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9658_14 | Tormor Rocky Channel is the 15th National Heritage Site in Laos; it is about southeast of Wat Phou Champasak on the left bank of the Mekong. The pathway to the building is lined with columns of sandstone. It is in a ruined state. There is a large chamber with doors in the front and rear and windows on two sides. Inscriptions imply the site is closely related to Wat Phou Champasak. An archeological site is at Pu Asa on a mountain top. Kiat Ngong village is noted for its medicinal plants and forest products. |
9658_15 | The Champasak Historical Heritage Museum in Pakse provides insight into the history of Laos as well as its cultural and artistic heritage. In Wat Amath, treasures dating back to the Stone Age can be seen. The museum has few artifacts, but many old documents, three old Dong Son bronze drums, 7th century lintels made of sandstone, textile and jewelry collections including items such as iron ankle bracelets, ivory ear plugs, musical instruments, a stele in Thai script (15th to 18th century), a water jar of 11th or 12th century vintage, a small Shiva linga, a model of Wat Phu Champasak, Buddha images, and American weaponry. The province was the site of Laos's first railway, the Don Det – Don Khon narrow gauge railway on Don Det and Don Khon Islands.
The region is also home to the Champasack University. |
9658_16 | Culture
During the third lunar month (February), celebrations at Angkor precede Champasack's traditional Wat Phou Festival at the site of ruins. The festival is noted for elephant racing, cockfighting, and cultural performances of traditional Lao music and dance.
References
Bibliography
External links
Provinces of Laos |
9659_0 | China–North Korea relations (, ) have been generally friendly, although they were sometimes strained in recent years because of North Korea's nuclear program. They have a close special relationship and China is often considered to be North Korea's closest ally. China and North Korea have a mutual aid and co-operation treaty, which is currently the only defense treaty either country has with any nation.
China maintains an embassy in the North Korean capital of Pyongyang and a consulate general in Chongjin. The embassy of North Korea in China is located in Beijing's Chaoyang District, while a consulate general is in Shenyang. |
9659_1 | China and North Korea have, in the past, enjoyed close diplomatic relations. However, China–North Korea relations have declined markedly over the past few years until 2018. Since 2018, ties between North Korea and China also appear to have improved and returned to normalcy, with Workers' Party of Korea chairman Kim Jong-un making multiple trips to Beijing to meet Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping. In the past, decline in China–North Korea relations was primarily due to growing concern in China over issues such as North Korea's impoundment of Chinese fishing boats and more importantly its nuclear weapons program. Relations have again been increasingly close since 2018, especially after Xi Jinping visited Pyongyang in June 2019.
Favorable views of North Korea among Chinese people appear to be receding. According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 20% of Chinese people view North Korea's influence positively, with 46% expressing a negative view.
Country comparison |
9659_2 | Paramount leaders of China and Supreme leaders of North Korea since 1950
History
Early history and Korean War
The People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea exchanged diplomatic recognition on 6 October 1949. |
9659_3 | In May 1950, North Korea's Supreme Leader Kim Il-sung secretly visited Beijing to brief Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong and the Chinese leadership on his war plans. Following setbacks sustained by the Korean People's Army and the crossing of the 38th parallel by the United Nations Command led by US-forces, in October 1950 Chinese forces secretly crossed into North Korea in response to security concern of a possible U.S. invasion of Chinese territory, and entered the Korean War in support of North Korea. China had cautioned that they would go as far as risking an all-war with the US-forces if they advanced towards the Yalu River. However, Douglas MacArthur defied US and UN orders and pushed towards the Yalu River, which enlarged the conflict when Chinese forces fought back and caught the UN forces by surprise, resulting them to retreat back to the 38th parallel, eventually turning into a stalemate and also the current boundary between North Korea and South Korea. In |
9659_4 | addition to dispatching the Chinese People's Volunteers to Korea to fight against the United Nations Command, China also received North Korean refugees and students and provided economic aid during the war. Following the signing of the Korean War Armistice in 1953, China, along with members of the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union, provided extensive economic assistance to Pyongyang to support the reconstruction and economic development of North Korea. |
9659_5 | 1956 August Faction Incident
In 1956, at the 2nd Plenary Session of the 3rd Central Committee, leading pro-China Korean figures known as the Yan'an faction attempted to remove Kim il-sung from power with the support of China and the Soviet Union, but failed. This incident has become known as the August Faction Incident and forms the historical basis for North Korean fears of Chinese interference.
Deterioration in 1960s |
9659_6 | The 1960s have been characterized as a "contentious" period in Sino-North Korean relations. The Korean Workers Party criticized the Cultural Revolution and described Mao Zedong as “an old fool who has gone out of his mind.” The People's Republic of China recalled its Ambassador from Pyongyang in October 1966, and the Red Guard criticized North Korea as being "revisionist" in the Dongfanghong newspaper. Tensions between Chinese Red Guards and North Korea led to some armed clashes in 1969. In 1970, Chinese premier Zhou Enali traveled to Pyongyang to apologize for the treatment of North Korea by China.
Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty
In 1961, the two countries signed the Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty, whereby China pledged to immediately render military and other assistance by all means to its ally against any outside attack.
Post-Cold War era |
9659_7 | On 1 January 2009, Chinese paramount leader Hu Jintao and North Korean leader Kim Jong-il exchanged greetings and declared 2009 as the "year of China–DPRK friendship," marking 60 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries. |
9659_8 | In August 2012, Jang Song-thaek, uncle of Kim Jong-un, met Hu Jintao, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in Beijing. It has since been widely reported that during their meeting, Jang told Hu Jintao he wished to replace Kim Jong-un with his brother Kim Jong-nam. The meeting was allegedly taped by Zhou Yongkang, then secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission, who informed Kim Jong-un of the plot. In December 2013, Jang was executed for treason while in July 2014 Zhou was publicly put under investigation for corruption and other crimes and was arrested in December 2014.
These events are said to have marked the beginning of Kim Jong-un's distrust of China, since they had failed to inform him of a plot against his rule, while China took a dislike to Kim for executing their trusted intermediary. |
9659_9 | On 5 May 2013, North Korea "grabbed," according to Jiang Yaxian, a Chinese government official, another Chinese fishing boat in a series of impounding Chinese fishing boats. "North Korea was demanding 600,000 yuan ($97,600) for its safe return, along with its 16 crew." According to a December 2014 article in The New York Times, relations had reached a low point.
In March 2016 the North Korean leader Kim Jong-un visited a missile factory, which China strongly condemned, in a report by the state newspaper the People's Daily revealed that the North Korean politics causes instability on the Korean Peninsula and is comparable to the situation in Syria.
The involvement of the United States in the peninsula's affairs in April–May 2017 presented a major issue for Sino-American relations in organiser Li Xiaolin's preparations for Xi's visit to the US.
Nuclear weapons program |
9659_10 | Since 2003, China has been a participant in six-party talks aimed at resolving the issue of North Korea's nuclear weapons programme.
The Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China Yang Jiechi said that China "resolutely" opposed the 2013 North Korean nuclear test conducted by North Korea. The North Korean ambassador to China, Ji Jae-ryong, was personally informed of this position on 12 February 2013 in a meeting with Yang Jiechi.
In 2016, right after the North Korean nuclear test in January tensions between China and North Korea have further grown, the reaction of China was, "We strongly urge the DPRK side to remain committed to its denuclearization commitment, and stop taking any actions that would make the situation worse," spokesperson Hua Chunying said. On 24 February 2016 the United States and China introduced new sanctions against the North Korean regime conducted within the United Nations context. |
9659_11 | The Times of India reported that the then British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson saying at a dinner to mark India's independence that the Chinese control 90% of North Korea's trade and it is in the Chinese government's hands to exercise economic pressure on Kim Jong-un to achieve the diplomatic resolution needed to de-escalate tensions in the region.
The United States has sanctioned many Chinese companies for violating North Korean sanctions, possibly aiding their nuclear program.
2017 decline in relations
Due to Chinese support for sanctions against North Korea, relations in 2017 took a negative turn with North Korean state media attacking China directly on at least three occasions. |
9659_12 | In February 2017, after China halted imports of coal from North Korea, the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) said, "this country [China], styling itself a big power, is dancing to the tune of the US while defending its mean behaviour with such excuses that it was meant not to have a negative impact on the living of the people in the DPRK but to check its nuclear program". |
9659_13 | In May 2017, KCNA made an unprecedented criticism of China, saying "a string of absurd and reckless remarks are now heard from China every day only to render the present bad situation tenser" and that "China had better ponder over the grave consequences to be entailed by its reckless act of chopping down the pillar of the DPRK-China relations". Accusing China of "big-power chauvinism", KCNA said Chinese support for sanctions against North Korea were "an undisguised threat to an honest-minded neighboring country which has a long history and tradition of friendship" and that "The DPRK will never beg for the maintenance of friendship with China".
In September 2017, KCNA slammed negative editorials by the People's Daily and Global Times, saying "some media of China are seriously hurting the line and social system of the DPRK and threatening the DPRK" and calling them "the dirty excrement of the reactionaries of history" who "spouted such extremely ill-boding words". |
9659_14 | In February 2018, the KCNA again criticized Chinese media. According to KCNA, China Central Television "seriously spoiled the atmosphere of the feast by publishing presumptuous comments of individual experts" and the Global Times was condemned for "the behavior of scattering ashes on other’s happy day as they bring the denuclearization issue".
2018 improvement in relations
In March 2018, Supreme Comrade General Kim Jong-un met with Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping for the first time in Beijing. Xinhua News Agency reported that the North Korean leader's trip lasted four days. Kim and his wife Ri Sol-ju were met with honour guards and a lavish banquet hosted by Xi Jinping. |
9659_15 | Xi was likewise received in the same-fashion when he visited Pyongyang in June 2019 on two-day state visit, the first of such since Hu Jintao's 2006 visit. In a North Korean mass games that Xi attended, he was depicted inside a gold-framed circle surrounded by red — the same style previously used to depict Kim Jong-un's father, Kim Jong-il, and grandfather, Kim Il-sung. It is also the first time a visit by a Chinese leader to North Korea has been called a "state visit" by the Chinese government. |
9659_16 | In July 2019, North Korea was one of the 50 countries which signed a letter defending Xinjiang re-education camps and praising "China’s remarkable achievements in the field of human rights in Xinjiang." North Korea has also defended China's position in the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, with North Korean Foreign Minister Ri Yong-ho saying that "North Korea fully supports the stand and measures of China to defend the sovereignty, security and territorial integrity of the country and safeguard the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong, and concerns about foreign forces interference in Hong Kong issue."
During an official visit to North Korea in September 2019, State Councilor Wang Yi said that "China will always stand on the road as comrades and friends" of North Korea.
In October 2019, the two countries celebrated 70 years of an "invincible friendship".
Human rights
In June 2020, North Korea was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations. |
9659_17 | Border
China and North Korea share a 1,416 km long land border that corresponds almost entirely to the course of the Yalu and Tumen rivers.
The two countries signed a border treaty in 1962 to resolve their un-demarcated land border. China received 40% of the disputed crater lake on Paektu Mountain (known as Changbai Mountain in China), while North Korea held the remaining land.
In the 1950s and 1960s, many ethnic Koreans in Northeast China crossed the border into North Korea to escape economic hardship and famine in China. In recent years, the flow of refugees has reversed, with a considerable number of North Koreans fleeing to China. Much of China's trade with North Korea goes through the port of Dandong on the Yalu River.
In February 1997, tourist access to the bridge over the Tumen at Wonjong-Quanhe was allowed. |
9659_18 | In May 2012, China and North Korea signed an agreement on the construction and management of the cross-border bridge between Manpo in the Jagang Province of North Korea and Jian in China.
In 2015, a single rogue North Korean soldier killed four ethnic Korean citizens of China who lived along the border of China with North Korea.
In April 2019, both countries opened the bridge connecting the cities of Ji'an, Jilin and Manpo after three years of construction.
Economic relations
China's economic assistance to North Korea accounts for about half of all Chinese foreign aid. Beijing provides the aid directly to Pyongyang, thereby enabling it to bypass the United Nations.
During the period of severe food shortage between 1996 and 1998, Beijing provided unconditional food aid to North Korea. |
9659_19 | Trade
China is North Korea's largest trade partner, while North Korea itself ranks relatively low as a source of imports to China. North Korea is dependent on trade and aid from China, although international sanctions against North Korea have decreased overall official volume of trade. Between 2000 and 2015, trade between the two countries grew over ten-fold, reaching a peak of $6.86 billion in 2014. |
9659_20 | In February 2017, China restricted all coal imports from North Korea until 2018. In 2016, coal briquettes had been the single largest good exported by North Korea, accounting for 46% of its trade with China. China has said this was in line with the UN sanctions against North Korea, but it is speculated that this occurred because of a mix of events, including recent nuclear tests, the suspected assassination of Kim Jong-nam, brother of ruler Kim Jong-un, and pressure on China from the rest of the world and especially the United States. However, despite this, North Korea has been reported to evade sanctions and continue to sell coal to China through a loophole. On 28 September 2017, in response to new UN Security Council sanctions over a nuclear test earlier in the month, China ordered all North Korean companies operating in China to cease operations within 120 days. |
9659_21 | By January 2018 customs statistics showed that trade between the two countries had fallen to a historic low, although volume again increased by 15.4% to $1.25 billion in the first half of 2019. China closed its border in late January 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and trade between the two countries nearly halted, with North Korean imports from and exports to China both down by over 90% year-over-year in March.
Banking
On 7 May 2013, Bank of China, China's biggest foreign exchange bank, joined other international banks in closing the accounts of North Korea's Foreign Trade Bank, its main foreign exchange bank. Although neither entity stated reasons for the closure, it is widely assumed that it was in response to sanctions placed against Bank of China by the United States for its alleged assistance in financing the North Korean nuclear weapons program. |
9659_22 | Investments
In 2012, a $45 million investment by China's Haicheng Xiyang Group into an iron-ore powder processing plant failed under what the Chinese called "a nightmare". On 21 February 2016 China quietly ended financial support of North Korea without any media publicity. It is reported to be due to the fallout of relations between the two governments.
In July 2019, Washington Post reported that Huawei "secretly helped" North Korea to build and maintain its commercial wireless network in conjunction with Chinese state-owned enterprise Panda International Information Technology Co.
Military relations
China assisted North Korea during the Korean War (1950–53) against South Korean and UN forces on the Korean peninsula. Although China itself remained neutral, three million Chinese soldiers participated in the conflict as part of the People's Volunteer Army fighting alongside North Korean forces. As many as 180,000 were killed. |
9659_23 | Since the end of the Korean War, the two states have closely cooperated in security and defense issues. In 1975, Kim Il-sung visited Beijing in a failed attempt to solicit support from China for a military invasion of South Korea. On 23 November 2009, Chinese Defense Minister Liang Guanglie visited Pyongyang, the first defense chief to visit since 2006.
In August 2019, director of the General Political Bureau of the KPA Kim Su Gil visited Beijing to meet with Zhang Youxia. Zhang told Kim that the delegation's visit as was of “crucial significance in bilateral exchange.“
Inter-visits by leaders
In 1978, the DPRK celebrated the 30th anniversary of the republic, in which Deng Xiaoping attended in his official capacities as the First Vice Premier of the State Council and the Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. |
9659_24 | See also
Foreign relations of China
Foreign relations of North Korea
China-South Korea relations
China-Pakistan relations
Korean War
Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty
Kim–Xi meetings
References |
9659_25 | Further reading
Gao, Bo. China's Economic Engagement in North Korea. . Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
Jung, Heon Joo, and Timothy S. Rich. "Why invest in North Korea? Chinese foreign direct investment in North Korea and its implications." The Pacific Review 29.3 (2016): 307–330. online
Kim, Jih-Un. "Inflated Hope, Unchanged Reality: China's Response to North Korea's Third Nuclear Test." Asian Perspective 39.1 (2015): 27–46. online
Kim, Min-hyung. "Why provoke? The Sino-US competition in East Asia and North Korea’s strategic choice." Journal of Strategic Studies 39.7 (2016): 979–998.
Nanto, Dick K., and Mark E. Manyin. "China-North Korea Relations." North Korean Review (2011): 94–101. online
Rozman, Gilbert. " North Korea’s place in Sino-Russian relations and identities." in International Relations and Asia’s Northern Tier (Palgrave, Singapore, 2018) pp. 301–314. |
9659_26 | Shin, Jong-Ho. "Evaluation of North Korea-China Summit and Its Implications on the Korean Peninsula." (2018). online |
9659_27 | External links
Jayshree Bajoria and Beina Xu (2013), "The China-North Korea Relationship," Council on Foreign Relations.
"China-North Korea Relations," Wilson Center Digital Archive.
Dick K. Nanto and Mark E. Manyin (2010),"China-North Korea Relations," Congressional Research Service
Shen Zhihua (2008), "Alliance of 'Tooth and Lips' or Marriage of Convenience?," US-Korea Institute at SAIS WPS 08-09.
DPRK–China Friendship Goes Down Century after Century at Naenara
Korea, North
Bilateral relations of North Korea
North Korea |
9660_0 | Acme is an unincorporated community in Donegal Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, Mount Pleasant Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, and Bullskin Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The Acme ZIP code of 15610 extends well beyond the more densely populated part of the area, into rural parts of Donegal Township in Westmoreland County and Bullskin Township in Fayette County.
Geography
Acme is located in Donegal Township and Mount Pleasant Township, in southern Westmoreland County, and in Bullskin Township in the northeastern corner of Fayette County at (40.12731, -79.434929).
The name "Acme" refers to the area's location atop Chestnut Ridge in the Allegheny Mountains.
Surrounding communities
Donegal (east)
Stahlstown (northeast)
Kecksburg (north)
Laurelville (west)
Saltlick Township (south) |
9660_1 | History
Acme has always been an agricultural community; however, three attempts to develop resorts in the area have likely been inspired by its gateway position along the edge of the Laurel Highlands.
Treetops & Mountain Circles/Polymath Park
In 1962, architect Peter Berndtson developed a master plan for a property named Treetops & Mountain Circles. Berndtson, an original apprentice of Frank Lloyd Wright, designed a network of twenty-four private houses, each within a diameter clearing in the woods. If completed, the clearings and their connecting roads would have depicted a bunch of grapes when viewed from the sky. Only two homes—those for developers Harry Blum and James Balter—were actually built. |
9660_2 | Forty-two years later, local homebuilder Thomas D. Papinchak deconstructed the Donald C. Duncan House in Lisle, Illinois (a suburb of Chicago) and relocated it to the Acme property. The Duncan House was designed by Wright as an instance of his Usonian style. In 2019, a second Wright house, R. W. Lindholm Residence, was relocated from Cloquet, Minnesota and opened to the public. In honor of the two architects, the failed development has been renamed Polymath Park Resort. All four houses have been offered as overnight accommodations for visitors to Wright's Fallingwater and Kentuck Knob in nearby Stewart Township. |
9660_3 | Bear Rocks |
9660_4 | On November 7, 1965, Pittsburgh real-estate developer Scott Hamilton advertised Bear Rocks, a new "Mountain Ski Area", in the (now-defunct) Pittsburgh Press newspaper. The development in a section of forest originally known as Southerwood, along the western descent of Chestnut Ridge, featured over 1000 house lots in a wooded setting connected by 22 miles of roads. Codes prevented the cutting of more trees than necessary for home construction, unconnected buildings, business restrictions, prohibitions on brick and metal siding and similar provisions intended to maintain the rural character of the development. Two separate lodge buildings were built; one at the upper entrance to the development and another at the base of the ski slopes. At its peak, the Bear Rocks Ski area featured eight slopes and trails with a double-chair lift and snow-making equipment. The advertisement also boasted a private fishing lake, "magnificent" swimming pool, rustic cocktail lounge, tennis, horseback |
9660_5 | riding, social activities, and "golf at a private country club nearby." |
9660_6 | Bear Rocks reportedly ceased ski operations after the 1973 season. The ski lodge and restaurant burned to the ground a few years later and was not rebuilt, however the community lodge remains as a focal point for residents. The community continues to grow, and new homes have been constructed in the clearings of the former ski slopes and continue to be built on vacant lots. While the rustic character of the development is still very evident, it has suffered somewhat in recent years as the Bear Rocks codes have been increasingly ignored, including the clear-cutting of lots, and some logging operations. |
9660_7 | Forest Lake
Following in the footsteps of the very successful Bear Rocks, this much smaller resort featuring a recreational lake, a swimming pond, and wooded house lots, Forest Lake, was developed adjacent to the eastern edge of Bear Rocks along Bear Rocks road. As part of the sales promotion, a red caboose, now greatly decayed, was placed on one of the lots. Forest Lake never enjoyed the success of its larger neighbor and only 5 houses were built. To this day one of the sample A-framed houses, the owner built a Tudor house over the A-framed house. Same owner built his ionic bridge on Forest Lake.
Government
An unincorporated place, Acme is within Mount Pleasant Township. |
9660_8 | Transportation
Pennsylvania Route 31, a two-lane artery, runs east and west through the center of Acme. The Pennsylvania Turnpike parallels the state road to the north, with the closest interchange in Donegal, to the southeast. Because Turnpike traffic is occasionally diverted to the state route, additional lanes were added to accommodate truck traffic down the latter's western descent of the Allegheny Mountains, on a stretch of highway known as Three Mile Hill.
Recreation and amenities
Chestnut Ridge Park features a recreational pool (lake) with a boat launch and short walking trail. The county park provides opportunity for fishing, hunting and other outdoor activities in a quiet, isolated rural setting.
Acme Speedway hosts kart racing every Saturday night from mid-April through late September.
Donegal Highlands, an 18-hole public golf course, offers a unique challenge to golfers of all abilities. |
9660_9 | Stone Villa Wine Cellars provides seasonal outdoor entertainment as well as daily wine tastings.
In addition to getaway vacation rentals, Polymath Park provides tours of all four houses on a daily basis.
References
Unincorporated communities in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania |
9661_0 | Mesquite is a suburban city located east of the city of Dallas, Texas, in the United States. Most of the city is located in Dallas County, though a small portion extends into Kaufman County. As of 2019 census estimates, the population was 140,937, making it the 22nd-most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas. Mesquite is positioned at the crossroads of four major highways (Interstates 30, 635, 20, and U.S. Route 80), making locations such as downtown Dallas, Lake Ray Hubbard, Dallas Love Field, and DFW International Airport accessible.
According to legislative action, the city is the "Rodeo Capital of Texas". In 2016, Mesquite received a Playful City USA designation for the fourth year in a row. The city has been named a Tree City USA by the National Arbor Day Foundation for over 25 years. The city of Mesquite holds the 10th-longest reign in all of Texas. |
9661_1 | Unique to suburbs of Dallas and Fort Worth, the city of Mesquite is served by its own local airport, Mesquite Metro Airport. Companies and institutions with a major presence in the city are the United Parcel Service, Sears, AT&T, Charter Spectrum, Eastfield College, Ashley Furniture, and FedEx.
History
Before settlement
Centuries before American settlers moved into the area, Mesquite was an open prairie land and a key trading ground for indigenous peoples. The Ionies were a western tribe located close to present-day Fort Worth. The Tawakonies were in present-day Dallas. Finally, the Caddo were the native farmers of the Mesquite land. From 1680 to 1790, after harvest was over, these three tribes held an annual tournament and trading fair. |
9661_2 | Settlement
The city of Mesquite was founded on March 14, 1878, on land along the Texas & Pacific Railway, which ran from Dallas to Shreveport, Louisiana. The locals then named the town after Mesquite Creek. The city was officially incorporated on December 3, 1887, after electing Mayor J.E. Russell.
In the city's earliest years, it was known for many outlaws residing in the area. A prominent outlaw was Sam Bass, historically known for his train robberies in Texas. In 1878, he robbed a train in downtown Mesquite, escaping with $30,000. The Mesquiter, established in 1882 by R.S. Kimbrough, was Dallas County's longest-running newspaper.
Development
Mesquite prospered through the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a farming community, growing cotton, hay, corn, and sugar, and using the railroad to ship raw goods. The town remained predominantly agrarian until after World War II, when the suburban boom took root in Mesquite. |
9661_3 | In 1946, the Mesquite Rodeo was founded by Charlie Columbus McNally, and was one of the only rodeos that had a permanent location. By the mid-1980s, the events were being broadcast by ESPN.
In 1959, Big Town Mall opened as the first air-conditioned shopping mall in the United States. The mall was demolished in the summer of 2006, and FedEx opened a logistics center on the property in 2017.
By 1970, the LBJ Freeway (I-635) was constructed, connecting Mesquite to its neighbors, Garland to the north and Balch Springs to the south. Also, in 1971, Town East Mall was constructed. The mall was used by director Ron Howard to film portions of the movie Cotton Candy in 1978. The mall's associated traffic and shops would continue to grow the town.
In 1986, the Mesquite Arena opened its doors as the new home for the Mesquite ProRodeo. By 1998, the facility was expanded to include a convention center, exhibition hall, and a Hampton Inn and Suites. |
9661_4 | By the 1990 census, the city had grown to 101,484 people, up from 1,696 residents in 1950.
In 2011, Mesquite passed a law allowing beer and wine sales in the city. The measure had been considered several times for many years, but was always blocked by strong protest against the proposed sales. It was one of the few cities without beer and wine sales in eastern Dallas County before the law came into effect.
In June 2015, the Mesquite Arts Center added a Freedom Park exhibit, in memorial of September 11. The park displays a beam that was recovered from the remains of Ground Zero. The Mesquite Fire Department received the beam in 2011.
Geography
Mesquite is located in eastern Dallas County at (32.782878, −96.609862), with a portion extending east into Kaufman County. The city is bordered to the west by Dallas, to the north by Garland, to the northeast by Sunnyvale, to the south by Seagoville and Dallas, and to the southwest by Balch Springs. |
9661_5 | According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which are land and , or 0.33%, is covered by water. Mesquite is part of the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metroplex, in which one quarter of all Texans live.
Neighborhoods
Lawson
Samuell Farms
Meadow Creek
Parkview
Broadmoor Estates
Old Broadmoor Estates
Crooked Lane
Fuentes
Eastern Heights
Edgemont Park
Creek Crossing
Rutherford
Falcon's Lair
Falcon's Ridge
Pecan Creek
Rollingwood Hills
Skyline
Big Town Estates
Presidential Estates
Pasadena Gardens
Original Town
Melton
Tealwood
Northridge
Quail Hollow
Wildwood
Valley Creek
Idle wood
Meadowview
Palos Verdes
Mesquite Park |
9661_6 | Climate
Like most cities in the DFW area, Mesquite has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) characteristic of the Southern Plains of the United States. It is also continental, characterized by a relatively wide annual temperature range. Located at the lower end of Tornado Alley, Mesquite and the rest of Dallas–Fort Worth are prone to extreme weather.
On average, the warmest month is July. The highest recorded temperature in Mesquite was in 1980. The average coolest month is January. The lowest recorded temperature was in 1989. May is the average wettest month.
Demographics
At the 2010 United States census, Mesquite had a population of 139,824. In July 2018, the population was estimated at 142,816. Per the American Community Survey in 2017, the median age was 32.8. |
9661_7 | According to the 2010 census, 64.9% of Mesquite was White (31.5% non-Hispanic white), 25.0% was Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 2.8% Asian, 38.9% of Hispanic or Latino origin, and 3.2% from two or more races. In 2018, 28.6% were non-Hispanic white, 26% Black or African American, 0.8% American Indian or Alaska Native, 2.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.4% two or more races, and 40.4% Hispanic or Latino of any race. |
9661_8 | At the American Community Survey estimates of 2017, 0.1% of the American Indian population was Cherokee. 1.1% of the city's Asian community was Indian, 0.1% Chinese, 0.6% Filipino, 0.0% Japanese, 0.0% Korean, 0.6% Vietnamese, and 0.3% of other Asian origin. 56 residents were estimated to be Guamanian or Chamorro. The multiracial population of Mesquite was majority White and Black or African American (1.1%), followed by White and American Indian or Alaska Native (0.5%), White and Asian (0.3%), and Black or African American and American Indian and Alaska Native (0.2%). Among the Hispanic or Latino demographic 33.9% were Mexican, 0.7% Puerto Rican, 0.4% Cuban, and 4.0% from other Hispanic or Latin American origins. |
9661_9 | Of the 51,578 households at the 2010 census, 39.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were headed by married couples living together, 18.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% were notfamilies. About 22.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88, and the average family size was 3.38. From 2013 to 2017, an estimated 46,876 households had an estimated 3.06 persons per household. About 57.7% of residents owned houses in Mesquite. The median gross rent was $1,018.
In 2000, the median income for a household was $30,424, and the median income for a family was $36,357. Male full-time workers had a median income of $37,756 versus $29,905 for females. In 2017, the estimated median household income was $52,167. |
9661_10 | In 2010, about 29.8% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.1% were 18 to 24 years old, 27.9% were 25 to 44, 23.7% were 45 to 64, and 8.6% were 65 years of age or older in 2010. The median age was 32.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.4 males. |
9661_11 | According to information gathered by Sperling's BestPlaces, 62.7% claim religious affiliation. Christianity is the most prevalent religion in Mesquite. The largest Christian body in the city is the Catholic Church, served by the Diocese of Dallas (19.6%), followed by Baptists (13.2%), Methodists (4.8%), Pentecostals (3.1%), Presbyterians (1.6%), Episcopalians (1.0%), Latter-Day Saints (1.0%), Lutherans (0.7%), and 12.4% from another Christian faith including the Oriental Orthodox and Eastern-rite Catholic churches. Mesquite is a center for Indian Christians from the Indian state of Kerala. Their settlement, one of the earliest of the Indian Americans in the DFW area, was influenced by proximity to Dallas-based hospitals such as Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas and Parkland Hospital, as well as having initial low income and difficulties moving to mostly white northern suburbs. The second-largest religion in Mesquite is Islam (3.6%) followed by Judaism (0.7%), and eastern |
9661_12 | faiths including Hinduism, Sikhism, and Buddhism (0.9%). |
9661_13 | Economy
Much of Mesquite's economy is tied to the city of Dallas with the exception of local businesses. The largest national corporations operating in Mesquite are United Parcel Service, Sears, AT&T, Spectrum, Ashley Furniture, FedEx, OfficeMax, and GameStop. As of Mesquite's 2008 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are:
Arts and culture
In 2016, the Mesquite Public Library System was presented with a 2016 Achievement of Library Excellence Award by the Texas Municipal Library Directors Association. Of the 548 public library systems in Texas, the Mesquite Public Library was one of only 43 libraries to earn this prestigious honor. The Mesquite Public Library System consists of two branches to serve the community. Both branches offer traditional and non-traditional programs.
Parks and recreation |
9661_14 | The city houses 76 parks and four recreation centers. The city has been designated a Playful City USA four years running and opened its Heritage Trail system in 2015. The hike and bike trail system consists of 4.25 miles of concrete trails and sidewalks, three trailheads, and other improvements that connect residents from their homes to the Mesquite Golf Club, schools, recreation centers, sports fields, shopping, and more.
Mesquite Golf Club
Mesquite Golf Club is a , 18-hole golf course for both novice and expert golfers. Operated by the City of Mesquite, the course is open seven days a week and features a pro shop and driving range.
Mesquite Arts Center
The municipal arts facility houses a 494-seat music performance hall, black box theater, rehearsal hall, galleries, and support space. The facility serves as the cultural center for the community and is home to the Mesquite Community Theatre, Mesquite Community Band and the Mesquite Symphony Orchestra. |
9661_15 | Government
The city council of Mesquite consists of a mayor and six council members, with Daniel Alemán Jr. serving as mayor and Cliff Keheley as city manager.
The council members of Mesquite's city council are listed below.
Politics
Education
Mesquite Independent School District provides primary and secondary (K-12) education to most areas of Mesquite. A small portion of Mesquite is served by Dallas Independent School District. While another small area in Kaufman County is within the Forney Independent School District, the section has no residents. Mesquite also serves an area of Balch Springs.
In addition to 33 public elementary schools and ten public middle schools, Mesquite is served by five high schools: Mesquite High School, North Mesquite High School, West Mesquite High School, Poteet High School, and John Horn High School. The private Dallas Christian School is located in the city limits. |
9661_16 | Colleges and universities
The Texas Legislature defines all of Dallas County (including the vast majority of Mesquite) as being in the Dallas College (formerly Dallas County Community College or DCCCD) district. The portion in Kaufman County is within the Trinity Valley Community College district. Eastfield College provides undergraduate degrees and continuing-education credits as part of Dallas College.
Higher education also is provided by two other institutions. Columbia College-Mesquite Campus is located on the Eastfield College campus. It is a private, nonprofit institution that was founded in Columbia, Missouri, in 1851. It provides bachelor's and master's degree programs. |
9661_17 | Media
Mesquite shares the same television and radio market with Dallas. The Mesquite Independent School District operates KEOM, a high-school sports and classic-hits radio station. The city's newspaper community primarily subscribes to The Dallas Morning News, Al Dia, and other Dallas-based newspapers. The Dallas Morning News has a section dedicated to local news in Mesquite. Star Local News distributes the Mesquite News newspaper.
Transportation
Mesquite is served by a publicly owned and operated airport, Mesquite Metro Airport. The airport includes a lighted runway with ILS. General aviation accounts for about 75% of daily operations, while commercial aviation accounts for the rest. Mesquite Metro Airport is popular among transient aircraft due to its location near Dallas and favorable fuel prices. |
9661_18 | Two other nearby airports, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and Dallas Love Field, provide regular commercial passenger service to the region. Dallas Love Field is around from Mesquite; DFW Airport is roughly from Mesquite.
Mesquite is not a member of Dallas Area Rapid Transit, but on April 12, 2011, the DART Board changed its policy to permit DART to contract with nonmember cities for services, such as passenger rail and express service. The city and DART staffs have developed a coordinated plan to have a weekday commuter service in operation between the Hanby Stadium visitor parking lot and the DART's Green Line Lawnview Station. This route opened March 12, 2012. The city also has an optional public transportation service where citizens can schedule specific pickup and drop off times and locations within Mesquite through the STAR Transit service. |
9661_19 | Union Pacific Railroad operates an intermodal facility for its freight rail service as part of the Skyline Industrial Park. The recent expansion of this intermodal facility won a Silver award in the Industrial Paving Category by the American Concrete Pavement Association. |
9661_20 | Highways
Interstate 20 is a major east–west interstate serving the south side of Mesquite passing through rural and residential areas including the Lawson area. I-20 connects with Balch Springs to the west and Terrell to the east.
Interstate 30 is a major east–west interstate that passes through the north side of Mesquite. I-30 connects with Dallas, Arlington, and Fort Worth to the west; Garland, Lake Ray Hubbard, and Rockwall to the east.
Interstate 635 (Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway) is an auxiliary interstate serving as a partial loop around Dallas and its suburbs. I-635 bisects the city of Mesquite and serves as the main freeway through the city as most of the local businesses and attractions (including Town East Mall and Mesquite Championship Rodeo) are built near or around I-635. The interstate connects with Garland to the north and Balch Springs to the south. I-635 also connects Mesquite with Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. |
9661_21 | U.S. Highway 80 is an east–west freeway passing through north Mesquite. US 80 connects with Sunnyvale, Forney, and Terrell to the east. To the west of Mesquite, the highway merges onto I-30.
Texas Highway 352 (Military Parkway/Scyene Road) is an east–west highway passing through both west Mesquite and downtown Mesquite. In the downtown area, it is known locally as Main Street on the westbound section and Davis Street on the eastbound section.
Belt Line Road also passes through Mesquite and serves as a major road. Belt Line road serves as an outer loop around the Dallas suburbs.
Planning stages and environmental studies are being conducted to expand President George Bush Turnpike to connect from its current terminus at I-30 in Garland to I-20. The new segment of the toll road would pass through Sunnyvale and Mesquite in route to I-20 and would complete the loop around Dallas County. |
9661_22 | Notable people |
9661_23 | Dave Abruzzese, ex-drummer for Pearl Jam
Quincy Acy, professional basketball player for Brooklyn Nets and New York Knicks
Melissa Archer, actress on One Life to Live
Todd Boatwright, television news anchor
Craig Wayne Boyd, winner of season seven of NBC's The Voice
Tarell Brown, professional football player for New England Patriots, played for San Francisco 49ers and Oakland Raiders, and for Texas Longhorns 2005 National Championship team; graduate of North Mesquite High School
Trevone Boykin, quarterback for Texas Christian University and NFL's Seattle Seahawks
Joe Bowden, former professional football player for Houston Oilers, Tennessee Titans, and Dallas Cowboys
John D. Carmack, game programmer and co-founder of id Software Lead programmer of the id computer games Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Quake, their sequels and the Commander Keen series of games and is the current the CTO of Oculus VR.
Ray Cunningham, former professional baseball player for St. Louis Cardinals |
9661_24 | Alyssa Edwards, drag performer and dance instructor; competed on season five of RuPaul's Drag Race and season two RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars
Terry Fator, singer and ventriloquist, winner of America's Got Talent in 2007
Taylor Gabriel, professional football player for Chicago Bears
Don Gay, eight-time PRCA world champion bullrider
Todd Graham, college football coach; head coach at Hawaii
Jerry Hall, actress and model, former wife of Mick Jagger and mother of four of his children
Jason Jennings, Major League Baseball player for Colorado Rockies, Texas Rangers
Micah Xavier Johnson, former soldier of United States Army Reserves and perpetrator of 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers
Ty Jordan, football player
Vivian Le, figure skater
Taylor Lipsett, gold medalist in sled hockey at 2010 Winter Paralympic Games in Vancouver; he led Team USA in goals, with 5 goals in 5 games, and added 2 assists for a total of 7 points |
9661_25 | Sean Lowe, MLB player for Chicago White Sox, St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, Colorado Rockies, and Kansas City Royals
Damien Magnifico, MLB player for Los Angeles Angels, Milwaukee Brewers
Bryan Massey, actor and writer
Taylor Parks, actress and singer, best known as Little Inez in 2007 film Hairspray
The Afters, Christian pop band which was originally composed almost entirely of friends who worked together at a Mesquite Starbucks location.
Greg Vaughan, actor on General Hospital |
9661_26 | References
External links
1878 establishments in Texas
Cities in Dallas County, Texas
Cities in Kaufman County, Texas
Cities in Texas
Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Populated places established in 1878 |
9662_0 | There are and have been throughout recorded history a great many monarchies in the world.
Tribal kingship and Chiefdoms have been the most widespread form of social organisation from the Neolithic, and the predominance of monarchies has declined only with the rise of Republicanism in the modern era.
A monarchical form of government can be combined with many different kinds of political and economic systems, from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy and from a market economy to a planned economy. Some examples for certain forms of monarchy are:
Extant monarchies are listed in bold type. |
9662_1 | Antiquity
Trigarta (c. BC – c. 1946)
Egypt (c. 3500 BC – 30 BC)
Kingship of Tara (c. 3400 BC – 1022 AD)
Monarchy of China (c. 2852 BC – 1912 AD; ended by revolution)
Chinese Empire (221 BC – 1912 AD)
Minoan Crete (c. 2600 BC – 1200 BC)
Gojoseon (c. 2333 BC – 108 BC)
Akkadian Empire (c. 23rd century BC – c. 21st century BC)
Babylon (1959 BC – c. 6th century BC; absorbed by Persian Empire)
Mycenaean Greece (c. 1600 BC – c. 1100 BC)
United Monarchy of Israel (c. 1050 BC- c. 930 BC); succeeded by the following two kingdoms:
Kingdom of Israel (c. 930 BC- 722 BC; conquered by Assyria)
Kingdom of Judah (c. 930 BC– 586 BC; conquered by Babylon)
Athens (c. 1000 BC – 683 BC)
Sparta (c. 1300 BC – 192 BC)
Macedon (808 BC – 148 BC)
Roman Kingdom (753 BC – 509 BC)
Magadha (c. 600 BC – 26 BC)
Persian Empire (c. 648 BC – 334 BC; became subnational monarchy of Kingdom of Macedon)
Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC – 428 AD) |
9662_2 | Persian Empire (323 BC – 1037 AD; became subnational monarchy of Sultanate of Seljuk)
Laigin, founded c. 300 BC – 1632.
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250 BC – 125 BC; became Kushan Empire)
Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC – 10 AD)
Hasmoneans (140 BC – 37 BC; succeeded by Herodian Dynasty)
Herodian Dynasty (37 BC – 92 AD)
Ulaid, c. 1st century BC – 1201
Kushan Empire (105 BC – 270 AD; became Kidarite Kingdom)
Silla (57 BC – 935 AD)
Goguryeo (37 BC – 668 AD)
Roman Empire (31 BC – 476 AD)
Baekje (c. 18 BC – 660 AD)
Funan (c. 1st century AD – c. 7th century; absorbed into Khmer Empire)
Gangga Negara (c. 1st century – 1026)
Indo-Parthian Kingdom (c. 1st century – c. 106)
Västergötland (c. 1st century – c. 6th to 12th century; absorbed by Sweden)
Aidhne (pre-1st century – 1543)
Sri Ksetra (c. 1st century – 656)
Cóiced Ol nEchmacht – pre 2nd century AD to c. 600.
Chera Kingdom (c. 3rd century BC – 1102 AD; became Kingdom of Venad) |
9662_3 | Chola Kingdom (c. 3rd century BC – 1279 AD; absorbed into Pandyan Kingdom)
Srivijaya (c. 3rd century AD – c. 1400; became Sultanate of Malacca)
Sassanid Empire (226 – 651; a period of Persian Empire)
Gupta Empire (240–550)
Wa (Japan) (3rd to 5th century – 12th century)
Byzantine Empire (324–1453; absorbed into Ottoman Empire)
Uí Maine, Ireland, c. 357 – c. 1611.
Kingdom of Osraige, c. 4th century – c. 1556.
Kingdom of Uí Failghe, at least 4th century – 16th century.
Kedah Kingdom (630–1136; became Kedah Sultanate )
Kidarite Kingdom (c. 4th century – c. 5th century)
Kingdom of Powys (c. 4th century – 1284; absorbed into England)
Pictland (c. 4th century – 843; merged with Dál Riata to form Scotland)
Kingdom of Gwynedd (c. 5th century – 1209; absorbed into Wales)
Connacht (4th/5th century – 1478)
Máenmaige (pre 581 – 8th/9th century)
Suebi (410–584)
Tethbae (pre 5th – 11th century)
Merovingians (410–751)
Ailech (5th-century – 1185)
Visigothic Kingdom (475–718) |
9662_4 | Ostrogothic Kingdom (489–553; absorbed into Byzantine Empire)
Kingdom of Terengganu (c. 6th century – c. 15th century; became subnational monarchy of Malacca)
Dál Riata (pre 6th century – 839; merged with Pictland to form Scotland)
Pattani Kingdom (c. 500 – c. 11th century; became subnational monarchy of Srivijaya)
Frankish Empire (509 – 843; became Holy Roman Empire)
Kingdom of Mide (c. 530's – 1173)
Chenla (550 – c. 715)
Mercia (585 – 918; absorbed into England)
Uí Fiachrach Muaidhe (c. 600 – c.1603)
Frisian kingdom (around 600 – 734; destroyed by the Franks.)
Brega (pre-604 – 1171)
Cnogba (Knowth) (pre 634 – 10th century)
Conaille Muirtheimne (pre 668 – after 1081)
Kingdom of Breifne (6th century – 1605)
Champa (c. 7th century – 1832)
First Bulgarian Empire (681 – 1018; absorbed into Byzantine Empire)
Airgíalla (pre-697 AD – 1590)
Deis Mumhain (pre 697 – c. 1244)
Balhae Empire (698–926) |
9662_5 | Middle Ages and Renaissance
Loch Gabhair (8th–11th centuries)
Al-Andalus (711–1492; absorbed by Kingdom of Spain)
Kingdom of Denmark (pre 714–1848; became constitutional monarchy)
Kingdom of Asturias (718–924; absorbed by Kingdom of León)
Maigh Seóla (pre-752 AD. – 1051)
Umaill (pre-773 AD – c. 1603)
Sultanate of Morocco (789–1957; became constitutional monarchy)
Khmer Empire (802–1431; became Khmer Kingdom)
Kingdom of Axum (400 BC – 500 BC)
High Kings of Ireland (c. 800 – 1198)
Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800, United with the Kingdom of Great Britain to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
Kingdom of Navarre (824–1512; absorbed into Kingdom of Spain)
Murcia (825–1243; became subnational monarchy of the Kingdom of Castile)
Holy Roman Empire (843–1806; dissolved after defeat by Napoleon)
Kingdom of France (843–1791; became constitutional monarchy)
Unification of Japan (16th century) |
9662_6 | Kingdom of Scotland (843–1707; united with Kingdom of England to become Kingdom of Great Britain)
Bagan Kingdom (849 AD – 1364 AD)
Kingdom of Dublin (853–1171)
Kingdom of Norway (872–1814; became constitutional monarchy with the Swedish Sovereign as King)
Kievan Rus' (882–1240; became Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia)
Kingdom of León (913 – c. 13th century; absorbed into Crown of Castile)
Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392; became Joseon Dynasty)
Kingdom of Aragon (925–1162; became Crown of Aragon)
Kingdom of Croatia (medieval) (925–1102)
Kingdom of England (927–1707; united with Kingdom of Scotland to become Kingdom of Great Britain)
Magh Luirg (c. 956 – c. 1585)
Kingdom of Sweden (970–1866; became constitutional monarchy)
Ma-i (Before AD 971-1339)
Sultanate of Egypt (972–1517; became subnational monarchy of the Ottoman Empire)
Kingdom of Castile (1037–1230; became Crown of Castile)
Sultanate of Seljuk (A dynasty established in Iran 1037–1307)
Kingdom of Nri (1043—1911) |
9662_7 | Síol Anmchadha (pre 1066 – after 1567)
Kingdom of Venad (1102 – c. 1750)
Thomond (1118–1543)
Kingdom of Desmond (1118–1596)
Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1910; ended by revolution)
Crown of Aragon (1162–1479; became Kingdom of Spain)
Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Duchy (1168–1362; became Principality of Muscovy)
Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396; absorbed into Ottoman Empire)
Shōgun (c. 12th century – 19th century; rule on behalf of the imperial court)
Unification of Japan (c. 16th century)
Kingdom of Bohemia (1198–1806; with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire absorbed into Austrian Empire)
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1349; absorbed into Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania)
Kingdom of Poland (1025–1031; 1076–1079; 1295–1296; 1300–1305; 1320–1795)
Latin Empire (1204-1261; absorbed into Byzantine Empire)
Despotate of Epirus (1204–1479; absorbed into Ottoman Empire)
Kingdom of Thessalonica (1204-1224; absorbed into Despotate of Epirus) |
9662_8 | Empire of Nicaea (1204–1265; absorbed into Byzantine Empire)
Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)
Mongol Empire (1206–1368)
Principality of Wales (1208–1283; absorbed by England)
Serb Kingdom (1217–1395; regal title not succeeded)
Crown of Castile (1230–1479; became Kingdom of Spain)
Aztec Empire (known to exist before 1233 Conquered by Spain 1521; Puppet monarchy through 1565)
Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438; absorbed into Ayutthaya Kingdom)
Lanna (1259–1939)
Principality of Andorra (1278–1993; became constitutional monarchy)
Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
Ajuran Empire (13th-17th)
Serbian Empire (1345–1371; dynasty extinct)
Ayutthaya Kingdom (1350–1767; became Kingdom of Siam)
Kingdom of Vidin (1356–1396; absorbed into the Ottoman Empire)
Principality of Muscovy (1362–1576; became Tsardom of Russia)
Sultanate of Brunei (c. 1363 century – 1959; became absolute monarchy with a constitution)
1st Kingdom of Ava (1364–1527)
Kingdom of Bosnia (1377–1463) |
9662_9 | Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897; became Korean Empire 1897–1910, then Japanese occupation)
Ashanti (c. 1400 – 1900; became subnational monarchy of Gold Coast)
Sultanate of Malacca (1400–1511; ended with Portuguese occupation)
Kelantan (1411–1499; became subnational monarchy of Malacca)
Sultanate of Sulu (1412–1915; ceded temporal powers to the United States; became subnational monarchy of the Philippine Islands)
Ryūkyū Kingdom (1429–1879; annexed to Japan)
Khmer Kingdom (1431–1954; became Kingdom of Cambodia)
Kingdom of Spain (1479–1812; became constitutional monarchy)
Persia (1500–1935; became Kingdom of Iran)
Sultanate of Maguindanao (1505 – 19th century; occupied by Spain)
Bunyoro (c. 1520 – 1899; became subnational monarchy of the United Kingdom)
Pegu Kingdom (1527–1531)
Sultanate of Johor (1528–1946; became subnational monarchy of Malayan Union)
Sultanate of Perak (1528–1874; became subnational monarchy of the United Kingdom) |
9662_10 | Maguindanao Sultanate (1205 – 19th century; annexed by Spain)
Taungoo Kingdom (1531 – c. 1610)
Tsardom of Russia (1576–1721; became Russian Empire)
2nd Kingdom of Ava (1613–1752) |
9662_11 | Enlightenment and later
Constitutional monarchies
A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchical government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges an elected or hereditary monarch as head of state.
Unitary constitutional monarchies
Unitary constitutional monarchies are unitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature. |
9662_12 | Kingdom of England (c. 1630 – 1707; merged with Kingdom of Scotland to become Kingdom of Great Britain)
Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918)
Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800, became United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
Kingdom of France (1791–1792; Became republic in French Revolution)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1800–1921; became United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
Kingdom of Bohemia (1806–1918; dissolved after World War I)
Kingdom of Hungary (1806–1867; became part of Austro-Hungarian Empire)
Kingdom of Spain (1812–1873; First Spanish Republic, 1873–1874; Restoration, 1874–1931; Second Spanish Republic, 1931–1939; Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939; dictatorship under Franco, 1939–1976; constitutional monarchy restored 1976–present)
Kingdom of Norway (1814–present, Swedish Sovereign as King 1814–1905, independent in 1905)
Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–present)
Kingdom of France (1814–1848; Became republic) |
9662_13 | First Mexican Empire (1821–1823); ended by forced abdication, Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867); ended by execution
Kingdom of Portugal (1822–1910; ended by coup)
Empire of Brazil (1822–1889; ended by coup)
Kingdom of Belgium (1830–1980; became federal constitutional monarchy)
Kingdom of Hawaii (1840–1894; ended by coup)
Kingdom of Greece (1843–1924; republican interregnum; 1935–1974; ended by plebiscite)
Kingdom of Denmark (1848–present)
French Empire (1852–1870; became republic)
Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946; ended by referendum)
Principality of Liechtenstein (1862–present)
Kingdom of Sweden (1866–present)
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (1867–present)
Japan (660 BC–present)
Principality of Romania (1859–1881; transformed into a Kingdom)
Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947; ended by forced abdication)
Principality of Serbia (1817–1882; transformed into a Kingdom)
Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918; merged into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) |
9662_14 | Principality of Frickgau (1802–1803; 364 Days under French, merged with Switzerland)
Newfoundland (1907–1949)
New Zealand (1907–present)
Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946; ended by referendum)
Union of South Africa (1910–1961; ended by referendum)
Princedom of Montenegro (1852–1910); transformed into a Kingdom
Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918; merged into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes)
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929, transformed into Yugoslavia)
Kingdom of Finland (1918; ended by parliamentary vote after The Apparent abdicated willingly before entering on the throne)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1921–present)
Kingdom of Jordan (1921–present)
Irish Free State (1922–1937)
Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953; ended by military coup)
Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1941; transformed into a Communist state in 1945)
Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1958; Ended by coup)
Kingdom of Thailand (1932–present)
Ceylon (1948–1972) |
9662_15 | Kingdom of Laos (1949-1975, became socialist republic after the Laotian Civil War)
Kingdom of Tunisia (1956-1957; became republic)
Ghana (1957–1960)
Nigeria (1960–1963)
Tanganyika (1961–1962)
Sierra Leone (1961–1971)
Trinidad and Tobago (1962–1976)
Uganda (1962–1963)
Kingdom of Morocco (1962–present)
Jamaica (1962–present)
Kenya (1963–1964)
Malawi (1964–1966)
Malta (1964–1974)
The Gambia (1965–1970)
Rhodesia (1965–1970)
Guyana (1966–1970)
Barbados (1966–2021)
Kingdom of Lesotho (1966–present)
Mauritius (1968–1992)
Fiji (1970–1987)
The Bahamas (1973–present)
Kingdom of Bahrain (1971–1975; constitution abrogated; 2002–present)
Grenada (1974–present)
Papua New Guinea (1975–present)
Solomon Islands (1978–present)
Tuvalu (1978–present)
Saint Lucia (1979–present)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–present)
Antigua and Barbuda (1981–present)
Belize (1981–present)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–present)
Kingdom of Nepal (1990–2008; transformed into a republic) |
9662_16 | Principality of Andorra (1993–present)
Kingdom of Cambodia (1993–present)
Kingdom of Bhutan (2008–present; unitary absolute monarchy from 1907 and transformed to constitutional monarchy in 2008) |
9662_17 | Federal constitutional monarchies
Federal constitutional monarchies are federal states in which a number of federated entities are unified under a federal government and a single monarch, who acts as ceremonial head of state.
United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830)
Canada (1867–present)
German Empire (1871–1918; dissolved after World War I and became the Weimar Republic)
Commonwealth of Australia (1901–present)
Pakistan (1947–1956)
India (1947–1950)
Federation of Malaya (1957–1963; became Malaysia)
Malaysia (1963–present)
United Arab Emirates (1971–present)
Kingdom of Belgium (1980–present)
Saint Christopher ('Kitts') and Nevis (1983–present)
Elective constitutional monarchies
Negeri Sembilan (since 1873; within the British Empire (until 1957), the Federation of Malaya (1957–1963), and Malaysia (1963–present)
Federation of Malaya (1957–1963, became Malaysia)
Malaysia (1963–present)
Independent State of Samoa (1962–present)
United Arab Emirates (1971–present) |
9662_18 | Absolute monarchies
An absolute monarchy is a monarchical form of government where the ruler has the power to rule his or her land or country and its citizens freely, with no laws or legally-organized direct opposition in force.
Unitary absolute monarchies
Unitary absolute monarchies are unitary states which are governed as one single unit by a single hereditary or elected leader. Some had or have a single legislature, which may or may not be constitutionally created. |
9662_19 | Oman (751–present)
Busoga (c. prior to 18th century – 1961; became subnational monarchy of Uganda)
Wogodogo Monarchy (c. 1690 – 1896; became subnational monarchy of France)
Emirate of Abu Dhabi (c. 18th century – 1971; became subnational monarchy of the United Arab Emirates)
Buganda (c. 18th century – 1961; became subnational monarchy of Uganda)
Emirate of Dubai (c. 18th century – 1971; became subnational monarchy of the United Arab Emirates)
Negeri Sembilan (c. 18th century – 1873; became subnational monarchy of the United Kingdom)
Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah (c. 18th century – 1972; became subnational monarchy of the United Arab Emirates)
Russian Empire (1721–1917; ended by revolution)
Sultanate of Terengganu (1724 – c. 19th century; became subnational monarchy of Siam)
Emirate of Sharjah (c. 1727 – 1971; became subnational monarchy of the United Arab Emirates)
3rd Burmese Empire (c. 1760 – 1885) |
9662_20 | Kingdom of Siam (1768–1932; became constitutional monarchy, Kingdom of Thailand)
Grand Principality of Finland (1772–1809; became subnational monarchy of the Russian Empire)
Emirate of Umm al-Quwain (1775–1971; became subnational monarchy of the United Arab Emirates)
Kingdom of Nepal (1775–1990; became constitutional monarchy)
Kingdom of Bahrain (1783–1971; became constitutional monarchy; 1975–2002; became constitutional monarchy)
Ankole (c. 1800 – 1901; became subnational monarchy of Uganda)
French Empire (1804–1814; became constitutional monarchy; brief restoration in 1815)
Austrian Empire (1804–1867; became Austro-Hungarian Empire)
Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810; within France; became constitutional monarchy)
Kingdom of Hungary (1806–1867; became Austro-Hungarian Empire)
Principality of Liechtenstein (1806–1862; became constitutional monarchy)
Kingdom of Hawaii (1810–1840; became constitutional monarchy) |
9662_21 | Kingdom of Poland (1815–1865; within Russian Empire; absorbed by Russian Empire)
Kingdom of Brazil (1816–1822; became constitutional monarchy)
Kingdom of Lesotho (1818–1868; became subnational monarchy of the United Kingdom)
Emirate of Ajmān (1820–1971; became subnational monarchy of the United Arab Emirates)
Qatar (1825–present)
Kingdom of Greece (1832–1843; became constitutional monarchy)
Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1918; dissolved after World War I)
Kingdom of Bhutan (1907–2008; absolute power voluntarily rescinded by king in 1969; became constitutional monarchy in 2008)
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1932–present)
Kingdom of Iran (1935–1979; ended by revolution)
Kingdom of Cambodia (1954–1970; Ended by military coup; kingdom restored as constitutional monarchy in 1993)
Sultanate of Brunei (1959–present; constitution creates Sultan as absolute ruler)
Kingdom of Swaziland (1968–present) |
9662_22 | Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1973; became the Republic of Afghanistan after a non-violent coup)
Central African Empire (1976–1979; restated as a Republic after a non-violent coup with French aid) |
9662_23 | Holy See (Vatican City) (c. 756 AD, Pepin, father of Charlemagne granted the Pope control of area which became the Papal States – present; absolute monarchy)
Subnational monarchies
See Main article: Non-sovereign monarchy
A subnational monarchy is a territory governed by a hereditary leader, but which is subordinate to a higher national government, either monarchical or republican in form. |
9662_24 | Sultanate of Kelantan (c. 2nd century – present; within Funan, Khmer Empire, Srivijaya, Siam, British Empire, Federation of Malaya, and Malaysia)
Sultanate of Kedah (c. 7th century – present; within Malacca, Siam, British Empire, Federation of Malaya, and Malaysia)
Sultanate of Pahang (c. 8th century – present; within Srivijaya, Siam, Sultanate of Malacca, Aceh, Johor, the British Empire, the Federated Malay States, the Federation of Malaya, and Malaysia)
Principality of Perlis (c. 8th century – present; within Kedah, Siam, the British Empire, the Malayan Union, and Malaysia)
Kingdom of Bohemia (c. 9th century – 1806; within Holy Roman Empire; became constitutional monarchy)
Kingdom of Germany (c. 11th century – 1806; within Holy Roman Empire; became Austrian Empire)
Luxembourg (963 – 1867; within the Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia, the Netherlands, Austria, France and Belgium; became constitutional monarchy) |
9662_25 | Kingdom of Pattani (c. 11th century – 1909; within Srivijaya, Kingdom of Ayutthaya, Siam, dissolved between Thailand and Malaysia)
Murcia (1243–1304; within the Kingdom of Castile, Kingdom of Aragon; absorbed into Castile)
Vaduz (1342 – 1806; within the Holy Roman Empire; became absolute monarchy of Liechtenstein)
Sultanate of Selangor (1740–present; within the Netherlands, the British Empire, Federated Malay States, the Federation of Malaya, and Malaysia)
Sultanate of Yogyakarta (1755–present; within Netherlands Indies, Japanese Empire, United States of Indonesia (1945–1951), and Republic of Indonesia
Sultanate of Terengganu (c. 15th century – present; within Malacca, Siam, the British Empire, Federation of Malaya, and Malaysia)
Sultanate of Sulu (1405–present; within Philippines)
Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1918; within Russian Empire; ended when The Grand Princely Throne became vacant at the Russian Revolution; became constitutional monarchy, Kingdom of Finland) |
9662_26 | Barotseland (1845–present); within Zambia
Māori Kingship (1865–present; within Dominion of New Zealand)
Kingdom of Lesotho (1868–1966); within the British Empire; became an independent constitutional monarchy)
Machame (late 17th century-present;within Machame)
Kingdom of Bavaria (1871–1918); held a privileged status (Reservatrechte) within the German Empire
Negeri Sembilan (1873–present; within the British Empire, the Federation of Malaya, and Malaysia)
Sultanates of Lanao (c. 16th century – present; within Philippines)
Sultanate of Perak (1874–present; within the British Empire, Federated Malay States, Federation of Malaya, and Malaysia)
Principality of Bulgaria (1879–1908; within the Ottoman Empire; became constitutional monarchy)
Wogodogo Monarchy (1896–present; within France and Burkina Faso)
Bunyoro (1899–1966; within the British Empire, and Uganda; abolished; 1993–present; within Uganda)
Ashanti (1900–present; within Ghana) |
9662_27 | Ankole (1901–1966; abolished; 1993–present; within Uganda)
Kingdom of Egypt (1917–1922; within the British Empire, became constitutional monarchy)
Sultanate of Johor (1946–present; within the Malayan Union, the Federation of Malaya, Malaysia)
Buganda (1961–1966; abolished; 1993–present; within Uganda)
Busoga (1961–1966; abolished; 1993–present; within Uganda)
Emirate of Abu Dhabi (1971–present; within the United Arab Emirates)
Emirate of Ajmān (1971–present; within the United Arab Emirates)
Emirate of Dubai (1971–present; within the United Arab Emirates)
Emirate of Fujairah (1971–present; within the United Arab Emirates)
Emirate of Sharjah (1971–present; became subnational monarchy of the United Arab Emirates)
Emirate of Umm al-Quwain (1981–present; within the United Arab Emirates)
Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah (1973–present; within the United Arab Emirates) |
9662_28 | Shared monarchies
A monarch may reign over multiple kingdoms, dominions or realms in various forms of political, dynastic, personal union or association.
Between 925 and 1035 the Kingdom of Aragon shared a monarchy with the Kingdom of Navarre.
From 1150 to 1319, the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona (actually the Principality of Catalonia) formed a dynastical union named Crown of Aragon; from 1319 to 1479, the Crown was a federation of these two countries and the Kingdom of Valencia.
The Kingdoms of León and Castile were united three times under the same monarch, first between 1037 and 1078, again from 1072 to 1157, and finally between 1230 and sometime in the 16th century.
Between 1072 and 1095 León, Castile, and Galicia were united under a common monarch, whereafter Portugal separated under a different dynasty, and the others were absorbed by Spain. |
9662_29 | The Kalmar Union was a period between 1397 and 1536 in which Denmark, Norway and Sweden shared the same monarch as three independent countries. Norway and Denmark continued to share a monarchy from 1536 to 1814. Norway was then united under a common monarchy with Sweden from 1814 to 1905.
From 1490 to c. 1740 Hungary and Bohemia (part of the Holy Roman Empire) shared a monarchy. These kingdoms shared a monarch from the Habsburgs who were Archdukes of Austria and Holy Roman Emperors. Briefly Naples and Sardinia in 1707, and Sicily in 1714 to their departure in 1735, 1720 and 1734, respectively. The Habsburgs declared themselves Emperors of Austria in 1804. The three countries remained in this situation until the union was ended in the aftermath of World War I, in 1918. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was the union of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary between 1867 and 1918 under a new constitution, the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, or Ausgleich. |
9662_30 | From 1541, King Henry VIII of England was declared King of Ireland, after being excommunicated by the pope and losing the title of Lord of Ireland. England and Ireland were joined in a personal union until 1603, when the James VI of Scotland became king of England and Ireland. All three crowns remained in personal union until 1707 when England and Scotland were united by the Acts of Union 1707 to become the Kingdom of Great Britain. The two crowns remained under personal union until the Acts of Union 1800 when the kingdoms became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. This union lasted until Irish Independence in 1921 when with the departure of the 26 southern counties of Ireland, the UK officially became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
From 1580 to 1640, Portugal was under a united monarchy with Spain, in the period known as the Iberian Union.
Between 1867 and 1890 Luxembourg and the Netherlands shared the same monarch. |
9662_31 | Elizabeth II currently reigns over 15 Commonwealth realms.
The King of France was also the co-prince of Andorra. After the abolition of the French monarchy the co-prince is now the president of the French Republic. |
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