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121_6	houses.
121_7	Arrangement of polyptych
121_8	Bosch scholars have other interpretations about the meaning behind these paintings, especially Ascent of the Blessed. The panels may come off straight forward and simple but there is a lot of dispute about the order of the panels and how they should be positioned in a museum. When hung in Venice in 2011, the order of the panels was Fall of the Damned into Hell, Hell, space, Terrestrial Paradise, and Ascent of the Blessed. The Terrestrial Paradise was placed on the left because it resembles other Eden panels by Bosch, especially with its landscape, fountain, and following biblical convention. There is also confusion on whether the Terrestrial Paradise is even “paradise” because it might also be Purgatory. Another possible arrangement is Ascent, Paradise, Hell and the Fall which takes inspiration from Matthew 25: 32–3 in the Bible. The idea is that traditionally; God directs the damned to Hell on his left side. The Bosch scholar, Ludwig von Baldass, does not mention any other possible
121_9	arrangements and feels that “the wings are divided into two portions, one above the other, representing on the left the figures of the saved being escorted by angels into Paradise and on the right the fall of the damned into Hell. Some scholars believe that Visions of the Hereafter are the wings to a missing middle panel which would presumably be the Last Judgement.
121_10	Critics are not unanimous in attributing these panels to Bosch, however it would be difficult to ascribe their compositions to anyone else. There is also speculation about how these designs came to surface through Bosch, whether they are simply just from his mind or dreams. During the sixteenth-century many people would attempt to stimulate themselves into spiritual awakening to get as close to God as possible. Thus, these might have been some of the visions people saw when attempting to jump into the unconscious depth and mystery of the spiritual visions. References Baldass, Ludwig von. Hieronymus Bosch. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1960. Gibson, Walter S. Hieronymus Bosch. London: Thames and Hudson, 1973. Hitchins, Stephen Graham. Art as History, History as Art. Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2014. Reuterswärd, Patrik. “Hieronymus Bosch’s Four “Afterlife” Panels in Venice.” Artibus et Historiae 12, no. 24 (November 24, 1991): 29–35. Notes
121_11	Angels in art Paintings by Hieronymus Bosch Paintings in Venice 1500s paintings
122_0	Falkenberg (Elster) station is one of the biggest stations in the German state of Brandenburg. It is located in the town of Falkenberg/Elster in the south of the state. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 3 station. Railways run in seven directions from the station. It is a two-level interchange station (, literally a “tower station”), built where several routes interconnect. There is a large marshalling yard connecting to both the upper and the lower parts of the station. At times Falkenberg was the fifth largest marshalling yard in East Germany (GDR). Only part of these tracks have been in use since the 1990s. A large station building, which had been built in 1882, was destroyed in the Second World War. A restaurant complex built in GDR times was substantially rebuilt after 2010 and now serves as the entrance building. A number of buildings of the station and its surrounds are heritage-listed. Location and name
122_1	The station is situated mostly in the town of Falkenberg/Elster in the Elbe-Elster district not far from the state borders of Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. Originally the station was called Falkenberg (b. Torgau), but it received its present name in 1937. While the town is written Falkenberg/Elster (with a slash), the station is written with parentheses. The station building is located at km 111.9 of the Jüterbog–Röderau railway,which runs north–south, at kilometer 148.2 of the Węgliniec–Roßlau railway, which runs from southeast to northwest, and at kilometer 95.0 of the Halle–Cottbus railway, which runs west–east. The latter line runs through the upper level of Falkenberg station, while the others run through the lower level. The Lower Lusatian Railway (Niederlausitzer Eisenbahn), which runs to the northeast, also begins at the lower station.
122_2	The station has extensive marshalling yards, both connected to the lower and the upper stations and extending over several kilometres. The eastern part of the upper station extends to the territory of the town of Uebigau-Wahrenbrück. The centre of the town of Falkenberg is located west of the line from Berlin and north of the line from Halle. The original village centre and its manor was about 400 metres from the station. History
122_3	The Berlin-Anhalt Railway Company (, BAE) opened its line from Berlin to Köthen (then spelt Cöthen) in 1841. It planned from the beginning, an additional line that would connect Berlin with Leipzig and Dresden. The towns of Herzberg, Uebigau and Liebenswerda were stubbornly opposed to the railway having direct contact with their towns. So a slightly more westerly route was chosen that passed near the small village and manor of Falkenberg. The station was initially a small halt with a station master, a telegrapher, two signalmen and some shunters.
122_4	A railway from Falkenberg to Cottbus was opened by the Halle-Sorau-Guben Railway (Halle-Sorau-Gubener Eisenbahn, HSGE) on 1 December 1871. At first the trains stopped in the lower part of the old station. A line running to the west from Falkenberg via Eilenburg to Halle was opened on 1 May 1872. In the same year the Upper Lusatian Railway Company (Oberlausitzer Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft) began construction of its line from Kohlfurt (now Węgliniec) to Falkenberg, which was opened on 1 June 1874. This was followed by the BAE’s extension of its line from Wittenberg on 15 October 1875, creating connections to lines to Halle and Dessau. The BAE took over the management on the lines of the Upper Lusatian Railway Company in 1878. The traffic on all three lines became very active in the following years, so that Falkenberg became an important railway junction. In 1882 a new, larger station building was built at the intersection of the upper and lower lines. In the same year the Prussian
122_5	government took over the management of the lines of the BAE and two years later it took over the HSGE. Nevertheless, the names of the Halle-Sorauer Bahnhof (Halle-Sorau station) for the upper level and the Berlin-Anhalter Bahnhof (Berlin-Anhalt station) for the lower level persisted.
122_6	The then competent Staatsbahndirektion (railway division) of Erfurt combined the two workshops of the BAE and HSGE, and from 1887 they were referred to as an operating workshop (Betriebswerkstätte), which later developed into a locomotive depot (Bahnbetriebswerk). Expansion after 1890 Traffic increased significantly to Falkenberg at the end of the 19th century. The three main railway lines were doubled from 1896 to 1912 to overcome their capacity constraints. The station facilities with the marshalling yards and workshops were extended. A new water tower was built in 1895 and another engine shed was put in operation at the lower station in 1908. The last of the railways built to Falkenberg was opened on 15 March 1898, the private Lower Lusatian Railway to Uckro. In a train accident in the summer of 1934, a freight train in the lower part on station ran into another and the vehicles pushed off the track collided with an oncoming train. One man was killed.
122_7	The Wehrmacht opened a large army airfield at Alt-Lönnewitz southwest of Falkenberg in 1936. A connecting railway ran to it from the top station, which carried materials and airfield employees. The station had 20 km of mainline track and 93 km of sidings with 324 points in 1939. It had 20 signal boxes and three engine sheds on the upper and lower part of the station. The exits from the marshalling yard handled 4,000 freight wagons a day from the top part and 2,400 from the lower part of the station. There was a siding to the airport with branches to a substation and to the Falkenberg branch of the Torgau grain cooperative. In World War II, construction began on a multi-track upgrade of the line toward Jüterbog, which was not completed. Some embankments have been preserved. The work was carried out largely by the use of forced labourers and prisoners of war.
122_8	Because of the strategic importance of the station, with its marshalling yards and the nearby Falkenberg airfield, it was a target for several Allied bombing raids in the Second World War. The most serious of these attacks occurred in April 1945. On 18 April, the entrance building, the crossing structure and a number of buildings in the area were completely destroyed. After radio reports had already announced that there would be further attacks on the day with the goal of total destruction of the Falkenberg railway junction, bomb raids were primarily carried out on the lower station and a number of buildings were destroyed, including the locomotive depot.
122_9	After the Second World War A few days after the war, Soviet troops under station commander Braschenko began rebuilding the strategic rail facilities on 15 May 1945. In the following months, the railway lines out of Falkenberg were gradually returned to operation, at first provisionally. All tracks were usable again in 1948. In GDR times, the station was expanded and included 160 km of railway tracks and 377 sets of points. In addition to the north-eastern connecting curve from the lower to the upper station, which had existing since the 19th century, a connecting curve was built south-east of the crossing, allowing direct trips from the west to the lower station, allowing operations to Elsterwerda without having to reverse in the upper yard. The locomotive depot became one of the largest in East Germany with about 500 employees. About 5,000 freight wagons left Falkenberg each day in the 1970s and 1980s.
122_10	The station was also important for national defence. Freight tracks were temporarily provided with platforms for travelling Soviet soldiers so that they could use the washing facilities. A new restaurant building was opened for Mitropa in 1972. The first electrically powered passenger train reached Falkenberg from the direction of Wittenberg on 27 September 1986 and the electrification went into operation towards Riesa on 13 December 1986. Electrification was extended towards Ruhland in October 1987. The other three main railway branches towards Jüterbog,Torgau and Finsterwalde were electrified in 1989.
122_11	The importance of the station for freight fell substantially after 1990 due to the decline in industrial production in the region and the modal shift to road transport. The fleet in the depot was increasingly reduced after 1991 and the Wittenberg depot was closed in 1994. In 1998, the depot’s work was transferred to the Leipzig-Engelsdorf depot and a little later the station was converted into a purely passenger operation without responsibility for any rollingstock. In 2010 and 2011, the passenger platforms were built in the upper part of the station and the railway facilities were transformed. The former Mitropa building was completely rebuilt. The upper railway yard was taken over in 2011 by BLG AutoRail, which uses it as a "hub for car transportation by rail". Environment
122_12	The town of Falkenberg has been decisively shaped by the railways. In the first years, the station of Falkenberg was only a minor station as the town had developed very little at this time. Immediately prior to the construction of the railway, Falkenberg had 350 inhabitants, while it had 405 at the time of the opening of the east-west line. With the construction of the east–west line and the later line from Wittenberg to Kohlfurt Falkenberg, it became a railway junction and the village grew considerably. A number of railway workers settled in the city. The area between the railway station and the old town centre was gradually built up. The post office was opened next to the entrance building in 1888.
122_13	At the end of the 19th century, the expanding railway tracks were more and more of a hindrance to road traffic. An overpass was built over the tracks in 1896 to replace the level crossing at Uebigauer Straße north of the platforms of the lower station. From 1897, a cooperative built, with the help of a loan, tenement-like houses in several streets west of the station; these included stables, a little garden land and community laundry rooms. This area is now a heritage-listed area as the Eisenbahnersiedlung Falkenberg (Falkenberg railway settlement). In 1912, the manor came into the possession of the municipality, allowing new construction areas to be identified, mainly east of the railway. In the 1920s, more apartments were built and by 1925 Falkenberg had become the largest town in the former district of Liebenswerda with 4,850 inhabitants.
122_14	In 1962, the town, then having about 7,000 inhabitants, received a charter declaring it a town. The town’s coat of arms includes a winged wheel as a symbol of the railway.
122_15	Description Shortly after the completion of the line, a small entrance building was built in Falkenberg on the west side of the tracks of the Anhalt Railway. After the completion of the other two main lines, a large entrance building was built in the angle between the east–west and north–south lines. The building was destroyed during the Second World War. Thereafter, the original station building was again used as the entrance building. In 1985, the building was substantially rebuilt with significant changes to its outer shape. It later served to house station services. This building was empty when it was sold at auction in December 2013.
122_16	In the 1970s, a new building was built south of the entrance building as a Mitropa restaurant. After 1990, the restaurant building was closed temporarily and then used from 2000 as a kiosk before being completely reconstructed in 2010. The restored building was inaugurated in 2011 and now includes a restaurant and the office of the local bus operator, Lehmann-Reisen. There is also a sales point for integrated tickets and Deutsche Bahn tickets. Before the reconstruction, a small building used for the sale of tickets had been located north of it on a platform. Platforms
122_17	The lower level station has five station platform tracks with track 1 next to the station building and the others on two island platforms (track 2 and 3 on one and 4 and 5 on another). The eastern track 5, which was previously mainly used by the trains of the Lower Lusatian Railway, is no longer used. At the southern end of the platforms stairs lead to the upper platforms. The lower platforms were previously connected via a pedestrian tunnel. In the summer of 2012, the tunnel was closed and filled so that travellers now have to take the path on the upper platforms to cross between the various lower platforms. In the upper part there are two outside station platforms, numbered 6 and 7. Until the reconstruction of the upper platforms carried out from 2000, there were three platform tracks; platform 6 was about at its current location, while tracks 7 and 8 were next to an island platform. Track network
122_18	Three electrified main lines cross in the area of the railway station: Jüterbog–Röderau and (Węgliniec–) Horka border–Roßlau (both through the lower station) and Halle–Cottbus–Guben (upper station). The Lower Lusatian Railway Railway, a branch line to the northeast, which is no longer operated regularly, begins in the station. Several connecting curves in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the station enable trains to run between the two levels. The line from Röderau is not directly linked to the upper tracks. The line from Wittenberg crossed the line from Jüterbog about two kilometres north of the passenger station. The lower marshalling yard is between the two lines. The upper marshalling yard is located east of the passenger station on the line towards Cottbus. The lower yard is designed with one entrance/exit, while the upper yard has two ends. Heritage
122_19	A number of buildings of the station are listed as Turmbahnhof Falkenberg ("tower station Falkenberg") in the list of heritage buildings of the municipality of Falkenberg/Elster. At the lower station the following objects are heritage-listed: "the water station building, signal box ‘B 20’ including its technology, the platform canopy on platforms 1 and 3/2, the roofing of the staircases and exits from platform 1 and 4/5, the barriers of the staircases and exits from platforms 2/3, the kiosk on platforms 3/2 and level crossing barrier post 4a.”
122_20	The listed kiosk was acquired in 1989 by a private owner. Later, the owner took part of the former Mitropa building as a kiosk. With the beginning of the reconstruction work, the snack bar closed on 31 August 2010 after the owner could not agree on its future use with the town. The stairways from the platforms to the pedestrian tunnels have become unusable since the closure of the platform tunnels. Hopes that the town of Falkenberg would be able to preserve the tunnel were not fulfilled because the heritage listing includes only the platform equipment. The level crossing barrier post 4a on Uebigauer Straße north of the platforms had already lost its original function at the end of the 19th century with the construction of the overpass.
122_21	At the upper station the following objects are heritage-listed: "the water tower and water crane, signal box ‘B 3' including its technology and the transformer tower opposite ". These objects are located in the marshalling yard, about 1½ km east of the passenger station. The engine shed III of the upper rail depot has been used by a private collection of locomotives since 2001. Some other buildings in the station area are also protected as monuments. This includes the heritage-listed "railway settlement” (Eisenbahnersiedlung) in Falkenberg, the former Bahnmeisterei (track master’s building, now a house) north of the entrance building, as well as a "class 52 steam locomotive and two water cranes on the north side of the railway premises". The Falkenberg/Elster Railway Museum is also in this area.
122_22	The former signal box W 12 at Übigau station is on the list of historic monuments of the town of Uebigau-Wahrenbrück. It is located directly next to the platforms of Uebigau station, the entrance building of which is also a listed building. Passenger services Falkenberg was a stop for long-distance traffic for a long time from the time it became a railway junction. In the north–south direction, the Berlin–Dresden railway, after its completion in 1875, competed with the Anhalt line via Falkenberg for traffic from Berlin towards Dresden and Chemnitz. This competition continued until the late 1960s despite the nationalisation of both companies. Often the trains ran on the Anhalt line to Röderau station near Riesa, where it divided with one part of the train continuing to Chemnitz and the other to Dresden, where part of it continued to Prague. Almost all of these trains stopped in Falkenberg.
122_23	In 1930, 211,000 passengers were counted departing from Falkenberg. At that time, eight express, six semi-fast and 42 stopping trains ran daily in different directions. Since the late 1960s, scheduled traffic from Berlin towards Dresden and Riesa has almost exclusively been carried on the Berlin–Dresden railway. But even after 2000, diverted trains often ran between Berlin and Dresden via Falkenberg, but without stopping at the station.
122_24	In the east–west direction, some express and semi-fast passenger trains ran in the 1930s via Falkenberg, such as a pair of express trains between Kassel and Breslau (now Wrocław in Poland). Until the 1990s, a series of express trains ran in the east–west direction via Falkenberg, including an inter-zone train between Frankfurt (Oder) and Frankfurt (Main). In the first half of the 1990s, the rail services were harmonised in an integrated regular-interval timetable. In the 1995–96 timetable the following services operated from Falkenberg (Elster), each every two hours: InterRegio: Leipzig–Falkenberg–Doberlug-Kirchhain–Cottbus (portions from Leipzig coming originally from other stations) Regional-Express: Schwedt–Berlin–Falkenberg–Ruhland–Cottbus Regionalbahn: Leipzig–Falkenberg (with extra trains in the peak) Regionalbahn: Falkenberg–Riesa (gap in the regular interval pattern in the morning) Regionalbahn: Falkenberg–Herzberg Stadt Regionalbahn: Falkenberg–Ruhland
122_25	Regionalbahn: Falkenberg–Doberlug-Kirchhain–Cottbus Regionalbahn: Lutherstadt Wittenberg–Falkenberg (with extra trains in the peak)
122_26	There were three Regional-Express trains a day from Wittenberg (with part of the train originating in Aschersleben) to Görlitz. The regional services beyond Herzberg Stadt (town) were discontinued as early as 1995. In April 1998, passenger services also ended between Falkenberg and Herzberg Stadt. In May 2001, the Deutsche Bahn InterRegio service between Leipzig, Falkenberg and Cottbus was replaced by a Regional-Express service. Passenger services between Falkenberg and Riesa ended at the timetable change in December 2004. Over the years there have been several more service changes, including the introduction of a Regional-Express service from Leipzig via Falkenberg to Ruhland and Hoyerswerda. This service was introduced in December 2013 as the S 4 service of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland. The station is served by the following services:. References Railway stations in Brandenburg Railway stations in Germany opened in 1871 Buildings and structures in Elbe-Elster Elbe-Elster Land
123_0	Denise Leese (Davida) Eger (born March 14, 1960) is an American Reform rabbi. In March 2015 she became president of the Central Conference of American Rabbis, the largest and oldest rabbinical organization in North America; she was the first openly gay person to hold that position. Biography Denise Eger was born in New Kensington, Pennsylvania, the 2nd daughter of Bernard Eger and Estelle (Leese) Eger. She was raised in Memphis, Tennessee. She studied voice at Memphis State University, then transferred to the University of Southern California, where she majored in religion. She then studied at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, from which she earned a master's degree, and went on to pursue rabbinic studies. She came out publicly as gay in 1990 in a story in the Los Angeles Times.
123_1	Career Prior to ordination, Eger served as a rabbinic internship for the Chaverim group in Westwood, for the 1983–84 term. She then became an intern in 1985-86 under Rabbi Solomon F. Kleinman at Temple Ahavat Shalom Northridge in Southern California. Rabbi Eger was ordained in 1988 at the New York campus of Hebrew Union College, following which she served as the first full-time rabbi of Beth Chayim Chadashim in Los Angeles, the world's first gay and lesbian synagogue recognized by Reform Judaism. In 1992, she and 25 other people founded Congregation Kol Ami, a synagogue intended to serve both gay and non-gay Jews in West Hollywood, California. Kol Ami has flourished into a 350-member congregation. Significant accomplishments include successfully fundraising to purchase land and construct an award-winning building, located on LaBrea avenue in West Hollywood, which was completed in 2001, and building an endowment that contributes 15 percent of the synagogue's annual operating budge
123_2	She previously served as the chair of the Search Alliance Institutional Review Board and Treasurer of the Women's Rabbinic Network, and is a past president of the Pacific Association of Reform Rabbis. She chaired the Gay and Lesbian Rabbinic Network of the Central Conference of American Rabbis and is past chair of the Task Force on Gays and Lesbians in the Rabbinate. She is a founding member of the Religion and Faith Council of the Human Rights Campaign and a founding executive committee member of California Faith for Equality. She is a Senior Rabbinic Fellow of the Shalom Hartman Institute. Rabbi Eger was instrumental in helping pass the March 2000 CCAR resolution in support of officiation and gay and lesbian weddings. She is co-author of the official Reform movement gay and lesbian wedding liturgy. She officiated at the wedding of activists Robin Tyler and Diane Olson, on June 16, 2008.
123_3	In 2009, she became the first female and the first openly gay President of the Board of Rabbis of Southern California. She was also the founding President of the Lesbian, Gay, & Bisexual Interfaith Clergy Association. In the summer of 2010 she was named one of the fifty most influential women rabbis.
123_4	In March 2015 she became president of the Central Conference of American Rabbis, the largest and oldest rabbinical organization in North America; she is the first openly gay person to hold that position. As head of the 2300 member international organization of Reform Rabbis, her achievements include revitalizing the ethics code by instituting mandatory continuing education; increasing CCAR's visibility by transforming the process for adoption of resolutions on public policy issues, and effective social media and press strategies; developing international relationships among Reform Rabbis serving outside North America; and strengthened governance by instituting term limits for committee chairs and members. Through her initiative, the CCAR created mandatory continuing education requirements for its members.
123_5	Rabbi Eger is co-editor of the book Gender & Religious Leadership: Women Rabbis, Pastors and Ministers (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). She is the editor of the groundbreaking book Mishkan Ga'avah: Where Pride Dwells, A Celebration of LGBTQ Jewish Life and Ritual (CCAR Press, 2020). This is a collection of prayers and rituals for LGBTQ Jews and allies as well as ceremonies for LGBTQ significant moments and life cycle events. She has contributed articles to numerous publications including, The Social Justice Torah Commentary, (ed. Barry Block, CCAR Press, 2021), The Sacred Calling: Four Decades of Women in the Rabbinate (ed. Schorr & Graf, CCAR Press, 2016), Torah Queeries (ed. Drinkwater, Schneer, & Lesser, NYU Press, 2009), Contemporary Debates in Reform Judaism (ed. Kaplan, Routledge 2001).
123_6	Community service Eger has worked extensively with people with HIV/AIDS, and is widely known as an expert on Judaism and LGBT civil rights. She is a noted author contributing to anthologies such as Torah Queeries, Lesbian Rabbis, Twice Blessed, and Conflicting Visions: Contemporary Debates in Reform Judaism. She wrote the piece "Creating Opportunities for the 'Other': The Ordination of Women as a Turning Point for LGBT Jews", which appears in the book The Sacred Calling: Four Decades of Women in the Rabbinate, published in 2016. Rabbi Eger has made activism in pursuit of justice for all people a cornerstone of her rabbinate. She has been active in helping to negotiate for improved labor conditions in local hotels and in the agriculture industry; in working for a moratorium on the death penalty in California and in efforts to halt genocide and crimes against humanity around the world.
123_7	She has worked extensively with people with AIDS. Eger has facilitated an HIV+ support group for 30 years. She served as co-chair of the Community Advisory Board of the Shanti Foundation and is a past Chair of the Spiritual Advisory Committee of AIDS Project Los Angeles. She is past co-chair of the Institutional Review Board for Search Alliance, an AIDS drug research organization. She cofounded the LGBT Interfaith Clergy Group of Southern California and served as its first president.
123_8	She served on as a founding member of the board of ZIONESS, a progressive Pro-Israel advocacy organization. She has helped to mentor young rabbinical students at the Hebrew Union College and also served as a mentor to rabbinical students for AIPAC. She is a founding member of the Religion and Faith Council of the Human Rights Campaign. She served on the Board of the No On Knight Campaign/No on Proposition 22. and sat on the Board of the Equality for All/No on Prop 8. She was a founder of the California Faith for Equality and helped to organize Jews for Marriage Equality. Rabbi Eger is a Trustee of the Reform Pension Board, a joint project of the Union for Reform Judaism and the Central Conference of American Rabbis. She also sits on the Camp Committee for the URJ's Henry S. Jacobs Camp, in Utica, MS.
123_9	Honors References External links Denise Eger's blog 1960 births Living people American Reform rabbis Hebrew Union College alumni LGBT rabbis People from Memphis, Tennessee Women rabbis 21st-century American Jews 21st-century LGBT people
124_0	Aruvi (; ) is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language political drama film written and directed by Arun Prabu Purushothaman, in his directorial debut. Produced and distributed by S. R. Prakash Babu and S. R. Prabhu of Dream Warrior Pictures, the film stars Aditi Balan, Anjali Vardhan, and Lakshmi Gopalaswamy, while Pradeep Antony and Mohammad Ali Baig play supporting roles. The film portrays the events that occur in the life of Aruvi, a rebellious young woman who seeks to expose the consumerist and misogynistic nature of modern civilisation, while attempting to find meaning during a period of existential crisis.
124_1	Arun Prabu Purushothaman wrote a script based on global conflicts in late-2009, but as the scripting took a long time to materialise, he later halted the project and worked on another script in late-2013 which became Aruvi. The film revolves around how HIV patients are treated in the soceity, and for the titular character, Prabu had approached leading actresses, however they rejected the script because of the sensitive nature in the topic and eventually, Aditi Balan was selected through an audition. The entire cast and crew were consisted of newcomers, Shelley Calist handled the cinematography, Raymond Derrick Crasta edited the film and indie musicians Bindhumalini and Vedanth Bharadwaj composed the film's soundtrack and score.
124_2	The film began pre-production in mid-2014 and was shot within six months across Chennai, Trivandrum and Kochi. Aruvi was premiered at various film festival circuits, the first public screening was held at the Shanghai International Film Festival held during 14 June 2016. It was theatrically released worldwide on 15 December 2017, to highly positive reviews from critics. It was praised for the performances of the cast, especially of Balan, the film's direction and other technical aspects. It was considered one of the '25 Greatest Tamil Films of the Decade' by Film Companion.
124_3	At the 65th Filmfare Awards South, Aditi Balan won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil, the only win out of its four nominations at the ceremony. The film additionally won two South Indian International Movie Awards, two Vijay Awards, a Techofes Award, two Edison Awards, four Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards and four Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards. The film was a financial success, grossing against a budget of . In 2021, the makers announced a Hindi remake of the film.
124_4	Plot
124_5	The film begins with Aruvi (Aditi Balan) and Emily (Anjali Varadhan) being interrogated by law enforcement officer Shakeel (Mohammad Ali Baig), who suspects Aruvi to be part of a terrorist organization. Aruvi's parents and friends are called for interrogation who talk about Aruvi's childhood and adolescence. She is a lovingly raised, innocent girl from a middle-class family. Things take a turn on her life when he r family turns against her and kicks her out of the house, accusing her of having brought shame to the family. Her college friend Jessy (Shwetha Shekar) takes her in for a while, then moves to a hostel and lives with Emily, who is a transgender woman. They work for a man called Arulmani as tailors in an NGO. One day, she goes to Arulmani crying, asking for a loan of 1 lakh rupees as her father (Thirunavukkarasu) has suffered a minor cardiac arrest. She then takes off and does not return. Occasionally, she undergoes touch therapy with a Swami who uses hypnosis to heal stress.
124_6	Emily approaches the producers of Solvathellam Sathyam, a reality show that showcases people's problems on TV. She complains about three men who raped her friend Aruvi. Assistant director Peter (Pradeep Antony) agrees to telecast their problem and calls the three men for interrogation. The next morning, shooting starts as the host Shobha (Lakshmi Gopalaswamy) asks Aruvi to narrate what happened to her. Aruvi then explains that the three men are Jessy's father Joseph, Arulmani, and the Swami. Joseph had sexually abused Aruvi when she took shelter in his house. Arulmani had taken advantage of Aruvi's situation when she begged for a loan, and the Swami had hypnotized and raped her. Aruvi then reveals that she has had AIDS for the past two years (which had occurred due to her getting infected through a wound in her mouth after an injury while having coconut water; the seller had inadvertently shed his blood into the straw while cutting open the coconut). She meets her friend Emily in an
124_7	NGO as both of them have AIDS. Aruvi asks the three men to apologize, but Lakshmi turns against Aruvi, accusing her of intentionally infecting those men. Aruvi is appalled and states everything wrong with the society and the unnecessary stereotypes that every common man has to conform to, in order to fit into this consumeristic world.
124_8	The director uses all this drama to his advantage as this would improve his show's TRP rating. Aruvi pulls out a gun and shoots the director in the arm. Later, she calms herself and apologizes to everyone, but as she gets up to leave, Arulmani tackles her and hits Emily. This maddens Aruvi, and she starts hitting Arulmani with a rebar and takes everyone hostage, holding them at gunpoint. Aruvi then takes control and subjects the hostages to trivial games and activities; the main motive was to impress Aruvi and share others' feelings with each other, failing which Aruvi threatened to shoot them dead. The hostages abide by Aruvi's instructions and go with the activities. The sound of the commotions cause a wide public stir and police to surround the premises. Aruvi gets a call from Shakeel, and she assures the safety of the hostages and her apprehension to him after a while. During the course of the game, everyone seems to get affected by Stockholm Syndrome, and they become friendly
124_9	with Aruvi. She even forgives the three men who raped her.
124_10	Aruvi suffers a nosebleed by the time she surrenders to the police. Since Aruvi and Emily are AIDS patients, they cannot be arrested and have to be isolated inside the camp. Aruvi's condition continues to deteriorate as she loses a lot of weight and becomes incapable of taking care of herself. One night, she disappears from the camp and moves to a village all alone. After a few days, all of Aruvi's friends (the hostages) receive a video from Aruvi on Facebook. The video shows her crying and explaining how she misses everyone and speaks about all the regrets in her life. On seeing the video, Peter gathers everyone and takes them to the village in which Aruvi currently resides (an allusion to Peter's story that he narrated to Aruvi during the hostage situation). Peter gifts Aruvi a card with " Love you forever Aruvi, Peter", written on it. Touched, she reciprocates his feelings (this too was a revisit of Peter's earlier proposal to Aruvi during the incident, albeit in a bland way
124_11	before).
124_12	Everyone cheers Aruvi up by playing the bottle game and having a great time with her to make the last few days of her life sweet and memorable. The movie ends with Peter capturing the image of Aruvi smiling. Cast Aditi Balan as Aruvi Praniti Praveen Kumar as young Aruvi Anjali Varadhan as Emily/Jessica Lakshmi Gopalswami as Shobha Parthasarathy, TV show host Pradeep Antony as Peter Mohammad Ali Baig as DGP Mohammad Shakeel Waqaab Madhankumar as Venkataapuri Sri Badri Sesaadri Deetsidhar Shwetha Shekar as Jessy Arnold Mathew as Karuna, Aruvi's brother Hema as Aruvi's mother Thirunavukkarasu as Aruvi's father Balaji as Subash (Office boy at the channel) Apoorva Natraj as Jeyashree Kavitha Bharathi Production
124_13	Arun Prabu Purushothaman, an associate of Balu Mahendra and K. S. Ravikumar, wrote a script based on global conflicts in late-2009 and took more than three years for the writing, as he felt the script is a quite complicated process and not easy to transform it completely on-screen. As the scripting took more time, he eventually shelved that project and worked on another script during his final years of college in September 2013. It was considered to be a two-page thesis and was entirely written within a span of 20 days. A one-line of the script was sent to cinematographer Shelley Callist, who later forwarded it to S. R. Prabhu. When Arun Prabu narrated the script, Prabhu felt impressed by his narration and also he revealed that "he could not get the story out of his mind for a week", later giving his nod to produce the film.
124_14	Prabu did not have an iota of the script when he started his concepts of the film during 2013. He wrote the film based on the day-to-day activities of youngsters in India, but the motive he focused on was based on the struggles faced by the youngsters in the current generation, as he intended to make a film that reflected the mindset of youngsters in all the countries. Prabu refused to describe the film as a realistic film, but said that the film is "complete fiction" and also a "new-age masala film" since it mixes various genres, including action, comedy and drama and also commercial films have huge exposure among audiences. He did, however, choose to avoid "songs with a number of dancers in the background", a recurring feature of masala films.
124_15	The entire cast and crew members were consisted of debutants. In July 2014, the production team had been scouting for new Tamil speaking talent on various social networks. Over 600 applicants had applied and auditioned for the lead role, out of which the team chose Aditi Balan, an advocate based from Chennai. Shwetha Shekhar, who appeared in several commercials and short films, played in a supporting role, for whom it became her first feature-length film. Lakshmi Gopalswami, appeared in the supporting role, who was the only cast member with acting experience. The film's cinematography was handled by Shelly Calist, while editing was done by Raymond Derrick Crasta. Prior to the film's release, Arun Prabu approached established actors such as Anushka Shetty, Nayanthara, Samantha Ruth Prabhu and Shruti Haasan but they declined due to various reasons. But, Arun Prabu said that as the entire cast and crew are newcomers, the scope for revenue is minimal.
124_16	Aditi Balan accepted the script while reading as it featured an emotional bond between father and daughter. Since the entire cast were debutantes, Arun Prabu decided to conduct an acting workshop for three months, to prepare shooting for the film. Post the reading session, Aditi prepared a lengthy dialogue which was filmed in a single shoot. She had to undergo a lot of physical changes, in a climax sequence, Aditi had a strict diet to lose more than 10 kilos, and has to be isolated for 45 days, without communicating to person, so as to prepare for the shooting, describing it as "exhausting, both physically and mentally" but had loved the challenge. Theatre personality Mohammad Ali Baig, played the role of Mohammad Shakeel Waqaab, a Director general of police, interrogating Aruvi. Made at a production cost of 2 crore, the film began shooting in Chennai, Trivandrum, Kochi and was completed within six months.
124_17	Themes and influences The film revolves around the problems faced by HIV patients in the society, where the film focuses about love, humanity and compassion. It is considered to be a multi-genre film, that considered to be a non-linear narrative, where multiple storytelling devices are used. Along with this screenplay, the film also showcases on the LGBT angle, as Aruvi (Aditi Balan) had a mutual relationship with Emily (Anjali Varathan). Arun Prabu, an ardent follower of world cinema, revealed in an interview with Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion South, saying that inspired the works of Pedro Almodóvar, Robert Bresson, Jean-Luc Godard and also had inspired The Battle of Algiers (1966) by Gillo Pontecorvo, which he described it as his favourite film. He added that during the writing of Aruvi, he was highly fascinated by Parasakthi (1952), where the interrogation scene of that film, with Sivaji Ganesan in a court, was served as the inspiration for the film.
124_18	Several allegations of plagiarism was levied against Arun Prabu as the film's opening sequence shared a resemblance between the Egyptian film Asmaa (2011). Following the reactions in social media, Arun Prabu later watched the film before the release, saying that it is quite essential for film enthusiasts to discuss and compare two films which share a similar plot. But requested cinephiles to watch both films fully and express their point of views. He felt that "with the film, they had got an opportunity to watch both the films and after watching, they can understand the contrast difference between the two films". He added that " In Aruvi, only the first 15 minutes revolve around the titular character’s life and upbringing. Later, the story entirely takes a shift to talk about the society and people’s problems more." The reality show Solvathellam Sathyam featured in the film, was inspired from Solvathellam Unmai. Lakshmy Ramakrishnan, the host of that show expressed disappointment
124_19	about the makers for making a jibe on it.
124_20	Soundtrack The film score and soundtrack were jointly composed by Bindhumalini and Vedanth Bharadwaj, in their debut composition for a feature film. Arun Prabu had listened to the studio album Suno Bhai, which he felt impressed and decided to approach them, as the film needed a "soulful sound". Prabu contributed the film's music to have an integral part in the screenplay, and researched about the album, with the classifications for moods, ideas, inspirations, detailed descriptions, and even the duration of the tracks. The team planned for 33 original compositions — including the film's songs and score. The album consisted of offbeat and conventional music, highly contrasting to their calibre, as both the musicians belonged to Carnatic music background. Arun Prabu wrote lyrics for two of the tracks, while the rest of them were penned by Kutti Revathi. The album also featured a classical song written by poet Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi.
124_21	On the occasion of World Music Day (21 June 2017), the track "Anbin Kodi", deciphered as the "Party Song", was released as a single and received positive response. The album consists of six tracks, was released on 1 September 2017 by Dream Warrior Pictures and was widely appreciated by music critics, with Indiaglitz hailed it as a "best album in contemporary Tamil music". Critic based at Behindwoods described the album as "newfangled and experimental" and said further, "Though the album might not be a playlist favourite for all, but its indie feel gives a fresh perspective to music making in Tamil cinema". Vipin Nair of Music Aloud stated it as a "Brilliantly experimental composing debut from Bindhu Malini and Vedanth", while Karthik Srinivasan of Milliblog described it as "completely unique and highly original". A critic from Moviecrow stated it as "an unconventional soundtrack elevated by high inventive arrangements".
124_22	Release Aruvi was screened at various film festivals worldwide, with the first being at the Shanghai International Film Festival held on 14 June 2016 and received acclaim from audience. The film was initially scheduled for theatrical release on 1 December 2017, but was postponed to 15 December due to various reasons. The teaser of the film was released during 10 November 2017 and was received positive response from viewers. After the reception from the press show held at Sathyam Cinemas on 11 December, four days before the release, Nikilesh Surya, owner of Rohini Silver Screens announced that the film will be premiered on a bigger complex during the theatrical release.
124_23	The management of Sathyam Cinemas decided to showcase the film at the main Sathyam screen, after being premiered at Six Degrees and Serene from the opening weekend. In Tamil Nadu, the makers increased the number of screens from 350 to 500. The film was distributed to over sixty screens across the United States, Malaysia, Singapore and Sri Lanka. In addition, the film was screened at Kerala on 29 December 2017. Amazon Prime Video acquired the digital distribution rights of Aruvi and premiered it on the streaming platform on 15 January 2018. However, the pirated versions of the high-definition print surfaced through the internet, even before the digital premiere. The satellite rights of the film were sold to Star Vijay and had its television premiere on 25 March 2018. Critical reception
124_24	Aruvi received highly positive views upon release. Critics were particularly appreciative of the performances of the protagonist Aditi Balan and the supporting cast, and the film's direction. In his film review, Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion South called it as "an ambitious, solidly written satire that takes an issue and does very unexpected things with it". M. Suganth of The Times of India rated four out of five stars for the film, calling it as "a superbly written drama centred around a unique character that unfolds as a thriller, a black comedy, an awareness movie, and a tragedy".
124_25	Praising the incredible performances by a team of newcomers, Vishal Menon of The Hindu called it as "one of the best films of the year". Anupama Subramanian of Deccan Chronicle said the film as an "exemplary work from Arun Prabu" and gave four-and-a-half out of five stars. Writing for Hindustan Times, Haricharan Pudipeddi stated "Aruvi means waterfalls and the movie, starring Aditi Balan in a bold avatar, itself is a flow of emotions. There’s drama, anger, laughter and loneliness all packaged very well. Though unintentionally funny at times, the film is not for the faint-hearted."
124_26	India Today-based critic Kirubakar Purushothaman rated four out of five and said "Aruvi (Waterfall) is of course about the heroine who lends her name to the film — Aditi Balan. But the name also stands as metaphor for the story itself. Like a waterfall — it gushes with force, hits the ground exploding at the interval, and flows fading away into nothingness in the climax." Sreedhar Pillai of Firstpost called it as one of the best films from Kollywood and further said "In an era of a shallow and fraudulent films masquerading as good cinema, here is something which is pure, and at the same time, entertaining. If you want to nit-pick, the film slides a bit by taking a preachy tone and overstretched melodrama towards the end. But these are just minor flaws in a gutsy and outstanding film."
124_27	Vikram Venkateshwaran of The Quint reviewed it as "a social commentary that’s as much about ripping apart a popular talk show, as it is about holding a mirror to you, the audience". Writing for The Indian Express, Ashameera Aiyyappan said "the movie is a cascade of emotions: laughter, tears, anger, loneliness, the film has everything in a neat package and ideals presented with great craft. It is a struggle to find a beginning point when a film has almost everything working in its favour." Rakesh Mehar of The News Minute said "Aruvi is not a perfect film. Some parts of the script do feel a tad contrived. And the film too lightly lets off three men who are accused of sexual assault or sexual exploitation. But these are minor quibbles in a film that otherwise works wonderfully."
124_28	Indiaglitz rated the film 3.75 out of five and said "Arun Prabhu Purushothaman is a welcome find to Tamil cinema who has delved deep to tell a unique story and that too using a very modern new age style filmmaking. His depth as a writer and grip over the medium can be summed up in the climax when he puts the sinners and the sinned at peace with each other that is more heart tugging than the inevitable tragedy." Sify stated it as "one of the best films of this year, it handles a relevant topic with an engaging screenplay". Behindwoods gave three-and-a-out of five stars saying "Nothing short of a masterpiece, Aruvi is a cinematic journey that every type of audience can relate to, connect to, empathize with and adore". Accolades Notes References External links Official website
124_29	2010s feminist films 2010s political drama films 2010s Tamil-language films 2016 directorial debut films 2016 drama films 2016 films 2016 LGBT-related films Films about social issues in India Films about trans women Indian feminist films Indian films Indian LGBT-related films Indian political drama films 2010s masala films
125_0	Ambika Bumb an American biomedical scientist and businessperson. Bumb is a nanomedicine specialist who uses nanotechnology for the detection of treatment of disease. Her discoveries using nanodiamonds while working as postdoctoral researcher at the National Cancer Institute and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute led to the launch of the biotech Bikanta. Early life Bumb was born to Indian Jain parents who immigrated to the United States for higher education. Her father was one of the earliest in his family to complete his Doctor of Philosophy degree and her mother the first female in her town to go to college. Her maternal-grandfather was a veterinarian. Bumb graduated as from Southside High School as valedictorian in 2002, where her younger sister and brother also followed her as valedictorians.
125_1	Education Bumb graduated in 2005 from Georgia Tech with a Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering and a Minor in Economics from Georgia Institute of Technology, while being recognized with the Helen E. Grenga Outstanding Woman Engineer and E. Jo Baker President's Scholar Awards. With an early interest in nanomedicine, she conducted research focused on tracking quantum dots in bone and cartilage while also being an active leader in various campus organizations.
125_2	In 2008, Bumb completed her doctorate in Medical Engineering in three years from University of Oxford while also on the prestigious Marshall Scholarship and NIH-OxCam Program. Her doctoral work brought together 4 labs from 2 institutes, 4 fields, and 2 countries. She developed a triple-reporting nanoparticle and showed the technology's transferability across different disease types with studies in cancer and multiple sclerosis. The magnetic nanoparticles demonstrated strong potential in cancer diagnostics and therapy. Upon graduation, she continued to go on to two post-doctoral fellowships at the National Cancer Institute and National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. She has received much recognition for excellence in engineering and was profiled early in her career in Nature as a successful young scientist on the fast-track.
125_3	Career Her breakthroughs in the areas of nanomedicine and diagnostics have led to multiple patents, publications, and the spin out of the biotech Bikanta that is using nanodiamonds to allow academics and doctors to study and address disease at the cellular level. Nanodiamonds are next generation imaging probes trailblazing cutting-edge research including applications with the recent Nobel Prize in Chemistry for super-resolved fluorescence microscopy and utility in portable cancer detection devices. Bikanta is one of the first biotechs to be funded by Y Combinator, winner of the Silicon Valley Boomer Venture and CapCon Competitions, a California Life Science Institute's FAST Awardee, and named 1 of 4 Best Diagnostics Startups of 2015 by QB3. As Bikanta prepared to move the technology into clinical trials, the Theranos scandal went public and many investors pulled out of the diagnostics space. Bikanta was unable to raise the funding to proceed with the clinical trials.
125_4	Complementary to her scientific and commercial interests, Bumb has also been involved in national science policy initiatives, particularly related to nanotechnology. After Bikanta, Ambika began working as Health Science and Technology Advisor for the Secretary of State in the office of Crisis Management and Strategy in December 2019, where she played a role in the government response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Bumb was featured as a female role model to empower young girls by Career Girls. She has been appreciated in various interviews, including by Nature at the Naturejobs Career Expo, San Francisco and in an interview by WeFunder. Personal life Bumb practices Jainism and has been a dancer from an early age.
125_5	Awards and recognition Marshall Scholarship The Council of Outstanding Young Engineering Alumni Award - Georgia Institute of Technology Orloff Science Award for Technical Achievement - National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health-Oxford Cambridge Scholarship in Biomedical Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology President's Scholarship Aspen Health Forum Fellow Helen E. Grenga Outstanding Woman Engineer Award E. Jo Baker Award for outstanding President's Scholar Omicron Delta Kappa Award for Outstanding Leadership Women In Engineering Excellence Award Akamai Foundation Award through the Mathematical Association of America Winner of Silicon Valley Boomer Venture Summit Winner of CapCon Business Competition References
125_6	Living people Marshall Scholars Georgia Tech alumni Businesspeople in the health care industry Women medical researchers American women chief executives American Jains American businesswomen of Indian descent American women of Indian descent in health professions Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford Year of birth missing (living people) American medical researchers 21st-century American businesswomen 21st-century American businesspeople 21st-century American women scientists 21st-century American biologists
126_0	James Hazen Hyde (June 6, 1876 — July 26, 1959) was the son of Henry Baldwin Hyde, the founder of The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. James Hazen Hyde was twenty-three in 1899 when he inherited the majority shares in the billion-dollar Equitable Life Assurance Society. Five years later, at the pinnacle of social and financial success, efforts to remove him from The Equitable set in motion the first great Wall Street scandal of the 20th century, which resulted in his resignation from The Equitable and relocation to France. Early life James Hazen Hyde was born in New York City on June 6, 1876. He was the only surviving son of Henry Baldwin Hyde and Annie (née Fitch) Hyde. His older sister was Mary who was married to Sidney Dillon Ripley in 1886. After Ripley's death in 1905, she married banker Charles R. Scott in 1912.
126_1	He graduated from the Cutler School, and received his degree from Harvard University in 1898. Hyde studied French history, language and literature, and was involved in efforts to establish an exchange program that enabled French authors and educators to lecture at universities in the United States, with American professors reciprocating at universities in France. Hyde's efforts included the endowment of a fund to defray professor's expenses, and he received the Legion of Honor (Chevalier) from the government of France. Career Hyde was appointed a vice president of The Equitable after graduating from college. In addition, he served on the boards of directors of more than 40 other companies, including the Wabash Railroad and Western Union.
126_2	Besides his business activities, Hyde pursued several other hobbies and pastimes. His homes included a large estate on Long Island, where Hyde maintained horses, stables, roads, and trails to engage in coach racing. In addition to coach racing, he also took part in horse shows and horse racing. Hyde accumulated a collection of coaches and carriages, which he later donated to the Shelburne Museum. Removal from The Equitable Following his father's death, Hyde was the majority shareholder and in effective control of The Equitable. By the terms of his father's will, he was scheduled to assume the presidency of the company in 1906. Members of the board of directors, including E. H. Harriman, Henry Clay Frick, J.P. Morgan, and company President James Waddell Alexander attempted to wrest control from Hyde through a variety of means, including an unsuccessful attempt to have him appointed as Ambassador to France.
126_3	On the last night of January 1905, Hyde hosted a highly publicized Versailles-themed costume ball. Falsely accused through a coordinated smear campaign initiated by his opponents at The Equitable of charging the $200,000 party (about $4 million in 2014) to the company, Hyde soon found himself drawn into a maelstrom of allegations of his corporate malfeasance. The allegations almost caused a Wall Street panic, and eventually led to a state investigation of New York's entire insurance industry, which resulted in laws to regulate activities between insurance companies, banks and other corporations. In 1905, Hyde's net worth was about $20 million (around $400 million in 2014). After the negative press generated by the efforts to remove him from The Equitable, later in 1905 Hyde resigned from the company, gave up most of his other business activities, and moved to France. There were published rumors that he would marry French actress Yvonne Garrick in 1906.
126_4	World War I At the start of World War I Hyde converted his home and a Paris rental property into French Red Cross hospitals, and he volunteered his services as an organizer and driver with the American Field Ambulance Service. When the United States entered the war Hyde was commissioned as a Captain and assigned as an aide to Grayson Murphy, the High Commissioner of the American Red Cross in France. During and after the war Hyde also directed the Harvard and New England bureau of the University Union in Paris. Through this organization's auspices Hyde set up a series of annual lectures for American professors visiting French universities. He also helped win public support for aiding France by publishing several of his own lectures and monographs. Later life In 1941 Hyde returned from France as the result of Nazi Germany's occupation of France during World War II. In retirement he resided at the Savoy-Plaza Hotel in New York City and hotels in Saratoga Springs, New York.
126_5	Personal life On November 25, 1913, he was married to Marthe (née Leishman) de Gontaut-Biron (1882–1944) in Paris. The Countess de Gontaut-Biron, the widow of Count Louis de Gontaut-Biron, was a daughter of Ambassador John George Alexander Leishman and Julia (née Crawford) Leishman. Before their divorce in 1918, which was reportedly over her strong personal attachment to Germany and not the result of the involvement of another man or woman, they were the parents of: Henry Baldwin Hyde II (1915–1997), who married Marie de La Grange, a daughter of Baron Amaury De La Grange and Emily Eleanor, Baroness De La Grange (daughter of Henry T. Sloane), in 1941. Marie's brother was musicologist Henry-Louis de La Grange, known for his biography of Gustav Mahler. His ex-wife died in 1944. Hyde died in Saratoga Springs on July 26, 1959. He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx.
126_6	Legacy and honors Hyde was a collector of books and documents relating to Franco-American relations beginning in 1776. He was a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, the American Antiquarian Society, and the New-York Historical Society. He formed a collection of allegorical prints illustrating the Four Continents that are now at the New-York Historical Society; Hyde's drawings and a supporting collection of sets of porcelain figures and other decorative arts illustrating the Four Continents were shared by various New York City museums. For his efforts during the war, Hyde received the Grand-Croix de la Legion d'honneur. He was granted an honorary degree by the University of Rennes in 1920. References External links The James H. Hyde Collection of Allegorical Prints of the Four Continents at the New-York Historical Society James Hazen Hyde papers at New-York Historical Society
126_7	1876 births 1959 deaths Harvard University alumni American expatriates in France American Field Service personnel of World War I Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
127_0	Richard Barry Freeman (born June 29, 1943) is an economist. The Herbert Ascherman Professor of Economics at Harvard University and Co-Director of the Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law School, Freeman is also Senior Research Fellow on Labour Markets at the Centre for Economic Performance, part of the London School of Economics, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, the UK's public body funding social science. Freeman directs the Science and Engineering Workforce Project (SEWP) at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), a network focused on the economics of science, technical, engineering, and IT labor which has received major long-term support from the Sloan Foundation.
127_1	Education He received his B.A. from Dartmouth in 1964 and his Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard University in 1969 for a thesis titled The Labor Market for College Manpower. He studied under Harvard Professor and Dean John T. Dunlop, who became U.S. Secretary of Labor under President Gerald Ford.
127_2	Contributions Freeman has written 18 books, edited 29 books and published over 350 published articles on a wide range of subjects including global labor standards, the scientific workforce, the economics of crime, how the internet is transforming labor movements, and historical spurts in the growth of labor unions.
127_3	Freeman has made several significant but controversial contributions to economics and the field of industrial relations. In What Do Unions Do? (1984), he and his co-author James Medoff presented evidence that countered conventional wisdom in economics when they concluded that “unionism on net probably raises social efficiency” and that “recent trends have brought the level of union density below the optimal level.” Freeman's work on the economic theory of unions has found support in several subsequent studies indicating that in many fields unionized workers have delivered higher levels of productivity than their non-union counterparts. Nevertheless, some comparative scholarship indicates that the union advantage in productivity may vary by nation. Christos Doucouliagos and Patrice Laroche in an article entitled “What do unions do to productivity?” (2003) indicate that unions significantly lift productivity in U.S. manufacturing, but these authors countered with evidence that unions
127_4	have had detrimental effects on productivity in the United Kingdom.
127_5	Freeman and his collaborators have explored how the tournament model of prizes and funding in the biosciences has favored older researchers and contributed to the degradation of conditions for postdocs and graduate students. He has carried out a variety of studies on the internationalization of science, as more than half of the PhDs graduating in science and engineering from U.S. universities in 2003 were foreign born, more than double the rate in 1966.
127_6	In his early career, Freeman often faced critique for his book The Overeducated American (1976), which suggested that the U.S. labor market would have vast challenges employing the millions of citizens with college diplomas and advanced degrees from the enormous expansion of higher education after World War II. The high-tech boom of the later 1980s and 1990s reassured most observers that expanding higher education was the trusted route to national economic vitality and achieving the dreams for prosperity sought by millions of individuals. However, Freeman's thesis that labor markets will not always be friendly to university-educated workers is enjoying a revival in the early twenty-first century. This re-consideration has gained momentum since the high unemployment and underemployment of college graduates following the Great Recession of 2008 as well as trends in globalization that have led to the off shoring of many jobs done by lawyers, accountants, information technology workers,
127_7	and other well-educated professionals.
127_8	Freeman has made the case that expanding programs for employee ownership and broader-based profit sharing would help reduce inequality in the United States. He co-wrote with Joseph R. Blasi and Douglas L. Kruse of Rutgers The Citizen’s Share: Reducing Inequality in the Twenty-first Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), a work that French economist Thomas Piketty credited for tracing how “America used to be based on broad access to wealth and property” and then showing “how to revive” this tradition. Freeman has also written with Kimberly Ann Elliott studies of how human rights vigilantes have generated activism and consumer consciousness about apparel and other consumer products often manufactured under sweatshop labor conditions. Freeman carries out many studies of China's economy, in particular comparative studies of scientific innovation and workforces in China, the United States, and several other nations.
127_9	Selected lectures Clarendon Lectures at Oxford University (1994) Lionel Robbins Lecture at LSE (1999) Luigi Einaudi Lecture at Cornell University (2002) Okun Lectures at Yale University (2003) Sawyer Lecture at Stanford University (2007) Jefferson Memorial Lecture at the University of California Berkeley (2007-2008) Kenneth M. Piper Lecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago-Kent Law School (2009) V.V. Giri Memorial Lecture at the 53rd Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India (2011) Ralph Miliband Public Lecture at the London School of Economics (2012) Lighthouse Public Lecture at Macquarie University (2017)
127_10	Selected books The Citizen's Share: Putting Ownership Back into Democracy (with co-authors Joseph R. Blasi and Douglas L. Kruse) (2013) America Works (2007) Can Labor Standards Improve Under Globalization? (2003) What Workers Want (1999) What Do Unions Do? (with co-author J. Medoff) (1984) Labor Economics (1979) The Overeducated American (1976) The Black Elite: The New Market for Highly Educated Black Americans (1976) The Market for College Trained Manpower (1971) Awards and honors 2006 Jacob Mincer Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Society of Labor Economics 2007 he was awarded the IZA Prize in Labor Economics 2011 he was appointed Frances Perkins Fellow of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2016 he received the Global Equity Organization (GEO) Judges Award 2016 he was named a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association References
127_11	External links Richard Freeman's homepage at the NBER The NBER Science & Engineering Workforce Project The Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law School 1943 births Living people Labor economists Dartmouth College alumni Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni Harvard University faculty 20th-century American economists 21st-century American economists Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association

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