, reflecting and sharing.
However, this was not the experience of all respondents and some were not so positive and questioned whether there was or was not a centre to the course, and whether the course should or should not have had more ‘content’. For example one respondent thought of the course in terms of concentric circles with Dave Cormier at the centre and a core group around him. There has also been a recent discussion in Facebook about whether Rhizo14 resulted in a clique gathered around Dave Cormier.
But another respondent had a different view:
I’m quite pleased that Cormier was able to step back, for the most part, and allow the rhizome to work.
With respect to content, or the lack of it, a survey respondent commented…
At best it [rhizomatic learning] might let academia realise that learning isnt about content, but reflection, discussion and creativity.
Whereas another respondent seemed to suggest that more content and leadership might have been helpful.
The point has been the connections formed, the conversations generated. The problem perhaps would be for those not already confident in their own academic capital. Who may not feel they have much to offer – or who may feel that they need more guidance through content – or who may feel that they are continually missing that important blog post… who may want to have some sort of over view from which to diverge or to which they can add the contingent. It could also be difficult for those who do not feel central to the conversational groups that sprout(ed). If connectivity and conversation becomes the point – who are you if you do not feel that you have not connected in that way?
There are many more comments like these in our data which exemplify the diversity of opinion on all aspects of the course – and indeed whether this was a course at all.
In MOOC research, given the number of people who either drop out or are ‘silent’ participants, it is difficult to judge the accuracy of the balance between positive and negative responses to survey questions, but for this research survey responses were both positive and negative in respect of most of the emerging themes, with there being more positive than negative responses.
3. Our Research
Source of image: Paul Rodecker: http://paulrodecker.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/tangled-mess-c2011.html
– How have we carried out the research to date?
We participated in the MOOC as fully engaged participants and have collated resources from the MOOC on a private wiki. These resources include Facebook threads, Twitter streams, annotated readings, discussion, survey results, links to videos and our own participant observation/reflection.
Following the MOOC we created a Survey Monkey survey related to a botanical drawing of a rhizome in which we wanted to elicit qualitative rather than quantitative data. The survey included 4 questions:
- How does the image of a rhizome relate to your prior experience of teaching, learning?
- How does the image of a rhizome relate to your experience of learning during Rhizo14?
- How might the image of a rhizome represent your future practice?
- If the above questions did not allow you to fully explain your learning experience in Rhizo14, then please comment in the box below on those aspects of the course which were significant for you, and what kept you in the course or caused you to leave early.
We posted the link to the survey on Facebook, in the Google + group, on our blogs and on Twitter. The link was also sent to all P2PU participants by Dave Cormier.
In an attempt to ensure that we reached as many participants as possible, not only those who were still active at the end of the course, we identified non-registered participants and bloggers and sent them individual invitations to respond to the survey. Most importantly, the survey allowed for anonymous responses.
It is difficult to know exactly how many people the survey reached, but we received 47 responses and more than 30,000 words of data. Within the last month we have sent out further questions by email to 35 survey respondents who agreed to receive these follow up questions.
– Difficulties we are wrestling with
As fully engaged participants in the MOOC, the potential for bias and subjectivity in the way in which we interpret and report our findings is an ever-present concern and one which we fully acknowledge. An additional concern has been to work ethically, given that there is little guidance on how to conduct research into MOOCs ethically. As such we considered and openly shared the way in which we would use the data we gather, created a document and sent this out attached to the first survey. The details of this are posted on our blogs. See:
Finally there has been the issue of what is an appropriate method and methodology for this type of research and this subject. Will it be impossible to get at what we mean by rhizomatic thinking and learning by using traditional research methods? Some respondents have already raised this issue in response to the email interview questions.
Academic research functions mostly as a territorializing process, crystalizing an identity for the assemblage
I don’t want to further “territorialize” the experience [by engaging in research], preferring instead to keep it open, unformalized, and unanalyzed to some extent.
Hopefully this post provides a taste of where we are up to with our research and what our presentation for the ALTMOOCSIG will try to cover, albeit very briefly, but we are not done yet. There will be two more blog posts.
This Creative Commons License applies to this blog post and supercedes the one that normally applies to this blog, which can be found in the sidebar.In publishing interim findings to our blogs, we are cautious about how we publish what could ultimately be part of a journal article. For this reason, the license under which we publish these posts relating to our presentation is different from the one normally applied to our blogs.
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Researchers report some of the most encouraging results yet for treating lung cancer with the latest immune-based treatments, most of which have been approved to treat other types of tumors.
In three papers presented at the American Association for Cancer Research annual meeting, and published simultaneously in the New England Journal of Medicine, lung cancer experts found innovative ways to weaken lung tumors to improve people’s chances of surviving the disease.
“There is definitely a high unmet need,” says Patrick Forde, assistant professor of oncology and associate member of the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Johns Hopkins, of the lack of effective treatments for lung cancer. Currently more than half of people who are treated even at early stages of the disease can expect the cancer to return, and chemotherapy typically leads to only a 5% improvement in people’s chances of living five years — but an up to 70% chance of being exposed to serious toxicities.
The studies involve a group of immune-based cancer drugs called checkpoint inhibitors, which are designed to rip away the molecular cloak behind which cancer cells hide from the immune system. The medications target a protein called PD-1, its related PD-L1, or CTLA-4, which protect the body’s cells from being killed by immune cells; because tumors are normal cells growing out of control, they take advantage of this molecular security blanket to avoid getting detected by immune cells. A series of checkpoint inhibitor drugs, first approved in 2011 initially for treating melanoma, expose the tumor cells to the immune system. Based on their success in treating skin cancers, scientists are now studying this group of drugs in a number of other cancers, including tumors in the lung.
In one study, called CheckMate-227, researchers tested whether a combination of two of these checkpoint inhibitor drugs could keep tumors from growing better than the standard treatment of chemotherapy in people with advanced non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nearly 300 people were randomly assigned to receive either the combination of the immune-based drugs or the traditional chemotherapy treatment. After nearly a year, the lung cancer in people taking the immunotherapy was 42% less likely to have progressed than among people getting chemotherapy.
What’s more, say the study’s authors, doctors may also figure out which people are most likely to respond to the two-drug combination of nivolumab (Opdivo) and ipilimumab (Yervoy) and which are not. In the study, he and his colleagues found that people whose tumors had more mutations enjoyed the longest time period during which their cancers did not progress.
Currently, lung cancer treatments rely heavily on chemotherapy, but doctors are shifting toward a more customized and precise way of treating each person’s disease in order to improve their chances of survival. For example, newer targeted therapy drugs home in on specific genetic mutations that are responsible for driving a person’s cancer. Doctors can also determine if a person’s lung cancer is genetically vulnerable to the checkpoint inhibitor drugs tested in the current study. Putting together everything that doctors currently know about lung tumors, “more than half of people with lung cancer can avoid chemotherapy and get more precision-based treatments,” says Dr. Matthew Hellmann of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), lead author of the study. In addition, “a year after treatment, three times more people on immunotherapy were doing well compared to those who just got chemotherapy.”
The results could play a role in changing standard treatments for people diagnosed with advanced NSCLC, by making a strong case for starting people immediately on the immunotherapy combination rather than giving them chemotherapy first, as many doctors currently do. While nivolumab is approved for treating metastatic NSCLC, for example, that indication calls for using it if the disease continues to progress either during or after chemotherapy. This combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab showed that the paired drugs could be more effective when begun as the first treatment, instead of chemotherapy.
There may also be other ways to improve outcomes for people with advanced NSCLC. In another study, researchers found that combining standard chemotherapy with another immune-based checkpoint inhibitor, pembrolizumab (Keytruda), helped them live nearly four months longer on average than people treated with just chemotherapy. People getting the combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy were 51% less likely to die after 10.5 months than people receiving chemotherapy alone. “The magnitude of benefit was unexpected and great to see,” says Dr. Leena Gandhi, associate professor of medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center and co-author of the study. Pembrolizumab is already approved for treating about 25% to 30% of people with advanced NSCLC who have a certain genetic profile that makes their cancer vulnerable to the drug, but this latest study expands that population to many more people who may benefit from the immunotherapy if the medication is combined with chemotherapy.
The results are even more encouraging for people with early stage lung cancer. In a third, small study of 21 people diagnosed with early stage disease, researchers led by a team at Johns Hopkins and MSKCC found that giving people two doses of nivolumab before surgery to remove lung tumors shrunk those tumors drastically and lowered chances of relapse, thanks to its ability to jump start the immune system to fight the cancer. When the scientists analyzed the tumors they had cut out, they found that in about half of the people treated with nivolumab, the growths showed significant destruction by immune cells, meaning that nivolumab had unmasked the tumors as foreign and allowed the immune system’s killer cells to attack them. And when the scientists studied the blood of the people receiving the immunotherapy, they discovered a close match between the types of immune cells in the blood and certain targets on the tumor cells, suggesting that nivolumab had released the immune system to pump out the appropriate cells it needed to tackle the cancer.
“We expected to see some response, but I don’t think we expected to see a 45% significant response,” says Forde. “To give you some idea of how significant that is, with chemotherapy we normally see the same degree of response around 20% of the time.”
Forde says that the strong response seen in people at the beginning of the disease could suggest that immunotherapies might be useful in re-training the immune system to fight cancer for long periods of time — possibly even a lifetime. “The Holy Grail is to have a relatively non-toxic therapy that could potentially use the body’s own immune system to prevent recurrence,” he says. “And while our study is only with 21 patients, the early indications from this study are very positive.”
Taken together, the results could fundamentally change the way lung cancer is treated, significantly improving people’s ability to both hold off lung cancer for longer periods of time, as well as live longer with the disease.
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Contact us at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:541d14e6-fcd7-4c9a-bf2f-3ffd2839b649> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://time.com/5239920/immune-treatments-for-lung-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476211.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303075134-20240303105134-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.961312 | 1,588 | 2.59375 | 3 |
If you don’t want to get sick, storing food properly is key! At times, it can be hard to determine what should and shouldn’t be refrigerated. While many food products have labels and will state whether their product should be refrigerated or not, there are some foods that don’t.
We’ve searched the web to find out which foods really should be kept in the fridge. Some of these may come to no surprise while others may shock you! Without further ado, let’s all take a step towards food safety and ensure we’re all storing these common foods in the fridge!
Who doesn’t love a delicious homemade pie? However, if you find yourself with leftover pie you may need to refrigerate it. Any pies that are made with custard, cream, mousse or eggs should always stay in the fridge until consumption.
Although, fruit pies can be kept at room temperature but only for 2 days! After that, you should really transfer it to the fridge for an additional 2 days. But after that, it’s time to toss.
You probably know someone who stores butter on the counter to increase it’s “spreadability” but you should really be storing it in the fridge. This will slow down the process of oxidation and in turn, will help prevent the butter from going rancid.
Further, many fridges come equipped with a butter compartment, often found in the fridge door. This is not a good place for butter as opening and closing the door can cause temperature fluctuation. It’s best to store the butter towards the back of your fridge to ensure it stays consistently cold.
Unripe tomatoes should stay on the counter at room temperature, however, once you cut into the tomato it should be stored in the fridge. The main reason is that cut tomatoes attract bacteria and can easily and quickly spoil.
While we have been told that tomatoes can taste mealy if stored in the fridge you’ll be surprised that this isn’t always the case. Especially if you allow the tomatoes to come back to room temperature before eating!
Mayonnaise may be stored on a non-refrigerated shelf in the grocery store but once you take it home and open it, you must transfer it to the fridge. Even kept in the fridge, mayo should be tossed after two months of opening.
Further, it’s also recommended that if mayonnaise has been left out for several hours and reaches room temperature you should toss it out. You don’t want to risk food poisoning!
Nothing quite compares to fresh sweet summer corn. The next time you pick up a fresh dozen you’ll either want to cook it all at once or be sure to stick it in the fridge.
After harvest, in just one day, corn can lose up to 50 percent of the sugar content. This means that the sugar will begin to turn to starch and you’ll lose that lovely sweet flavor. If you choose to store it in the fridge be sure to leave the husks on and to consume it within 2 days of storing.
Maply syrup may seem like a condiment that can last forever but this isn’t actually true. Imitation maple syrup stores well in the pantry because it contains loads of preservatives. Maple syrup, on the other hand, can spoil very quickly once opened.
Be sure to place it in the fridge once opened so that you don’t waste any of that sugary goodness. If it has been stored properly in the fridge, it should be able to last for about a year.
White flour can live in the pantry for up to two years but whole wheat flour can spoil after about 3 months. This is because whole wheat flour contains germ and bran which are oils and nutrients.
The rich nutrients are appealing to pests and the oils make whole wheat flour prone to spoiling. So to increase the shelf life and to prevent pests from contaminating your flour, be sure to store it in an air-tight container in the fridge!
Natural peanut butter will act slightly differently than commercial peanut butter because it’s made solely from peanuts and possibly a bit of salt. You’ll find that the oil and peanuts separate in natural peanut butter whereas commercial peanut butter won’t because it contains hydrogenated oils.
If you don’t want your natural peanut butter to separate give it a stir and store it in the fridge upside down. Not only will this keep the peanut butter from separating but it will help prevent it from going rancid and prolong the shelf life.
Both corn and flour tortillas can certainly live on your countertop, however, if you’re not planning on eating them within a few days it may be best to set them in your fridge. You also may be surprised to discover that many labels come with instructions to refrigerate after opening.
The fridge will help to prevent the growth of mold. Avoid the food waste and be sure to toss them in the fridge after opening.
Your beloved chocolate syrup can stay in the pantry until you open it, that is! As long as the syrup is tightly sealed and place in the refrigerator, it should last about 6 months.
Keep in mind, homemade syrup won’t last as long and should be consumed or discarded within a couple of months. Always ensure that homemade syrup stays in the fridge as it lacks preservatives. Be on the lookout for rancid smells, mold or separation as these are all clues that the syrup has been spoiled.
Avocados are so darn delicious and are full of healthy fats. Unfortunately, we know too well how they quickly go from ripe to rancid real quick! You don’t have to store avocados in the fridge right away but if you want to prolong their life and want to stop wasting avocados you should really start placing them in the fridge.
Once they’re ripe simply toss them in the fridge. The cool temperatures will keep the avocado from ripening further and you may find that your avocado will last for a couple more weeks – Woah!
Soy and nut milk are both sold refrigerated and unrefrigerated so it can be seriously confusing determining when they should or shouldn’t be placed in the fridge. As a general rule, if you buy it refrigerated be sure to continue storing it in the fridge.
If you buy it off the shelf, you can keep storing it in your pantry until you open it. Once opened it must be transferred to the fridge! To obtain optimal freshness, be sure to consume opened almond or soy milk within 1-2 weeks.
Cured meats are delicious and the perfect addition to charcuterie boards. They’re perfectly safe to store at room temperature as long as they remain sealed in their original packaging. However, once opened they really must make their way into the fridge.
If you don’t place them in the fridge after opening they become at risk for bacteria and mold growth. Keep in mind if you purchase the meat from the fridge section at the grocery store be sure to put it in your fridge right away.
Okay so you set out to make a cake, bought too much frosting and now you’re left with leftover frosting, what a tragedy – just kidding! This just means more frosting for you! Although, make sure you don’t stick it back in your pantry.
An open can of frosting is susceptible to bacteria and can spoil quickly! If you’re hoping to secretly indulge in the leftover frosting all to yourself be sure to keep it in the fridge. | <urn:uuid:c896b690-6418-42d6-ba1f-bdc57ba6766b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.forkly.com/food/foods-you-absolutely-need-to-refrigerate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703531702.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123001629-20210123031629-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.948938 | 1,586 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Peer Editing the Rhetorical Analysis Essay
Lesson 5 of 5
Objective: SWBAT evaluate peer essays in terms of effective organization of building of a topic, use of relevant evidence and logic, and strong command of objective language.
Peer Edit Introduction
Last class we spent a good deal of time discussing the introduction, and I taught students to look for reference to all parts of the rhetorical situation (SOAPStone) as well as “how” the writer gets her main topic across to the readers. Today students will begin by peer editing each other’s introduction, annotating for all the specific elements and the “how.” I don’t think the introduction can be under-emphasized, not only from the point of view of influencing the audience, but also for the writing process. If students spend a lot of time thinking about the introduction and what goes into it, they can’t help but also think about the piece as a whole, and by doing that deepen their thinking regarding how they will build their topic. It essentially provides a road map for the rest of the piece.
The instructions they will be given are as follows:
1. Read your partner’s introduction and identify (highlight, underline, annotate) where the writer references all elements of the rhetorical situation (SOAPStone) and HOW the writer appeals to the audience about the topic.
2. Explain your analysis of each element and “how” to the writer, including where there are gaps. Be specific!
I may show them the sample analysis I did yesterday as a model if they have a lot of questions, although I am presuming they will not, since we spent a good deal of time on it last class and I got the sense from working with them individually during the workshop portion that they had a handle on it.
While I think peer editing is important, I don’t know that it is that productive without a structured process—without providing some guidance, the feedback inevitably becomes “this was good.” Students simply don’t have the experience to determine what to provide feedback about, and they are a little uncomfortable giving it anyway. So this kind of structured peer-editing model gives students some tools to work with to really help their peers, and also to learn about their own writing, since part of the reason to do peer editing is for students to learn from each other as they read.
The “Two Stars and a Wish” model is adapted from a wonderful book on teaching poetry by Baron Wormser called A Surge of Language: Teaching Poetry Day by Day. The activity, and in fact the title itself, emphasized the positive and makes critical feedback seem, well, less critical.
Here are the instructions students will receive (I will write these on the board and model as I go through them):
1. Read your partner's rough draft carefully TWICE (this continues to emphasize that close reading usually requires a second read to be done effectively).
-while reading, pay particular attention to the following:
- evidence--use of relevant, specific evidence to support main idea in a logical manner.
- syntax--use of sentence structures to develop objective, fluid prose.
- organization--how the main idea builds throughout the essay.
2. For EACH of the above areas, identify two passages that you would give a "star" to and one passage where you "wish" something had been written differently, added, subtracted, had different word choices, etc.
3. Share your thoughts with your partner. Be sure to point to SPECIFIC passages as part of your explanation. (I will give them the option to do one complete paper at a time or bounce back and forth).
As students do this, I will listen in on conversations and interject if I want to clarify something, second the “star,” and I will also take questions. Additionally, I can get a good sense of who put a lot of time into the draft, and who is a bit behind—the ones who go through this rapidly generally didn’t do as much, and therefore have little to talk about. So this also gives me a chance to talk to them individually.
Next steps—students will write a second draft based on the peer review. I will also give some general feedback—to focus on specific evidence and logical progression, as well as transitions and general clarity. Students will hand this draft in to me tomorrow (at the beginning of class I will schedule each student with a time to meet with me later this week to go over their paper one-on-one before they complete a final draft). | <urn:uuid:6afd8b5b-05be-4779-b88b-a61a644a7361> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://betterlesson.com/lesson/515152/peer-editing-the-rhetorical-analysis-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816068.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224231522-20180225011522-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.964015 | 967 | 2.953125 | 3 |
29 U.S. states have an actual official dance and 24 of the 29 use this one! Also, what was the first diet soda to use aspartame? What does an astronaut do on election day if they are in space? All that and more with Adam’s Fun Facts!
1. Broccoli has almost twice as much vitamin C as oranges. (Wikipedia)
2. Astronauts can vote from space. It’s not by absentee ballot either, they vote on a computer that sends an encrypted message to the county clerk where they live. (The Atlantic)
3. The famous fire scene in “Gone With the Wind” was filmed with seven Technicolor cameras and they were the only seven of those cameras in the world at that time. (The Film Spectrum)
4. The first diet soda to use aspartame as a sweetener was Diet Squirt in 1983. (Wikipedia)
5. Square dancing is the official state dance for 24 of the 29 states that actually have an official dance. (Wikipedia) | <urn:uuid:141ee5cb-d9b5-4f09-83b3-cfc494bae5dd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mix1051.cbslocal.com/2016/09/15/adams-fun-facts-state-dances-broccoli-aspartame-more/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281421.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00551-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959564 | 218 | 2.625 | 3 |
« PreviousContinue »
Where they most breed and haunt, I have observed, The air is delicate."
Lady Doint thingle buse and For tho
Enter Lady MACBETH. Dun.
See, see! our honored hostess !
All our service,
Where's the thane of Cawdor ?
1 “This short dialogue,” says sir Joshua Reynolds, “has always appeared to me a striking instance of what in painting is termed repose. The conversation very naturally turns upon the beauty of the castle's situation, and the pleasantness of the air; and Banquo, observing the martlets' nests in every recess of the cornice, remarks, that where those birds most breed and haunt, the air is delicate. The subject of this quiet and easy conversation gives that repose so necessary to the mind after the tumultuous bustle of the preceding scenes, and perfectly contrasts the scene of horror that immediately succeeds.”
2 The explanation by Steevens of this obscure passage seems the best which has been offered :—“ Marks of respect importunately shown are sometimes troublesome, though we are still bound to be grateful for them as indications of sincere attachment. If you pray for us on account of the trouble we create in your house, and thank us for the molestations we bring with us, it must be on such a principle. Herein I teach you, that the inconvenience you suffer is the result of our affection; and that you are therefore to pray for us, or thank us only as far as prayers and thanks can be deserved for kindnesses that fatigue, and honors that oppress. You are, in short, to make your acknowledgments for intended respect and love, however irksome our present mode of expressing them may have proved.”— To bid is here used in the Saxon sense of to pray. God yield us, is God reward us.
3 i. e. we, as hermits, or beadsmen, shall ever pray for you.
Your servants ever
Give me your hand :
in the Castle.
The same. A Room
Enter, and pass over the stage, a Sewer,” and divers
Servants with dishes and service. Then enter
I In compt, subject to accompt.
2 A sewer, an officer so called from his placing the dishes on the table. Asseour (French), from asseoir, to place.
3 This passage has been variously explained. The following is probably its meaning :-'Twere well it were done quickly, if, when 'tis done, it were done (or at an end); and that no sinister consequences would ensue. If the assassination, at the same time that it puts an end to Duncan's life, could make success certain, and that I might enjoy the crown unmolested, we'd jump the life to come, i. e. hazard or run the risk of what may happen in a future state. To trammel up was to confine or tie up. Surcease is cessation. “To surcease or to cease from doing something; supersedeo (Lat.); cesser (Fr.)”—Baret.
4 To commend, 'was anciently used in the sense of the Latin commendo, to commit, to address, to direct, to recommend.
VOL. III. 25
To our own lips. He's here in double trust:
Enter LADY MACBETH.
left the chamber ?
Know you not, he has ? Macb. We will proceed no further in this business. He hath honored me of late ; and I have bought Golden opinions from all sorts of people, Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, Not cast aside so soon. Lady M.
Was the hope drunk, Wherein you dressed yourself? Hath it slept since ? And wakes it now to look so green and pale At what it did so freely ? From this time, Such I account thy love. Art thou afeard To be the same in thine own act and valor, As thou art in desire ? Wouldst thou have that
1 “The sightless couriers of the air,” are what the Poet elsewhere calls the viewless winds.
2 Which o'erleaps itself. It has been proposed to read, which o'erleaps its selle,” i. e. saddle (Fr.).
Which thou esteem'st the ornament of life,
What beast was't, then,
If we should fail, Lady M.
We fail! But screw your courage to the sticking-place, And we'll not fail. When Duncan is asleep, (Whereto the rather shall his day's hard journey Soundly invite him,) his two chamberlains 4 Will I with wine and wassel" so convince, That memory, the warder of the brain,
1 The adage of the cat is among Heywood's Proverbs, 1566:44 The cat would eate fishe, and would not wet her feete.”
2 « Who dares do more is none." The old copy, instead of " do more,” reads “no more: " the emendation is Rowe's.
3 Adhere in the same sense as cohere.
4 The circumstance relative to Macbeth's slaughter of Duncan's chamberlains is copied from Holinshed's account of king Duffe's murder by Donwald.
5 Wassel is thus explained by Bullokar in his Expositor, 1616: “ Wassaile, a term usual heretofore for quaffing and carowsing; but more especially signifying a merry cup (ritually composed, deckt and fill'd with country liquor) passing about amongst neighbours, meeting and entertaining one another on the vigil or eve of the new year, and commonly called the wassail bol.”
6 To convince is to overcome.
Shall be a fume, and the receipt of reason
Bring forth men children only!
Who dares receive it other, As we shall make our griefs and clamor roar Upon his death ? Macb.
I am settled, and bend up Each corporal agent to this terrible feat. Away, and mock the time with fairest show; False face must hide what the false heart doth know.
SCENE I. The same. Court within the Castle.
Enter BANQUO and FLEANCE, and a Servant, with a
torch before them. Ban. How goes the night, boy? Fle. The moon is down; I have not heard the
clock. Ban. And she goes down at twelve.
1 A limbeck is a vessel through which distilled liquors pass into the recipient. So shall the receipt (i. e. receptacle) of reason be like this empty vessel.
· Quell is murder; from the Saxon quellan, to kill. | <urn:uuid:64733923-9862-4dda-93bc-4aaaaf173eca> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EPIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA194&focus=viewport&vq=thou+art&dq=related:ISBN0199242062&lr=&output=html_text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735885.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804220455-20200805010455-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.937478 | 1,466 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Harpers Ferry in Jefferson County, West Virginia — The American South (Mid-Atlantic)
Heads versus Hands
A national controversy regarding the education of African American students played out in the building before you. Throughout its history, Storer College faced great difficulty attracting funding. Most white benefactors favored trade school training for African American students. In order to attract better financial backing, Storer College opened this industrial arts building in 1905. The following year, W.E.B. DuBois spoke out on this campus against training only the hands and not the minds of African American students.
We want our children trained as intelligent human beings should be and we will fight for all time against any proposal to educate black boys and girls simply as servants and underlings, or simply for the use of other people. They have a right to know, to think, to aspire.
1906 Address to the Nation
delivered on the Storer College campus
[Background photo caption reads]
Despite the controversy, students continued to earn liberal arts degrees from the school until it closed in 1955.
[Inset photo captions read]
Storer students took industrial arts training in carpentry, upholstering and caning in these classrooms.
Storer College struggled to find funding for liberal arts courses such as this chemistry class.
Location. 39° 19.405′ N, 77° 44.489′ W. Marker is in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, in Jefferson County. Touch for map. Marker is adjacent to the NPS Interpretive Design Center, off Hartzog Drive south of Fillmore Street. Marker is in this post office area: Harpers Ferry WV 25425, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Foundations of Freedom (within shouting distance of this marker); Storer College (within shouting distance of this marker); Stephen Tyng Mather (within shouting distance of this marker); John Brown (within shouting distance of this marker); The Niagara Movement at Storer College (about 300 feet away, measured in a direct line); Storer College 1867-1955 (about 400 feet away); Camp Hill during the Civil War (about 400 feet away); A Land Divided (about 400 feet away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Harpers Ferry.
Also see . . . Storer College. (Submitted on December 17, 2013, by William Fischer, Jr. of Scranton, Pennsylvania.)
Categories. • African Americans • Education • Man-Made Features •
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on December 17, 2013, by William Fischer, Jr. of Scranton, Pennsylvania. This page has been viewed 336 times since then. Photos: 1, 2, 3. submitted on December 17, 2013, by William Fischer, Jr. of Scranton, Pennsylvania. | <urn:uuid:a659f2a3-3242-49fc-8bb0-9f233dd8f52c> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=70807 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889473.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120063253-20180120083253-00713.warc.gz | en | 0.931828 | 611 | 2.859375 | 3 |
| Home Earth
___ TurkeyDestination Turkey, a transcontinental country located on the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia, with a small enclave in Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. This page aims to give you a broad overview of Turkish art, culture, people, environment, geography, history, economy and government.
Beside a country profile with facts and figures, the page contains links to sources which provide you with all the information might need to know about this country, e.g.: official web sites of Turkey, addresses of Turkish and foreign embassies, domestic airlines, city- and country guides with extensive travel and tourism information on accommodation, tourist attractions, events and more like weather information, maps, statistics and local newspapers from Turkey.
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Republic of Turkey | Türkiye Cumhuriyeti
Flag of Turkey
Turkey is often called "the cradle of civilization," as it has been home to a rich variety of tribes and nations of people since 6500 B.C.
The Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, replacing the dynastic and theocratic Ottoman system, with its Sultanate and Caliphate. The Republic is based on a secular democratic, pluralist and parilamentary system.
In 1945 Turkey joined the UN and became a member of NATO in 1952.
Turkey occupied the northern portion of Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island; relations between the two countries remain strained.
Periodic military offensives against Kurdish separatists have dislocated part of the population in southeast Turkey and have drawn international condemnation.
In recent years, Turkey has become a major tourist destination in Europe.
border countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Syria
local short form: Türkiye
Int'l long form: Republic of Turkey
Int'l short form: Turkey
ISO Country Code: tr
Actual Time: Wed-July-27 14:30
Local Time = UTC+2h
Daylight Saving Time (DST) March - October (UTC +3)
Country Calling Code: +90
Capital City: Ankara (pop. 3.7 million)
Istanbul (9.2 million), Izmir (3.2 million), Bursa (1.9 million), Adana (1.7 million)
Independence: 29 October 1923
Constitution: 7 November 1982
Location: southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia
Area: 783,562 km² (302,535 sq. mi.)
Terrain: Narrow coastal plain surrounds Anatolia, an inland plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward. Turkey includes one of the more earthquake-prone areas of the world.
Highest Mountain: Mount Ararat 5,137 metres (16,854 ft)
Climate: Moderate in coastal areas, harsher temperatures inland.
Nationality: Noun--Turk(s). Adjective--Turkish
Population: 75 million (2011)
Ethnic groups: Turkish, Kurdish, other
Religions: Muslim 98%, Christian, Bahai and Jewish
Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, and Arabic
Natural resources: Coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower.
Agriculture products: Tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulse, citrus; livestock.
Industries: Textiles, food processing, autos, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper.
Exports partners: Germany 15.8%, USA 8%, UK 7.8%, Italy 6.8%, France 6% (2003)
Imports partners: Germany 13.6%, Italy 7.9%, Russia 7.8%, France 6%, UK 5%, USA 5%, Switzerland 4.3% (2003)
Currency: Turkish New Lira (TRY)
Note: External links will open in a new browser window.
Official Sites of TurkeyTürkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaskanligi
Office of the President (in Turkish).
Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (partly in English).
T.C. Disisleri Bakanligi
The Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs provides comprehensive information on Turkey and Turkish culture.
Mission of Turkey to the United Nations
Site of the Turkish Mission to the UN.
Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in the U.S.
Türkische Botschaft Berlin
Embassy of Turkey in Germany.
List of Turkish Embassies in the World
Address List of Turkish Embassies Abroad.
Government Bodies and Ministries of Republic of Turkey
List of links to Government Agencies and Ministries.
Map of Turkey
Political map of Turkey.
Map of Turkey
Shaded relief map of Turkey.
Google Earth Map Turkey
Searchable map and satellite view of Turkey.
Google Earth Map Ankara
Searchable map and satellite view of Turkey's capital city.
Google Earth Map Istanbul
Searchable map and satellite view of Turkey's largest city.
Google Earth Map Hagia Sophia and the Blue Mosque
Satellite view with information about Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya) and
Sultanahmet Mosque (Blue Mosque), Istanbul.
Google Earth Mount Ararat
Satellite view and information about Mount Ararat, highest mountain in Turkey.
Map of the Mediterranean
Political Map of the Mediterranean.
Map of the Balkan Peninsula
Political Map of the Balkans.
Map of Western Asia
Map of Western Asia and the Middle East region.
Map of Europe
Political Map of Europe.
Turkey NewsAnadolu Ajansi
The Turkish news agency
Turkish Newspaper. (in Turkish)
Turkish Newspaper (Turkish)
Daily Newspaper (Turkish)
Daily Newspaper (Turkish)
Daily Newspaper (Turkish)
Turkish News (Turkish)
Turkish Daily News online
Turkish daily news (in English)
US based web site featuring turkish daily news and information about Turkey.
Turkish Radio - Television Corporation - TRT
Provides national and international news in all major languages.
TV online (in Turkish)
Turkish Radios Online
A guide to Turkish Radios
List of Turkish national and local news papers and news agencies.
Bookmark/share this page
Arts & Culture
The Topkapi Palace Museum
Home of almost all the Ottoman sultans.
Turkish Arts & Culture
Turkey's culture information by the Ministry of Culture.
Extensive information about Turkish Cuisine, includes food history, a food dictionary and recipes.
Turkish Cultural Foundation
Turkish Cultural Foundation promotes Turkish culture and heritage.
Bookmark/share this page
Business & EconomyTürkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankasi
Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
Istanbul Stock Exchange
The official web site of the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE)
IGEME - Export Promotion Center of Turkey
Aims to developing and promoting Turkish exports.
Turkish Standards Institution
Official website of the Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara.
This site is created for information about Turkey and about companies
that imports and/or exports goods, make booking and charters.
Foreign Economic Relations Board - DEIK
Site provides information about doing business in Turkey.
Turk Hava Yollari
Turkish Airlinesis the national airline of Turkey based in İstanbul.
The airline is based in Istanbul and operates holiday charter flights to Turkish resorts from around 100 destinations in 17 countries.
The airline is based in Antalya, it operates scheduled and charter flights to destinations in Europe.
Atatürk International Airport
(IATA: IST) The major international airport in Istanbul, located in Yeşilköy, on the European side of the city,
The airport is named after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder and the first president of the Republic of Turkey.
Esenboğa International Airport
(IATA: ESB)the airport in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey.
(IATA: AYT) Antalya, Turkey's primary holiday destination located on the Mediterranean coast.
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryollar - TCDD
Turkish State Railways.
Destination Turkey - Travel and Tour GuidesGo Turkey
Turkey's official Tourism Portal.
Tourist and travel information by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
Official Turkey guide for the Americas.
Turkey in Pictures
Images of Turkish regions, cities and landmarks.
Official website of the Turkish capital city.
Istanbul Convention & Visitors Bureau
A portal to the world's only city on two continents.
The Official City Guide.
Hotels in Turkey
Find a Hotel in Turkey.
Travel and Tour Consumer Information
The Ankara University, since 1927.
Istanbul Technical University
University since 1928.
The Istanbul University.
The Marmara University.
The National Library, Ankara.
Turkish Academy of Science (TÜBA)
Founded in 1993.
Turkish Counsel of Higher Education
Environment & NatureMinistry of Environment
Official website of the ministry.
Turkish Foundation for Combating Erosion, for Reforestation, and the Protection of Natural Habitats
Official website of TEMA with information about the work and goals of the foundation.
Environment Foundation of Turkey
Official website of the foundation with information about the activities of EFT.
Turkish Marine Research Foundation
An institution for marine environment protection and preservation, conducts research on marine life and habitat.
Society for the Protection of Nature DHKD
Information about the Society (in Turkish)
National Parks of Turkey
Wikipedia page with information about Turkish National Parks and preserved areas.
Private website about the life and work of the creator of modern Turkey.
Biography of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
by Turkish National Library.
History of Turks & Turkey
Various historical aspects of Turkey's past by Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
The Ottoman Empire
The history, military, culture and arts of the Ottoman Empire.
Turkish National Archives
(until now only in Turkish)
Türk Tarih Kurumu
The Turkish History Society.
History of Turkey
Wikipedia's History of Turkey.
SearchAll about Turkey
A Turkish Directory.
Directory of Turkey related sites.
Turkey's English-language travel, business, and cultural directory.
Additional Information on TurkeyBBC News Country Profile: Turkey
Human Rights Watch: Turkey
Open Directory Project: Turkey
U.S. Library of Congress Country Study - Turkey
The World Factbook -- Turkey
Other Countries in the Mediterranean:
Albania | Algeria | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | Cyprus | Egypt | France | Gaza Strip | Greece | Israel
Italy | Lebanon | Libya | Malta | Monaco | Morocco | Slovenia | Spain | Syria | Tunisia
Other countries in the Balkan region:
Bulgaria | Macedonia, Rep. of | Montenegro | Romania | Serbia
One World - Nations Online .:. let's care for this planet
Actually, it's impossible to simulate freedom --- or?
Nations Online Project is made to improve cross-cultural understanding and global awareness.
More signal - less NOISE
|Site Map | Information Sources | Disclaimer | Contact: [email protected] | Copyright © 1998-2016 :: nationsonline.org| | <urn:uuid:b579b9b2-c647-471e-9aba-437e5b65cdf4> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/turkey.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826773.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00083-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.841253 | 2,455 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Tuesday January 16, 2018
What is Raw Food?
Glad you asked! Going raw is about consuming unprocessed, unaltered, cold-pressed foods that are not heated/cooked above 115 degrees F.
What are the Benefits of Raw Foods?
1. Alkaline. Our body’s natural state is alkaline. Our blood supply needs to be alkaline constantly (PH of 7.3 ) for optimal health.
Did you know? Eating processed, sodium filled, GMO laden foods can off balance your body’s PH. Although one may not feel the immediately affects, this eating style can cause various health issues such as high blood pressure and diabetes
2. Enzymes. Although there are exceptions, most of the enzymes and nutrients found in raw food are depleted when heated/cooked and processed.
Did you know? Foods are easily digested by the body when living enzymes are remained intact. When your body isn’t focused on breaking down the food you eat, it can focus on delivering all the nutrients to every system in your body for use.
3. Weight Loss. Chemicals in the food we eat (hormones, antibiotics, emulsifiers), have been linked to weight gain, diabetes, and other health issues.
Did you know? Raw foods are high in dietary fiber. This type of natural fiber can keep you more full longer thus helping you naturally eat less.
4. Healthy Skin. Your body naturally cleans and detoxes itself. Although liver and kidneys do an excellent job, your skin also takes part by sloughing off old skin cells revealing fresh new healthy skin cells underneath. Eating a raw, whole food, clean diet feeds your body from the inside out. Causing your skin to glow. Naturally.
Did you know? You really are what you eat. Your body reproduces cells, body tissue, bone, and heals wounds using the compounds found in the food you consume. Something to seriously consider when reaching for that bag of bon-bons.
What are Raw Foods?
- All raw fruits and vegetables
- Unroasted nuts and seeds
- Sprouts (sprouted beans included)
- Fresh herbs and unprocessed spices
- Raw nut milk (almond, hazelnut, cashew)
- Unprocessed cacao nibs and powders
- Noni Fruit Leather
Noni Fruit is grown and hand picked in Hawaii on our Organic Noni Farm. The Noni Fruit Leather is produced with tender loving care. It takes over 60 hours of low heat drying under 115 degrees F to create one package of fruit leather. Compared to noni juice, our Noni Fruit Leather is 14 times more potent allowing your body to benefit from each and every one of the 165 compounds noni fruit has to offer making Noni Fruit Leather a raw superfood. | <urn:uuid:fcd68103-cac3-4fcf-814f-486a1f27fb2e> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.realnoni.com/Join-the-Noni-Raw-Food-Movement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585516.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022145907-20211022175907-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.927342 | 586 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Reintroduction success: Water Voles Return to Every English County
With the release of 60 captive bred water voles (Arvicola amphibius) by the Environment Agency in the Cornish catchment of Bude water voles have now returned to every English county of the United Kingdom.
Water voles are a small 350 gram semi-aquatic rodent that lives in excavated burrows in rivers and streams, they are considered of Least Concern by the IUCN despite localised vulnerability and decline in the UK, and can be found throughout Northern and Central Europe. This is the first time they have been seen in Cornwall since 1989.
This was part of a nationwide scheme to halt the decline of the species due to habitat loss and the unintentional introduction of the American Mink.
The water vole is an iconic species of the British countryside, characterised by Ratty in The Wind in the Willows and seems to be a favourite amongst our follows:
— Neil Phillips (@UK_Wildlife) August 19, 2014
— simon hummerstone (@SHummerstone) August 3, 2014
— Wildlife Sightings (@wildlife_uk) June 14, 2014
— Wildlife Sightings (@wildlife_uk) April 29, 2014
— Wildlife Sightings (@wildlife_uk) April 7, 2014
— James Lees (@JamesSLees) March 28, 2014
— Wildlife Sightings (@wildlife_uk) February 6, 2014
4,977 total views, 3 views today
Latest posts by Samanta Webster (see all)
- Reintroduction success: Water Voles Return to Every English County - 28th August 2014
- Bioengineering an extinction event: Dengue Fever and GMO Mosquitos. - 18th August 2014
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This information from Lexicomp® explains what you need to know about this medication, including what it’s used for, how to take it, its side effects, and when to call your healthcare provider.
Clorotekal; Nesacaine; Nesacaine-MPF
- It is used to numb an area before a procedure.
- If your child is allergic to this drug; any part of this drug; or any other drugs, foods, or substances. Tell the doctor about the allergy and what signs your child had.
- If your child is taking a sulfa (sulfonamide) drug. Ask the doctor if you are not sure if any of your child’s drugs are a sulfa drug.
This is not a list of all drugs or health problems that interact with this drug.
Tell the doctor and pharmacist about all of your child’s drugs (prescription or OTC, natural products, vitamins) and health problems. You must check to make sure that it is safe to give this drug with all of your child’s other drugs and health problems. Do not start, stop, or change the dose of any drug your child takes without checking with the doctor.
For all uses of this drug:
- Tell all of your child’s health care providers that your child is taking this drug. This includes your child’s doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists.
- A severe blood problem called methemoglobinemia has happened with drugs like this one. The risk may be raised in people who have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, heart problems, or lung problems. The risk may also be raised while taking certain other drugs and in infants younger than 6 months of age. Tell your child’s doctor if your child has ever had methemoglobinemia.
- If the patient is a child, use this drug with care. The risk of some side effects may be higher in children.
If your child is pregnant or breast-feeding a baby:
- Talk with the doctor if your child is pregnant, becomes pregnant, or is breast-feeding a baby. You will need to talk about the benefits and risks to your child and the baby.
- This drug may cause short-term loss of feeling and motor activity in the lower half of your child’s body. Do not let your child try to get out of bed or do other tasks or actions until feeling and motor activity have returned to normal.
WARNING/CAUTION: Even though it may be rare, some people may have very bad and sometimes deadly side effects when taking a drug. Tell your child’s doctor or get medical help right away if your child has any of the following signs or symptoms that may be related to a very bad side effect:
For all uses of this drug:
- Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; hives; itching; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever; wheezing; tightness in the chest or throat; trouble breathing, swallowing, or talking; unusual hoarseness; or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat.
- Signs of too much acid in the blood (acidosis) like confusion; fast breathing; fast heartbeat; a heartbeat that does not feel normal; very bad stomach pain, upset stomach, or throwing up; feeling very sleepy; shortness of breath; or feeling very tired or weak.
- Signs of methemoglobinemia like a blue or gray color of the lips, nails, or skin; a heartbeat that does not feel normal; seizures; severe dizziness or passing out; severe headache; feeling very sleepy; feeling tired or weak; or shortness of breath. This effect is rare but may be deadly if it happens.
- Feeling lightheaded, sleepy, confused, or having blurred eyesight.
- Sweating a lot.
- Very upset stomach or throwing up.
- Feeling nervous and excitable.
- Change in speech.
- Numbness or tingling in the mouth.
- Dizziness or passing out.
- Ringing in ears.
- Change in balance.
- Fast, slow, or abnormal heartbeat.
- Chest pain or pressure.
- Trouble passing urine.
- Loss of bladder or bowel control.
- Long-lasting burning, numbness, tingling, or paralysis in the lower half of the body.
If your child is or may be sexually active:
- Not able to get or keep an erection.
All drugs may cause side effects. However, many people have no side effects or only have minor side effects. Call your child’s doctor or get medical help if any of these side effects or any other side effects bother your child or do not go away:
- Irritation where the shot is given.
These are not all of the side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, call your child’s doctor. Call your child’s doctor for medical advice about side effects.
You may report side effects to your national health agency.
Give this drug as ordered by your child’s doctor. Read all information given to you. Follow all instructions closely.
- It is given as a shot.
- This drug will be given on an as needed basis in a health care setting.
- This drug will be given in a hospital or doctor’s office. You will not store it at home.
- If your child’s symptoms or health problems do not get better or if they become worse, call your child’s doctor.
- Do not share your child’s drug with others and do not give anyone else’s drug to your child.
- Keep all drugs in a safe place. Keep all drugs out of the reach of children and pets.
- Throw away unused or expired drugs. Do not flush down a toilet or pour down a drain unless you are told to do so. Check with your pharmacist if you have questions about the best way to throw out drugs. There may be drug take-back programs in your area.
- Some drugs may have another patient information leaflet. If you have any questions about this drug, please talk with your child’s doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health care provider.
- If you think there has been an overdose, call your poison control center or get medical care right away. Be ready to tell or show what was taken, how much, and when it happened.
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It can be difficult to identify scholarly sources. Not all scholarly sources look the same, and popular and scholarly sources can have similar characteristics (citing scholarly research, for example). Similarly, both popular and scholarly sources can be biased or have errors. Determining whether a source is popular or scholarly involves reviewing a variety of source characteristics, time, and practice.
There are two sources linked below. Both of these sources are trustworthy and could be used to support research, but one is scholarly and the other is popular. Practice spotting the differences between the two articles linked below. Without reading either source, try to note each article's author, audience, purpose. Pay attention to number and types of sources each article cites. Compare vocabulary of the two sources and the type of visuals the articles feature.
Next, match the source characteristics listed on the left with the appropriate source type, popular or scholarly. To do this, drag the tiles on the left to the correct placeholders in either the "Scholarly Source" section (the top set of drop zones) or the "Popular Source" section (the bottom set of drop zones). Review the sample popular and scholarly sources above for clues.
Discuss with classmates or reflect on your own: | <urn:uuid:cee94d65-7734-4b90-bfa9-79de3edbdd23> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://guides.library.uwm.edu/c.php?g=1270309&p=9317817 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510214.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926143354-20230926173354-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.913864 | 250 | 3.34375 | 3 |
To skip the talkity-talk below and go right to the tutorial, click here. But I recommend you read on anyway.
Buttonholes… the mere thought of them strikes cold fear into the hearts of European 14th century clothing enthusiasts. The 14th century was probably the most insanely over-buttoned century ever. We few, we committed few, will hand-sew upwards of fifty of them on one garment with grim determination. Our fingers grow sore, the tedium reduces us to hunched lumps on our sofas, staring at the fabric and thread before us, repeating a mantra in our minds that goes something like this: “Only 27 more to go… Only 26 more to go…. Just do two more and finish this side tonight…” You find yourself enjoying your masochism on a detached plane of awareness, noting that when it is all done, it will be your garment with the most badass buttons on it, and that will be reward enough for your suffering. And, if you are going to put yourself through all of that, shouldn’t your buttonholes look righteously medieval?
I am partial to what I call the “boxy buttonhole”, because it’s the most documented style of medieval buttonhole from my favorite time period. It is a simple design— a row of buttonhole stitches placed close together to create a long, thin rectangle of stitching on one side of the buttonhole’s opening, following by a mirrored row of stitches on the other side. The result is a neat, rectangular shape.
In France, this buttonhole style can be found today on the extant pourpoints attributed to Charles de Blois and to Charles VI. In England, fragments found in London are much the same. For more reading on the topic and to see English examples, check out the Museum of London’s Textiles and Clothing, 1150–1450.
To make a proper boxy buttonhole which will look just like the originals, correct material choices are important. In addition, you must understand how your fabric will behave when you slit it open and encase it with thread to make the buttonhole.
I recommend only ever using silk embroidery floss on buttonholes because silk is strong and documented as a preferred fiber for such tasks. A less-twisted option like Soie d’Alger or Soie Cristale will work, but a more tightly twisted floss such as Elegance or the thicker Grandeur works better.
There’s a brand of Japanese silk thread I rather like, called Fujix Tire, whose Buttonhole Silk #16 is gorgeous. It is what I used to recreate the buttonholes on my reproduction of the pourpoint attributed to Charles VI.
I would avoid super-slippery silks such as Trebizond, as well as thin sewing thread like Au Ver a Soie 100/3. Mind you, Trebizond is fun to fingerloop and Soie 100/3 is the only silk thread I use for regular sewing.
You may be tempted to use the full set of strands in thicker-wound floss in order to cover ground faster, but don’t give in to this temptation, because your resulting buttonholes will bulge and buckle in an awkward manner and the opening may shrink too small from the thick thread crowding it. Instead, I recommend splitting thickly-wound floss in half (or close to half, if the number of strands is uneven).
Elegance floss is a good thickness to use whole, without unraveling the strands, as is the Fugix Tire Buttonhole #16. Elegance is my go-to workhorse floss for buttonholes and eyelets for this reason. Grandeur is what I use when I’m in a hurry and I am willing to cheat on the time involved. Admittedly, the buttonholes are slightly more bulky than I think they should be.
As for fabric, the biggest annoyance factor will be its tendency to fray where you have slit it open for the buttonhole. With this in mind, the easiest fabrics to put buttonholes on will be wools, especially fulled wools. Silk fabric runs the gamut from relatively easy to control fray-wise to nightmarishly hard to control, and linen will pretty much always be somewhat of a pain, but do-able. Many of us line our clothes in linen. Keep this in mind when lining an area where buttonholes will go — sometimes it’s better to self-line with the outside fabric (as long as it is not linen) to avoid the frustration of dealing with the frayed bits poking out visibly through the front of the buttonhole and between stitches.
For those familiar with modern machined buttonholes only, the approach taken for finishing a medieval buttonhole is quite different. With a machine, you sew tight zigzag stitches back and forth, sometimes in a thin teardrop shape, sometimes rectangular, with a strong, reinforcing bar tack at both ends, etc.. When finished sewing, you slit the inside open, making the actual hole appear.
For medieval buttons, you cut the opening first, and then you encase that opening with buttonhole stitches. The result is a much stronger, long-lasting buttonhole which, if you are neat and diligent, will not suffer from frayed threads even over time and use.
Judging from the limited 14th century extant buttonhole samples, they did not routinely come with bar tacks for reinforcing each edge. Instead, the stitches appear to abruptly end at each edge, often with a crisp, rectangular shape (hence my descriptor, “boxy”). So, how was each end of the slit reinforced to prevent tearing from tension and use?
I have a method for achieving a strong buttonhole without bar tacks which looks like the original extant examples. In wearing garments with buttonholes sewn in this style, I have found that bar tacks are not strictly necessary as long as the overall quality of the buttonhole is sturdy and tight. I’ve created a tutorial that walks you through the steps for creating a handsome medieval buttonhole in the boxy style.
I recommend you try this out in practice form before committing it to your good garment fabric. You will need fabric, embroidery floss, a needle with a big enough eye for the floss, and snips. If the snips are sharp-pointed, you can use them to cut the opening for the buttonhole by folding the fabric and cutting a slit into it. Otherwise you can use a straight edge tool (pressing down flat on the fabric, against a self-healing mat, for instance), or a seam ripper (be careful with this tool or you will find yourself mending an extra-long tear!). | <urn:uuid:7c9df5c8-3823-4a40-be9e-be109fbe8602> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://cottesimple.com/tutorials/medieval-buttonhole/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928078.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00276-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920145 | 1,412 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Focus the attention of your viewer using these great techniques.
The most important thing about your image is the part that you want your viewer to see. A great image needs to concentrate their attention and hold it in the shot.
Next time you are ready to take a photograph – pause for a second. Think about composing your picture so you direct the viewer at the most important part of your image. The ‘point of interest’, ‘focus of attention’ or a ‘focal point’ is where the viewer finds satisfaction from looking at the image. It makes sense that you use one or two techniques to point the viewers eye right at the reason you are taking the shot.
10 Techniques directing the eye to the point of interest
- Crop: The cropped shape of the picture is an important way to help the viewers eye find the ‘point of interest’. Letterbox shaped crops help the viewers eye to run across the width of the picture; square crops help direct the reader to the centre of the shot; landscape views are so common that they help the reader be unaware of the crop; Portrait views alert the reader to the vertical things of interest. A crop is a great way to help the readers eye, especially when used with other techniques below.
- Position: Where you place your point of interest in the shot can affect how prominent it is or how the eye is drawn to it. A good introduction to positioning is to look up the Rule of Thirds. That is a basic rule of composition that gives the eye a dynamic reason to look at the point of interest.
- Size: A large subject or point of interest is a great way to make people look at it. Big and bold and your viewer will hardly miss it!
- Focus: The use of depth of field is really effective. The human eye naturally sees what we directly look at in focus. So we tend to concentrate our viewing in the area of sharpness in a picture.
- Movement blur: Capturing movement creates blur. In my picture above the bike is travelling very fast. To capture it like that I have panned my camera. The background is out of focus. The sharpness and blur create a contrast that draws the eye to the sharpness. Alternatively, you can photograph something moving that you want to become blurred as the focus of attention. Classic movement blur is often created at the fair in the evening. Fast movement with brightly coloured lights wonderfully blurs the merry-go-round in a longer exposure. The strangeness and strong colours draws the eye to the patterns.
- Colour: Using colour is a great way to draw the eye. Strong primary colours (red, green, blue etc.) are especially good at catching the eye. One bright colour against other lesser colours also directs the eye. Contrasting colours can be a good way of highlighting a particular point of interest too. Colours are best used to make the point of interest stand out from the background.
- Selective colour: The absence of colour in part of a picture and the selection of one colour or an object in colour is a great contrast in the picture. That difference – greyscale to colour – will strongly make the point of interest stand out. An example is the picture above.
- Shape: The use of shape is a way to draw the eye too. Again you can use a contrast. One round object in a group of square objects really captures the attention. A strong geometric shape in a picture where there is no other strong, well defined shapes pulls the eye.
- Pattern: Where there is pattern there is focus. Our eyes are good at picking out patterns. Sudden, clear formation of pattern in a picture where there is no otherwise clear pattern focusses the attention on the pattern. The opposite is true too. Where there is a breakdown in a pattern the eye is drawn to the difference and questions why the change or break in the pattern.
- Lines: The eye naturally follows lines in a picture. So, you can use lines both as the actual point of interest, and as a way of pointing at the focus of attention. Implied lines can be useful in the same way. A line that strongly points to something else is another way to capture the attention.
It is important too, you are careful not to make the picture too complicated or cluttered. To much to catch the attention will have the eyes whizzing around the picture and not able to settle on your point of interest. Likewise, it is best to use just one or two of the above techniques. Too many and the eye is confused with what direction they should follow. Composing your picture is about subtle messages and directions to help the eye. The last thing you want to do is to confuse or misdirect your viewer.
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Note: Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive/American Libraries. See http://www.archive.org/details/hiawathandiroquo00halerich
HIAWATHA AND THE IROQUOIS CONFEDERATION.
A Study in Anthropology
A Paper Read at the Cincinnati Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in August, 1881, under the Title of "A Lawgiver of the Stone Age."
Salem, Mass.: Printed at the Salem Press. 1881.
A LAWGIVER OF THE STONE AGE. By HORATIO HALE, of Clinton, Ontario, Canada.
What was the intellectual capacity of man when he made his first appearance upon the earth? Or, to speak with more scientific precision (as the question relates to material evidences), what were the mental powers of the people who fashioned the earliest stone implements, which are admitted to be the oldest remaining traces of our kind? As these people were low in the arts of life, were they also low in natural capacity? This is certainly one of the most important questions which the science of anthropology has yet to answer. Of late years the prevalent disposition has apparently been to answer it in the affirmative. Primitive man, we are to believe, had a feeble and narrow intellect, which in the progress of civilization has been gradually strengthened and enlarged. This conclusion is supposed to be in accordance with the development theory; and the distinguished author of that theory has seemed to favor this view. Yet, in fact, the development theory has nothing to do with the question. If we suppose that the existing and—so far as we know—the only species of man appeared upon the earth with the physical conformation and mental capacity which he retains at this day, we make merely the same supposition with regard to him that we make with regard to every other existing species of animal. How it was that this species came to exist is another question altogether.
Philologists regard it as an established fact that the first people who spoke an Aryan language were a tribe of barbarous nomads, who wandered in the highlands of central Asia. Those who have studied the earliest products of Aryan genius in the Vedas, the Zend-Avesta, and the Homeric songs, will be willing to admit that these wandering barbarians may have had minds capable of the highest efforts to which the human intellect is known to have attained. Yet if an irruption of Semitic or Turanian conquerors had swept that infant tribe from the earth, no trace of its existence beyond a few flint implements, and perhaps some fragments of pottery, would have remained to show that such a people had ever existed. Have we any reason to doubt that in the course of all the ages, in various parts of our globe, many tribes of men may have arisen and perished who were in natural capacity as far superior to the primitive Aryans as these were to the races who surrounded them? Under the law of the survival of the fittest, it is not the strongest that survive, but the strongest of those that are placed in the most favorable circumstances. On any calculation of probabilities, it will seem likely enough that among the numberless small societies of men that have appeared and vanished in primeval Asia and Europe, in Africa, Australia, America, and Polynesia, there may have been some at least equal, if not superior, in mental endowments, to that fortunate tribe of central Asia, whose posterity has come to be the dominant race of our time. Among their leaders may have been men qualified to rank with the most renowned heroes, exemplars, and teachers of the human race—with Moses and Buddha, with Confucius and Solon, with Numa, Charlemagne, and Alfred, or (to come down to recent times) with the greatest and wisest among the founders of the American Republic. If the possibility of the existence of such men under such conditions cannot be denied, the facts which have lately been brought to light in regard to one such personage and the community in which he lived may have a peculiar interest and significance in their bearing on the general question of the mental capacity of uncivilized races.
It is well known that the Iroquois tribes, whom our ancestors termed the Five Nations, were, when first visited by Europeans, in the precise condition which, according to all the evidence we possess, was held by the inhabitants of the Old World during what has been designated the Stone Age. Any one who examines the abandoned site of an ancient Iroquois town will find there relics of precisely the same cast as those which are disinterred from the burial mounds and caves of prehistoric Europe,—implements of flint and bone, ornaments of shells, and fragments of rude pottery. Trusting to these evidences alone, he might suppose that the people who wrought them were of the humblest grade of intellect. But the testimony of historians, of travellers, of missionaries, and perhaps his own personal observation, would make him aware that this opinion would be erroneous, and that these Indians were, in their own way, acute reasoners, eloquent speakers, and most skilful and far-seeing politicians. He would know that for more than a century, though never mustering more than five thousand fighting men, they were able to hold the balance of power on this continent between France and England; and that in a long series of negotiations they proved themselves qualified to cope in council with the best diplomatists whom either of those powers could depute to deal with them. It is only recently that we have learned, through the researches of a careful and philosophic investigator, the Hon. L. H. Morgan, that their internal polity was marked by equal wisdom, and had been developed and consolidated into a system of government, embodying many of what are deemed the best principles and methods of political science,—representation, federation, self-government through local and general legislatures,—all resulting in personal liberty, combined with strict subordination to public law. But it has not been distinctly known that for many of these advantages the Five Nations were indebted to one individual, who bore to them the same relation which the great reformers and lawgivers of antiquity bore to the communities whose gratitude has made their names illustrious.
A singular fortune has attended the name and memory of Hiawatha. Though actually an historical personage, and not of very ancient date, of whose life and deeds many memorials remain, he has been confused with two Indian divinities, the one Iroquois, the other Algonquin, and his history has been distorted and obscured almost beyond recognition. Through the cloud of mythology which has enveloped his memory, the genius of Longfellow has discerned something of his real character, and has made his name, at least, a household word wherever the English language is spoken. It remains to give a correct account of the man himself and of the work which he accomplished, as it has been received from the official annalists of his people. The narrative is confirmed by the evidence of contemporary wampum records, and by written memorials in the native tongue, one of which is at least a hundred years old.
According to the best evidence that can be obtained, the formation of the Iroquois confederacy dates from about the middle of the fifteenth century. There is reason to believe that prior to that time the five tribes, who are dignified with the title of nations, had held the region south of Lake Ontario, extending from the Hudson to the Genesee river, for many generations, and probably for many centuries. Tradition makes their earlier seat to have been north of the St. Lawrence river, which is probable enough. It also represents the Mohawks as the original tribe, of which the others are offshoots; and this tradition is confirmed by the evidence of language. That the Iroquois tribes were originally one people, and that their separation into five communities, speaking distinct dialects, dates many centuries back, are both conclusions as certain as any facts in physical science. Three hundred and fifty years ago they were isolated tribes, at war occasionally with one another, and almost constantly with the fierce Algonquins who surrounded them. Not unfrequently, also, they had to withstand and to avenge the incursions of warriors belonging to more distant tribes of various stocks, Hurons, Cherokees and Dakotas. Yet they were not peculiarly a warlike people. They were a race of housebuilders, farmers, and fishermen. They had large and strongly palisaded towns, well-cultivated fields, and substantial houses, sometimes a hundred feet long, in which many kindred families dwelt together.
At this time two great dangers, the one from without, the other from within, pressed upon these tribes. The Mohegans, or Mohicans, a powerful Algonquin people, whose settlements stretched along the Hudson river, south of the Mohawks, and extended thence eastward into New England, waged a desperate war against them. In this war the most easterly of the Iroquois, the Mohawks and Oneidas, bore the brunt and were the greatest sufferers. On the other hand, the two westerly nations, the Senecas and Cayugas, had a peril of their own to encounter. The central nation, the Onondagas, were then under the control of a dreaded chief, whose name is variously given, Atotarho, Watatotahlo, Tododaho, according to the dialect of the speaker and the orthography of the writer. He was a man of great force of character and of formidable qualities,—haughty, ambitious, crafty and bold,—a determined and successful warrior, and at home, so far as the constitution of an Indian tribe would allow, a stern and remorseless tyrant. He tolerated no equal. The chiefs who ventured to oppose him were taken off one after another by secret means, or were compelled to flee for safety to other tribes. His subtlety and artifices had acquired for him the reputation of a wizard. He knew, they say, what was going on at a distance as well as if he were present; and he could destroy his enemies by some magical art, while he himself was far away. In spite of the fear which he inspired, his domination would probably not have been endured by an Indian community, but for his success in war. He had made himself and his people a terror to the Cayugas and the Senecas. According to one account, he had subdued both of those tribes; but the record-keepers of the present day do not confirm this statement, which indeed is not consistent with the subsequent history of the confederation.
The name Atotarho signifies "entangled." The usual process by which mythology, after a few generations, makes fables out of names, has not been wanting here. In the legends which the Indian story-tellers recount in winter about their cabin fires, Atotarho figures as a being of preterhuman nature, whose head, in lieu of hair, is adorned with living snakes. A rude pictorial representation shows him seated and giving audience, in horrible state, with the upper part of his person enveloped by these writhing and entangled reptiles. But the grave Councillors of the Canadian Reservation, who recite his history as they have heard it from their fathers at every installation of a high chief, do not repeat these inventions of marvel-loving gossips, and only smile with good-humored derision when they are referred to.
There was at this time among the Onondagas a chief of high rank whose name, variously written—Hiawatha, Hayonwatha, Ayongwhata, Taoungwatha—is rendered, "he who seeks the wampum belt." He had made himself greatly esteemed by his wisdom and his benevolence. He was now past middle age. Though many of his friends and relatives had perished by the machinations of Atotarho, he himself had been spared. The qualities which gained him general respect had, perhaps, not been without influence even on that redoubtable chief. Hiawatha had long beheld with grief the evils which afflicted not only his own nation, but all the other tribes about them, through the continual wars in which they were engaged, and the misgovernment and miseries at home which these wars produced. With much meditation he had elaborated in his mind the scheme of a vast confederation which would ensure universal peace. In the mere plan of a confederation there was nothing new. There are probably few, if any, Indian tribes which have not, at one time or another, been members of a league or confederacy. It may almost be said to be their normal condition. But the plan which Hiawatha had evolved differed from all others in two particulars. The system which he devised was to be not a loose and transitory league, but a permanent government. While each nation was to retain its own council and its management of local affairs, the general control was to be lodged in a federal senate, composed of representatives elected by each nation, holding office during good behavior, and acknowledged as ruling chiefs throughout the whole confederacy. Still further, and more remarkably, the confederation was not to be a limited one. It was to be indefinitely expansible. The avowed design of its proposer was to abolish war altogether. He wished the federation to extend until all the tribes of men should be included in it, and peace should everywhere reign. Such is the positive testimony of the Iroquois themselves; and their statement, as will be seen, is supported by historical evidence.
Hiawatha's first endeavor was to enlist his own nation in the cause. He summoned a meeting of the chiefs and people of the Onondaga towns. The summons, proceeding from a chief of his rank and reputation, attracted a large concourse. "They came together," said the narrator, "along the creeks, from all parts, to the general council-fire." But what effect the grand projects of the chief, enforced by the eloquence for which he was noted, might have had upon his auditors, could not be known. For there appeared among them a well-known figure, grim, silent and forbidding, whose terrible aspect overawed the assemblage. The unspoken displeasure of Atotarho was sufficient to stifle all debate, and the meeting dispersed. This result, which seems a singular conclusion of an Indian council—the most independent and free-spoken of all gatherings—is sufficiently explained by the fact that Atotarho had organized among the more reckless warriors of his tribe a band of unscrupulous partisans, who did his bidding without question, and took off by secret murder all persons against whom he bore a grudge. The knowledge that his followers were scattered through the assembly, prepared to mark for destruction those who should offend him, might make the boldest orator chary of speech. Hiawatha alone was undaunted. He summoned a second meeting, which was attended by a smaller number, and broke up as before, in confusion, on Atotarho's appearance. The unwearied reformer sent forth his runners a third time; but the people were disheartened. When the day of the council arrived, no one attended. Then, continued the narrator, Hiawatha seated himself on the ground in sorrow. He enveloped his head in his mantle of skins, and remained for a long time bowed down in grief and thought. At length he arose and left the town, taking his course toward the southeast. He had formed a bold design. As the councils of his own nation were closed to him, he would have recourse to those of other tribes. At a short distance from the town (so minutely are the circumstances recounted) he passed his great antagonist, seated near a well-known spring, stern and silent as usual. No word passed between the determined representatives of war and peace; but it was doubtless not without a sensation of triumphant pleasure that the ferocious war-chief saw his only rival and opponent in council going into what seemed to be voluntary exile. Hiawatha plunged into the forest; he climbed mountains; he crossed a lake; he floated down the Mohawk river in a canoe. Many incidents of his journey are told, and in this part of the narrative alone some occurrences of a marvellous cast are related even by the official historians. Indeed, the flight of Hiawatha from Onondaga to the country of the Mohawks is to the Five Nations what the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina is to the votaries of Islam. It is the turning point of their history. In embellishing the narrative at this point, their imagination has been allowed a free course. Leaving aside these marvels, however, we need only refer here to a single incident which may well enough have been of actual occurrence. A lake which Hiawatha crossed had shores abounding in small white shells. These he gathered and strung upon strings, which he disposed upon his breast, as a token to all whom he should meet that he came as a messenger of peace. And this, according to one authority, was the origin of wampum, of which Hiawatha was the inventor. That honor, however, is one which must be denied to him. The evidence of sepulchral relics shows that wampum was known to the mysterious moundbuilders, as well as in all succeeding ages. Moreover, if the significance of white wampum-strings as a token of peace had not been well known in his day, Hiawatha would not have relied upon them as a means of proclaiming his pacific purpose.
Early one morning he arrived at a Mohawk town, the residence of the noted chief Dekanawidah, whose name, in point of celebrity, ranks in Iroquois tradition with those of Hiawatha and Atotarho. It is probable that he was known by reputation to Hiawatha, and not unlikely that they were related. According to one account Dekanawidah was an Onondaga, adopted among the Mohawks. Another narrative makes him a Mohawk by birth. The probability seems to be that he was the son of an Onondaga father, who had been adopted by the Mohawks, and of a Mohawk mother. That he was not of pure Mohawk blood is shown by the fact, which is remembered, that his father had had successively three wives, one belonging to each of the three clans, Bear, Wolf, and Turtle, which compose the Mohawk nation. If the father had been a Mohawk, he would have belonged to one of the Mohawk clans, and could not then (according to the Indian law) have married into it. He had seven sons, including Dekanawidah, who, with their families, dwelt together in one of the "long houses" common in that day among the Iroquois. These ties of kindred, together with this fraternal strength, and his reputation as a sagacious councillor, gave Dekanawidah great influence among his people. But, in the Indian sense, he was not the leading chief. This position belonged to Tekarihoken (better known in books as Tecarihoga) whose primacy as the first chief of the eldest among the Iroquois nations was then, and is still, universally admitted. Each nation has always had a head-chief, to whom belonged the hereditary right and duty of lighting the council-fire, and taking the first place in public meetings. But among the Indians, as in other communities, hereditary rank and personal influence do not always, or indeed ordinarily, go together. If Hiawatha could gain over Dekanawidah to his views, he would have done much toward the accomplishment of his purposes.
In the early dawn he seated himself on a fallen trunk, near the spring from which the inhabitants of the long-house drew their water. Presently one of the brothers came out with a vessel of elm-bark, and approached the spring. Hiawatha sat silent and motionless. Something in his aspect awed the warrior, who feared to address him. He returned to the house, and said to Dekanawidah, "a man, or a figure like a man, is seated by the spring, having his breast covered with strings of white shells." "It is a guest," replied the chief; "go and bring him in. We will make him welcome." Thus Hiawatha and Dekanawidah first met. They found in each other kindred spirits. The sagacity of the Mohawk chief grasped at once the advantages of the proposed plan, and the two worked together in perfecting it, and in commending it to the people. After much discussion in council, the adhesion of the Mohawk nation was secured. Dekanawidah then despatched two of his brothers as ambassadors to the nearest tribe, the Oneidas, to lay the project before them. The Oneida nation is deemed to be a comparatively recent offshoot from the Mohawks. The difference of language is slight, showing that their separation was much later than that of the Onondagas. In the figurative speech of the Iroquois, the Oneida is the son, and the Onondaga is the brother, of the Mohawk. Dekanawidah had good reason to expect that it would not prove difficult to win the consent of the Oneidas to the proposed scheme. But delay and deliberation mark all public acts of the Indians. The ambassadors found the leading chief, Odatshehte, at his town on the Oneida creek. He received their message in a friendly way, but required time for his people to consider it in council. "Come back in another day," he said to the messengers. In the political speech of the Indians, a day is understood to mean a year. The envoys carried back the reply to Dekanawidah and Hiawatha, who knew that they could do nothing but wait the prescribed time. After the lapse of a year, they repaired to the place of meeting. The treaty which initiated the great league was then and there ratified between the representatives of the Mohawk and Oneida nations. The name of Odatshehte means "the quiver-bearer;" and as Atotarho, "the entangled," is fabled to have had his head wreathed with snaky locks, and as Hiawatha, "the wampum-seeker," is represented to have wrought shells into wampum, so the Oneida chief is reputed to have appeared at this treaty bearing at his shoulder a quiver full of arrows.
The Onondagas lay next to the Oneidas. To them, or rather to their terrible chief, the next application was made. The first meeting of Atotarho and Dekanawidah is a notable event in Iroquois history. At a later day, a native artist sought to represent it in an historical picture, which has been already referred to. Atotarho is seated in solitary and surly dignity, smoking a long pipe, his head and body encircled with contorted and angry serpents. Standing before him are two figures which cannot be mistaken. The foremost, a plumed and cinctured warrior, depicted as addressing the Onondaga chief, holds in his right hand, as a staff, his flint-headed spear,—the ensign which marks him as the representative of the Kanienga, or "People of the Flint,"—for so the Mohawks style themselves. Behind him another plumed figure bears in his hand a bow with arrows, and at his shoulder a quiver. Divested of its mythological embellishments, the picture rudely represents the interview which actually took place. The immediate result was unpromising. The Onondaga chief coldly refused to entertain the project, which he had already rejected when proposed by Hiawatha. The ambassadors were not discouraged. Beyond the Onondagas were scattered the villages of the Cayugas, a people described by the Jesuit missionaries, at a later day, as the most mild and tractable of the Iroquois. They were considered an offshoot of the Onondagas, to whom they bore the same filial relation which the Oneidas bore to the Mohawks. The journey of the advocates of peace through the forest to the Cayuga capital, and their reception, are minutely detailed in the traditionary narrative. The Cayugas, who had suffered from the prowess and cruelty of the Onondaga chief, needed little persuasion. They readily consented to come into the league, and their chief, Akahenyonk, "the wary spy," joined the Mohawk and Oneida representatives in a new embassy to the Onondagas. Acting probably upon the advice of Hiawatha, who knew better than any other the character of the community and the chief with whom they had to deal, they made proposals highly flattering to the self-esteem which was the most notable trait of both ruler and people. The Onondagas should be the leading nation of the confederacy. Their chief town should be the federal capital, where the great councils of the league should be held, and where its records should be preserved. The nation should be represented in the council by fourteen senators, while no other nation should have more than ten. And as the Onondagas should be the leading tribe, so Atotarho should be the leading chief. He alone should have the right of summoning the federal council, and no act of the council to which he objected should be valid. In other words, an absolute veto was given to him. To enhance his personal dignity two high chiefs were appointed as his special aids and counsellors, his "secretaries of state," so to speak. Other insignia of preeminence were to be possessed by him; and, in view of all these distinctions, it is not surprising that his successor, who, two centuries later, retained the same prerogatives, should have been occasionally styled by the English colonists "the emperor of the Five Nations." It might seem, indeed, at first thought, that the founders of the confederacy had voluntarily placed themselves and their tribes in a position of almost abject subserviency to Atotarho and his followers. But they knew too well the qualities of their people to fear for them any political subjection. It was certain that when once the league was established, and its representatives had met in council, character and intelligence would assume their natural sway, and mere artificial rank and dignity would be little regarded. Atotarho and his people, however, yielded either to these specious offers or to the pressure which the combined urgency of the three allied nations now brought to bear upon them. They finally accepted the league; and the great chief, who had originally opposed it, now naturally became eager to see it as widely extended as possible. He advised its representatives to go on at once to the westward, and enlist the populous Seneca towns, pointing out how this might best be done. This advice was followed, and the adhesion of the Senecas was secured by giving to their two leading chiefs, Kanyadariyo ("beautiful lake") and Shadekaronyes ("the equal skies"), the offices of military commanders of the confederacy, with the title of door-keepers of the "Long-House,"—that being the figure by which the league was known.
The six national leaders who have been mentioned—Dekanawidah for the Mohawks, Odatshehte for the Oneidas, Atotarho for the Onondagas, Akahenyonk for the Cayugas, Kanyadariyo and Shadekaronyes for the two great divisions of the Senecas—met in convention near the Onondaga Lake, with Hiawatha for their adviser, and a vast concourse of their followers, to settle the terms and rules of their confederacy, and to nominate its first council. Of this council, nine members (or ten, if Dekanawidah be included) were assigned to the Mohawks, a like number to the Oneidas, fourteen to the lordly Onondagas, ten to the Cayugas, and eight to the Senecas. Except in the way of compliment, the number assigned to each nation was really of little consequence, inasmuch as, by the rule of the league, unanimity was exacted in all their decisions. This unanimity, however, did not require the suffrage of every member of the council. The representatives of each nation first deliberated apart upon the question proposed. In this separate council the majority decided; and the leading chief then expressed in the great council the voice of his nation. Thus the veto of Atotarho ceased at once to be peculiar to him, and became a right exercised by each of the allied nations. This requirement of unanimity, embarrassing as it might seem, did not prove to be so in practice. Whenever a question arose on which opinions were divided, its decision was either postponed, or some compromise was reached which left all parties contented.
The first members of the council were appointed by the convention,—under what precise rule is unknown; but their successors came in by a method in which the hereditary and the elective systems were singularly combined, and in which female suffrage had an important place. When a chief died or (as sometimes happened) was deposed for incapacity or misconduct, some member of the same family succeeded him. Rank followed the female line; and this successor might be any descendant of the late chief's mother or grandmother,—his brother, his cousin or his nephew,—but never his son. Among many persons who might thus be eligible, the selection was made in the first instance by a family council. In this council the "chief matron" of the family, a noble dame whose position and right were well defined, had the deciding voice. This remarkable fact is affirmed by the Jesuit missionary Lafitau, and the usage remains in full vigor among the Canadian Iroquois to this day. If there are two or more members of the family who seem to have equal claims, the nominating matron sometimes declines to decide between them, and names them both or all, leaving the ultimate choice to the nation or the federal council. The council of the nation next considers the nomination, and if dissatisfied, refers it back to the family for a new designation. If content, the national council reports the name of the candidate to the federal senate, in which resides the power of ratifying or rejecting the choice of the nation; but the power of rejection is rarely exercised, though that of expulsion for good cause is not unfrequently exerted. The new chief inherits the name of his predecessor. In this respect, as in some others, the resemblance of the Great Council to the English House of Peers is striking. As Norfolk succeeds to Norfolk, so Tekarihoken succeeds Tekarihoken. The great names of Hiawatha and Atotarho are still borne by plain farmer-councillors on the Canadian Reservation.
When the League was established, Hiawatha had been adopted by the Mohawk nation as one of their chiefs. The honor in which he was held by them is shown by his position on the roll of councillors, as it has been handed down from the earliest times. As the Mohawk nation is the "elder brother," the names of its chiefs are first recited. At the head of the list is the leading Mohawk chief, Tekarihoken, who represents the noblest lineage of the Iroquois stock. Next to him, and second on the roll, is the name of Hiawatha. That of his great colleague, Dekanawidah, nowhere appears. He was a member of the first council; but he forbade his people to appoint a successor to him. "Let the others have successors," he said proudly, "for others can advise you like them. But I am the founder of your league, and no one else can do what I have done."
The boast was not unwarranted. Though planned by another, the structure had been reared mainly by his labors. But the Five Nations, while yielding abundant honor to the memory of Dekanawidah, have never regarded him with the same affectionate reverence which has always clung to the name of Hiawatha. His tender and lofty wisdom, his wide-reaching benevolence, and his fervent appeals to their better sentiments, enforced by the eloquence of which he was master, touched chords in the popular heart which have continued to respond until this day. Fragments of the speeches in which he addressed the council and the people of the league are still remembered and repeated. The fact that the league only carried out a part of the grand design which he had in view is constantly affirmed. Yet the failure was not due to lack of effort. In pursuance of his original purpose, when the league was firmly established, envoys were sent to other tribes to urge them to join it or at least to become allies. One of these embassies penetrated to the distant Cherokees, the hereditary enemies of the Iroquois nations. For some reason with which we are not acquainted—perhaps the natural suspicion or vindictive pride of that powerful community—this mission was a failure. Another, despatched to the western Algonquins, had better success. A strict alliance was formed with the far-spread Ojibway tribes, and was maintained inviolate for at least two hundred years, until at length the influence of the French, with the sympathy of the Ojibways for the conquered Hurons, undid to some extent, though not entirely, this portion of Hiawatha's work.
His conceptions were beyond his time, and beyond ours; but their effect, within a limited sphere, was very great. For more than three centuries the bond which he devised held together the Iroquois nations in perfect amity. It proved, moreover, as he intended, elastic. The territory of the Iroquois, constantly extending as their united strength made itself felt, became the "Great Asylum" of the Indian tribes. Of the conquered Eries and Hurons, many hundreds were received and adopted among their conquerors. The Tuscaroras, expelled by the English from North Carolina, took refuge with the Iroquois, and became the sixth nation of the League. From still further south, the Tuteloes and Saponies, of Dakota stock, after many wars with the Iroquois, fled to them from their other enemies, and found a cordial welcome. A chief still sits in the council as a representative of the Tuteloes, though the tribe itself has been swept away by disease, or absorbed in the larger nations. Many fragments of tribes of Algonquin lineage—Delawares, Nanticokes, Mohicans, Mississagas,—sought the same hospitable protection, which never failed them. Their descendants still reside on the Canadian Reservation, which may well be styled an aboriginal "refuge of nations,"—affording a striking evidence in our own day of the persistent force of a great idea, when embodied in practical shape by the energy of a master mind.
The name by which their constitution or organic law is known among them is kayanerenh, to which the epitaph kowa [Transcriber's note: the "o" is the Unicode o-macron], "great," is frequently added. This word, kayanerenh, is sometimes rendered "law," or "league," but its proper meaning seems to be "peace." It is used in this sense by the missionaries, in their translations of the scriptures and the prayer-book. In such expressions as "the Prince of Peace," "the author of peace," "give peace in our time," we find kayanerenh employed with this meaning. Its root is yaner, signifying "noble," or "excellent," which yields, among many derivatives, kayanere, "goodness," and kayanerenh, "peace," or "peacefulness." The national hymn of the confederacy, sung whenever their "Condoling Council" meets, commences with a verse referring to their league, which is literally rendered, "We come to greet and thank the PEACE" (kayanerenh). When the list of their ancient chiefs, the fifty original Councillors, is chanted in the closing litany of the meeting, there is heard from time to time, as the leaders of each clan are named, an outburst of praise, in the words—
"This was the roll of you— You that were joined in the work, You that confirmed the work, The GREAT PEACE." (Kayanerenh-kowa.)
[Transcriber's note: the "o" in "kowa" is the Unicode o-macron.]
The regard of Englishmen for their Magna Charta and Bill of Rights, and that of Americans for their national Constitution, seem weak in comparison with the intense gratitude and reverence of the Five Nations for the "Great Peace" which Hiawatha and his colleagues established for them.
Of the subsequent life of Hiawatha, and of his death, we have no sure information. The records of the Iroquois are historical, and not biographical. As Hiawatha had been made a chief among the Mohawks, he doubtless continued to reside with that nation. A tradition, which is in itself highly probable, represents him as devoting himself to the congenial work of clearing away the obstructions in the streams which intersect the country then inhabited by the confederated nations, and which formed the chief means of communication between them. That he thus, in some measure, anticipated the plans of De Witt Clinton and his associates, on a smaller scale, but with perhaps a larger statesmanship, we may be willing enough to believe. A wild legend, recorded by some writers, but not told of him by the Canadian Iroquois, and apparently belonging to their ancient mythology, gives him an apotheosis, and makes him ascend to heaven in a white canoe. It may be proper to dwell for a moment on the singular complication of mistakes which has converted this Indian reformer and statesman into a mythological personage.
When by the events of the Revolutionary war the original confederacy was broken up, the larger portion of the people followed Brant to Canada. The refugees comprised nearly the whole of the Mohawks, and the greater part of the Onondagas and Cayugas, with many members of the other nations. In Canada their first proceeding was to reestablish, as far as possible, their ancient league, with all its laws and ceremonies. The Onondagas had brought with them most of their wampum records, and the Mohawks jealously preserved the memories of the federation, in whose formation they had borne a leading part. The history of the league continued to be the topic of their orators whenever a new chief was installed into office. Thus the remembrance of the facts has been preserved among them with much clearness and precision, and with very little admixture of mythological elements. With the fragments of the tribes which remained on the southern side of the Great Lakes the case was very different. Except among the Senecas, who, of all the Five Nations, had had least to do with the formation of the league, the ancient families which had furnished the members of their senate, and were the conservators of their history, had mostly fled to Canada or the West. The result was that among the interminable stories with which the common people beguile their winter nights, the traditions of Atotarho and Hiawatha became intermingled with the legends of their mythology. An accidental similarity, in the Onondaga dialect, between the name of Hiawatha and that of one of their ancient divinities, led to a confusion between the two, which has misled some investigators. This deity bears, in the sonorous Mohawk tongue, the name of Aronhiawagon, meaning "the Holder of the Heavens." The early French missionaries, prefixing a particle, made the name in their orthography, Tearonhiaouagon. He was, they tell us, "the great god of the Iroquois." Among the Onondagas of the present day, the name is abridged to Taonhiawagi, or Tahiawagi. The confusion between this name and that of Hiawatha (which, in another form, is pronounced Tayonwatha) seems to have begun more than a century ago; for Pyrlaeus, the Moravian missionary, heard among the Iroquois (according to Heckewelder) that the person who first proposed the league was an ancient Mohawk, named Thannawege. Mr. J. V. H. Clark, in his interesting History of Onondaga, makes the name to have been originally Ta-oun-ya-wat-ha, and describes the bearer as "the deity who presides over fisheries and hunting-grounds." He came down from heaven in a white canoe and after sundry adventures, which remind one of the labors of Hercules, assumed the name of Hiawatha (signifying, we are told, "a very wise man"), and dwelt for a time as an ordinary mortal among men, occupied in works of benevolence. Finally, after founding the confederacy and bestowing many prudent counsels upon the people, he returned to the skies by the same conveyance in which he had descended. This legend was communicated by Clark to Schoolcraft, when the latter was compiling his "Notes on the Iroquois." Mr. Schoolcraft, pleased with the poetical cast of the story and the euphonious name, made confusion worse confounded by transferring the hero to a distant region and identifying him with Manabozho, a fantastic divinity of the Ojibways. Schoolcraft's volume, absurdly entitled "The Hiawatha Legends," has not in it a single fact or fiction relating either to Hiawatha himself or to the Iroquois deity Aronhiawagon. Wild Ojibway stories concerning Manabozho and his comrades form the staple of its contents. But it is to this collection that we owe the charming poem of Longfellow; and thus, by an extraordinary fortune, a grave Iroquois lawgiver of the fifteenth century has become, in modern literature, an Ojibway demigod, son of the West Wind, and companion of the tricksy Paupukkeewis, the boastful Iagoo, and the strong Kwasind. If a Chinese traveller, during the middle ages, inquiring into the history and religion of the western nations, had confounded King Alfred with King Arthur, and both with Odin, he would not have made a more preposterous confusion of names and characters than that which has hitherto disguised the genuine personality of the great Onondaga reformer.
About the main events of his history, and about his character and purposes, there can be no reasonable doubt. We have the wampum belts which he handled, and whose simple hieroglyphics preserve the memory of the public acts in which he took part. We have, also, in the Iroquois "Book of Rites," a still more clear and convincing testimony to the character both of the legislator and of the people for whom his institutions were designed. This book, sometimes called the "Book of the Condoling Council," might properly enough be styled an Iroquois Veda. It comprises the speeches, songs and other ceremonies, which, from the earliest period of the confederacy, have composed the proceedings of their council when a deceased chief is lamented and his successor is installed in office. The fundamental laws of the league, a list of their ancient towns, and the names of the chiefs who constituted their first council, chanted in a kind of litany, are also comprised in the collection. The contents, after being preserved in memory, like the Vedas, for many generations, were written down by desire of the chiefs, when their language was first reduced to writing; and the book is therefore more than a century old. Its language, archaic when written, is now partly obsolete, and is fully understood by only a few of the oldest chiefs. It is a genuine Indian composition, and must be accepted as disclosing the true character of its authors. The result is remarkable enough. Instead of a race of rude and ferocious warriors, we find in this book a kindly and affectionate people, full of sympathy for their friends in distress, considerate to their women, tender to their children, anxious for peace, and imbued with a profound reverence for their constitution and its authors. We become conscious of the fact that the aspect in which these Indians have presented themselves to the outside world has been in a large measure deceptive and factitious. The ferocity, craft, and cruelty, which have been deemed their leading traits, have been merely the natural accompaniments of wars of self-preservation, and no more indicated their genuine character than the war-paint, plume, and tomahawk of the warrior displayed the customary guise in which he appeared among his own people. The cruelties of war, when war is a struggle for national existence, are common to all races. The persistent desire for peace, pursued for centuries in federal unions, and in alliances and treaties with other nations, has been manifested by few as steadily as by the countrymen of Hiawatha. The sentiment of universal brotherhood, which directed their polity, has never been so fully developed in any branch of the Aryan race, unless it may be found incorporated in the religious quietism of Buddha and his followers.
To come back to our first proposition,—it is unquestionable that the Iroquois, when they framed the political system which exhibited this singular force of intellect and elevation of character, were a people of the Stone Age; and there is no good reason for supposing that they were superior in character and capacity to the people of the most primitive times. What we know of them entitles us to affirm that the makers of the earliest flint implements may have been equal, if not superior, in natural powers to the members of any existing race. And as language is the outgrowth and image of the mental faculties, it is not impossible, or even unlikely, that among the languages spoken by the people of those early ages, there may have been some as far superior in construction and power of expression to any tongue of modern Europe, as the languages of the barbarous Greeks and Germans, a thousand years before the Christian era, were superior to the speech of the highly civilized Egyptians.
The conclusions to which these facts and reasonings point are of great scientific importance. As there could be no sound astronomy while the notion prevailed that the earth was the centre of the universe, and no science of history while each nation looked with contempt upon every other people, so we can hope for no complete and satisfying science of man and of human speech until our minds are disabused of those other delusions of self-esteem which would persuade us that superior culture implies superior capacity, and that the particular race and language which we happen to claim as our own are the best of all races and languages.
[Printed at the SALEM PRESS, Nov., 1881.] | <urn:uuid:0320ad2b-4890-4c0c-b37c-8eb6ff48a7e2> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://hotfreebooks.com/book/Hiawatha-and-the-Iroquois-Confederation-Horatio-Hale.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806676.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122213945-20171122233945-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.984603 | 9,899 | 3.28125 | 3 |
System Software Notes eBook
About this eBook
Parentheses are used to indicate the contents of a register or a memory location.
Instruction Set SIC provides, load and store instructions LDA, LDX, STA, STX, etc. . Integer arithmetic operations ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV, etc. . All arithmetic operations involve register A and a word in memory, with the result being left in the register. Two instructions are provided for subroutine linkage. COMP compares the value in register A with a word in memory, this instruction sets a condition code CC to indicate the result. There are conditional jump instructions JLT, JEQ, JGT , these instructions test the setting of CC and jump accordingly. JSUB jumps to the subroutine placing the return address in register L, RSUB returns by jumping to the address contained in register L.
Input and Output Input and Output are performed by transferring 1 byte at a time to or from the rightmost 8 bits of register A accumulator . The Test Device TD instruction tests whether the addressed device is ready to send or receive a byte of data. Read Data RD , Write Data WD are used for reading or writing the data.
Data movement and Storage Definition LDA, STA, LDL, STL, LDX, STX A- Accumulator, L Linkage Register, X Index Register , all uses 3-byte word. LDCH, STCH associated with characters uses 1-byte. There are no memory-memory move instructions.
Storage definitions are
WORD RESW BYTE RESB -
ONE-WORD CONSTANT ONE-WORD VARIABLE ONE-BYTE CONSTANT ONE-BYTE VARIABLE
Example Programs SIC Example 1 Simple data and character movement operation LDA FIVE STA ALPHA LDCH CHARZ STCH C1 . ALPHA FIVE CHARZ C1 | <urn:uuid:c09ab80f-72c8-4b5d-9e6e-2a1f1665f999> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.kopykitab.com/higher-education-ebooks/System-Software-Notes-eBook | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542520.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00281-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.785138 | 391 | 3.796875 | 4 |
- Don’t immediately answer every question from your child. Sometimes it’s fun and builds thinking skills to answer a question with a question! Give your child the opportunities to problem solve their own answers to their questions. Ask your child open-ended questions, and think with them.
- Provide plenty of opportunities for your child to explore and discover new ideas and experiences. Pretend play and discovery often lead to creative and critical thinking.
- Encourage multiple answers to questions or unique and different avenues to find answers to questions.
As your child grows, learn to help them grow their thinking as individuals and include the family in thinking activities. For more information on this topic, check out the following articles and websites:
Have fun thinking with your child!
Austin ISD Advanced Academics Team
State Director Texas Future Problem Solving Program | <urn:uuid:35ab5184-dff2-433d-9d3d-de19867c3e5c> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://aisdaas.blogspot.com/2016/10/critical-and-creative-thinking.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806438.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121223707-20171122003707-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.900734 | 173 | 4.0625 | 4 |
University of California, Irvine
Tracking Children’s Speech and Language Development: A Pilot Study Using Interactive Mobile Storytime
Early identification and intervention of speech and language delays in children contribute to better communication and literacy skills for school readiness and are protective against behavioural and mental health problems, as well as academic failure. Speech and language delay affects 5 to 12 percent of US children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. Identification of these delays in primary care settings can be inefficient and is particularly challenging for children with low medical resources. These issues can lead to delays in treatment, resulting in detrimental effects on the child’s development. With more children growing up using digital devices on a regular basis, mobile applications offer unique opportunities to identify and monitor their development. Despite this, there are few cost-effective, technology-mediated means of assessment for communication impairments in children. Shared storybook reading, an evidence-based intervention technique, is a common activity used by many families and speech therapists for improving language and literacy skills in children. While e-books for children have become ubiquitous, research that has attempted to use digital storybooks to mediate screening and monitoring of speech and language skills remains limited.
In collaboration with a digital health startup company Cognoa, we designed “Storytime,” an interactive video that uses a virtual avatar for storytelling to mediate autonomous speech and language assessment between children and parents in the home setting. Our pilot study collects audio and video recordings of 76 pairs of parents and children ages 4 to 6 years old, with and without communication impairments. Children’s speech and language production is manually transcribed and analyzed to evaluate how they engage with and respond to this mobile-mediated interaction. In this talk, we present the initial findings from this study and discuss the implications on advancing existing research methods and participatory design between academic and industry collaborators.
Yao Du is a doctoral student in Informatics at the University of California, Irvine, working with advisor Katie Salen Tekinbas. Her research lies at the intersections of mobile HCI, instructional technology, and assistive technology, and her work focuses on designing and evaluating interactive tools for children with communication impairments, their caregivers, and healthcare providers. She has previously worked as a bilingual Mandarin-English speech-language pathologist in both educational and medical settings (e.g., schools, hospitals, clinics) with children and adults with disabilities. | <urn:uuid:e1b978d4-7bdf-4cde-8fad-c9fe219d6c94> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://rmcs2018.com/2018/05/18/yao-du/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114150002-20181114172002-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.939361 | 489 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The mystery of the disappearing fifteenth stone is, perhaps, the first thing the European has associated with the traditional Japanese “dry” garden. However, neither the “invisible” stone, nor “Mount Fuji”, nor the sea of moss are mandatory elements of a rock garden, unlike the person for whom it is intended – a person.
How stone gardens appeared in Japan
The Japanese Garden has come a long way of development – from luxurious spaces designed to entertain the nobility and decorate the residences of aristocrats, to hidden meanings of secluded and quiet corners for meditation. Like all primordially Japanese, the traditions of creating gardens came to the islands Continue reading
Japanese culture has given the world an ideal recipe for estranging from everyday worries and gaining a sense of peace and harmony with the world. A complex, symbolic tea ceremony is subject to fairly simple principles; they connect naturalness and sophistication, unpretentiousness and beauty. The “Way of Tea” – not eating, not gathering with friends – is a form of Buddhist meditation that arose about four centuries ago.
Like other traditional Japanese practices, the tea ceremony came to the islands of the Land of the Rising Sun from China. The drink itself has been familiar to the Japanese since the 7th century; it is believed Continue reading
Her Majesty Postage Stamp! It is a unique invention in itself. And she appeared at the behest of the time. Rather – at the behest of economic progress.
The vigorously developing capitalism of the mid-19th century, industry, trade, transport, or, as they say now, “business”, needed a connection. Moreover, the communication is well-established, reliable, and, most importantly, publicly available, convenient and cheap. And this, I think, predetermined the fact that for the first time a postage stamp appeared in Great Britain, which had become by that time a powerful colonial power, a “workshop of the world”, a “world cab driver”, and a “world banker.” And the communication system that existed in the country at that time was cumbersome, expensive and required streamlining.
In 1837, a member of the House of Commons of the British Parliament, inventor and educator, Sir Rowland Hill published his project “Post Office Reform, its Importance and Feasibility”. In his work, he proposed to unify the postage Continue reading | <urn:uuid:89225479-6123-433a-a11f-0872415b2ceb> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://taichisaotome.com/list/itself-disappeared | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060201.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928032425-20210928062425-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.946728 | 502 | 3.015625 | 3 |
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