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188_1 | Wallenstein's intrigues with the Protestants and his rapidly growing power alarmed the Catholic princes, and he was murdered in his bedroom at Eger by Irish mercenaries.
Integration of Theme and Mechanics
The game Wallenstein represents two years of the Thirty Years' War. It does not pretend to be a conflict simulation of war. Rather, it is a multiplayer game set in that historical period. Elements from that era intermix with the game mechanics to create an engaging experience.
Wallenstein is represented abstractly in the game by whoever chooses the yellow player. Other important figures of the period are represented by the other colors.
The game board is a map of Germany during the Thirty Years' War. Players must raise grain and gold, feed the masses, stave off rebellions, build churches, trade houses, and palaces, and possibly conquer other provinces. Game play and historical setting mesh to create a compelling gaming experience.
Gameplay |
188_2 | Turn Phases
The game takes place over the course of two years. Each year is divided into the four seasons: Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter. During the first three phases, players take actions to build, gather resources, and battle. During the last phase (Winter), players camp and feed their troops and score victory points for buildings. At the end of the second year, players score victory points for buildings again, and the player with the highest total wins. |
188_3 | Therefore, there are six phases in the game where players may take actions. There are 10 actions the players may take during these seasons, the order of which is randomly decided at the beginning of each season. The first five actions are placed on the game board face up, allowing players to plan based on their order. However, the last five actions remain hidden. The first of the hidden actions is revealed after the completion by all players of the first action, and so on until all actions are revealed by the time the fifth action is taken by all players. In this way, the order of the next five actions is always known to the players.
Mechanics
Turn order is randomly set at the beginning of each season by shuffling then ordering the Leader cards. This order is used throughout the entire season for all actions taken by the players. |
188_4 | At the start of a year, special “season” event cards are randomly chosen from a deck. All players learn the modifiers these cards may have on the game. These four cards are then shuffled and placed face down on the season track. The first three seasons, a card is revealed and its modifiers applied to the game. During the last season (Winter), the modifiers are ignored, but a number on the card reveals the extent of grain shortage for that year. This element allows players a certain level of planning, but an uncertainty of when (or even if) the season event will happen. |
188_5 | Players may only take actions with regions they control, and only one per region. Each player has a player board that shows the available actions. At the beginning of each season, each player secretly plans which action a region will take. Players assign actions to regions by placing the proper region card face down over the appropriate action. Blank region cards allow each player to hide which actions a player has selected to pass on.
Actions
Build a Palace, Church, or Trading Firm – Choosing this action for a region allows you to build the appropriate building in the region, providing there is a space. A region may not have more than one of the same building. The regions have varying numbers of available building spaces…one to three. Once full, no more building action may be made in the region. |
188_6 | Produce Gold/Grain – Each region produces a set amount of gold and grain. By choosing one of these actions, the region produces that resource. However, this action also causes unrest in the region, represented by a revolt marker placed on the region. If the region is already in unrest (already has one or more revolt markers), a battle must occur to determine if the player still controls the region. A battle triggered by this action involves placing 1 Farmer army for each revolt marker into the cube tower along with any Farmer armies currently in the cup of the tower. A successful revolt will cause the player to lose the region, all buildings will be destroyed, and he receives none of the income from the territory. A revolt marker is always placed in the region, even if one already existed. Pressing the same region over and over results in stronger unrest and increases the chances of a successful revolt. |
188_7 | Supply Army – Creation of new armies. There are three different supply actions such that a player may increase armies in three different regions per season. One of the actions allows an addition of five armies for the cost of three gold. A second allows the addition of three armies for the cost of two gold. The last allows the addition of one army for one gold. This last action additionally allows the player to move as many troops as he wants from one friendly region to an adjacent friendly region. The player may take either or both of these actions.
Movement/Battle – The movement action allows a player to move armies from a country they own into a neighboring country. The player is allowed to move any number of armies they wish, with the exception that they must leave at least one army in the originating country. If the neighboring country does not belong to that player, a battle occurs.
Battles |
188_8 | A battle will take place when a player moves armies into a country belonging to another player, into a neutral country, or when a revolt occurs. All battles are determined by the cube tower. The cube tower is a small, cardboard, tube-like structure. At the beginning of any battle, the two combatants gather their armies (cubes) along with all cubes in the bottom tray of the tower. After all cubes have passed through the tower, the cubes of the two combatants are tallied. Each opponent loses a cube for each enemy cube that makes it through the tower. For example, if four red army cubes and five yellow army cubes ended up in the tray, both players would lose four cubes. The yellow player would win the battle and put the one surviving yellow army cube in the region. The lost army cubes of each combatant are returned to their supply. If one fewer yellow cube had fallen out of the tower, the country would have been devastated, destroying any buildings present and leaving the country |
188_9 | uncontrolled by either player. |
188_10 | Due to the vagaries of the cube tower, it can be very difficult to predict the outcome of any battle. Many cubes can be poured into the tower, while only a few may come out. During initial setup, armies from all players are added to the tower as well, so it is also possible that in some battles, more cubes come out than were poured in.
Victory Conditions
During each Winter phase, players score victory points based on their positions on the board.
For every territory and building owned, a player scores 1 point. Then each colored region is considered as a whole. The player with the most Palaces in a region scores 3 points, the player with most Churches in a region scores 2 points and the player with the most Trading Firms in a region scores 1 point. If there is a tie in any region, the players with the most buildings of a particular type score 1 point fewer. Each colored region is scored in this manner. |
188_11 | e.g. If Jack and Kim are scoring the red region and each of them has 2 Palaces in red territories (provided that no other player has more than 1 Palace in that region), they both score 2 points (3 for the most Palaces, minus 1 for the tie). In this manner, tying another player for the most Trading Firms results in zero points.
At the end of 2 years the player with the most victory points wins the game.
Strategy
Elements of Luck
One of the largest elements of uncertainty in Wallenstein is the cube tower used to decide the outcome of battles. At the beginning of the game, players put some of their army cubes into the tower and some neutral farmer armies as well. With each battle, army cubes from the two combatants (or possibly neutral 'peasant' cubes) are poured in the top of the tower and a random number of cubes fall out, including some or all of those just put in, and possible some left from previous encounters or the initial load. |
188_12 | This randomness makes for a good amount of luck, without letting it overpower the game. This system, though, tends to make sure that most battles tend to be fought when the attacker has superior numbers and can reasonably count on the tower favoring him with its outcome.
The event cards that play out each season are another small level of randomness. They are known to all players, but the order in which they appear is random each game, leaving players able to plan ahead for possible outcomes, but also forcing them to choose which outcomes to prepare for.
As with most German-style board games, Wallenstein tends to favor player skill and foresight in planning over randomness when deciding the winner for each game. |
188_13 | Strategy
As a general rule, Wallenstein is more about developing territories rather than conquering them. However, it can certainly be beneficial to take another player's territory after they have already spent resources to develop it. Because of the reliability of receiving victory points from buildings and the uncertainties of battles due to the cube tower, most players tend to avoid conflict in the first year in order to amass larger armies for the second year.
The following more-detailed strategy tips were selected from Innovan's excellent Wallenstein Strategy (V 2004.1.1) document on BoardGameGeek. |
188_14 | When picking your starting countries look for high wheat or gold production and pass on 2s and 3s. When expanding into neutral countries all the high production countries are usually already taken. Look instead to expand into countries with 3 or 2 cities spaces while being defensible from the other players. Basically you’re looking for a safe place to build palaces and churches without worrying about them being stolen away or devastated in the remainder of the game. These are the countries where you’ll be too busy with building actions to use them for gold or wheat actions.
Linked countries allow linked actions. The more countries in an area of the map, the more actions you can perform each season in that area. A single country by itself is not survivable. But two otherwise isolated countries side by side are usually survivable because of the greater number of actions they together have in that area. |
188_15 | Buildings built the first year score victory points both year 1 and year 2. So spending one gold each turn building Trade Firms will net you 9 VPs for cost 6 gold by game end, which is the best return in the game.
Logistically, particularly because of the “conquered neutral countries get a peasant riot token” rule, it is extremely difficult to get grain and gold from neutral countries taken in year 2. Any expansion for grain and gold countries should happen in year 1. Year 2 expansion into neutral countries should only be about “Where can I build more buildings safely/Steal that Palace from a neighbor and make 5 points?”
In the three harvesting seasons you can usually gather 12 wheat per year and will lose 3-4 wheat from spoilage in the winter, so you would have to limit yourself to 8-9 countries to completely avoid winter revolts. Certainly expanding to 12 countries is guaranteeing heavy winter revolt losses from over expansion. |
188_16 | Performing all actions in a season costs 12 gold, yet you’ll usually only raise 6. Your starting gold divided by six turns is how much in deficit you can go each season. On the other hand, ending the game with unspent gold means actions you could have made but didn’t. Starting with 18 gold I aim to raise six gold each turn and spend nine gold in actions each turn.
Churchpeace is the most likely event of all. A common strategy is to place trade buildings in countries with only one city, but try to place churches and palaces in your 2 and 3 city countries. That way when churchpeace happens it’ll protect not just the church but the palace in that country as well.
You have 3 ways to buys armies: 5 for 3gold, 3 for 2 gold, and 1 for 1 gold (plus the optional non-combat move). The one army for one gold should be your least used of the three. Instead buy troops in bulk and use your free moveA and moveB on the next turn to move your troops instead. |
188_17 | Troops in the center of the board have many more movement options than troops on the edge of the board. Try to buy troops in countries in the center. |
188_18 | Components
As included in the 2002 release of Wallenstein by Queen Games.
Board
1 Large game board representing Germany, divided into five regions, each divided into nine smaller territories.
5 Individual player boards (one for each player). Each player board shows the player's color, a chart of all the territories and their attributes, and a central area in which to place cards for each of the ten actions.
Cards
45 Land cards representing each different territory.
25 Blank land cards.
5 Leader cards
10 Action cards
25 Event cards
Pieces
28 Palace tokens
26 Church tokens
26 Trading firm tokens
42 Revolt markers
62 Colored wooden cubes for each player, representing armies
20 Green wooden cubes, representing farmers
35 Natural-colored wooden chests, representing 1 gold
20 Orange wooden chests, representing 5 gold
Other
1 Cube tower
1 Plastic sorting container
1 Rulebook
1 Brief history book
Variations |
188_19 | 2-Player Variation
A two-player variant created by fans of the game is available at BoardGameGeek.
Shogun
The game was rethemed as Shogun, released by Queen in multi-language international edition in 2006.
Awards
Games – Best Advanced Strategy Game Runner-Up 2003
International Gamers Award – Best Strategy Game Nominee (special award) 2003
Availability
As of 2005, the Queen Games release of Wallenstein is no longer available. Though this is a German edition, various language translations can be found on BoardGameGeek. Aside from the rules, the game is fairly language independent. Most of the cards contain little or no text, preferring to convey meaning graphically. Being able to pronounce the countries depicted on the board is not essential to gameplay.
Queen Games is also planning to release a multilingual game based on Wallenstein with a new theme. As reported by Gamewire: |
188_20 | It's official - Queen Games will be publishing a game based on the Wallenstein game system to be titled Shogun. The game is designed by Dirk Henn. The game is set in the Sengoku period (approx 1467-1573) which ends with the inception of the well-known Tokugawa Shogunate. The game will be an international edition with language-independent components and a multilingual rules booklet. Here is a small picture of the box cover. The game is to be released in 2006.
Rio Grande Games also lists Wallenstein as a 2006 release. These two releases may or may not be referring to the same game.
References
External links
Publishers
Queen Games' Wallenstein page
Rio Grande Games' Wallenstein page
Reviews
A solid review of Wallenstein at gamersalliance.com.
An in-depth review of Wallenstein at thedicetower.com.
Another solid review of Wallenstein at solicitor.de.
A light review of Wallenstein at gamefest.com.
A review of Wallenstein at grognard.com. |
188_21 | Online Versions
SpielByWeb a play-by-web site including games of Wallenstein.
Board games introduced in 2002
Board wargames
Queen Games games
Dirk Henn games
Cultural depictions of Albrecht von Wallenstein |
189_0 | Natchez ( ) is the county seat and only city of Adams County, Mississippi, United States. Natchez has a total population of 15,792 (as of the 2010 census). Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia in Concordia Parish, Louisiana, Natchez was a prominent city in the antebellum years, a center of cotton planters and Mississippi River trade.
Natchez is some southwest of Jackson, the capital of Mississippi, which is located near the center of the state. It is approximately north of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, located on the lower Mississippi River. Natchez is the 25th-largest city in the state. The city was named for the Natchez tribe of Native Americans, who with their ancestors, inhabited much of the area from the 8th century AD through the French colonial period.
History |
189_1 | Established by French colonists in 1716, Natchez is one of the oldest and most important European settlements in the lower Mississippi River Valley. After the French lost the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), they ceded Natchez and near territory to Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris of 1763. (It later traded other territory east of the Mississippi River with Great Britain, which expanded what it called West Florida). The British Crown bestowed land grants in this territory to officers who had served with distinction in the war. These officers came mostly from the colonies of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. They established plantations and brought their upper class style of living to the area. |
189_2 | Beginning 1779, the area was under Spanish colonial rule. After defeat in the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain ceded the territory to the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1783). Spain was not a party to the treaty, and it was their forces who had taken Natchez from British troops. Although Spain had been allied with the American colonists, they were more interested in advancing their power at the expense of Britain. Once the war was over, they were not inclined to give up that which they had acquired by force.
In 1797 Major Andrew Ellicott of the United States marched to the highest ridge in the young town of Natchez, set up camp, and raised the first American Flag claiming Natchez and all former Spanish lands east of the Mississippi above the 31st parallel for the United States. |
189_3 | After the United States acquired this area from the Spanish, the city served as the capital of the Mississippi Territory and then of the state of Mississippi. It predates Jackson by more than a century; the latter replaced Natchez as the capital in 1822, as it was more centrally located in the developing state. The strategic location of Natchez, on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River, ensured that it would be a pivotal center of trade, commerce, and the interchange of ethnic Native American, European, and African cultures in the region; it held this position for two centuries after its founding. |
189_4 | In U.S. history, Natchez is recognized particularly for its role in the development of the Old Southwest during the first half of the 19th century. It was the southern terminus of the historic Natchez Trace, with the northern terminus being Nashville, Tennessee. After unloading their cargoes in Natchez or New Orleans, many pilots and crew of flatboats and keelboats traveled by the Trace overland to their homes in the Ohio River Valley. (Given the strong current of the Mississippi River, it was not until steam-powered vessels were developed in the 1820s that travel northward on the river could be accomplished by large boats.) The Natchez Trace also played an important role during the War of 1812. Today the modern Natchez Trace Parkway, which commemorates this route, still has its southern terminus in Natchez. |
189_5 | In the decades preceding the Civil War, Natchez was by far the most prevalent slave trading city in Mississippi, and second in the United States only to New Orleans. The leading markets were located at the Forks of the Road, at the intersection of Liberty Road and Washington Road (now D’Evereux Drive and St. Catherine Street). In 1833, the most active slavers in the United States, John Armfield and Isaac Franklin began a program of arbitrating low slave prices in the Middle Atlantic area by sending thousands of slaves to Deep South markets in Natchez and New Orleans. Their company, Franklin and Armfield sent an annual caravan of slaves, called a coffle, from Virginia to the Forks of the Road in Natchez, as well as sending others by ship through New Orleans. Unlike other slave sellers of the day, Franklin and Armfield sold slaves individually, with the buyers allowed to survey the merchandise much like items in a modern retail store. |
189_6 | In the middle of the nineteenth century, the city attracted wealthy Southern planters as residents, who built mansions to fit their ambitions. Their plantations were vast tracts of land in the surrounding lowlands along the river fronts of Mississippi and Louisiana, where they grew large commodity crops of cotton and sugarcane using slave labor. Natchez became the principal port from which these crops were exported, both upriver to Northern cities and downriver to New Orleans, where much of the cargo was exported to Europe. Many of the mansions built by planters before 1860 survive and form a major part of the city's architecture and identity. Agriculture remained the primary economic base for the region until well into the twentieth century. |
189_7 | During the American Civil War Natchez was surrendered by Confederate forces without a fight in September 1862. Following the Union victory at the Battle of Vicksburg in July 1863, many refugees, including former slaves, freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, began moving into Natchez and the surrounding countryside. The Union Army officers claimed to be short on resources and unable to provide for the refugees. The Army planned to address the situation with a mixture of paid labor for freed slaves on government leased plantations, the enlistment of able bodied males who were willing to fight in the Union Army and the establishment of refugee camps where former slaves could be provided with education. However, as the war continued, the plan was never effectively implemented and the leased plantations were crowded, poorly managed and frequently raided by Confederate troops who controlled the surrounding territory. Hundreds of people living in Natchez, including many former slaves and |
189_8 | refugees, died of hunger, disease, overwork or were killed in the fighting during this period. In order to manage the tens of thousands of freed Black slaves, the Union Army created a concentration camp in Natchez in a natural pit known as the Devil's Punchbowl, where thousands died of starvation, smallpox, and other diseases. |
189_9 | After the American Civil War, the city's economy rapidly revived, mostly due to Natchez having been spared the destruction visited upon many other parts of the South. The vitality of the city and region was captured most significantly in the 80 years or so following the war by the photographers Henry C. Norman and his son Earl. The output of the Norman Studio between roughly 1870 and 1950 documents this period in Natchez's development vividly; the photographs are now preserved as the Thomas and Joan Gandy Collection in special collections of the library of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. |
189_10 | During the twentieth century, the city's economy experienced a downturn, first due to the replacement of steamboat traffic on the Mississippi River by railroads in the early 1900s, some of which bypassed the river cities and drew away their commerce. Later in the 20th century, many local industries closed in a restructuring that sharply reduced the number of jobs in the area. Despite its status as a popular destination for heritage tourism because of well-preserved antebellum architecture, Natchez has had a general decline in population since 1960. It remains the principal city of the Natchez micropolitan area. |
189_11 | Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which are land and (4.62%) is water.
Climate
Natchez has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) under the Köppen climate classification system.
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 14,520 people, 6,026 households, and 3,149 families residing in the city.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 18,464 people, 7,591 households, and 4,858 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,398.3 people per square mile (540.1/km2). There were 8,479 housing units at an average density of 642.1 per square mile (248.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 54.49% African American, 44.18% White, 0.38% Asian, 0.11% Native American, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 0.63% from two or more races. 0.70% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. |
189_12 | There were 7,591 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.6% were married couples living together, 23.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.0% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.7 males. |
189_13 | The median income for a household in the city was $25,117, and the median income for a family was $29,723. Males had a median income of $31,323 versus $20,829 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,868. 28.6% of the population and 25.1% of families were below the poverty line. 41.6% of those under the age of 18 and 23.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
Economy
Adams County Correctional Center, a private prison operated by the Corrections Corporation of America on behalf of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, is in an unincorporated area in Adams County, near Natchez. |
189_14 | Education
Natchez is home to Alcorn State University's Natchez Campus, which offers the School of Nursing, the School of Business, and graduate business programs. The School of Business offers Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree and other business classes from its Natchez campus. The MBA program attracts students from a wide range of academic disciplines and preparation from the Southwest Mississippi area and beyond offering concentrations in general business, gaming management and hospitality management. Both schools in the Natchez campus provide skills which has enabled community students to have an important impact on the economic opportunities of people in Southwest Mississippi.
Copiah-Lincoln Community College also operates a campus in Natchez. |
189_15 | The city of Natchez and Adams County operate one public school system, the Natchez-Adams School District. The district comprises ten schools. They are Susie B. West, Morgantown, Gilmer McLaurin, Joseph F. Frazier, Robert Lewis Magnet School, Natchez Freshman Academy, Natchez Early College@Co-Lin, Central Alternative School, Natchez High School, and Fallin Career and Technology Center.
In Natchez, there are a number of private and parochial schools.
Adams County Christian School (ACCS) is also a PK-12 school in the city. Adams County Christian School was founded as a segregation academy and is a member of the Mississippi Association of Independent Schools (MAIS). Cathedral School is also a PK-12 school in the city. It is affiliated with the Roman Catholic St. Mary Basilica. Holy Family Catholic School, founded in 1890, is a PK-3 school affiliated with Holy Family Catholic Church.
Media
A list of media in the Natchez metropolitan area (collectively known as the "Miss-Lou"):
AM
FM |
189_16 | Infrastructure
Transportation
Highways
U.S. 61 runs north–south, parallel to the Mississippi River, linking Natchez with Port Gibson, Woodville, Mississippi and Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
U.S. 84 runs east–west and bridges the Mississippi, connecting it with Vidalia, Louisiana and Brookhaven, Mississippi.
U.S. 425 runs north from Natchez after crossing the Mississippi, connecting Ferriday with Clayton, at which point U.S. 65 follows the west bank of the Mississippi, connecting to Waterproof north to St. Joseph, Newellton, and Tallulah, Louisiana.
U.S. 98 runs east from Natchez towards Bude and McComb, Mississippi.
Mississippi 555 runs north from the center of Natchez to where it joins Mississippi Highway 554.
Mississippi 554 runs from the north side of the city to where it joins Highway 61, northeast of town.
Rail
Natchez is served by the Natchez Railway, which interchanges with Norfolk Southern. |
189_17 | Air
Natchez is served by the Natchez-Adams County Airport, a general aviation facility. The nearest airports with commercial service are Baton Rouge Metropolitan Airport, to the south via US 61 and Alexandria International Airport, to the west via US 84 to LA-28W. |
189_18 | Notable people
Robert H. Adams, former United States senator from Mississippi
William Wirt Adams, Confederate States Army officer, grew up in Natchez
Philip Alston, prominent plantation owner and early American outlaw
Glen Ballard, five-time Grammy Award-winning songwriter/producer
Pierre A. Barker, former Mayor of Buffalo, New York
Campbell Brown, Emmy Award-winning journalist, political anchor for CNN; grew up in Natchez and attended both Trinity Episcopal and Cathedral High School
John J. Chanche, first Roman Catholic bishop of Natchez, buried on the grounds of St. Mary Basilica, Natchez
George Henry Clinton, member of both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature in the first quarter of the 20th century, born in Natchez in the late 1860s
Charles C. Cordill, Louisiana state senator from Concordia and Tensas parishes, interred at Natchez City Cemetery
Charles G. Dahlgren, Confederate brigadier general during American Civil War
Olu Dara, musician and father of rapper Nas |
189_19 | Varina Howell Davis, first lady of the Confederate States of America; born, reared, and married in Natchez
Bob Dearing, longtime member of the Mississippi State Senate
Ellen Douglas, novelist, author of Black Cloud, White Cloud and Apostles of Light, nominated for the National Book Award
A. W. Dumas (1876-1945), physician
Stephen Duncan (1787-1867), planter and banker
Robert C. Farrell (born 1936), journalist and member of the Los Angeles City Council, 1974–91
Je'Kel Foster, basketball player
Terry W. Gee, member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1980 to 1992 from suburban New Orleans; born in Natchez in 1940, died in Baton Rouge in 2014
Jimmie Giles, NFL Tight End & four-time Pro Bowl selection in the 1980s while with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Mickey Gilley, country music singer, born in Natchez
Hugh Green, All-American defensive end at the University of Pittsburgh, two-time Pro Bowler, Heisman runner-up |
189_20 | Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield, noted black concert singer and Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame inductee, was born in Natchez in 1824.
Cedric Griffin, Minnesota Vikings cornerback born in Natchez but raised in San Antonio, Texas
Bishop Gunn, rock and roll band whose members were born in Natchez and hold 'The Bishop Gunn Crawfish Boil' in the city every May.
Abijah Hunt, merchant during the Territorial Period who owned a chain of stores and public cotton gins along the Natchez Trace
Von Hutchins, former NFL football player for the Indianapolis Colts 2004-2005 Houston Texans 2006-2007Atlanta Falcons 2008
Greg Iles, raised in Natchez and a best-selling author of many novels set in the city
Rosa Vertner Jeffrey (1828-1894), poet and novelist
William Johnson, "The Barber of Natchez", freed slave and prominent businessman
Nook Logan, former Major League Baseball player for the Washington Nationals |
189_21 | John R. Lynch, the first African-American Speaker of the House in Mississippi and one of the earliest African-American members of Congress
Samuel Abraham Marx, architect, was born in Natchez
George Mathews, former governor of Georgia, lived in Natchez in the late 1790s.
Lynda Lee Mead, Miss Mississippi in 1959 and Miss America in 1960. A Natchez city street, Lynda Lee Drive, is named in her honor.
Marion Montgomery, singer
Anne Moody, civil rights activist and author of Coming of Age in Mississippi, attended Natchez Junior College
Alexander O'Neal, R&B singer
Col. John Joseph "Jack" Pitchford, USAF Ret. Among the first USAF "Wild Weasel" combat pilots, imprisoned 7 years in Vietnam returning home in 1973.
General John Anthony Quitman, Mexican War hero, plantation owner, governor of Mississippi, owner of Monmouth Plantation
Clyde V. Ratcliff, member of the Louisiana State Senate from 1944 to 1948, lived in Natchez
Rico Richardson, NFL player |
189_22 | Stevan Ridley, NFL running back for the Denver Broncos
Pierre Adolphe Rost, a member of the Mississippi State Senate and commissioner to Europe for the Confederate States, immigrated to Natchez from France
Billy Shaw, Pro Football Hall of Fame member, born in Natchez
Chris Shivers, two-time PBR world champion bull rider, born in Natchez
Carter Smith, film director and fashion photographer
Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori, African nobleman sold into slavery and sent to work a plantation in Natchez, Mississippi for thirty-eight years before being freed at the request of Abd al-Rahman, the Sultan of Morocco
Hound Dog Taylor, blues singer and slide guitar player
Fred Toliver, former pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies and the Minnesota Twins
Don José Vidal, Spanish governor of the Natchez District, buried in the Natchez City Cemetery
Joanna Fox Waddill, Civil War nurse known as the "Florence Nightingale of the Confederacy"
Samuel Washington Weis (1870–1956), painter |
189_23 | Marie Selika Williams, first black artist to perform at the White House
Richard Wright, novelist, author of Black Boy and Native Son, born on Rucker plantation in Roxie, twenty-two miles east of Natchez; lived in Natchez as a child |
189_24 | In popular culture
Various movies have been shot here, including The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1974), Crossroads (1986), Raintree County (1957), Horse Soldiers (1959), Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1981),
The Ladykillers (2004), Get On Up (2014) and Ma (film) (2019).
Historic sites
Post-classical thru Early modern periods
Anna Site
Grand Village of the Natchez
Antebellum period
Commercial Bank and Banker's House
First Presbyterian Church of Natchez
Great Natchez Tornado
Natchez Museum of African American History and Culture
Natchez National Cemetery
Natchez On-Top-of-the-Hill Historic District
Selma Plantation
St. Mary Basilica, Natchez
United States Courthouse (Natchez, Mississippi)
Pre-Civil War homes |
189_25 | Airlie (Natchez)
Arlington (Natchez, Mississippi)
Auburn (Natchez, Mississippi)
Brandon Hall (Washington, Mississippi)
The Briars (Natchez, Mississippi)
The Burn (Natchez, Mississippi)
Concord (Natchez, Mississippi)
Cottage Gardens
D'Evereux
Dunleith
Elgin (Natchez, Mississippi)
The Elms (Natchez, Mississippi)
Elms Court
Glenfield Plantation
Gloucester (Natchez, Mississippi)
Hawthorne Place
Homewood Plantation (Natchez, Mississippi)
Lansdowne (Natchez, Mississippi)
Linden (Natchez, Mississippi)
Longwood (Natchez, Mississippi)
Magnolia Hill (Natchez, Mississippi)
Melrose (Natchez, Mississippi)
Monmouth (Natchez, Mississippi)
Montaigne (Natchez, Mississippi)
Ravenna (Natchez, Mississippi)
Richmond (Natchez, Mississippi)
Routhland
Town houses |
189_26 | Choctaw
Green Leaves
House on Ellicott's Hill
King's Tavern
The Presbyterian Manse
Magnolia Hall (Natchez, Mississippi)
Rosalie Mansion
Smith-Bontura-Evans House
Stanton Hall
William Johnson House (Natchez, Mississippi)
Winchester House (Natchez, Mississippi)
Footnotes
Further reading |
189_27 | Anderson, Aaron D. Builders of a New South: Merchants, Capital, and the Remaking of Natchez, 1865-1914. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2013.
Boler, Jaime Elizabeth. City under Siege: Resistance and Power in Natchez, Mississippi, 1719–1857, PhD. U. of Southern Mississippi, Dissertation Abstracts International 2006 67(3): 1061-A. DA3209667, 393p.
Brazy, Martha Jane. An American Planter: Stephen Duncan of Antebellum Natchez and New York, Louisiana State U. Press, 2006. 232 pp.
Broussard, Joyce L. "Occupied Natchez, Elite Women, and the Feminization of the Civil War," Journal of Mississippi History, 2008 70(2): 179–207.
Broussard, Joyce L. Stepping Lively in Place: The Not-Married, Free Women of Civil War-Era Natchez, Mississippi. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2016.
Cox, James L. The Mississippi Almanac. New York: Computer Search & Research, 2001. . |
189_28 | Davis, Jack E. Race Against Time: Culture and Separation in Natchez Since 1930, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001.
Davis, Ronald L. F. Good and Faithful Labor: from Slavery to Sharecropping in the Natchez District 1860-1890, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982.
Dittmer, John. Local People: The Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994.
Dolensky, Suzanne T. "Natchez in 1920: On the Threshold of Modernity." Journal of Mississippi History 72#2 (2011): 95-137 online
Gandy, Thomas H. and Evelyn. The Mississippi Steamboat Era in Historic Photographs: Natchez to New Orleans, 1870–1920. New York: Dover Publications, 1987.
Gower, Herschel. Charles Dahlgren of Natchez: The Civil War and Dynastic Decline Brassey's, 2002. 293 pp.
Inglis, G. Douglas. "Searching for Free People of Color in Colonial Natchez," Southern Quarterly 2006 43(2): 97–112
James, Dorris Clayton. Ante-Bellum Natchez (1968), the standard scholarly study |
189_29 | Libby, David J. Slavery and Frontier Mississippi, 1720–1835, U. Press of Mississippi, 2004. 163 pp. focus on Natchez
Nguyen, Julia Huston. "Useful and Ornamental: Female Education in Antebellum Natchez," Journal of Mississippi History 2005 67(4): 291–309
Nolan, Charles E. St. Mary's of Natchez: The History of a Southern Catholic Congregation, 1716–1988 (2 vol 1992)
Umoja, Akinyele Omowale. "'We Will Shoot Back': The Natchez Model and Paramilitary Organization in the Mississippi Freedom Movement"], Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Jan., 2002), pp. 271–294. In JSTOR
Way, Frederick. Way's Packet Dictionary, 1848–1994: Passenger Steamboats of the Mississippi River System Since the Advent of Photography in Mid-Continent America. 2nd ed. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1994.
Wayne, Michael. The Reshaping of Plantation Society: The Natchez District, 1860–1880 (1983). |
189_30 | External links
City of Natchez official website
Populated places established in 1716
Cities in Adams County, Mississippi
Cities in Mississippi
Cities in Natchez micropolitan area
Mississippi populated places on the Mississippi River
Mississippi
County seats in Mississippi
French-American culture in Mississippi
Natchez Trace |
190_0 | Yevgeny Vladmirovich Kuyvashev (Russian: Евгений Владимирович Куйвашев; born on 16 March 1971) is a Russian statesman who is currently the governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast since 29 May 2012. He was the acting governor on 14 May 2012 to May 29, and again in 17 April until 18 September 2017.
Kuyvashev previously served as the 3rd Plenipotentiary Representative of the Ural Federal District from 2011 to 2012. He held in offices such as the Head of the Administration of Tyumen from 2007 to 2011, and Tobolsk from 2005 to 2007.
Biography
Yevgeny Kuyvashev was born on 16 March 1971 in the village of Lugovskoy, in Khanty-Mansiysk District, of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, of the Tyumen Oblast.
From 1989 to 1991, Kuyvashev served in the military service of the Soviet Army.
From 1991 to 1993, he studied at the Tobolsk Medical School named after Volodya Soldatov, specializing in "dentist-orthodontist". |
190_1 | Labor activity
After graduating from high school, he worked for some time as a mechanic in the "Surgutremstroy" trust.
After serving in the army in 1991, he worked for a short time as a physical education methodologist at the Department of Technological Transport in Surgut..
After receiving his education, he worked in the Poikovsky village of the Nefteyugansk region of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, first as a dental technician, then as a deputy head of the branch of the Union of Afghan Veterans on commercial issues, a concrete mixer driver, a high-altitude installer, and a legal adviser.
Administrative work
In 1997, Kuyvashev moved to the Administration of the Poikovsky village, where he worked first as an assistant to the head Eduard Khudainatov, then as his deputy, and after Khudainatov moved to work in the Presidential Administration in 2000, he took his place. |
190_2 | In 1999, he went the Moscow Military Institute of the Federal Border Service of the Russia with a degree in lawyer, in a correspondence course.
In parallel with his work in the administration, Kuyvashev taught the theory of state and law, municipal law at the Poikovsky branch of Tyumen State University.
From 2004 to 2005, he was the deputy head of the department of bailiffs in Moscow.
On 30 November 2005, Kuyvashev was unanimously approved by the deputies of the Tobolsk City Duma by the head of the Tobolsk administration.
On 14 June 2007, Kuyvashev applied for a competition to fill the post of head of the Tyumen administration after the resignation of the former mayor, Sergey Smetanyuk, and on 5 July 2007, he was elected to this position by Tyumen City Duma.
In 2010, he initiated professional retraining at Tyumen State University under the program "State and Municipal Administration". |
190_3 | Many media outlets also report that in 2002, Kuyvashev graduated from Yale University with a degree in management. At the same time, Kuyvashev himself in the media commented on the information about his studies at Yale University as follows: "I did not study at Yale - I just listened to lectures there. I did not study, I have no diploma.".
On 29 January 2011, Kuyvashev was the deputy Plenipotentiary Representative of the Urals Federal District. From 6 September 2011 to 14 May 14, 2012, Kuyvashev was promoted to the Plenipotentiary Representative Urals Federal District.
From 14 September 2011 to 14 May 2012, he was the Member of the Security Council of the Russia.
Governor of Sverdlovsk Region
On 14 May 2012, Kuyvashev became the acting Governor of the Sverdlovsk Oblast. |
190_4 | On 24 May 2012, Russian President Vladimir Putin submitted to the Legislative Assembly of the Sverdlovsk Oblast the candidacy of Yevgeny Kuyvashev to empower the governor of the Sverdlovsk Oblast. The candidacy was supported by a majority of votes of the members of parliaments of the Legislative Assembly of the Sverdlovsk Oblast, and on May 29, 2012, Kuyvashev officially took office as the regional governor.
From 28 July 2012 to 22 February 2013 and from 10 November 2015 to 6 April 2016, he was the member of the Presidium of the State Council of the Russia. |
190_5 | During the governorship of Kuyvashev, the system of government bodies of the Sverdlovsk Oblast was changed, repeatedly making amendments to the Charter of the region. In July 2012, on the initiative of Kuyvashev, the post of vice-governor was introduced, but already in December of the next year, this post was abolished. In 2016, the post of regional prime minister was abolished with the assignment of his duties to the governor. Thus, by the beginning of 2017, Kuyvashev became both the governor and the head of the regional government. |
190_6 | In 2012, at the suggestion of Kuyvashev, he sent to the Administration of the President of Russia, a working group was created in the Ministry of Health to consider the issue of compulsory licensing of the activities of all organizations involved in the rehabilitation of drug addicts. In his opinion, such licensing is a matter of citizens' safety. At this time, on his behalf in the region, a state rehabilitation center "Ural without drugs" was created. The decree on its creation was signed on 3 July 2012.
On 18 September 2016, Kuyvashev took part in the elections to the Legislative Assembly of the Sverdlovsk Oblats, heading the list of the United Russia party. After the elections, he gave up his deputy mandate, without starting to act as a deputy. |
190_7 | At the end of 2016, the film director Nikita Mikhalkov criticized the Yeltsin Center, which opened in November 2015, with the financial support of the authorities of the Sverdlovsk Oblast. Kuyvashev said that he was proud to have taken part in the creation of the Yeltsin Center, and said that he was ready to personally lead Mikhalkov on a tour of it.
At the end of March 2017, Kuyvashev found advantages in the decision of the Federal Minister Denis Manturov to transfer the international arms exhibition Russia Arms Expo from Nizhny Tagil to the Patriot park in Moscow Oblast.
According to the governor, this event "will become an incentive for the implementation of new breakthrough initiatives in the Urals". The former governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Eduard Rossel (on whose initiative this exhibition was founded in 1999) has of a different opinion, who asked to keep the Russia Arms Expo in Nizhny Tagil and turned to Kuyvashev about the exhibition. |
190_8 | In April 2017, Kuyvashev supported the need to reform public transport in Yekaterinburg (in particular, to eliminate "duplicate" routes) in accordance with the decision of the city manager of Yekaterinburg, Aleksander Yakob, which was adopted in April of the same year.
On 17 April 2017, Kuyvashev resigned at his own request. On the same day, by the decree of the President of Russia, he was appointed acting Governor of the Sverdlovsk Region "until the person elected as the Governor of the Sverdlovsk Oblast takes office." He won the elections on 10 September 2017 with 62.16% of the vote.
On 8 December 2018, on the basis of the decision taken by the delegates of the XVIII Congress of the United Russia party, Kuyvashev was introduced to the Supreme Council of the party. |
190_9 | Criticism
Information appeared in the press about Kuyvashev's informal connection with energy businessmen Artyom Bikov and Alexei Bobrov, who were called his sponsors. However, Kuyvashev himself denies this connection: "It is not my fault that they have assets in all regions where I worked. Wherever you start working, Bikov and Bobrov are already there.".
Aksana Panova, the former editor-in-chief of the Ural Internet agency Ura.ru, who was accused at one time in a number of criminal cases, called Kuyvashev the "customer" of her prosecution. |
190_10 | Znak.com noted in 2013 that Kuyvashev, despite the regional budget cuts and economic difficulties, increased funding for "PR": in 2013, 1.136 billion rubles were allocated to the media from the budget (of which 0.5 billion was for the purchase of an unfinished television tower in Yekaterinburg), while in 2012 only 368 million rubles were spent for these purposes. Критику издания вызвал также тот факт, что значительная часть трат на СМИ из бюджета области непрозрачна. The publication was also criticized by the fact that a significant part of the expenditures on the media from the regional budget is not transparent. In October 2013, opposition deputies criticized the authorities of the Sverdlovsk Oblast for the fact that the bulk of media spending from the budget of the Sverdlovsk region goes to the "Regional newspaper" and the OTV television channel. The private media also get some. For example, by order of Kuyvashev, 20 million rubles were transferred to the Malina project. |
190_11 | Welfare
In 2011, the income of Kuyvashev, who worked as the plenipotentiary of the President, amounted to 3.7 million rubles, the income of his, Natalya, with 3.1 million rubles.
According to Vyacheslav Tselishchev, a specialist at one of the Yekaterinburg watch salons, Kuyvashev has the Swiss watch of the Jaeger Le Coultre Master Control brand, which costed 700 thousand rubles in 2012. |
190_12 | At the end of 2016, while working in the government of the Sverdlovsk Oblast, Kuyvashev earned 3,333,627.89 rubles. As of 31 December 2016, he owned an apartment of 144 sq.m. in Yekaterinburg and 1/3 share in an apartment of 131.7 sq.m. in the Tyumen Oblast, a jet ski VX700 and a MZSA trailer 2006 release. The data on the spouse's income for this period differ: the website of the governor of the Sverdlovsk Oblast indicates the amount of 9,967,789.03 rubles,ile the information posted by the Election Commission of the Sverdlovsk region during the election of the governor indicated the amount of 2,920,271.03 rubles, the source of income were LLC "Lelya", IE Kuyvasheva N.S., JSC "TsVMIR" SIBERIA "".
After becoming the governor of the Sverdlovsk Oblast, Kuyvashev bought an apartment in Yekaterinburg worth about 13.5-16.5 million rubles. |
190_13 | Family
Natalia (born 1974) is an entrepreneur. She is the director and co-owner of Lelya LLC, which owns the Three Glasses chain of elite wine stores located in Tyumen and Tobolsk.
The Kuyvashev family has 2 children, with daughter Yelizaveta (born in 1997) and a son, Dmitry.
Hobbies
Kuyvashev is fond of sports, goes in for biathlon and hockey, takes part in all-star matches. A passionate fan: he is a fan of the hockey team "Avtomobilist" and the football club "Ural".
In music he prefers Russian rock, which is familiar with the veterans of the Sverdlovsk rock club, is friends with Alexander Pantykin.
He is also good at painting.
References
1971 births
Living people
Mayors of Tyumen
People from Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Governors of Sverdlovsk Oblast
United Russia politicians |
191_0 | Road to Nowhere is a 2010 American romance thriller independent film directed by Monte Hellman, written by Steven Gaydos, and starring Cliff De Young, Waylon Payne, Shannyn Sossamon, Tygh Runyan, and Dominique Swain. It was Hellman's first feature film in 21 years, as well as his final feature film before his death in April 2021.
Road to Nowhere was shot in western North Carolina from July to August 2009, before moving to Europe. The film premiered on September 10, 2010 at the 67th Venice International Film Festival and was nominated for the Golden Lion, but won Jury Award Special Lion for Career Achievement. The film was given a limited release in New York on June 10, 2011 and in Los Angeles on June 17, 2011. |
191_1 | Plot
A promising young filmmaker named Mitchell Haven invites Laurel Graham, an unknown actress, to play Velma Duran, a person involved in a financial scandal that made headlines, in his new film. The director falls in love with his muse, and the sordid criminal affair on which the film is based resurfaces.
Cast
Shannyn Sossamon as Laurel Graham/Velma Duran
Dominique Swain as Nathalie Post
Cliff De Young as Cary Stewart/Rafe Taschen
Tygh Runyan as Mitchell Haven
Fabio Testi as Nestor Duran
John Diehl as Bobby Billings
Waylon Payne as Bruno Brotherton
Rob Kolar as Steve Gates
Bonnie Pointer as herself
Michael Bigham as Joe Watts
Lathan McKay as Erik
Nic Paul as Jeremy Laidlaw
Peter Bart has a cameo in the film playing himself
Production |
191_2 | Development
Road to Nowhere was Monte Hellman's first feature film in 21 years. The film was written by Variety executive editor Steven Gaydos. Shannyn Sossamon was the first actor to be cast after Gaydos saw her in a restaurant rehearsing a scene with another person. Reluctantly, Gaydos gave Sossamon his card saying, "I don't do this often, but I wonder if you or your agent would contact Monte Hellman." Hellman told the Los Angeles Times that he dedicated the film to Laurie Bird, with whom Hellman fell in love while directing her in Two-Lane Blacktop. |
191_3 | Filming
On a budget of under $5 million, principal photography was almost entirely in western North Carolina (where the film is also set) between July and August 2009. Hellman shot with a Canon EOS 5D Mark II, which recorded 12 minutes at a time on a flash card (as opposed to 10 minutes with a 35mm film). Scenes were shot at the Balsam Mountain Inn in Balsam for four to five weeks. Several other scenes were shot in the Boyd Mountain Log Cabins in Waynesville. Still other scenes were shot at Doc Holliday's bar in Maggie Valley, at the Fontana Dam, and at the Jackson County Airport. Students from University of North Carolina School of the Arts and Western Carolina University were hired as production assistants and also served as extras. Other shooting locations were done in Los Angeles. |
191_4 | Jim Rowell, a Cullowhee resident got a deal with the filmmakers that allowed him to make a fuel pump repair at the airport in exchange for flying his 1966 Piper Cherokee four-passenger plane as a stuntman. Rowell did eight to nine passes over the lake, flying 300 to 500 feet above the water. In post-production, film editors cut the shots back and forth of Rowell flying near the dam and the actual actor sitting in Rowell's plane pretending to fly in front of a green screen and crashing the plane into the Fontana Dam. Natasha Senjanovic of The Hollywood Reporter called the plane crash one of "cinema's top plane crashes" and remarked that, "[it] is beautifully shot and comes as a total surprise". |
191_5 | Hellman still needed to shoot some scenes in Europe, but was over budget. His daughter, co-producer Melissa Hellman, raised more money through private equity. Hellman shot in the streets of London and traveled to Italy to shoot at Lake Garda. Other scenes were shot in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli, and in front of Michelangelo's Moses and the tomb of Pope Julius II in Rome.
Release
In January 2011, Monterey Media bought the United States distribution rights from Entertainment One. The American Cinematheque at the Egyptian hosted a tribute to Hellman which culminated on May 14, 2011, with a special premiere screening of Road to Nowhere. On June 8, 2011, the Film Society of Lincoln Center hosted an evening with Hellman, which included a special presentation of Road to Nowhere and a screening of Hellman's adaptation of Cockfighter. |
191_6 | Festivals
Road to Nowhere was selected to screen at the following film festivals:
2010 Whistler Film Festival
2010 Venice Film Festival
2010 Palm Springs International Film Festival
2010 South by Southwest
2011 Nashville Film Festival
2011 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
2011 Filmfest Oldenburg |
191_7 | Limited theatrical run
Road to Nowhere was given a limited release in New York City on June 10, 2011 and in Los Angeles on June 17, 2011. In New York the film opened in one theater and grossed $2,521 for its opening weekend. It grossed a total of $4,984 in its first week. In Los Angeles the film opened in six theaters and grossed $6,051—$864 per theater for its opening weekend, a 140% increase in tickets. In its third week it grossed $3,936—$984 per theater, a 35% decrease in ticket sales from the previous week. It was removed from three theaters. In its fourth weekend, a four-day weekend, the film made $3,113—$778 per theater. By its fifth weekend it was removed from two theaters and had a 67% percent drop in tickets making $846–$423 per theater. By its sixth weekend the film was playing in three theaters making $877–$292 per theater. For its seventh weekend, it gained $3,609—$722 per theater in five theaters, an increase of 247.4% from the previous weekend. |
191_8 | The film grossed $83,496 in France and $37,829 in Portugal. Road to Nowhere earned $40,294 in theatrical release in the United States and $121,325 in other markets, for a worldwide total of $161,619.
Home media
Road to Nowhere was released to DVD and Blu-ray on . Features include a 15-min behind the scenes (making of the film) video and a 14-min Q&A with Hellman and Gaydos at the Nashville Film Festival. |
191_9 | Critical reception
The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics, with many critics praising the performance of Shannyn Sossamon. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79% of 24 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average of 6.7 out of 10. Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from film critics, has a rating score of 59 based on 17 reviews.
Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote a positive review saying, "In its masterful use of evocative imagery and music, Road to Nowhere is flawless". After an interview with Hellman, John Anderson from The New York Times said positive things about the film saying "Road may also be as significant to the indie feature as Avatar is to the popcorn movie". Road to Nowhere was also included in Roger Corman's Legendary Films Blog. |
191_10 | Nick Dawson wrote a positive review after it screened at South by Southwest Film Festival. Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave a negative review saying, "[Road to Nowhere] has a great setup but not much in the way of a payoff". He went on to say "While there are some giggles in the film-within-the-film, the artsy-fartsy direction and flat-as-a-pancake acting invites invidious comparisons to Mulholland Drive". Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars criticizing the story's film within a film narrative. He said, "Road to Nowhere is not a failure in that it sets out to do exactly what it does, and does it. The question remains of why it should have been done. Hellman's skill is evident everywhere in precise framing and deliberate editing. Each scene works within itself on its own terms. But there is no whole here. I've rarely seen a narrative film that seemed so reluctant to flow. Nor perhaps one with a more accurate title".
Awards
References
Further reading |
191_11 | External links
2010 films
2010 independent films
2010 romance films
American films
American independent films
American romance films
English-language films
Films directed by Monte Hellman
Films set in North Carolina
Films shot in North Carolina
Films shot in London
Films shot in Rome
Films shot in Italy
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films about filmmaking |
192_0 | S. V. Petersen (1914–1987) was an Afrikaans-language South African poet and author, educator and founding principal of the Athlone High School, Silvertown
[Athlone]], Cape Town. He was the first person of colour whose poetry and prose were published in South Africa. |
192_1 | Life and Work |
192_2 | Sydney Vernon Petersen was born on 22 June 1914 in Riversdale, a town in the south of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. He was the second child in a family of five children, of which all five later became teachers. His father was a saddler and harness maker, his mother a homemaker. Motivated mainly by their mother all of the children obtained, at least, their degree in Education. Petersen visited the local Berlin Mission School until 1926, completing his schooling in Cape Town at the Trafalgar High School. He excelled in athletics and sports throughout his student days. During his final year in high school a pastor, Reverend Kohl of the Lutheran Mission Church, he felt, had a particularly good influence on his personal development. At this time there were very limited opportunities for children of colour to obtain a proper schooling (in 1929 only around 600 children were enrolled in high school within the Union of South Africa) and it was a great achievement, despite these |
192_3 | limitations, for him to obtain such results, made possible through his strong personal drive and the support of his parents and people like Reverend Kohl. As a young child, he made daily deliveries of bread and as a teenager did manual labour for a living and contribute to its training costs. |
192_4 | On completing school, he studied at the Battswood Training College, Wynberg, where he qualified as a teacher in 1933. His first teaching post was in Ladismith in the Cape Province. Two years later he was back in Cape Town teaching at the Berlin Mission School in Searle Street District Six. He began attending evening classes at the University of Cape Town for his bachelor's degree with majors in Afrikaans, English and Mathematics, befriending the Afrikaans poet I.D. du Plessis. On graduating in 1940 he obtained the University Medal for Afrikaans. Later he obtained a BEd degree from the same university. As a teacher, he served from 1939 as an assistant in the secondary school Battswood, while lecturing in the Training College Battswood and from 1945 as head of the same institution's primary school. In January 1947, he founded the Athlone High School where he remained principal until his retirement in 1974. After his retirement, he accepted a temporary post in the Department of Education |
192_5 | at the Hewat Education College in Crawford and in 1981 he lectured at the Teacher Training College in Bellville, where he was employed until 1983. His wife, Mavis, was also a teacher and the couple had a son, Sydney, named after his father. |
192_6 | In 1959 Petersen was appointed a member of the US – SA leadership program and travelled with his family to America, where he lectured at several university colleges in New York and Chicago. His hosts noticed he was writing his reports by hand, so the bought him a typewriter, with which he wrote for the rest of his life. He travelled to Ghana, Israel, Greece and Turkey. In April 1960, he spent a year abroad as a guest of the Dutch-South African Society. From 1969 on he was also invited by the governments of Germany and the Netherlands to visit educational centres in these countries. In 1982 he was appointed to the advisory board of the SABC He died of kidney failure in Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town on 30 October 1987. |
192_7 | The Writer
Already in primary school he started to write prose in addition to poetry. After 1940, short stories and sketches appeared in ‘’Naweek’’, ’’Suid-Afrika’’, ’’Die Huisgenoot’’ and Tydskrif vir Letterkunde. His short stories Repos ailleurs and Kaapstad are included in the volume Geseënd is julle (Blessed Are You), edited by S. J. Malan and W.H. Vos. The short story Verbode vrugte (Forbidden Fruit), was published in 1943 in Die Naweek and included by Daniel Hugo in his collection Tydskrif 2. Its theme of racially mixed marriage, dealt with in rather more jovial than confrontational fashion, was daring for the time. |
192_8 | From the same period dates the novel As die Son Ondergaan (When the Sun Goes Down), a story about the demise of a young brown man (Frans) in the city. The gifted young man, unable to realise his ambition to become a teacher, left his home in the countryside for city, hoping to get a paying job. He is swallowed up in the urban industrial machine and makes friends with the wrong crowd of people. His morality undermined by drinking and sex, he marries a flighty young woman, Karolien. Deserted by his so-called friends and his wife, he is given over to drink. Then his parents come for him. By returning to his old, familiar environment he can at last, overcome his spiritual crisis. For the first time in African literature, the race issue is here addressed from the point of view of people of colour, the emotional impact emphasised. This problem, however, remains largely in the background, the destruction and preservation of the protagonist representing not a symbolic example of the coloured |
192_9 | people's struggle, but rather a more universally human development. The novel shows a far more nuanced characterization than the stereotyping of so many previous writers. |
192_10 | In 1946 As die Son Ondergaan was awarded the prize in a nationwide contest of prose writing offered by the magazine Kern a part of the Unie-Volkspers. Along with PJ Philander he authored school textbooks for geography and history. |
192_11 | However, it is his poems that make the greatest contribution to Afrikaans literature. In his work, the brown people, with their varied feelings of resistance and resignation, receive for the first time, their own voice in African literature. His writing style initially draws more on the older poets and their national type of verse, rather than the Dertigers or Viertigers (Afrikaans poets of the thirties and forties) with their more personal issues. Many verses in his early collections are impressive in their simplicity and dramatic impact through the use of dialogue. In tone wry and bitter and filled with deep emotion, presented however, in a naturally sober and direct manner. Yet the technique in these poems still largely stems from the generation before the thirties. |
192_12 | Die Enkeling (The individual) makes its impact more through the authenticity of feeling about the suffering of coloured people, than the quality of the poems, which technically, are not yet truly poetry. It is especially the poignant poem Bede (Prayer) that revolts against "the accursed penalty of a dark skin" and concludes with the speaker praying for the fortitude to accept his fate, should this indeed be God's will. Opstand (Revolt) describes far more how difficult it is to acquiesce and be silent. In Roepende stemme (Calling voices) a chorus cries out, questioning how long the oppression will continue, each commentator responding by placing the calls within a greater reality. Die arbeider (The labourer) is a largely successful portrayal of a human character. A poem like Die vreemde (The stranger) is typifies the protest and resentment caused by the inferior position coloured people hold within society, while the theme of Drinklied (Drinking song) speaks of trying to escape reality |
192_13 | through alcohol. In a second edition, he omits a number of his more youthful verses – Worsteling, Vergewe... Vergeet? , Elegie and Die winterwind – but makes no further changes. |
192_14 | Die stil kind (The quiet child) evinces considerable artistic progress, with the tone of the poems less harsh. As its title states, the dreaming child is portrayed as a lonely individual, while verses describe with deep emotion the ravaged victims of poverty. Riversdal shows nine women who wash white people's clothes by the river, with word and rhythm used to great effect. ‘’Voorteken’’ (Pre-ordained) outlines the loneliness of the coloured people, knowing that their life is doomed to heavy labour and unfulfilment. ‘’Motorrit (Road trip) expresses the sense of release when the narrator in his car leaves the city behind him, free in the speed of the car and the presence of nature, while Rondebosch likewise depicts the freedom of nature. Die loper (The runner) portrays the struggle of the intellectual coloured man, and Slotsom (Conclusion) concludes that, in death, no difference between the races exists. |
192_15 | After a long hiatus, Petersen began publishing again after 1960 with Die kinders van Kain (The Children of Cain), Suiderkruis (Southern Cross), Nag is verby (Night is over) and Laat kom dan die wind (Late the Wind Then Comes). The finest verses in these collections wittily portray city types, while those of resistance against racial discrimination resound far more powerfully. |
192_16 | The title Die kinders van Kain immediately points to those excluded from the rest of society. The collection reflects the progress of his first two books and in depicting the provocation, the melancholy and loneliness of the brown people and can be seen as an important milestone in African poetry. The statement of most of the poems is sober and less desperate, while a larger number a number contain a transcendent purity. Beautiful poems include Kinders van Kain (where the fate of those kicked out is contrasted with the promise of the New Day); Die drumpel (The threshold), in which the harsh manner in which coloured people are treated is challenged by an accusation that, as a racial group, they originated from the immoral behaviour of white pioneers; Kinderland (Childhood), with its melancholy about the utterly lost dreams of childhood; and Die veles (The many) follows the path of common people through life in rather a witty manner. Bergies (Mountain dwellers) is also noteworthy, with |
192_17 | its witty imagery of this marginalised sector of society, while Windermere touches the social needs of the people. Kaapse naweek describes the superficial lifestyle of revellers. Die toring Babel (The Tower of Babel) makes of discrimination not simply a local but a universal issue, while Kamee (Cameo) portrays the cheerfulness of the brown woman in the midst of her suffering.Suiderkruis, in two sections, contains poems about of the memories of a youth in the rural areas. on the one hand and events within the contemporary urban environment on the other. Each section ends with a suite of five poems, Ballade – a series about the "platteland", the countryside, and one on the "Confession of the city dweller" showing the contrasts in the feeling of freedom. Memories of country life find expression in poignant poetic memoirs such as Tuiskoms (Homecoming) and Sekelgat, where former joys are played off against the sadness of remembrance. Well portrayed are also the marginalised of the city, |
192_18 | Koerante-verkopertjie (News vendor) and Die doofstomme (The deaf-mute).Alleenstryd ("Single combat" or "the lonely struggle") is a label he himself finds appropriate for poetry up to that point. It fits the loneliness and the life struggles to which his poems give voice, characterised in the progression from rural nature verses to the more realistically-oriented poems of city life.Nag is verby, dedicated to I.D. du Plessis deals with how the question of skin colour can dominate one's judgements on the value and dignity of the human being, and the search for one's own identity in trying to find the sense of security that was present in the parental home. . The collection includes poems of resistance, landscape poetry, poems of remembrance and travel, the latter inspired by journeys both at home and abroad. The title reflects a optimistic outlook, a move away from a situation of frustration to one of greater hope and equality, which is also reflected in the content of the poems. The |
192_19 | title poem develops a prophetic vision of human freedom. Noteworthy poems are Stadsmens (City dweller), depicting the hand-to-mouth existence of this group; Kaapse Vlak (Cape Flats) about the violent death of a young boy; and Landelik (Rural), beautiful images from this carefree and simple world. There are also several memory verses, the best of them, Drie dromertjies (Three little drummers), Die witborskraai (The pied crow) and Sekelmaan (The sickle moon). |
192_20 | His last collectionLaat kom dan die wind, received generally negative criticism. It includes poems of travel, childhood memories, longings for a bygone way of life and images of city personages.
In 1962 he published in the Netherlands a collection of English verses or aphorisms, Meditations on the brink: dedicated with reverence to the life-work of Willem Zeylmans van Emmichoven, based largely on the anthroposophical theories of Rudolf Steiner. It is his only such publication in English, speaks of his meeting with Willem Zeylmans van Emmichoven and describes insights he gained through him. This he re-published under his own name in South Africa in 1980. |
192_21 | In 1967, Dr. W.H. Vos compiled a volume, Keurverse (Selected poems) from the poetry of Petersen and PJ Philander. His poems are included in several anthologies, including Groot verseboek, Die Afrikaanse poësie in ’n duisend en enkele gedigte, Digterstemme, Afrikaanse verse, Uit ons digkuns, Uit ons letterkunde, Digters en digkuns, Die junior digbundel, Woordpaljas, My Afrikaanse verseboek, Die goue vreugde, Voorspraak en Junior verseboek, also providing a poem for the collection Verse vir Opperman. He also published poems in magazines such as Standpunte en Tydskrif vir Letterkunde. |
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