Datasets:
lighteval
/
natural_questions_clean

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
id
stringlengths
15
20
title
stringlengths
1
115
document
stringlengths
869
463k
question
stringlengths
19
100
long_answers
list
short_answers
list
-5161912693552554396
Arches National Park
Arches National Park - Wikipedia Arches National Park Jump to : navigation , search Arches National Park IUCN category II ( national park ) The Organ , an impressive sandstone tower Location Grand County , Utah , United States Nearest city Moab , Utah Coordinates 38 ° 41 ′ 00 '' N 109 ° 34 ′ 00 '' W  /  38.68333 ° N 109.56667 ° W  / 38.68333 ; - 109.56667 Coordinates : 38 ° 41 ′ 00 '' N 109 ° 34 ′ 00 '' W  /  38.68333 ° N 109.56667 ° W  / 38.68333 ; - 109.56667 Area 76,679 acres ( 119.811 sq mi ; 31,031 ha ; 310.31 km ) Established April 12 , 1929 ( 1929 - 04 - 12 ) , as a National Monument Visitors 1,585,718 ( in 2016 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Arches National Park Arches National Park is a United States National Park in eastern Utah . The park is adjacent to the Colorado River , 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of Moab , Utah . It is home to over 2,000 natural sandstone arches , including the world - famous Delicate Arch , in addition to a variety of unique geological resources and formations . It contains the highest density of natural arches in the world . The park consists of 76,679 acres ( 119.811 sq mi ; 31,031 ha ; 310.31 km ) of high desert located in the Colorado Plateau . Its highest elevation is 5,653 feet ( 1,723 m ) at Elephant Butte , and its lowest elevation is 4,085 feet ( 1,245 m ) at the visitor center . Forty - three arches are known to have collapsed since 1977 . The park receives on average 10 inches ( 250 mm ) of rain a year . Administered by the National Park Service , the area was originally named a National Monument on April 12 , 1929 . It was redesignated as a National Park on November 12 , 1971 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Climate 3 History 3.1 National Monument and Park 4 Recreational activities 5 Publicity 6 Plants and animals 7 Features 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Geology ( edit ) Map of Arches National Park The national park lies atop an underground evaporite layer or salt bed , which is the main cause of the formation of the arches , spires , balanced rocks , sandstone fins , and eroded monoliths in the area . This salt bed is thousands of feet thick in places , and was deposited in the Paradox Basin of the Colorado Plateau some 300 million years ago when a sea flowed into the region and eventually evaporated . Over millions of years , the salt bed was covered with debris eroded from the Uncompahgre Uplift to the northeast . During the Early Jurassic ( about 210 Ma ) desert conditions prevailed in the region and the vast Navajo Sandstone was deposited . An additional sequence of stream laid and windblown sediments , the Entrada Sandstone ( about 140 Ma ) , was deposited on top of the Navajo . Over 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) of younger sediments were deposited and have been mostly eroded away . Remnants of the cover exist in the area including exposures of the Cretaceous Mancos Shale . The arches of the area are developed mostly within the Entrada formation . The weight of this cover caused the salt bed below it to liquefy and thrust up layers of rock into salt domes . The evaporites of the area formed more unusual salt anticlines or linear regions of uplift . Faulting occurred and whole sections of rock subsided into the areas between the domes . In some places , they turned almost on edge . The result of one such 2,500 - foot ( 760 m ) displacement , the Moab Fault , is seen from the visitor center . Delicate Arch with background of La Sal Mountains As this subsurface movement of salt shaped the landscape , erosion removed the younger rock layers from the surface . Except for isolated remnants , the major formations visible in the park today are the salmon - colored Entrada Sandstone , in which most of the arches form , and the buff - colored Navajo Sandstone . These are visible in layer cake fashion throughout most of the park . Over time , water seeped into the surface cracks , joints , and folds of these layers . Ice formed in the fissures , expanding and putting pressure on surrounding rock , breaking off bits and pieces . Winds later cleaned out the loose particles . A series of free - standing fins remained . Wind and water attacked these fins until , in some , the cementing material gave way and chunks of rock tumbled out . Many damaged fins collapsed . Others , with the right degree of hardness and balance , survived despite their missing sections . These became the famous arches . Although the park 's terrain may appear rugged and durable , it is extremely fragile . More than 1 million visitors each year threaten the fragile high desert ecosystem . The problem lies within the soil 's crust which is composed of cyanobacteria , algae , fungi , and lichens that grow in the dusty parts of the park . Factors that make Arches National Park sensitive to visitor damage include : semiarid region , and the scarce , unpredictable rainfall , lack of deep freezing , and lack of plant litter which results in soils that have both a low resistance to , and slow recovery from , compressional forces such as foot traffic . Methods of indicating effects on the soil are cytophobic soil crust index , measuring of water infiltration , and t - tests that are used to compare the values from the undisturbed and disturbed areas . Climate ( edit ) ( show ) Climate data for Arches National Park Headquarters ( 1981 -- 2015 normals ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 44 ( 7 ) 52 ( 11 ) 64 ( 18 ) 71 ( 22 ) 82 ( 28 ) 93 ( 34 ) 100 ( 38 ) 97 ( 36 ) 88 ( 31 ) 74 ( 23 ) 56 ( 13 ) 45 ( 7 ) 71.4 ( 21.9 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 22 ( − 6 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 35 ( 2 ) 42 ( 6 ) 51 ( 11 ) 60 ( 16 ) 67 ( 19 ) 66 ( 19 ) 55 ( 13 ) 42 ( 6 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.58 ( 14.7 ) 0.50 ( 12.7 ) 0.78 ( 19.8 ) 0.74 ( 18.8 ) 0.68 ( 17.3 ) 0.44 ( 11.2 ) 0.83 ( 21.1 ) 0.96 ( 24.4 ) 0.84 ( 21.3 ) 1.24 ( 31.5 ) 0.60 ( 15.2 ) 0.55 ( 14 ) 8.74 ( 222 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.9 ( 4.8 ) . 9 ( 2.3 ) . 7 ( 1.8 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) . 6 ( 1.5 ) 2.5 ( 6.4 ) 6.6 ( 16.8 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 4.0 4.4 6.1 5.3 4.6 3.1 5.2 6.6 5.2 5.5 4.5 3.9 58.4 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.3 . 8 . 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 4 1.4 4.3 Source : NOAA ( extremes 1893 -- present ) ( show ) Climate data for Moab , Utah ( 1981 -- 2010 normals ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 67 ( 19 ) 78 ( 26 ) 88 ( 31 ) 96 ( 36 ) 109 ( 43 ) 113 ( 45 ) 114 ( 46 ) 110 ( 43 ) 108 ( 42 ) 97 ( 36 ) 82 ( 28 ) 67 ( 19 ) 114 ( 46 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 43.3 ( 6.3 ) 51.2 ( 10.7 ) 63.2 ( 17.3 ) 72.4 ( 22.4 ) 82.9 ( 28.3 ) 93.1 ( 33.9 ) 98.9 ( 37.2 ) 96.0 ( 35.6 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 73.2 ( 22.9 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 44.2 ( 6.8 ) 71.8 ( 22.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 19.8 ( − 6.8 ) 26.1 ( − 3.3 ) 34.5 ( 1.4 ) 41.9 ( 5.5 ) 49.7 ( 9.8 ) 57.8 ( 14.3 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 53.1 ( 11.7 ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) 29.6 ( − 1.3 ) 21.3 ( − 5.9 ) 41.8 ( 5.4 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 24 ( − 31 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) 8 ( − 13 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 36 ( 2 ) 43 ( 6 ) 40 ( 4 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 15 ( − 9 ) ( − 17 ) − 19 ( − 28 ) − 24 ( − 31 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.61 ( 15.5 ) 0.59 ( 15 ) 0.79 ( 20.1 ) 0.83 ( 21.1 ) 0.73 ( 18.5 ) 0.43 ( 10.9 ) 0.99 ( 25.1 ) 0.97 ( 24.6 ) 0.87 ( 22.1 ) 1.17 ( 29.7 ) 0.74 ( 18.8 ) 0.69 ( 17.5 ) 9.41 ( 238.9 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) ( 5.3 ) 1.0 ( 2.5 ) . 4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) . 1 ( 0.3 ) . 6 ( 1.5 ) 2.8 ( 7.1 ) 6.9 ( 17.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 5.0 5.6 6.0 5.8 4.8 2.9 4.8 6.4 5.7 5.6 4.7 5.1 62.3 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) . 7 . 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 3 1.5 3.9 Source : NOAA ( extremes 1893 -- present ) History ( edit ) Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park Humans have occupied the region since the last ice age 10,000 years ago . Fremont people and Ancient Pueblo People lived in the area up until about 700 years ago . Spanish missionaries encountered Ute and Paiute tribes in the area when they first came through in 1775 , but the first European - Americans to attempt settlement in the area were the Mormon Elk Mountain Mission in 1855 , who soon abandoned the area . Ranchers , farmers , and prospectors later settled Moab in the neighboring Riverine Valley in the 1880s . Word of the beauty of the surrounding rock formations spread beyond the settlement as a possible tourist destination . National monument and Park ( edit ) The Arches area was first brought to the attention of the National Park Service by Frank A. Wadleigh , passenger traffic manager of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad . Wadleigh , accompanied by railroad photographer George L. Beam , visited the area in September 1923 at the invitation of Alexander Ringhoffer , a Hungarian - born prospector living in Salt Valley . Ringhoffer had written to the railroad in an effort to interest them in the tourist potential of a scenic area he had discovered the previous year with his two sons and a son - in - law , which he called the `` Devil 's Garden '' ( known today as the `` Klondike Bluffs '' ) . Wadleigh was impressed by what Ringhoffer showed him , and suggested to Park Service director Stephen T. Mather that the area be made a national monument . A panoramic view of sandstone fins of the Fiery Furnace A panoramic view of Tower of Babel The following year , additional support for the monument idea came from Laurence Gould , a University of Michigan graduate student ( and future polar explorer ) studying the geology of the nearby La Sal Mountains , who was shown the scenic area by local physician Dr. J.W. `` Doc '' Williams . A succession of government investigators examined the area , in part due to confusion as to the precise location . In the process , the name `` Devil 's Garden '' was transposed to an area on the opposite side of Salt Valley , and Ringhoffer 's original discovery was omitted , while another area nearby , known locally as `` The Windows '' , was included . Designation of the area as a national monument was supported by the Park Service from 1926 , but was resisted by President Calvin Coolidge 's Interior Secretary , Hubert Work . Finally in April 1929 , shortly after his inauguration , President Herbert Hoover signed a presidential proclamation creating Arches National Monument , consisting of two comparatively small , disconnected sections . The purpose of the reservation under the 1906 Antiquities Act was to protect the arches , spires , balanced rocks , and other sandstone formations for their scientific and educational value . The name `` Arches '' was suggested by Frank Pinkely , superintendent of the Park Service 's southwestern national monuments , following a visit to the Windows section in 1925 . In late 1938 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a proclamation which enlarged Arches to protect additional scenic features and permit development of facilities to promote tourism . A small adjustment was made by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1960 to accommodate a new road alignment . In early 1969 , just before leaving office , President Lyndon B. Johnson signed a proclamation substantially enlarging Arches . Two years later , President Richard Nixon signed legislation enacted by Congress which significantly reduced the total area enclosed , but changed its status to a National Park . Recreational activities ( edit ) The Three Gossips Exit rappel on the popular Elephant Butte , a rock formation in the park Climbing on named arches within the park has long been banned by park regulations . Following Dean Potter 's successful free climb on the Delicate Arch in May 2006 , however , the wording of the regulations was deemed unenforceable by the park attorney . The park revised its regulations as follows in response : All rock climbing or similar activities on any arch or natural bridge named on the United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographical maps covering Arches National Park are prohibited . Climbing on other features in the park is allowed , but regulated . The revised regulations also prohibit slacklining parkwide . Approved recreational activities include auto touring , backpacking , biking , camping , and hiking , some of which require permits . Guided commercial tours and ranger programs are also available . Astronomy is also popular in the park due to its dark skies despite the increasing light pollution from towns like Moab . Publicity ( edit ) American writer Edward Abbey was a park ranger at Arches National Monument where he kept journals that became his book Desert Solitaire . The success of this book , as well as the rise in adventure - based recreation , has drawn many hikers , mountain - bikers , and off - road enthusiasts to the area , but activities are limited within park boundaries : camping , foot hiking ( along designated trails ) , and driving only along marked roads . The Hayduke Trail , an 825 - mile ( 1,328 km ) backpacking route named after one of Edward Abbey 's characters , begins in the park . Arches National Park was used as one of the filming locations for the 1965 biblical epic film , The Greatest Story Ever Told . Portions of The Windows section of Arches National Park were used as locations in the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . Arches National Park is the subject of the third 2014 quarter scheduled as part of the U.S. Mint 's America the Beautiful quarters coin program commemorating national parks and historic sites . Plants and Animals ( edit ) There is an abundance of wildlife in Arches . The list includes : spadefoot toad , antelope squirrel , scrub jay , peregrine falcon , many kinds of sparrows , red fox , desert bighorn sheep , kangaroo rat , mule deer , cougar , midget faded rattlesnake , yucca moth , many types of cyanobacteria , Western rattlesnake , and the Western collared lizard . Plants also dominate the landscape in the park . The list of plants includes : prickly pear cactus , Indian ricegrass , bunch grasses , cheatgrass , lichen , moss , liverworts , Utah juniper , Mormon tea , blackbrush , cliffrose , four - winged saltbrush , pinyon pine , stemless woollybase , evening primrose , sand verbena , yucca , and sacred datura . Features ( edit ) Among the notable features of the park are : Balanced Rock -- a large balancing rock , the size of three school buses Courthouse Towers -- a collection of tall stone columns Dark Angel -- a free - standing 150 - foot - tall ( 46 m ) sandstone pillar at the end of the Devils Garden Trail Delicate Arch -- a lone - standing arch which has become a symbol of Utah and the most recognized arch in the park Devils Garden or The Klondike Bluffs -- with many arches and columns scattered along a ridge Double Arch -- two arches that share a common end Fiery Furnace -- an area of maze - like narrow passages and tall rock columns ( see biblical reference Fiery Furnace ) Landscape Arch -- a very thin and long arch with a span of 290 feet ( 88 m ) ( This is the longest arch in the park ) Petrified Dunes -- petrified remnants of sand dunes blown from the ancient lakes that covered the area Wall Arch -- located along the popular Devils Garden Trail ; collapsed sometime on August 4 / 5 , 2008 Gallery ( edit ) View at the entrance of the Park Balanced Rock Balanced Rock During Winter Dark Angel Delicate Arch , one of the most famous arches in the world The Delicate Arch through Frame Arch The Double Arch Double O Arch Superior arch of Double O Arch Landscape Arch Skyline Arch North Window as viewed from Windows Trails Pine Tree Arch Tunnel Arch Parade Of Elephants Panorama Panorama of Delicate Arch area See also ( edit ) Utah portal Natural Bridges National Monument featuring water - eroded bridges instead of wind - eroded arches Rainbow Bridge National Monument National Register of Historic Places listings in Arches National Park References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rowan , James . `` Arches National Park '' . YC.edu . Yavasai College . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nature '' . NPS.gov . National Park Service . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arches National Park '' . nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arches National Park '' . The National Parks : Index 2009 -- 2011 . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Kiver , Eugene P. and David V. Harris , Geology of U.S. Parklands , Wiley , 5th ed. , 1999 p. 503 - 515 ISBN 0 - 471 - 33218 - 6 Jump up ^ Guide to the National Parks of the United States. 5th ed . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society . 152 -- 157 . Print . Jump up ^ Belnap , J. `` Choosing Indicators of Natural Resource Condition : a Case Study in Arches National Park , Utah , Usa . '' Environmental Management New York . 22.4 ( 1998 ) : 635 -- 642. Print . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Arches announces climbing closures '' . May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Arches National Park -- Lightscape / Night Sky '' . Archived from the original on 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Arches National Park -- Dark Sky , USA '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Animals - Arches National Park ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . Nps.gov. 2013 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Plants - Arches National Park ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . Nps.gov. 2013 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Collapses '' . Arches National Park : National Park Service . August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stark , Mike ( August 10 , 2008 ) . `` Iconic Stone Arch Collapses in Southern Utah Park '' . Washington Post . Further reading ( edit ) Geologic road and trail guides to Arches National Park , 2000 , Utah Geological Association External links ( edit ) Find more aboutArches National Parkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website Utah Office of Tourism page on Arches National Park Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . UT - 70 , `` Arches National Park Main Entrance Road , Beginning at U.S. Highway 191 , approximately 6 miles north of Moab , Moab , Grand County , UT '' , 7 photos , 3 color transparencies , 23 data pages , 2 photo caption pages HAER No . UT - 70 - A , `` Arches National Park Main Entrance Road , Moab Canyon Wash Culvert , Spanning Moab Canyon wash at Main Entrance Road , Moab , Grand County , UT '' , 3 photos , 6 data pages , 1 photo caption page National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) Protected areas of Utah Federal National Parks Arches Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Zion NPS National Monuments Cedar Breaks Dinosaur Hovenweep Natural Bridges Rainbow Bridge Timpanogos Cave National Historic Site Golden Spike National Recreation Area Glen Canyon National Historic Trail Mormon Pioneer National Forests Ashley Caribou - Targhee Dixie Fishlake Manti - La Sal Sawtooth Uinta - Wasatch - Cache Forest Service areas Desert Biosphere Reserve Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area National Wildlife Refuges Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Fish Springs Ouray National Conservation Areas Beaver Dam Wash Red Cliffs BLM National Monuments Bears Ears Grand Staircase - Escalante U.S. Wilderness Areas Ashdown Gorge Beartrap Canyon Beaver Dam Mountains Black Ridge Canyons Blackridge Box - Death Hollow Canaan Mountain Cedar Mountain Cottonwood Canyon Cottonwood Forest Cougar Canyon Dark Canyon Deep Creek Deep Creek North Deseret Peak Doc 's Pass Goose Creek High Uintas LaVerkin Creek Lone Peak Mount Naomi Mount Nebo Mount Olympus Mount Timpanogos Paria Canyon - Vermilion Cliffs Pine Valley Mountain Red Butte Red Mountains Slaughter Creek Taylor Creek Twin Peaks Wellsville Mountain Zion State State Parks Northern Region Antelope Island Bear Lake Camp Floyd / Stagecoach Inn Deer Creek East Canyon Flight Park Great Salt Lake Historic Union Pacific Rail Trail Hyrum Jordan River OHV Park Jordanelle Red Fleet Rockport Starvation Steinaker Utah Field House Utah Lake Wasatch Mountain Willard Bay State Parks Central Region Fremont Indian Goblin Valley Green River Huntington Millsite Palisade Scofield Territorial Statehouse Yuba State Parks Southern Region Anasazi Coral Pink Sand Dunes Dead Horse Point Edge of the Cedars Escalante Petrified Forest Frontier Homestead Goosenecks Gunlock Kodachrome Basin Otter Creek Piute Quail Creek Sand Hollow Snow Canyon Utah State Parks and Recreation State of Utah Salt Lake City ( capital ) Topics Cities Congressional districts Counties Flag Geography Government Governors Healthcare History People Portal State fair Symbols Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Cache Valley Colorado Plateau Dixie Great Basin Great Salt Lake Great Salt Lake Desert Mojave Desert Monument Valley San Rafael Swell Uinta Basin Uinta Mountains Wasatch Back Wasatch Front Wasatch Range Largest cities American Fork Bountiful Cedar City Clearfield Cottonwood Heights Draper Holladay Kaysville Layton Lehi Logan Midvale Millcreek Murray Ogden Orem Pleasant Grove Provo Riverton Roy St. George Salt Lake City Sandy South Jordan South Salt Lake Spanish Fork Springville Taylorsville Tooele West Jordan West Valley City Counties Beaver Box Elder Cache Carbon Daggett Davis Duchesne Emery Garfield Grand Iron Juab Kane Millard Morgan Piute Rich Salt Lake San Juan Sanpete Sevier Summit Tooele Uintah Utah Wasatch Washington Wayne Weber Attractions Festivals Sundance Film Festival Utah Shakespeare Festival National Monuments Bears Ears National Monument Cedar Breaks National Monument Dinosaur National Monument Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument Hovenweep National Monument Natural Bridges National Monument Rainbow Bridge National Monument Timpanogos Cave National Monument National parks Arches National Park Bryce Canyon National Park Canyonlands National Park Capitol Reef National Park Zion National Park National Recreation Areas Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Ski resorts Alta Ski Area Beaver Mountain Brian Head Ski Resort Brighton Ski Resort Cherry Peak Resort Deer Valley Park City Mountain Resort Powder Mountain Snowbasin Snowbird Ski Resort Solitude Mountain Resort Sundance Resort Wolf Mountain Other Bonneville Salt Flats Golden Spike National Historic Site Great Salt Lake Lagoon ( amusement park ) Temple Square Colorado River system Jurisdictions United States Arizona California Colorado Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming Mexico Baja California Sonora Canyons Byers Canyon Gore Canyon Red Gorge Glenwood Canyon De Beque Canyon Horsethief Canyon Ruby Canyon Westwater Canyon Cataract Canyon Narrow Canyon Glen Canyon Grand Canyon Marble Canyon Granite Gorge Middle Granite Gorge Lower Granite Gorge Grand Wash Canyon Iceberg Canyon Virgin Canyon Boulder Canyon Black Canyon Pyramid Canyon Mohave Canyon Natural features River course Rocky Mountains Colorado River Basin Colorado Plateau Grand Lake Horseshoe Bend Sonoran Desert Mojave Desert Lower Colorado River Valley Mohave Valley Parker Valley Palo Verde Valley Colorado Desert Alamo River New River Salton Sea Imperial Valley Delta Montague Island Gulf of California / Sea of Cortez Tributaries Blue River Dirty Devil River Dolores River Escalante River Eagle River Fraser River Gila River Green River Gunnison River Kanab Creek Little Colorado River Paria River Roaring Fork River San Juan River Thunder River / Tapeats Creek Virgin River Las Vegas Wash Williams Fork Río Hardy Engineering Mainstem dams Shadow Mountain Granby Windy Gap Grand Valley Price - Stubb Glen Canyon Hoover Davis Parker Headgate Rock Palo Verde Imperial Laguna Morelos Major reservoirs Fontenelle Reservoir Flaming Gorge Reservoir Blue Mesa Reservoir Navajo Lake Lake Powell Lake Mead Lake Mohave Lake Havasu Imperial Reservoir Theodore Roosevelt Lake San Carlos Lake Aqueducts and canals Grand Ditch Colorado River Aqueduct San Diego Aqueduct Central Arizona Project All - American Canal Coachella Canal Water projects Boulder Canyon Project Colorado - Big Thompson Project Colorado River Storage Project Grand Valley AVA Yuma Project Designated areas Arches National Park Canyonlands National Park Colorado National Monument Dead Horse Point State Park Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Grand Canyon National Park Lake Mead National Recreation Area Rocky Mountain National Park Related topics Arizona v. California Colorado River Board of California Colorado River Compact Floyd Dominy Lee 's Ferry International Boundary and Water Commission Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Rapids and features U.S. Bureau of Reclamation William Mulholland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arches_National_Park&oldid=806090142 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Arches National Park 1929 establishments in Utah Colorado Plateau National parks in Utah Natural arches of Utah Protected areas established in 1971 Protected areas of Grand County , Utah Protected areas on the Colorado River Natural arches of Grand County , Utah Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 16 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did arches national park became a national park
[ "Administered by the National Park Service, the area was originally named a National Monument on April 12, 1929. It was redesignated as a National Park on November 12, 1971.[6]" ]
[ "April 12, 1929" ]
2683716811577949854
Canada at the FIFA World Cup
Canada at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Canada at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Canada 's results at the FIFA World Cup . Canada has appeared in the FIFA World Cup on one occasion , which was in 1986 . Contents 1 FIFA World Cup 2 1986 FIFA World Cup 2.1 Canada Squad 2.1. 1 Group C 3 References FIFA World Cup ( edit ) FIFA World Cup record Year Result Position Pld GF GA 1930 Did not enter 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 Did not qualify 1962 Did not enter 1966 1970 Did not qualify 1978 1982 1986 Group stage 24th of 24 0 0 0 5 Did not qualify 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 To be determined 2026 Total Group stage 1 / 21 0 0 0 5 Jump up ^ FIFA has yet to decide whether the 2026 tournament co-hosts will qualify automatically or not . 1986 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Canada Squad ( edit ) Head coach : Tony Waiters No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Club 1GK Tino Lettieri ( 1957 - 09 - 27 ) September 27 , 1957 ( aged 28 ) Minnesota Strikers 2DF Bob Lenarduzzi ( 1955 - 05 - 01 ) May 1 , 1955 ( aged 31 ) Tacoma Stars 2DF Bruce Wilson ( c ) ( 1951 - 06 - 20 ) June 20 , 1951 ( aged 34 ) no club 3MF Randy Ragan ( 1959 - 06 - 07 ) June 7 , 1959 ( aged 26 ) no club 5 2DF Terry Moore ( 1958 - 06 - 02 ) June 2 , 1958 ( aged 27 ) Glentoran 6 2DF Ian Bridge ( 1959 - 09 - 18 ) September 18 , 1959 ( aged 26 ) La Chaux - de-Fonds 7 4FW Carl Valentine ( 1958 - 07 - 04 ) July 4 , 1958 ( aged 27 ) Cleveland Force 8 3MF Gerry Gray ( 1961 - 01 - 20 ) January 20 , 1961 ( aged 25 ) Chicago Sting 9 4FW Branko Segota ( 1961 - 06 - 08 ) June 8 , 1961 ( aged 24 ) San Diego Sockers 10 4FW Igor Vrablic ( 1965 - 07 - 19 ) July 19 , 1965 ( aged 20 ) Seraing 11 3MF Mike Sweeney ( 1959 - 12 - 25 ) December 25 , 1959 ( aged 26 ) Cleveland Force 12 2DF Randy Samuel ( 1963 - 12 - 23 ) December 23 , 1963 ( aged 22 ) PSV Eindhoven 13 3MF George Pakos ( 1952 - 08 - 14 ) August 14 , 1952 ( aged 33 ) Victoria Athletic Association 14 4FW Dale Mitchell ( 1958 - 04 - 21 ) April 21 , 1958 ( aged 28 ) Tacoma Stars 15 3MF Paul James ( 1963 - 11 - 11 ) November 11 , 1963 ( aged 22 ) CF Monterrey 16 3MF Greg Ion ( 1963 - 03 - 12 ) March 12 , 1963 ( aged 23 ) Los Angeles Lazers 17 3MF David Norman ( 1962 - 05 - 06 ) May 6 , 1962 ( aged 24 ) Tacoma Stars 18 3MF Jamie Lowery ( 1961 - 01 - 15 ) January 15 , 1961 ( aged 25 ) no club 19 3MF Pasquale De Luca ( 1962 - 05 - 26 ) May 26 , 1962 ( aged 24 ) Cleveland Force 20 2DF Colin Miller ( 1964 - 10 - 04 ) October 4 , 1964 ( aged 21 ) Rangers 21 1GK Sven Habermann ( 1961 - 11 - 03 ) November 3 , 1961 ( aged 24 ) no club 22 1GK Paul Dolan ( 1966 - 04 - 16 ) April 16 , 1966 ( aged 20 ) Edmonton Brickmen Group C ( edit ) Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Soviet Union 0 9 + 8 5 France 0 5 + 4 5 Hungary 0 9 − 7 Canada 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 June 1 , 1986 4 : 00 PM CST Canada 0 -- 1 France Report Papin 79 ' Estadio Nou Camp , León Attendance : 36,000 Referee : Hernán Silva ( Chile ) June 6 , 1986 12 : 00 PM CST Hungary 2 -- 0 Canada Esterházy 2 ' Détári 75 ' Report Estadio Sergio León Chavez , Irapuato Attendance : 13,800 Referee : Jamal Al Sharif ( Syria ) June 9 , 1986 12 : 00 PM CST Soviet Union 2 -- 0 Canada Blokhin 58 ' Zavarov 74 ' Report Estadio Sergio León Chavez , Irapuato Attendance : 14,200 Referee : Idrissa Traoré ( Mali ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Canada World Cup Record '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Remembering Canada 's ' 86 World Cup team '' . www.cbc.ca . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Jamie ; Molinaro , John ; Sasha , Kalra . `` One and Only : Remembering Canada 's lone World Cup appearance '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( April 5 , 1986 ) . `` Soccer ; Canadians and M.I.S.L. at Odds for Cup '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canada wins vote to co-host 2026 FIFA World Cup with U.S. and Mexico - Sportsnet.ca '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Canada World Cup Squad '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=848729091 '' Categories : Countries at the FIFA World Cup Canada men 's national soccer team Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 22 : 17 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
when did canada last play in the world cup
[ "\nThis is a record of Canada's results at the FIFA World Cup. Canada has appeared in the FIFA World Cup on one occasion, which was in 1986.[1][2][3][4]\n" ]
[ "1986" ]
-6444469061054501384
Corey Stoll
Corey Stoll - wikipedia Corey Stoll Jump to : navigation , search Corey Stoll Stoll at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International . Corey Daniel Stoll ( 1976 - 03 - 14 ) March 14 , 1976 ( age 42 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Alma mater Oberlin College Tisch School of the Arts Occupation Actor Years active 2001 -- present Spouse ( s ) Nadia Bowers ( m . 2015 ) Children Corey Daniel Stoll ( born March 14 , 1976 ) is an American actor . He is known for his role as Dr. Ephraim Goodweather on the American television horror / suspense series The Strain on the FX network , as well as Congressman Peter Russo in House of Cards , for which he received a Golden Globe nomination in 2013 . He was a regular cast member on the NBC drama series Law & Order : LA ( 2010 -- 2011 ) , and portrayed the villain Darren Cross in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Ant - Man ( 2015 ) . Other notable roles include a 2004 Off - Broadway performance of Intimate Apparel , portraying Ernest Hemingway in the 2011 romantic comedy film Midnight in Paris and bulldog prosecutor Fred Wyshak in Black Mass . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Stoll was born on the Upper West Side of New York City , New York . He is the son of Judith and Stephen Stoll , who is the co-founder of The Beacon School . Stoll was raised Jewish . He studied drama at Long Lake Camp for the Arts from 1988 through 1992 . He was a Drama Department graduate of Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts . He graduated from Oberlin College in 1998 , and from New York University 's Graduate Acting Program at the Tisch School of the Arts in 2003 . Career ( edit ) In 2004 , Stoll received a Drama Desk Award nomination as Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play for Intimate Apparel , opposite Tony winner and Oscar winner Viola Davis . He went on to appear in several films , including North Country , Lucky Number Slevin , the television film A Girl Like Me : The Gwen Araujo Story , Brief Interviews with Hideous Men , and Push . In 2010 , he appeared in Helena from the Wedding and Salt . Stoll starred as LAPD Detective Tomas `` TJ '' Jaruszalski on the NBC police drama Law & Order : LA . He played Ernest Hemingway in Woody Allen 's 2011 film Midnight in Paris . Stoll , who is mostly bald , wore a custom wig for the role . In 2013 , Stoll received a Golden Globe Award nomination for his performance in the Netflix series House of Cards . After House of Cards , he joined the FX horror television series The Strain , which is based on a series of novels written by Chuck Hogan and film director Guillermo Del Toro . Stoll ( far left ) with the cast of Café Society at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival In 2014 , Stoll also played Austin Reilly , an NYPD police officer , in the action film Non-Stop , and Paul Altman in the comedy - drama This Is Where I Leave You . In 2015 , Stoll played Ben Day in the film Dark Places , based on the novel by Gillian Flynn , and had a major role in the superhero film Ant - Man , playing Darren Cross , reimagined as the supervillain Yellowjacket . The following year , he reunited with Woody Allen , playing gangster Ben Dorfman in his 2016 film Café Society . Also in the summer of 2016 , he played the wily Greek warrior Ulysses in the Public Theater production of Troilus and Cressida by William Shakespeare , in Central Park . Personal life ( edit ) Stoll and his girlfriend , actress Nadia Bowers , became engaged in October 2014 . The couple wed on June 21 , 2015 . They welcomed their first child in October 2015 . Nadia Bowers is a descendant of Maximilian de Beauharnais , 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg , of the Dukes of Leuchtenberg , and of Napoleon 's first wife , Joséphine de Beauharnais ( though she is not a descendant of Napoleon himself ) . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Director Notes Okénka Joseph Cahill Short film 2005 North Country Ricky Sennett Niki Caro 2006 Lucky Number Slevin Saul Paul McGuigan 2007 The Number 23 Sgt . Burns Joel Schumacher 2009 Brief Interviews with Hideous Men Subject # 51 John Krasinski 2009 Push Agent Mack Paul McGuigan Salt Schnaider Phillip Noyce Helena from the Wedding Steven Joseph Infantolino 2011 Midnight in Paris Ernest Hemingway Woody Allen Nominated -- Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male 2012 The Bourne Legacy Zev Vendel Tony Gilroy 2012 The Time Being Eric Nenad Cicin - Sain 2012 Victoriana Bill Jadrien Steele 2013 C.O.G. Curly Kyle Patrick Alvarez 2013 Decoding Annie Parker Sean Steven Bernstein 2014 Non-Stop Austin Reilly Jaume Collet - Serra 2014 Glass Chin Bud Gordon Noah Buschel 2014 This Is Where I Leave You Paul Altman Shawn Levy 2014 The Good Lie Jack Philippe Falardeau 2015 Dark Places Ben Day Gilles Paquet - Brenner 2015 Anesthesia Sam Tim Blake Nelson 2015 Ant - Man Darren Cross / Yellowjacket Peyton Reed 2015 Black Mass Fred Wyshak Scott Cooper 2016 Café Society Ben Woody Allen 2016 Gold Brian Wolff Stephen Gaghan 2018 The Seagull Boris Trigorin Michael Mayer 2018 Driven Benedict Tisa Nick Hamm Post-production 2018 First Man Buzz Aldrin Damien Chazelle Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Sex Shop Clerk Episode : `` What 's Eating Gilbert Grissom ? '' Charmed Demon Episode : `` Witchness Protection '' NYPD Blue Martin Schweiss Episode : `` The Dead Donald '' 2005 Alias Sasha Korjev Episode : `` The Road Home '' 2005 Numb3rs Agent Reacher Episode : `` Sacrifice '' 2005 ER Teddy Marsh Episode : `` Cañon City '' 2005 CSI : Miami Craig Seaborn Episode : `` Three - Way '' 2006 Law & Order Gerald Ruane Episode : `` Heart of Darkness '' 2006 Without a Trace Steve Goodman Episode : `` Candy '' 2006 The Unit Intel Type ( Bobby Cullen ) Episode : `` Old Home Week '' 2006 Standoff Dr. Wayne Episode : `` Life Support '' 2006 The Nine Alex Kent 2 episodes 2006 A Girl Like Me : The Gwen Araujo Story Joey Marino Television film 2006 -- 2007 NCIS Martin Quinn 3 episodes 2009 Life on Mars Det . Ventura / Russell Episode : `` Home Is Where You Hang Your Holster '' 2009 The Unusuals Lewis Powell Episode : `` The Circle Line '' 2009 The Good Wife Collin Grant Episode : `` Stripped '' 2010 -- 2011 Law & Order : LA Det . Tomas `` TJ '' Jaruszalski 22 episodes 2012 Christine Max 2 episodes 2013 , 2016 House of Cards Rep. Peter Russo 12 episodes Nominated -- Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film 2014 The Normal Heart John Bruno Television film 2014 -- 2017 The Strain Dr. Ephraim Goodweather 45 episodes 2014 -- 2016 American Dad ! Vincent Edmonds ( voice ) 2 episodes 2014 Homeland Sandy Bachman Episode : `` The Drone Queen '' 2016 -- 2017 Girls Dill Harcourt 5 episodes 2017 A Season With Navy Football Narrator 13 episodes Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Theatre Notes 2003 Henry IV Ensemble Vivian Beaumont Theatre Intimate Apparel Mr. Marks Laura Pels Theatre Nominated - Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play 2007 Old Acquaintance Rudd Kendall American Airlines Theatre 2008 Some Americans Abroad Philip Brown Second Stage Theatre 2008 Beast Banquo / Seyton New York Theatre Workshop A View From the Bridge Marco Cort Theatre 2016 Troilus and Cressida Ulysses Shakespeare in the Park Joe A. Callaway Award 2016 Plenty Raymond Brock The Public Theater 2017 Julius Caesar Marcus Brutus Shakespeare in the Park References ( edit ) Jump up ^ VanAirsdale , S.T. ( 26 September 2011 ) . `` Corey Stoll on Midnight in Paris , Being Ernest Hemingway and the Audition of a Lifetime '' . Movieline.com . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How Corey Stoll Manned Up for Hemingway in ' Midnight in Paris ' '' . Reuters. 2011 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` NYU Graduate Acting Alumni '' . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Corey Stoll Joins Cast Of ' Law & Order : LA ' -- '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Frame Grab : Who is that guy who plays Hemingway in ' Midnight in Paris ' ? - latimes.com '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2011 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Michael Cieply and Brooks Barnes ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) . `` ' American Hustle ' and ' 12 Years a Slave ' Top 2014 Golden Globe Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Corey Stoll To Topline FX 's ' The Strain ' , From Guillermo Del Toro & Carlton Cuse '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Dark Places '' . DC . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` Corey Stoll talks about playing ' Ant - Man ' villain Yellowjacket '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Playbill , July / August 2016 Jump up ^ Boardman , Madeline ( October 5 , 2014 ) . `` Homeland Star Corey Stoll Engaged to Girlfriend Nadia Bowers '' . US Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Corey Stoll and Nadia Bowers are Married -- and Expecting a Baby Boy ! '' . People.com . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Stoll , Wife Nadia Bowers Welcome First Child : See the Family Pic '' . Usmagazine.com. 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Person Page '' . www.thepeerage.com . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corey Stoll . Corey Stoll on IMDb Corey Stoll at the Internet Broadway Database BNF : cb169802102 ( data ) GND : 108130829X ISNI : 0000 0001 4047 3564 LCCN : no2011164132 VIAF : 187310305 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corey_Stoll&oldid=842098229 '' Categories : 1976 births 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors Jewish American male actors Living people Male actors from New York City Oberlin College alumni Tisch School of the Arts alumni Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский کوردی Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 06 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays peter russo on house of cards
[ "Corey Daniel Stoll (born March 14, 1976) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Dr. Ephraim Goodweather on the American television horror/suspense series The Strain on the FX network, as well as Congressman Peter Russo in House of Cards, for which he received a Golden Globe nomination in 2013. He was a regular cast member on the NBC drama series Law & Order: LA (2010–2011), and portrayed the villain Darren Cross in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Ant-Man (2015). Other notable roles include a 2004 Off-Broadway performance of Intimate Apparel, portraying Ernest Hemingway in the 2011 romantic comedy film Midnight in Paris and bulldog prosecutor Fred Wyshak in Black Mass." ]
[ "Corey Daniel Stoll" ]
7563367526107607171
Ain't No Sunshine
Ai n't No Sunshine - wikipedia Ai n't No Sunshine Jump to : navigation , search `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' Single by Bill Withers from the album Just As I Am B - side `` Harlem '' Released 1971 Format 7 '' record Genre Soul R&B blues Length 2 : 03 Label Sussex Songwriter ( s ) Bill Withers Producer ( s ) Booker T. Jones Bill Withers singles chronology `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' ( 1971 ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( 1971 ) `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' ( 1971 ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( 1971 ) `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' is a song by Bill Withers from his 1971 album Just As I Am , produced by Booker T. Jones . The record featured musicians Donald `` Duck '' Dunn on bass guitar , Al Jackson , Jr. on drums and Stephen Stills on guitar . String arrangements were done by Booker T. Jones , and recorded in Memphis by engineer Terry Manning . The song is in the key of A minor . The song was released as a single in 1971 , becoming a breakthrough hit for Withers , reaching number six on the U.S. R&B Chart and number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Billboard ranked it as the No. 23 song for 1971 . The song also appears on the original soundtrack album for the film When We Were Kings ( 1997 ) , and in FX 's first season ( 2016 ) of the anthology limited series American Crime Story , which focuses on the 1994 murder trial of O.J. Simpson . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Michael Jackson version 3 Boris Gardiner version 4 Rockmelons featuring Deni Hines version 4.1 Weekly charts 5 Ladysmith Black Mambazo featuring Des'ree version 5.1 Weekly charts 6 Other covers 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Withers was inspired to write this song after watching the 1962 movie Days of Wine and Roses . He explained , in reference to the characters played by Lee Remick and Jack Lemmon , `` They were both alcoholics who were alternately weak and strong . It 's like going back for seconds on rat poison . Sometimes you miss things that were n't particularly good for you . It 's just something that crossed my mind from watching that movie , and probably something else that happened in my life that I 'm not aware of . '' For the song 's third verse , Withers had intended to write more lyrics instead of repeating the phrase `` I know '' 26 times , but then followed the advice of the other musicians to leave it that way : `` I was this factory worker puttering around , '' Withers said . `` So when they said to leave it like that , I left it . '' Withers , then thirty - one years old , was working at a factory making toilet seats for 747s at the time he wrote the song . On the American Top 40 program of November 6 , 1976 , Casey Kasem reported that when the song went gold , the record company presented Withers with a golden toilet , marking the start of his new career . `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' was the first of Withers ' three gold records in the U.S. The song was originally released as the B - side to another song called `` Harlem '' . Disc jockeys played `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' as the single instead , and it became a huge hit , the first for Withers . `` Harlem '' was subsequently covered by The 5th Dimension , which was featured on their Soul and Inspiration album and released as a single . Withers performed the song on The Old Grey Whistle Test . `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' is ranked 285th on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The song won the Grammy for Best R&B Song in 1972 . Michael Jackson version ( edit ) `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' Single by Michael Jackson from the album Got to Be There B - side `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' Released July 2 , 1972 ( UK only ) Format 7 '' single Recorded 1971 Hitsville West , Los Angeles , California Genre Soul psychedelic soul Length 4 : 09 Label Motown M1202F Songwriter ( s ) Bill Withers Producer ( s ) Hal Davis Michael Jackson singles chronology `` Rockin ' Robin '' ( 1972 ) `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' ( 1972 ) `` Ben '' ( 1972 ) `` Rockin ' Robin '' ( 1972 ) `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' ( 1972 ) `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' ( UK , 1972 ) `` Ben '' ( 1972 ) Got to Be There track listing `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' ( 1 ) `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' ( 2 ) In 1971 singer Michael Jackson recorded a cover version of Bill Withers ' song for his debut album Got to Be There ( released in early 1972 ) . In the UK the song was released as the third ( and final ) single from the album ( after the two singles `` Got to Be There '' and `` Rockin ' Robin '' , a cover of Bobby Day 's 1958 song ) . ( The song `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' , which was released as the third single in the US , was on the B - side . ) It was a hit , peaking in the UK Singles Chart at number 8 for 3 weeks in September 1972 . Boris Gardiner version ( edit ) The Boris Gardiner Happening recorded a version of `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' in 1973 with Paul Douglas singing lead , and Boris Gardiner playing bass guitar , for the album Is What 's Happening . Rockmelons featuring Deni Hines version ( edit ) `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' Single by The Rockmelons feat . Deni Hines from the album Form 1 Planet Released November 1991 Format CD single Length 3 : 20 Label Festival Mushroom Records Songwriter ( s ) Bill Withers Producer ( s ) The Rockmelons The Rockmelons feat . Deni Hines singles chronology `` Boogietron '' ( 1988 ) `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' ( 1991 ) `` That Word ( L.O.V.E. ) '' ( 1992 ) `` Boogietron '' ( 1988 ) `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' ( 1991 ) `` That Word ( L.O.V.E. ) '' ( 1992 ) In November 1991 , Australian pop band Rockmelons , ( featuring vocalist Deni Hines ) released a version as the lead single from their second studio album , Form 1 Planet ( 1992 ) . The song peaked at number 5 and was certified Gold in Australia . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 / 92 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Ladysmith Black Mambazo featuring Des'ree version ( edit ) `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' Single by Ladysmith Black Mambazo feat . Des'ree from the album In Harmony Released October 1999 Format CD single Genre World Length 3 : 50 Label UMTV Songwriter ( s ) Bill Withers Ladysmith Black Mambazo feat . Des'ree singles chronology `` Best Days '' ( 1999 ) `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' ( 1999 ) `` It 's Okay '' ( 2003 ) `` Best Days '' ( 1999 ) ( Des'ree ) `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' ( 1999 ) `` It 's Okay '' ( 2003 ) ( Des'ree ) In 1999 , South African male choral group Ladysmith Black Mambazo , ( featuring vocalist Des'ree ) released a version as a single from their studio album , In Harmony ( 1999 ) . The single peaked at number 42 in the UK . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 42 Other covers ( edit ) In 2013 , heavy metal band Black Label Society covered the song on their album Unblackened under the title `` Ai n't No Sunshine When She 's Gone '' . Their version was subsequently released as a single , which peaked at # 42 on the Canadian Rock Chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mojo Collection : 4th Edition , LyricsFreak , Broken Radio , About. comOldies Music - In The Spotlight : Bill Withers Jump up ^ Stephenson , Ken ( 2002 ) . What to Listen for in Rock : A Stylistic Analysis , p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09239 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' . Songfacts.com . Archived from the original on 8 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Old Grey Whistle Test ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson '' . chartstats.com . Archived from the original on 2 February 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive - Michael Jackson - Ai n't No Sunshine '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ The Boris Gardiner Happening ( 1973 ) Is Whats Happening . ReggaeRecord.com . Web . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . < http://www.reggaerecord.com/en/catalog/description.php?code=2024 > Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Rockmelons -- Ai n't No Sunshine '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Rockmelons -- Ai n't No Sunshine '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Cubarrubia , RJ ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Black Label Society Cover Bill Withers ' ' Sunshine ' -- Song Premiere '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bill Withers Studio albums Just as I Am Still Bill +'Justments Making Music Naked & Warm Menagerie ' Bout Love Live Albums Live at Carnegie Hall Songs `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` Grandma 's Hands '' `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' `` Let It Be '' `` Use Me '' `` Lean on Me '' `` Lovely Day '' `` Just the Two of Us '' `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' Related Still Bill ( film ) Michael Jackson songs Discography Got to Be There `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' Ben `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' Music & Me `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music & Me '' Forever , Michael `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' Off the Wall `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Workin ' Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' Thriller `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Bad `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' Dangerous `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Black or White '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' HIStory `` Scream '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Come Together '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Childhood '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' Blood on the Dance Floor `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' Invincible `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Butterflies '' `` Speechless '' `` Cry '' Michael `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Like ) The Way You Love Me '' `` Monster '' `` Breaking News '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' Xscape `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' `` On the Line '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Book Portal WikiProject Rockmelons Raymond Medhurst , Bryon Jones , Jonathon Jones Studio albums Tales of the City ( 1988 ) Form 1 Planet ( 1992 ) Rockies 3 ( 2002 ) Compilations Serious Fun -- Tales Of The Rockmelons ( 1985 - 2002 ) ( 2015 ) Singles `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` That Word ( L.O.V.E. ) '' `` It 's Not Over '' Related articles ARIA Award for Breakthrough Artist -- Album Peter Blakeley GANGgajang Deni Hines Wendy Matthews Jeremy Gregory Roxane LeBrasse True Tone Records ( Australian label ) Mushroom Records Festival Records Deni Hines Studio albums Imagination ( 1996 ) Water for Chocolate ( 2006 ) The Other Woman ( 2007 ) The Soul Sessions ( 2014 ) Remix and compilation albums Remix Your Imagination ( 1997 ) A Delicious Collection / The Definitive Collection ( 2002 ) / ( 2004 ) Singles `` It 's Alright '' `` Imagination '' `` I Like the Way '' `` I 'm Not in Love '' `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' `` Son of a Preacher Man '' `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' `` Takin ' It to the Streets '' `` Love Is in Control ( Finger on the Trigger ) '' Featured singles `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` That Word ( L.O.V.E. ) '' `` It 's Not Over `` Stomp ! '' Related articles Rockmelons Marcia Hines Kirk Pengilly Ben Steel Mushroom Records Mao 's Last Dancer ( film ) `` Not Enough Time '' ( INXS song ) Ladysmith Black Mambazo Members Joseph Shabalala Albert Mazibuko Abednego Mazibuko Russel Mthembu Sibongiseni Shabalala Thamsanqa Shabalala Thulani Shabalala Msizi Shabalala Ngane Dlamini Pius Shezi List of albums Amabutho Imbongi Umama Lo ! Isitimela Ukukhanya Kwelanga Amaqhawe Ukusindiswa Shintsha Sithothobala Phezulu Emafini Ushaka Indlela yaseZulwini Ezinkulu Intokozo Nqonqotha Mfana Ulwandle Oluncgwele Phansi Emgodini Umthombo Wamanzi Induku Zethu Ibhayibheli Liyindlela Inkazimulo Inala Ezulwini Siyakhona Shaka Zulu Thandani Zibuyinhlazane Journey of Dreams Izigqi Zendoda Two Worlds , One Heart Inkanyezi Nezazi Liph ' Iqiniso Gift of the Tortoise Thuthukani Ngoxolo Ukuzala - Ukuzelula Heavenly Live at the Royal Albert Hall Lihl ' Ixhiba Likagogo Wenyukela Raise Your Spirit Higher ( 2003 ) Raise Your Spirit Higher ( 2004 ) No Boundaries Long Walk to Freedom Ilembe Ilembe : Honoring Shaka Zulu My Dream -- African Sounds Kobuye Kulunge Songs From A Zulu Farm Ladysmith Black Mambazo & Friends Live : Singing For Peace Around The World Always With Us VHS and DVD releases The Best of Ladysmith Black Mambazo ( 1997 ) Live at the Playhouse , Durban ( 1997 ) Live at the Royal Albert Hall ( 1999 ) On Tiptoe : Gentle Steps to Freedom ( 2004 ) Live at Montreux ( 2005 ) Ladysmith Black Mambazo Live ( 2009 ) Related articles Ladysmith Black Mambazo discography Ladysmith Black Mambazo Foundation Mshengu White Mambazo Isicathamiya Des'ree Studio albums Mind Adventures ( 1992 ) I Ai n't Movin ' ( 1994 ) Supernatural ( 1998 ) Dream Soldier ( 2003 ) Compilation albums Endangered Species ( 2000 ) Singles `` Feel So High '' `` Delicate '' `` You Gotta Be '' `` I 'm Kissing You '' `` Life '' `` Fire '' `` What 's Your Sign ? '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_No_Sunshine&oldid=799716060 '' Categories : 1971 singles 1971 songs Bill Withers songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Motown singles Songs written by Bill Withers Sussex Records singles 1972 singles 1991 singles 1999 singles Songs about heartache Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 12 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings the song ain't no sunshine
[ "\"Ain't No Sunshine\" is a song by Bill Withers from his 1971 album Just As I Am, produced by Booker T. Jones. The record featured musicians Donald \"Duck\" Dunn on bass guitar, Al Jackson, Jr. on drums and Stephen Stills on guitar.[1] String arrangements were done by Booker T. Jones, and recorded in Memphis by engineer Terry Manning. The song is in the key of A minor.[2]" ]
[ "Bill Withers" ]
-1907273594055826324
All My Ex's Live in Texas
All My Ex 's Live in Texas - Wikipedia All My Ex 's Live in Texas `` All My Ex 's Live in Texas '' Single by George Strait from the album Ocean Front Property B - side `` I 'm All Behind You Now '' Released April 10 , 1987 Format 7 '' single Recorded September 23 , 1986 Genre Country Length 3 : 22 Label MCA 53087 Songwriter ( s ) Sanger D. Shafer Linda J. Shafer Producer ( s ) Jimmy Bowen , George Strait George Strait singles chronology `` Ocean Front Property '' ( 1986 ) `` All My Ex 's Live in Texas '' ( 1987 ) `` Am I Blue '' ( 1987 ) `` Ocean Front Property '' ( 1986 ) `` All My Ex 's Live in Texas '' ( 1987 ) `` Am I Blue '' ( 1987 ) `` All My Ex 's Live In Texas '' is a song written by Sanger D. Shafer and Linda J. Shafer , and recorded by American country singer George Strait . It was released in April 1987 as the second single from Strait 's album Ocean Front Property . `` All My Ex 's Live In Texas '' was nominated for Best Male Country Vocal Performance at the 1988 Grammy Awards . A version of the song recorded by its co-author Sanger D. Shafer appeared in the film Road House , the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas and TV show Ash vs Evil Dead . Rapper Drake mentions the song in his single `` HYFR '' . The format of the song is that of a list song . Contents 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Charts 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) The narrator declares that all four of his ex-partners live in various towns in the state of Texas ( e.g. `` sweet Eileen in Abilene '' ) , and that is why he lives in Tennessee . The song is known for its Western Swing style rhythm . Critical reception ( edit ) Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a B+ grade , saying that `` you can almost hear the guy smirking as he sings this swinging hit , running down a list of jilted lovers from all over the Lone Star state . '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BMI entry Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas ( Box Set ) - Original Game Soundtrack '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ CountryUniverse.net Song review Jump up ^ `` George Strait Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 336 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics George Strait 1980s singles Strait Country `` Unwound '' `` Down and Out '' `` If You 're Thinking You Want a Stranger ( There 's One Coming Home ) '' Strait from the Heart `` Fool Hearted Memory '' `` Marina del Rey '' `` Amarillo by Morning '' `` A Fire I Ca n't Put Out '' Right or Wrong `` You Look So Good in Love '' `` Right or Wrong '' `` Let 's Fall to Pieces Together '' Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind `` Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind '' `` The Cowboy Rides Away '' `` The Fireman '' Something Special `` The Chair '' `` You 're Something Special to Me '' # 7 `` Nobody in His Right Mind Would 've Left Her '' `` It Ai n't Cool to Be Crazy About You '' Ocean Front Property `` Ocean Front Property '' `` All My Ex 's Live in Texas '' `` Am I Blue '' If You Ai n't Lovin ' , You Ai n't Livin ' `` Famous Last Words of a Fool '' `` Baby Blue '' `` If You Ai n't Lovin ' ( You Ai n't Livin ' ) '' Beyond the Blue Neon `` Baby 's Gotten Good at Goodbye '' `` What 's Going On in Your World '' `` Ace in the Hole '' `` Overnight Success '' This 1986 country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_My_Ex%27s_Live_in_Texas&oldid=863694391 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1986 songs George Strait songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs about Texas Songs written by Sanger D. Shafer Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen MCA Records singles 1986 country song stubs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 12 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who recorded all my exes live in texas
[ "\"All My Ex's Live In Texas\" is a song written by Sanger D. Shafer and Linda J. Shafer, and recorded by American country singer George Strait. It was released in April 1987 as the second single from Strait's album Ocean Front Property. \"All My Ex's Live In Texas\" was nominated for Best Male Country Vocal Performance at the 1988 Grammy Awards.\n" ]
[ "George Strait" ]
-2788847868941867343
Trail of Tears
Trail of Tears - wikipedia Trail of Tears Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Trail of Tears ( disambiguation ) . Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears memorial monument at the New Echota Historic Site in New Echota , Georgia which honors the 4,000 Cherokees who died on the Trail of Tears Date 1831 - 1850 Location Southeastern United States and Indian Territory , present - day Oklahoma Participants U.S. Government , U.S. Army , state militias , Five Civilized Tribes of Cherokee , Muscogee , Seminole , Chickasaw , and Choctaw nations Outcome The forced relocation of most of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 signed by U.S. president Andrew Jackson clearing former Native American lands for white settlement . Deaths Cherokee ( 4,000 ) Creek Seminole ( 3,000 in Second Seminole War - 1835 - 1842 ) Chickasaw ( 3,500 ) Choctaw ( 2,500 -- 6,000 ) The Trail of Tears was a series of forced removals of Native American nations from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States to an area west of the Mississippi River that had been designated as Indian Territory . The forced relocations were carried out by various government authorities following the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . The relocated people suffered from exposure , disease , and starvation while en route , and more than four thousand died before reaching their various destinations . The removal included members of the Cherokee , Muscogee ( Creek ) , Seminole , Chickasaw , and Choctaw nations . The phrase `` Trail of Tears '' originated from a description of the removal of the Cherokee Nation in 1838 . Between 1830 and 1850 , the Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , Seminole , and Cherokee people ( including mixed - race and black freedmen and slaves who lived among them ) were forcibly removed from their traditional lands in the Southeastern United States , and relocated farther west . Those Native Americans that were relocated were forced to march to their destinations by state and local militias . The Cherokee removal in 1838 ( the last forced removal east of the Mississippi ) was brought on by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega , Georgia in 1828 , resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush . Approximately 2,000 - 6,000 of the 16,543 relocated Cherokee perished along the way . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 1.1 Jackson 's role 1.2 Terminology 2 Legal background 3 Choctaw removal 4 Seminole resistance 5 Creek dissolution 6 Chickasaw monetary removal 7 Cherokee forced relocation 7.1 Eastern Cherokee Restitution 8 Landmarks and references 8.1 Trail of Tears outdoor historical drama , Unto These Hills 8.2 Commemorative medallion 8.3 In literature and oral history 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Documents 13 Documentary 14 External links Historical context ( edit ) Map of United States Indian Removal , 1830 - 1835 . Oklahoma is depicted in light yellow - green . In 1830 , a group of Indians collectively referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes , the Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Muscogee , and Seminole , were living as autonomous nations in what would be later called the American Deep South . The process of cultural transformation , as proposed by George Washington and Henry Knox , was gaining momentum , especially among the Cherokee and Choctaw . American settlers had been pressuring the federal government to remove Indians from the Southeast ; many settlers were encroaching on Indian lands , while others wanted more land made available to white settlers . Although the effort was vehemently opposed by many , including U.S. Congressman Davy Crockett of Tennessee , President Andrew Jackson was able to gain Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which authorized the government to extinguish Indian title to lands in the Southeast . In 1831 , the Choctaw became the first Nation to be removed , and their removal served as the model for all future relocations . After two wars , many Seminoles were removed in 1832 . The Creek removal followed in 1834 , the Chickasaw in 1837 , and lastly the Cherokee in 1838 . Many Indians remained in their ancestral homelands ; some Choctaw are found in Mississippi , Creek in Alabama and Florida , Cherokee in North Carolina , and Seminole in Florida ; a small group had moved to the Everglades and were never defeated by the United States government . A limited number of non-Indians , including some of African descent ( some as slaves , and others as spouses or freedmen ) , also accompanied the Indians on the trek westward . By 1837 , 46,000 Indians from the southeastern states had been removed from their homelands , thereby opening 25 million acres ( 100,000 km ) for predominantly white settlement . Prior to 1830 , the fixed boundaries of these autonomous tribal nations , comprising large areas of the United States , were subject to continual cession and annexation , in part due to pressure from squatters and the threat of military force in the newly declared U.S. territories -- federally administered regions whose boundaries supervened upon the Native treaty claims . As these territories became U.S. states , state governments sought to dissolve the boundaries of the Indian nations within their borders , which were independent of state jurisdiction , and to expropriate the land therein . These pressures were exacerbated by U.S. population growth and the expansion of slavery in the South , with the rapid development of cotton cultivation in the uplands following the invention of the cotton gin . Jackson 's role ( edit ) The removals , conducted under Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , followed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 . The Act provided the President with powers to exchange land with Native tribes and provide infrastructure improvements on the existing lands . The law also gave the president power to pay for transportation costs to the West , should tribes choose to relocate . The law did not , however , allow the President to force tribes to move West without a mutually agreed - upon treaty . In the years following the Act , the Cherokee filed several lawsuits regarding conflicts with the state of Georgia . Some of these cases reached the Supreme Court , the most influential being Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) . Samuel Worcester and other non-Indians were convicted by Georgia law for residing in Cherokee territory in the state of Georgia , without a license . Worcester was sentenced to prison for four years and appealed the ruling , arguing that this sentence violated treaties made between Indian nations and the United States federal government by imposing state laws on Cherokee lands . The Court ruled in Worcester 's favor , declaring that the Cherokee Nation was subject only to federal law and that the Supremacy Clause barred legislative interference by the state of Georgia . Chief Justice Marshall argued , `` The Cherokee nation , then , is a distinct community occupying its own territory in which the laws of Georgia can have no force . The whole intercourse between the United States and this Nation , is , by our constitution and laws , vested in the government of the United States . '' Andrew Jackson did not listen to the Supreme Court mandate barring Georgia from intruding on Cherokee lands . He feared that enforcement would lead to open warfare between federal troops and the Georgia militia , which would compound the ongoing crisis in South Carolina and lead to a broader civil war . Instead , he vigorously negotiated a land exchange treaty with the Cherokee . Political opponents Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams , who supported the Worcester decision , were outraged by Jackson 's refusal to uphold Cherokee claims against the state of Georgia . Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote an account of Cherokee assimilation into the American culture , declaring his support of the Worcester decision . Jackson chose to continue with Indian removal , and negotiated The Treaty of New Echota , on December 29 , 1835 , which granted Cherokee Indians two years to move to Indian Territory ( modern Oklahoma ) . Only a fraction of the Cherokees left voluntarily . The U.S. government , with assistance from state militias , forced most of the remaining Cherokees west in 1838 . The Cherokees were temporarily remanded in camps in eastern Tennessee . In November , the Cherokee were broken into groups of around 1,000 each and began the journey west . They endured heavy rains , snow , and freezing temperatures . When the Cherokee negotiated the Treaty of New Echota , they exchanged all their land east of the Mississippi for land in modern Oklahoma and a $5 million payment from the federal government . Many Cherokee felt betrayed that their leadership accepted the deal , and over 16,000 Cherokee signed a petition to prevent the passage of the treaty . By the end of the decade in 1840 , tens of thousands of Cherokee and other tribes had been removed from their land east of the Mississippi River . The Creek , Choctaw , Seminole , and Chicksaw were also relocated under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 . One Choctaw leader portrayed the removal as `` A Trail of Tears and Deaths '' , a devastating event that removed most of the Native population of the southeastern United States from their traditional homelands . Terminology ( edit ) The latter forced relocations have sometimes been referred to as `` death marches '' , in particular with reference to the Cherokee march across the Midwest in 1838 , which occurred on a predominantly land route . Indians who had the means initially provided for their own removal . Contingents that were led by conductors from the U.S. Army included those led by Edward Deas , who was claimed to be a sympathizer for the Cherokee plight . The largest death toll from the Cherokee forced relocation comes from the period after the May 23 , 1838 deadline . This was at the point when the remaining Cherokee were rounded into camps and pressed into oversized detachments , often over 700 in size ( larger than the populations of Little Rock or Memphis at that time ) . Communicable diseases spread quickly through these closely quartered groups , killing many . These contingents were among the last to move , but following the same routes the others had taken ; the areas they were going through had been depleted of supplies due to the vast numbers that had gone before them . The marchers were subject to extortion and violence along the route . In addition , these final contingents were forced to set out during the hottest and coldest months of the year , killing many . Exposure to the elements , disease and starvation , harassment by local frontiersmen , and insufficient rations similarly killed up to one - third of the Choctaw and other nations on the march . There exists some debate among historians and the affected tribes as to whether the term `` Trail of Tears '' should be used to refer to the entire history of forced relocations from the United States east of the Mississippi into Indian Territory ( as was the stated U.S. policy ) , or to the Five Tribes described above , to the route of the land march specifically , or to specific marches in which the remaining holdouts from each area were rounded up . Legal background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The territorial boundaries claimed as sovereign and controlled by the Indian nations living in what were then known as the Indian Territories -- the portion of the early United States west of the Mississippi River not yet claimed or allotted to become Oklahoma -- were fixed and determined by national treaties with the United States federal government . These recognized the tribal governments as dependent but internally sovereign , or autonomous nations under the sole jurisdiction of the federal government . While retaining their tribal governance , which included a constitution or official council in tribes such as the Iroquois and Cherokee , many portions of the southeastern Indian nations had become partially or completely economically integrated into the economy of the region . This included the plantation economy in states such as Georgia , and the possession of slaves . These slaves were also forcibly relocated during the process of removal . A similar process had occurred earlier in the territories controlled by the Confederacy of the Six Nations in what is now upstate New York prior to the British invasion and subsequent U.S. annexation of the Iroquois nation . Under the history of U.S. treaty law , the territorial boundaries claimed by federally recognized tribes received the same status under which the Southeastern tribal claims were recognized ; until the following establishment of reservations of land , determined by the federal government , which were ceded to the remaining tribes by de jure treaty , in a process that often entailed forced relocation . The establishment of the Indian Territory and the extinguishment of Indian land claims east of the Mississippi anticipated the establishment of the U.S. Indian reservation system . It was imposed on remaining Indian lands later in the 19th century . The statutory argument for Indian sovereignty persisted until the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) , that ( e.g. ) the Cherokee were not a sovereign and independent nation , and therefore not entitled to a hearing before the court . However , in Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) , the court re-established limited internal sovereignty under the sole jurisdiction of the federal government , in a ruling that both opposed the subsequent forced relocation and set the basis for modern U.S. case law . While the latter ruling was defied by Jackson , the actions of the Jackson administration were not isolated because state and federal officials had violated treaties without consequence , often attributed to military exigency , as the members of individual Indian nations were not automatically United States citizens and were rarely given standing in any U.S. court . Jackson 's involvement in what became known as the Trail of Tears can not be ignored . In a speech regarding Indian removal , Jackson said , `` It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites ; free them from the power of the States ; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way and under their own rude institutions ; will retard the progress of decay , which is lessening their numbers , and perhaps cause them gradually , under the protection of the Government and through the influence of good counsels , to cast off their savage habits and become an interesting , civilized , and Christian community . '' According to Jackson , the move would be nothing but beneficial for all parties . His point of view garnered support from many Americans , many of whom would benefit economically from the removal . This was compounded by the fact that while citizenship tests existed for Indians living in newly annexed areas before and after forced relocation , individual U.S. states did not recognize tribal land claims , only individual title under State law , and distinguished between the rights of white and non-white citizens , who often had limited standing in court ; and Indian removal was carried out under U.S. military jurisdiction , often by state militias . As a result , individual Indians who could prove U.S. citizenship were nevertheless displaced from newly annexed areas . The military actions and subsequent treaties enacted by Jackson 's and Martin Van Buren 's administrations pursuant to the 1830 law , which Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett had unsuccessfully voted against , are widely considered to have directly caused the expulsion or death of a substantial part of the Indian population then living in the southeastern United States . Choctaw removal ( edit ) George W. Harkins Main article : Choctaw Trail of Tears The Choctaw nation occupied large portions of what are now the U.S. states of Alabama , Mississippi , and Louisiana . After a series of treaties starting in 1801 , the Choctaw nation was reduced to 11,000,000 acres ( 45,000 km ) . The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek ceded the remaining country to the United States and was ratified in early 1831 . The removals were only agreed to after a provision in the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek allowed some Choctaw to remain . George W. Harkins wrote to the citizens of the United States before the removals were to commence : It is with considerable diffidence that I attempt to address the American people , knowing and feeling sensibly my incompetency ; and believing that your highly and well improved minds would not be well entertained by the address of a Choctaw . But having determined to emigrate west of the Mississippi river this fall , I have thought proper in bidding you farewell to make a few remarks expressive of my views , and the feelings that actuate me on the subject of our removal ... We as Choctaws rather chose to suffer and be free , than live under the degrading influence of laws , which our voice could not be heard in their formation . -- George W. Harkins , George W. Harkins to the American People United States Secretary of War Lewis Cass appointed George Gaines to manage the removals . Gaines decided to remove Choctaws in three phases starting in 1831 and ending in 1833 . The first was to begin on November 1 , 1831 with groups meeting at Memphis and Vicksburg . A harsh winter would batter the emigrants with flash floods , sleet , and snow . Initially the Choctaws were to be transported by wagon but floods halted them . With food running out , the residents of Vicksburg and Memphis were concerned . Five steamboats ( the Walter Scott , the Brandywine , the Reindeer , the Talma , and the Cleopatra ) would ferry Choctaws to their river - based destinations . The Memphis group traveled up the Arkansas for about 60 miles ( 100 km ) to Arkansas Post . There the temperature stayed below freezing for almost a week with the rivers clogged with ice , so there could be no travel for weeks . Food rationing consisted of a handful of boiled corn , one turnip , and two cups of heated water per day . Forty government wagons were sent to Arkansas Post to transport them to Little Rock . When they reached Little Rock , a Choctaw chief referred to their trek as a `` trail of tears and death . '' The Vicksburg group was led by an incompetent guide and was lost in the Lake Providence swamps . Alexis de Tocqueville , French political thinker and historian Alexis de Tocqueville , the French philosopher , witnessed the Choctaw removals while in Memphis , Tennessee in 1831 , In the whole scene there was an air of ruin and destruction , something which betrayed a final and irrevocable adieu ; one could n't watch without feeling one 's heart wrung . The Indians were tranquil , but sombre and taciturn . There was one who could speak English and of whom I asked why the Chactas were leaving their country . `` To be free , '' he answered , could never get any other reason out of him . We ... watch the expulsion ... of one of the most celebrated and ancient American peoples . -- Alexis de Tocqueville , Democracy in America Nearly 17,000 Choctaws made the move to what would be called Indian Territory and then later Oklahoma . About 2,500 -- 6,000 died along the trail of tears . Approximately 5,000 -- 6,000 Choctaws remained in Mississippi in 1831 after the initial removal efforts . The Choctaws who chose to remain in newly formed Mississippi were subject to legal conflict , harassment , and intimidation . The Choctaws `` have had our habitations torn down and burned , our fences destroyed , cattle turned into our fields and we ourselves have been scourged , manacled , fettered and otherwise personally abused , until by such treatment some of our best men have died . '' The Choctaws in Mississippi were later reformed as the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians and the removed Choctaws became the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma . The Choctaws were the first to sign a removal treaty presented by the federal government . President Andrew Jackson wanted strong negotiations with the Choctaws in Mississippi , and the Choctaws seemed much more cooperative than Andrew Jackson had imagined . When commissioners and Choctaws came to negotiation agreements it was said the United States would bear the expense of moving their homes and that they had to be removed within two and a half years of the signed treaty . Seminole resistance ( edit ) Main article : Seminole Wars The U.S. acquired Florida from Spain via the Adams -- Onís Treaty and took possession in 1821 . In 1832 the Seminoles were called to a meeting at Payne 's Landing on the Ocklawaha River . The treaty negotiated called for the Seminoles to move west , if the land were found to be suitable . They were to be settled on the Creek reservation and become part of the Creek tribe , who considered them deserters ; some of the Seminoles had been derived from Creek bands but also from other tribes . Those among the tribe who once were members of Creek bands did not wish to move west to where they were certain that they would meet death for leaving the main band of Creek Indians . The delegation of seven chiefs who were to inspect the new reservation did not leave Florida until October 1832 . After touring the area for several months and conferring with the Creeks who had already settled there , the seven chiefs signed a statement on March 28 , 1833 that the new land was acceptable . Upon their return to Florida , however , most of the chiefs renounced the statement , claiming that they had not signed it , or that they had been forced to sign it , and in any case , that they did not have the power to decide for all the tribes and bands that resided on the reservation . The villages in the area of the Apalachicola River were more easily persuaded , however , and went west in 1834 . On December 28 , 1835 a group of Seminoles and blacks ambushed a U.S. Army company marching from Fort Brooke in Tampa to Fort King in Ocala , killing all but three of the 110 army troops . This came to be known as the Dade Massacre . Seminole warrior Tuko - see - mathla , 1834 As the realization that the Seminoles would resist relocation sank in , Florida began preparing for war . The St. Augustine Militia asked the War Department for the loan of 500 muskets . Five hundred volunteers were mobilized under Brig. Gen. Richard K. Call . Indian war parties raided farms and settlements , and families fled to forts , large towns , or out of the territory altogether . A war party led by Osceola captured a Florida militia supply train , killing eight of its guards and wounding six others . Most of the goods taken were recovered by the militia in another fight a few days later . Sugar plantations along the Atlantic coast south of St. Augustine were destroyed , with many of the slaves on the plantations joining the Seminoles . Other warchiefs such as Halleck Tustenuggee , Jumper , and Black Seminoles Abraham and John Horse continued the Seminole resistance against the army . The war ended , after a full decade of fighting , in 1842 . The U.S. government is estimated to have spent about $20,000,000 on the war , at the time an astronomical sum , and equal to $496,344,828 today . Many Indians were forcibly exiled to Creek lands west of the Mississippi ; others retreated into the Everglades . In the end , the government gave up trying to subjugate the Seminole in their Everglades redoubts and left fewer than 100 Seminoles in peace . However , other scholars state that at least several hundred Seminoles remained in the Everglades after the Seminole Wars . As a result of the Seminole Wars , the surviving Seminole band of the Everglades claims to be the only federally recognized tribe which never relinquished sovereignty or signed a peace treaty with the United States . In general the American people tended to view the Indian resistance as unwarranted . An article published by the Virginia Enquirer on January 26 , 1836 , called the `` Hostilities of the Seminoles '' , assigned all the blame for the violence that came from the Seminole 's resistance to the Seminoles themselves . The article accuses the Indians of not staying true to their word -- the promises they supposedly made in the treaties and negotiations from the Indian Removal Act . Creek dissolution ( edit ) Main article : Muscogee Selocta ( or Shelocta ) was a Muscogee chief who appealed to Andrew Jackson to reduce the demands for Creek lands at the signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson After the War of 1812 , some Muscogee leaders such as William McIntosh signed treaties that ceded more land to Georgia . The 1814 signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson signaled the end for the Creek Nation and for all Indians in the South . Friendly Creek leaders , like Selocta and Big Warrior , addressed Sharp Knife ( the Indian nickname for Andrew Jackson ) and reminded him that they keep the peace . Nevertheless , Jackson retorted that they did not `` cut ( Tecumseh 's ) throat '' when they had the chance , so they must now cede Creek lands . Jackson also ignored Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent that restored sovereignty to Indians and their nations . Jackson opened this first peace session by faintly acknowledging the help of the friendly Creeks . That done , he turned to the Red Sticks and admonished them for listening to evil counsel . For their crime , he said , the entire Creek Nation must pay . He demanded the equivalent of all expenses incurred by the United States in prosecuting the war , which by his calculation came to 23,000,000 acres ( 93,000 km ) of land . - Robert V. Remini , Andrew Jackson Eventually , the Creek Confederacy enacted a law that made further land cessions a capital offense . Nevertheless , on February 12 , 1825 , McIntosh and other chiefs signed the Treaty of Indian Springs , which gave up most of the remaining Creek lands in Georgia . After the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty , McIntosh was assassinated on May 13 , 1825 , by Creeks led by Menawa . The Creek National Council , led by Opothle Yohola , protested to the United States that the Treaty of Indian Springs was fraudulent . President John Quincy Adams was sympathetic , and eventually the treaty was nullified in a new agreement , the Treaty of Washington ( 1826 ) . The historian R. Douglas Hurt wrote : `` The Creeks had accomplished what no Indian nation had ever done or would do again -- achieve the annulment of a ratified treaty . '' However , Governor Troup of Georgia ignored the new treaty and began to forcibly remove the Indians under the terms of the earlier treaty . At first , President Adams attempted to intervene with federal troops , but Troup called out the militia , and Adams , fearful of a civil war , conceded . As he explained to his intimates , `` The Indians are not worth going to war over . '' Although the Creeks had been forced from Georgia , with many Lower Creeks moving to the Indian Territory , there were still about 20,000 Upper Creeks living in Alabama . However , the state moved to abolish tribal governments and extend state laws over the Creeks . Opothle Yohola appealed to the administration of President Andrew Jackson for protection from Alabama ; when none was forthcoming , the Treaty of Cusseta was signed on March 24 , 1832 , which divided up Creek lands into individual allotments . Creeks could either sell their allotments and receive funds to remove to the west , or stay in Alabama and submit to state laws . The Creeks were never given a fair chance to comply with the terms of the treaty , however . Rampant illegal settlement of their lands by Americans continued unabated with federal and state authorities unable or unwilling to do much to halt it . Further , as recently detailed by historian Billy Winn in his thorough chronicle of the events leading to removal , a variety of fraudulent schemes designed to cheat the Creeks out of their allotments , many of them organized by speculators operating out of Columbus , Georgia and Montgomery , Alabama , were perpetrated after the signing of the Treaty of Cusseta . A portion of the beleaguered Creeks , many desperately poor and feeling abused and oppressed by their American neighbors , struck back by carrying out occasional raids on area farms and committing other isolated acts of violence . Escalating tensions erupted into open war with the United States following the destruction of the village of Roanoke , Georgia , located along the Chattahoochee River on the boundary between Creek and American territory , in May 1836 . During the so - called `` Creek War of 1836 '' Secretary of War Lewis Cass dispatched General Winfield Scott to end the violence by forcibly removing the Creeks to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River . With the Indian Removal Act of 1830 it continued into 1835 and after as in 1836 over 15,000 Creeks were driven from their land for the last time . 3,500 of those 15,000 Creeks did not survive the trip to Oklahoma where they eventually settled . Chickasaw monetary removal ( edit ) Historic Marker in Marion , Arkansas , for the Trail of Tears Play media Fragment of the Trail of Tears still intact at Village Creek State Park , Arkansas ( 2010 ) Main article : Chickasaw The Chickasaw received financial compensation from the United States for their lands east of the Mississippi River . In 1836 , the Chickasaws had reached an agreement to purchase land from the previously removed Choctaws after a bitter five - year debate . They paid the Choctaws $530,000 ( equal to $11,558,818 today ) for the westernmost part of the Choctaw land . The first group of Chickasaws moved in 1836 and was led by John M. Millard . The Chickasaws gathered at Memphis on July 4 , 1836 , with all of their assets -- belongings , livestock , and slaves . Once across the Mississippi River , they followed routes previously established by the Choctaws and the Creeks . Once in Indian Territory , the Chickasaws merged with the Choctaw nation . Cherokee forced relocation ( edit ) Main article : Cherokee removal Cherokee Principal Chief John Ross , photographed before his death in 1866 By 1838 , about 2,000 Cherokee had voluntarily relocated from Georgia to Indian Territory ( present day Oklahoma ) . Forcible removals began in May 1838 when General Winfield Scott received a final order from President Martin Van Buren to relocate the remaining Cherokees . Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died in the ensuing trek to Oklahoma . In the Cherokee language , the event is called nu na da ul tsun yi ( `` the place where they cried '' ) or nu na hi du na tlo hi lu i ( the trail where they cried ) . The Cherokee Trail of Tears resulted from the enforcement of the Treaty of New Echota , an agreement signed under the provisions of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which exchanged Indian land in the East for lands west of the Mississippi River , but which was never accepted by the elected tribal leadership or a majority of the Cherokee people . The sparsely inhabited Cherokee lands were highly attractive to Georgian farmers experiencing population pressure , and illegal settlements resulted . Long - simmering tensions between Georgia and the Cherokee Nation were brought to a crisis by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega , Georgia , in 1829 , resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush , the second gold rush in U.S. history . Hopeful gold speculators began trespassing on Cherokee lands , and pressure mounted to fulfill the Compact of 1802 in which the US Government promised to extinguish Indian land claims in the state of Georgia . When Georgia moved to extend state laws over Cherokee lands in 1830 , the matter went to the U.S. Supreme Court . In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) , the Marshall court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was not a sovereign and independent nation , and therefore refused to hear the case . However , in Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) , the Court ruled that Georgia could not impose laws in Cherokee territory , since only the national government -- not state governments -- had authority in Indian affairs . Worcester v Georgia is associated with Andrew Jackson 's famous , though apocryphal , quote `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' In reality , this quote did not appear until 30 years after the incident and was first printed in a textbook authored by Jackson critic Horace Greeley . Elizabeth `` Betsy '' Brown Stephens ( 1903 ) , a Cherokee Indian who walked the Trail of Tears in 1838 Fearing open warfare between federal troops and the Georgia militia , Jackson decided not to enforce Cherokee claims against the state of Georgia . He was already embroiled in a constitutional crisis with South Carolina ( i.e. the nullification crisis ) and favored Cherokee relocation over civil war . With the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , the U.S. Congress had given Jackson authority to negotiate removal treaties , exchanging Indian land in the East for land west of the Mississippi River . Jackson used the dispute with Georgia to put pressure on the Cherokees to sign a removal treaty . The final treaty , passed in Congress by a single vote , and signed by President Andrew Jackson , was imposed by his successor President Martin Van Buren. Van Buren allowed Georgia , Tennessee , North Carolina , and Alabama an armed force of 7,000 militiamen , army regulars , and volunteers under General Winfield Scott to relocate about 13,000 Cherokees to Cleveland , Tennessee . After the initial roundup , the U.S. military oversaw the emigration to Oklahoma . Former Cherokee lands were immediately opened to settlement . Most of the deaths during the journey were caused by disease , malnutrition , and exposure during an unusually cold winter . In the winter of 1838 the Cherokee began the 1,000 - mile ( 1,600 km ) march with scant clothing and most on foot without shoes or moccasins . The march began in Red Clay , Tennessee , the location of the last Eastern capital of the Cherokee Nation . Because of the diseases , the Indians were not allowed to go into any towns or villages along the way ; many times this meant traveling much farther to go around them . After crossing Tennessee and Kentucky , they arrived at the Ohio River across from Golconda in southern Illinois about the 3rd of December 1838 . Here the starving Indians were charged a dollar a head ( equal to $22.49 today ) to cross the river on `` Berry 's Ferry '' which typically charged twelve cents , equal to $2.70 today . They were not allowed passage until the ferry had serviced all others wishing to cross and were forced to take shelter under `` Mantle Rock , '' a shelter bluff on the Kentucky side , until `` Berry had nothing better to do '' . Many died huddled together at Mantle Rock waiting to cross . Several Cherokee were murdered by locals . The Cherokee filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Government through the courthouse in Vienna , suing the government for $35 a head ( equal to $787.17 today ) to bury the murdered Cherokee . As they crossed southern Illinois , on December 26 , Martin Davis , Commissary Agent for Moses Daniel 's detachment , wrote : `` There is the coldest weather in Illinois I ever experienced anywhere . The streams are all frozen over something like 8 or 12 inches ( 20 or 30 cm ) thick . We are compelled to cut through the ice to get water for ourselves and animals . It snows here every two or three days at the fartherest . We are now camped in Mississippi ( River ) swamp 4 miles ( 6 km ) from the river , and there is no possible chance of crossing the river for the numerous quantity of ice that comes floating down the river every day . We have only traveled 65 miles ( 105 km ) on the last month , including the time spent at this place , which has been about three weeks . It is unknown when we shall cross the river ... '' I fought through the War Between the States and have seen many men shot , but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew . -- Georgian soldier who participated in the removal A Trail of Tears map of Southern Illinois from the USDA - U.S. Forest Service It eventually took almost three months to cross the 60 miles ( 97 kilometres ) on land between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers . The trek through southern Illinois is where the Cherokee suffered most of their deaths . However a few years before forced removal , some Cherokee who opted to leave their homes voluntarily chose a water - based route through the Tennessee , Ohio and Mississippi rivers . It took only 21 days , but the Cherokee who were forcibly relocated were weary of water travel . Removed Cherokees initially settled near Tahlequah , Oklahoma . When signing the Treaty of New Echota in 1835 Major Ridge said `` I have signed my death warrant . '' The resulting political turmoil led to the killings of Major Ridge , John Ridge , and Elias Boudinot ; of the leaders of the Treaty Party , only Stand Watie escaped death . The population of the Cherokee Nation eventually rebounded , and today the Cherokees are the largest American Indian group in the United States . There were some exceptions to removal . Perhaps 100 Cherokees evaded the U.S. soldiers and lived off the land in Georgia and other states . Those Cherokees who lived on private , individually owned lands ( rather than communally owned tribal land ) were not subject to removal . In North Carolina , about 400 Cherokees , known as the Oconaluftee Cherokee , lived on land in the Great Smoky Mountains owned by a white man named William Holland Thomas ( who had been adopted by Cherokees as a boy ) , and were thus not subject to removal . Added to this were some 200 Cherokee from the Nantahala area allowed to stay in the Qualla Boundary after assisting the U.S. Army in hunting down and capturing the family of the old prophet , Tsali ( who faced a firing squad after capture ) . These North Carolina Cherokees became the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation . Eastern Cherokee restitution ( edit ) The United States Court of Claims ruled in favor of the Eastern Cherokee Tribe 's claim against the U.S. on May 18 , 1905 . This resulted in the appropriation of $1 million ( equal to $27,438,023.04 today ) to the Tribe 's eligible individuals and families . Interior Department employee Guion Miller created a list using several rolls and applications to verify tribal enrollment for the distribution of funds , known as the Guion Miller Roll . The applications received documented over 125,000 individuals ; the court approved more than 30,000 individuals to share in the funds . Landmarks and references ( edit ) Map of National Historic trails In 1987 , about 2,200 miles ( 3,500 km ) of trails were authorized by federal law to mark the removal of 17 detachments of the Cherokee people . Called the `` Trail of Tears National Historic Trail , '' it traverses portions of nine states and includes land and water routes . Trail of Tears outdoor Historical drama , Unto these Hills ( edit ) An historical drama based on the Trail of Tears , Unto These Hills written by Kermit Hunter , has sold over five million tickets for its performances since its opening on July 1 , 1950 , both touring and at the outdoor Mountainside Theater of the Cherokee Historical Association in Cherokee , North Carolina . Commemorative medallion ( edit ) Cherokee artist Troy Anderson was commissioned to design the Cherokee Trail of Tears Sesquicentennial Commemorative Medallion . The falling - tear medallion shows a seven - pointed star , the symbol of the seven clans of the Cherokees . In literature and oral history ( edit ) Family Stories From the Trail of Tears is a collection edited by Lorrie Montiero and transcribed by Grant Foreman , taken from the Indian - Pioneer History Collection Walking the Trail ( 1991 ) is a book by Jerry Ellis describing his 900 - mile walk retracing of the Trail of Tears in reverse See also ( edit ) Ethnic cleansing and forced migration , modern terms for the forced relocation of a people Expulsion of the Acadians Hopkinsville , Kentucky Long Walk of the Navajo , a later forced removal Native American genocide Population transfer Potawatomi Trail of Death Timeline of Cherokee removal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trail of Tears '' . History.com . `` A Brief History of the Trail of Tears '' . Cherokee.org . `` Historical Documents : The Trail of Tears , 1942 '' . PBS.org . Jump up ^ Minges , Patrick ( 1998 ) . `` Beneath the Underdog : Race , Religion , and the Trail of Tears '' . US Data Repository . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian removal '' . PBS . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Inskeep , Steve ( 2015 ) . Jacksonland : President Andrew Jackson , Cherokee Chief John Ross , and a Great American Land Grab . New York : Penguin Press . pp. 332 -- 333 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 556 - 9 . Jump up ^ Prucha . Great Father . p. 241 . note 58 Ehle . Trail of Tears . pp. 390 -- 92 . Thompson , Russel & Anderson ( Editor ) . `` Demography of the Trail of Tears '' . Trail of Tears . pp. 75 -- 93 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Carter ( III ) , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Cherokee sunset : A Nation Betrayed : A Narrative of Travail and Triumph , Persecution and exile . New York : Doubleday . p. 232 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Nancy C. ( 1996 ) . Black Heritage Sites . United States : ALA Editions . p. 543 . ISBN 0 - 8389 - 0643 - 5 . Jump up ^ Perdue , Theda ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 2 ' Both White and Red ' '' . Mixed Blood Indians : Racial Construction in the Early South . The University of Georgia Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2731 - X . ^ Jump up to : Indian removals 1814 - 1858 . ^ Jump up to : Jahoda , Gloria ( 1975 ) . Trail of Tears : The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813 - 1855 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 14677 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cave , Alfred . `` Abuse of Power : Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830 '' . Jump up ^ Coates , Julia . Trail of Tears . `` Worcester v. Georgia '' . Oyez . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Edwin A ( November 1973 ) . `` After John Marshall 's Decision : Worcester v Georgia and the Nullification Crisis '' . The Journal of Southern History . Jump up ^ Cave , Alfred . `` Abuse of Power : Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830 '' . Jump up ^ Frey , Rebecca Joyce ( 2009 ) . Genocide and International Justice . Infobase Publishing . pp. 128 -- 131 . ISBN 978 - 0816073108 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo . `` Letter to Martin Van Buren President of the United States 1836 '' . www.cherokee.org/ . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ River , Charles . The Trail of Tears : Forced Removal of Five Civilized Tribes . ^ Jump up to : `` Trail of Tears '' . History Channel . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Baird , David ( 1973 ) . `` The Choctaws Meet the Americans , 1783 to 1843 '' . The Choctaw People . United States : Indian Tribal Series . p. 36 . ASIN B000CIIGTW . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Joan ( 1996 ) . `` The Cherokee Home in the East '' . The Trail of Tears Across Missouri . University of Missouri Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1063 - 5 . Jump up ^ Groneman 2005 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Harkins , George ( 1831 ) . `` 1831 - December - George W. Harkins to the American People '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandra Faiman - Silva ( 1997 ) . Choctaws at the Crossroads . University of Nebraska Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0803269026 . Jump up ^ de Tocqueville , Alexis ( 1835 -- 1840 ) . `` Tocqueville and Beaumont on Race '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Satz , Ronald ( 1986 ) . `` The Mississippi Choctaw : From the Removal Treaty of the Federal Agency '' . In Samuel J. Wells and Roseanna Tuby . After Removal : The Choctaw in Mississippi . University Press of Mississippi . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 289 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Walter , Williams ( 1979 ) . `` Three Efforts at Development among the Choctaws of Mississippi '' . Southeastern Indians : Since the Removal Era . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . Jump up ^ Davis , Ethan . `` An Administrative Trail of Tears : Indian Removal . '' American Journal of Legal History 50 , no . 1 ( 2008 ) : 65 - 68 . Accessed December 15 , 2014 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/25664483 Jump up ^ Missall . pp. 83 - 85 . Jump up ^ Missall . pp. 93 - 94 . Jump up ^ Covington , James W. 1993 . The Seminoles of Florida . Gainesville , Florida : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1196 - 5 . pp. 145 - 6 . Morris , Theodore. 2004 . Florida 's Lost Tribes . Universities Press of Florida State Universities , p. 63 Prucha , Francis Paul . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . Volume I. Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3668 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Hostilities of the Seminoles . '' Enquirer ( Richmond , Virginia ) 26 Jan. 1836 : n . pag . Print . ^ Jump up to : Remini , Robert ( 1998 ) ( 1977 ) . `` The Creek War : Victory '' . Andrew Jackson : The Course of American Empire , 1767 - 1821 . Vol. 1 . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801859115 . Jump up ^ Oklahoma State University Library . `` Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 , Treaties '' . Digital.library.okstate.edu . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Jump up ^ Hurt , R. Douglas ( 2002 ) . The Indian Frontier , 1763 - 1846 ( Histories of the American Frontier ) . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . p. 148 . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1966 - 1 . Jump up ^ Oklahoma State University Library . `` Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 , Treaties '' . Digital.library.okstate.edu . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winn , William W . The Triumph of the Ecunnau - Nuxulgee : Land Speculators , George M. Troup , State Rights , and the Removal of the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama , 1825 - 38 . Macon : Mercer University Press , 2015 . 9780881465228 . Jump up ^ Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma : cherokee.org Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , p. 257 , Prucha , Great Father , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees By James Mooney , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Illinois General Assembly - HJR0142 . Jump up ^ Adams , Mattie Lorraine . Family Tree of Daniel and Rachel Davis . Duluth , Georgia : Claxton Printing Company , 1973 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert ( 2000 ) . `` Invasion '' . The Earth Shall Weep : A History of Native America . Grove Press . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3680 - X . Jump up ^ `` The Trail of Tears in Southern Illinois '' ( PDF ) . US Forest Service . USDA . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rush , Linda ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Cherokee Nation in Southern Illinois '' . The Southern . The Southern Illinoisan . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corlew , Robert Ewing ( 1990 ) . Tennessee : A Short History . United States : University of Tennessee Press . p. 153 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 647 - 6 . Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians . `` Cherokee Heritage Trails '' . Museum of the Cherokee Indian . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Hooper , Ed . `` Chief John Ross '' . Tennessee History Magazine . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 American Indian Tribes for the United States : 1990 and 1980 '' . U.S. Bureau of the Census . August 1995 . Jump up ^ The Guion Miller Roll : Index to the Applications submitted for the Cherokee Roll . ISBN 978 - 1544972503 . Jump up ^ `` NPS.gov '' . NPS.gov . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Imgis.nps.gov Jump up ^ `` Unto These Hills , Mountainside Theater '' . Cherokee Historical Association . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . `` Unto These Hills , Drama of the Cherokee Indian '' . AboutCherokee.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokees to Mark Anniversary of `` Trail of Tears '' to Oklahoma `` . newsok.com/cherokees . News OK . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Montiero , Lorrie & Foreman , Grant ( Transcriber ) . Family Stories From the Trail of Tears . American Native Press Archives and Sequoyah Research Center . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Anderson , William , ed. ( 1991 ) . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1482 - 2 . Bealer , Alex W. ( 1996 ) ( 1972 ) . Only the Names Remain : The Cherokees and The Trail of Tears . Boston , Massachusetts : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 08519 - 9 . Carter , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Cherokee Sunset : A Nation Betrayed . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 06735 - 6 . Ehle , John ( 1989 ) ( 1988 ) . Trail of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 23954 - 8 . Fitzgerald , David ; King , Duane ( 2008 ) . The Cherokee Trail of Tears . Portland , Oregon : Graphic Arts Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88240 - 752 - 4 . Foreman , Grant ( 1989 ) ( 1932 ) . Indian Removal : The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians ( 11 ed . ) . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1172 - 0 . Gregg , Matthew T. and David M. Wishart . `` The price of Cherokee removal . '' Explorations in Economic History Volume 49 , Issue 4 , October 2012 , Pages 423 -- 442 Jahoda , Gloria ( 1995 ) ( 1975 ) . Trail of Tears : The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813 - 1855 . Henry Holt & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 14677 - 4 . Mooney , James ( 2007 ) ( 1888 ) . King , Duane , ed . Myths of the Cherokee . New York : Barnes & Noble . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 8340 - 5 . Perdue , Theda ; Green , Michael ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311367 - 6 . Prucha , Francis ( 1984 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . Lincoln , Nebraska : Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3668 - 9 . Remini , Robert ( 2001 ) . Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 91025 - 2 . Wallace , Anthony ( 1993 ) . The Long , Bitter Trail : Andrew Jackson and the Indians ( Hardback ed . ) . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 6631 - 9 . Wilson , James ( 1998 ) . The Earth Shall Weep : A History of Native America . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3680 - 0 . Winn , William W. ( 2015 ) . The Triumph of the Ecunnau - Nuxulgee : Land Speculators , George M. Troup , State Rights , and the Removal of the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama , 1825 - 38 . Macon : Mercer University Press . 9780881465228 . Documents ( edit ) U.S. Senate ( April 15 -- 17 , 1830 ) . Cherokee Indian Removal Debate . Scott , Winfield ( May 10 , 1838 ) . Winfield Scott 's Address to the Cherokee Nation . Gen. Winfield Scott 's Order to U.S. Troops Assigned to the Cherokee Removal . Cherokee Agency . May 17 , 1838 . Documentary ( edit ) The Trail of Tears : Cherokee Legacy ( 2006 ) - directed by Chip Richie ; narrated by James Earl Jones External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trail of Tears . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Appeal of the Cherokee Nation Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Trail of Tears . Trail of Tears List - a report to the U.S. Senate Remote Sensing Technology to Understanding the Choctaw Removals Trail of Tears National Historic Trail ( U.S. National Park Service ) Trail of Tears Association The North Little Rock Site : Interpretive Contexts Chickasaw Seminole Tribe of Florida History : Indian Resistance and Removal Muscogee ( Creek ) Removal Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center Cherokee Nation Cultural Resource Center Trail of Tears - The Dream We Dreamed Cherokee Indian Removal , Encyclopedia of Alabama The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Trail of Tears Roll , Access genealogy Maps of North America and the Trail of Tears ( omniatlas.com ) Trail of Tears historical marker Indian Removal Policies and laws Removal Act Termination Policy Georgia Land Lotteries Manifest destiny Worcester v. Georgia Removals Burt Lake burn - out Cherokee removal Choctaw Trail of Tears Indian removals in Indiana Long Walk of the Navajo Nome Cult Trail Potawatomi Trail of Death Sandy Lake Tragedy Trail of Tears American politicians and military officials John C. Calhoun Lewis Cass George Rockingham Gilmer Andrew Jackson Thomas Jefferson James Monroe Winfield Scott John Tipton David Wallace People who helped Indians or documented removals Benjamin Marie Petit George Winter Land cession treaties Treaties of Buffalo Creek First ( 1788 ) Second ( 1838 ) Third ( 1842 ) Fourth ( 1857 ) Cusseta Treaty of Doak 's Stand Dancing Rabbit Creek New Echota Payne 's Landing First Prairie du Chien Second Prairie du Chien Third Prairie du Chien Fourth Prairie du Chien Pontotoc Creek Landbases Arkansas Territory Indian Territory Oklahoma Territory Former Indian reservations in Oklahoma Republic of Texas State of Georgia Atlanta ( capital ) Topics Index Geology History Congressional delegations Government Law People Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Elections Geography State Parks Symbols Transportation Tourist Attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Atlantic coastal plain Blue Ridge Central Georgia Cumberland Plateau Golden Isles Historic South Lower Coastal Plain Metro Atlanta North Georgia North Georgia Mountains Northeast Georgia Piedmont Ridge and Valley Sea Islands Southern Rivers Southeast Georgia Southwest Georgia Tennessee Valley Wiregrass Region Largest cities Albany Atlanta Athens Augusta Columbus Johns Creek Macon Marietta Roswell Sandy Springs Savannah Valdosta Warner Robins Counties Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin Macon Madison Marion McDuffie McIntosh Meriwether Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole Spalding Stephens Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth ( Campbell ) ( Milton ) History of Oklahoma Prior to 19th century Cooper Bison Kill ( 11th millennium BCE ) Spiro Mounds ( 9th -- 15th century CE ) 19th century Louisiana Purchase Arkansas Territory ( 1819 − 1824 ) Comanche -- Mexico Wars ( 1821 -- 1870s ) Cutthroat Gap Massacre ( 1833 ) Indian Removal Indian Territory ( 1834 -- 1907 ) Antelope Hills Expedition ( 1858 ) Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Washita Massacre ( 1868 ) Oklahoma Territory ( 1890 -- 1907 ) Land runs ( 1890s ) 20th century State of Sequoyah ( 1905 ) State of Oklahoma ( 1907 ) Crazy Snake Rebellion ( 1909 ) Green Corn Rebellion ( 1917 ) Osage Indian murders ( 1920s ) Tulsa race riot ( 1921 ) Dust Bowl ( 1930s ) Red River Bridge War ( 1931 ) Oklahoma City bombing ( 1995 ) 21st century OU Bombing ( 2005 ) Protected areas of Tennessee Federal National Parks Great Smoky Mountains National Park National Historical Parks & Sites Andrew Johnson National Historic Site Cumberland Gap National Historical Park Manhattan Project National Historical Park National Military Parks Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park Fort Donelson National Battlefield Fort Donelson National Cemetery Shiloh National Cemetery Shiloh National Military Park Stones River National Battlefield Stones River National Cemetery National Recreation Areas Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area National Trails System Appalachian National Scenic Trail Natchez Trace National Scenic Trail Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail Trail of Tears National Historic Trail National Forests Cherokee National Forest National Wildlife Refuges Chickasaw Cross Creeks Hatchie Lake Isom Lower Hatchie Reelfoot Tennessee Wilderness Areas Bald River Gorge Big Frog Big Laurel Branch Citico Creek Cohutta Gee Creek Joyce Kilmer - Slickrock Little Frog Mountain Pond Mountain Sampson Mountain Unaka Mountain Other Protected Areas Foothills Parkway Gatlinburg Bypass Natchez Trace Parkway Obed Wild and Scenic River State East Tennessee State Parks Big Ridge Booker T. Washington Cove Lake Cumberland Mountain Davy Crockett Birthplace Fall Creek Falls Fort Loudoun Frozen Head Harrison Bay Hiwassee / Ocoee Indian Mountain Justin P. Wilson Cumberland Trail Norris Dam Panther Creek Red Clay Roan Mountain Rocky Fork Seven Islands Sycamore Shoals Warriors ' Path Middle Tennessee State Parks Bicentennial Capitol Mall Bledsoe Creek Burgess Falls Cedars Of Lebanon Cordell Hull Birthplace Cummins Falls David Crockett Dunbar Cave Edgar Evins Fall Creek Falls Harpeth River Henry Horton Johnsonville Long Hunter Montgomery Bell Mousetail Landing Old Stone Fort Pickett Port Royal Rock Island Sgt . Alvin C. York South Cumberland Standing Stone Tims Ford West Tennessee State Parks Big Cypress Tree Big Hill Pond Chickasaw Fort Pillow Meeman - Shelby Forest Nathan Bedford Forrest Natchez Trace Paris Landing Pickwick Landing Pinson Mounds Reelfoot Lake T.O. Fuller State Forests Bledsoe Cedars of Lebanon Chickasaw Chuck Swan Franklin John Tully Lewis Lone Mountain Martha Sundquist Natchez Trace Pickett Prentice Cooper Scott Standing Stone Stewart State Natural Areas Auntney Hollow Barnett 's Woods Bays Mountain Beaman Park Big Bone Cave Campbell Bend Barrens Carroll Cabin Barrens Glade Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lee Carter Chimneys Colditz Cove Couchville Cedar Glade Crowder Cemetery Barrens Devils Backbone Dry Branch Duck River Complex Elsie Quarterman Cedar Glade Falling Water Falls Fate Sanders Barrens Flat Rock Cedar Glade & Barrens Gattinger 's Cedar Glade & Barrens Ghost River Grundy Forest Hampton Creek Cove Hawkins Cove Hicks Gap Hill Forest Honey Creek House Mountain Hubbard 's Cave John & Hester Lane Cedar Glades John Noel at Bon Aqua Langford Branch Laurel - Snow Lost Creek Lucius Burch Jr . Forest Manus Road Cedar Glade May Prairie North Chickamauga Creek Gorge Overbridge Old Forest Ozone Falls Piney Falls Pogue Creek Powell River Radnor Lake Riverwoods Roundtop Mountain Rugby Savage Gulf Sequatchie Cave Short Mountain Short Springs Sneed Road Cedar Glade Stillhouse Hollow Falls Stinging Fork Falls Stones River Cedar Glade & Barrens Sunk Lake Sunnybell Cedar Glade Taylor Hollow Twin Arches Vesta Cedar Glade Vine Cedar Glade Virgin Falls Walker Branch Walls of Jericho Walterhill Floodplain Washmorgan Hollow Watauga River Bluffs William B. Clark William R. Davenport Refuge Wilson School Road Window Cliffs Other Catoosa Wildlife Management Area Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation ( web ) - Tennessee Department of Agriculture ( web ) Seminole Federally recognized tribes Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida Seminole Nation of Oklahoma Seminole Tribe of Florida Reservations Big Cypress Brighton Fort Pierce Hollywood Immokalee Miccosukee Tampa Languages Afro - Seminole Creole Mikasuki language Muscogee language Culture Ah - Tah - Thi - Ki Museum Alligator wrestling Black Seminoles Mascogos Chickee Fastachee Four Mothers Society Green Corn Ceremony Seminole music Stomp dance History Indigenous people of the Everglades region Seminole Wars Trail of Tears Green Corn Rebellion Politics and law List of chiefs Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States Seminole Nation v. United States Chickasaw Culture and religion Language Ababinili Four Mothers Society Green Corn Ceremony Panti ' Pashofa Stomp dance Government Chickasaw Nation Chickasaw Campaign of 1736 Chickasaw Campaign of 1739 Chickasaw Wars Ex parte Joins Treaty of Hopewell Trail of Tears Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws Atoka Agreement ( 1897 ) Chickasaw Nation v. United States ( 2001 ) Places Bloomfield Academy Chickasaw Cultural Center Chickasaw Nation Chickasaw Nation Capitols Fort Jefferson Kullihoma Grounds New Savannah , Georgia Old Town Savannah Town , South Carolina Tishomingo City Hall White House of the Chickasaws Media KADA KADA - FM KCNP KTLS - FM KXFC KYKC Casinos Ada Gaming Center Chisholm Trail Casino Gold Mountain Casino Newcastle Casino Riverwind Casino SaltCreek Casino Treasure Valley Casino WinStar World Casino Related Choctaw Five Civilized Tribes History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern By state Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal GND : 4388404 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trail_of_Tears&oldid=802692144 '' Categories : Cherokee Nation ( 1794 -- 1907 ) Ethnic cleansing in the United States Forced marches Forced migrations in the United States Forced migrations of Native Americans in the United States History of Georgia ( U.S. state ) History of Kentucky History of Missouri History of North Carolina History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Military history of the United States National Historic Trails of the United States Native American genocide Native American history of Oklahoma Native American history of Alabama Pre-statehood history of Arkansas Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma Trail of Tears Chickasaw Seminole tribe American Old West Muscogee Human migrations Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська 文言 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 20 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the trail of tears take place
[ "\nDate\n1831-1850\n" ]
[ "1831-1850" ]
3226036673953141390
Player of the Match awards (cricket)
Player of the match awards ( cricket ) - wikipedia Player of the match awards ( cricket ) Jump to : navigation , search In sport of cricket , a Man of the Match or Player of the Match and Player of the Series award is given to the outstanding player , almost always the one who makes the most impact , in a particular match or series . The term was originally used more often in cricket before being adopted by other sports . This can be a player from either team , usually the winning team . In cricket , the man of the match award became a regular feature in Test matches in the mid 1980s . The man of the match title is usually awarded to the player whose contribution is seen as the most critical in winning the game . However , there have been many instances when the performance of the losing team 's player has earned him the award . In Test matches , Jacques Kallis holds the record for the highest number of awards won , with 23 in 166 matches played , which is then followed by Muttiah Muralitharan with 19 awards . In ODIs , Sachin Tendulkar holds the record for the highest number of man of the match titles , with 62 awards in 463 matches played . Tendulkar is followed by Sanath Jayasuriya , who , along with Ricky Ponting , also holds the record for the maximum number of Man of the Match titles as captain . In Twenty20 Internationals , Shahid Afridi top ranked with 11 awards , followed by Virat Kohli with 10 awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Test Cricket 1.1 Most Player - of - the Match Awards 1.2 Most Player - of - the Series Awards 2 One Day International Cricket 2.1 Most Player - of - the Match Awards 2.2 Most Player - of - the Series Awards 3 Twenty20 International Cricket 3.1 Most Player - of - the Match Awards 4 All Formats 4.1 Most Player - of - the Match Awards 4.2 Most Player - of - the Series Awards 5 Shared awards 5.1 Team Man of the Match Awards 5.2 Joint Awards in Tests 6 References Test Cricket ( edit ) Most Player - of - the Match Awards ( edit ) No. of Awards Player Matches Career 23 Jacques Kallis South Africa 166 1995 -- 2013 19 Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 133 1992 -- 2010 17 Wasim Akram Pakistan 104 1985 -- 2002 17 Shane Warne Australia 145 1992 -- 2007 16 Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka 134 2000 -- 2015 16 Ricky Ponting Australia 168 1995 -- 2012 14 Curtly Ambrose West Indies 98 1988 -- 2000 14 Steve Waugh Australia 168 1985 -- 2004 14 Sachin Tendulkar India 200 1989 -- 2013 13 Mahela Jayawardene Sri Lanka 149 1997 -- 2014 Last updated : 1 March 2017 Most Player - of - the Series Awards ( edit ) No. of Awards Player No. of Series Career 11 Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 61 1992 -- 2010 9 Jacques Kallis South Africa 61 1995 -- 2013 8 Imran Khan Pakistan 28 1971 -- 1992 8 Richard Hadlee New Zealand 33 1973 -- 1990 8 Shane Warne Australia 46 1992 -- 2007 7 Ravichandran Ashwin India 17 2011 -- Pre 7 Wasim Akram Pakistan 43 1985 -- 2002 7 Shivnarine Chanderpaul West Indies 60 1994 -- 2015 6 Malcolm Marshall West Indies 21 1978 -- 1991 6 Curtly Ambrose West Indies 27 1988 -- 2000 6 Steve Waugh Australia 54 1985 -- 2004 Last updated : 1 March 2017 One Day International Cricket ( edit ) Most Player - of - the Match Awards ( edit ) No. of Awards Player Matches Career 62 Sachin Tendulkar India 463 1989 -- 2012 48 Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka 445 1989 -- 2011 32 Jacques Kallis South Africa 328 1996 -- 2014 32 Ricky Ponting Australia 375 1995 -- 2012 32 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 398 1996 -- 2015 31 Vivian Richards West Indies 187 1975 -- 1991 31 Sourav Ganguly India 311 1992 -- 2007 31 Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka 404 2000 -- 2015 30 Brian Lara West Indies 299 1990 -- 2007 30 Aravinda de Silva Sri Lanka 308 1984 -- 2003 Last updated : 1 March 2017 Most Player - of - the Series Awards ( edit ) No. of Awards Player No. of Series Career 15 Sachin Tendulkar India 109 1989 -- 2012 11 Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka 111 1989 -- 2011 9 Shaun Pollock South Africa 60 1996 -- 2008 7 Vivian Richards West Indies 40 1975 -- 1991 7 Hashim Amla South Africa 42 2008 - Pre 7 Chris Gayle West Indies 64 1999 - Pre 7 Yuvraj Singh India 69 2000 -- Pre 7 Sourav Ganguly India 75 1992 -- 2007 7 Ricky Ponting Australia 77 1995 -- 2012 6 AB de Villiers South Africa 57 2005 - Pre 6 Mahendra Singh Dhoni India 66 2004 - Pre Last updated : 1 March 2017 Twenty20 International Cricket ( edit ) Most Player - of - the Match Awards ( edit ) No. of Awards Player Matches Career 11 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 98 2006 -- 2016 10 Virat Kohli India 50 2010 - Pre 9 Chris Gayle West Indies 51 2006 - Pre 9 Mohammad Shahzad Afghanistan 58 2010 - Pre 9 Shane Watson Australia 58 2006 -- 2016 8 Mohammad Hafeez Pakistan 77 2006 - Pre 7 Yuvraj Singh India 55 2007 - Pre 7 Martin Guptill New Zealand 61 2009 - Pre 7 Brendon McCullum New Zealand 71 2005 -- 2015 7 Umar Akmal Pakistan 82 2009 - Pre Last updated : 6 September 2017 All formats ( edit ) Note : Players in bold are still active in international cricket . Most Player - of - the Match Awards ( edit ) No. of Awards Player Matches Tests ODIs T20Is 76 Sachin Tendulkar India 664 14 62 0 58 Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka 586 48 6 57 Jacques Kallis South Africa 519 23 32 50 Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka 594 16 31 49 Ricky Ponting Australia 560 16 32 43 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 523 0 32 11 42 Brian Lara West Indies 430 12 30 0 41 Vivian Richards West Indies 308 10 31 0 41 Aravinda de Silva Sri Lanka 401 11 30 0 41 Mahela Jayawardene Sri Lanka 652 13 22 6 Last updated : 2 September 2017 Most player - of - the series awards ( edit ) Note : Players in bold are still active in international cricket . No. of Awards Player Series Tests ODIs T20Is 20 Sachin Tendulkar India 183 5 15 0 15 Jacques Kallis South Africa 148 9 6 0 13 Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka 176 11 0 11 Shaun Pollock South Africa 107 9 0 11 Chris Gayle West Indies 125 7 11 Shivnarine Chanderpaul West Indies 136 7 0 11 Ricky Ponting Australia 147 7 0 11 Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 155 11 0 0 10 Imran Khan Pakistan 74 8 0 10 Hashim Amla South Africa 102 7 0 Last updated : 2 September 2017 Shared awards ( edit ) Few instances in international cricket has been witnessed the sharing of awards . This sharing sometimes awarded to two players of the same side or players with the two sides , who had better clinical performances towards the opponent . In these occasions , the commentators and other awards given authorities held on to share the awards , without giving the award to the player of the winning team . Test cricket has witnessed rare instances when a joint award for man of the match or man of the series has been announced . However , in ODIs and Twenty20 this phenomenon is usually seen when the member of the losing team is the highest scorer , such as when Charles Coventry ( 194 ) and Tamim Iqbal ( 154 ) shared the award when Zimbabwe lost the match . In another interesting match held on 3 April 1996 , the whole team from New Zealand was awarded the Men of the Match award by adjudicator Basil Butcher who pronounced it a team performance . It was the first instance when a whole team was awarded it . Only three occasions , one in test cricket and two in ODI cricket has been recorded , where whole team was awarded with man of the match by considering their team performances , rather than individual performances . Team man of the match awards ( edit ) In Test cricket , South Africa has been awarded Team man of the match award , in the West Indies tour in 1998 / 99 season . The match was won by South Africa by 351 runs and whole 11 players awarded the man of the match award . 15 -- 18 January Scorecard South Africa West Indies 313 ( 92.5 overs ) Mark Boucher 100 ( 183 ) Courtney Walsh 6 / 80 ( 24.5 overs ) 144 ( 47.1 overs ) Brian Lara 68 ( 77 ) Allan Donald 5 / 49 ( 13 overs ) 399 / 5 d ( 115.2 overs ) Gary Kirsten 134 ( 305 ) Carl Hooper 3 / 117 ( 36.2 overs ) 217 ( 75.2 overs ) Ridley Jacobs 78 ( 92 ) Paul Adams 4 / 64 ( 21.2 overs ) South Africa won by 351 runs SuperSport Park , Centurion Umpires : Aleem Dar ( Pak ) and Billy Bowden ( NZ ) Player of the match : South Africa West Indies won the toss and elected to field . This is the first time that the West Indies lost a series 5 -- 0 . In ODI cricket , New Zealand team has been awarded man of the match award for their team performances to 4 run victory against the West Indies on 3 April 1996 . On 1 September 1996 , Pakistan team has been awarded man of the match for their team performance against England for their 2 wicket win . 3 April 1996 Scorecard West Indies 158 ( 35.5 overs ) New Zealand 154 ( 49.1 overs ) Craig Spearman 41 ( 39 ) Laurie Williams 3 / 16 ( 4.5 overs ) Roland Holder 49 * ( 86 ) Chris Cairns 2 / 17 ( 5.1 overs ) New Zealand won by 4 runs Bourda , Georgetown , Guyana Umpires : Clyde Duncan ( WI ) and Eddie Nicholls ( WI ) Player of the match : New Zealand West Indies won the toss and elected to field . 1 September 1996 Scorecard England 246 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan 247 / 8 ( 49.4 overs ) Nick Knight 125 * ( 145 ) Wasim Akram 3 / 45 ( 10 overs ) Saeed Anwar 61 ( 59 ) Adam Hollioake 4 / 45 ( 8.4 overs ) Pakistan won by 2 wickets Trent Bridge , Nottingham Umpires : John Holder ( Eng ) and David Shepherd ( Eng ) Player of the match : Pakistan England won the toss and elected to bat . Shahid Anwar , Shadab Kabir and Shahid Nazir ( All Pak ) made their ODI debuts . Joint awards in Tests ( edit ) The joint awards can be given to players from same team of from two opponents teams according to the match performance . Until 2017 , there have been 14 instances where two players from the same team were given the Man of the Match award in Test match cricket . # Match Venue Date MoM 1 MoM 2 Result India v Sri Lanka Nagpur 27 December 1986 Dilip Vengsarkar Maninder Singh India won New Zealand v West Indies Christchurch 12 March 1987 Richard Hadlee Ewen Chatfield New Zealand won New Zealand v Sri Lanka Hamilton 22 February 1991 Ian Smith Andrew Jones Drawn New Zealand v Australia Auckland 12 March 1993 Ken Rutherford Danny Morrison New Zealand won 5 New Zealand v Pakistan Christchurch 24 February 1994 Shane Thomson Bryan Young New Zealand won 6 Zimbabwe v Pakistan Harare 31 January 1995 Andy Flower Grant Flower Zimbabwe won 7 England v South Africa Johannesburg 30 November 1995 Jack Russell Mike Atherton Drawn 8 Australia v South Africa Johannesburg 28 February 1997 Steve Waugh Greg Blewett Australia won 9 South Africa v Zimbabwe Harare 11 November 1999 Shaun Pollock Mark Boucher South Africa won 10 South Africa v Zimbabwe Bloemfontein 17 November 2000 Jacques Kallis Makhaya Ntini South Africa won 11 Australia v South Africa Sydney 2 January 2002 Justin Langer Matthew Hayden Australia won 12 South Africa v England London 31 January 2003 Makhaya Ntini Graeme Smith South Africa won 13 Pakistan v South Africa Lahore 17 October 2003 Taufeeq Umar Danish Kaneria Pakistan won 14 South Africa v England Johannesburg 14 January 2010 Dale Steyn Morne Morkel South Africa won Until 2017 , there have been 26 instances where two players from the two teams were given the Man of the Match award in Test match cricket . # Match Venue Date MoM 1 MoM 2 Result Pakistan v West Indies Port of Spain 4 March 1977 Wasim Raja Colin Croft West Indies won New Zealand v India Wellington 21 February 1981 Geoff Howarth Sandeep Patil New Zealand won New Zealand v India Auckland 13 March 1981 John Wright Ravi Shastri Drawn England v West Indies London 28 June 1984 Ian Botham Gordon Greenidge West Indies won 5 West Indies v New Zealand Port of Spain 29 March 1985 Vivian Richards Ewen Chatfield Drawn 6 India v Australia Chepauk 18 September 1986 Kapil Dev Dean Jones Tied 7 Pakistan v India Chepauk 3 February 1987 Imran Khan Kris Srikkanth Drawn 8 England v Sri Lanka London 25 August 1988 Phil Newport Ravi Ratnayeke England won 9 Australia v Pakistan Faisalabad 23 September 1988 Allan Border Ijaz Ahmed Drawn 10 West Indies v Australia Kingston 1 March 1991 Gus Logie David Boon Drawn 11 England v Sri Lanka London 22 August 1991 Alec Stewart Ravi Ratnayeke England won 12 West Indies v South Africa Bridgetown 18 April 1992 Curtly Ambrose Andrew Hudson West Indies won 13 England v New Zealand Auckland 24 January 1997 Alec Stewart Nathan Astle Drawn 14 West Indies v India Georgetown 17 April 1997 Shivnarine Chanderpaul Rahul Dravid Drawn 15 South Africa v Pakistan Johannesburg 14 February 1998 Pat Symcox Azhar Mahmood Drawn 16 Pakistan v India Kolkata 16 February 1999 Saeed Anwar Javagal Srinath Pakistan won 17 Sri Lanka v Australia Kandy 9 September 1999 Aravinda de Silva Ricky Ponting Sri Lanka won 18 Zimbabwe v Sri Lanka Harare 4 December 1999 Andy Flower Russell Arnold Drawn 19 England v South Africa Durban 26 December 1999 Andy Caddick Gary Kirsten Drawn 20 Sri Lanka v South Africa Kandy 30 July 2000 Arjuna Ranatunga Lance Klusener South Africa won 21 India v Australia Chepauk 18 March 2001 Harbhajan Singh Matthew Hayden India won 22 Sri Lanka v Bangladesh Colombo 6 September 2001 Muttiah Muralitharan Mohammad Ashraful Sri Lanka won 23 Sri Lanka v West Indies Colombo 29 November 2001 Chaminda Vaas Brian Lara Sri Lanka won 24 South Africa v Pakistan Faisalabad 24 October 2003 Gary Kirsten Taufeeq Umar Drawn 25 Sri Lanka v Pakistan Colombo 12 July 2009 Nuwan Kulasekara Fawad Alam Sri Lanka won 26 Pakistan v Australia London 13 July 2010 Salman Butt Simon Katich Australia won There was one rare instance where three players were adjudged man of the match award in Test cricket . This was happened between New Zealand and Sri Lanka in February 1991 at Hamilton . # Match Venue Date MoM 1 MoM 2 MoM 3 Result New Zealand v Sri Lanka Hamilton 4 March 1977 Ian Smith Andrew Jones Asanka Gurusinha Drawn In one occasion in international cricket , man of the match was given to a non-player , actually to the ground staff . In the third Test match between South Africa and New Zealand on 8 December 2000 at Johannesburg , fifth day was delayed due to rain . But , with the help of ground staff managed by Chris Scott , the Head Groundsman , the play continued without any affect and finally the match was ended in a draw . # Match Venue Date MoM Result South Africa v New Zealand Johannesburg 8 December 2000 Chris Scott ( Head Groundsman ) and his crew Drawn References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Test matches / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - match awards '' . ESPN Cricinfo . ESPN Sports Media . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man - of - the - Match monopoly '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - match awards '' . ESPN Cricinfo . ESPN Sports Media . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - match awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - match awards '' . ESPN Cricinfo . ESPN Sports Media . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - match awards '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - series awards '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - match awards '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - series awards '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - match awards '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Combined Test , ODI and T20I records / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - match awards '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Combined Test , ODI and T20I records / Individual records ( captain , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - serves awards '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stats : Shared Man of the Match awards '' . sportskeeda.com . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth One - Day International -- WEST INDIES v NEW ZEALAND '' . Wisden 1997 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 4th ODI : West Indies v New Zealand at Georgetown , Apr 3 , 1996 Cricket Scorecard ESPN Cricinfo '' . ESPN Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 1996 West Indies v New Zealand -- 4th Match -- Georgetown , Guyana '' . HowStat . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 4th ODI , New Zealand tour of West Indies at Georgetown , Apr 3 1996 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two players sharing the Man of the Match award in Tests '' . Cricket Country . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test , Sri Lanka tour of New Zealand at Hamilton , Feb 22 -- 26 1991 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Test , New Zealand tour of South Africa at Johannesburg , Dec 8 -- 12 2000 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Player_of_the_Match_awards_(cricket)&oldid=801848976 '' Categories : Cricket awards and rankings Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 08 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
most no of man of the match award in odi
[ "In ODIs, Sachin Tendulkar holds the record for the highest number of man of the match titles, with 62 awards in 463 matches played.[3] Tendulkar is followed by Sanath Jayasuriya, who, along with Ricky Ponting, also holds the record for the maximum number of Man of the Match titles as captain.[4]" ]
[ "Sachin Tendulkar" ]
-3980393426451144060
Dragon's Lair II: Time Warp
Dragon 's Lair II : time Warp - wikipedia Dragon 's Lair II : time Warp Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the official 1991 arcade sequel . For the 1980s home conversion of further scenes from the original ( sometimes referred to as `` Dragon 's Lair II '' ) , see Escape from Singe 's Castle . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dragon 's Lair II : Time Warp Dragon 's Lair II arcade flyer Publisher ( s ) Digital Leisure , EA ( iOS port ) Platform ( s ) Arcade , CD - i , PC , DVD , Blu - ray , iOS , PlayStation 3 , Wii , DSiWare , Amiga , Atari ST , MS - DOS , Macintosh Release Arcade June 16 , 1991 CD - i NA : 1994 DSiWare NA : December 20 , 2010 EU : July 7 , 2011 PlayStation 3 NA : June 1 , 2011 Genre ( s ) Interactive movie Mode ( s ) Single - player Dragon 's Lair II : Time Warp is a 1991 laserdisc video game by the Leland Corporation . It is regarded as the first `` true '' sequel to Dragon 's Lair . As with the original , Dragon 's Lair II : Time Warp consists of an animated short film that requires the player to move the joystick or press a fire button at certain times in order to continue . It takes place years after the original Dragon 's Lair . Dirk has married Daphne , and the marriage has produced many children . When Daphne is kidnapped by the evil wizard Mordroc in order to be forced into marriage , Dirk 's children and his mother - in - law are clearly upset by the abduction of Daphne , and Dirk must once again save her . Home ports of the game were announced for the Sega Saturn , Philips CD - i , 3DO Interactive Multiplayer , and Jaguar CD . However , only the CD - i version was actually released , though non-playable demos of the 3DO and Jaguar CD versions appear on those consoles ' respective versions of Brain Dead 13 . The game was later ported to the Wii as part of the compilation release Dragon 's Lair Trilogy . A PlayStation 3 port was released on June 1 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Story 2 Gameplay 3 Development 4 Stages 5 Releases 5.1 Home computers 5.2 DVD release 5.3 Blu - ray release 5.4 PlayStation 3 release 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Story ( edit ) The game follows a traditional damsel in distress storyline where Dirk the Daring must find and rescue Daphne with the help of a well - spoken time machine . It seems that the time machine is ( or has been ) possessed by the brother of Mordroc , the foul wizard that has kidnapped Daphne . Dirk travels through several dimensions and historical eras searching for Daphne , some inspired by classic stories and fairy tales such as Alice in Wonderland and Sleeping Beauty , to prevent Mordroc from enslaving Daphne to his whim with the dreaded Death Ring . Voice actor Michael Rye reprises his role as the narrator in the attract sequence , as he did with Dragon 's Lair as well as Space Ace . Gameplay ( edit ) Gameplay differs from the original in two important ways . First , it follows a linear sequence of events which flow one into the next , as opposed to the randomized sequences of rooms from the first game ; `` dying '' in the sequel also forces the player to resume from a checkpoint in the level rather than starting a randomly different level as in the original . Second , golden treasures are scattered throughout the game ; getting each treasure is optional and requires an extra move , but the player is awarded extra points . If the player misses any , at the end of the game it loops back to the first treasure missed . As well , unlike in the first game , the actions the player must do are prompted by a brief flash of what Dirk should use or where he should go next . Development ( edit ) Development on the game began in 1983 after the success of the original Dragon 's Lair , and finally reached arcades eight years later , hence Leland Interactive 's credit on the title screen , although a commercial from Don Bluth Productions featuring completed animation from stage 3 in the game had aired on television in 1984 . Actually creating the game 's animation took three years . Stages ( edit ) Stage 1 ; Dirk is afraid of his angered mother - in - law trying to smack him with a rolling pin or toss destructible objects towards him for her revenge on him because of the kidnapping to his married Princess Daphne by Mordoc . He must flee from her while getting past several creatures and obstacles in the deceased Singe 's old castle , including a ravenous snake wearing a Tam o ' Shanter , in order to reach the time machine that will allow him to pursue Mordroc . Stage 2 ; In prehistoric times , Mordroc takes a moment to taunt Dirk as he battles pterodactyls , a T - rex , and two bat - winged centaurs that carry Daphne away . As this happens , the tiny island they are on gradually crumbles into the sea . Stage 3 ; In 1865 , Dirk is materialized in Alice Liddell 's house and goes through the looking - glass that hangs over the fireplace . While being dressed as Alice by enemy characters , he tumbles into Wonderland where he faces Tweedledum and Tweedledee , the Queen of Hearts , her army of playing card soldiers , the Mad Hatter and the March Hare , the Jabberwocky and the Cheshire Cat . Stage 4 ; In the Garden of Eden , Dirk has to escape from guardian angels , the advances of Eve the fat Lady , two smooth - talking snakes , and finally , the ruin of Eden itself when Eve accidentally eats the forbidden apple . Stage 5 ; In 1808 , Dirk is shrunk to the size of a mouse in Ludwig van Beethoven 's study , where he must avoid the predations of the composer 's constant playing the piano with his hands , his wicked hungry cat and the sheer chaos of his creative gust . Stage 6 ; In Ancient Egypt , Dirk finds what appears to be Daphne ( wrapped completely in linen bandages ) but is actually Mordroc in disguise , leading Dirk on a wild goose chase as he explores an ancient tomb while narrowly avoiding poison gas , spiders , giant bats , corrosive acid , scarabs , and a giant mummy . Stage 7 ; At his castle , Mordroc puts the Death Ring on Daphne 's finger , which transforms her into a monstrous banshee . Dirk must avoid the monstrous Daphne 's mindless attempts to devour him . He must get the ring off her finger , restore her to normal , and defeat Mordroc at the same time . In addition to the alternate scene in the non-arcade version , Dirk has to remove the ring from Daphne and throw it at Mordroc . Final Stage ; Although Mordroc is defeated , Dirk must fight off Mordoc 's last surviving minions , who are trying to get their revenge on him for defeating their master , so that Dirk safely escapes the crumbling castle with Daphne . During the course of the game , the player can optionally find and collect `` treasures '' . In the Director 's Cut version of the game , gathering all the treasures offers an alternate , shorter and easier second - to - last stage . In it , Dirk must get the Death Ring and then throw it at Mordroc . This also includes three death scenes that were not used in the final release . Releases ( edit ) Home computers ( edit ) Around the time the Arcade was out , an abridged version was released for the Amiga home computers by ReadySoft . It included only some of the scenes and most stages were absent altogether . It included the introduction reaching the machine , followed by the prehistoric stage , the Garden of Eden , and the final stage . The game was followed by Dragon 's Lair III : The Curse of Mordread also by ReadySoft . it presented an original storyline with Mordroc 's sister , the evil witch `` Mordread '' . She arrives at Dirk 's and Daphne 's home , and absorbing both the house and Daphne into an orb . This game incorporated the stages of Wonderland and Beethoven 's piano from Timewarp but also included some original sequences : an intro , a stage on a pirate ship , a stage in the time realm , and an original ending . DVD release ( edit ) Dragon 's Lair II was released on DVD on April 17 , 2007 . Blu - ray release ( edit ) Following the release of Dragon 's Lair and Space Ace in high - definition for Blu - ray , Digital Leisure said they were working on a Blu - ray version of Dragon 's Lair II for some time in 2008 . The disc was released on June 2 , 2009 . An easter egg on the Space Ace Blu - ray allows the player to play the first scene of Dragon 's Lair II in Blu - ray format . PlayStation 3 release ( edit ) Dragon 's Lair II was released on the PlayStation 3 on June 1 , 2011 . Reception ( edit ) Computer Gaming World called Dragon 's Lair II `` an exceptional program which suffers from uninteresting game - play '' . The magazine criticized the game for , like its predecessor , being `` a long series of trial and error '' instead of testing the player 's ability . The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the CD - i version a 7.25 out of 10 , commenting that it looks and plays just as good as the arcade version , and praising the addition of collectable items . One of the reviewers dissented with the majority opinion , saying that FMV games had lost their novelty and that the game was lacking in interaction . GamePro gave it a rave review . They applauded the sharp and colorful graphics , absence of slowdown , high frame rate , realistic sound effects , and outstanding controls , elaborating that `` The CD - i 's circular directional pad gives you quicker , more accurate button presses that help you get past every snake , dragon , and mother - in - law in sight . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Review Crew : Dragon 's Lair II '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . No. 65 . Sendai Publishing . December 1994 . p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon 's Lair 2 : The Daring Dirk Returns '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . No. 86 . Ziff Davis . September 1996 . pp. 84 -- 84 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon 's Lair II : Time Warp for Amiga ( 1990 ) '' . MobyGames . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Allen L. ( March 1992 ) . `` As the Worm Turns '' . Computer Gaming World . p. 74 . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ProReview : Dragon 's Lair II : Time Warp '' . GamePro . No. 67 . IDG . February 1995 . p. 106 . External links ( edit ) Dragon 's Lair II : Time Warp at the Killer List of Videogames Dragon 's Lair II : Time Warp at MobyGames Detailed Info on Dragon 's Lair II : TimeWarp Dragon 's Lair series Games Dragon 's Lair ( 1983 ) Escape from Singe 's Castle Dragon 's Lair ( 1990 ) II : Time Warp III : The Curse of Mordead 3D : Return to the Lair Other TV series ( 1984 - 1985 ) Film Related articles Princess Daphne Space Ace Don Bluth Entertainment Sullivan Bluth Studios The Secret of NIMH ( 1982 ) An American Tail ( 1986 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) All Dogs Go to Heaven ( 1989 ) Rock - a-Doodle ( 1991 ) Thumbelina ( 1994 ) A Troll in Central Park ( 1994 ) The Pebble and the Penguin ( 1995 ) Fox Animation Studios Anastasia ( 1997 ) Bartok the Magnificent ( 1999 ) Titan A.E. ( 2000 ) Don Bluth Films Dragon 's Lair : The Movie Video games Dragon 's Lair ( 1983 ) Space Ace ( 1984 ) Dragon 's Lair II : Time Warp ( 1991 ) Dragon 's Lair 3D : Return to the Lair ( 2002 ) I - Ninja ( 2003 ) Tapper World Tour ( 2010 ) Short films Banjo the Woodpile Cat ( 1979 ) Gift of the Hoopoe ( 2009 ) Other works Universal Studios Xanadu ( 1980 ) The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera ( 1990 ) Walt Disney Studios The Rescuers ( 1977 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) The Small One ( 1978 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) Related articles Studios Sullivan Bluth Studios Square One Studios People Gary Goldman John Pomeroy Morris Sullivan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dragon%27s_Lair_II:_Time_Warp&oldid=814160588 '' Categories : 1991 video games Arcade games Cancelled 3DO Interactive Multiplayer games Cancelled Sega Saturn games CD - i games Cinematronics games DOS games Dragon 's Lair DSiWare games Full motion video based games Interactive movie video games IOS games Laserdisc video games PlayStation Network games Time travel video games Video game sequels Windows games Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 05 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where are the treasures in dragon's lair 2
[ "Gameplay differs from the original in two important ways. First, it follows a linear sequence of events which flow one into the next, as opposed to the randomized sequences of rooms from the first game;[2] \"dying\" in the sequel also forces the player to resume from a checkpoint in the level rather than starting a randomly different level as in the original. Second, golden treasures are scattered throughout the game; getting each treasure is optional and requires an extra move, but the player is awarded extra points. If the player misses any, at the end of the game it loops back to the first treasure missed. As well, unlike in the first game, the actions the player must do are prompted by a brief flash of what Dirk should use or where he should go next." ]
[ "scattered throughout the game" ]
310458030774602295
List of London Monopoly locations
List of London Monopoly locations - wikipedia List of London Monopoly locations Jump to : navigation , search A standard British Monopoly board , featuring locations in London The locations on the standard British version of the board game Monopoly are set in London and were selected in 1935 by Victor Watson , managing director of John Waddington Limited . Watson became interested in the board game after his son Norman had tried the Parker Brothers original US version and recommended the company produce a board for the domestic market . He took his secretary Marjory Phillips on a day - trip from the head offices in Leeds to London and the pair looked for suitable locations to use . The London version of the game was successful , and in 1936 it was exported to Continental Europe , Australia , New Zealand and South Africa , becoming the de facto standard board in the British Commonwealth . It became such a success in the UK that Waddingtons ran Monopoly competitions in locations depicted on the board ; one such contest was held on platforms 3 and 4 of Fenchurch Street station . The resulting board has been perennially popular around the world and the chosen locations have become familiar to millions . Tourists from as far as Canada , Singapore and Saudi Arabia have been known to visit specific locations in London because of their presence on the Monopoly board . In 2003 , Watson 's grandson ( also called Victor Watson ) unveiled a plaque at what is now a branch of The Co-operative Bank , the original location of the Angel , Islington , to commemorate the elder Watson 's contribution to British popular culture . The set has been celebrated by the Monopoly pub crawl , which attempts to visit all the locations on the board and have a drink at a pub in each one . The relative wealth of the various places has changed slightly . Whitechapel Road is now the cheapest ( as opposed to Old Kent Road ) but Mayfair remains the most expensive ; in 2016 an estimate by loan provider West One showed the average house price on each was £ 590,000 and £ 3,150,000 respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Locations 2 References 3 External links Locations ( edit ) The final list mixes well - known landmarks with relatively obscure locations . There appears to be no specific motivation for how they were chosen ; when the travel writer Tim Moore searched the Waddingtons ' company archives he did not uncover any relevant documentation . The light blue set are all part of the London Inner Ring Road , this section of which opened in 1756 as the New Road . From west to east the road runs as Euston Road to King 's Cross , then Pentonville Road to the Angel , Islington . The three streets in the purple set all converge at Trafalgar Square , and the red set are all adjacent to each other as part of the A4 road , a major road running west from Central London . The orange set is related to locations dealing with the police and law . The yellow set has an entertainment and nightlife - based theme ; Leicester Square is known for cinemas and theatres , Coventry Street for clubs and restaurants , and Piccadilly for hotels . The streets in the green set have a background in retail and commercial properties . The stations were the four London termini of the London and North Eastern Railway , principally King 's Cross , which served Waddingtons ' home town of Leeds . Original Monopoly boards manufactured before the Transport Act 1947 and the nationalisation of the railways use this name on each title deed card ; later boards showed `` British Railways '' instead . Some elements of the US board were unchanged , leading to apparent idiosyncrasies . The police officer on Go To Jail is wearing a New York City Police Department hat , not a Metropolitan Police helmet , while the car on Free Parking has a Whitewall spare tyre , which was uncommon in the UK . The term Community Chest was a welfare support system present in the Great Depression and has not been used in Britain . London Monopoly board layout ( show ) Free Parking Strand £ 220 Chance ? Fleet Street £ 220 Trafalgar Square £ 240 Fenchurch Street station £ 200 Leicester Square £ 260 Coventry Street £ 260 Water Works £ 150 Piccadilly £ 280 Go To Jail Vine Street £ 200 MONOPOLY Regent Street £ 300 Marlborough Street £ 180 Oxford Street £ 300 Community Chest Community Chest Bow Street £ 180 Bond Street £ 320 Marylebone station £ 200 Liverpool Street station £ 200 Northumberland Avenue £ 160 Chance ? Whitehall £ 140 Park Lane £ 350 Electric Company £ 150 Super Tax ( pay £ 100 ) Pall Mall £ 140 Mayfair £ 400 In Jail / Just Visiting Pentonville Road £ 120 Euston Road £ 100 Chance ? The Angel Islington £ 100 King 's Cross station £ 200 Income Tax ( pay £ 200 ) Whitechapel Road £ 60 Community Chest Old Kent Road £ 60 Collect £ 200 salary as you pass GO Note : the table excludes the non-specific `` Go '' , `` Jail '' , `` Electric Company '' , `` Free Parking '' , `` Water Works '' and `` Go To Jail '' squares . Chance and Community Chest squares are also omitted . Colour Image Name Value House price ( game ) House price ( 2016 ) Location Notes Brown Old Kent Road £ 60 £ 30 £ 813,000 SE1 SE14 The only location south of the River Thames ; also the only one both outside and more than one tube stop away from the Circle line . Whitechapel Road £ 60 £ 30 £ 590,000 E1 Station King 's Cross station £ 200 N / A £ 782,000 NW1 Principal services : Glasgow Central , Edinburgh Waverley , Newcastle , York , Leeds Light blue The Angel , Islington £ 100 £ 50 £ 866,000 N1 The Angel is a former pub , not a street . It was a Lyons Corner House in 1935 and is reportedly where Watson and Phillips stopped for lunch . Euston Road £ 100 £ 50 £ 1,080,000 W1 NW1 Pentonville Road £ 120 £ 60 £ 866,000 N1 Purple Pall Mall £ 140 £ 70 £ 1,380,000 SW1 Whitehall £ 140 £ 70 £ 1,390,000 SW1 Northumberland Avenue £ 160 £ 80 £ 1,280,000 SW1 Station Marylebone station £ 200 N / A £ 1,100,000 NW1 Principal services : Birmingham Snow Hill , Oxford , Sheffield Victoria ( historic ) Orange Bow Street £ 180 £ 90 £ 1,280,000 WC2 Great Marlborough Street ( listed as Marlborough Street ) £ 180 £ 90 £ 2,480,000 W1 There is no actual Marlborough Street in this part of London ; the square on the board was mis - named after the Marlborough Street Magistrates Court . Vine Street £ 200 £ 100 £ 1,700,000 W1 The shortest street on the board ; it is 70 feet ( 21 m ) long . Since Vine Street has no pubs , a typical Monopoly pub crawl visits the connecting Swallow Street instead . Red Strand £ 220 £ 110 £ 2,160,000 WC2 Fleet Street £ 220 £ 110 £ 1,080,000 EC4 Trafalgar Square £ 240 £ 120 £ 1,280,000 WC2 Station Fenchurch Street station £ 200 N / A £ 1,430,000 EC3 Principal services : Southend Central Yellow Leicester Square £ 260 £ 130 £ 1,280,000 WC2 Coventry Street £ 260 £ 130 £ 1,900,000 WC2 Piccadilly £ 280 £ 140 £ 2,000,000 WC1 Green Regent Street £ 300 £ 150 £ 1,700,000 W1 Oxford Street £ 300 £ 150 £ 1,300,000 W1 Bond Street £ 320 £ 160 £ 806,000 W1 There is no actual Bond Street ; it is split into New Bond Street to the north and Old Bond Street to the south . Station Liverpool Street station £ 200 N / A £ 784,000 EC2 Principal services : Norwich , Cambridge , Stansted Airport , Southend Victoria Dark blue Park Lane £ 350 £ 175 £ 1,700,000 W1 Mayfair £ 400 £ 200 £ 3,150,000 W1 Not a street , but a location in London ( between Piccadilly , Regent Street , Oxford Street and Park Lane ) . The most expensive square on the board , and in reality . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Original British Monopoly boards have Old Kent Road and Whitechapel Road in a dark purple group , rather than brown . Citations Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Orbanes 2007 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Humphreys 2010 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Orbanes 2007 , pp. 85 -- 86 . ^ Jump up to : Moore 2003 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Brown , Matt ( 9 December 2016 ) . `` The Real Life Monopoly Board '' . Londonist . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Victor Watson '' . The Times . 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Victor Watson , businessman -- obituary '' . The Daily Telegraph . 8 March 2015 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Monopoly Pub Crawl '' . The Daily Telegraph . 5 November 2015 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Noble , Will ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` 7 Awesome London Pub Crawls '' . Londonist . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Colson , Thomas ( 16 November 2016 ) . `` Here 's what a British Monopoly board would look like with today 's house prices '' . The Independent . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ `` Great Britain Monopoly Game : Patent Applied For issue c. 1937 '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Moore 2003 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Weinreb et al. 2008 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Cox , Hugo ( 11 November 2016 ) . `` Mayfair : London 's most expensive `` village '' `` . Financial Times . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Sources Humphreys , Rob ( 2010 ) . The Rough Guide to London . Dorling Kindersley Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 848 - 36278 - 9 . Moore , Tim ( 2003 ) . Do Not Pass Go . Vintage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 099 - 43386 - 6 . Orbanes , Philip ( 2007 ) . Monopoly : The World 's Most Famous Game -- And How It Got That Way . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81592 - 8 . Weinreb , Ben ; Hibbert , Christopher ; Keay , John ; Keay , Julia ( 2008 ) . The London Encyclopaedia ( 2nd ed . ) . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 405 - 04924 - 5 . External links ( edit ) London Monopoly Map from Google Maps Monopoly Board Pub Crawl website ( hide ) Monopoly History History of Monopoly Chance and Community Chest cards Game designers and early publishers Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Magie Scott Nearing Charles Darrow Related games Anti-Monopoly The Landlord 's Game Easy Money Finance Hasbro Monopoly and licensees Monopoly Parker Brothers Milton Bradley Hasbro Waddingtons Winning Moves Get Out of Jail Free card Rich Uncle Pennybags Monopoly money Modern variants Licensed and localized editions My Monopoly Monopoly : The Mega Edition Monopoly City Spin - off games Board / dice games Monopoly Junior Advance to Boardwalk Do n't Go to Jail ( Monopoly Express ) Card games Free Parking Waterworks Monopoly : The Card Game Express Monopoly Monopoly Deal Monopoly on television 1990 game show Monopoly Millionaires ' Club Family Game Night Monopoly metaphors and idioms `` Do not pass Go . Do not collect $200 . '' `` Get Out of Jail Free card '' `` Monopoly money '' See also Ralph Anspach McDonald 's Monopoly Late for the Sky Pinball game Monopoly Tycoon Monopoly Party Video games London Monopoly locations Monopoly City Streets The Mad Magazine Game Monopoly Millionaires ' Club Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_London_Monopoly_locations&oldid=818909524 '' Categories : London Monopoly places Lists of places in London Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 08 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how much is old kent road in monopoly
[ "\n\n\nColour\nImage\nName\nValue\nHouse price (game)\nHouse price (2016)[12]\nLocation\nNotes\n\n\n\nBrown[a]\n\nOld Kent Road\n£60\n£30\n£813,000\nSE1\nSE14\nThe only location south of the River Thames; also the only one both outside and more than one tube stop away from the Circle line.[23]\n\n\n\nWhitechapel Road\n£60\n£30\n£590,000\nE1\n\n\n\n\nStation\n\nKing's Cross station\n£200\nN/A\n£782,000\nNW1\nPrincipal services: Glasgow Central, Edinburgh Waverley, Newcastle, York, Leeds\n\n\n\nLight blue\n\nThe Angel, Islington\n£100\n£50\n£866,000\nN1\nThe Angel is a former pub, not a street. It was a Lyons Corner House in 1935 and is reportedly where Watson and Phillips stopped for lunch.[24]\n\n\n\nEuston Road\n£100\n£50\n£1,080,000\nW1\nNW1\n\n\n\n\nPentonville Road\n£120\n£60\n£866,000\nN1\n\n\n\n\nPurple\n\nPall Mall\n£140\n£70\n£1,380,000\nSW1\n\n\n\n\nWhitehall\n£140\n£70\n£1,390,000\nSW1\n\n\n\n\nNorthumberland Avenue\n£160\n£80\n£1,280,000\nSW1\n\n\n\n\nStation\n\nMarylebone station\n£200\nN/A\n£1,100,000\nNW1\nPrincipal services: Birmingham Snow Hill, Oxford, Sheffield Victoria (historic)\n\n\n\nOrange\n\nBow Street\n£180\n£90\n£1,280,000\nWC2\n\n\n\n\nGreat Marlborough Street\n(listed as Marlborough Street)\n£180\n£90\n£2,480,000\nW1\nThere is no actual Marlborough Street in this part of London; the square on the board was mis-named after the Marlborough Street Magistrates Court.[25]\n\n\n\nVine Street\n£200\n£100\n£1,700,000\nW1\nThe shortest street on the board; it is 70 feet (21 m) long. Since Vine Street has no pubs, a typical Monopoly pub crawl visits the connecting Swallow Street instead.[26]\n\n\n\nRed\n\nStrand\n£220\n£110\n£2,160,000\nWC2\n\n\n\n\nFleet Street\n£220\n£110\n£1,080,000\nEC4\n\n\n\n\nTrafalgar Square\n£240\n£120\n£1,280,000\nWC2\n\n\n\n\nStation\n\nFenchurch Street station\n£200\nN/A\n£1,430,000\nEC3\nPrincipal services: Southend Central\n\n\n\nYellow\n\nLeicester Square\n£260\n£130\n£1,280,000\nWC2\n\n\n\n\nCoventry Street\n£260\n£130\n£1,900,000\nWC2\n\n\n\n\nPiccadilly\n£280\n£140\n£2,000,000\nWC1\n\n\n\n\nGreen\n\nRegent Street\n£300\n£150\n£1,700,000\nW1\n\n\n\n\nOxford Street\n£300\n£150\n£1,300,000\nW1\n\n\n\n\nBond Street\n£320\n£160\n£806,000\nW1\nThere is no actual Bond Street; it is split into New Bond Street to the north and Old Bond Street to the south.[27]\n\n\n\nStation\n\nLiverpool Street station\n£200\nN/A\n£784,000\nEC2\nPrincipal services: Norwich, Cambridge, Stansted Airport, Southend Victoria\n\n\n\nDark blue\n\nPark Lane\n£350\n£175\n£1,700,000\nW1\n\n\n\n\nMayfair\n£400\n£200\n£3,150,000\nW1\nNot a street, but a location in London (between Piccadilly, Regent Street, Oxford Street and Park Lane). The most expensive square on the board, and in reality.[28]\n\n" ]
[ "£60" ]
-7134355802579174662
Nullification (U.S. Constitution)
Nullification ( U.S. Constitution ) - wikipedia Nullification ( U.S. Constitution ) Jump to : navigation , search Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism Nullification , in United States constitutional history , is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify , or invalidate , any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional . The theory of nullification has never been legally upheld by federal courts . The theory of nullification is based on a view that the States formed the Union by an agreement ( or `` compact '' ) among the States , and that as creators of the federal government , the States have the final authority to determine the limits of the power of that government . Under this , the compact theory , the States and not the federal courts are the ultimate interpreters of the extent of the federal government 's power . Under this theory , the States therefore may reject , or nullify , federal laws that the States believe are beyond the federal government 's constitutional powers . The related idea of interposition is a theory that a state has the right and the duty to `` interpose '' itself when the federal government enacts laws that the state believes to be unconstitutional . Thomas Jefferson and James Madison set forth the theories of nullification and interposition in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 . Courts at the state and federal level , including the U.S. Supreme Court , repeatedly have rejected the theory of nullification . The courts have decided that under the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution , federal law is superior to state law , and that under Article III of the Constitution , the federal judiciary has the final power to interpret the Constitution . Therefore , the power to make final decisions about the constitutionality of federal laws lies with the federal courts , not the states , and the states do not have the power to nullify federal laws . Between 1798 and the beginning of the Civil War in 1861 , several states threatened or attempted nullification of various federal laws . None of these efforts were legally upheld . The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were rejected by the other states . The Supreme Court rejected nullification attempts in a series of decisions in the 19th century , including Ableman v. Booth , which rejected Wisconsin 's attempt to nullify the Fugitive Slave Act . The Civil War ended most nullification efforts . In the 1950s , southern states attempted to use nullification and interposition to prevent integration of their schools . These attempts failed when the Supreme Court again rejected nullification in Cooper v. Aaron , explicitly holding that the states may not nullify federal law . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Constitution and the Theory of Nullification 1.1 Provisions of the Constitution 1.2 The Constitutional Convention and state ratifying conventions 1.3 The Federalist Papers 2 The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 3 Nullification Attempts in the 19th Century 3.1 The Peters case 3.2 New England 's protests against federal authority 3.3 Virginia 's opposition to Supreme Court review 3.4 Ohio and the Bank of the United States 3.5 Georgia and the Cherokees 3.6 The Nullification Crisis 3.7 Nullification attempts and the Fugitive Slave Laws 4 Nullification Attempts and School Desegregation in the 1950s 5 Nullification vs. Interposition 6 Nullification Compared to Other Actions by the States 6.1 State Lawsuits Challenging Federal Law 6.2 State Refusals to Assist in Enforcement of Federal Law 6.3 State Legalization of Acts Prohibited by Federal Law 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 External links The Constitution and the theory of nullification ( edit ) Provisions of the Constitution ( edit ) The Constitution does not contain any clause expressly providing that the states have the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional . Supporters of nullification have argued that the states ' power of nullification is inherent in the nature of the federal system . They have argued that before the Constitution was ratified , the states essentially were separate nations . Under this theory , the Constitution is a contract , or `` compact , '' among the states by which the states delegated certain powers to the federal government , while reserving all other powers to themselves . The states , as parties to the compact , retained the inherent right to judge compliance with the compact . According to supporters of nullification , if the states determine that the federal government has exceeded its delegated powers , the states may declare federal laws unconstitutional . Nullification supporters argue that the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional not only is inherent in the concept of state sovereignty , but also is one of the powers reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment . This view of the Constitution has been rejected by the federal courts , which consistently have held that under the Constitution , the states do not have the power to nullify federal laws . The courts have rejected the compact theory , finding that the Constitution was not a contract among the states . Rather , the Constitution was established directly by the people , as stated in the preamble : `` We the people of the United States ... '' The people made the federal government superior to the states in certain ways . Under the Supremacy Clause of Article VI , the Constitution and federal laws made in pursuance thereof are `` the supreme law of the land ... any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding . '' The courts have held that federal laws are therefore superior to state laws and can not be negated by the states . Federal laws are valid and are controlling , so long as those laws were adopted in pursuance of -- that is , consistent with -- the Constitution . Determining whether a federal law is consistent with the Constitution requires interpretation of the law , which is inherently a judicial function . The federal judicial power granted by Article III of the Constitution gives the federal courts authority over all cases `` arising under this Constitution ( or ) the laws of the United States . '' The federal courts therefore have been given the power to determine whether federal laws are consistent with the Constitution , with the Supreme Court having final authority . Thus , the federal courts have held that under the Constitution , federal law is controlling over state law , and the final power to determine whether federal laws are unconstitutional has been delegated to the federal courts . The courts therefore have held that the states do not have the power to nullify federal law . The constitutional Convention and state ratifying Conventions ( edit ) The concept of nullification of federal law by the states was not discussed at the Constitutional Convention . The records of the Constitutional Convention therefore do not provide support for the theory of nullification . On the other hand , the records of the Convention support the idea that the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional lies in the federal courts . At least fifteen Constitutional Convention delegates from nine states spoke about the power of the federal courts to declare federal laws unconstitutional . For example , George Mason said that under the Constitution , federal judges `` could declare an unconstitutional law void . '' James Madison said : `` A law violating a constitution established by the people themselves , would be considered by the Judges as null & void . '' Elbridge Gerry said that the power of federal judges to interpret federal laws includes `` a power of deciding on their constitutionality . '' Several of the Convention delegates said that the federal courts would have power to determine disputes between the federal government and the states . Charles Pinckney referred to federal judges as `` Umpires between the U. States and the individual States . '' John Rutledge indicated that the Supreme Court would `` judge between the U.S. and particular states . '' These statements indicated that the Supreme Court would have final authority in constitutional disputes between the federal government and the states . The records of the state ratifying conventions do not include any assertions that the states would have the power to nullify federal laws . It has been argued that certain statements in the Virginia ratifying convention , although not asserting a right of nullification , articulated a basis for the compact theory . Edmund Randolph and George Nicholas stated that Virginia 's ratification of the Constitution would constitute its agreement to a contract , and that if Virginia were to state its understanding at the time of ratification that the federal government could exercise only its delegated powers , this understanding would become part of the contract and would be binding on the federal government . These statements implied a belief that Virginia , as a party to the contract , would have a right to judge the constitutional limits of federal power . The records of the state ratifying conventions include over three dozen statements in more than half the states asserting that the federal courts would have the power to declare laws unconstitutional . For example , Luther Martin 's letter to the Maryland ratifying convention asserted that the power to declare laws unconstitutional could be exercised solely by the federal courts , and that the states would be bound by federal court decisions : `` Whether , therefore , any laws or regulations of the Congress , any acts of its President or other officers , are contrary to , or not warranted by , the Constitution , rests only with the judges , who are appointed by Congress , to determine ; by whose determinations every state must be bound . '' John Marshall said in the Virginia convention that protection against infringement of the Constitution would be provided by the federal courts : `` If ( Congress ) were to make a law not warranted by any of the powers enumerated , it would be considered by the ( federal ) judges as an infringement of the Constitution which they are to guard ... They would declare it void ... To what quarter will you look for protection from an infringement on the Constitution , if you will not give the power to the judiciary ? There is no other body that can afford such a protection . '' In short , there were no statements in the Constitutional Convention or the state ratifying conventions asserting that the states would have the power to nullify federal laws . On the other hand , the records of these conventions support the idea that the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional lies in the federal courts . The Federalist Papers ( edit ) The Federalist Papers do not assert that the states have the power to nullify federal law . On the contrary , they say that the power to declare laws unconstitutional concerning is delegated to federal courts , not the states . Federalist No. 33 states that federal laws are supreme over the states , so long as those laws are within the federal government 's delegated powers . Federalist No. 39 directly addresses the question of who is to decide whether the federal government has exceeded its delegated powers and has infringed on the states ' reserved powers . It explains that under the Constitution , this issue is to be decided by the Supreme Court , not the states : `` ( The federal government 's ) jurisdiction extends to certain enumerated objects only , and leaves to the several States a residuary and inviolable sovereignty over all other objects . It is true that in controversies relating to the boundary between the two jurisdictions , the tribunal which is ultimately to decide , is to be established under the general ( i.e. federal ) government ... Some such tribunal is clearly essential to prevent an appeal to the sword and a dissolution of the compact ; and that it ought to be established under the general rather than under the local governments , or , to speak more properly , that it could be safely established under the first alone , is a position not likely to be combated . '' Federalist No. 44 discusses the role of the states in checking actions of Congress that exceed its delegated powers . According to Federalist No. 44 , the role of the states is to `` sound the alarm '' regarding any unconstitutional exercise of power by Congress , and to assist in electing new representatives to Congress . Federalist No. 44 does not imply that the states have the power to legally nullify federal law , although this would have been an appropriate context in which to mention it if such a power were thought to exist . Federalist No. 78 says that the federal courts have the power `` to pronounce legislative acts void , because contrary to the Constitution . '' Federalist No. 80 asserts that the final authority to interpret the Constitution and federal law lies in the federal courts , not the states , because of the need for uniformity . Likewise , Federalist No. 22 says that the federal courts should interpret federal law due to the need for uniformity . Federalist No. 82 says that because of the need for uniformity and the federal government 's need to effectively enforce its laws , the Constitution gives the Supreme Court the power to review decisions of state courts in cases arising under the Constitution or federal law . The Federalist Papers therefore indicate that the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional lies in the federal courts , not in the states . The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions ( edit ) Main article : Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions The earliest assertion of the theories of nullification and interposition is found in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 , which were a protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts . In these resolutions , authors Thomas Jefferson and James Madison argued that `` the states '' have the right to interpret the Constitution and can declare federal laws unconstitutional when the federal government exceeds its delegated powers . These resolutions are considered the foundational documents of the theories of nullification and interposition . The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 , written by Jefferson , asserted that the states formed the Constitution as a compact , delegating certain specified powers to the federal government and reserving all other powers to themselves . Each state , as a party to the compact , has a `` right to judge for itself '' the extent of the federal government 's powers . When the federal government acts beyond the scope of its delegated powers , a state may determine that the federal government 's `` acts are unauthoritative , void , and of no force . '' The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 called on the other states to join Kentucky `` in declaring these acts void and of no force '' and `` in requesting their repeal at the next session of Congress . '' The Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 added the assertion that when a federal law is unconstitutional , the remedy is `` nullification '' of the law by `` the several states . '' The Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 did not assert that Kentucky would unilaterally refuse to enforce , or prevent enforcement of , the Alien and Sedition Acts . Rather , these resolutions declared that Kentucky `` will bow to the laws of the Union '' but would continue `` to oppose in a constitutional manner '' the Alien and Sedition Acts . The resolutions stated that Kentucky was entering its `` solemn protest '' against those Acts . The author of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 is not known with certainty . The Virginia Resolutions of 1798 , written by Madison , did not mention nullification . Rather , they introduced the idea of `` interposition . '' The Virginia Resolutions asserted that when the federal government engages in `` a deliberate , palpable , and dangerous exercise '' of powers not granted by the Constitution , `` the states , who are parties thereto , have the right , and are in duty bound , to interpose , for arresting the progress of the evil , and for maintaining , within their respective limits , the authorities , rights and liberties , appertaining to them . '' The Virginia Resolutions did not explain what form this `` interposition '' might take . The Virginia Resolutions appealed to the other states for agreement and cooperation in opposing the Alien and Sedition Acts . The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions did not attempt to prohibit enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Acts within the borders of those states . Rather , these resolutions declared that the legislatures of these states viewed the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional , called for the repeal of these Acts , and requested the support and cooperation of the other states . The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were not accepted by any of the other states . Rather , ten states rejected the Resolutions , with seven states formally transmitting their rejections to Kentucky and Virginia and three other states passing resolutions expressing disapproval . At least six states responded to the Resolutions by taking the position that the constitutionality of acts of Congress is a question for the federal courts , not the state legislatures . For example , Vermont 's resolution stated : `` That the General Assembly of the state of Vermont do highly disapprove of the resolutions of the General Assembly of Virginia , as being unconstitutional in their nature , and dangerous in their tendency . It belongs not to state legislatures to decide on the constitutionality of laws made by the general government ; this power being exclusively vested in the judiciary courts of the Union . '' Virginia responded to the criticism of the other states by issuing the Report of 1800 , written by Madison . The Report of 1800 affirmed and defended the Virginia Resolutions . The Report of 1800 also said that a declaration of unconstitutionality by the states would be only an expression of opinion designed to spur debate , rather than having the authoritative effect of a federal court decision . During the Nullification Crisis of the 1830s , Madison denounced as unconstitutional the concept of nullification of federal law by a state . Madison wrote , `` But it follows , from no view of the subject , that a nullification of a law of the U.S. can as is now contended , belong rightfully to a single State , as one of the parties to the Constitution ; the State not ceasing to avow its adherence to the Constitution . A plainer contradiction in terms , or a more fatal inlet to anarchy , can not be imagined . '' Nullification attempts in the 19th century ( edit ) The Peters case ( edit ) The Supreme Court first dealt with nullification in 1809 in the case of United States v. Peters , 9 U.S. ( 5 Cranch ) 115 ( 1809 ) . The Court rejected the idea of nullification . The Pennsylvania legislature had passed an act purporting to nullify a federal court 's decision . The Pennsylvania statute stated that the federal court had acted unconstitutionally because it did not have jurisdiction , and that the federal court 's judgment `` was null and void . '' The Supreme Court held that the Pennsylvania legislature did not have the power to nullify the federal court 's judgment , stating : `` If the legislatures of the several States may , at will , annul the judgments of the courts of the United States , and destroy the rights acquired under those judgments , the Constitution itself becomes a solemn mockery , and the nation is deprived of the means of enforcing its laws by the instrumentality of its own tribunals . '' In response , the Governor of Pennsylvania called out the state militia to prevent enforcement of the Supreme Court 's judgment . However , the U.S. Marshal summoned a posse , carried out the Supreme Court 's order , and arrested the leaders of the state militia . The Pennsylvania legislature passed a resolution declaring the action of the Supreme Court unconstitutional , invoking states ' rights , and appealing to the other states for support . Eleven states responded by disapproving Pennsylvania 's attempted nullification . No state supported Pennsylvania . The Governor of Pennsylvania made a plea to President James Madison to intervene , but Madison affirmed the authority of the Supreme Court . The Pennsylvania legislature backed down and withdrew the militia . Thus , Pennsylvania 's attempt to nullify the federal court judgment failed . New England 's protests against federal authority ( edit ) Several New England states objected to the Embargo Act of 1807 , which restricted foreign trade . The Massachusetts legislature passed a resolution stating that the embargo `` is , in the opinion of the legislature , in many respects , unjust , oppressive and unconstitutional , and not legally binding on the citizens of this state . '' The Massachusetts resolution did not purport to nullify the Embargo Act , but instead stated that `` the judicial courts are competent to decide this question , and to them every citizen , when aggrieved , ought to apply for redress . '' Massachusetts called on Congress to repeal the act , and proposed several constitutional amendments . Connecticut passed a resolution declaring that the act was unconstitutional and declaring that state officials would not `` assist , or concur in giving effect to the aforesaid unconstitutional act . '' Connecticut joined in the call for constitutional amendments . Neither Massachusetts nor Connecticut attempted to ban enforcement of the act within the state . A federal district court ruled in 1808 that the Embargo Act was constitutional . Congress repealed the Embargo Act in 1809 because it had been ineffective in achieving its goal of bringing economic pressure on England and France . Neither state attempted to block enforcement of the Embargo Act , so nullification did not come to a legal test . The War of 1812 was harmful to New England 's commercial interests and was unpopular in New England . The New England states objected to putting their state militias under federal control , arguing that the Constitution did not give the federal government authority over state militias in those circumstances . There was some discussion in New England about making a separate peace with Britain or even seceding from the Union . At the Hartford Convention of 1814 , delegates from several New England states met to discuss their disagreements with the federal government 's policies . The final report and resolutions from the Hartford Convention asserted that `` acts of Congress in violation of the Constitution are absolutely void '' and asserted the right of a state `` to interpose its authority '' to protect against unconstitutional government action . The final resolutions did not attempt to ban enforcement of any act of Congress . Rather , the resolutions recommended to state legislatures that they protect their citizens from unconstitutional federal action , called on the federal government to fund the defense of New England , and proposed a series of amendments to the Constitution . No state legislature followed up by attempting to nullify a federal act . The end of the war made the issue moot . Virginia 's opposition to Supreme Court Review ( edit ) In 1813 , the Supreme Court reversed a decision of the Virginia Court of Appeals , basing its decision on the terms of a federal treaty . The Virginia Court of Appeals refused to accept the Supreme Court 's decision , stating that under the Constitution , the Supreme Court did not have authority over state courts . The Virginia court held that as a matter of state sovereignty , its decisions were final and could not be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court . The Virginia court found unconstitutional the federal statute providing for Supreme Court review of state court judgments . This decision would have allowed each state 's courts to decide for themselves whether federal actions were unconstitutional , effectively giving state courts the right to nullify federal law . In Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 14 U.S. ( 1 Wheat . ) 304 ( 1816 ) , the Supreme Court rejected this view . The Supreme Court held that Article III of the Constitution gives the federal courts jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Constitution or federal law , and gives the Supreme Court final authority in such cases . The Supreme Court stated that the people , by providing in the Constitution that the Supreme Court has final authority in such cases , had chosen to limit the sovereignty of the states . The Supreme Court therefore found that the federal courts , not the states , have the final power to interpret the Constitution . Virginia again challenged the Supreme Court 's authority in Cohens v. Virginia , 19 U.S. ( 6 Wheat . ) 264 ( 1821 ) . The question was whether the Supreme Court had authority to hear an appeal in a criminal case decided by a state court based on violation of a state law , where the defense was based on federal law . The Virginia legislature passed resolutions declaring that the Supreme Court had no authority over it due to principles of state sovereignty . The Supreme Court held that under Article III of the Constitution , the federal courts have jurisdiction over all cases involving the Constitution or federal law , including state cases in which a federal defense arises . Because the defendants in the case claimed that their actions were authorized by a federal statute , there was a disputed issue of federal law and the Supreme Court had authority to review the state court 's judgment . Thus , the Supreme Court again found that the final power to interpret federal law lies in the federal courts , not the states . These two cases established the principle that the federal courts , not the states , have the final power to interpret the Constitution and to determine the Constitutional limits of federal power . These cases rejected the state 's attempt to determine the limits of federal power . Ohio and the Bank of the United states ( edit ) In 1819 , Ohio imposed a tax on the federally chartered Bank of the United States . The Supreme Court already had ruled that such taxes were unconstitutional in McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) . Despite the Supreme Court 's decision , Ohio seized $100,000 from the Bank to satisfy the tax . Ohio 's legislature passed resolutions declaring that it did not accept the result of the McCulloch case and denying that the Supreme Court had the final authority to interpret the Constitution . The Ohio legislature 's resolutions , relying on the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions , asserted that the states `` have an equal right to interpret that Constitution for themselves . '' The resolutions declared that Ohio had the legal power to tax the Bank . The controversy eventually reached the Supreme Court in Osborn v. Bank of the United States , 22 U.S. ( 9 Wheat . ) 738 ( 1824 ) . The Supreme Court held that Ohio 's tax on the Bank was unconstitutional . The Supreme Court stated : `` ( T ) he act of the State of Ohio ... is repugnant to a law of the United States , made in pursuance of the Constitution , and therefore void . '' The Supreme Court thus rejected Ohio 's attempt to nullify federal law . Georgia and the Cherokees ( edit ) In the 1820s , Georgia passed an act making Georgia state law applicable on all Cherokee lands and declaring all laws of the Cherokee nation void . This contradicted federal treaties with the Cherokees , effectively nullifying those federal treaties . Georgia 's actions were reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court in Worcester v. Georgia , 31 U.S. ( 6 Pet . ) 515 ( 1832 ) . While the case was pending in the Supreme Court , the Georgia legislature passed a resolution asserting that under the Tenth Amendment , the federal government had no jurisdiction over Georgia criminal law and the Supreme Court 's review of the case was unconstitutional . The Supreme Court rejected Georgia 's attempt to nullify the federal treaties with the Cherokees . The Court held that `` according to the settled principles of our Constitution , '' authority over Indian affairs is `` committed exclusively to the government of the Union . '' The Court held that under the federal treaties with the Cherokees , `` the laws of Georgia can have no force '' on Cherokee land . The Court held that Georgia 's laws regulating Cherokee land were `` void , as being repugnant to the constitution , treaties , and laws of the United States . '' The Supreme Court thus asserted final authority to interpret the Constitution and federal treaties , rejecting Georgia 's nullification attempt . Georgia refused to accept the Supreme Court 's decision . President Andrew Jackson did not believe Georgia had the right to nullify federal law , but was sympathetic to Georgia 's goal of forcing the Cherokees to relocate to the west . He took no immediate action against Georgia . Before the Supreme Court could hear a request for an order enforcing its judgment , the Nullification Crisis arose in South Carolina . Jackson wanted to avoid a confrontation with Georgia over states ' rights . A compromise was brokered under which Georgia repealed the law at issue in Worcester . Despite the Court 's decision finding Georgia 's actions unconstitutional , Georgia continued to enforce other laws regulating the Cherokees . Ultimately the Cherokees were forced to agree to a treaty of relocation , leading to the Trail of Tears . The nullification Crisis ( edit ) Main article : Nullification Crisis The idea of nullification increasingly became associated with matters pertaining to the sectional conflict and slavery . The best known statement of the theory of nullification during this period , authored by John C. Calhoun , was the South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828 . Calhoun asserted that the Tariff of 1828 , which favored the northern manufacturing states and harmed the southern agricultural states , was unconstitutional . Calhoun argued that each state , as `` an essential attribute of sovereignty , '' has the right to judge the extent of its own powers and the allocation of power between the state and the federal government . Calhoun argued that each state therefore necessarily has a `` veto , '' or a `` right of interposition , '' with respect to acts of the federal government that the state believes encroach on its rights . In the Webster - Hayne debate in the Senate in 1830 , Daniel Webster responded to this nullification theory by arguing that the Constitution itself provides for the resolution of disputes between the federal government and the states regarding allocation of powers . Webster argued that the Supremacy Clause provides that the Constitution and federal laws enacted pursuant thereto are superior to state law , and that Article III gives to the federal judiciary the power to resolve all issues relating to interpretation of the Constitution . Under the Constitution , the federal courts therefore have the last word , said Webster . Webster said that the Constitution does not give the states a power of constitutional interpretation , and that any such power would result in as many conflicting interpretations of the Constitution as there are states . Therefore , said Webster , under the Constitution , the states do not have the power to nullify federal laws . In 1832 , South Carolina undertook to nullify the Tariff of 1828 and the Tariff of 1832 , as well as a subsequent federal act authorizing the use of force to enforce the tariffs . South Carolina purported to prohibit enforcement of these tariff acts within the state , asserting that these acts `` are unauthorized by the constitution of the United States , and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null , void , and no law , nor binding upon this State , its officers or citizens . '' President Andrew Jackson denied that South Carolina had the power to nullify federal statutes , and prepared to enforce federal law forcibly if necessary . In his Proclamation to the People of South Carolina , Jackson said : `` I consider , then , the power to annul a law of the United States , assumed by one State , incompatible with the existence of the Union , contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution , unauthorized by its spirit , inconsistent with every principle on which It was founded , and destructive of the great object for which it was formed . '' No other state supported South Carolina . James Madison , author of the Virginia Resolution , also weighed in at this time , stating that the Virginia Resolution should not be interpreted to mean that each state has the right to nullify federal law . The issue was made moot by an enactment of a compromise tariff bill . While the Nullification Crisis arose over a tariff law , it was recognized that the issues at stake had application to the slavery question as well . Nullification attempts and the Fugitive Slave laws ( edit ) Northern states in the mid-19th century attempted to block enforcement of the pro-slavery federal Fugitive Slave Acts of 1793 and 1850 . Several northern states passed personal liberty laws that had the practical effect of undermining the effectiveness of the federal fugitive slave statutes and preventing slave owners from recovering runaways . For example , a Pennsylvania law enacted in 1826 made it a crime for any person to forcibly remove a black person from the state with the intention of keeping or selling him as a slave . The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the validity of the federal Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 in the case of Prigg v. Pennsylvania , 41 U.S. 539 ( 1842 ) . The Court rejected Pennsylvania 's argument that Congress had no constitutional authority to enact the Fugitive Slave Act , finding that the Act was authorized by the Constitution 's fugitive slave clause ( Article IV , Section 2 ) . The Court found that Pennsylvania 's personal liberty law was unconstitutional because it conflicted with the Constitution 's fugitive slave clause . The Court thus rejected Pennsylvania 's attempt to nullify the Fugitive Slave Act . However , the Supreme Court implied that states might be able to pass laws denying the assistance of state officials in enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act , leaving enforcement to federal officials . The Supreme Court again dealt with a northern challenge to the federal fugitive slave statutes in the case of Ableman v. Booth , 62 U.S. 506 ( 1859 ) . The courts of Wisconsin held the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 unconstitutional and ordered the release of a prisoner who was prosecuted in federal district court for violation of the Act . The Wisconsin court declared that the Supreme Court had no authority to review its decision . The Wisconsin legislature passed a resolution declaring that the Supreme Court had no jurisdiction over the Wisconsin court 's decision . In language borrowed from the Kentucky Resolution of 1798 , the Wisconsin resolution asserted that the Supreme Court 's review of the case was void . The Supreme Court held that Wisconsin did not have the power to nullify federal law or to prevent federal officials from enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act . The Court held that in adopting the Supremacy Clause , the people of the United States had made federal law superior to state law and had provided that in the event of a conflict , federal law would control . Further , the Court found that the people had delegated the judicial power , including final appellate authority , to the federal courts with respect to cases arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States . Therefore , the people gave the federal courts final authority to determine the constitutionality of federal statutes and to determine the boundary between federal power and state power . Accordingly , the Court held that the Wisconsin court did not have the power to nullify a federal statute that had been upheld by the federal courts or to interfere with federal enforcement of that statute . Ableman v. Booth was the Supreme Court 's most thorough examination yet of the theory of nullification . Like the decisions that preceded it , Ableman found that federal law was superior to state law , and that under the Constitution , the final power to determine the constitutionality of federal laws lies in the federal courts , not the states . Ableman found that the Constitution gave the Supreme Court final authority to determine the extent and limits of federal power and that the states therefore do not have the power to nullify federal law . The Declaration of Immediate Causes associated with South Carolina 's ordinance of secession from December 1860 stated that nullification attempts by the northern states were a cause of South Carolina 's secession from the union : `` an increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding States to the institution of slavery , has led to a disregard of their obligations , and the laws of the General Government have ceased to effect the objects of the Constitution . The States of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , Massachusetts , Connecticut , Rhode Island , New York , Pennsylvania , Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Wisconsin and Iowa , have enacted laws which either nullify the Acts of Congress or render useless any attempt to execute them . In many of these States the fugitive is discharged from service or labor claimed , and in none of them has the State Government complied with the stipulation made in the Constitution ... Thus the constituted compact has been deliberately broken and disregarded by the non-slaveholding States , and the consequence follows that South Carolina is released from her obligation . '' ( 1 ) The Civil War put an end to most nullification attempts . Nullification relied on principles of states ' rights that were viewed as no longer viable after the Civil War . Nullification attempts and School desegregation in the 1950s ( edit ) Nullification and interposition resurfaced in the 1950s as southern states attempted to preserve racial segregation in their schools . In Brown v. Board of Education , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) , the Supreme Court decided that segregated schools were unconstitutional . At least ten southern states passed nullification or interposition measures attempting to preserve segregated schools and refusing to follow the Brown decision . The advocates of these nullification and interposition measures argued that the Brown decision was an unconstitutional infringement on states ' rights , and that the states had the power to prevent that decision from being enforced within their borders . The Supreme Court explicitly rejected nullification in the case of Cooper v. Aaron , 358 U.S. 1 ( 1958 ) . The state of Arkansas had passed several laws in an effort to prevent the integration of its schools . The Supreme Court , in its only opinion to be signed by all nine justices , held that state governments had no power to nullify the Brown decision . The Supreme Court held that the Brown decision and its implementation `` can neither be nullified openly and directly by state legislators or state executive or judicial officers nor nullified indirectly by them through evasive schemes for segregation whether attempted ' ingeniously or ingenuously . ' '' Thus , Cooper v. Aaron directly held that states may not nullify federal law . The Supreme Court rejected interposition in a similar context . The Supreme Court affirmed the decision of a federal district court that rejected Louisiana 's attempt to use interposition to protect its segregated schools . The district court found that interposition by the states is inconsistent with the Constitution , which gives the power to decide constitutional issues to the Supreme Court , not the states . The court held : `` The conclusion is clear that interposition is not a constitutional doctrine . If taken seriously , it is illegal defiance of constitutional authority . Otherwise , ' it amounted to no more than a protest , an escape valve through which the legislators blew off steam to relieve their tensions . ' ... However solemn or spirited , interposition resolutions have no legal efficacy . '' Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board , 188 F. Supp. 916 ( E.D. La . 1960 ) , aff 'd 364 U.S. 500 ( 1960 ) . The Supreme Court affirmed this decision , thus holding that interposition can not be used to negate federal law . Nullification vs. interposition ( edit ) In theory , nullification differs from interposition in several respects . Nullification is usually considered to be an act by a state finding a federal law unconstitutional , and declaring it void and unenforceable in that state . A nullification act often makes it illegal to enforce the federal law in question . Nullification arguably may be undertaken by a single state . Interposition also involves a declaration that a federal law is unconstitutional . There are various actions that a state might take to `` interpose '' once it has determined that a federal law is unconstitutional . In the Virginia Resolutions of 1798 , Madison did not describe the form or effect of interposition . But two years later in the Report of 1800 , Madison described a variety of actions that states might take to `` interpose '' : communicating with other states about the unconstitutional federal law , attempting to enlist the support of other states , petitioning Congress to repeal the law , introducing Constitutional amendments in Congress , or calling a constitutional convention . Madison did not argue that a state could `` interpose '' by legally nullifying a federal law and declaring it unenforceable . Madison contemplated that interposition would be a joint action by a number of states , not an action by a single state . Interposition is considered to be less extreme than nullification because it does not involve a state 's unilateral decision to prevent enforcement of federal law . In practice , nullification and interposition often have been confused , and sometimes have been used indistinguishably . John C. Calhoun indicated that these terms were interchangeable , stating : `` This right of interposition , thus solemnly asserted by the State of Virginia , be it called what it may -- State - right , veto , nullification , or by any other name -- I conceive to be the fundamental principle of our system . '' During the fight over integration of the schools in the south in the 1950s , a number of southern states passed so - called `` Acts of Interposition '' that actually would have had the effect of nullification . As noted above , the courts have rejected both nullification and interposition . Nullification compared to other actions by the states ( edit ) States sometimes have taken various actions short of nullification in an effort to prevent enforcement of federal law . While nullification is an attempt to declare federal law unconstitutional and to forbid its enforcement within the state , some other actions by the states do not attempt to declare federal law invalid , but instead use other means in an effort to prevent or hinder enforcement of federal law . State lawsuits challenging federal law ( edit ) Nullification should be distinguished from the situation in which a state brings a lawsuit to challenge the constitutionality of a federal law . A state may challenge the constitutionality of a federal statute by filing a lawsuit in court seeking to declare the federal law unconstitutional . Such a lawsuit is decided by the courts , with the Supreme Court having final jurisdiction . This is the accepted method of challenging the constitutionality of a federal statute . This is not nullification , even if the courts uphold the state 's position and declare the federal statute unconstitutional . The theory of nullification is that the states have the unilateral power to determine the constitutionality of federal laws , and that a state 's determination of unconstitutionality can not be reviewed or reversed by the courts . Thus , nullification involves a declaration by a state that a federal statute is unconstitutional and can not be enforced within the state . Under the theory of nullification , such a declaration by a state is final and binding , and can not be overruled by the courts . On the other hand , when a state files a lawsuit in court challenging the constitutionality of a federal statute , the decision on constitutionality is made by the courts and ultimately can be decided by the Supreme Court , not by the state legislature or state courts . Because such a lawsuit recognizes the authority of the Supreme Court to make the ultimate decision on constitutionality , it is not a use of nullification . State refusals to assist in enforcement of federal law ( edit ) As noted above , the Supreme Court indicated in Prigg v. Pennsylvania , 41 U.S. 539 ( 1842 ) , that the states can not be compelled to use state law enforcement resources to enforce federal law . The Supreme Court reaffirmed this principle in cases such as Printz v. United States , 521 U.S. 898 ( 1997 ) and New York v. United States , 505 U.S. 144 ( 1992 ) , which held that the federal government may not enact a regulatory program that `` commandeers '' the state 's legislative and administrative mechanisms to enforce federal law . States therefore may refuse to use their legislative or administrative resources to enforce federal law . This should be distinguished from nullification . States that withhold their enforcement assistance , but do not declare the federal law unconstitutional or forbid its enforcement by the federal government , are not declaring federal law invalid and therefore are not engaging in nullification . As Prigg held , the federal law still is valid and federal authorities may enforce it within the state . The states in this situation , rather than attempting to legally nullify federal law , are attempting to make enforcement of federal law more difficult by refusing to make available their legislative and administrative resources . State legalization of acts prohibited by federal law ( edit ) Some states have legalized acts that are prohibited by federal law . For example , several states have legalized recreational marijuana use under state law . Whether an act is legal under state law does not affect the legality of that act under federal law . An act may be legal under state law , and at the same time illegal under federal law . The states that have legalized marijuana use have not attempted to declare that federal marijuana laws are invalid or unenforceable . Rather , federal marijuana laws still are valid and enforceable , even in states that have made marijuana legal under state law . Thus , these states have not attempted to nullify federal law . However , for practical purposes , the federal government lacks the resources to enforce its marijuana laws on a large scale , so the legalization of marijuana under state law significantly reduces the ability of the federal government to enforce the marijuana laws . This coupled with the attorney general 's statement that the federal government will not intervene if following certain guidelines laid down by the attorney general makes marijuana de facto and de jure legal on a state level , and de facto legal but de jure illegal on a federal one . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ( S ) tates throughout U.S. history have attempted to use variations of the nullification doctrine to invalidate federal law . However , every attempt by states to nullify federal law was clearly rejected by not only the federal government , but also by other states . '' Card , Ryan , `` Can States `` Just Say No '' to Federal Health Care Reform ? The Constitutional and Political Implications of State Attempts to Nullify Federal Law , '' 2010 B.Y.U. Law Review 1795 , 1808 ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ See Cooper v. Aaron , 358 U.S. 1 ( 1958 ) , Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board , 364 U.S. 500 ( 1960 ) , Ableman v. Booth , 62 U.S. 506 ( 1859 ) , and United States v. Peters , 9 U.S. ( 5 Cranch ) 115 ( 1809 ) , all of which are discussed below . Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson wrote in the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 : `` ( B ) y compact , ... ( the states ) constituted a general government for special purposes , delegated to that government certain definite powers , reserving , each state to itself , the residuary mass of right to their own self - government ... ( E ) ach party has an equal right to judge for itself , as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress . '' Jump up ^ The South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828 , written by John C. Calhoun , stated : `` ( T ) he power of the States to interpose in order to protect their rights ... like all other reserved rights ... is to be inferred from the simple fact that it is not delegated . '' Jump up ^ In Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 14 U.S. ( 1 Wheat . ) 304 ( 1816 ) , the Court said : `` The Constitution of the United States was ordained and established not by the States in their sovereign capacities , but emphatically , as the preamble of the Constitution declares , by ' the people of the United States . ' ... The ( Articles of ) Confederation was a compact between States , and its structure and powers were wholly unlike those of the National Government . The Constitution was an act of the people of the United States . '' See also McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) ( `` The government proceeds directly from the people ( and ) is ' ordained and established ' in the name of the people ... The Constitution , when thus adopted , was of complete obligation , and bound the State sovereignties . '' ) and Texas v. White , 74 U.S. ( 7 Wall . ) 700 ( 1869 ) ( the union was `` more than a compact '' ) . Jump up ^ The Supremacy Clause provides : `` This Constitution , and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof ; and all Treaties made , or which shall be made , under the Authority of the United States , shall be the supreme Law of the Land ; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby , any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding . '' Jump up ^ Article III provides that `` The judicial power shall extend to all Cases , in Law and Equity , arising under this Constitution , the Laws of the United States , and Treaties , '' and that `` the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction '' in such cases . Jump up ^ See Marbury v. Madison , 5 US ( 1 Cranch ) 137 ( 1803 ) . Jump up ^ See Ableman v. Booth , 62 U.S. 506 ( 1859 ) , Cooper v. Aaron , 358 U.S. 1 ( 1958 ) . Jump up ^ According to a leading historian of the Constitutional Convention , nullification and the related concept of secession `` were probably not even seriously considered at that time ; there certainly is no record of their being mentioned in the convention . '' Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 206 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1911 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 . 2 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Ibid. , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Ibid. , p. 97 . See Prakash , Saikrishna , and Yoo , John , `` The Origins of Judicial Review , '' 70 U. Chicago Law Review 887 , 941 - 43 , 952 ( 2003 ) , which describes a number of statements in the Convention recognizing that the federal courts would have the power to declare laws unconstitutional . See also Judicial review in the United States . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1911 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 . 2 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 248 . Jump up ^ Ibid. , p. 428 Jump up ^ Randolph said , `` we should be at liberty to consider as a violation of the Constitution every exercise of a power not expressly delegated therein . '' Nicholas said Virginia would be `` exonerated '' if there were an attempt to impose a `` supplementary condition . '' Elliott , Jonathan ( 1836 ) . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 3 . Washington . pp. 576 , 625 -- 26 . Jump up ^ See Gutzman , Kevin , `` Edmund Randolph and Virginia Constitutionalism , '' 66 Review of Politics 469 ( 2004 ) . Virginia 's final ratification resolution stated : `` ( T ) hat the powers granted under the Constitution , being derived from the people of the United States , be resumed by them whensoever the same shall be perverted to their injury or oppression , and that every power , not granted thereby , remains with them , and at their will . '' Elliott , Jonathan ( 1836 ) . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 3 . Washington . p. 656 . Jump up ^ Prakash and Yoo , `` The Origins of Judicial Review , '' 70 U. of Chicago Law Review at p. 965 . See also Judicial review in the United States . Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1836 ) . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 1 . Washington . p. 380 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1836 ) . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 3 . Washington . pp. 553 -- 554 . A number of other delegates spoke about the power of the federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional . For example , Oliver Ellsworth stated in the Connecticut convention : `` This Constitution defines the extent of the powers of the general government . If the general legislature should at any time overleap their limits , the judicial department is a constitutional check . If the United States go beyond their powers , if they make a law which the Constitution does not authorize , it is void ; and the judicial power , the national judges , who , to secure their impartiality , are to be made independent , will declare it to be void . '' Elliot , Jonathan ( 1836 ) . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 2 . Washington . p. 196 . Jump up ^ `` The evidence from the Constitutional Convention and from the state ratification conventions is overwhelming that the original public meaning of the term ' judicial power ' ( in Article III of the Constitution ) included the power to nullify unconstitutional laws . '' Barnett , Randy , `` The Original Meaning of Judicial Power , '' 12 Supreme Court Economic Review 115 , 138 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` If a number of political societies ( i.e. the states ) enter into a larger political society ( i.e. the federal government ) , the laws which the latter may enact , pursuant to the powers intrusted to it by its constitution , must necessarily be supreme over those societies ... '' Federalist No. 33 Jump up ^ Federalist No. 39 Jump up ^ `` The success of the usurpation ( by Congress ) will depend on the executive and judiciary departments , which are to expound and give effect to the legislative acts , and in the last resort a remedy must be obtained from the people who can , by the election of more faithful representatives , annul the acts of the usurpers ... ( T ) he state legislatures ... will be ever ready to mark the innovation , to sound the alarm to the people , and to exert their local influence in effecting a change of federal representatives . '' Federalist No. 44 Jump up ^ `` The interpretation of the laws is the proper and peculiar province of the courts . A constitution is , in fact , and must be regarded by the judges , as a fundamental law . It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning , as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body . If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two , that which has the superior obligation and validity ought , of course , to be preferred ; or , in other words , the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute . '' Federalist No. 78 Jump up ^ `` The mere necessity of uniformity in the interpretation of the national laws , decides the question . Thirteen independent courts of final jurisdiction over the same causes , arising upon the same laws , is a hydra in government , from which nothing but contradiction and confusion can proceed . '' Federalist No. 80 . Jump up ^ `` Laws are a dead letter without courts to expound and define their true meaning and operation ... To produce uniformity in these determinations , they ought to be submitted , in the last resort , to one SUPREME TRIBUNAL ... If there is in each State a court of final jurisdiction , there may be as many different final determinations on the same point as there are courts ... To avoid the confusion which would unavoidably result from the contradictory decisions of a number of independent judicatories , all nations have found it necessary to establish one court paramount to the rest , possessing a general superintendence , and authorized to settle and declare in the last resort a uniform rule of civil justice . '' Federalist No. 22 Jump up ^ Federalist No. 82 Jump up ^ `` That the several states composing the United States of America ... by compact , under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States ... constituted a general government for special purposes , delegated to that government certain definite powers , reserving , each state to itself , the residuary mass of right to their own self - government ; and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers , its acts are unauthoritative , void , and of no force ; ... that , as in all other cases of compact among powers having no common judge , each party has an equal right to judge for itself , as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress . '' Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 . Jump up ^ `` ( T ) he several states who formed ( the Constitution ) , being sovereign and independent , have the unquestionable right to judge of its infraction ; and , ... a nullification , by those sovereignties , of all unauthorized acts done under color of that instrument , is the rightful remedy . '' Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 . Jump up ^ See Powell , H. Jefferson , `` The Principles of ' 98 : An Essay in Historical Retrieval , '' 80 Virginia Law Review 689 , 705 n. 54 ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Virginia Resolutions of 1798 . Jump up ^ The seven states that transmitted rejections were Delaware , Massachusetts , New York , Connecticut , Rhode Island , New Hampshire , and Vermont . See Elliot , Jonathan ( 1907 ) ( 1836 ) . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 4 ( expanded 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott . pp. 538 -- 539 . Jump up ^ Maryland , Pennsylvania , and New Jersey passed resolutions that disapproved the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions , but did not transmit formal responses to Kentucky and Virginia . Anderson , Frank Maloy ( 1899 ) . `` Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions '' . American Historical Review . pp. 45 -- 63 , 225 -- 244 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) The remaining four states ( North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and Tennessee ) did not respond to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions . Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1907 ) ( 1836 ) . `` Answers of the Several State Legislatures : State of Vermont '' . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 4 ( expanded 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott . pp. 538 -- 539 . Aside from Vermont , the other states taking the position that the constitutionality of federal laws is a question for the federal courts , not the states , were New York , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , New Hampshire , and Pennsylvania . The Governor of Delaware and a committee of the Maryland legislature also took this position . Anderson , Frank Maloy ( 1899 ) . `` Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions '' . American Historical Review . pp. 45 -- 63 , 225 -- 244 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The declarations , in such cases , are expressions of opinion , unaccompanied with any other effect than what they may produce on opinion , by exciting reflection . The expositions of the judiciary , on the other hand , are carried into immediate effect by force . '' Report of 1800 Jump up ^ Madison , James `` Letter to Mathew Carey '' , Library of Congress , July 27 , 1831 . Jump up ^ Madison , James `` Letter to Nicholas P. Trist '' , Library of Congress , December , 1831 . Jump up ^ Madison , James `` Letter to Nicholas P. Trist '' , Library of Congress , December 23 , 1832 . Jump up ^ Madison , James `` Notes , On Nullification '' , Library of Congress , December , 1834 . Jump up ^ United States v. Peters , 9 U.S. ( 5 Cranch ) 115 ( 1809 ) . The Peters case sometimes is called the Olmstead case , after one of the parties . The case involved the entitlement to the prize money for a captured ship . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania 's resolution said that `` as guardians of the State rights , ( the state legislature ) can not permit an infringement of those rights by an unconstitutional exercise of power in the United States ' courts . '' The resolution denied the power of `` the United States ' courts to decide on state rights . '' The resolution proposed creating a new tribunal to decide disputes between the federal government and the states regarding the limits of federal authority . Resolution of the Pennsylvania Legislature , April 3 , 1809 . Jump up ^ The Virginia General Assembly passed a resolution rejecting Pennsylvania 's position and asserting that the Supreme Court is the tribunal provided by the Constitution to decide disputes between the state and federal judiciary . Acts of General Assembly of Virginia , 1809 - 10 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ A Pennsylvania court later acknowledged the jurisdiction of the federal courts in this matter . Chief Justice Tilghman wrote : `` ( T ) he State of Pennsylvania , having ratified the present constitution , did thereby virtually invest the courts of the United States with power to decide this controversy . '' Olmsted 's Case , 1 Brightley 9 ( Pa . Nisi Prius 1809 ) . Jump up ^ These events are described in an article by Justice William O. Douglas , Interposition and the Peters Case , 1778 - 1809 , 9 Stanford L. Rev. 3 ( 1956 ) , and in Treacy , Kenneth , The Olmstead Case , 1778 - 1809 , 10 Western Political Quarterly 675 ( 1957 ) . Jump up ^ U.S. v . The William , 28 Fed . Cas. 614 ( D. Mass . 1808 ) . Jump up ^ Report and Resolutions of the Hartford Convention , January 4 , 1815 . Jump up ^ Fairfax 's Devisee v. Hunter 's Lessee , 11 U.S. ( 7 Cranch ) 603 ( 1813 ) . Jump up ^ The Virginia General Assembly resolved `` That the Supreme Court of the United States have no rightful authority under the Constitution to examine and correct the judgment '' in the Cohens case . Acts of Virginia 1820 - 21 , 142 , 143 . See Smith , Jean Edward ( 1996 ) . John Marshall : Definer of a Nation . New York : Henry Holt & Co. p. 458 . Jump up ^ The Ohio resolutions were transmitted to Congress and reported in Annals of Congress , 16th Congress , 2d session , pp. 1694 , 1714 Jump up ^ `` Resolved ... that any attempt to reverse the decision of the superior court of Gwinnett county , in the case of Samuel A. Worcester and Elizur Butler , by the supreme court of the United States , will be held by this state , as an unconstitutional and arbitrary interference in the administration of her criminal laws , and will be treated as such . '' Acts of Georgia , 1831 , 259 - 261 ; Niles ' Weekly Register , XLI , 335 , 336 . Jump up ^ Worcester v. Georgia , 31 U.S. ( 6 Pet . ) 515 , 561 - 62 ( 1832 ) . The case involved the conviction of two missionaries under a Georgia law restricting their presence on Cherokee land . Jump up ^ Howe , Daniel ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 - 1848 . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 412 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Calhoun wrote : `` If it be conceded ... that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General and State Governments , ... it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions of their powers , and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction . The right of judging , in such cases , is an essential attribute of sovereignty , of which the States can not be divested without losing their sovereignty itself ... ( T ) he existence of the right of judging of their powers , so clearly established from the sovereignty of States , as clearly implies a veto or control , within its limits , on the action of the General Government , on contested points of authority ... To the States respectively each in its sovereign capacity is reserved the power , by its veto , or right of interposition , to arrest the encroachment . '' South Carolina Exposition and Protest , 1828 . Jump up ^ Webster said : `` ( T ) he people have wisely provided , in the Constitution itself , a proper , suitable mode and tribunal for settling questions of constitutional law ... by declaring , Sir , that `` the Constitution , and the laws of the United States made in pursuance thereof , shall be the supreme law of the land , any thing in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding . '' ... No State law is to be valid which comes in conflict with the Constitution , or any law of the United States passed in pursuance of it . But who shall decide this question of interference ? To whom lies the last appeal ? This , Sir , the Constitution itself decides also , by declaring , `` that the judicial power shall extend to all cases arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States . '' These two provisions cover the whole ground . They are , in truth , the keystone of the arch ! With these it is a government ; without them it is a confederation ... ( H ) ow is it that a State legislature acquires any power to interfere ? ... ( C ) ould any thing have been more preposterous , than to make a government for the whole Union , and yet leave its powers subject , not to one interpretation , but to thirteen or twenty - four interpretations ? '' Webster 's Second Reply to Hayne , January 26 , 1830 Jump up ^ South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification , 1832 Jump up ^ President Jackson 's Proclamation Regarding Nullification , December 10 , 1832 . Jump up ^ Madison , James `` Notes , On Nullification '' , Library of Congress , December , 1834 . Jump up ^ Calhoun wrote in a letter in 1830 : `` I consider the tariff act as the occasion , rather than the real cause of the present unhappy state of things . The truth can no longer be disguised , that the peculiar domestick institution of the Southern States ( i.e. slavery ) and the consequent direction which that and her soil and climate have given to her industry , has placed them in regard to taxation and appropriations in opposite relation to the majority of the Union , against the danger of which , if there be no protective power in the reserved rights of the states they must in the end be forced to rebel , or , submit it to have their paramount interests sacrificed , their domestick institutions subordinated by Colonization and other schemes , and themselves and children reduced to wretchedness . Thus situated , the denial of the right to the State to interpose constitutionally in the last resort , more alarms the thinking , than all the other causes . '' Letter , John C. Calhoun to Virgil Maxcy , Sept. 11 , 1830 . Jump up ^ `` The act of Pennsylvania upon which this indictment is founded is unconstitutional and void . It purports to punish as a public offense against that State the very act of seizing and removing a slave by his master which the Constitution of the United States was designed to justify and uphold . '' Prigg , 41 U.S. at 625 - 26 . Jump up ^ The Supreme Court said that `` the States can not , therefore , be compelled to enforce '' the Fugitive Slave Act . Prigg , 41 U.S. at 615 . Jump up ^ Justice John McLean , writing in concurrence , stated : `` Where the Constitution imposes a positive duty on a State or its officers to surrender fugitives , Congress may prescribe the mode of proof and the duty of the state officers . This power may be resisted by a State , and there is no means of coercing it . In this view , the power may be considered an important one . So , the supreme court of a State may refuse to certify its record on a writ of error to the Supreme Court of the Union under the 25th section of the Judiciary Act . '' http://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2013/08/25/a-supreme-court-justices-affirmation-of-nullification/ Jump up ^ `` That we regard the action of the Supreme Court of the United States , in assuming jurisdiction in the case before mentioned , as an arbitrary act of power , unauthorized by the Constitution . That this assumption of jurisdiction by the federal judiciary ... is an act of undelegated power , and therefore without authority , void , and of no force . '' General Laws of Wisconsin , 1859 , 247 - 48 . Jump up ^ `` ( N ) o power is more clearly conferred by the Constitution and laws of the United States than the power of this court to decide , ultimately and finally , all cases arising under such Constitution and laws . '' Ableman , 62 U.S. at 525 . Jump up ^ The Court held that the Constitution grants `` final appellate power '' to the Supreme Court to decide `` controversies as to the respective powers of the United States and the States . '' Ableman , 62 U.S. at 520 . Jump up ^ `` The Civil War terminated the possibility of states serving as constitutional guardians . '' Farber , Daniel A. , `` Judicial Review and its Alternatives : An American Tale , '' 38 Wake Forest L. Rev. 415 , 415 , 444 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_scarsec.asp Jump up ^ In Jefferson Davis farewell address to the Senate in 1861 , he argued that there was a difference between the theories of nullification and secession . `` I hope none who hear me will confound this expression of mine with the advocacy of the right of a State to remain in the Union , and to disregard its constitutional obligation by the nullification of the law . Such is not my theory . Nullification and secession , so often confounded , are indeed antagonistic principles . Nullification is a remedy which it is sought to apply within the Union , and against the agent of the States . It is only to be justified when the agent has violated his constitutional obligation , and a State , assuming to judge for itself , denies the right of the agent thus to act , and appeals to the other States of the Union for a decision ; but when the States themselves , and when the people of the States , have so acted as to convince us that they will not regard our constitutional rights , then , and then for the first time , arises the doctrine of secession in its practical application ... I well remember an occasion when Massachusetts was arraigned before the bar of the Senate , and when the doctrine of coercion was rife and to be applied against her because of the rescue of a fugitive slave in Boston . My opinion then was the same that it is now . Not in a spirit of egotism , but to show that I am not influenced in my opinion because the case is my own , I refer to that time and that occasion as containing the opinion which I then entertained , and on which my present conduct is based . I then said , if Massachusetts , following her through a stated line of conduct , chose to take the last step , which separates her from the Union , it is her right to go , and I will neither vote one dollar nor one man to coerce her back ; but I will say to her , God speed , in memory of the kind associations which once existed between her and the other States . '' http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/farewell-speech/ Jump up ^ Cooper , 358 U.S. at 17 . Jump up ^ The district court rejected the argument that state legislatures are free to follow their own interpretation of the Constitution in defiance of a Supreme Court decision : `` ( T ) he Constitution itself established the Supreme Court of the United States as the final tribunal for constitutional adjudication . '' Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board , 188 F. Supp. 916 ( E.D. La . 1960 ) , aff 'd 364 U.S. 500 ( 1960 ) . Jump up ^ Jefferson 's original draft of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 indicated that nullification may be undertaken by a single state . `` ( E ) very State has a natural right in cases not within the compact , ( casus non fœderis ) to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of power by others within their limits . '' Draft version of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 , 8th resolution . However , this passage was dropped from the resolutions before they were adopted , perhaps in part because Kentucky did not want to take unilateral action . A year later , the Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 indicated that nullification may be undertaken by `` the several states , '' apparently contemplating joint action . Later advocates of nullification , such as Calhoun , contemplated nullification by a single state . South Carolina acted alone in enacting its Ordinance of Nullification in 1832 . Jump up ^ Calhoun , John C. , The Fort Hill Address , July 26 , 1831 . Jump up ^ See , for example , the Louisiana act of interposition , set out in the appendix to Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board , 188 F. Supp. 916 ( E.D. La . 1960 ) , aff 'd 364 U.S. 500 ( 1960 ) . Jump up ^ See Dinan , John , `` Contemporary Assertions of State Sovereignty and the Safeguards of American Federalism , '' 74 Albany Law Review 1635 ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` To seek the federal Judiciary 's determination of a constitutional issue in a controversy between a state and the federal government is the traditionally accepted means of resolving such disputes . '' Claiborne , Robert S. , `` Why Virginia 's Challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Did Not Invoke Nullification , '' 46 U. Richmond Law Review 917 , 949 ( 2012 ) . In Federalist No. 39 , James Madison wrote that the Supreme Court is `` the tribunal which is ultimately to decide '' controversies between the federal government and the states `` relating to the boundary between the two jurisdictions . '' In McCulloch v. Maryland , Chief Justice John Marshall said : `` ( T ) he defendant , a sovereign State , denies the obligation of a law enacted by the legislature of the Union ... ( T ) he conflicting powers of the Government of the Union and of its members , as marked in ( the ) Constitution , are to be discussed , and an opinion given ... ( B ) y this tribunal alone can the decision be made . On the Supreme Court of the United States has the Constitution of our country devolved this important duty . '' McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) . Jump up ^ The states may not withhold the assistance of their courts in enforcing federal law because the Supremacy Clause explicitly states that `` the judges in every state shall be bound '' by federal laws . Jump up ^ Dinan , `` Contemporary Assertions of State Sovereignty and the Safeguards of American Federalism , '' 74 Albany Law Review at 1637 - 38 , 1665 ( `` these recent state measures regarding ... medicinal marijuana fall short of invoking the clearly discredited doctrine of nullification embodied in the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 , the resolutions of several New England states in response to the Embargo of 1807 , the South Carolina Nullification Ordinance of 1832 , Wisconsin 's nullification of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1859 , and interposition acts adopted by eight southern states in 1956 and 1957 in response to the Supreme Court 's school desegregation rulings ... ( T ) hey partake of something short of , and other than , nullification . '' ) Jump up ^ Cole , James . `` MEMORANDUM FOR ALL UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS '' ( PDF ) . http://www.justice.gov/ . Attorney General 's Office in Department of Justice . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Bibliography ( edit ) Ableman v. Booth , 62 U.S. 506 ( 1859 ) Anderson , Frank Maloy ( 1899 ) . `` Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions '' . American Historical Review . pp. 45 -- 63 , 225 -- 244 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board , 188 F. Supp. 916 ( E.D. La . 1960 ) Cooper v. Aaron , 358 U.S. 1 ( 1958 ) Elliot , Jonathan ( 1907 ) ( 1836 ) . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 4 ( expanded 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott . pp. 532 -- 539 . Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 Madison , James `` Notes , On Nullification '' , Library of Congress , December , 1834 Virginia Report of 1800 Virginia Resolutions of 1798 Wood , Walter ( 2008 ) . Nullification : A Constitutional History , 1776 - 1833 . Washington , DC : University Press of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 4011 - 4 . Woods , Thomas E. ( 2010 ) . Nullification : How to Resist Federal Tyranny in the 21st Century . Washington , DC : Regnery . ISBN 1 - 59698 - 149 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Nullification . 2010 State - by - State Nullification Efforts South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification , November 24 , 1832 Nullification Revisited , An article examining the constitutionality of nullification ( from a favorable aspect , and with regard to both recent and historical events ) Nullification Overview , A research paper examining nullification bluntly ( from a student perspective , and keeping other events in mind . ) Know Your States ' Rights , Review of historian Thomas Woods ' book on the subject in the American Conservative Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)&oldid=799317815 '' Categories : Nullification ( U.S. Constitution ) United States constitutional law Legal history of the United States Anti-Federalism Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Қазақша Latina Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 23 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who can decide whether a law is unconstitutional the supreme court congress the states the president
[ "Courts at the state and federal level, including the U.S. Supreme Court, repeatedly have rejected the theory of nullification.[2] The courts have decided that under the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution, federal law is superior to state law, and that under Article III of the Constitution, the federal judiciary has the final power to interpret the Constitution. Therefore, the power to make final decisions about the constitutionality of federal laws lies with the federal courts, not the states, and the states do not have the power to nullify federal laws." ]
[ "the U.S. Supreme Court" ]
1477425237847284699
Pretty Fly (For a White Guy)
Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) - wikipedia Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' Single by The Offspring from the album Americana B - side `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) ( The Geek Mix ) '' Released November 9 , 1998 Format Vinyl cassette CD Recorded 1998 Length 3 : 07 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Dexter Holland Producer ( s ) Dave Jerden The Offspring singles chronology `` I Choose '' ( 1997 ) `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( 1998 ) `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( 1999 ) `` I Choose '' ( 1997 ) `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( 1998 ) `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( 1999 ) Music video `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' on YouTube `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' is a song by American rock band The Offspring . It is the fourth track from their fifth studio album Americana ( 1998 ) and was released as the first single from the album . It achieved significant pop and rock and alternative radio play and popularity , peaking at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 5 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks , and number 3 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . The song reached the charts in over 15 countries and topped the charts in nine of these , including Australia , where it went four times platinum , and the United Kingdom , making it one of the most commercially successful singles released by the band . The song is a mocking portrayal of a wigger , a white man who likes to act like an African - American stereotype . The song appears as the seventh track on their Greatest Hits ( 2005 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and lyrics 2 Track listing 2.1 Cassette single and 7 '' black vinyl 2.2 Initial pressing 2.3 Australia CD Maxi 2.4 Italy 12 '' black vinyl 2.5 Promo 12 '' black vinyl 2.6 Promo CD 3 Music video 3.1 DVD appearances 4 Rock Band and Guitar Hero 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 Antecedents and descendants 8 References 9 External links Composition and lyrics ( edit ) Beginning with a sample of the pseudo-German nonsense phrase `` Gunter glieben glauchen globen '' from Def Leppard 's song `` Rock of Ages , '' chanted as a replacement for the traditional `` 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 '' to start the recording , the song ridicules a `` wannabe gangsta '' who is immersed in hip - hop culture not because he truly loves or understands it , but because it is trendy , makes him feel tough ( `` friends say he 's tryin ' too hard , and he 's not quite hip / but in his own mind , he 's the , he 's the dopest trip '' ) , and because he believes it attracts women ( `` and all the girlies say I 'm pretty fly , for a white guy '' ) . As summed up by Dexter Holland , the people described in the lyrics `` are from , like , Omaha , Nebraska , regular white - bread boys , but who act like they 're from Compton . The song was the genesis of the metal / post-avant - garde movement with its early tendencies in the genre defining the late 90 's early 00 's . It 's so fake and obvious that they 're trying to have an identity . '' Holland detailed that he meets many teenagers like those in his native Orange County , `` going to the mall , where they buy FUBU , Tommy Hilfiger , and Ice Cube 's latest record . '' Given rap culture is the starting point , Holland clarified that it was not an attack on African - Americans , but `` poseurs of any kind '' , but without wanting `` to be preachy about it ... We 're getting amusement out of it more than anything else . '' Track listing ( edit ) Cassette single and 7 '' black vinyl ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek mix ) 3 : 01 Initial pressing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek mix ) 3 : 07 3 . `` All I Want '' ( Live ) 2 : 02 4 . `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' ( Spanish version ) 3 : 08 Australia CD Maxi ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek mix ) 3 : 07 3 . `` No Brakes '' 2 : 06 Italy 12 '' black vinyl ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek Mix ) 3 : 07 3 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Baka Boys remix ) 3 : 01 4 . `` All I Want '' ( Live ) 2 : 02 Promo 12 '' black vinyl ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Baka Boys Low Rider remix ) 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Baka Boys remix ) 3 : 01 3 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( Dust Bros Space Echo remix ) 4 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( Dust Bros Dust mix ) Promo CD ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( album version ) 3 : 11 2 . `` Callout Hook # 1 '' 0 : 10 3 . `` Callout Hook # 2 '' 0 : 05 Music video ( edit ) In the video , directed by McG , the video begins with the `` white guy '' singing the opening lines and with Offspring guitarist Noodles walking on the pavement with his guitar , playing the introductory riff . The `` white guy '' drives through town in his lowrider and tries to act cool in front of people , playing with his car 's hydraulic system and interrupting a break dance session to dance himself . He is then carried by girls watching it to a pool party and thrown into the pool . He jumps out of the pool only to find a bunch of bikini clad dancers in front of him . These scenes are cut by the band 's playing . The video ends with the `` white guy '' returning home and accidentally scaring his little sister , wearing a fairy costume , because of his dishevelled appearance . According to Dexter Holland , the band wanted Seth Green to play the `` white guy '' , but he was unavailable . After seeing an audition tape with `` five unknowns '' , they settled on Guy Cohen , who went on to cameo in the `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' video and occasionally appear at Offspring concerts . DVD appearances ( edit ) The music video also appears on the Complete Music Video Collection DVD . It was released in 2005 . The DVD also contains a storyboard version of the video ( in which the storyboard plays over top of the music video . ) Rock band and guitar Hero ( edit ) The song was released as downloadable content for the video game Rock Band . The song was released in the second `` Offspring pack '' which was released on February 2 , 2016 along with `` All I Want '' , `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' , `` Want You Bad '' and `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' . The song was released on the Guitar Hero : Van Halen spinoff track list on December 22 , 2009 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 99 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) 5 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Japan ( Oricon ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( OLiS ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 31 US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) 36 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Diamond 100,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Antecedents and descendants ( edit ) The song was parodied by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic ( with Tress MacNeille ) as `` Pretty Fly for a Rabbi '' on his 1999 album Running with Scissors . Other parodies have been made , such as `` Pretty Fly for a Jedi '' by comedy music group The Axis of Awesome , `` Pretty Fly for a Draenei '' and others . They are frequently and incorrectly attributed to `` Weird Al '' Yankovic on file sharing networks . The song is available as a marching band arrangement . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Offspring , The -- Pretty Fly ( For A White Guy ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Rate Your Music . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 629 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ LLC , SPIN Media ( 1 December 1998 ) . `` SPIN '' . SPIN Media LLC -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Dexter Holland 's Americana Tour ^ Jump up to : LLC , SPIN Media ( 1 March 1999 ) . `` SPIN '' . SPIN Media LLC -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ CROMELIN , RICHARD ( 31 January 1999 ) . `` How to Survive in Suburbia '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books . Books.google.ca ( 1999 - 02 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring : Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- The Offspring Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Polish Singles Chart '' . Lp3.polskieradio.pl . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring -- Chart history '' Billboard Alternative Songs for The Offspring . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for The Offspring . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for The Offspring . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for The Offspring . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for The Offspring . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1999 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- The Offspring '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Enter The Offspring in the field Interpret . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop 50 Singles Vlaanderen 1999 '' . Ultratop Belgien Charts . ultratop.be . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- The Offspring '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- OFFSPRING -- PRETTY FLY '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Pretty Fly ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993 -- 2011 '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sverige . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Note : Search for `` Offspring '' and press `` Sök '' to see the search results . Select `` PRETTY FLY ( FOR A WHITE GUY ) '' and press `` VISA '' to see various charting positions and certification awards . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Offspring -- PRETTY FLY ( FOR A WHITE GUY ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Enter PRETTY FLY ( FOR A WHITE GUY ) in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . ActiveMusician.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` A Little Bit More '' by 911 UK Singles Chart number - one single January 24 , 1999 - January 30 , 1999 Succeeded by `` You Do n't Know Me '' by Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Harden Preceded by No Aphrodisiac by The Whitlams Triple J Hottest 100 Winner 1998 Succeeded by These Days by Powderfinger ( hide ) The Offspring Dexter Holland Greg K . Noodles Pete Parada Jim Benton Doug Thompson Marcus Parrish James Lilja Ron Welty Atom Willard Studio albums The Offspring Ignition Smash Ixnay on the Hombre Americana Conspiracy of One Splinter Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace Days Go By Compilations Collection Greatest Hits Happy Hour ! EPs Baghdad They Were Born to Kill Club Me A Piece of Americana Summer Nationals Demos 6 songs cassette Tehran Singles `` I 'll Be Waiting '' `` Come Out and Play '' `` Self Esteem '' `` Gotta Get Away '' `` Smash It Up '' `` All I Want '' `` Gone Away '' `` The Meaning of Life '' `` I Choose '' `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` She 's Got Issues '' `` Original Prankster '' `` Want You Bad '' `` Million Miles Away '' `` Defy You '' `` Hit That '' `` ( Ca n't Get My ) Head Around You '' `` Spare Me the Details '' `` Ca n't Repeat '' `` Hammerhead '' `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' `` Kristy , Are You Doing Okay ? '' `` Half - Truism '' `` Days Go By '' `` Cruising California ( Bumpin ' in My Trunk ) '' `` Turning Into You '' `` Coming for You '' Video albums Americana Huck It Complete Music Video Collection Tours Warped Tour 2005 Days Go By Tour Smash : 20th Anniversary Tour World Tour 2016 World Tour 2017 Related articles Discography List of songs Awards List of the Offspring band members Nitro Records Related bands Angels & Airwaves Face to Face Saves the Day Steady Ground Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Fly_(For_a_White_Guy)&oldid=799561105 '' Categories : The Offspring songs 1998 singles 1998 songs Multilingual songs Number - one singles in Australia Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Finland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Songs written by Dexter Holland Music videos directed by McG Comedy rock songs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 13 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did pretty fly for a white guy come out
[ "\"Pretty Fly (For a White Guy)\" is a song by American rock band The Offspring. It is the fourth track from their fifth studio album Americana (1998) and was released as the first single from the album. It achieved significant pop and rock and alternative radio play and popularity, peaking at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 5 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, and number 3 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. The song reached the charts in over 15 countries and topped the charts in nine of these, including Australia, where it went four times platinum, and the United Kingdom,[3] making it one of the most commercially successful singles released by the band. The song is a mocking portrayal of a wigger, a white man who likes to act like an African-American stereotype." ]
[ "1998" ]
1468097526992117538
List of Green Bay Packers stadiums
List of Green Bay Packers stadiums - wikipedia List of Green Bay Packers stadiums Jump to : navigation , search Lambeau Field , the current home of the Green Bay Packers . The gate to City Stadium , which still is in use by the Green Bay East High School . The Green Bay Packers have played home games in eight stadiums since their establishment as a professional football team in 1919 . Their first home was Hagemeister Park , where they played from 1919 to 1922 , including their first two seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) . Hagemeister Park was a park owned by the Hagemeister brewery ; during games ropes were set - up around the field and attendees either walked up or parked their cars nearby and used them for seats . After the first season , a small grandstand was built and the field was fenced off . Green Bay East High School was built at the location of Hagemeister Park in 1922 , which forced the Packers to move to Bellevue Park , a small minor league baseball stadium that seated 5,000 . They only played for two seasons at Bellevue Park before moving to City Stadium in 1925 . Although City Stadium was the Packers ' official home field , in 1933 they began to play part of their home schedule in Milwaukee to attract more fans and revenue . After hosting one game at Borchert Field in 1933 , the Packers played two or three home games each year in Milwaukee , at Wisconsin State Fair Park from 1934 to 1951 and at Marquette Stadium in 1952 . The games were moved to Milwaukee County Stadium after it opened in 1953 and continued through 1994 , after which the Packers moved back to Green Bay permanently . As of 2016 , the current home of the Green Bay Packers is Lambeau Field , a 81,435 seating capacity stadium in Green Bay , Wisconsin . By the 1950s , City Stadium was seen by the NFL as too small and outdated to host an NFL team . After threats of forcing the team to move to Milwaukee , the City of Green Bay built New City Stadium , which was funded by a voter - approved bond issue , in 1957 . In April 1956 , Green Bay voters responded by approving ( 70.3 % ) a bond issue to finance the new stadium . After the Packers founder , Curly Lambeau , died in 1965 , the stadium was renamed to Lambeau Field . Its original capacity was 32,500 seats , although it was continually expanded from 1961 to 1995 to a capacity of 60,890 seats . The stadium was farther renovated from 2001 to 2003 to a capacity of 72,515 , while also updating various aspects of the stadium . The south endzone was expanded in 2013 and the Lambeau Atrium entrance was completed in 2015 . These renovations increased the stadium 's capacity to 81,435 , making it the third largest football stadium in America . It has been continuously ranked as providing one of the best game time experiences for fans in the NFL . As of 2016 , it is also the oldest continually operating NFL stadium , with the Packers having completed their 59th season . Only the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park and the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field have longer active home - field tenures in American professional sports . Contents ( hide ) 1 Stadiums 2 Practice facilities 3 See also 4 References Stadiums ( edit ) Stadium Location Capacity ( Seats ) Duration Hagemeister Park Green Bay , WI 3,500 1919 -- 1922 Bellevue Park Green Bay , WI 5,000 1923 -- 1924 City Stadium Green Bay , WI 25,000 1925 -- 1956 Borchert Field Milwaukee , WI 13,000 1933 Wisconsin State Fair Park ( Grandstand ) West Allis , WI Unknown 1934 -- 1951 Marquette Stadium Milwaukee , WI 24,000 1952 Milwaukee County Stadium Milwaukee , WI 53,192 1953 -- 1994 Lambeau Field Green Bay , WI 81,435 1957 -- Present Practice facilities ( edit ) The Don Hutson Center , the largest part of the Green Bay Packers practice facility . In addition to Lambeau Field , the Green Bay Packers operate three separate practice facilities that are part of a large complex located across the street from the stadium . These facilities include two full - size outdoor football fields , Clarke Hinkle Field and Ray Nitschke Field , and an indoor training area called the Don Hutson Center . Clarke Hinkle Field , built in 1958 , currently has a natural grass field reinforced with fibers using the Desso GrassMaster system , which is the same surface as Lambeau Field . Both the Don Hutson Center , built in 1994 , and Ray Nitschke Field , built in 1997 , have FieldTurf playing surfaces , which are used by many other stadiums within the NFL . The team has also hosted its yearly training camp at St. Norbert College since 1958 . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category : American football venues in Wisconsin . Chronology of home stadiums for current National Football League teams List of current National Football League stadiums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers Stadium Info '' . Other homes of the Packers , 1919 - 94 . National Football League . August 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christl , Cliff ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tale of two Hagemeister ballparks '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New grid stadium planned by Packers '' . Milwaukee Journal . United Press . August 25 , 1955 . p. 18 - part 2 . Jump up ^ `` Bay votes a big ' yes ' on stadium '' . Milwaukee Journal . United Press . April 4 , 1956 . p. 17 - part 2 . Jump up ^ `` Capacity to be boosted at Green Bay stadium '' . Milwaukee Journal . March 9 , 1961 . p. 10 - part 2 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Chuck ( August 12 , 1965 ) . `` Packers in shape for debut '' . Milwaukee Journal . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Packers start stadium work '' . Milwaukee Journal . January 23 , 1970 . p. 15 - part 2 . Jump up ^ `` Expansion Planned for Lambeau '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.packers.com/news-and-events/training-camp/st-norbert-college.html Green Bay Packers Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay , Wisconsin Franchise Franchise Team history Green Bay Packers , Inc . Board of Directors Records Seasons Coaches Players A -- D E -- K L -- R S -- Z Starting quarterbacks Pro Football Hall of Famers Retired numbers First - round draft picks Records Pro Bowlers Stadiums Draft history Stadiums Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Lambeau Field Training facilities Don Hutson Center Clarke Hinkle Field Ray Nitschke Field St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Rockwood Lodge ( former ) Culture Indian Packing Company Cheesehead Lambeau Leap Hall of Fame Fan Hall of Fame `` Bang the Drum All Day '' Cheerleaders Fight song Lumberjack Band Pigskin Champions Vernon Biever Hungry Five George Whitney Calhoun The Dope Sheet Curly Lambeau Vince Lombardi Ron Wolf Receiver ( statue ) That ' 70s Show Lombardi Pitch Perfect 2 Packers Heritage Trail Packers Pro Shop Lore Dolly Gray impostor The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl The Mud Bowl 4th and 26 Fail Mary Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 18 ) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1997 2002 2003 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1997 League championships ( 13 ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 2010 ( XLV ) does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships Retired numbers 14 15 66 92 Media Broadcasters Radio : Packers Radio Network WTMJ WKTI - HD2 WIXX WTAQ Television ( pre-season & official in - season team programming ) : WGBA - TV WTMJ - TV Personnel : Wayne Larrivee ( play - by - play ) Larry McCarren ( color / analysis ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1921 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 99 ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1994 1995 1997 1998 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Green Bay Packers stadiums Hagemeister Park ( 1919 -- 1922 ) Bellevue Park ( 1923 -- 1924 ) City Stadium ( 1925 -- 1956 ) Borchert Field ( 1933 ) Wisconsin State Fair Park ( 1934 -- 1951 ) Marquette Stadium ( 1952 ) Milwaukee County Stadium ( 1953 -- 1994 ) Lambeau Field ( 1957 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Green_Bay_Packers_stadiums&oldid=835428485 '' Categories : Green Bay Packers lists Green Bay Packers stadiums Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 17 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the green bay packers stadium built
[ "As of 2016[update], the current home of the Green Bay Packers is Lambeau Field, a 81,435 seating capacity stadium in Green Bay, Wisconsin.[citation needed] By the 1950s, City Stadium was seen by the NFL as too small and outdated to host an NFL team. After threats of forcing the team to move to Milwaukee, the City of Green Bay built New City Stadium, which was funded by a voter-approved bond issue, in 1957.[3] In April 1956, Green Bay voters responded by approving (70.3%) a bond issue to finance the new stadium.[4] After the Packers founder, Curly Lambeau, died in 1965, the stadium was renamed to Lambeau Field.[citation needed] Its original capacity was 32,500 seats, although it was continually expanded from 1961 to 1995 to a capacity of 60,890 seats.[5][6][7] The stadium was farther renovated from 2001 to 2003 to a capacity of 72,515, while also updating various aspects of the stadium.[citation needed] The south endzone was expanded in 2013 and the Lambeau Atrium entrance was completed in 2015.[citation needed] These renovations increased the stadium's capacity to 81,435, making it the third largest football stadium in America.[citation needed] It has been continuously ranked as providing one of the best game time experiences for fans in the NFL.[citation needed] As of 2016[update], it is also the oldest continually operating NFL stadium, with the Packers having completed their 59th season. Only the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park and the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field have longer active home-field tenures in American professional sports.[8]" ]
[ "1957" ]
-8144799021538089458
Rainforest
Rainforest - wikipedia Rainforest Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Rainforest ( disambiguation ) . The Daintree Rainforest in Queensland , Australia The Daintree Rainforest near Cairns , in Queensland , Australia Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall , with annual rainfall in the case of tropical rainforests between 250 and 450 centimetres ( 98 and 177 in ) , and definitions varying by region for temperate rainforests . The monsoon trough , alternatively known as the intertropical convergence zone , plays a significant role in creating the climatic conditions necessary for the Earth 's tropical rainforests . Around 40 % to 75 % of all biotic species are indigenous to the rainforests . There may be many millions of species of plants , insects and microorganisms still undiscovered in tropical rainforests . Tropical rainforests have been called the `` jewels of the Earth '' and the `` world 's largest pharmacy '' , because over one quarter of natural medicines have been discovered there . Rainforests are also responsible for 28 % of the world 's oxygen turnover , sometimes misnamed oxygen production , processing it through photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and consuming it through respiration . The undergrowth in some areas of a rainforest can be restricted by poor penetration of sunlight to ground level . If the leaf canopy is destroyed or thinned , the ground beneath is soon colonized by a dense , tangled growth of vines , shrubs and small trees , called a jungle . The term jungle is also sometimes applied to tropical rainforests generally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tropical 2 Temperate 3 Layers 3.1 Emergent layer 3.2 Canopy layer 3.3 Understory layer 3.4 Forest floor 4 Flora and fauna 5 Soils 6 Effect on global climate 7 Human uses 8 Native peoples 9 Deforestation 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Tropical Main article : Tropical rainforest Worldwide tropical rainforest zones . Tropical rainforests are characterized by a warm and wet climate with no substantial dry season : typically found within 10 degrees north and south of the equator . Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) during all months of the year . Average annual rainfall is no less than 168 cm ( 66 in ) and can exceed 1,000 cm ( 390 in ) although it typically lies between 175 cm ( 69 in ) and 200 cm ( 79 in ) . Many of the world 's tropical forests are associated with the location of the monsoon trough , also known as the intertropical convergence zone . The broader category of tropical moist forests are located in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn . Tropical rainforests exist in Southeast Asia ( from Myanmar ( Burma ) to the Philippines , Malaysia , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka ; also in Sub-Saharan Africa from the Cameroon to the Congo ( Congo Rainforest ) , South America ( e.g. the Amazon rainforest ) , Central America ( e.g. Bosawás , the southern Yucatán Peninsula - El Peten - Belize - Calakmul ) , Australia , and on Pacific Islands ( such as Hawai ʻi ) . Tropical forests have been called the `` Earth 's lungs '' , although it is now known that rainforests contribute little net oxygen addition to the atmosphere through photosynthesis . Temperate This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Temperate rainforest General distribution of temperate rainforests Tropical forests cover a large part of the globe , but temperate rainforests only occur in few regions around the world . Temperate rainforests are rainforests in temperate regions . They occur in North America ( in the Pacific Northwest in Alaska , British Columbia , Washington , Oregon and California ) , in Europe ( parts of the British Isles such as the coastal areas of Ireland and Scotland , southern Norway , parts of the western Balkans along the Adriatic coast , as well as in Galicia and coastal areas of the eastern Black Sea , including Georgia and coastal Turkey ) , in East Asia ( in southern China , Highlands of Taiwan , much of Japan and Korea , and on Sakhalin Island and the adjacent Russian Far East coast ) , in South America ( southern Chile ) and also in Australia and New Zealand . Layers Main article : Stratification ( vegetation ) A tropical rainforest typically has a number of layers , each with different plants and animals adapted for life in that particular area . Examples include the emergent , canopy , understory and forest floor layers . Emergent layer The emergent layer contains a small number of very large trees called emergents , which grow above the general canopy , reaching heights of 45 -- 55 m , although on occasion a few species will grow to 70 -- 80 m tall . They need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures and strong winds that occur above the canopy in some areas . Eagles , butterflies , bats and certain monkeys inhabit this layer . The canopy at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia showing crown shyness Canopy layer Main article : Canopy ( biology ) The canopy layer contains the majority of the largest trees , typically 30 metres ( 98 ft ) to 45 metres ( 148 ft ) tall . The densest areas of biodiversity are found in the forest canopy , a more or less continuous cover of foliage formed by adjacent treetops . The canopy , by some estimates , is home to 50 percent of all plant species . Epiphytic plants attach to trunks and branches , and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting plants . The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent layer , but more diverse . A quarter of all insect species are believed to exist in the rainforest canopy . Scientists have long suspected the richness of the canopy as a habitat , but have only recently developed practical methods of exploring it . As long ago as 1917 , naturalist William Beebe declared that `` another continent of life remains to be discovered , not upon the Earth , but one to two hundred feet above it , extending over thousands of square miles . '' True exploration of this habitat only began in the 1980s , when scientists developed methods to reach the canopy , such as firing ropes into the trees using crossbows . Exploration of the canopy is still in its infancy , but other methods include the use of balloons and airships to float above the highest branches and the building of cranes and walkways planted on the forest floor . The science of accessing tropical forest canopy using airships or similar aerial platforms is called dendronautics . Understory layer Main article : Understory The understory or understorey layer lies between the canopy and the forest floor . It is home to a number of birds , snakes and lizards , as well as predators such as jaguars , boa constrictors and leopards . The leaves are much larger at this level and insect life is abundant . Many seedlings that will grow to the canopy level are present in the understory . Only about 5 % of the sunlight shining on the rainforest canopy reaches the understory . This layer can be called a shrub layer , although the shrub layer may also be considered a separate layer . Forest floor Main article : Forest floor Rainforest in the Blue Mountains , Australia The forest floor , the bottom-most layer , receives only 2 % of the sunlight . Only plants adapted to low light can grow in this region . Away from riverbanks , swamps and clearings , where dense undergrowth is found , the forest floor is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration . It also contains decaying plant and animal matter , which disappears quickly , because the warm , humid conditions promote rapid decay . Many forms of fungi growing here help decay the animal and plant waste . Flora and fauna West Usambara Two - Horned Chameleon ( Bradypodion fischeri ) in the Usambara Mountains , Tanzania . More than half of the world 's species of plants and animals are found in the rainforest . Rainforests support a very broad array of fauna , including mammals , reptiles , birds and invertebrates . Mammals may include primates , felids and other families . Reptiles include snakes , turtles , chameleons and other families ; while birds include such families as vangidae and Cuculidae . Dozens of families of invertebrates are found in rainforests . Fungi are also very common in rainforest areas as they can feed on the decomposing remains of plants and animals . Many rainforest species are rapidly disappearing due to deforestation , habitat loss and pollution of the atmosphere . Soils This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2008 ) Despite the growth of vegetation in a tropical rainforest , soil quality is often quite poor . Rapid bacterial decay prevents the accumulation of humus . The concentration of iron and aluminium oxides by the laterization process gives the oxisols a bright red colour and sometimes produces mineral deposits such as bauxite . Most trees have roots near the surface , because there are insufficient nutrients below the surface ; most of the trees ' minerals come from the top layer of decomposing leaves and animals . On younger substrates , especially of volcanic origin , tropical soils may be quite fertile . If rainforest trees are cleared , rain can accumulate on the exposed soil surfaces , creating run - off and beginning a process of soil erosion . Eventually streams and rivers form and flooding becomes possible . Effect on global climate A natural rainforest emits and absorbs vast quantities of carbon dioxide . On a global scale , long - term fluxes are approximately in balance , so that an undisturbed rainforest would have a small net impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels , though they may have other climatic effects ( on cloud formation , for example , by recycling water vapour ) . No rainforest today can be considered to be undisturbed . Human - induced deforestation plays a significant role in causing rainforests to release carbon dioxide , as do other factors , whether human - induced or natural , which result in tree death , such as burning and drought . Some climate models operating with interactive vegetation predict a large loss of Amazonian rainforest around 2050 due to drought , forest dieback and the subsequent release of more carbon dioxide . Five million years from now , the Amazon rainforest may long since have dried and transformed itself into savannah , killing itself in the progress ( changes such as this may happen even if all human deforestation activity ceases overnight ) . The descendants of our known animals may adapt to the dry savannah of the former Amazonian rainforest and thrive in the new , warmer temperatures . Human uses Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest , taken from a plane . Further information : Tropical rainforest § Human dimensions Tropical rainforests provide timber as well as animal products such as meat and hides . Rainforests also have value as tourism destinations and for the ecosystem services provided . Many foods originally came from tropical forests , and are still mostly grown on plantations in regions that were formerly primary forest . Also , plant - derived medicines are commonly used for fever , fungal infections , burns , gastrointestinal problems , pain , respiratory problems , and wound treatment . Native peoples This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2008 ) On January 18 , 2007 , FUNAI reported also that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil , up from 40 in 2005 . With this addition , Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes . The province of Irian Jaya or West Papua in the island of New Guinea is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups . The tribes are in danger because of the deforestation , especially in Brazil . Central African rainforest is home of the Mbuti pygmies , one of the hunter - gatherer peoples living in equatorial rainforests characterised by their short height ( below one and a half metres , or 59 inches , on average ) . They were the subject of a study by Colin Turnbull , The Forest People , in 1962 . Pygmies who live in Southeast Asia are , amongst others , referred to as `` Negrito '' . Deforestation Further information : Deforestation in Southeast Asia , Deforestation in Madagascar , and Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest Satellite photograph of the haze above Borneo and Sumatra on 24 September 2015 . Tropical and temperate rainforests have been subjected to heavy logging and agricultural clearance throughout the 20th century and the area covered by rainforests around the world is shrinking . Biologists have estimated that large numbers of species are being driven to extinction ( possibly more than 50,000 a year ; at that rate , says E.O. Wilson of Harvard University , a quarter or more of all species on Earth could be exterminated within 50 years ) due to the removal of habitat with destruction of the rainforests . Another factor causing the loss of rainforest is expanding urban areas . Littoral rainforest growing along coastal areas of eastern Australia is now rare due to ribbon development to accommodate the demand for seachange lifestyles . Forests are being destroyed at a rapid pace . Almost 90 % of West Africa 's rainforest has been destroyed . Since the arrival of humans , Madagascar has lost two thirds of its original rainforest . At present rates , tropical rainforests in Indonesia would be logged out in 10 years and Papua New Guinea in 13 to 16 years . According to Rainforest Rescue , an important reason for the increasing deforestation rate , especially in Indonesia , is the expansion of oil palm plantations to meet growing demand for cheap vegetable fats and biofuels . In Indonesia , palm oil is already cultivated on nine million hectares and , together with Malaysia , the island nation produces about 85 percent of the world 's palm oil . Several countries , notably Brazil , have declared their deforestation a national emergency . Amazon deforestation jumped by 69 % in 2008 compared to 2007 's twelve months , according to official government data . Deforestation could wipe out or severely damage nearly 60 % of the Amazon Rainforest by 2030 , says a 2007 report from WWF . However , a January 30 , 2009 New York Times article stated , `` By one estimate , for every acre of rain forest cut down each year , more than 50 acres of new forest are growing in the tropics ... '' The new forest includes secondary forest on former farmland and so - called degraded forest . See also Environment portal Ecology portal Cloud forest Ecology Inland rainforest Intact forest landscape Jungle Rainforest Foundation Fund Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary Stratification ( vegetation ) Tapiche Ohara 's Reserve References Jump up ^ The Tropical Rain Forest . Marietta College . Marietta , Ohio . Retrieved 14 August 2013 , Jump up ^ `` Rainforests.net -- Variables and Math '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Rainforests at Animal Center '' . Animalcorner.co.uk. 2004 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Killer Inhabitants of the Rainforests . `` Killer Inhabitants of the Rainforests '' . Trendsupdates.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Susan Woodward . Tropical broadleaf Evergreen Forest : The rainforest . Archived 2008 - 02 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Newman , Arnold . The Tropical Rainforest : A World Survey of Our Most Valuable Endangered Habitat : With a Blueprint for Its Survival . New York : Checkmark , 2002 . Print . Jump up ^ Hobgood ( 2008 ) . Global Pattern of Surface Pressure and Wind . Ohio State University . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Broeker , Wallace S. ( 2006 ) . `` Breathing easy : Et tu , O . '' Columbia University Columbia.edu Jump up ^ Moran , E.F. , `` Deforestation and Land Use in the Brazilian Amazon , '' Human Ecology , Vol 21 , No. 1 , 1993 '' Jump up ^ `` The Temperate Rainforest '' . Jump up ^ Bourgeron , Patrick S. ( 1983 ) . `` Spatial Aspects of Vegetation Structure '' . In Frank B. Golley . Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems . Structure and Function . Ecosystems of the World ( 14A ed . ) . Elsevier Scientific . pp. 29 -- 47 . ISBN 0 - 444 - 41986 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Sabah '' . Eastern Native Tree Society . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dendronautics -- Introduction Archived June 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rainforest Facts '' . Rain-tree.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Impact of Deforestation -- Extinction '' . Rainforests.mongabay.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Grida.no '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lewis , S.L. , Phillips , O.L. , Baker , T.R. , Lloyd , J. et al. 2004 `` Concerted changes in tropical forest structure and dynamics : evidence from 50 South American long - term plots '' Phil . Trans . R. Soc . Lond. 359 Jump up ^ Malhi , Yadvinder ; Grace , John ( 2000 ) . `` Tropical forests and atmospheric carbon dioxide '' . Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 15 ( 8 ) : 332 -- 337 . doi : 10.1016 / S0169 - 5347 ( 00 ) 01906 - 6 . ISSN 0169 - 5347 . Jump up ^ Malhi , Yadvinder ; Phillips , Oliver , eds. ( 2005 ) . Tropical Forests and Global Atmospheric Change . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198567066.001. 0001 . ISBN 9780198567066 . OCLC 77178196 . Jump up ^ `` Drought may turn forests into carbon producers '' . The Age . Melbourne . 2004 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cox , P.M. ; Betts , R.A. ; Collins , M. ; Harris , P.P. ; Huntingford , C. ; Jones , C.D. ( 2004 ) . `` Amazonian forest dieback under climate - carbon cycle projections for the 21st century '' ( PDF ) . Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 78 : 137 . Bibcode : 2004ThApC ... 78 ... 137C . doi : 10.1007 / s00704 - 004 - 0049 - 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : The Future is Wild television program Jump up ^ Myers , N. ( 1985 ) . The primary source . W.W. Norton & Company , New York , pp. 189 -- 193 . Jump up ^ `` Final Paper : The Medicinal Value of the Rainforest May 15 , 2003 . Amanda Haidet May 2003 '' . Jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil sees traces of more isolated Amazon tribes '' . Reuters.com. 2007 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ BBC : First contact with isolated tribes ? Archived 2008 - 02 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Tribal Peoples Archived 2012 - 10 - 20 at the Wayback Machine. , ThinkQuest Jump up ^ Entire rainforests set to disappear in next decade , The Independent 5 July 2003 Jump up ^ Talks Seek to Prevent Huge Loss of Species , New York Times 3 March 1992 Jump up ^ `` Littoral Rainforest - Why is it threatened ? '' . Pittwater.nsw.gov.au. 2012 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Thomas Marent : Out of the woods , The Independent 28 September 2006 Jump up ^ Brazil : Amazon Forest Destruction Rate Has Tripled , FoxNews.com , September 29 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea 's rainforests disappearing faster than thought '' . News.mongabay.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Rainforests & Agriculture '' . Csupomona.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Science : Satellite monitors Madagascar 's shrinking rainforest , 19 May 1990 , New Scientist '' . Newscientist.com. 1990 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ China is black hole of Asia 's deforestation , AsiaNews.it , 24 March 2008 Jump up ^ Rainforest Rescue : Facts about palm oil Jump up ^ Amazon deforestation rises sharply in 2007 , Usatoday.com , January 24 , 2008 Jump up ^ Vidal , John ( 20 May 2005 ) . `` Rainforest loss shocks Brazil '' . guardian.co.uk . London . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Brazil : Amazon deforestation worsens , Msnbc.com , August 30 , 2008 Jump up ^ Benjamin , Alison ( 6 December 2007 ) . `` More than half of Amazon will be lost by 2030 , report warns '' . guardian.co.uk . London . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rain Forests , The New York Times , January 30 , 2009 Further reading Part of the Illawarra Brush , in New South Wales , Australia . Butler , R.A. ( 2005 ) A Place Out of Time : Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face . Published online : Rainforests.mongabay.com Richards , P.W. ( 1996 ) . The tropical rain forest . 2nd ed . Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 - 521 - 42194 - 2 Whitmore , T.C. ( 1998 ) An introduction to tropical rain forests . 2nd ed . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850147 - 1 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rainforest . Look up rainforest in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Animals in a rainforest Rainforest Action Network The Sabah Biodiversity Experiment on rainforest restoration Rainforest Portal EIA forest reports : Investigations into illegal logging . EIA in the USA Reports and info . The Coalition for Rainforest Nations The Prince 's Rainforests Project United Nations Forum on Forests Dave Kimble 's Rainforest Photo Catalog ( Wet Tropics , Australia ) Rainforest Plants Tropical rainforest for children What is a rainforest National Geographic : Rain forest Tropical rainforests ( hide ) Forestry Outline Index Forest areas Ministries Research institutes Colleges Journals Arbor Day Types Agroforestry dehesa Analog forestry Bamboo forestry Close to nature forestry Community forestry Ecoforestry Energy forestry Mycoforestry Permaforestry Plantation forestry Social forestry Sustainable forestry Urban forestry Ecology and management Arboriculture Controlled burn Dendrology Ecological thinning Even - aged management Fire ecology Forest informatics IPM inventory governance law old - growth pathology protection restoration secondary transition Forest certification ATFS CFS FSC PEFC SFI SmartWood Woodland Carbon Code Forestation afforestation reforestation Growth and yield modelling Horticulture GM trees i - Tree urban Silviculture Sustainable management Tree allometry breeding Tree measurement crown girth height volume Environmental topics Acid rain Carbon sequestration Clearcutting Deforestation Ecological services Forest dieback Forest fragmentation High grading Illegal logging Invasive species REDD Shifting cultivation chitemene slash - and - burn slash - and - char svedjebruk Timber recycling Wildfire Wilding Industries Coppicing Forest farming Forest gardening Logging Manufacturing lumber plywood pulp and paper sawmilling Products biochar biomass charcoal non-timber palm oil rayon rubber tanbark Rail transport Tree farm Christmas trees Wood engineered fuel mahogany teak Woodworking Occupations Forester Arborist Bucker Choker setter Ecologist Feller Firefighter handcrew hotshot lookout smokejumper River driver Truck driver Log scaler Lumberjack Ranger Resin tapper Rubber tapper Shingle weaver Timber cruiser Tree planter Wood process engineer Portal GND : 4131965 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainforest&oldid=816086768 '' Categories : Rainforests Biodiversity Forest ecology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from December 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Aymar aru বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 04 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what type of animals are in the tropical rain forest
[ "More than half of the world's species of plants and animals are found in the rainforest.[14] Rainforests support a very broad array of fauna, including mammals, reptiles, birds and invertebrates. Mammals may include primates, felids and other families. Reptiles include snakes, turtles, chameleons and other families; while birds include such families as vangidae and Cuculidae. Dozens of families of invertebrates are found in rainforests. Fungi are also very common in rainforest areas as they can feed on the decomposing remains of plants and animals. Many rainforest species are rapidly disappearing due to deforestation, habitat loss and pollution of the atmosphere.[15]", "More than half of the world's species of plants and animals are found in the rainforest.[14] Rainforests support a very broad array of fauna, including mammals, reptiles, birds and invertebrates. Mammals may include primates, felids and other families. Reptiles include snakes, turtles, chameleons and other families; while birds include such families as vangidae and Cuculidae. Dozens of families of invertebrates are found in rainforests. Fungi are also very common in rainforest areas as they can feed on the decomposing remains of plants and animals. Many rainforest species are rapidly disappearing due to deforestation, habitat loss and pollution of the atmosphere.[15]", "More than half of the world's species of plants and animals are found in the rainforest.[14] Rainforests support a very broad array of fauna, including mammals, reptiles, birds and invertebrates. Mammals may include primates, felids and other families. Reptiles include snakes, turtles, chameleons and other families; while birds include such families as vangidae and Cuculidae. Dozens of families of invertebrates are found in rainforests. Fungi are also very common in rainforest areas as they can feed on the decomposing remains of plants and animals. Many rainforest species are rapidly disappearing due to deforestation, habitat loss and pollution of the atmosphere.[15]", "More than half of the world's species of plants and animals are found in the rainforest.[14] Rainforests support a very broad array of fauna, including mammals, reptiles, birds and invertebrates. Mammals may include primates, felids and other families. Reptiles include snakes, turtles, chameleons and other families; while birds include such families as vangidae and Cuculidae. Dozens of families of invertebrates are found in rainforests. Fungi are also very common in rainforest areas as they can feed on the decomposing remains of plants and animals. Many rainforest species are rapidly disappearing due to deforestation, habitat loss and pollution of the atmosphere.[15]" ]
[ "mammals", "reptiles", "birds", "invertebrates" ]
-4796891827152615526
Fido (dog)
Fido ( dog ) - wikipedia Fido ( dog ) Jump to : navigation , search Fido Piazza Dante , Borgo San Lorenzo monument to Fido Species Dog Breed Italian crossbreed dog , half Pointer Sex Male Autumn of 1941 Borgo San Lorenzo , Tuscany , Italy June 9 , 1958 ( aged 16 ) Borgo San Lorenzo , Tuscany , Italy Nation from Italian Known for waiting for fourteen years for the return of his deceased owner Owner Carlo Soriani ( until December 30 , 1943 ) , Carlo Soriani 's widow ( until Fido 's death ) Appearance White with many dark piebald markings , short - haired , drop - eared , scenthound - like mix Named after Ancient Latin dog name meaning `` faithful '' Awards Gold medal from Mayor ; Made legally unlicensed ; `` Monument to the dog Fido '' Piazza Dante , Borgo San Lorenzo Fido ( 1941 -- June 9 , 1958 ) was an Italian dog that came to public attention in 1943 because of his demonstration of unwavering loyalty to his dead master . Fido was written about in many Italian and international magazines and newspapers , appeared in newsreels throughout Italy , and was bestowed several honors , including a public statue erected in his honor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Adulthood 2.1 Vigil 3 Death 4 Memorials 5 Similar stories 6 See also 7 References 8 Notes 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Fido probably began life sometime in the autumn of 1941 as an independent street dog in Luco di Mugello , a small town in the municipality of Borgo San Lorenzo , in the Tuscan Province of Florence , Italy . One night in November 1941 , a brick kiln worker in Borgo San Lorenzo named Carlo Soriani , on his way home from the bus stop , found the dog lying injured in a roadside ditch . Not knowing who the dog belonged to , Soriani took him home and nursed him back to health . Soriani and his wife decided to adopt the dog , naming him Fido ( `` faithful '' , from Latin fidus ) . Adulthood ( edit ) After Fido recovered , he followed Soriani to the bus stop in the central square of Luco di Mugello and watched him board the bus for his job . When the bus returned in the evening , Fido found and greeted Soriani with obvious great joy and followed him home again . This pattern repeated every workday for two years : Fido would stay in the square , avoiding all others , waiting and sniffing the air until excitedly greeting Soriani and enthusiastically following him home . Vigil ( edit ) This was during the Second World War , and on December 30 , 1943 , Borgo San Lorenzo was subjected to a violent allied bombardment : many factories were hit , and many workers , including Soriani , perished . That evening , Fido showed up as usual at the bus stop , but did not see his beloved master disembark . Fido later returned home , but for fourteen years thereafter ( more than 5,000 times ) until the day of his death , he went daily to the stop , watching and sniffing the air , waiting in vain for Soriani to get off the bus . Media interest in Fido grew during his lifetime . Italian magazines Gente and Grand Hotel published the story of the dog , which also appeared in several newsreels of the Istituto Luce . Many readers were struck by the extraordinary faithfulness of Fido , including the mayor of Borgo San Lorenzo , who , on November 9 , 1957 , awarded him a gold medal in the presence of many citizens including Soriani 's moved widow . Time magazine wrote an article about Fido in April 1957 . Death ( edit ) Fido died still waiting for his master on June 9 , 1958 . The news of his death was announced to the public by the newspaper on a four - column front - page story in La Nazione . On 22 June , La Domenica del Corriere commemorated Fido with a poignant cover story . The cover painting by Walter Molino shows Fido dying on the roadside , with the bus waiting in the background . Fido was buried outside the cemetery of Luco di Mugello beside his master , Carlo Soriani . Memorials ( edit ) At the end of 1957 , when Fido was still alive , the Comune of Borgo San Lorenzo commissioned the sculptor Salvatore Cipolla to create a monument of the dog as a testimony of that exemplary story of love and fidelity . The work , entitled `` Monument to the dog Fido '' , was placed in Piazza Dante in Borgo San Lorenzo , next to the municipal palace . Under the statue depicting the dog is the dedication : A FIDO , ESEMPIO DI FEDELTÀ ( TO FIDO , EXAMPLE OF LOYALTY ) . The monument was inaugurated by the mayor of Borgo San Lorenzo , in presence of Fido and Soriani 's widow . Originally , the statue was realized in majolica , but a few months after the inauguration some vandals destroyed it . Consequently , the mayor of Borgo San Lorenzo commissioned to Salvatore Cipolla a new statue , this time in bronze , which replaced the first one and that is still today in Piazza Dante . Similar stories ( edit ) See also List of dogs noted for being faithful after their master 's death Fido is not the only dog to have become famous for public acts of extreme dedication to an individual person . Other dogs with very similar stories have captured the collective imagination , including the Japanese dog Hachikō , the American Shep , and the Scottish Greyfriars Bobby . See also ( edit ) Fido ( disambiguation ) List of famous dogs References ( edit ) Massimo Becattini , Andrea Granchi , Alto Mugello , Mugello , Val di Sieve , Firenze , 1985 . `` ITALY : Fido '' . Time magazine . 1 April 1957 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Staff writers ( 2 January 1958 ) . `` ' What 's All the Fuss About ? ' '' . Santa Cruz Sentinel . Santa Cruz , CA . AP . Retrieved 19 July 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ITALY : Fido '' . Time magazine . 1 April 1957 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` educazione cani '' . Dallapartedelcane.it . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archivio Storico Istituto Luce -- home '' . Archivioluce.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Archivio Storico Istituto Luce -- scheda '' . Archivioluce.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Archivio Storico Istituto Luce -- scheda '' . Archivioluce.com. 1957 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` La storia di Fido : le foto e una canzone d'epoca '' . Okmugello.it . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Informatore -- La fede di Fido -- Unicoop Firenze '' . Coopfirenze.it . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Il ritorno di Fido , cane fedele '' ( in Italian ) . Il Filo . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ecco chi abbatté la statua di Fido '' ( in Italian ) . Il Filo . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Scenes from a newsreel film about Fido , from the Istituto Luce Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fido_(dog)&oldid=798719664 '' Categories : Individual dogs 1941 animal births 1958 animal deaths Dog monuments Male dogs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 11 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the dog name fido come from
[ "Fido probably began life sometime in the autumn of 1941 as an independent street dog in Luco di Mugello, a small town in the municipality of Borgo San Lorenzo, in the Tuscan Province of Florence, Italy. One night in November 1941, a brick kiln worker in Borgo San Lorenzo named Carlo Soriani, on his way home from the bus stop, found the dog lying injured in a roadside ditch. Not knowing who the dog belonged to, Soriani took him home and nursed him back to health. Soriani and his wife decided to adopt the dog, naming him Fido (\"faithful\", from Latin fidus)." ]
[ "\"faithful\", from Latin fidus" ]
-2796711020771391892
Pallet
Pallet - wikipedia Pallet Not to be confused with Palate or Palette ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see Pallet ( disambiguation ) . The classic wooden pallet , with a glove for scale . A plastic skid with nine legs , which can be lifted from all four sides . This type of transport is commonly called a pallet , but since it has no bottom it is technically a skid . A metal pallet with removable beams , in this case for firewood Automated palletizer of bread with industrial KUKA robots at a bakery in Germany 48 in × 40 in ( 122 cm × 102 cm ) galvanized steel pallet . Galvanized steel pallets are fireproof and rust resistant . A pallet / ˈpælɪt / is a flat transport structure , which supports goods in a stable fashion while being lifted by a forklift , a pallet jack , a front loader , a jacking device , or a crane ; sometimes , a pallet is inaccurately called a skid ( which has no bottom deck boards ) . A pallet is the structural foundation of a unit load which allows handling and storage efficiencies . Goods or shipping containers are often placed on a pallet secured with strapping , stretch wrap or shrink wrap and shipped . Since its invention in the twentieth century , its use has dramatically supplanted older forms of crating like the wooden box and the wooden barrel , as it works well with modern packaging like corrugated boxes and intermodal containers commonly used for bulk shipping . While most pallets are wooden , pallets can also be made of plastic , metal , paper , and recycled materials . Each material has advantages and disadvantages . Contents 1 Overview 2 Standardization and regulation 2.1 Dimensions 2.1. 1 ISO pallets 2.1. 2 North American pallets 2.1. 3 European pallets 2.1. 4 Australian standard pallets 2.2 Standard - setting organizations 2.2. 1 ISO Technical Committee 51 : Pallets for unit load method of materials handling 2.2. 2 National Wood Pallet and Container Association 2.2. 3 U.S. DOD , Dept. of Navy , Naval Sea Systems Command 2.2. 4 European Committee for Standardization ( Comité Européen de Normalisation ) 2.3 Phytosanitary compliance 3 Pallet construction 3.1 Types 3.1. 1 Stringer pallet 3.1. 2 Block pallet 3.1. 3 Flush pallet 3.1. 4 Perimeter base pallet 3.1. 5 Quality improvements 3.2 Materials 3.2. 1 Plastic 3.2. 1.1 Manufacture 4 History 5 Alternative uses 6 Fire hazards 7 Food safety risks 8 Pallet boxes 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading Overview ( edit ) Containerization for transport has spurred the use of pallets because shipping containers have the smooth , level surfaces needed for easy pallet movement . Many pallets can handle a load of 1,000 kg ( 2,205 lb ) . Today , over half a billion pallets are made each year and about two billion pallets are in use across the United States alone . Pallets make it easier to move heavy stacks . Loads with pallets under them can be hauled by forklift trucks of different sizes , or even by hand - pumped and hand - drawn pallet jacks . Movement is easy on a wide , strong , flat floor : concrete is excellent . The greatest investment needed for economical pallet use is in the construction of commercial or industrial buildings . Passage through doors and buildings must be possible . To help this issue , some later pallet standards ( the europallet and the U.S. Military 35 in × 45.5 in or 889 mm × 1,156 mm ) are designed to pass through standard doorways . Organizations using standard pallets for loading and unloading can have much lower costs for handling and storage , with faster material movement than businesses that do not . The exceptions are establishments that move small items such as jewelry or large items such as cars . But even they can be improved . For instance , the distributors of costume jewelry normally use pallets in their warehouses and car manufacturers use pallets to move components and spare parts . The lack of a single international standard for pallets causes substantial continuing expense in international trade . A single standard is difficult because of the wide variety of needs a standard pallet would have to satisfy : passing doorways , fitting in standard containers , and bringing low labor costs . For example , organizations already handling large pallets often see no reason to pay the higher handling cost of using smaller pallets that can fit through doors . Due to cost and a need to focus on core business , pallet pooling becomes more and more common . Some pallet suppliers supply users with reusable pallets , sometimes with integral tracking devices . A pallet management company can help supply , clean , repair , and reuse pallets . A truckload of used wooden pallets in California Heavy duty pallets are a form of reusable packaging and are designed to be used multiple times . Light weight pallets are designed for a single use . In the UK , government legislation relating to the Waste Framework Directive requires the reuse of packaging items above recycling and disposal . Standardization and regulation ( edit ) Dimensions ( edit ) Wooden pallets typically consist of three or four stringers that support several deckboards , on top of which goods are placed . In a pallet measurement , the first number is the stringer length and the second is the deckboard length . Square or nearly square pallets help a load resist tipping . Two - way pallets are designed to be lifted by the deckboards . The standard 48x40 North American pallet , or GMA pallet , has stringers of 48 inches and deckboards of 40 inches , and was standardized by the Grocery Manufacturers Association . A standard wooden pallet ( 48 in × 40 in × 6 in or 122 cm × 102 cm × 15 cm ) with a static load bearing capacity of 3 short tons ( 2.7 long tons ; 2.7 t ) and a 1 - short - ton ( 0.89 - long - ton ; 0.91 t ) dynamic capacity , will weigh approximately 33 to 48 lb ( 15 to 22 kg ) Lightweight plastic pallets can weigh as little as 3 to 15 pounds ( 1.4 to 6.8 kg ) , while heavier models may weight up to 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) . Standard GMA pallets can hold up to 4,600 pounds ( 2,100 kg ) . GMA pallets typically weighs 37 pounds ( 17 kg ) , and are 6 ⁄ inches ( 170 mm ) tall . Their deck boards measure 3 ⁄ inches ( 83 mm ) wide and are ⁄ inch ( 7.9 mm ) thick each . Other dimensions of pallets have different weight capacities . Heavy duty IPPC two - way entry wooden pallets from Germany ( DE ) are approximately 44 inches ( 1,118 mm ) wide by 48 inches ( 1,219 mm ) long , have three wood stringers that are a nominal 4 inches ( 102 mm ) high by 3 inches ( 76 mm ) wide timber , and weigh about 80 pounds ( 36 kg ) . Their deck is fully covered by 30 mm ( 1.18 in ) plywood , and has a heavy metal `` Z '' clip at the middle edge of each side . Four - way pallets , or pallets for heavy loads ( or general - purpose systems that might have heavy loads ) are best lifted by their more rigid stringers . These pallets are usually heavier , bigger and more durable than two - way pallets . Pallet users want pallets to easily pass through buildings , to stack and fit in racks , to be accessible to forklifts and pallet jacks and to function in automated warehouses . To avoid shipping air , pallets should also pack tightly inside intermodal containers and vans . No universally accepted standards for pallet dimensions exist . Companies and organizations utilize hundreds of different pallet sizes around the globe . While no single dimensional standard governs pallet production , a few different sizes are widely used . ISO pallets ( edit ) The International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) sanctions six pallet dimensions , detailed in ISO Standard 6780 : Flat pallets for intercontinental materials handling -- Principal dimensions and tolerances : Dimensions ( W × L ) millimetres Dimensions ( W × L ) inches Wasted floor , ISO container Region most used in 1016 × 1219 40.00 × 48.00 3.7 % ( 20 pallets in 40 ft ISO ) North America 1000 × 1200 39.37 × 47.24 6.7 % Europe , Asia ; similar to 40 '' × 48 `` . 1165 × 1165 45.9 × 45.9 8.1 % Australia 1067 × 1067 42.00 × 42.00 11.5 % North America , Europe , Asia 1100 × 1100 43.30 × 43.30 14 % Asia 800 × 1200 31.50 × 47.24 15.2 % Europe ; fits many doorways North American pallets ( edit ) Of the top pallets used in North America , the most commonly used by far is the Grocery Manufacturers Association ( GMA ) pallet , which accounts for 30 % of all new wood pallets produced in the United States . The ISO also recognizes the GMA pallet footprint as one of its six standard sizes . Dimensions , mm ( W × L ) Dimensions , in ( W × L ) Production Rank Industries Using 1016 × 1219 40 × 48 Grocery , many others 1067 × 1067 42 × 42 Telecommunications , Paint 1219 × 1219 48 × 48 Drums 1219 × 1016 48 × 40 Military , Cement 1219 × 1067 48 × 42 5 Chemical , Beverage 1016 × 1016 40 × 40 6 Dairy 1219 × 1143 48 × 45 7 Automotive 1118 × 1118 44 × 44 8 Drums , Chemical 914 × 914 36 × 36 9 Beverage 1219 × 914 48 × 36 10 Beverage , Shingles , Packaged Paper 889 × 1156 35 × 45.5 Unknown Military ​ ⁄ ISO container , fits 36 '' standard doors 1219 × 508 48 × 20 Unknown Retail European pallets ( edit ) Main article : EUR - pallet EuroPallet EURO pallet type Dimensions ( W × L ) ISO pallet alternative EUR , EUR 1 800 mm × 1,200 mm × 145 mm 31.50 in × 47.24 in × 5.71 in ISO1 , same size as EUR . The pallet weight is between 20 and 25 kg . Weight of a load : 2490 kg . EUR 2 1,200 mm × 1,000 mm × 144 mm 47.24 in × 39.37 in × 5.67 in ISO2 . The pallet weight is 33 kg . Weight of a load : 1470 kg . EUR 3 1,000 mm × 1,200 mm × 144 mm 39.37 in × 47.24 in × 5.67 in The pallet weight is 29 kg . Weight of a load of 1920 kg . EUR 6 800 mm × 600 mm × 144 mm 31.50 in × 23.62 in × 5.67 in ISO0 , half the size of EUR . The pallet weight is 9.5 kg . Weight of the safe load : 500 kg . 600 mm × 400 mm 23.62 in × 15.75 in quarter the size of EUR 400 mm × 300 mm 15.75 in × 11.81 in one - eighth the size of EUR Australian standard pallets ( edit ) Main article : Australia standard pallets The Australian standard pallet is a pallet size commonly found in Australia but found rarely elsewhere . It is a square pallet originally made of hardwood 1,165 mm × 1,165 mm ( 45.87 in × 45.87 in ) in size which fits perfectly in the RACE container of the Australian Railway . They are ill - suited for the standard 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) and 40 feet ( 12 m ) ISO shipping containers used around the globe. ( 1 ) Australian standard pallets are usually manufactured in hardwood , but 1165 × 1165 mm pallets can also be manufactured using lighter timber suitable for use as disposable pallets using 16 millimetre boards . Extensively used in storage and warehousing , they are popular pallets for racking , with the right shape and size to be removed from transport and directly onto warehouse racking for storage . The Australian Standard Pallet dates back to World War II , while ISO containers date to the late 1950s . Although the pallet 's dimensions pre-date the ISO containers , it requires less dunnage , is square , and leaves less wasted space than other pallets , including the GMA pallet . In 2010 , Australia adopted the globally accepted ISPM 15 wood packaging material regulations ( before this time it was hardwood and more expensive ) . Standard - setting organizations ( edit ) A number of different organizations and associations around the world work towards establishing and promulgating standards for pallets . Some strive to develop universal standards for pallet dimensions , types of material used in construction , performance standards , and testing procedures . Other organizations choose to focus on pallet standards for a specific industry ( such as groceries ) or type of material ( such as wood ) . ISO Technical Committee 51 : pallets for unit load method of materials handling ( edit ) ISO TC 51 states its scope of work entailing the `` standardization of pallets in general use in the form of platforms or trays on which goods may be packed to form unit loads for handling by mechanical devices '' . The Technical Committee works in conjunction with other Technical Committees focused on transportation infrastructure to develop interrelated standards . TC 51 is responsible for developing ISO Standard 6780 : Flat pallets for intercontinental materials handling -- Principal dimensions and tolerances as well as sixteen other standards related to pallet construction and testing . National wood pallet and container Association ( edit ) The National Wood Pallet and Container Association ( NWPCA ) is a trade organization based in the United States representing the interests of wood pallet and container manufacturers . U.S. dod , Dept. of Navy , naval sea systems command ( edit ) This organization maintains MIL - STD - 1660 , the standard description of palletized unit loads for the U.S. Military and some allies . DOD Unit loads generally use 40 in × 48 in ( 1,016 mm × 1,219 mm ) pallets , are less than 4,000 lb ( 1,814 kg ) , weatherproof , and stack 16 ft ( 4.88 m ) high . They often use steel pallets , steel straps with notched seals , outdoor plywood , and plastic film . The standard describes tests for stacking , transport , sling , forklift and pallet jack , impact , drop tests , tip , water - retention , and disassembly . European Committee for Standardization ( Comité Européen de Normalisation ) ( edit ) In addition to the other standards it publishes , the European Committee for Standardization , also known as the Comité Européen de Normalisation ( CEN ) , produces standards for pallets . While the standards are voluntary in nature , many companies and organizations involved in transportation have adopted them . The major standard for pallets produced by CEN is ICS : 55.180. 20 General purpose pallets Phytosanitary compliance ( edit ) IPPC marks on a pallet from Germany ( DE ) IPPC marks on a pallet from Germany ( DE ) Due to the International Plant Protection Convention ( abbreviated IPPC ) , most pallets shipped across national borders must be made of materials that are incapable of being a carrier of invasive species of insects and plant diseases . The standards for these pallets are specified in ISPM 15 . Pallets made of raw , untreated wood are not compliant with ISPM 15 . To be compliant the pallets ( or other wood packaging material ) must meet debarked standards , and must be treated by either of the following means under the supervision of an approved agency : Heat treatment The wood must be heated to achieve a minimum core temperature of 56 ° C ( 132.8 ° F ) for at least 30 minutes . Pallets treated via this method bear the initials HT near the IPPC logo . Chemical fumigation The wood must be fumigated with methyl bromide . Pallets treated via this method bear the initials MB near the IPPC logo . From 19 March 2010 the use of methyl bromide as a treatment according to ISPM15 has now been banned within all EU member states . This is due to causing potential harm to the Earth 's stratospheric ozone layer . Treated wood pallets must be stamped on two opposite sides indicating either HT for heat treated or MB for methyl bromide treatment . Pallets made of non-wood materials such as steel , aluminum , plastic , or engineered wood products , such as plywood , oriented strand board , or corrugated fiberboard do not need IPPC approval , and are considered to be exempt from ISPM 15 regulations . Pallet construction ( edit ) Types ( edit ) Pallets being used in a warehouse in Finland Although pallets come in all manner of sizes and configurations , all pallets fall into two very broad categories : `` stringer '' pallets and `` block '' pallets . Various software packages exist to assist the pallet maker in designing an appropriate pallet for a specific load , and to evaluate wood options to reduce costs . Stringer pallet ( edit ) Stringer pallets use a frame of three or more parallel pieces of timber ( called stringers ) . The top deckboards are then affixed to the stringers to create the pallet structure . Stringer pallets can have a notch cut into them allowing `` four - way '' entry . Forklifts can lift a stringer pallet from all four directions , though lifting by the stringers is more secure . Block pallet ( edit ) Block pallets are typically stronger than stringer pallets . Block pallets utilize both parallel and perpendicular stringers to better facilitate efficient handling . A block pallet is also known as a `` four - way '' pallet , since a pallet - jack may be used from any side to move it . Flush pallet ( edit ) Flush pallets are pallets with deck boards that are flush with the stringers and stringer boards along the ends and sides of the pallet . Perimeter base pallet ( edit ) All stringer and some block pallets have `` unidirectional bases , '' i.e. bottom boards oriented in one direction . While automated handling equipment can be designed for this , often it can operate faster and more effectively if the bottom edges of a pallet have bottom boards oriented in both directions . For example , it may not need to turn a pallet to rack it , and operation is less sensitive to pallet orientation . Quality improvements ( edit ) The least expensive way to improve a pallet is usually to specify better nails . With non-wood pallets , a controlled coefficient of friction is often helpful to prevent the pallet from slipping from forks and racks . Stiffer pallets are more durable , and are handled more easily by automated equipment . If a pallet does not need to be lifted from all four sides , two - way pallets with unnotched stringers may be used , with the additional benefits of added rigidity and strength . Specifying tolerances on flatness and water content may help the supplier meet target requirements . Inspection of pallets , whether in person or by a third - party ( such as `` SPEQ '' inspected pallets ) offer additional assurance of quality . Materials ( edit ) Wooden pallet being dismantled The cheapest pallets are made of softwood and are often considered expendable , to be discarded as trash along with other wrapping elements , at the end of the trip . These pallets are simple stringer pallets , and liftable from two sides . Slightly more complex hardwood block pallets , plastic pallets and metal pallets can be lifted from all four sides . These costlier pallets usually require a deposit and are returned to the sender or resold as used . Many `` four way '' pallets are color - coded according to the loads they can bear , and other attributes . Wood pallets can pose serious bio-hazard risks as they are susceptible to bacterial and chemical contamination , such as E. coli problems in food and produce transportation , and even insect infestation , and thus the need for ISPM 15 . Wooden pallet construction specifications can depend on the pallet 's intended use : general , FDA , storage , chemical , export ; the expected load weight ; type of wood desired : recycled , hard , soft , kiln dried or combo ( new & recycle ) ; and even the type of fasteners desired to hold the pallet together : staples or nails . Paper pallets , also referred to as `` ecopallets '' , are often used for light loads , but engineered paper pallets are increasingly used for loads that compare with wood . Paper pallets are also used where recycling and easy disposal is important . New designs of ecopallets have been made from just two flat pieces of corrugated board ( no glue / staples ) and weigh just 4.5 kg ( 9.9 lb ) , offering dramatic freight savings . Ecopallets are also ISPM 15 exempt , negating fumigation and barrier `` slip '' sheets . They are cleaner , safer , and provide a cost - saving eco-friendly alternative to other pallet materials . Some engineered Corrugated pallets offer a significant reduced height , providing substantial freight cost reduction . Low profile hand pallet trucks allow picking up pallets as low as 25 mm . Steel pallets are strong and are used for heavy loads , high - stacking loads , long term dry storage , and loads moved by abusive logistic systems . They are often used for military ammunition . Metal pallets make up less than 1 % of the market . Materials include carbon steel , stainless steel , and aluminum . Of these , carbon steel offers excellent durability at the lowest cost . Stainless steel does n't require a paint coating , and is preferred for such applications as clean room environments . Carbon steel units are expensive compared to wood , and stainless and aluminum cost about 2 -- 3 times that of carbon steel . Long term costs , however , can be lower than wood . General advantages of metal pallets are high strength and stiffness , excellent durability , bug free , no splinters , sanitary , and recyclable . Disadvantages include a higher initial price , significant weight , low friction , and susceptibility to rusting ( carbon steel ) . Metal is primarily used in captive or closed loop environments where durability and product protection are key performance requirements . Metal units today are increasingly price competitive and lighter in weight . Primary industries that use metal pallets include automotive , pharmaceutical , lawn tractors , motorcycles , and tires . Aluminum pallets are stronger than wood or plastic , lighter than steel , and resist weather , rotting , plastic creep and corrosion . They are sometimes used for air - freight , long - term outdoor or at - sea storage , or military transport . Plastic ( edit ) Plastic pallets are often made of new HDPE or recycled PET ( drink bottles ) . They are usually extremely durable , lasting for a hundred trips or more , and resist weathering , rot , chemicals and corrosion . The benefits of plastic pallets over wood pallets include the ability to be easily sanitized , resistance to odor , fire retardancy , longer service life span , durability and better product protection , non-splintering , and lighter weight , thus saving on transportation and labor costs and making them safer and more environmentally friendly. They often stack . Plastic pallets are exempt by inspection for biosafety concerns , and easily sanitize for international shipping . HDPE is impervious to most acids and toxic chemicals clean from them more easily . Some plastic pallets can collapse from plastic creep if used to store heavy loads for long periods . Plastic pallets can not easily be repaired , and can be ten times as expensive as hardwood , so they are often used by logistics service providers who can profit from their durability and stackability . The large supply chains have increased the use of plastic pallets as many organisations seek to reduce costs through waste , transport and health & safety . Pallets and dollies can be combined ( for example the Pally ) , eliminating pallet instability and the need for additional lifting equipment along with creating valuable space in busy operating environments . They also deliver significant time and cost savings by reducing supply chain handling . Plastics ' reusability has contributed to an increase in usage of plastic pallets . Plastic pallets are produced and used widely in the U.S. and Europe , spurred by the adoption of the ISPM 15 . A full comparison of wood vs plastic can be made by a life cycle analysis . Plastic pallets can cost 10 times as much as hardwood pallets and even more expensive compared to cheap expendable softwood pallets . RFID chips can be molded into the pallets to monitor locations and track inventory . Manufacture ( edit ) There are six main types of plastic processes that are used to manufacture pallets : High pressure injection molding Structural foam molding Thermoforming Compression molding Rotational molding Profile extrusion History ( edit ) Skids date back to Ancient Egypt and Ancient Mesopotamia , at least as far back as the 1st millennium B.C. The development of the forklift and the needs of World War II logistics operations led to substantial use of pallets . References to the early modern pallets types are slim with a string of patents showing parts of the development . The earliest may be a U.S. patent on a skid from 1924 describing Howard T. Hallowell 's `` Lift Truck Platform '' . In the late 1930s , pallets became more commonplace with the newer forklift types . George Raymond filed for a patent in 1938 ( granted US Patent 2178646 in 1939 ) for a pallet designed to complement a new pallet jack design ; the essential features of both are still in common use today . A 1939 patent from Carl Clark shows type of pallet with steel stringers . War time developments were often just patented after the war , so there is a patent from Robert Braun on a four - way pallet in 1945 , and a patent from Norman Cahners ( a U.S. Navy Supply Officer ) shows a disposable pallet type in 1949 . The complete construction principle of a modern four - way pallet is described by Darling Graeme in 1949 . Alternative uses ( edit ) Stacked pallets Improvised street bench in Naples ( Italy ) , made from wooden EuroPallet Old and discarded wooden pallets can be used in pallet crafts and various furniture pieces . Discarded wooden pallets should not be used for firewood or crafts unless it has been determined that the wood in these pallets has not been treated with wood preservatives , fungicides and / or pesticides . Various pyrethrins and propiconazole are common treatments for wooden pallets . In addition , imported palletized goods are routinely fumigated with highly toxic pesticides . During use , harmful materials or chemicals also may spill on the pallet wood and be absorbed . Craft publications have advised readers to use pallets to build a skateboarding obstacle called a manual pad , barricades during amateur paintball games , or other sport - related items . Other publications have suggested using pallet wood for small animal cages or fences . Pallet wood has been recycled for use as furniture wood by at least one company . The acoustic guitar maker Taylor Guitars once produced a high quality `` pallet guitar '' made from pallet wood , in order to demonstrate the importance of construction technique versus expensive exotic woods . I - Beam Design , an architecture and interior design firm based in New York , NY won an award in a 1999 competition sponsored by Architecture for Humanity for their submission of `` The Pallet House '' , a design solution to house the returning refugees of Kosovo . Full - scale prototypes of The Pallet House were featured in the `` Casa per Tutti '' Exhibit at the Milan Triennale and the Earth Awards in HRH Prince Charles ' Royal Gardens as part of The Prince 's Charities Foundation 's Conference on a Sustainable Future organized in collaboration with IBM and The Financial Times . The Pallet House is an affordable transitional home that can become permanent over time . It can be used as refugee housing or as affordable housing as well . Due to the nature of the Pallet module , the wall cavity can be insulated with a variety of materials that are accessible to the user . The two Austrian students Andreas Claus Schnetzer and Gregor Pils from the University of Vienna created a home entitled Pallet house and as the name suggests , reused pallets to form a modular , energy efficient and affordable housing . The idea was born in 2008 during a competition and the Pallet house has been exhibited in several European cities including Venice , Vienna , Linz and Grenoble . It could become a clever approach to low income housing . Denver , Colorado was host to an Inaugural Pallet-Fest festival that showcased the versatility of pallets and included large art structures made with upcycled materials , a pallet maze , a pallet amphitheater with live musical performances , sustainable living demonstrations , an upcycled fashion show , vendors and artists selling upcycled goods , and a parkour course . The event was crowdfunded and organized by Upcycle Events . Items made from pallet wood are likely to be durable and demonstrate good weather resistance due to these treatments . However , close contact with pallet wood or inhalation of dusts from sanding or sawing can be a source of exposure to pesticide and fungicide chemicals . It is likely that the January , 2010 recall of Johnson and Johnson Tylenol and other drugs was due to their being stored on wooden pallets that had been treated with the fungicide / pesticide 2 , 4 , 6 - tribromophenol . This chemical can be degraded by molds to produce 2 , 4 , 6 - tribromoanisole whose strong , musty odor caused consumers to complain . There is no acute or chronic health data on 2 , 4 , 6 - tribromoanisole , but it is believed that the contaminated drugs caused nausea and other health effects in some people . Fire hazards ( edit ) Both wood and plastic pallets are possible fire hazards . The National Fire Protection Association requires that both types `` shall be stored outside or in a detached structure '' unless protected by fire sprinklers . Food safety risks ( edit ) Wood pallets used to transport food can possibly harbor pathogens such as E. coli and Listeria . A release by the National Consumers League announced the testing of 70 wood pallets and 70 plastic pallets that have been loaded with perishable products and shipped to an end user was shipped overnight to an independent microbiology lab for testing . The results came back with 10 percent of the wood pallets ( 7 pallets ) positive for E. coli and 1.4 percent ( 1 pallet ) positive on the plastic pallets . Pallet boxes ( edit ) Pallet boxes are pallets with four pallet walls on top and possibly a lid . Unlike pallets , pallet boxes can be stacked when they are fully loaded . They may also be fitted with a lid during stacking for stability reasons . By stacking pallet boxes on each other space can be used more efficiently , thus are able to save warehouse space and truck load capacity . Another advantage of pallet boxes is that the goods are stored safely and are not easily damaged during logistic movements and transport . Furthermore , there are collapsible pallet boxes from which the pallet walls can be laid flat on the pallet . In this way , less space is required during empty return transport . See also ( edit ) 463L master pallet , a wood and aluminium air cargo pallet primarily used by the US Air Force Bulk box CHEP , Commonwealth Handling Equipment Pool Concrete block Crane ( machine ) Dunnage Forklift truck International Plant Protection Convention Dictates ISPM 15 ( above ) ISPM 15 , Regulation of wood packaging material in international trade Molded pulp pallet Packaging and labeling Pallet inverters Palletizer Plastic pallet Slip sheet Stillage , a stackable pallet - like device with sides or a cage to contain the load Stretch wrap TI - HI , the stacking pattern of a pallet ULD , lightweight aluminium and plastic pallet or container for aircraft Unit Load References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All the pallet terminology you 'll ever need to know '' . Retrieved Nov 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is a GMA pallet ? '' . Retrieved Nov 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pallet Weight '' . Retrieved Nov 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Pallet Dimensions '' . Retrieved Nov 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pallet Types '' . Retrieved Nov 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Pallets Sizes & Dimensions '' . Retrieved Nov 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raballand , Gaël ; Aldaz - Carroll , Enrique ( 1 February 2005 ) . `` How Do Differing Standards Increase Trade Costs ? The Case of Pallets '' . SSRN 665064 -- via papers.ssrn.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` What Are The Standard Pallet Size Dimensions ? '' . Retrieved Nov 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ISO 6780 : 2003 -- Flat pallets for intercontinental materials handling -- Principal dimensions and tolerances Jump up ^ Clarke , John , `` Pallets 101 : Industry Overview and Wood , Plastic , Paper , and Metal Options '' Jump up ^ `` Design Criteria for Ammunition Unit Loads '' . U.S. DOD , Dept of the Navy , Naval Sea Systems Command . 8 April 1970 . MIL - STD - 1660 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . , para. 4.8. 3 , mil - std pallets are 4 - way : 4.3. 1 Jump up ^ MIL - STD - 1660 , ibid. , para. 4.8. 3 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ ISO Technical Committee 51 : Pallets for unit load method of materials handling Archived 2006 - 12 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` National Wood Pallet and Container Association Mission '' . Archived from the original on 7 May 2004 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ MIL - STD - 1660 , ibid . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ISPM 15 WPM Clarification - Timber Creek '' . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ispm15.com/Methyl_bromide_Decision_2008_753_EC.pdf Jump up ^ `` Standard Pallet Size -- Pallet Dimensions List : GLOBAL '' . Pallets LLC . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Palletology '' . Alliance Pallets of Chicago . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't reuse wood pallets '' . Cheap Like Me Blog. 3 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ MIL - STD - 1660 , ibid. , 4.8. 3 Jump up ^ Pallets -- Where Form Meets Function By Peter Hamner , Center for Unit Loan Design , Virginia Tech ^ Jump up to : Raballand , ibid. , pg11 Jump up ^ `` HSM MAGAZINE - Home '' . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Grande , Joseph A. ( September 2008 ) . `` Plastic Pallets Gain Ground In an Eco-Conscious World '' . Plastics Technology . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , S.G. ( March 2004 ) , `` A simplified life cycle assessment of re-usable and single - use bulk transit packaging '' , Packaging Technology and Science , 17 ( 2 ) : 67 -- 83 , doi : 10.1002 / pts. 643 , retrieved 15 October 2012 Jump up ^ Swedberg , C ( March 2012 ) , `` Asset - Tracking Technology Helps iGPS Rescue Its Pallets '' , RFID journal : 49 -- 60 , retrieved 15 October 2012 Jump up ^ Yam , K.L. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 08704 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Remains of timber , the lengths laid upon the pavement parallel to one another ( fig. 114 ) where a large number of blocks were found , suggest skids upon which they were moved '' . ( Loud , 1936 : 108 ) . Cited by Peter Roger Stuart Moorey , Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries : The Archeological Evidence ( Eisenbrauns , 1999 ) , page 32 . Jump up ^ Vanderbilt , Tom ( 14 August 2012 ) . `` Pallets : The single most important object in the global economy '' . Slate . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ United States Patent Office , Lift - Truck Platform , accessed 21 January 2017 Jump up ^ `` US Patent 2178646 A '' . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Singh , R.R. ( 2013 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Pallets -- An efficient and safe way of material handling '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ion , Alex . `` Ultimate Pallet Furniture Collection : 58 Unique Ideas '' . Decoist . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pallet Guitar '' . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pallet House / Schnetzer Andreas Claus + Pils Gregor '' . 7 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Chemical & Engineering News , January 25 , 2010 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Sigma Aldrich , MSDS , 2009 Jump up ^ NFPA 13 Jump up ^ CBS News , `` Hidden Danger of Pallets '' ( May 2010 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pallets . Yam , K.L. , Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology , John Wiley & Sons , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 08704 - 6 MHIA / ANSI MH1 -- 2005 Pallets , Slip Sheets , and Other Bases for Unit Loads ASTM D 1185 Test Methods for Pallets and Related Structures ASTM D6253 Treatment and / or Marking of Wood Packaging Materials Why Use Two If One Will Do ? , Palletizer Magazine , 1944 What Came First , The Pallet or the Forklift ? GND : 4135274 - 9 LCCN : sh85097218 NDL : 00569052 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pallet&oldid=850698486 '' Categories : Freight transport Packaging Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 14 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how wide are the slats on a pallet
[ "Two-way pallets are designed to be lifted by the deckboards. The standard 48x40 North American pallet, or GMA pallet, has stringers of 48 inches and deckboards of 40 inches, and was standardized by the Grocery Manufacturers Association.[2] A standard wooden pallet (48 in × 40 in × 6 in or 122 cm × 102 cm × 15 cm) with a static load bearing capacity of 3 short tons (2.7 long tons; 2.7 t) and a 1-short-ton (0.89-long-ton; 0.91 t) dynamic capacity, will weigh approximately 33 to 48 lb (15 to 22 kg) Lightweight plastic pallets can weigh as little as 3 to 15 pounds (1.4 to 6.8 kg), while heavier models may weight up to 30 pounds (14 kg).[3] Standard GMA pallets can hold up to 4,600 pounds (2,100 kg). GMA pallets typically weighs 37 pounds (17 kg), and are 6 1⁄2 inches (170 mm) tall. Their deck boards measure 3 1⁄4 inches (83 mm) wide and are 5⁄16 inch (7.9 mm) thick each.[4] Other dimensions of pallets have different weight capacities.[5][6]\n" ]
[ "3 1⁄4 inches (83 mm) wide" ]
3929380528853643534
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Raiders of the Lost Ark - Wikipedia Raiders of the Lost Ark Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Raiders of the Lost Ark ( disambiguation ) . Raiders of the Lost Ark Theatrical release poster by Richard Amsel Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Frank Marshall Screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan Story by George Lucas Philip Kaufman Starring Harrison Ford Karen Allen Paul Freeman Ronald Lacey John Rhys - Davies Denholm Elliott Music by John Williams Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 12 , 1981 ( 1981 - 06 - 12 ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $18 million Box office $389.9 million Raiders of the Lost Ark ( also known as Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark ) is a 1981 American action adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg , with a screenplay written by Lawrence Kasdan , from a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman . It was produced by Frank Marshall for Lucasfilm Ltd. , with Lucas and Howard Kazanjian as executive producers . Starring Harrison Ford , it was the first installment in the Indiana Jones film franchise to be released , though it is the second in internal chronological order . It pits Indiana Jones ( Ford ) against a group of Nazis who are searching for the Ark of the Covenant , which Adolf Hitler believes will make his army invincible . The film co-stars Karen Allen as Indiana 's former lover , Marion Ravenwood ; Paul Freeman as Indiana 's rival , French archaeologist René Belloq ; John Rhys - Davies as Indiana 's sidekick , Sallah ; Ronald Lacey as Gestapo agent Arnold Toht ; and Denholm Elliott as Indiana 's colleague , Marcus Brody . The film originated from Lucas ' desire to create a modern version of the serials of the 1930s and 1940s . Production was based at Elstree Studios , England ; but filming also took place in La Rochelle , France , Tunisia , Hawaii , and California from June to September 1980 . Released on June 12 , 1981 , Raiders of the Lost Ark became the year 's top - grossing film and remains one of the highest - grossing films ever made . It was nominated for eight Academy Awards in 1982 , including Best Picture , and won four for Best Art Direction , Film Editing , Sound , and Visual Effects with a fifth Academy Award : a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing . The film 's critical and popular success led to three additional films , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) , and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) , with a fifth slated for 2020 ; the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 1996 ) , and 15 video games as of 2009 . Considered one of the greatest films ever made , the film also ranked # 7 on Empire 's list of the 100 greatest movies of all time . In 1999 , the film was included in the U.S. Library of Congress ' National Film Registry as having been deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Visual effects and sound design 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Merchandise 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Impact 6.1 2012 replica mystery 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1936 , archaeologist Indiana Jones braves an ancient booby - trapped temple in Peru and retrieves a golden idol . He is confronted by rival archaeologist René Belloq and the indigenous Hovito people . Surrounded and outnumbered , Jones surrenders the idol to Belloq and escapes aboard a waiting floatplane . Jones returns to his teaching position at Marshall College , a fictitious New England college , where he is interviewed by two Army Intelligence agents . They inform Jones that the Nazis are searching for his old mentor , Abner Ravenwood , under whom Jones studied at the University of Chicago . The Nazis know that Ravenwood is the leading expert on the ancient city of Tanis in Egypt , and that he possesses the headpiece of the Staff of Ra. Jones deduces that the Nazis are searching for the Ark of the Covenant -- the Nazis believe that if they acquire the Ark , their armies will become invincible . The Staff of Ra is the key to finding the Well of Souls , a secret chamber in which the Ark is buried . The agents authorize Jones to recover the Ark to prevent the Nazis from obtaining it . He travels to Nepal and discovers that Ravenwood has died , and the headpiece is in the possession of Ravenwood 's daughter Marion . Jones visits Marion at her tavern , where she reveals her bitter feelings toward him from a previous romantic affair . She physically rebuffs his offer to buy the headpiece , and Jones leaves . Shortly after , a group of thugs arrive with their Nazi commander Arnold Toht . Toht threatens Marion to get the headpiece but Jones returns to the bar and fights the Nazis to save Marion . During the fight the bar is set ablaze and the headpiece lands in the flames . Toht severely burns his hand trying to take the hot headpiece and flees the tavern screaming . Jones and Marion escape with the headpiece , and Marion decides to accompany Jones in his search for the Ark so he can repay his debt to her . The pair travels to Cairo , where they meet up with Jones ' friend and skilled digger Sallah . Sallah informs them that Belloq and the Nazis are digging for the Well of Souls with a replica of the headpiece ( created from the scar on Toht 's hand ) . They quickly realize the Nazi headpiece is incomplete and that the Nazis are digging in the wrong place . The Nazis kidnap Marion and it appears to Jones that she is killed in an exploding truck . After a confrontation with Belloq in a local bar , Jones and Sallah infiltrate the Nazi dig site and use their staff to correctly locate the Ark . Jones discovers Marion is alive when he finds her bound and gagged in a tent . He refuses to release her out of fear of alerting the Nazis . Jones , Sallah , and a small group of diggers unearth the Well of Souls and acquire the Ark . Belloq and Nazi officer Colonel Dietrich arrive and seize the Ark from Jones , throwing Marion into the Well of Souls with him before sealing it back up . Jones and Marion escape to a local airstrip , where Jones has a fistfight with a Nazi mechanic and destroys the flying wing that was to transport the Ark to Berlin . The panicked Nazis remove the Ark in a truck and set off for Cairo , but Jones catches them and retakes it . He makes arrangements to take the Ark to London aboard a tramp steamer . The next day , a Nazi U-boat appears and intercepts the ship . Belloq and Dietrich seize the Ark and Marion but can not locate Jones , who stows away aboard the U-boat and travels with them to an island in the Aegean Sea . Once there , Belloq plans to test the power of the Ark before presenting it to Hitler . Jones reveals himself and threatens to destroy the Ark with a panzerfaust , but Belloq calls his bluff and Jones surrenders rather than destroy such an important historical artifact . The Nazis take Jones and Marion to an area where the Ark will be opened and tie them to a post to observe . Belloq performs a ceremonial opening of the Ark and finds it contains nothing but sand . Suddenly , angelic ghost - like beings emerge from the Ark and Jones cautions Marion to keep her eyes closed and not to look no matter what happens . Belloq and the others look on in astonishment as the apparitions are suddenly revealed to be angels of death . A vortex of flame forms above the Ark and shoots bolts of fiery energy into the gathered Nazi soldiers , killing them all . As Belloq , Toht and Dietrich all scream in terror the Ark turns its fury on them : Dietrich 's head shrivels up , Toht 's face is melted off his skull and Belloq 's head explodes . Flames then engulf the remains of the doomed assembly , save for Jones and Marion , and the pillar of fire rises into the sky . The Ark 's lid is blasted high into the air before dropping back down onto the Ark and sealing it . Jones and Marion find their ropes burned off and embrace . In Washington , D.C. , the Army Intelligence agents inform Jones and Marcus Brody that the Ark is someplace safe and will be studied by `` top men '' . The Ark is shown being stored in a giant government warehouse among countless similar crates . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Indiana Jones characters Harrison Ford as Dr. Henry `` Indiana '' Jones Jr. , an archaeology professor who often embarks on perilous adventures to obtain rare artifacts . Jones claims that he has no belief in the supernatural , only to have his skepticism challenged when he discovers the Ark . Spielberg suggested casting Ford as Jones , but Lucas objected , stating that he did not want Ford to become his `` Bobby De Niro '' or `` that guy I put in all my movies '' -- a reference to Martin Scorsese , who often worked with Robert De Niro . Desiring a lesser known actor , Lucas persuaded Spielberg to help him search for a new talent . Among the actors who auditioned were Tim Matheson , Peter Coyote , John Shea , and Tom Selleck . Selleck was originally offered the role , but became unavailable for the part because of his commitment to the television series Magnum , P.I. . In June 1980 , three weeks away from filming , Spielberg persuaded Lucas to cast Ford after producers Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy were impressed by his performance as Han Solo in The Empire Strikes Back . Paul Freeman as Dr. René Belloq , Jones ' rival . Belloq is also an archaeologist after the Ark , but he is working for the Nazis . He intends to harness the Ark 's power himself before Hitler can , but he is killed by the Ark 's supernatural powers . Spielberg cast Freeman after seeing him in Death of a Princess . Before Freeman got the part , actor Giancarlo Giannini was originally going to portray Belloq , while singer Jacques Dutronc auditioned for the role , but they lost out to Freeman . Karen Allen as Marion Ravenwood , a spirited , tough former lover of Indiana 's . She is the daughter of Abner Ravenwood , Indiana Jones ' mentor , and owns a bar in Nepal . Allen was cast after auditioning with Matheson and John Shea . Spielberg was interested in her , as he had seen her performance in National Lampoon 's Animal House . Sean Young had previously auditioned for the part , while Debra Winger turned it down . John Rhys - Davies as Sallah , `` the best digger in Egypt '' according to Indiana , who has been hired by the Nazis to help them excavate Tanis . He is an old friend of Indiana , and agrees to help him obtain the Ark , though he fears disturbing it . Spielberg initially approached Danny DeVito to play Sallah , but he could not play the part due to scheduling conflicts . Spielberg cast Rhys - Davies after seeing his performance in Shōgun . Ronald Lacey as Major Arnold Toht , an interrogator for the Gestapo and Jones ' nemesis , who tries to torture Marion Ravenwood for the headpiece of the Staff of Ra . He is killed by the Ark 's supernatural powers . Lacey was cast as he reminded Spielberg of Peter Lorre . Spielberg had originally offered the role to Roman Polanski , who was intrigued at the opportunity to work with Spielberg but decided to turn down the role because he would n't be able to make the trip to Tunisia . Klaus Kinski was also offered the role , but he hated the script , calling it `` moronically shitty '' . Michael Sheard , who ended portraying Captain Oskar Schomburg in the film , also auditioned for the role , but he lost out to Lacey . Denholm Elliott as Dr. Marcus Brody , a museum curator , who buys the artifacts Indiana obtains for display in his museum . The U.S. government agents approach him with regard to the Ark 's recovery , and he sets up a meeting between them and Indiana Jones . Spielberg hired Elliott as he was a big fan of the actor , who had performed in some of his favorite British and American films . Wolf Kahler as Colonel Dietrich , a ruthless German officer leading the operation to secure the Ark . He is killed by the Ark 's supernatural powers . Alfred Molina , in his film debut , as Satipo , one of Jones ' guides through the South American jungle . He betrays Jones and steals the golden idol , but is killed by traps before he can leave the temple . George Harris as Simon Katanga , captain of the Bantu Wind . Anthony Higgins as Major Gobler , Colonel Dietrich 's right - hand - man . Vic Tablian as Barranca and the Monkey Man . Don Fellows as Colonel Musgrove , an Army Intelligence agent . William Hootkins as Major Eaton , an Army Intelligence agent . Producer Frank Marshall played a pilot in the airplane fight sequence . The stunt team was ill , so he took the role instead . The result was three days in a hot cockpit , which he joked was over `` 140 degrees '' . Pat Roach plays the Nazi mechanic with whom Jones brawls in this sequence , as well as a massive sherpa who battles Jones in Marion 's bar . He had the rare opportunity to be killed twice in one film . Special - effects supervisor Dennis Muren made a cameo as a Nazi spy on the seaplane Jones takes from San Francisco to Manila . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 1973 , George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith . Like Star Wars , which he also wrote , it was an opportunity to create a modern version of the film serials of the 1930s and 1940s . Lucas discussed the concept with Philip Kaufman , who worked with him for several weeks and came up with the Ark of the Covenant as the plot device . Kaufman was told about the Ark by his dentist when he was a child . The project stalled when Clint Eastwood hired Kaufman to direct The Outlaw Josey Wales . Lucas shelved the idea , deciding to concentrate on his outer space adventure that would become Star Wars . In late May 1977 , Lucas was in Hawaii , trying to escape the enormous success of Star Wars . Friend and colleague Steven Spielberg was also there , on vacation from work on Close Encounters of the Third Kind . While building a sand castle at the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel , Spielberg expressed an interest in directing a James Bond film . Lucas convinced his friend Spielberg that he had conceived a character `` better than James Bond '' and explained the concept of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Spielberg loved it , calling it `` a James Bond film without the hardware '' , although he told Lucas that the surname ' Smith ' was not right for the character . Lucas replied , `` OK . What about ' Jones ' ? '' Indiana was the name of Lucas ' Alaskan Malamute , whose habit of riding in the passenger seat as Lucas drove was also the inspiration for Star Wars ' Chewbacca . Spielberg was at first reluctant to sign on , as Lucas had told him that he would want Spielberg for an entire trilogy , and Spielberg did not want to work on two more scripts . Lucas told him , however , that he already had the next two movies written , so Spielberg agreed . But when the time came for the first sequel , it was revealed that Lucas had nothing written for either sequel . The following year , Lucas focused on developing Raiders and the Star Wars sequel The Empire Strikes Back , during which Lawrence Kasdan and Frank Marshall joined the project as screenwriter and producer respectively . Between January 23 -- 27 , 1978 , for nine hours a day , Lucas , Kasdan , and Spielberg discussed the story and visual ideas . Spielberg came up with Jones being chased by a boulder , which was inspired by Carl Barks ' Uncle Scrooge comic `` The Seven Cities of Cibola '' . Lucas later acknowledged that the idea for the idol mechanism in the opening scene and deadly traps later in the film were inspired by several Uncle Scrooge comics . Lucas came up with a submarine , a monkey giving the Hitler salute , and Marion punching Jones in Nepal . Kasdan used a 100 - page transcript of their conversations for his first script draft , which he worked on for six months . Ultimately , some of their ideas were too grand and had to be cut : a mine chase , an escape in Shanghai using a rolling gong as a shield , and a jump from an airplane in a raft , all of which made it into the prequel , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . Spielberg and Lucas disagreed on the character : although Spielberg saw him as a Bondian playboy , Lucas felt the character 's academic and adventurer elements made him complex enough . Spielberg had a darker vision of Jones , interpreting him as an alcoholic similar to Humphrey Bogart 's character Fred C. Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) . This characterization fell away during the later drafts , though elements survive in Jones 's reaction when he believes Marion to be dead . Costume designer Deborah Nadoolman credits Secret of the Incas ( 1954 ) , starring Charlton Heston , as an influence on the development of the character , noting that the crew watched the film together several times . Nadoolman based the look of Ford 's costume on that of Heston 's , and observed that Indiana is a `` kinder and gentler '' Harry Steele . Initially , the film was rejected by every major studio in Hollywood , mostly due to the $20 million budget and the deal Lucas was offering . Eventually Paramount agreed to finance the film , with Lucas negotiating a five - picture deal . By April 1980 , Kasdan 's fifth draft was produced , and production was getting ready to shoot at Elstree Studios , with Lucas trying to keep costs down . With four illustrators , Raiders of the Lost Ark was Spielberg 's most storyboarded film of his career to date , further helping the film economically . He and Lucas agreed on a tight schedule to keep costs down and to follow the `` quick and dirty '' feel of the old Saturday matinée serials . Special effects were done using puppets , miniature models , animation , and camera trickery . `` We did n't do 30 or 40 takes ; usually only four . It was like silent film -- shoot only what you need , no waste '' , Spielberg said . `` Had I had more time and money , it would have turned out a pretentious movie . '' Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on June 23 , 1980 , at La Rochelle , France , with scenes involving the Nazi submarine , which had been rented from the production of Das Boot . The U-boat pen was a real one from World War II . The crew moved to Elstree Studios for the Well of Souls scenes , the opening sequence temple interiors and Marion Ravenwood 's bar . The Well of Souls scene required 7,000 snakes . The only venomous snakes were the cobras , but one crew member was bitten on set by a python . The bulk of the snakes ' numbers were made up with giant but harmless legless lizards known as Scheltopusiks ( Pseudopus apodus ) which occur from the Balkan Peninsula of southeastern Europe to Central Asia . Growing to 1.3 m they are the largest legless lizards in the world and are often mistaken for snakes despite some very obvious differences such as the presence of eyelids and external ear openings , which are both absent from all snakes , and a notched rather than forked tongue . In the finished film , during the scene in which Indiana comes face - to - face with the cobra , a reflection in glass screen that protected Ford from the snake was seen , an issue that was corrected in the 2003 digitally - enhanced re-release . Unlike Indiana , neither Ford nor Spielberg has a fear of snakes , but Spielberg said that seeing all the snakes on the set writhing around made him `` want to puke '' . The opening scene in the Peruvian jungle was filmed on the island of Kauai , one of the islands of Hawaii , to which Spielberg would return for Jurassic Park . The first shot features a misty view of Kalalea Mountain , the culminating point in Anahola , Hawaii . The `` temple '' location is on the Huleia River , on the Kipu Ranch , south from Kaumualii Highway on the east coast , just south of Lihue , the island 's main town . Kipu is a working cattle ranch , not generally open to the public . The Peruvian section ( but actually filmed in Hawaii ) featured live tarantulas of a Mexican species ( Brachypelma ) on Harrison Ford and Alfred Molina , and are harmless to humans , and in fact of a species which are commonly kept as exotic pets . A fiberglass boulder 22 feet ( 7 m ) in diameter was made for the scene where Indiana escapes from the temple ; Spielberg was so impressed by production designer Norman Reynolds ' realization of his idea that he gave the boulder a more prominent role in the film and told Reynolds to let the boulder roll another 50 feet ( 15 m ) . The scenes set in Egypt were filmed in Tunisia , and the canyon where Indiana threatens to blow up the Ark was shot in Sidi Bouhlel , just outside Tozeur . The canyon location had been used for the Tatooine scenes from 1977 's Star Wars ( many of the location crew members were the same for both films ) where R2 - D2 was attacked by Jawas . The Tanis scenes were filmed in nearby Sedala , a harsh place due to heat and disease . Several cast and crew members fell ill and Rhys - Davies defecated in his costume during one shot . Spielberg averted disease by eating only canned foods from England , but did not like the area and quickly condensed the scheduled six - week shoot to four - and - a-half weeks . Much was improvised : the scene where Marion puts on her dress and attempts to leave Belloq 's tent was improvised as was the entire plane fight . During that scene 's shooting , a wheel went over Ford 's knee and tore his left leg 's cruciate ligament , but he refused local medical help and simply put ice on it . The fight scenes in the town were filmed in Kairouan , while Ford was suffering from dysentery . Stuntman Terry Richards had practiced for weeks with his sword to create the scripted fight scene , choreographing a fight between the swordsman and Jones ' whip . However , after filming the initial shots of the scene , after lunch due to Ford 's dysentery , Ford and Spielberg agreed to cut the scene down to a gunshot , with Ford saying to Spielberg `` Let 's just shoot the sucker '' . It was later voted in at No. 5 on Playboy magazine 's list of best all time scenes . Most of the truck chase was shot by second unit director Michael D. Moore following Spielberg 's storyboards , including Indiana being dragged by the truck ( performed by stuntman Terry Leonard ) , in tribute to a famous Yakima Canutt stunt . Spielberg then filmed all the shots with Ford himself in and around the truck cab . Lucas directed a few other second unit shots , in particular the monkey giving the Nazi salute . The interior staircase set in Washington , D.C. was filmed in San Francisco 's City Hall . The University of the Pacific 's campus in Stockton , California , stood in for the exterior of the college where Jones works , while his classroom and the hall where he meets the American intelligence agents was filmed at the Royal Masonic School for Girls in Rickmansworth , Hertfordshire , England , which was again used in The Last Crusade . His home exteriors were filmed in San Rafael , California . Opening sequence exteriors were filmed in Kauai , Hawaii , with Spielberg wrapping in September in 73 days , finishing under schedule in contrast to his previous film , 1941 . The Washington , D.C. coda , although it appeared in the script 's early drafts , was not included in early edits but was added later when it was realized that there was no resolution to Jones ' relationship with Marion . Shots of the Douglas DC - 3 Jones flies on to Nepal were taken from Lost Horizon , and a street scene was from a shot in The Hindenburg . Filming of Jones boarding a Boeing Clipper flying - boat was complicated by the lack of a surviving aircraft . Eventually , a post-war British Short Solent flying - boat formerly owned by Howard Hughes was located in California and substituted . Visual effects and Sound design ( edit ) The special visual effects for Raiders were provided by Industrial Light & Magic and include : a matte shot to establish the Pan Am flying boat in the water and miniature work to show the plane taking off and flying , superimposed over a map ; animation effects for the beam in the Tanis map room ; and a miniature car and passengers superimposed over a matte painting for a shot of a Nazi car being forced off a cliff . The bulk of effects shots were featured in the climactic sequence wherein the Ark of the Covenant ( which was designed by Brian Muir and Keith Short ) is opened and God 's wrath is unleashed . This sequence featured animation , a woman to portray a beautiful spirit 's face , rod puppet spirits moved through water to convey a sense of floating , a matte painting of the island , and cloud tank effects to portray clouds . The melting of Toht 's head was done by exposing a gelatine and plaster model of Ronald Lacey 's head to a heat lamp with an under - cranked camera , while Dietrich 's crushed head was a hollow model from which air was withdrawn . When the film was originally submitted to the Motion Picture Association of America , it received an R rating because of the scene in which Belloq 's head explodes . The filmmakers were able to receive a PG rating when they added a veil of fire over the exploding head scene . ( PG - 13 rating was not created until 1984 . ) The firestorm that cleanses the canyon at the finish was a miniature canyon filmed upside down . Ben Burtt , the sound effects supervisor , made extensive use of traditional foley work in yet another of the production 's throwbacks to days of the Republic serials . He selected a . 30 - 30 Winchester rifle for the sound of Jones ' pistol . Sound effects artists struck leather jackets and baseball gloves with a baseball bat to create a variety of punching noises and body blows . For the snakes in the Well of Souls sequence , fingers running through cheese casserole and sponges sliding over concrete were used for the slithering noises . The sliding lid on a toilet cistern provided the sound for the opening of the Ark , and the sound of the boulder in the opening is a car rolling down a gravel driveway in neutral . Burtt also used , as he did in many of his films , the ubiquitous Wilhelm scream when a Nazi falls from a truck . In addition to his use of such time - honored foley work , Burtt also demonstrated the modern expertise honed during his award - winning work on Star Wars . He employed a synthesizer for the sounds of the Ark , and mixed dolphins ' and sea lions ' screams for those of the spirits within . The final scene , where the Ark is placed in a vast warehouse , was Spielberg 's homage to Citizen Kane , where Kane 's lost childhood sled , `` Rosebud '' , is similarly treated . Music ( edit ) `` The Raiders March '' ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark Problems playing this file ? See media help . Main article : Raiders of the Lost Ark ( soundtrack ) John Williams composed the score for Raiders of the Lost Ark , which was the only score in the series performed by the London Symphony Orchestra , the same orchestra that performed the scores for the Star Wars saga . The score most notably features the well - known `` Raiders March '' . This piece came to symbolize Indiana Jones and was later used in the scores for the other three films . Williams originally wrote two different candidates for Jones 's theme , but Spielberg enjoyed them so much that he insisted that both be used together in what became the `` Raiders March '' . The alternately eerie and apocalyptic theme for the Ark of the Covenant is also heard frequently in the score , with a more romantic melody representing Marion and , more broadly , her relationship with Jones . The score as a whole received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Score , but lost to the score to Chariots of Fire composed by Vangelis . Release ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) The only video game based exclusively on the film is Raiders of the Lost Ark , released in 1982 by Atari for their Atari 2600 console . The first third of the video game Indiana Jones ' Greatest Adventures , released in 1994 by JVC for Nintendo 's Super Nintendo Entertainment System , is based entirely on the film . Several of the film 's sequences are reproduced ( the boulder run and the showdown with the Cairo Swordsman among them ) ; however , several inconsistencies with the film are present in the game , such as Nazi soldiers and bats being present in the Well of Souls sequence , for example . The game was developed by LucasArts and Factor 5 . In the 1999 game Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine , a bonus level brings Jones back to the Peruvian temple of the film 's opening scene . In 2008 , to coincide with the release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , Lego released the Lego Indiana Jones line -- which included building sets based on Raiders of the Lost Ark -- and LucasArts published a video game based on the toyline , Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures , which was developed by Traveller 's Tales . Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Walt Simonson and artists John Buscema and Klaus Janson . It was published as Marvel Super Special # 18 and as a three - issue limited series . This was followed with the comic book series The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones which was published monthly from January 1983 through March 1986 . In 1981 , Kenner released a 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) doll of Indiana Jones , and the following year they released nine action figures of the film 's characters , three playsets , as well as toys of the Nazi truck and Jones ' horse . They also released a board game . In 1984 , miniature metal versions of the characters were released for a role playing game , The Adventures of Indiana Jones , and in 1995 Micro Machines released die - cast toys of the film 's vehicles . Hasbro released action figures based on the film , ranging from 3 to 12 inches ( 7.6 to 30.5 cm ) , to coincide with Kingdom of the Crystal Skull on May 1 , 2008 . Later in 2008 , and in 2011 , two high - end sixth scale ( 1 : 6 ) collectible action figures were released by Sideshow Collectibles , and Hot Toys , Ltd. respectively . A novelization by Ryder Windham was released in April 2008 by Scholastic to tie in with the release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . A previous novelization by Scottish author Campbell Armstrong ( under the pseudonym Campbell Black ) was concurrently released with the film in 1981 . A book about the making of the film was also released , written by Derek Taylor . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on VHS , Betamax and VideoDisc in pan and scan only , and on laserdisc in both pan and scan and widescreen . For its 1999 VHS re-issue , the film was remastered in THX and made available in widescreen . The outer package was retitled Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark for consistency with the film 's prequel and sequel . The subsequent DVD release in 2003 features this title as well . The title in the film itself remains unchanged , even in the restored DVD print . In the DVD , two subtle digital revisions were added . First , a connecting rod from the giant boulder to an offscreen guidance track in the opening scene was removed from behind the running Harrison Ford ; second , a reflection in the glass partition separating Ford from the cobra in the Well of Souls was removed . Shortly before the theatrical release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , Raiders ( along with The Temple of Doom and The Last Crusade ) was re-released on DVD with additional extra features not included on the previous set on May 13 , 2008 . The film was released on Blu - ray Disc in September 2012 . Previously , only Kingdom of the Crystal Skull had been available on Blu - ray . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Raiders of the Lost Ark opened at # 14 and grossed $1,673,731 from 267 theaters ( $6,269 theater average ) during its opening weekend . In total , the IMAX release grossed $3,125,613 domestically . The film , made on an $ 18 million budget , grossed $384 million worldwide throughout its theatrical releases . In North America , it was by some distance the highest - grossing film of 1981 , and remains one of the top twenty - five highest - grossing films ever made when adjusted for inflation . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 70 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . Critical reception ( edit ) The film was subsequently nominated for nine Academy Awards , including Best Picture , in 1982 and won four ( Best Sound , Best Film Editing , Best Visual Effects , and Best Art Direction - Set Decoration ( Norman Reynolds , Leslie Dilley , and Michael D. Ford ) . It also received a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing . It won numerous other awards , including a Grammy Award and Best Picture at the People 's Choice Awards . Spielberg was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award . The film was highly acclaimed by critics and audiences alike . In his review for The New York Times , Vincent Canby praised the film , calling it , `` one of the most deliriously funny , ingenious and stylish American adventure movies ever made . '' Roger Ebert in his review for the Chicago Sun - Times wrote , `` Two things , however , make Raiders of the Lost Ark more than just a technological triumph : its sense of humor and the droll style of its characters ( ... ) We find ourselves laughing in surprise , in relief , in incredulity at the movie 's ability to pile one incident upon another in an inexhaustible series of inventions . '' He later added it to his list of `` Great Movies '' . Rolling Stone said the film was `` the ultimate Saturday action matinee -- a film so funny and exciting it can be enjoyed any day of the week . '' Bruce Williamson of Playboy claimed : `` There 's more excitement in the first ten minutes of Raiders than any movie I have seen all year . By the time the explosive misadventures end , any movie - goer worth his salt ought to be exhausted . '' Stephen Klain of Variety also praised the film . Yet , making an observation that would revisit the franchise with its next film , he felt that the film was surprisingly violent and bloody for a PG - rated film . There were some dissenting voices : Sight & Sound described it as an `` expensively gift - wrapped Saturday afternoon pot - boiler '' , and New Hollywood champion Pauline Kael , who once contended that she only got `` really rough '' on large films that were destined to be hits but were nonetheless `` atrocious '' , found the film to be a `` machine - tooled adventure '' from a pair of creators who `` think just like the marketing division '' . ( Lucas later named a villain , played by Raiders Nazi strongman Pat Roach , in his 1988 fantasy film Willow after Kael . ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 94 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating with a 9.2 / 10 average rating . The sites critical consensus stating : `` Featuring bravura set pieces , sly humor , and white - knuckle action , Raiders of the Lost Ark is one of the most consummately entertaining adventure pictures of all time . '' , as well as a 85 % rating on Metacritic , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Accolades ( edit ) Awards and nominations Association Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Academy Awards Best Picture Frank Marshall Nominated Best Director Steven Spielberg Nominated Best Art Direction Norman Reynolds , Leslie Dilley , and Michael D. Ford Won Best Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Nominated Best Film Editing Michael Kahn Won Best Original Score John Williams Nominated Best Sound Bill Varney , Steve Maslow , Gregg Landaker , and Roy Charman Won Best Sound Effects Editing Ben Burtt , and Richard L. Anderson Won Best Visual Effects Richard Edlund , Kit West , Bruce Nicholson , and Joe Johnston Won Golden Globe Awards Best Director Steven Spielberg Nominated BAFTA Awards Best Film Frank Marshall Nominated Best Actor in a Supporting Role Denholm Elliott Nominated Best Film Music John Williams Nominated Best Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Nominated Best Editing Michael Kahn Nominated Best Sound Bill Varney , Steve Maslow , Gregg Landaker , and Roy Charman Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation Won Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Won Best Director Steven Spielberg Won Best Actor Harrison Ford Won Best Actress Karen Allen Won Best Supporting Actor Paul Freeman Nominated Best Writing Lawrence Kasdan Won Best Music John Williams Won Best Costume Deborah Nadoolman Nominated Best Special Effects Richard Edlund Won American Film Institute AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- No. 60 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- No. 10 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Indiana Jones -- No. 2 Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Snakes ! Why did it have to be snakes ? '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 66 Impact ( edit ) Following the success of Raiders , a prequel , The Temple of Doom , and two sequels , The Last Crusade and Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , were produced , with a third sequel set for release in 2020 . A television series , entitled The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , was also spun off from this film , and details the character 's early years . Numerous other books , comics , and video games have also been produced . In 1998 , the American Film Institute placed the film at number 60 on its top 100 films of the first century of cinema . In 2007 , AFI updated the list and placed it at number 66 . They also named it as the 10th most thrilling film , and named Indiana Jones as the second greatest hero . In 1999 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the U.S. Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . Indiana Jones has become an icon , being listed as Entertainment Weekly 's third favorite action hero , while noting `` some of the greatest action scenes ever filmed are strung together like pearls '' in this film . An amateur , near shot - for - shot remake was made by Chris Strompolos , Eric Zala , and Jayson Lamb , then children in Ocean Springs , Mississippi . It took the boys seven years to finish , from 1982 to 1989 . After production of the film , called Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation , it was shelved and forgotten until 2003 , when it was discovered by Eli Roth and acclaimed by Spielberg himself , who congratulated the boys on their hard work and said he looked forward to seeing their names on the big screen . Scott Rudin and Paramount Pictures purchased the trio 's life rights with the goal of producing a film based on their adventures making their remake . In 2014 , film director Steven Soderbergh published an experimental black - and - white version of the film , with the original soundtrack and dialogue replaced by an electronic soundtrack . Soderbergh said his intention was to encourage viewers to focus on Spielberg 's extraordinary staging and editing : `` This filmmaker forgot more about staging by the time he made his first feature than I know to this day . '' Assessing the film 's legacy in 1997 , Bernard Weinraub , film critic for The New York Times , which had initially reviewed the film as `` deliriously funny , ingenious , and stylish '' , maintained that `` the decline in the traditional family G - rated film , for ' general ' audiences , probably began '' with the appearance of Raiders of the Lost Ark . `` Whether by accident or design , '' found Weinraub , `` the filmmakers made a comic nonstop action film intended mostly for adults but also for children . '' Eight years later , in 2005 , viewers of Channel 4 rated the film as the 20th - best family film of all time , with Spielberg taking best over-all director honors . On Empire magazine 's list of the 500 Greatest Movies of All Time , Raiders ranked second , beaten only by The Godfather . The film was ranked at number 11 in a list of the 25 best action and war films of all time by The Guardian . In conjunction with the Blu - ray release , a limited one - week release in IMAX theaters was announced for September 7 , 2012 . Steven Spielberg and sound designer Ben Burtt supervised the format conversion . No special effects or other visual elements were altered , but the audio was enhanced for surround sound . 2012 replica mystery ( edit ) In December 2012 , the University of Chicago 's admissions department received a package in the mail addressed to Henry Walton Jones , Jr. , Indiana Jones ' full name . The address on the stamped package was listed for a hall that was the former home of the university 's geology and geography department . Inside the manila envelope was a detailed replica journal similar to the one Jones used in the movie , as well as postcards and pictures of Marion Ravenwood . The admissions department posted pictures of the contents on its Internet blog , looking for any information about the package . It was discovered that the package was part of a set to be shipped from Guam to Italy that had been sold on eBay . The package with the journal had fallen out in transit and a postal worker had sent it to the university , as it had a complete address and postage , which turned out to be fake . All contents were from a Guam `` prop replicator '' who sells them all over the world . The university will display its replica in the main lobby of the Oriental Institute . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1980s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK ( A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 2 , 1981 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future -- Hollywood 's 100 Favorite Films '' . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Movies of All Time by Mr. Showbiz '' . www.filmsite.org . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movies '' . Empire . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . www.afi.com . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . ^ Jump up to : Indiana Jones : Making the Trilogy ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Knolle , Sharon ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` 30 Things You Might Not Know About ' Raiders of the Lost Ark ' '' . Moviefone . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and trivia of the Lost Ark '' . Lucasfilm . October 14 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 127 - 134 Jump up ^ `` The People Who Were Almost Cast '' . Empire Online . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gregory Kirschling , Jeff Labrecque ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` Indiana Jones : 15 Fun Facts '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Polanski , Roman ; Cronin , Paul ( January 1 , 2005 ) . `` Roman Polanski : Interviews '' . University Press of Mississippi . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Glenn Whipp ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Keeping up with Jones '' . Halifax Chronicle - Herald . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kinski , Klaus ( 1996 ) . Kinski Uncut . Translated by Joachim Neugröschel . London : Bloomsbury . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 2978 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Interviews '' . TheRaider.net. 2003 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Stunts of Indiana Jones ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . ^ Jump up to : The Light and Magic of Indiana Jones ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . Jump up ^ Marcus Hearn ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York : Harry N. Abrams Inc , Publishers . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 112 -- 115 Jump up ^ `` Know Your MacGuffins '' . Empire . April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jim Windolf ( December 2 , 2007 ) . `` Q&A : Steven Spielberg '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : McBride , Joseph ( 1997 ) . `` Rehab '' . Steven Spielberg . New York City : Faber and Faber . pp. 309 -- 322 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . Jump up ^ E. Summer , Walt Disney 's Uncle $ crooge McDuck : His Life and Times by Carl Barks , Celestial Arts ed. , 1981 ; T. Andrae , Carl Barks and the Art of the Disney Comic Book , Univ . Press of Mississippi , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hearn , p. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Script 3rd Draft Archived April 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , scene 45 - 47 Jump up ^ Script 3rd Draft Archived April 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , scene 148 -- 155 Jump up ^ Raiders Story Conference Transcript , 1978 . p. 5 Jump up ^ Mike French & Gilles Verschuere ( September 14 , 2005 ) . `` Debora Nadoolman interview '' . TheRaider.net . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Of The Lost Ark : An Oral History '' . Empire . April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Schickel ( January 19 , 2008 ) . `` Slam ! Bang ! A Movie Movie '' . Time . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Fromter , Marco ( August 18 , 2006 ) . `` Around the World with Indiana Jones '' . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide guide to movie locations '' . Movie-locations.com . Jump up ^ Norman Reynolds ( Production Designer ) . Making the Trilogy ( DVD ) . Event occurs at 17 : 40 . Steven said ' Why do n't we make it another 50ft longer ? ' Which of course we did Jump up ^ Taylor , Derek ( 1981 ) . The Making of Raiders of The Lost Ark . Ballantine Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Jones Stuntman Terry Richards Interview '' . Red Carpet News . 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Urban Legends of Indiana Jones '' . Lucasfilm . January 13 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Anthony ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Terry Richards : Stuntman who battled four James Bonds , Luke Skywalker and Rambo and was famously shot dead by Indiana Jones '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - Five Reasons to Watch Raiders Again '' . Lucasfilm . June 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Aviation Museum '' . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Thomas G. Industrial Light & Magic : The Art of Special Effects . p. 140 . 1986 Jump up ^ Smith , Thomas G. Industrial Light & Magic : The Art of Special Effects . p. 66 . 1986 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Thomas G. Industrial Light & Magic : The Art of Special Effects . p. 62 . 1986 Jump up ^ The Sound of Indiana Jones ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . Jump up ^ McGee , Scott ( 2011 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Director Steven Spielberg paid homage to the famous ending of Citizen Kane with the epilogue to Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) ... buried in a vast warehouse , much like the fate of `` Rosebud '' ... Jump up ^ John Williams ( 2003 ) . The Music of Indiana Jones ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 Indiana Jones Games '' . IGN . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Indiana Jones ' Greatest Adventures Review '' . IGN . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine -- PC Preview '' . IGN . November 2 , 1999 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Group Secures Exclusive Construction Category Rights to Indiana Jones ( TM ) Property '' ( Press release ) . The LEGO Group . 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Company Line '' . GameSpot. April 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GCD : : Issue : : Marvel Super Special # 18 '' . comics.org . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Raiders of the Lost Ark at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of Indiana Jones '' . Cool Toy Review . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Edward Douglas ( February 16 , 2008 ) . `` Hasbro Previews G.I. Joe , Hulk , Iron Man , Indy & Clone Wars '' . SuperHeroHype.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Miss Cellania ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` 10 Awesome Indiana Jones Facts '' . Mental floss . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2008 . Retrieved May 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Own it on Blu - ray & Digital Download Tuesday , September 18 '' . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( IMAX ) ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2012 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo Alltime Adjusted '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom O'Neil ( May 8 , 2008 ) . `` Will ' Indiana Jones , ' Steven Spielberg and Harrison Ford come swashbuckling back into the awards fight ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vincent Canby ( June 12 , 1981 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( January 1 , 1981 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( April 30 , 2000 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone , June 25 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Michael G. Ryan . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark 20th Anniversary '' . Star Wars Insider . July / August 2001 . Jump up ^ Stephen Klain ( June 5 , 1981 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Variety . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` On Now '' . Sight & Sound ( Autumn ed . ) . British Film Institute ( BFI ) . 50 ( 4 ) : 288 . 1981 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence Van Gelder ( September 4 , 2001 ) . `` Pauline Kael , Provocative and Widely Imitated New Yorker Film Critic , Dies at 82 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pauline Kael ( June 15 , 1981 ) . `` Whipped '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` The 54th Academy Awards ( 1982 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 39th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 1982 ) '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Galvan , Manuel ( September 7 , 1982 ) . `` Science - fiction awards given to out - of - this - world writers '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 16 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Indiana Jones 5 ' Delayed a Year ; Disney Shifts ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' , ' Gigantic ' and More '' . Collider . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marc Bernadin ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` 25 Awesome Action Heroes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harry Knowles ( May 31 , 2003 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark shot - for - shot teenage remake review ! ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jim Windolf . `` Raiders of the Lost Backyard '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sarah Hepola ( May 30 , 2003 ) . `` Lost Ark Resurrected '' . Austin Chronicle . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harry Knowles ( February 26 , 2004 ) . `` Sometimes , The Good Guys Win ! ! ! Raiders of the Lost Ark shot for shot filmmakers ' life to be MOVIE ! ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( February 25 , 2004 ) . `` Rudin 's on an ' Ark ' lark '' . Variety . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders '' . Extension765.com . Jump up ^ Vincent Canby ( June 12 , 1981 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bernard Weinraub ( July 22 , 1997 ) . `` Movies for Children , and Their Parents , Are Far From ' Pollyanna ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ET Crowned ' Greatest Family Film ' '' . BBC News Online . December 23 , 2005 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Heritage , Stuart ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark : No 11 best action and war film of all time '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Beat it , Kingsman : the 24 greatest action movies of all time '' . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time , Feature Movies -- Empire '' . gb : Empireonline.com. 2015 - 12 - 11 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` That 's a Big Boulder , Indy : Steven Spielberg on the Imax Rerelease of ' Raiders of the Lost Ark ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Raiders of the Lost Ark ' mystery solved -- Package 's origins determined '' . Screener . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Black , Campbell ( September 1987 ) . Raiders of the Lost Ark . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 35375 - 7 . Kasdan , Lawrence ( 1981 ) . Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Illustrated Screenplay . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 30327 - X . Taylor , Derek ( August 1981 ) . The Making of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 29725 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raiders of the Lost Ark . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Raiders of the Lost Ark IndianaJones.com , Lucasfilm 's official Indiana Jones site Raiders of the Lost Ark at Lucasfilm.com Raiders of the Lost Ark on IMDb Raiders of the Lost Ark at the TCM Movie Database Raiders of the Lost Ark at Box Office Mojo Raiders of the Lost Ark at Rotten Tomatoes Raiders of the Lost Ark at Metacritic Raiders of the Lost Ark on YouTube Indiana Jones Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Video game Soundtrack Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Video game ( NES ) Soundtrack Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Video games Soundtrack Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Soundtrack Television The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 1993 ) episodes Characters Indiana Jones Marion Ravenwood Sallah Marcus Brody Henry Jones , Sr . Mutt Williams Games Video games Lost Kingdom Revenge of the Ancients Fate of Atlantis The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles The Pinball Adventure Instruments of Chaos Greatest Adventures Desktop Adventures Infernal Machine Emperor 's Tomb Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Staff of Kings Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues Adventure World Role - playing games The Adventures of Indiana Jones The World of Indiana Jones Tomb of the Templars Books The Peril at Delphi The Dance of the Giants The Seven Veils The Philosopher 's Stone Comics Iron Phoenix Spear of Destiny Tomb of the Gods Other media Lego Indiana Jones The Raiders of the Lost Brick Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory Golden Idol Montana Jones Attractions Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Temple du Péril Indiana Jones Adventure Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries Category Portal Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965 ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Films produced The Rain People ( 1969 , associate ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) Kagemusha ( 1980 ) Body Heat ( 1981 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) Powaqqatsi ( 1988 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Television Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 86 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 86 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 96 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 05 ) The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones Documentaries ( 2007 - 08 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 14 ) Star Wars Detours ( Cancelled ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia Links to related articles Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) VIAF : 223411466 LCCN : n84173837 GND : 7700032 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark&oldid=835331680 '' Categories : 1981 films English - language films Indiana Jones films American films 1980s action films 1980s adventure films 1980s supernatural films American action adventure films American action films American adventure films Films scored by John Williams Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films produced by Frank Marshall Films set in 1936 Films set in Egypt Films set in Nepal Films set in Peru Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in California Films shot in England Films shot in France Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in San Francisco Films shot in Tunisia Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works IMAX films Museums in popular culture Nazis in fiction Treasure hunt films U-boat fiction United States National Film Registry films Films shot at Elstree Studios Lucasfilm films Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 01 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what year was raiders of the lost ark made
[ "Released on June 12, 1981, Raiders of the Lost Ark became the year's top-grossing film and remains one of the highest-grossing films ever made. It was nominated for eight Academy Awards in 1982, including Best Picture, and won four for Best Art Direction, Film Editing, Sound, and Visual Effects with a fifth Academy Award: a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing. The film's critical and popular success led to three additional films, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), with a fifth slated for 2020; the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–1996), and 15 video games as of 2009." ]
[ "1981" ]
-1014631663729567455
Chapters and verses of the Bible
Chapters and verses of the Bible - wikipedia Chapters and verses of the Bible Jump to : navigation , search The Gospel according to John - a text showing chapter and verse divisions ( King James Version ) The Bible is a compilation of many shorter books written at different times by a variety of authors , and later assembled into the biblical canon . Since the early 13th century , most copies and editions of the Bible present all but the shortest of these books with divisions into chapters , generally a page or so in length . Since the mid-16th century editors have further subdivided each chapter into verses - each consisting of a few short lines or sentences . Sometimes a sentence spans more than one verse , as in the case of Ephesians 2 : 8 -- 9 , and sometimes there is more than one sentence in a single verse , as in the case of Genesis 1 : 2 . As the chapter and verse divisions did not appear in the original texts , they form part of the paratext of the Bible . The Jewish divisions of the Hebrew text differ at various points from those used by Christians . For instance , in Jewish tradition , the ascriptions to many Psalms are regarded as independent verses or parts of the subsequent verses , making 116 more verses , whereas established Christian practice treats each Psalm ascription as independent and unnumbered . Some chapter divisions also occur in different places , e.g. Hebrew Bibles have 1 Chronicles 5 : 27 -- 41 where Christian translations have 1 Chronicles 6 : 1 -- 15 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Chapters 1.2 Verses 2 Jewish tradition 2.1 Verse endings 2.2 Parashiyot 2.3 Sedarim 3 Christian versions 4 Protestant Bible statistics 4.1 Chapters 4.2 Verses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) `` ... they shall beat their swords into plowshares , and their spears into pruning hooks : Nation shall not lift up sword against nation , neither shall they learn war any more . '' ~ Isaiah 2 : 4 KJV ( Bible verse across the street from the United Nations Building in New York City ) Chapters ( edit ) Early manuscripts of the biblical texts did not contain the chapter and verse divisions in the numbered form familiar to modern readers . In antiquity Hebrew texts were divided into paragraphs ( parashot ) that were identified by two letters of the Hebrew alphabet . Peh פ indicated an `` open '' paragraph that began on a new line , while Samekh ס indicated a `` closed '' paragraph that began on the same line after a small space . These two letters begin the Hebrew words open ( patuach ) and closed ( sagoor ) , and are , themselves , open פ and closed ס . The earliest known copies of the Book of Isaiah from the Dead Sea Scrolls used parashot divisions , although they differ slightly from the Masoretic divisions . ( This is different from the use of consecutive letters of the Hebrew alphabet to structure certain poetic compositions , known as acrostics , such as several of the Psalms and most of the Book of Lamentations . ) The Hebrew Bible was also divided into some larger sections . In Israel the Torah ( its first five books ) were divided into 154 sections so that they could be read through aloud in weekly worship over the course of three years . In Babylonia it was divided into 53 or 54 sections ( Parashat ha - Shavua ) so it could be read through in one year . The New Testament was divided into topical sections known as kephalaia by the fourth century . Eusebius of Caesarea divided the gospels into parts that he listed in tables or canons . Neither of these systems corresponds with modern chapter divisions . ( See fuller discussions below . ) Chapter divisions , with titles , are also found in the 9th century Tours manuscript , Paris Bibliothèque Nationale MS Lat. 3 , the so - called Bible of Rorigo . Archbishop Stephen Langton and Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro developed different schemas for systematic division of the Bible in the early 13th century . It is the system of Archbishop Langton on which the modern chapter divisions are based . While chapter divisions have become nearly universal , editions of the Bible have sometimes been published without them . Such editions , which typically use thematic or literary criteria to divide the biblical books instead , include John Locke 's Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul ( 1707 ) , Alexander Campbell 's The Sacred Writings ( 1826 ) , Daniel Berkeley Updike 's fourteen - volume The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments and the Apocrypha , Richard Moulton 's The Modern Reader 's Bible ( 1907 ) , Ernest Sutherland Bates 's The Bible Designed to Be Read as Living Literature ( 1936 ) , The Books of the Bible ( 2007 ) from the International Bible Society ( Biblica ) , Adam Lewis Greene 's five - volume Bibliotheca ( 2014 ) , and the six - volume ESV Reader 's Bible ( 2016 ) from Crossway Books . Verses ( edit ) Since at least 916 the Tanakh has contained an extensive system of multiple levels of section , paragraph , and phrasal divisions that were indicated in Masoretic vocalization and cantillation markings . One of the most frequent of these was a special type of punctuation , the sof passuq , symbol for a full stop or sentence break , resembling the colon ( : ) of English and Latin orthography . With the advent of the printing press and the translation of the Bible into English , Old Testament versifications were made that correspond predominantly with the existing Hebrew full stops , with a few isolated exceptions . Most attribute these to Rabbi Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymus 's work for the first Hebrew Bible concordance around 1440 . The first person to divide New Testament chapters into verses was Italian Dominican biblical scholar Santi Pagnini ( 1470 -- 1541 ) , but his system was never widely adopted . His verse divisions in the New Testament were far longer than those known today . Robert Estienne created an alternate numbering in his 1551 edition of the Greek New Testament which was also used in his 1553 publication of the Bible in French . Estienne 's system of division was widely adopted , and it is this system which is found in almost all modern Bibles . Estienne produced a 1555 Vulgate that is the first Bible to include the verse numbers integrated into the text . Before this work , they were printed in the margins . The first English New Testament to use the verse divisions was a 1557 translation by William Whittingham ( c. 1524 -- 1579 ) . The first Bible in English to use both chapters and verses was the Geneva Bible published shortly afterwards in 1560 . These verse divisions soon gained acceptance as a standard way to notate verses , and have since been used in nearly all English Bibles and the vast majority of those in other languages . ( Nevertheless , some Bibles have removed the verse numbering , including the ones noted above that also removed chapter numbers ; a recent example of an edition that removed only verses , not chapters , is The Message : The Bible in Contemporary Language by Eugene H. Peterson . ) Jewish tradition ( edit ) Main article : Tanakh § Chapters and verse numbers , book divisions The Hebrew Masoretic text of the Bible notes several different kinds of subdivisions within the biblical books : Verse endings ( edit ) Main article : Sof passuk Most important are the verse endings . According to the Talmudic tradition , the division of the text into verses is of ancient origin . In Masoretic versions of the Bible , the end of a verse is indicated by a small mark in its final word called a silluq ( which means `` stop '' ) . Less formally , verse endings are usually also indicated by two horizontal dots following the word with a silluq . Parashiyot ( edit ) Main article : Parashah The Masoretic textual tradition also contains section endings called parashot , which are usually indicated by a space within a line ( a `` closed '' section ) or a new line beginning ( an `` open '' section ) . The division of the text reflected in the parashot is usually thematic . Unlike chapters , the parashot are not numbered , but some of them have special titles . In early manuscripts ( most importantly in Tiberian Masoretic manuscripts , such as the Aleppo codex ) , an `` open '' section may also be represented by a blank line , and a `` closed '' section by a new line that is slightly indented ( the preceding line may also not be full ) . These latter conventions are no longer used in Torah scrolls and printed Hebrew Bibles . In this system , the one rule differentiating `` open '' and `` closed '' sections is that `` open '' sections must always start at the beginning of a new line , while `` closed '' sections never start at the beginning of a new line . Sedarim ( edit ) Another division of the biblical books found in the Masoretic text is the division of the sedarim . This division is not thematic , but is almost entirely based upon the quantity of text . For the Torah , this division reflects the triennial cycle of reading that was practiced by the Jews of the Land of Israel . Christian versions ( edit ) The Byzantines also introduced a concept roughly similar to chapter divisions , called kephalaia ( singular kephalaion , literally meaning heading ) . This system , which was in place no later than the 5th century , is not identical to the present chapters . Unlike the modern chapters , which tend to be of roughly similar length , the distance from one kephalaion mark to the next varied greatly in length both within a book and from one book to the next . For example , the Sermon on the Mount , comprising three chapters in the modern system , has but one kephalaion mark , while the single modern chapter 8 of the Gospel of Matthew has several , one per miracle . Moreover , there were far fewer kephalaia in the Gospel of John than in the Gospel of Mark , even though the latter is the shorter text . In the manuscripts , the kephalaia with their numbers , their standard titles ( titloi ) and their page numbers would be listed at the beginning of each biblical book ; in the book 's main body , they would be marked only with arrow - shaped or asterisk - like symbols in the margin , not in the text itself . The titles usually referred to the first event or the first theological point of the section only , and some kephalaia are manifestly incomplete if one stops reading at the point where the next kephalaion begins ( for example , the combined accounts of the miracles of the Daughter of Jairus and of the healing of the woman with a haemorrhage gets two marked kephalaia , one titled of the daughter of the synagogue ruler at the beginning when the ruler approaches Jesus and one titled of the woman with the flow of blood where the woman enters the picture -- well before the ruler 's daughter is healed and the storyline of the previous kephalaion is thus properly concluded ) . Thus the kephalaia marks are rather more like a system of bookmarks or links into a continuous text , helping a reader to quickly find one of several well - known episodes , than like a true system of chapter divisions . Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro is often given credit for first dividing the Latin Vulgate into chapters in the real sense , but it is the arrangement of his contemporary and fellow cardinal Stephen Langton who in 1205 created the chapter divisions which are used today . They were then inserted into Greek manuscripts of the New Testament in the 16th century . Robert Estienne ( Robert Stephanus ) was the first to number the verses within each chapter , his verse numbers entering printed editions in 1551 ( New Testament ) and 1571 ( Hebrew Bible ) . The division of the Bible into chapters and verses has received criticism from some traditionalists and modern scholars . Critics state that the text is often divided in an incoherent way , or at inappropriate rhetorical points , and that it encourages citing passages out of context . Nevertheless , the chapter and verse numbers have become indispensable as technical references for Bible study . Several modern publications of the Bible have eliminated numbering of chapters and verses . Biblica published such a version of the NIV in 2007 and 2011 . In 2014 , Crossway published the ESV Reader 's Bible and Bibliotheca published a modified ASV . Projects such as Icthus also exist which strip chapter and verse numbers from existing translations . Protestant Bible statistics ( edit ) The number of words can vary depending upon aspects such as whether the Hebrew alphabet in Psalm 119 , the superscriptions listed in some of the Psalms , and the subscripts traditionally found at the end of the Pauline epistles , are included . Except where stated , the following apply to the King James Version of the Bible in its modern 66 - book Protestant form including the New Testament and the protocanonical Old Testament , not the deuterocanonical books . Chapters ( edit ) There are 929 chapters in the Old Testament . 187 chapters in the Pentateuch 249 chapters in the Historical books 243 chapters in the Poetic books ( `` Wisdom '' ) 183 chapters in the Major prophets 67 chapters in the Minor prophets There are 260 chapters in the New Testament . 89 chapters in the Gospels 28 chapters in Acts 87 chapters in the Pauline Epistles ( excluding Hebrews ) 34 chapters in the General Epistles ( including Hebrews ) 22 chapters in Revelation This gives a total of 1,189 chapters ( on average , 18 per book ) . Psalm 117 , the shortest chapter , is also the middle chapter of the Bible , being the 595th Chapter . Psalm 117 is the shortest chapter of the Bible . Psalm 119 is the longest chapter of the Bible . Five books are a single chapter : Obadiah , Philemon , 2 & 3 John , Jude . In many printed editions , the chapter number is omitted for these books , and references just use the verse numbers . Old Testament - 929 chapters Book / Division Chapters Pentateuch ( or the Law ) 187 Genesis 50 Exodus 40 Leviticus 27 Numbers 36 Deuteronomy 34 Historical Books 249 Joshua 24 Judges 21 Ruth 1 Samuel 31 2 Samuel 24 1 Kings 22 2 Kings 25 1 Chronicles 29 2 Chronicles 36 Ezra 10 Nehemiah 13 Esther 10 Books of Wisdom ( or `` Poetry '' ) 243 Job 42 Psalms 150 Proverbs 31 Ecclesiastes 12 Song of Solomon 8 Major Prophets 183 Isaiah 66 Jeremiah 52 Lamentations 5 Ezekiel 48 Daniel 12 Minor Prophets 67 Hosea 14 Joel Amos 9 Obadiah Jonah Micah 7 Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah 14 Malachi New Testament - 260 chapters Book / Division Chapters Gospels 89 Matthew 28 Mark 16 Luke 24 John 21 History 28 Acts 28 Pauline Epistles 87 Romans 16 1 Corinthians 16 2 Corinthians 13 Galatians 6 Ephesians 6 Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 5 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 6 2 Timothy Titus Philemon General Epistles 34 Hebrews 13 James 5 1 Peter 5 2 Peter 1 John 5 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalyptic Writings ( Prophecy ) 22 Revelation 22 Verses ( edit ) There are 23,145 verses in the Old Testament and 7,957 verses in the New Testament . This gives a total of 31,102 verses , which is an average of a little more than 26 verses per chapter . Contrary to popular belief , Psalm 118 does not contain the middle verse of the Bible . The King James Version has an even number of verses ( 31,102 ) , with the two middle verses being Psalm 103 : 1 -- 2 . John 11 : 35 ( `` Jesus wept '' ) is the shortest verse in most English translations . Some translations -- including the New International Version , New Living Translation , New Life Version , Holman Christian Standard Bible and New International Reader 's Version -- render Job 3 : 2 as `` He said '' . However , that is a translators ' condensation of the Hebrew which literally translated is : `` And Job answered and said . '' The shortest verse in the Greek New Testament is Luke 20 : 30 ( `` και ο δευτερος '' , `` And the second '' ) with twelve letters , according to the Westcott and Hort text . In the Textus Receptus , the shortest verse is 1 Thessalonians 5 : 16 ( `` παντοτε χαιρετε '' , `` Rejoice always '' ) with fourteen letters , since Stephanus ' rendering of Luke 20 : 30 includes some additional words . Isaiah 10 : 8 ( `` Dicet enim '' ) is the shortest verse in the Latin Vulgate . Esther 8 : 9 is the longest verse in the Masoretic Text . The discovery of several manuscripts at Qumran ( in the Dead Sea Scrolls ) has reopened what is considered the most original text of 1 Samuel 11 ; if one believes that those manuscripts better preserve the text , several verses in 1 Samuel 11 surpass Esther 8 : 9 in length . See also ( edit ) Bible portal Bible citation List of omitted Bible verses Parashah References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ernst Würthwein , The Text of the Old Testament ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1998 ) , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Würthwein , The Text of the Old Testament , n . 28 . Jump up ^ Kurt and Barbara Aland , The Text of the New Testament ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans and Leiden : E.J. Brill , 1989 ) , pp. 252 ff . Jump up ^ Consortium , Europeana Regia . `` Europeana Regia - Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France MSS Latin 3 '' . Jump up ^ Hebrew Bible article in the Catholic Encyclopedia . ^ Jump up to : Moore , G.F. The Vulgate Chapters and Numbered Verses in the Hebrew Bible , pages 73 -- 78 at JSTOR. page 75 Jump up ^ Bruce M. Metzger , The early versions of the New Testament : Their origin , transmission and limitations , Oxford University Press ( 1977 ) , p. 347 . Cited in Stephen Langton and the modern chapter divisions of the bible by British translator Roger Pearse , 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ London : Awnsham and John Churchill , 1707 Jump up ^ 1826 ; repr . Nashville : Gospel Advocate Restoration Reprints , 2001 Jump up ^ New York : Macmillan , 1907 Jump up ^ New York : Simon and Schuster , 1936 ) Jump up ^ `` Bibliotheca Multivolume Readers ' Bible Homepage '' . BIBLIOTHECA . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Bible 's a mess , but a designer is fixing it '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://www.crossway.org/bibles/esv-readers-bible-none-tru/ Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen M. ; Huber , Robert V. ( 2004 ) . The Bible : A History . Good Books . p. 173 . ISBN 1 - 56148 - 414 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pitts Theology Library Exhibit on the Verses of the New Testament '' . Jump up ^ `` Chapters and Verses : Who Needs Them ? , '' Christopher R. Smith , Bible Study Magazine ( July -- Aug 2009 ) : 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Colorado Springs : NavPress , 2002 Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud Nedarim 37b Jump up ^ Snapp , James ( 15 April 2016 ) . `` Kephalaia : The Ancient Chapters of the Gospels '' . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ The Examiner . Jump up ^ Zylstra , Sarah Eekhof ( 25 July 2014 ) . `` Introducing the Bible ! Now with Less ! '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Icthus '' . Jump up ^ The Center of the Bible Archived August 28 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . at BreakTheChain.org ^ Jump up to : Study Resources : The Books of the Bible at BlueLetterBible.org Jump up ^ King James Bible Statistics at BibleBelievers.com Jump up ^ First Thessalonians 5 : 12 -- 28 , John Walvoord at Bible.org Jump up ^ Luke 20 : 30 και ο δευτερος -- and the second with interlinear Greek - English and KJV Luke 20 : 30 , in the 1550 Stephanus New Testament and the 1881 Westcott - Hort New Testament . Jump up ^ Isaias 10 at LatinVulgate.com External links ( edit ) STEP Documentation OSIS Documentation Alternate Versification ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible&oldid=837924964 '' Categories : Bible chapters Bible verses Referencing systems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Português Simple English Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 21 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
why were chapters and verses added in the bible
[ "Archbishop Stephen Langton and Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro developed different schemas for systematic division of the Bible in the early 13th century. It is the system of Archbishop Langton on which the modern chapter divisions are based.[5][6][7]" ]
[ "the early 13th century" ]
9012916229015503926
History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
History of the Seventh - day Adventist church - wikipedia History of the Seventh - day Adventist church Jump to : navigation , search A Seventh - day Adventist Church . Part of a series on Seventh - day Adventist Church History ( show ) Christianity Protestantism Anabaptist Restorationism Wesleyan / Arminian Pietism Millerites Great Disappointment 1888 General Conference Theology ( show ) 28 Fundamental Beliefs Pillars Sabbath Conditional immortality Historicism Premillennialism Investigative judgment Remnant Three Angels ' Messages Eschatology Organization ( show ) General Conference Divisions East - Central Africa Euro - Africa Euro - Asia Inter-American North American Northern Asia - Pacific Southern Africa - Indian Ocean South American South Pacific Southern Asia Southern Asia - Pacific Trans - European West - Central Africa Periodicals ( show ) Adventist Review El Centinela Signs of the Times List of Ellen White writings Service ( show ) Adventist Development and Relief Agency Maranatha Volunteers International Pathfinders Adventurers Medical Cadet Corps Seventh - day Adventist education Secondary schools Higher education Hospitals Media ministries ( show ) Hope Channel Loma Linda Broadcasting Network It Is Written The Voice of Prophecy Three Angels Broadcasting Network Esperanza TV People ( show ) Ellen G. White James White Joseph Bates J.N. Andrews Uriah Smith J.H. Kellogg F.D. Nichol M.L. Andreasen George Vandeman H.M.S. Richards Edward Heppenstall Herbert E. Douglass Morris Venden Samuele Bacchiocchi Adventism Seventh - day Adventist portal The Seventh - day Adventist Church had its roots in the Millerite movement of the 1830s to the 1840s , during the period of the Second Great Awakening , and was officially founded in 1863 . Prominent figures in the early church included Hiram Edson , James Springer White ( Husband to Ellen G. White ) , Joseph Bates , and J.N. Andrews . Over the ensuing decades the church expanded from its original base in New England to become an international organization . Significant developments such the reviews initiated by evangelicals Donald Barnhouse and Walter Martin , in the 20th century led to its recognition as a Christian denomination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Foundations , 1798 -- 1820s 2 Millerite roots , 1831 -- 44 3 Pre-denominational years , 1844 -- 60 3.1 Edson and the Heavenly Sanctuary 3.2 Sabbath observance develops and unites 3.3 Trinitarianism 3.4 Post-tribulation Premillennialism 3.5 Adventist publishing work begins with The Present Truth 4 Formal organization and further growth , 1860 -- 80 4.1 Choosing a name and a constitution 4.2 Annual regional camp meetings 4.3 Influence of Ellen G. White 4.4 Political views 4.5 Worldwide mission 5 A world vision and growing pains , 1880 -- 1915 5.1 1888 General Conference 5.2 Organizational Developments 5.3 Christ 's Object Lessons and Adventist Schools 5.4 Message to the world 6 Early 20th century , 1915 -- 1930 6.1 Fundamentalism and progress 7 Mid-20th century 8 Late 20th century 8.1 Firing of Desmond Ford 8.2 Ordination of women 9 Early 21st century 10 Spiritual Formation 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Primary sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Foundations , 1798 -- 1820s ( edit ) The Second Great Awakening , a revival movement in the United States , took place in the early 19th century . The Second Great Awakening was stimulated by the foundation of the many Bible Societies which sought to address the problem of a lack of affordable Bibles . The spread of Bibles allowed many who had not had one to be able to purchase and study it themselves rather than just hear it preached , and led to the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ . Many religious minority movements formed out of the Congregational , Presbyterian , and the Baptist and Methodist churches . Some of these movements held beliefs that would later be adopted by the Seventh - day Adventists . An interest in prophecy was kindled among some Protestants groups following the arrest of Pope Pius VI in 1798 by the French General Louis Alexandre Berthier . Forerunners of the Adventist movement believed that this event marked the end of the 1260 - day prophecy from the Book of Daniel . Certain individuals began to look at the 2300 day prophecy found in Daniel 8 : 14 . Interest in prophecy also found its way into the Roman Catholic church when an exiled Jesuit priest by the name of Manuel de Lacunza published a manuscript calling for renewed interest in the Second Coming of Christ . His publication created a stirring but was later condemned by Pope Leo XII in 1824 . As a result of a pursuit for religious freedom , many revivalists had set foot in the United States , aiming to avoid persecution . 1843 prophetic chart illustrating numerous interpretations of prophecy yielding the year 1843 Millerite roots , 1831 -- 44 ( edit ) Main article : Great Disappointment The Seventh - day Adventist Church formed out of the movement known today as the Millerites . In 1831 , a Baptist convert , William Miller , was asked by a Baptist to preach in their church and began to preach that the Second Advent of Jesus would occur somewhere between March 1843 and March 1844 , based on his interpretation of Daniel 8 : 14 . A following gathered around Miller that included many from the Baptist , Methodist , Presbyterian and Christian Connection churches . In the summer of 1844 , some of Miller 's followers promoted the date of October 22 . They linked the cleansing of the sanctuary of Daniel 8 : 14 with the Jewish Day of Atonement , believed to be October 22 that year . By 1844 , over 100,000 people were anticipating what Miller had called the `` Blessed Hope '' . On October 22 many of the believers were up late into the night watching , waiting for Christ to return and found themselves bitterly disappointed when both sunset and midnight passed with their expectations unfulfilled . This event later became known as the Great Disappointment . Pre-denominational years , 1844 -- 60 ( edit ) Edson and the heavenly sanctuary ( edit ) After the disappointment of October 22 many of Miller 's followers were left upset and disillusioned . Most ceased to believe in the imminent return of Jesus . Some believed the date was incorrect . A few believed that the date was right but the event expected was wrong . This latter group developed into the Seventh - day Adventist Church . One of the Adventists , Hiram Edson ( 1806 -- 1882 ) wrote `` Our fondest hopes and expectations were blasted , and such a spirit of weeping came over us as I never experienced before . It seemed that the loss of all earthly friends could have been no comparison . We wept , and wept , till the day dawn . '' On the morning of October 23 , Edson , who lived in Port Gibson , New York was passing through his grain field with a friend . He later recounted his experience : `` We started , and while passing through a large field I was stopped about midway of the field . Heaven seemed opened to my view , and I saw distinctly and clearly that instead of our High Priest coming out of the Most Holy of the heavenly sanctuary to come to this earth on the tenth day of the seventh month , at the end of the 2300 days ( calculated to be October 22 , 1844 ) , He for the first time entered on that day the second apartment of that sanctuary ; and that He had a work to perform in the Most Holy before coming to the earth . '' Edson shared his experience with many of the local Adventists who were greatly encouraged by his account . As a result , he began studying the bible with two of the other believers in the area , O.R.L. Crosier and Franklin B. Hahn , who published their findings in a paper called Day - Dawn . This paper explored the biblical parable of the Ten Virgins and attempted to explain why the bridegroom had tarried . The article also explored the concept of the day of atonement and what the authors called `` our chronology of events '' . The findings published by Crosier , Hahn and Edson led to a new understanding about the sanctuary in heaven . Their paper explained how there was a sanctuary in heaven , that Christ , the High Priest , was to cleanse . The believers understood this cleansing to be what the 2300 days in Daniel was referring to . George Knight wrote , `` Although originally the smallest of the post-Millerite groups , it came to see itself as the true successor of the once - powerful Millerite movement . '' This view was endorsed by Ellen White . However , Seeking a Sanctuary sees it more as an offshoot of the Millerite movement . The `` Sabbath and Shut Door '' Adventists were disparate , but slowly emerged . Only Joseph Bates had had any prominence in the Millerite movement . Adventists viewed themselves as heirs of earlier outcast believers such as the Waldenses , Protestant Reformers including the Anabaptists , English and Scottish Puritans , evangelicals of the 18th century including Methodists , Seventh Day Baptists , and others who rejected established church traditions . Sabbath observance develops and unites ( edit ) Main article : Sabbath and Seventh - day Adventism § History A young Seventh Day Baptist layperson named Rachel Oakes Preston living in New Hampshire was responsible for introducing Sabbath to the Millerite Adventists . Due to her influence , Frederick Wheeler , a local Methodist - Adventist preacher , began keeping the seventh day as Sabbath , probably in the early spring of 1844 . Several members of the Washington , New Hampshire church he occasionally ministered to also followed his decision . These included William and Cyrus Farnsworth . T.M. Preble soon accepted it either from Wheeler or directly from Oakes . These events were shortly followed by the Great Disappointment . Preble promoted Sabbath through the February 28 , 1845 issue of the Hope of Israel . In March he published his Sabbath views in tract form . Although he returned to observing Sunday in the next few years , his writing convinced Joseph Bates and J.N. Andrews . These men in turn convinced James and Ellen White , as well as Hiram Edson and hundreds of others . Bates proposed that a meeting should be organised between the believers in New Hampshire and Port Gibson . At this meeting , which occurred sometime in 1846 at Edson 's farm , Edson and other Port Gibson believers readily accepted Sabbath and at the same time forged an alliance with Bates and two other folk from New Hampshire who later became very influential in the Adventist church , James and Ellen G. White . Between April 1848 , and December 1850 twenty - two `` Sabbath conferences '' were held in New York and New England . These meetings were often seen as opportunities for leaders such as James White , Joseph Bates , Stephen Pierce and Hiram Edson to discuss and reach conclusions about doctrinal issues . While initially it was believed that Sabbath started at 6 pm , by 1855 it was generally accepted that Sabbath begins at Friday sunset . The Present Truth ( see below ) was largely devoted to Sabbath at first . J.N. Andrews was the first Adventist to write a book - length defense of Sabbath , first published in 1861 . Trinitarianism ( edit ) At the formation of the church in the 19th century , many of the Adventist leaders held to an antitrinitarian view . Ellen G. White never entered into debate on this issue . One study , however , sees early Adventism as well as Ellen White to espouse a materialist rather than an Arian theology . In 1876 , James White compared Seventh - day Adventist doctrine with Seventh Day Baptists . He observed : `` The principal difference between the two bodies is the immortality question . The S.D. Adventists hold the divinity of Christ so nearly with the trinitarian , that we apprehend no trial here ... '' Post-tribulation premillennialism ( edit ) Beginning with William Miller 's teachings , Adventists have played a key role in introducing the Bible doctrine of premillennialism in the United States . They believe the saints will be received or gathered by Christ into the Kingdom of God in heaven at the end of the Tribulation at the Second Coming before the millennium . In the appendix to his book `` Kingdom of the Cults '' where Walter Martin explains why Seventh - day Adventists are accepted as orthodox Christians ( see pg 423 ) Martin also summarizes the key role that Adventists played in the advancement of premillennialism in the 19th century . `` From the beginning , the Adventists were regarded with grave suspicion by the great majority of evangelical Christians , principally because Seventh - day Adventists were premillennial in their teaching . That is they believed that Christ would come before the millennium ... Certain authors of the time considered premillennarians to be peculiar ... and dubbed as ' Adventist ' all who held that view of eschatology '' -- `` Kingdom of the Cults '' p419 - 420 However the unique contribution of Seventh - day Adventists to this doctrine does not stop there . Seventh - day Adventists are post-tribulation premillennialists who accept the Bible teaching on a literal 1000 years in Revelation 20 that immediately follows the literal second coming of Christ described in Revelation 19 . In contrast to almost all premillennialist groups they do not believe in a 1000 - year kingdom on earth during the millennium . In Adventist eschatology Christ 's promise to take the saints to His Father 's house in John 14 : 1 -- 3 is fulfilled at the 2nd coming where both the living and the dead saints are taken up in the air to meet the Lord ( see 1Thess 4 : 13 -- 18 ) . John , the author of Revelation , calls this moment the `` first resurrection '' in Revelation 20 : 5 -- 6 . Instead of a Millennial Kingdom on earth , Adventists teach that there is only a desolated earth for 1000 years and during that time the saints are in heaven with Christ ( See Jeremiah 4 : 23 -- 29 ) . Adventist Publishing work begins with the Present Truth ( edit ) First edition of The Present Truth On November 18 , 1848 , Ellen White had a vision in which God told her that her husband should start a paper . In 1849 , James , determined to publish this paper , went to find work as a farm - hand to raise sufficient funds . After another vision , she told James that he was to not worry about funds but to set to work on producing the paper to be printed . James readily obeyed , writing from the aid `` of a pocket Bible , Cruden 's Condensed Concordance , and an abridged dictionary with one of its covers off . '' Thanks to a generous offer by the printer to delay charges , the group of Advent believers had 1000 copies of the first publication printed . They sent the publication , which was on the topic of Sabbath , to friends and colleagues they believe would find it of interest . Eleven issues were published in 1849 and 1850 . Formal organization and further growth , 1860 -- 80 ( edit ) Choosing a name and a constitution ( edit ) In 1860 , the fledgling movement finally settled on the name , Seventh - day Adventist , representative of the church 's distinguishing beliefs . Three years later , on May 21 , 1863 , the General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists was formed and the movement became an official organization . Annual regional camp meetings ( edit ) The first annual regional camp meeting took place September 1868 . Since then , the annual regional camp meeting has become a pattern among Seventh - day Adventists and is still practiced today . Influence of Ellen G. White ( edit ) Ellen G. White ( 1827 -- 1915 ) , while holding no official role , was a dominant personality . She , along with her husband , James White , and Joseph Bates , moved the denomination to a concentration on missionary and medical work . Mission and medical work continues to play a central role in the 21st century . Under White 's guidance the denomination in the 1870s turned to missionary work and revivals , tripling its membership to 16,000 by 1880 ; rapid growth continued , with 75,000 members in 1901 . By this time operated two colleges , a medical school , a dozen academies , 27 hospitals , and 13 publishing houses . By 1945 , the church reported 226,000 members in the US and Canada , and 380,000 elsewhere ; the budget was $29 million and enrollment in church schools was 40,000 . In 1960 there were 1,245,125 members worldwide with an annual budget of over $99,900,000 . Enrollment in church schools from elementary to college was 290,000 students . As of the year 2000 there were 11,687,229 members worldwide . The global budget was $28,610,881,313 . And the enrollment in schools was 1,065,092 students . In 2008 the global membership was 15,921,408 with a budget of $45,789,067,340 . The number of students in SDA run universities , secondary and primary schools was 1,538,607 . Political views ( edit ) Seventh - day Adventists participated in the Temperance Movement of the late 1800s and early 1900s . During this same time , they became actively involved in promoting Religious Liberty . They had closely followed American politics , matching current events to the predictions in the Bible . `` Seventh - day '' means the observance of the original Sabbath , Saturday , is still a sacred obligation . Adventists argued that just as the rest of the Ten Commandments had not been revised , so also the injunction to `` remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy '' remained in full force . This theological point turned the young group into a powerful force for religious liberty . Growing into its full stature in the late 19th century and early 20th century , these Adventists opposed Sunday laws on every side . Many were arrested for working on Sunday . In fighting against the real threat of a legally established National Day of worship , these Sabbatarians had to fight for their liberty on a daily basis . Soon , they were fighting for religious liberty on a broader , less parochial basis . Worldwide mission ( edit ) Adventist effort for a world - wide proclamation of their message began with the mailing of publications . In 1874 J.N. Andrews became the first official Adventist missionary to travel overseas . Working in Switzerland , he sought to organize the Sabbath - keeping companies under one umbrella . During the 1890s Adventists began to enthusiastically promote a world - wide mission effort . A world vision and growing pains , 1880 -- 1915 ( edit ) Graph of church membership over time 1888 General Conference ( edit ) Main article : 1888 Minneapolis General Conference In 1888 , a General Conference Session occurred in Minneapolis . This session involved a discussion between the then General Conference president , G.I. Butler ; editor of the review , Uriah Smith ; and a group led by E.J. Waggoner and A.T. Jones about the meaning of `` Righteousness by Faith '' and the meaning of the law in Romans and Galatians . Ellen G. White also addressed the conference . Organizational developments ( edit ) From the early 1860s the church had three levels of government : the local church , the conference , and the General Conference . As ideas developed , organizations came into existence to move forward the ideas ; i.e. Sabbath Schools , health reform and medical work , printing , distribution of literature , religious liberty , missions , etc . All moved forward under the societies formed to do so . As the work progressed , the managing of all these societies became quite cumbersome . As conferences developed in far off lands , it became obvious that the General Conference could not oversee the day - to - day needs of the conferences . This led to the development of Union conferences in Australia and Europe in the late 1890s and to the development of districts in the United States . The 1901 and 1903 General Conference sessions reorganized the church 's structure to include union conferences which managed a group of local conferences in their domain . By the end of 1904 , the various societal interests became incorporated as departments in each conference 's structure . Christ 's Object Lessons and Adventist schools ( edit ) Ellen White relates how her book Christ 's Object Lessons came to be linked to the financial support of Adventist schools , `` I am so thankful for the work that Christ 's Object Lessons has accomplished and is still accomplishing . When this book was in preparation , I expected to use the means coming from the sale of this book in preparing and publishing several other books . But the Lord put it into my mind to give this book to our schools , to be used in freeing them from debt . I asked our publishing houses to unite with me in this gift by donating the expense of the publication . This they willingly agreed to do . A fund was raised to pay for the materials used in printing the book , and canvassers and people have sold the book without commission . `` Thus the book has been circulated in all parts of the world . It has been received with great favor everywhere . Ministers of all denominations have written testimonials recommending it . The Lord has prepared the way for its reception so that no fewer than 200,000 have already been sold . The means thus raised has gone far toward freeing our schools from the debts that have been accumulating for many years . `` Our publishing houses have printed 300,000 copies , free of cost , and these have been distributed to the different tract societies , to be sold by our people . `` The Lord has made the sale of this book a means of teaching our people how to come in touch with those not of their faith , and how to impart to them a knowledge of the truth for this time . Many have been converted by reading this book . '' In 1902 , those affiliated with Healdsburg College , now Pacific Union College , dedicated a week to sell Christ 's Object Lessons . They first read the book together . Then each student was given six books to sell . Territories were assigned and for a week the school suspended classes in order to sell the books . The College Church took the territory immediately surrounding the church while the students were given territory further away from the school . Message to the world ( edit ) After John Andrews venture into Europe , others also went out . Some to Africa , others to Asia and others to Australasia . Early 20th century , 1915 -- 1930 ( edit ) See also : 1919 Bible Conference and 1952 Bible Conference Fundamentalism and progress ( edit ) Ellen G. White died in 1915 , and Adventist leaders participated in a number of prophetic conferences during and soon after World War I . The 1919 Bible Conference looked at how Adventists interpreted Bible prophecy and the legacy of Ellen White 's writings . It also had a polarizing influence on Adventist theology with leaders such as A.G. Daniells and W.W. Prescott questioning some of the traditional views held by others like Benjamin G. Wilkinson , J.S. Washburn , and Claude Holmes . Fundamentalism was dominant in the church in the early 20th century . George Knight dates it from 1919 to 1950 . The edited transcripts of the 1952 Bible Conference were published as Our Firm Foundation . Mid-20th century ( edit ) World War II In Southern Europe , as soon as the war broke out , most of the church 's workers of military age were drafted . The church lost union and local conference presidents , pastors , evangelists , and institutional workers . When the Nazis occupied France they dissolved the conference and all the churches , confiscated church buildings , and prohibited church work . In Croatia all Adventist churches were closed , and the conference was dissolved . All church and evangelistic work was strictly forbidden . Over in Rumania , where there were more than 25,000 Adventists , the union conference , the six local conferences , and all the churches were likewise dissolved . Over three hundred Adventist chapels , the publishing house in Bucharest , and the school at Brasov were all taken from the church . All church funds were taken . Three thousand Adventists were put in prison . They were tortured and abused . The work of the church went forward under creative cover . People baptized were reported as students graduating and receiving their diplomas . One minister reported on life insurance policies sold . Another reported on the harvest of 253 baskets of fruit . Late 20th century ( edit ) See also : Historic Adventism , Progressive Adventism , and Inspiration of Ellen White § New information In the mid-1970s , two distinct factions were manifest within Seventh day Adventism . Defending many pre-1950 Adventist positions was conservative wing , while the more liberal Adventism emphasized beliefs of Evangelical Christianity . During the 1970s , what is now the Adventist Review carried articles by editor Kenneth Wood and associate editor Herbert Douglass wrote articles on the Questions on Doctrine issue , and articles arguing for a final perfect generation . Kenneth Wood and Herbert Douglass , editors of the Review and Herald , began to emphasize views which had been the traditional views in the church before Questions on Doctrine such as sinless perfection of a final generation , which was opposed by many Progressive Adventists The General Conference addressed this controversy over `` righteousness by faith '' by holding a conference in Palmdale , California in 1976 . Ford was the `` center of attention '' , and the resulting document known as the `` Palmdale statement '' DjVu . The 1980 General Conference session , held in Dallas , produced the church 's first official declaration of beliefs voted by the world body , called the 27 Fundamental Beliefs . ( This list of beliefs has since been expanded to the present 28 Fundamentals ) . Firing of desmond ford ( edit ) Main article : Glacier View controversy The year 1980 also saw a minor crisis over the investigative judgment teaching , known as the Glacier View controversy . This precipitated a controversy within the church , but the mainstream believe in the doctrine and the church reaffirmed its basic position on the doctrine , although some in the church 's more liberal wing continued the controversy into the 21st century . Ford expressed questions on the Judgment and later requested that his membership with the Seventh - day Adventist Church be discontinued for other than doctrinal differences . Ordination of women ( edit ) The year 1990 saw ordination of women reviewed at the General Conference Session in Indianapolis and 1995 at General Conference Session in Utrecht , but turned down . In 2012 , 16 women pastors were approved for ordination in the Columbia Union Conference . Also in that year , a Theology of Ordination Study Committee was created by the General Conference to study the issue of women 's ordination . In 2015 , at the General Conference Business Session in San Antonio , Texas , a majority of delegates voted down a proposal to allow divisions to ordain women . Early 21st century ( edit ) In the new century , Adventists membership continued to increase , and worldwide , members began to use YouTube and other Internet media to communicate . These communications included video addresses from the then - president of the United States George W. Bush , and Hillary Clinton to Adventists . A review of membership revealed an average of about 2,900 people were joining the Seventh - day Adventist Church every day , which show the denomination now has 16.6 million adult baptized members according to church statistics . Denominational membership showed strong growth and membership audits showed for 2009 as the seventh consecutive year the church had a net gain of more than one million members . However , David Trim , director of the Archives , Statistics and Research department , who felt the numbers were `` not entirely accurate , '' said the record keeping system was not perfect and audits , would most likely result in a lower overall membership number than the 16.5 million . Spiritual formation ( edit ) In the second decade of the 21st century , retired pastor Rick Howard brought what he considered the dangers of Spiritual Formation to the attention of the Adventist church . Other Adventists such as Pastor Hal Mayer , and Derek Morris raised concerns as well . The official church paper , the Adventist Review , published articles outlining the effects of spiritualism coming into the Christian Church through the teachings of Spiritual Formation . Howard wrote The Omega Rebellion in which he warned of the dangers associated with the `` emerging church '' movement . He identified the teachings of Spiritual formation , contemplative prayer , postmodern spirituality , the meditation steeped in Eastern mysticism as dangerous . In his July 2010 keynote sermon , Ted N.C. Wilson , newly elected President of the Seventh - Day Adventist church counseled , `` Stay away from non-biblical spiritual disciplines or methods of spiritual formation that are rooted in mysticism such as contemplative prayer , centering prayer , and the emerging church movement in which they are promoted . '' Instead , he said , believers should `` look within the Seventh - day Adventist Church , to humble pastors , evangelists , Biblical scholars , leaders , and departmental directors who can provide evangelistic methods and programs that are based on solid Biblical principles and The Great Controversy theme . '' Church members were also cautioned to use discernment in worship styles : `` Use Christ - centered , Bible - based worship and music practices in church services , '' Wilson said . `` While we understand that worship services and cultures vary throughout the world , do n't go backwards into confusing pagan settings where music and worship become so focused on emotion and experience that you lose the central focus on the Word of God . All worship , however simple or complex should do one thing and one thing only : lift up Christ and put down self . '' See also ( edit ) Seventh - day Adventist Church portal Christianity portal 28 fundamental beliefs The Pillars of Adventism Investigative judgment List of Seventh - day Adventist colleges and universities List of Seventh - day Adventist hospitals List of Seventh - day Adventist medical schools List of Seventh - day Adventist secondary schools William Miller ( preacher ) Millerites Premillennialism Prophecy in the Seventh - day Adventist Church Sabbath in Christianity Sabbath in Seventh - day Adventism Second coming Seventh - day Adventist Church Seventh - day Adventist eschatology Seventh - day Adventist interfaith relations -- for relations with other Protestants and Catholics Seventh - day Adventist theology Seventh - day Adventist worship Ellen G. White Ellen G. White Estate End times Inspiration of Ellen White List of Ellen White writings References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Timothy L. Smith , Revivalism and Social Reform : American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War ( 1957 ) ^ Jump up to : Schwarz , Richard W. ; Greenleaf , Floyd ( 2000 ) ( 1979 ) . `` The Great Advent Awakening '' . Light Bearers ( Revised ed . ) . Silver Spring , Maryland : General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists , Department of Education . ISBN 0 - 8163 - 1795 - X . Jump up ^ The Christian Guardian , 1830 , Church of England Jump up ^ `` Prophecy Chart '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ This information comes from Light Bearers by Schwarz and Greenleaf . Jump up ^ Edson , Hiram . manuscript fragment on his `` Life and Experience , '' n.d . Ellen G. White Research Center , James White Library , Andrews University , Berrien Springs , Mich . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ F.D. Nichol . The Midnight Cry . p. 458 . Jump up ^ O.R.L. Crosier ( 7 February 1846 ) . `` The Law of Moses '' . Day - Star Extra . Jump up ^ Howard Krug ( 2002 ) . `` October Morn -- Adventism 's Day of Insight '' . Adventist Review . Jump up ^ P. Gerard Damsteegt ( Fall 1992 ) . `` How Our Pioneers Discovered the Sanctuary Doctrine '' . Adventists Affirm . Jump up ^ Adventistreview.org Archived 2008 - 12 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Light Bearers , p 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Arthur Patrick , Adventist Studies : An Annotated Introduction for Higher Degree Students Jump up ^ material above summarised from Light Bearers to the Remnant Jump up ^ Neufield , D ( 1976 ) . Sabbath Conferences . pp. 1255 -- 1256 . Jump up ^ White , James ( February 25 , 1868 ) . `` Time to commence the Sabbath '' ( PDF ) . Review and Herald . Battle Creek , MI : The Seventh - day Adventist Publishing Association . 31 ( 11 ) : 8 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Thomas McElwain , Adventism and Ellen White : A Phenomenon of Religious Materialism , Studies on Inter-religious Relations , p. 48 , Swedish Science Press , 2010 . Jump up ^ White , James ( October 12 , 1876 ) . `` The Two Bodies : the relation which the S.D. Baptists and the S.D. Adventists sustain to each other . '' ( PDF ) . Review and Herald . Battle Creek , Michigan : Seventh - day Adventist Publishing Association . 48 ( 15 ) : 4 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adventist.org , Adventist Belief 27 Jump up ^ `` White Estate on Present Truth '' . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Our Roots and Mission from AR '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Spalding , Arthur Whitefield ( 1949 ) . Captains of the host : First Volume of a History of Seventh - day Adventists Covering the years 1845 -- 1900 ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Review and Herald Publishing Association . pp. 351 -- 362 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report of Seventh - day Adventist Conferences , Missions , and Institutions : The Eighty - third Annual Report : Year Ending December 31 , 1945 '' ( PDF ) . General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists. 1945 . p. 24 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ninety - Eighth Annual Statistical Report of Seventh - day Adventists '' ( PDF ) . General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists. 1960 . p. 36 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 138th Annual Statistical Report -- 2000 '' ( PDF ) . General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists. 2000 . p. 66 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 146th Annual Statistical Report -- 2008 '' ( PDF ) . General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists. 2008 . p. 72 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See Stefan Hoschele , From the End of the World to the Ends of the Earth : The Development of Seventh - day Adventist Missiology ( Nurnberg : Verlag fur Theologie und Religionswissenschaft , 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` APL Gallery '' . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Knight , George R. ( 1999 ) . A Brief History of Seventh - Day Adventists . Adventist Heritage Series ( 2nd ed . ) . Review and Herald Publishing Association . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8280 - 1430 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Land , Gary ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of Seventh - Day Adventists . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5345 - 0 . Jump up ^ MR No. 1188 , p. 24 Christ 's Object Lessons to Provide Funds for Schools . part of letter 143 , 1902 to Sister Mary Jump up ^ M.E. Cady . Christ 's Object Lesson at Healdsburg . Pacific Union Recorder , April 10 , 1902 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Historians such as George Knight , Arnold Reye , Lester Devine , Gilbert Valentine and Mark Pearce document its impact Jump up ^ Our Firm Foundation , Adventist Archives ^ Jump up to : Olson , A.V. ( January 17 , 1946 ) . `` First Detailed Postwar Report from Southern Europe '' ( PDF ) . Review and Herald . Takoma Park , Washington , D.C. : Review and Herald Publishing Association . 123 ( 3 ) : 1 , 17 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Righteousness by Faith '' entry in Historical Dictionary of Seventh - day Adventists by Gary Land Jump up ^ Bull , Malcolm & Keith Lochhart , 2006 , Seeking a Sanctuary : Seventh - day Adventism and the American Dream , pp. 86 -- 87 Jump up ^ `` Christ Our Righteousness '' ( DjVu ) . Adventist Review . Washington , D.C. : Review and Herald . 153 ( 22 ) : 4 -- 7 . ISSN 0161 - 1119 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Adventist.org , page 14 , 20 for first statistic and original question ; p20 , 29 for second statistic and original question Jump up ^ Dr. Milton Hook ( 2006 ) . `` Sydney Australia Adventist Forum remembers Glacier View twenty - five years later '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://www.columbiaunion.org/article/1165/news/2012-news-archives/november-8-2012-16-female-pastors-approved-for-ordination#.VGVETfnF8nF Jump up ^ Goring , Alexis A. ( September 1 , 2007 ) . `` Adventists use YouTube internet videos to share messages '' . Adventist World , ChurchWorks , World Report . Review and Herald Publishing Association . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ News.Adventist.org Jump up ^ Kellner , Mark A. ( October 9 , 2011 ) . `` Adventist Church membership audits planned , revised figures contemplated '' . Adventist News Network . General Conference Communication Department . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://archives.adventistreview.org/article/4614/archives/issue-2011-1522/formed-in-christ Jump up ^ http://amazingdiscoveries.org/AD-Magazine-Archive-Summer-2011-Spiritual-Formation Jump up ^ http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-omega-rebellion-rick-howard/1029286721?ean=2940014349840 Jump up ^ http://news.adventist.org/en/archive/articles/2010/07/03/wilson-calls-adventists-to-go-forward Primary sources ( edit ) Seventh - day Adventist Encyclopedia Earliest Seventh - day Adventist Periodicals , reprinted by Andrews University Press . Introduction by George Knight ( publisher 's page ) Adventist Classic Library series , reprints of up to 40 major titles by 2015 ( publisher 's page ) Further reading ( edit ) Damsteegt , Gerard . Foundations of the Seventh - day Adventist Message & Mission Andrews University Press ( publisher 's page ) Edwards , Calvin W. and Gary Land . Seeker After Light : AF Ballenger , Adventism , and American Christianity. ( 2000 ) . 240pp online review Gary Land , ed . Historical Dictionary of Seventh - day Adventists Gary Land , ed . Adventism in America : A History , 2nd edition . Andrews University Press ( publisher 's page ) Land , Gary ( 2001 ) . `` At the Edges of Holiness : Seventh - Day Adventism Receives the Holy Ghost , 1892 -- 1900 '' . Fides et Historia. 33 ( 2 ) : 13 -- 30 . London , Samuel G. , Jr . Seventh - day Adventists and the Civil Rights Movement ( Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2009 . x , 194 pp . ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 60473 - 272 - 6 Morgan , Douglas . Adventism and the American Republic : The Public Involvement of a Major Apocalyptic Movement. ( 2001 ) . 269 pp. publisher 's page , about Adventists and religious freedom Morgan , Douglas . `` Adventism , Apocalyptic , and the Cause of Liberty , '' Church History , Vol. 63 , No. 2 ( Jun. 1994 ) , pp. 235 -- 249 in JSTOR Neufield , Don F. ed . Seventh - Day Adventist Encyclopedia ( 10 vol 1976 ) , official publication Pearson , Michael . Millennial Dreams and Moral Dilemmas : Seventh - day Adventism and Contemporary Ethics. ( 1990 , 1998 ) excerpt and text search , looks at issues of marriage , abortion , homosexuality Greenleaf , Floyd ( 2000 ) . Light Bearers : A History of the Seventh - day Adventist Church ( 3d ed . ) . Originally Schwarz , Richard W. ( 1979 ) . Light Bearers to the Remnant . Official history , and first written by a trained historian . Vance , Laura L. Seventh - day Adventism Crisis : Gender and Sectarian Change in an Emerging Religion . ( 1999 ) . 261 pp . External links ( edit ) Movement of Destiny DjVu by Le Roy Edwin Froom , a classic Adventist work October Morn by Howard Krug -- a look at Hiram Edson on October 23 , 1844 `` Our Roots and Mission '' by William G. Johnsson -- A history of the Adventist Review Seventh - day Adventists : the Heritage Continues Adventist Archives Search Historical Documents What is Adventist in Adventism ? by George R. Knight . Prophetic Basis of Adventism by Hans K. La Rondelle . Pathways of the Pioneers at the Ellen G. White Estate website Arthur Spalding , Captains of the Host ( 1949 ) , has scholarly credibility Articles with subject ' history ' as cataloged in the Seventh - day Adventist Periodical Index ( SDAPI ) Adventist History by Michael W. Campbell is a blog about on - going research in Adventist Studies . ( hide ) History of Christianity Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante - Nicene Period Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Canon Tertullian Montanism Origen Late ancient Constantine Monasticism Councils : Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus ' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Catholicism Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa Vatican I and II Modernism Reformation Protestantism Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist -- Arminian debate Arminianism Dort Wars Lutheranism Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Concord Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil War Anabaptism Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs ' Synod Menno Simons Smyth 1640 -- 1789 Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism First Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Neo - and Old Lutherans 1789 -- present Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic denominations Second Great Awakening Restoration Movement Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh - day Adventist Adventism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Fundamentalism Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus movement Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian right Christian left Genocide by ISIL Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church&oldid=832153989 '' Categories : History of the Seventh - day Adventist Church Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 04 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the name seventh day adventist adopted
[ "In 1860, the fledgling movement finally settled on the name, Seventh-day Adventist, representative of the church's distinguishing beliefs. Three years later, on May 21, 1863, the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists was formed and the movement became an official organization." ]
[ "1860" ]
-5925803817707042180
Caught Out There
Caught Out There - wikipedia Caught Out There Jump to : navigation , search `` Caught Out There '' Single by Kelis from the album Kaleidoscope B - side `` Suspended '' Released September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) Format CD 12 '' cassette Recorded 1998 Genre R&B Length 4 : 51 Label Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Pharrell Williams Chad Hugo Producer ( s ) The Neptunes Kelis singles chronology `` Got Your Money '' ( 1999 ) `` Caught Out There '' ( 1999 ) `` Good Stuff '' ( 1999 ) `` Caught Out There '' is a song by American singer Kelis from her debut studio album , Kaleidoscope ( 1999 ) . Written and produced by The Neptunes , the song was released as the album 's lead single in the United States on September 20 , 1999 , and in Europe on January 21 , 2000 . It peaked at number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Caught Out There '' fared better outside the United States , reaching the top 10 in Canada , Italy , the Netherlands , Sweden , and the United Kingdom . The song was used on MuchMusic 's Shortest Weddings special . In 2009 the signature yell `` I hate you so much right now '' was used in the British children 's television sitcom Hotel Trubble . The aforementioned signature yell was used in the Daria episode `` Partner 's Complaint '' , first aired February 25 , 2000 . It was also used in BBC3 's Most Annoying People 2010 , under Tony Blair ( 11 on the list ) . In 2011 the yell was used in a Calvin Klein ad for CK One . In 2010 , the line `` look , I found her red coat '' was sampled extensively in the James Blake song `` CMYK '' . Pharrell Williams of The Neptunes said in an interview that the instrumental track was originally meant for rapper Busta Rhymes , who rejected it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track listings 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 References 6 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Caught Out There '' was directed by Hype Williams . In the video , Kelis , in her technicolor spiral afro , blond , gold , orange , red , and fuchsia hair , starts in a confessional style , before opening to the chorus where she rips up the living room . Afterwards , Kelis and a group of fed - up women boycott and picket men . Finally , as she sings , `` Got something for y'all '' , a gun cock is heard and the video finishes by alluding to her exacting revenge for her former lover 's infidelity . Track listings ( edit ) UK CD single `` Caught Out There '' ( UK Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 36 `` Caught Out There '' ( The Neptunes Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 23 `` Suspended '' -- 4 : 53 `` Caught Out There '' ( video ) US CD single `` Caught Out There '' ( Single Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 09 `` Caught Out There '' ( The Neptunes Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 22 `` Caught Out There '' ( LP Version ) -- 4 : 51 `` Caught Out There '' ( The Neptunes Extended Instrumental Mix ) -- 6 : 22 US cassette single A1 . `` Caught Out There '' ( LP Version ) -- 4 : 51 A2 . `` Caught Out There '' ( Single Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 09 B. `` Caught Out There '' ( The Neptunes Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 22 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 26 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 14 Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) 10 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 9 France ( SNEP ) 96 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 40 Ireland ( IRMA ) 23 Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 32 Norway ( VG - lista ) 11 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 35 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 54 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 37 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 93 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 82 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 60 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 68 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 79 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 77 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abebe , Nitsuh ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Pharrell Williams on Surprise Hits , Daft Punk , and Watching Michael Jackson Laugh '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kelis artist videography '' . mvdbase . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Kelis -- Caught Out There '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kelis -- Caught Out There '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kelis -- Caught Out There '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kaleidoscope -- Kelis Awards '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 112 no . 12 . March 18 , 2000 . p. 53 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Kelis -- Caught Out There '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Kelis -- Caught Out There '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 10 , 2000 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Kelis -- Caught Out There '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 8 , 2000 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Kelis -- Caught Out There '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Kelis -- Caught Out There '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Kelis -- Caught Out There '' . VG - lista . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Kelis -- Caught Out There '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Kelis -- Caught Out There '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelis : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelis Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelis Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelis Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2000 -- Singles '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2000 -- Singles '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 2000 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2000 '' ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2000 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music 2000 : Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks '' . Billboard . Vol. 112 no . 53 . December 30 , 2000 . p . YE - 56 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Kelis -- Caught Out There '' . British Phonographic Industry . April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Enter Caught Out There in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Kelis Discography Studio albums Kaleidoscope Wanderland Tasty Kelis Was Here Flesh Tone Food Other albums The Hits Live in London Singles `` Caught Out There '' `` Good Stuff '' `` Get Along with You '' `` Young , Fresh n ' New '' `` Milkshake '' `` Trick Me '' `` Millionaire '' `` In Public '' `` Bossy '' `` Blindfold Me '' `` Lil Star '' `` Acapella '' `` 4th of July ( Fireworks ) '' `` Scream '' `` Brave '' Featured singles `` Got Your Money '' `` Finest Dreams '' `` What It Is '' `` Candy '' Not in Love '' `` Oceania ( Remix ) '' `` I Love My Chick '' `` Not a Criminal '' `` Bounce '' Related articles All Hearts Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caught_Out_There&oldid=832625936 '' Categories : 1999 singles 1999 songs Kelis songs Music videos directed by Hype Williams Song recordings produced by The Neptunes Songs about infidelity Songs written by Chad Hugo Songs written by Pharrell Williams UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Virgin Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 02 : 38 . About Wikipedia
who sang i hate you so much right now
[ "\"Caught Out There\" is a song by American singer Kelis from her debut studio album, Kaleidoscope (1999). Written and produced by The Neptunes, the song was released as the album's lead single in the United States on September 20, 1999, and in Europe on January 21, 2000. It peaked at number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100. \"Caught Out There\" fared better outside the United States, reaching the top 10 in Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom." ]
[ "Kelis" ]
6854105194579255737
Tansen
Tansen - wikipedia Tansen For the town in Nepal , see Tansen , Nepal . For the 1943 Bollywood film , see Tansen ( film ) . Tansen ( Tan Sen , Ramtanu ) Tansen of Gwalior , a Mughal painting ( 1585 - 90 ) Background information Birth name Ramtanu c. 1493 Gwalior , Madhya Pradesh 1586 / 25 April 1589 Agra Genres Hindustani Classical Music Occupation ( s ) musician , instrumentalist , vocalist , music studies Years active Till 1562 : Raja Ramchandra Singh , Rewa ( princely state ) After 1562 : Emperor Akbar Tansen ( c. 1500 -- 1586 ) , also referred to as Tan Sen or Ramtanu , was a prominent figure of North Indian ( Hindustani ) classical music . Born in a Hindu family , he learned and perfected his art in the northwest region of modern Madhya Pradesh . He began his career and spent most of his adult life in the court and patronage of the Hindu king of Rewa ( princely state ) , Raja Ramchandra Singh ( r. 1555 -- 1592 ) , where Tansen 's musical abilities and studies gained widespread fame . This reputation brought him to the attention of the Mughal Emperor Akbar , who sent messengers to Raja Ramchandra Singh , requesting Tansen to join the musicians at the Mughal court . Tansen did not want to go , encouraged him to gain wider audience , and sent him along with gifts to Akbar . In 1562 , about the age of 60 , the Vaishnava musician Tansen joined the Akbar court , and his performances became a subject of many court historians . Numerous legends have been written about Tansen , mixing facts and fiction , and the historicity of these stories is doubtful . Akbar considered him as a Navaratnas ( nine jewels ) , and gave him the title Mian , an honorific , meaning learned man . Tansen was a composer , musician and vocalist , to whom a large number of compositions have been attributed in northern regions of the Indian subcontinent . He was also an instrumentalist who popularized and improved musical instruments . He is among the most influential personalities in North Indian tradition of Indian classical music , called Hindustani . His 16th century studies in music and compositions inspired many , and he is considered by numerous North Indian gharana ( regional music schools ) as their lineage founder . Tansen is remembered for his epic Dhrupad compositions , creating several new ragas , as well as for writing two classic books on music Sri Ganesh Stotra and Sangita Sara . Contents 1 Early life and background 2 Schooling 3 Compositions 4 Family and influence 4.1 Tansen award 4.2 Buildings 4.3 Miracles and legends 5 Death 6 Popular culture 7 References 8 External links Early life and background ( edit ) Tansen 's date and place of birth are unclear , but most sources place his birth about 1500 CE , or between 1493 and 1506 . His biography is also unclear and many conflicting accounts exist , with some common elements . Historical facts about Tansen are difficult to extract from the extensive and contradictory legends that surround him . According to the common elements in the various stories , Tansen 's name as a child was Ramtanu . His father Mukund Pandey ( also known as Makrand Pandey , Mukund Mishra , or Mukund Ram ) was a wealthy poet and accomplished musician , who for some time was a Hindu temple priest in Varanasi . Tansen learnt and perfected his art in the region around Gwalior , in modern Madhya Pradesh . He began his career and spent most of his adult life in the court and patronage of the Hindu king of Rewa ( princely state ) , Raja Ramchandra Singh , where Tansen 's musical abilities and studies gained him widespread fame and following . He was a close confidant of Raja Ramchandra Singh , and they used to make music together . Tansen 's reputation brought him to the attention of the Mughal Emperor Akbar , who sent messengers to Raja Ramchandra Singh , requesting Tansen to join the musicians at the Mughal court . Tansen initially refused to go , sought to retire instead into solitude , but Raja Ramchandra Singh , encouraged him to gain wider audience , and sent him along with gifts to Akbar . In 1562 , about the age of sixty , Tansen still a Vaishnava musician arrived for the first time in Akbar 's court . Tansen 's influence was central to create the Hindustani classical ethos as we know today . A number of descendants and disciples trace him to be their lineage founder . Many gharanas ( schools ) of Hindustani classical music claim some connection to his lineage . To these gharanas , Tansen is the founder of Hindustani classical music . Schooling ( edit ) The legendary oral versions about Tansen 's early life and schooling particularly differ depending on whether the story has origins in Hindu legends ( Vaishnavism ) or Muslim legends ( Sufism ) . In Hindu versions , the Hindu bhakti saint and poet - musician Swami Haridas was the major influence on Tansen . In Islamic biographies , the Sufi Muslim mystic named Muhammad Ghaus is said to have influenced Tansen . According to Bonnie Wade -- a professor of Music specializing in South Asia Studies , Swami Haridas is widely accepted to have been Tansen 's teacher , and it is clear that Tansen connected with Muhammad Ghaus as well , but the evidence suggests that Tansen is less affiliated with either religion , more with music . Akbar watching as Tansen receives a lesson from Swami Haridas . Imaginary situation depicted in Mughal miniature painting ( Rajasthani style , c. 1750 AD ) . Tansen showed musical talent at the age of 6 . At some point , he was discipled for some time to Swami Haridas , the legendary composer from Vrindavan and part of the stellar Gwalior court of Raja Man Singh Tomar ( 1486 -- 1516 AD ) , specialising in the Dhrupad style of singing . His talent was recognised early and it was the ruler of Gwalior who conferred upon the maestro the honorific title ' Tansen ' . Haridas was considered to be a legendary teacher in that time . It is said that Tansen had no equal apart from his teacher . From Haridas , Tansen acquired not only his love for dhrupad but also his interest in compositions in the local language . This was the time when the Bhakti tradition was fomenting a shift from Sanskrit to the local idiom ( Brajbhasa and Hindi ) , and Tansen 's compositions also highlight this trend . At some point during his apprenticeship , Tansen 's father died , and he returned home , where it is said he used to sing at a local Shiva temple . Hagiographies mention Tansen met the Sufi mystic Muhammad Ghaus . The interaction with Ghaus brought Sufi influences on Tansen . Late into his life , he continued to compose in Brajbhasha invoking traditional motifs such as Krishna and Shiva . The presence of musicians like Tansen in Akbar 's court was an attempt to accept and integrate the Hindu and Muslim traditions within the Mughal Empire . Tansen became one of the treasured Navaratnas ( lit . nava = nine , ratna = jewel ) of Akbar 's court . He received the honorific title Mian there , and the name Mian Tansen . Compositions ( edit ) Tansen 's musical compositions covered many themes , and employed Dhrupad . Most of these were derived from the Hindu Puranas , composed in Braj Bhasha , and written in praise of gods and goddesses such as Ganesha , Sarasvati , Surya , Shiva , Vishnu ( Narayana and Krishna avatar ) . He also composed and performed compositions dedicated to eulogizing kings and emperor Akbar . Family and influence ( edit ) Tansen 's children including Tanras Khan , Bilas Khan , Hamirsen , Suratsen and Saraswati Devi , were all musicians . Tansen award ( edit ) A national music festival known as ' Tansen Samaroh ' is held every year in December , near the tomb of Tansen at Behat as a mark of respect to his memory . The Tansen Samman or Tansen award is given away to exponents in Hindustani Classical music . Buildings ( edit ) Fatehpur Sikri audience chambers , with Anup Talao on the left . The fort at Fatehpur Sikri is strongly associated with Tansen 's tenure at Akbar 's court . Near the emperor 's chambers , a pond was built on a small island in the middle , where musical performances were given . Today , this tank , called Anup Talao , can be seen near the public audience hall Diwan - i - Aam -- a central platform reachable via four footbridges . It is said that Tansen would perform different ragas at different times of day , and the emperor and his select audience would honour him with coins . Tansen 's supposed residence is also nearby . Miracles and legends ( edit ) The bulk of Tansen 's biography as found in the Akbar court historian accounts and gharana literature consists of inconsistent and miraculous legends . Among the legends about Tansen are stories of his bringing down the rains with Raga Megh Malhar and lighting lamps by performing Raga Deepak . Raga Megh Malhar is still in the mainstream repertoire , but raga Deepak is no longer known ; three different variants exist in the Bilawal , Poorvi and Khamaj thaats . It is not clear which , if any , corresponds to the Deepak of Tansen 's time . Other legends tell of his ability to bring wild animals to listen with attention ( or to talk their language ) . Once , a wild white elephant was captured , but it was fierce and could not be tamed . Finally , Tansen sang to the elephant who calmed down and the emperor was able to ride him . Tansen 's tomb in Gwalior , near the tomb of his Sufi master Muhammad Ghaus Death ( edit ) The year of death of Tansen , like much of his biography , is unclear . According to one version , written by Islamic historians , Tansen died in 1586 in Delhi , and that Akbar and much of his court attended the funeral procession which was completed according to Muslim customs . Other versions , written by Hindu historians , give 26 April 1589 as the date of his death and that his funeral observed mostly Hindu customs . Tansen remains were buried in the mausoleum complex of his Sufi master Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus in Gwalior . Every year in December , an annual festival , the Tansen Samaroh , is held in Gwalior to celebrate Tansen . Popular Culture ( edit ) Several Hindi films have been made on Tansen 's life , with mostly anecdotal story lines . Some of them are Tansen ( 1943 ) , a musical hit produced by Ranjit Movietone , starring K.L. Saigal and Khursheed Bano . Tansen ( 1958 ) and Sangeet Samrat Tansen ( 1962 ) . Tansen is also a central character , though remaining mostly in the backdrop , in the historical musical Baiju Bawra ( 1952 ) , based on the life of his eponymous contemporary . Tansen 's story was extensively researched and showcased in a Pakistan Television 's series in the late 1980s where the classical singer 's entire life was explored . The series was written by Haseena Moin . A film titled ' Tansen ' was to be made in 1977 , but due to some financial difficulties , the producer left the film ; which ended the production . A song from the film titled ' Shadjane Paya ' , written and composed by Ravindra Jain and sung by K.J. Yesudas , was released years later through YouTube . This song goes through various ragas and even many pitches , describing Tansen 's singing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stuart Cary Welch ; Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 1985 ) . India : Art and Culture , 1300 - 1900 . Metropolitan Museum of Art . pp. 171 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 006114 - 1 . Jump up ^ Susheela Misra ( 1981 ) . Great masters of Hindustani music . Hem Publishers . p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Bonnie C. Wade ( 1998 ) . Imaging Sound : An Ethnomusicological Study of Music , Art , and Culture in Mughal India . University of Chicago Press . pp. 108 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 86841 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Edmour J. Babineau ( 1979 ) . Love of God and Social Duty in the Rāmcaritmānas . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89684 - 050 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy ( 1995 ) . The Rāgs of North Indian Music : Their Structure and Evolution . Popular Prakashan . pp. 19 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 395 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Davar , Ashok ( 1987 ) . Tansen -- The Magical Musician . India : National book trust . Jump up ^ Andrea L. Stanton ; Edward Ramsamy ; Peter J. Seybolt ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Cultural Sociology of the Middle East , Asia , and Africa : An Encyclopedia . SAGE Publications . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6662 - 6 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Bruno Nettl ; Ruth M. Stone ; James Porter ; et al. ( 1998 ) . The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music : South Asia : the Indian subcontinent . Taylor & Francis . pp. 376 -- 377 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 4946 - 1 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Bonnie C. Wade ( 1998 ) . Imaging Sound : An Ethnomusicological Study of Music , Art , and Culture in Mughal India . University of Chicago Press . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 86841 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Bonnie C. Wade ( 1998 ) . Imaging Sound : An Ethnomusicological Study of Music , Art , and Culture in Mughal India . University of Chicago Press . pp. 113 -- 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 86841 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROFILE : TANSEN -- the mesmerizing maestro '' . Jump up ^ Sunita Dhar ( 1989 ) . Senia gharana , its contribution to Indian classical music . Reliance . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85047 - 49 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bruno Nettl ( 1995 ) . Heartland Excursions : Ethnomusicological Reflections on Schools of Music . University of Illinois Press . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06468 - 5 . , Quote : `` This is a recital of the identities of their teachers , perhaps the teachers ' own teachers and association with gharanas , or schools , of musicianship , and often an attempt to link the main performer of the day through student - teacher genealogies to one of the early great figures of music , such as the revered Tansen , the mythical culture hero and founder of Hindustani music '' . When he was a member in the court of Mughal Emperor Akbar he was forced to sing Raga Deepak ( dieing song ) by his enemies . He was saved by Singing Raga Megh by his daughter and her friend Jump up ^ Wade , Bonnie C. ( 1998 ) . Imaging Sound : An Ethnomusicological Study of Music , Art , and Culture in Mughal India . University of Chicago Press . pp. 113 -- 114 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 86840 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wade , Bonnie C. ( 1998 ) . Imaging Sound : An Ethnomusicological Study of Music , Art , and Culture in Mughal India . University of Chicago Press . pp. 114 -- 115 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 86840 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wade , Bonnie C. ( 1998 ) . Imaging Sound : An Ethnomusicological Study of Music , Art , and Culture in Mughal India . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 86840 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : José Luiz Martinez ( 2001 ) . Semiosis in Hindustani Music . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 186 -- 187 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1801 - 9 . Jump up ^ Françoise Delvoye ( 1990 ) , Tânsen et la tradition des chants dhrupad en langue braj , du XVIe siècle à nos jours , Thèse d'État non publiée . Paris : Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle ( in French ) , OCLC 416547961 ; For a review , see Allison Busch ( 2010 ) , Hidden in Plain View : Brajbhasha Poets at the Mughal Court , Modern Asian Studies , Cambridge University Press , Vol. 44 , No. 2 ( MARCH 2010 ) , pages 275 , 267 - 309 Jump up ^ The Life and work of Wazir Khan of Rampur , and the prominent disciples of Wazir Khan , Research by Rati Rastogi , RohilKhand University , Barailey Jump up ^ George Ruckert ; Ali Akbar Khan ( 1998 ) . The Classical Music of North India : The first years study . Munshiram Manoharlal . p. 270 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 215 - 0872 - 8 . Jump up ^ Deva , Bigamudre ( 1995 ) . Indian Music . India : Taylor & Francis . Jump up ^ Maryam Juzer Kherulla ( 12 October 2002 ) . `` Profile : Tansen -- the mesmerizing maestro '' . Dawn . Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 2 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephen F. Dale ( 2009 ) . The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans , Safavids , and Mughals . Cambridge University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 18439 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bonnie C. Wade ( 1998 ) . Imaging Sound : An Ethnomusicological Study of Music , Art , and Culture in Mughal India . University of Chicago Press . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 86840 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Strains of a raga ... in Gwalior '' . The Hindu . 11 January 2004 . Jump up ^ Nettl , Bruno ; Arnold , Alison ( 2000 ) . The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music : South Asia : the Indian subcontinent . Taylor & Francis . p. 525 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 4946 - 1 . External links ( edit ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb167236527 ( data ) GND : 123001129 ISNI : 0000 0000 2535 2337 LCCN : n84143258 VIAF : 60488007 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tansen . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tansen&oldid=864466436 '' Categories : 1490s births 1580s deaths Indian male classical musicians Indian Hindus Mughal nobility People from Agra People from Gwalior People from Rewa , Madhya Pradesh Akbar Indian male composers 16th - century Indian musicians Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . EngvarB from July 2014 Use dmy dates from July 2014 Articles with hCards Pages using Template : Infobox musical artist with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 11 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the famous musician in emperor akbar's court
[ "Tansen (c. 1500 – 1586), also referred to as Tan Sen or Ramtanu, was a prominent figure of North Indian (Hindustani) classical music.[3] Born in a Hindu family, he learned and perfected his art in the northwest region of modern Madhya Pradesh. He began his career and spent most of his adult life in the court and patronage of the Hindu king of Rewa (princely state), Raja Ramchandra Singh (r.1555–1592), where Tansen's musical abilities and studies gained widespread fame.[3] This reputation brought him to the attention of the Mughal Emperor Akbar, who sent messengers to Raja Ramchandra Singh, requesting Tansen to join the musicians at the Mughal court. Tansen did not want to go, encouraged him to gain wider audience, and sent him along with gifts to Akbar. In 1562, about the age of 60, the Vaishnava[4] musician Tansen joined the Akbar court, and his performances became a subject of many court historians.[3]\n" ]
[ "Tansen" ]
6649516335794918380
Fair catch kick
Fair catch kick - wikipedia Fair catch kick Jump to : navigation , search The fair catch kick is a rule at the professional and high school levels of American football that allows a team that has just made a fair catch to attempt a free kick from the spot of the catch . The kick must be either a place kick or a drop kick , and if it passes over the crossbar and between the goalposts of the defensive team 's goal , a field goal , worth three points , is scored to the offensive team . The fair catch kick has its origins in rugby football . The rule is considered to be obscure and unusual , as most fair catches are made well out of field goal range , and in most cases a team that has a fair catch within theoretical range will attempt a normal drive to score a touchdown . The fair catch kick is generally used when a team has fair caught a ball within field goal range and there is insufficient time to score a touchdown . At the professional level , the last successful fair catch kick was made in 1976 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rule 2 History 3 Usage 4 Known attempts in the NFL 4.1 Regular season and post-season games 4.2 Exhibition games 5 Notes 6 References Rule ( edit ) The fair catch kick rule states that , after a player has successfully made a fair catch or has been awarded a fair catch ( as the result of a penalty such as kick catch interference ) , their team can attempt a kick from the spot of the catch ; the NFHS also allows a kick to be made if the down following the fair catch or awarded fair catch has to be replayed . Prior to the kick , the opposing team must be lined up at least ten yards beyond the spot of the ball . The kick itself can be either a place kick or drop kick ; a kicking tee can not be used at the professional level , but use of a tee up to two inches in height is permitted at the high school level . Like other field goal attempts , the kicking team is awarded three points if the kick goes above the crossbar and between the goalposts of the opposing team 's goal and did not touch a player of the offensive team after the kick . If the attempt fails , the opposing team is awarded control of the ball from the spot of the kick . The opposing team can also return the kick if it does not go out of bounds . In the National Federation of State High School Associations ( NFHS ) rulebook , the fair catch kick is specifically defined as a free kick . The National Football League ( NFL ) rulebook specifically states that the fair catch kick is not a free kick , instead considering the fair catch kick to be a distinct type of kick . Despite this , reporters at both levels describe the fair catch kick as a free kick . History ( edit ) The fair catch kick found in American football originated in rugby football . A similar rule in rugby , the goal from mark , allowed a player who had fair caught a ball to attempt an uncontested free kick from the spot of the fair catch . Both major codes of rugby have eliminated the rule ; rugby league abolished the goal from mark in 1922 , and rugby union removed it in 1977 . Australian rules football has retained the rule , and it is a vital part of the Australian game ; a `` fair catch '' of a ball kicked more than 15 metres in the air is called a `` mark '' , and the player making the mark is then awarded a free kick . The fair catch kick has been present in the National Football League ( NFL ) rulebook since the league 's inception , and also remains in the National Federation of State High School Associations ( NFHS ) rulebook . The fair catch kick is not legal in National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) football ; the NCAA abolished the fair catch in 1950 , but re-added it a year later . When the fair catch returned to the rulebook , however , the option to attempt a kick after the fair catch was removed . Usage ( edit ) The fair catch kick rule is very rarely invoked , and is one of the rarest plays in football . The rule has been regarded as `` obscure '' , `` bizarre '' , and `` quirky '' . A unique set of circumstances is required for a fair catch kick to be a viable option . For one , the fair catch would need to be made at a point on the field where a field goal attempt has a reasonable chance of being successful ; most fair catches are made well outside of field goal range ( even more so since 1974 , when the goal posts were moved back to the end line , adding 10 yards to such attempts ) . Furthermore , for a fair catch kick to be a viable option near the end of the fourth quarter , the team attempting the kick needs to be either tied or behind by three points or fewer ; even if a game is tied , a fair catch kick might be unpalatable , as it is possible the ball lands in the field of play and the opponent returns it for a touchdown ( hence why , when the possibility of a 75 - yard fair catch kick arose in Super Bowl LI , the idea was nixed ) . In exceptional circumstances a team might try the kick at the end of the first half if only a few seconds remained , but Art McNally , who led the officiating department of the National Football League from 1968 to 1990 , notes that , even in the event a fair catch is made within field goal range , most teams would attempt to score a touchdown unless there is not enough time left to score one . Accordingly , most fair catch kick attempts occur when a team has fair - caught a ball from a punt from deep in their opponent 's territory , and there is not enough time left in the half to go for a touchdown . Despite its drawbacks , there are several advantages to using the fair catch kick . Because the defense is required to be ten yards beyond the spot of the kick , the kicker can take a running start before kicking as opposed to the typical two steps taken on regular field goal attempts . Similarly , the kicker does not have to worry about a low snap because the ball is not snapped . The defense is not able to block the kick , allowing the kicker to give the ball a lower trajectory than usual . The fair catch kick would also be of a shorter distance than a normal field goal attempt from the same spot , because the fair catch kick is taken from the spot of the catch , while a typical field goal is taken seven yards back from the line of scrimmage . Known attempts in the NFL ( edit ) The following tables contain all confirmed fair catch kick attempts in the NFL ; the NFL does not keep a record of fair catch kick attempts , so the true number of attempts is unknown . Out of the twenty - four recorded fair catch kick attempts in non-exhibition games , only six were successful ; all five known attempts in exhibition games were unsuccessful . With the exception of the second recorded attempt , which was made in the 3rd quarter , all fair catch kick attempts were made within the last thirty seconds of either the 2nd or 4th quarter . The last successful attempt was made in 1976 by Ray Wersching of the San Diego Chargers ( 45 yards ) , and the longest successful attempt was made in 1964 by Paul Hornung of the Green Bay Packers ( 52 yards ) . The most recent fair catch kick attempt was by San Francisco 49ers kicker Phil Dawson , who missed a 71 - yard fair catch kick on September 26 , 2013 . In 2017 , with 3 seconds left in the fourth quarter of Super Bowl LI , the New England Patriots declined an opportunity to attempt a 75 - yard fair catch kick , which would have won the game if successful , because of the risk of a return if the kick came up short . Regular season and post-season games ( edit ) List of known fair catch kick attempts in regular and post-season games Date Kicker Kicking team Opponent Yards Result Game time Note ( s ) Reference ( s ) November 8 , 1925 George Abramson Green Bay Packers Chicago Cardinals 35 Good 4th quarter Game played in snow on a muddy field . November 20 , 1933 Ken Strong New York Giants Green Bay Packers 30 Good 3rd quarter October 23 , 1955 Ben Agajanian New York Giants Pittsburgh Steelers 56 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 30 ) November 2 , 1958 Gordy Soltau San Francisco 49ers Detroit Lions 61 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 15 ) September 13 , 1964 Sam Baker Philadelphia Eagles New York Giants 47 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) September 13 , 1964 Paul Hornung Green Bay Packers Chicago Bears 52 Good 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) December 4 , 1966 Fred Cox Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons 40 Good 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) November 23 , 1967 Bruce Gossett Los Angeles Rams Detroit Lions 55 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 03 ) November 3 , 1968 Mac Percival Chicago Bears Green Bay Packers 43 Good 4th quarter ( 0 : 20 ) Game - winning field goal December 8 , 1968 Fred Cox Minnesota Vikings San Francisco 49ers 47 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) October 5 , 1969 Curt Knight Washington Redskins San Francisco 49ers 56 Missed 4th quarter ( 0 : 02 ) The game finished as a 17 - 17 tie . November 23 , 1969 Tom Dempsey New Orleans Saints San Francisco 49ers 57 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) December 21 , 1969 Sam Baker Philadelphia Eagles San Francisco 49ers 49 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) November 1 , 1970 Curt Knight Washington Redskins Denver Broncos 49 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) November 8 , 1971 David Ray Los Angeles Rams Baltimore Colts 45 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) Aired on Monday Night Football . November 21 , 1976 Ray Wersching San Diego Chargers Buffalo Bills 45 Good 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) Last known successful fair catch kick in the NFL . November 25 , 1979 Mark Moseley Washington Redskins New York Giants 74 Missed 4th quarter Longest field goal attempt on record until 2008 . September 29 , 1980 Fred Steinfort Denver Broncos New England Patriots 73 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) November 18 , 1984 Raul Allegre Indianapolis Colts New England Patriots 61 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) Fair catch was called off an onside kick . January 1 , 1989 Mike Cofer San Francisco 49ers ' Minnesota Vikings 60 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) NFC Divisional Playoff game October 9 , 2005 Rob Bironas Tennessee Titans Houston Texans 58 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) November 23 , 2008 Neil Rackers Arizona Cardinals New York Giants 68 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 05 ) December 28 , 2008 Mason Crosby Green Bay Packers Detroit Lions 69 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) Ball was on target but fell just short of the crossbar . September 26 , 2013 Phil Dawson San Francisco 49ers St. Louis Rams 71 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 04 ) Thursday Night Football Exhibition games ( edit ) List of known fair catch kick attempts in exhibition games Date Kicker Kicking team Opponent Yards Result Game time Note ( s ) Reference ( s ) January 9 , 1966 Lou Michaels Baltimore Colts Dallas Cowboys 57 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) Playoff Bowl game July 29 , 1972 Chester Marcol College All - Stars Dallas Cowboys 68 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) Chicago College All - Star Game August 9 , 1972 Mac Percival Chicago Bears Houston Oilers 60 Missed 4th quarter ( 0 : 15 ) August 31 , 1986 Rafael Septién Dallas Cowboys Houston Oilers 53 Missed 4th quarter ( 0 : 00 ) August 8 , 1993 Chris Gardocki Chicago Bears Philadelphia Eagles 63 Missed 2nd quarter ( 0 : 00 ) Notes ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Although the National Football League ( NFL ) does not consider the play a free kick , the National Federation of State High School Associations ( NFHS ) and media analysts regard it as being a free kick . Jump up ^ The games included are only confirmed instances ; the NFL does not keep record of individual fair catch kicks , and the exact number of attempts is unknown . Jump up ^ The games included are only confirmed instances ; the NFL does not keep record of individual fair catch kicks , and the exact number of attempts is unknown . Jump up ^ The Playoff Bowl matched up the runners - up of the NFL 's two conferences ; although the game was effectively for third - place in the league , the NFL considers Playoff Bowl games to have been exhibition games , not playoff games . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : NFHS Rulebook , p. 46 . Jump up ^ NFL Rules , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : NFHS Rulebook , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : NFL Rules , p. 59 . Jump up ^ NFHS Rulebook , p. 32 . Jump up ^ NFL Rules , p. 57 . Jump up ^ NFHS Rulebook , pp. 15 , 32 . Jump up ^ NFHS Rulebook , pp. 55 , 66 . Jump up ^ NFL Rules , p. 56 - 59 . Jump up ^ NFHS Rulebook , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : NFL Rules , p. 58 . Jump up ^ NFHS Rulebook , p. 55 . Jump up ^ NFL Rules , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Mayer , Larry ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Bears shocked Packers with last - minute free kick '' . ChicagoBears.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Michael Davi ( November 23 , 2008 ) . `` Rackers Botches Fair Catch Kick '' . Pro Football Talk . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Cameron . `` Rare free kick leads to huge , last - minute win in Miami '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pet , Brian ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Rarest Play in the NFL '' . Slate . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Football League . `` Laws of Australian Football 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Football League . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Nelson 1993 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Nelson 1993 , pp. 233 - 235 . ^ Jump up to : Kantowski , Ron ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Fair catch kick would add old - time pizzazz to playoffs '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pexa , Ron ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Ron Pexa : What About That Call ? '' . East Iowa Herald . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Radcliffe , JR ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` The little - known fair catch kick '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DeCosta - Klipa , Nick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Belichick passed up an opportunity to end Super Bowl 51 in the weirdest possible way '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monolithic Packers - Bears Rivalry Evokes Numerous Memories '' . Packers.com . September 16 , 2004 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crusinberry , James ( Nov. 9 , 1925 ) . `` Cards Win 9 - 6 ; Driscoll 's Toe Tells Tale '' . Chicago Daily Tribune , p. 23 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Robert F. ( Nov. 27 , 1933 ) . `` Giants turn back Green Bay by 17 - 6 '' . The New York Times , p. 21 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Effrat , Louis ( Oct. 24 , 1955 ) . `` Giants defeated by Steelers in seesaw contest at Polo Grounds '' . The New York Times , p. 31 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Old - timers Perry , McElhenny , Tittle star in 24 - 21 rally '' . ( Nov. 3 , 1958 ) . Los Angeles Times , p. c1 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( Sep. 14 , 1964 ) . `` Safetyman blitz shackles Tittle '' . The New York Times , p. 44 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Gordon S. , Jr . ( Sep. 14 , 1964 ) . `` Rout of Chicago led by Hornung '' . The New York Times , p. 44 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rollow , Cooper ( Dec. 11 , 1966 ) . `` Berry almost blanked out on play that whipped the Bears '' . Chicago Tribune , p . E3 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Florence , Mal ( Nov. 25 , 1967 ) . `` Wanted three points '' . Los Angeles Times , p. a2 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bears upset Packers , 13 to 10 , on free kick in final seconds '' . ( Nov. 4 , 1968 ) . The New York Times , p. 62 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dozer , Richard ( Dec. 9 , 1968 ) . `` Vikings stay alive '' . Chicago Tribune , p. g1 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Redskins tie 49ers , 17 - 17 '' . ( Oct. 6 , 1969 ) . The New York Times , p. 64 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rollow , Cooper ( Nov. 30 , 1969 ) . `` Pro football patter '' . Chicago Tribune , p. b4 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Another Fair Catch Kick Found '' . Quirky Research . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jurgensen on target '' . ( Nov. 2 , 1970 ) . Los Angeles Times , p. d8 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Oates , Bob ( Nov. 9 , 1971 ) . `` L.A. 's special teams cost win in Baltimore '' . Los Angeles Times , p. d1 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Answer Man , Series 8 , Volume 3 '' . Buccaneers.com . March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL fair catch kick attempts '' . Quirky Research . July 17 , 2006 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz , Michael ( Nov. 26 , 1979 ) . `` Giants topple Redskins , 14 - 6 '' . The New York Times , p . C1 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Ernie ( Jan. 21 , 1981 ) . `` Color Rockingham grey '' . The Boston Globe , p. 1 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Colt ' free kick ' no consequence '' . ( Nov. 14 , 1984 ) . Indianapolis News , p. 30 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One play gave New York 2 hits '' . ( Jan. 3 , 1989 ) . Los Angeles Times , p. 2 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McNair guides Titans past winless Texans '' . NFL.com . October 9 , 2005 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Herman , Brian ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` Fair catch kick is Cox flashback '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score '' . ESPN.com . November 23 , 2008 . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby 's free kick attempt fails '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score '' . ESPN.com . September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 49ers pull in front of Rams 14 - 3 at the half '' . Belleville News - Democrat . September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ King , Steve ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` This Day in Browns History -- Jan. 7 '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matte 's passing paces Colts to 35 - to - 3 upset of Cowboys in Playoff Bowl '' . ( Jan. 10 , 1966 ) . The New York Times , p. 19 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Damer , Roy ( Jul. 29 , 1972 ) . `` Morton leads pro kings '' . Chicago Tribune , p. n_c1 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oilers 17 , Cowboys 14 '' . ( Aug. 31 , 1986 ) . The New York Times , p . S9 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Fred ( Aug. 9 , 1993 ) . `` 63 - yard fg try on free kick falls short '' . Chicago Tribune , p. 4 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . References ( edit ) Nelson , David M. ( December 12 , 1993 ) . The Anatomy of a Game : Football , the Rules , and the Men Who Made the Game . University of Delaware Press . ISBN 978 - 0874134551 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Colgate , Bob , ed. ( 2011 ) . `` NFHS Football Rules Book '' ( pdf ) . Gardener , Robert B ... NFHS Publications . `` Official Playing Rules and Casebook of the National Football League '' ( pdf ) . National Football League . 2012 . ( hide ) Gridiron football plays Play from scrimmage Play calling system Offense Rush Keeper Bootleg Sneak Dive Power Counter Off - tackle End Option Sweep Toss Trap Veer Zone Pass Incomplete Checkdown Screen Drop - back Hail Mary Alley - oop Defense Man - to - man Zone Blitz Zone blitz Special teams Touchback Kickoff Kickoff return Punt Punt return Drop kick Place kick Fair catch Fair catch kick Onside kick Squib kick Other Trick play Quick kick Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fair_catch_kick&oldid=803419606 '' Categories : American football terminology Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when do you get a free kick in nfl
[ "The fair catch kick is a rule at the professional and high school levels of American football that allows a team that has just made a fair catch to attempt a free kick[A] from the spot of the catch. The kick must be either a place kick or a drop kick, and if it passes over the crossbar and between the goalposts of the defensive team's goal, a field goal, worth three points, is scored to the offensive team." ]
[ "made a fair catch" ]
8790995733137853103
List of Major League Baseball players from Japan
List of Major League Baseball players from Japan - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball players from Japan Ichiro Suzuki played in NPB before playing in MLB . A total of 58 Japanese - born players have played in at least one Major League Baseball ( MLB ) game . Of these players , six are currently on MLB rosters . The first instance of a Japanese - born player playing in MLB occurred in 1964 , when the Nankai Hawks , a Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) team , sent three exchange prospects to the United States to gain experience in MLB 's minor league system . One of the players , pitcher Masanori Murakami , was named the California League Rookie of the Year while playing for the Fresno Giants ( the San Francisco Giants ' Class - A team ) . Giants executives were impressed with his talent and on September 1 , 1964 Murakami was promoted , thus becoming the first Japanese player to play in MLB . After Murakami put up good pitching statistics as a reliever , Giants executives sought to exercise a clause in their contract with the Hawks that , they claimed , allowed them to buy up an exchange prospect 's contract . NPB officials objected , stating that they had no intention of selling Murakami 's contract to the Giants and telling them that Murakami was merely on loan for the 1964 season . After a two - month stalemate the Giants eventually agreed to send Murakami back to the Hawks after the 1965 season . This affair led to the 1967 United States -- Japanese Player Contract Agreement , also known as the `` Working Agreement '' , between MLB and NPB , which was basically a hands - off policy . For thirty years Murakami was the only Japanese player to appear in an MLB game . Pitcher Hideo Nomo , with the help of agent Don Nomura , became the second Japanese - born player to play in MLB in 1995 . Nomo , who was not yet eligible for free agency in Japan , was advised by Nomura that a `` voluntary retirement '' clause in the Working Agreement did not specify that a player wishing to play again after retiring must return to NPB . Nomo utilized this loophole to void his NPB contract with the Kintetsu Buffaloes and play in MLB . He announced his retirement from NPB in late 1994 and signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers in February 1995 . Nomo 's maneuver and Hideki Irabu 's later MLB contractual complications were contributing factors to a major revision of the Working Agreement in 1998 that created the current posting system . Since its inception 12 Japanese - born players have been signed through the system , however one of these players , Shinji Mori , did not play in a single MLB game due to an injury . NPB players who have nine or more years of playing service with NPB can become free agents and do not need to enter MLB through the posting system . The remaining Japanese - born players that have played in MLB have either signed as free agents or signed as amateur players . Mac Suzuki , Micheal Nakamura , Kazuhito Tadano , and Junichi Tazawa are the only Japanese players to have debuted in MLB without previously playing in NPB . Japanese - born players have had a range of success in MLB . Twelve players have been selected to participate in the All - Star Game ; Ichiro Suzuki has made the most appearances with ten . In addition to these selections , Ichiro has won several prestigious MLB awards including the American League ( AL ) Rookie of the Year Award and the AL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award in 2001 , the All - Star Game MVP Award in 2007 and multiple Gold Glove and Silver Slugger Awards . Ichiro also holds the MLB record for the recording the most hits in a single season . Hideo Nomo was the only Japanese - born pitcher to throw a no - hitter until Hisashi Iwakuma accomplished the feat on August 12 , 2015 . Nomo threw two in total ; the first came in 1996 and the last occurred in 2001 . Eleven Japanese players have played in the World Series . Of these players , So Taguchi has won the most with two and Hideki Matsui is the only one to win the World Series MVP Award . Contents 1 Table key 2 Current players 3 Former players 4 Awards , records and notable accomplishments 4.1 Awards 4.2 Hitting 4.3 Baserunning 4.4 Pitching 5 All - Star Game selections 6 World Series appearances 7 Notes 8 References Table key ( edit ) Key to symbols in player table § Signed with a Major League Baseball team without first playing for a Nippon Professional Baseball team * Signed with a Major League Baseball team via the posting system Inducted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame Current players ( edit ) Players from Japan that are currently on Major League Baseball rosters Player Position Debut Team ( s ) Status Notes Yu Darvish * April 9 , 2012 Texas Rangers ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 2017 ) Chicago Cubs ( 2018 -- ) 60 - day DL Masahiro Tanaka * April 4 , 2014 New York Yankees ( 2014 -- ) Active Kenta Maeda * April 6 , 2016 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 2016 -- ) Active Shohei Ohtani * P / DH March 29 , 2018 Los Angeles Angels ( 2018 -- ) Active Yoshihisa Hirano March 29 , 2018 Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2018 -- ) Active Kazuhisa Makita * March 30 , 2018 San Diego Padres ( 2018 -- ) Active Former players ( edit ) Players from Japan that formerly appeared on Major League Baseball rosters Player Position MLB debut Final MLB game Former MLB Team ( s ) Current league / status Current team Notes Masanori Murakami September 1 , 1964 October 1 , 1965 San Francisco Giants ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Retired -- Hideo Nomo May 2 , 1995 April 18 , 2008 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1995 -- 1998 , 2002 -- 2004 ) New York Mets ( 1998 ) Milwaukee Brewers ( 1999 ) Detroit Tigers ( 2000 ) Boston Red Sox ( 2001 ) Tampa Bay Devil Rays ( 2005 ) Kansas City Royals ( 2008 ) Retired -- Mac Suzuki July 7 , 1996 June 28 , 2002 Seattle Mariners ( 1996 , 1998 -- 1999 ) Kansas City Royals ( 1999 -- 2001 , 2002 ) Colorado Rockies ( 2001 ) Milwaukee Brewers ( 2001 ) Retired -- Shigetoshi Hasegawa April 5 , 1997 September 28 , 2005 Anaheim Angels ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Seattle Mariners ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Retired -- Takashi Kashiwada May 1 , 1997 September 18 , 1997 New York Mets ( 1997 ) Retired -- Hideki Irabu July 10 , 1997 July 12 , 2002 New York Yankees ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Montreal Expos ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Texas Rangers ( 2002 ) Deceased ( July 24 , 2011 ) -- Masato Yoshii April 5 , 1998 September 11 , 2002 New York Mets ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Colorado Rockies ( 2000 ) Montreal Expos ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Retired -- Masao Kida April 5 , 1999 August 3 , 2005 Detroit Tigers ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Seattle Mariners ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Retired -- Tomokazu Ohka July 19 , 1999 October 4 , 2009 Boston Red Sox ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Milwaukee Brewers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Toronto Blue Jays ( 2007 ) Cleveland Indians ( 2009 ) Retired -- Kazuhiro Sasaki April 5 , 2000 September 28 , 2003 Seattle Mariners ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Retired -- Ichiro Suzuki * OF April 2 , 2001 May 2 , 2018 Seattle Mariners ( 2001 -- 2012 ) New York Yankees ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Miami Marlins ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Seattle Mariners ( 2018 ) Special Assistant to the Chairman Seattle Mariners Tsuyoshi Shinjo OF April 3 , 2001 June 27 , 2003 New York Mets ( 2001 , 2003 ) San Francisco Giants ( 2002 ) Retired -- Takahito Nomura April 3 , 2002 May 15 , 2002 Milwaukee Brewers ( 2002 ) Retired -- Satoru Komiyama April 4 , 2002 September 11 , 2002 New York Mets ( 2002 ) Retired -- Kazuhisa Ishii * April 6 , 2002 September 28 , 2005 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 2002 -- 2004 ) New York Mets ( 2005 ) Retired -- So Taguchi OF June 10 , 2002 October 4 , 2009 St. Louis Cardinals ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Philadelphia Phillies ( 2008 ) Chicago Cubs ( 2009 ) Retired -- Hideki Matsui OF / DH March 31 , 2003 July 22 , 2012 New York Yankees ( 2003 -- 2009 ) Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ( 2010 ) Oakland Athletics ( 2011 ) Tampa Bay Rays ( 2012 ) Retired -- Micheal Nakamura June 7 , 2003 July 31 , 2004 Minnesota Twins ( 2003 ) Toronto Blue Jays ( 2004 ) Retired -- Kazuo Matsui 2B / SS April 6 , 2004 May 18 , 2010 New York Mets ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Colorado Rockies ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Houston Astros ( 2008 -- 2010 ) NPB Seibu Lions ( Player - coach ) Akinori Otsuka * April 6 , 2004 July 1 , 2007 San Diego Padres ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Texas Rangers ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Retired -- Shingo Takatsu April 9 , 2004 October 2 , 2005 Chicago White Sox ( 2004 -- 2005 ) New York Mets ( 2005 ) Retired -- Kazuhito Tadano April 27 , 2004 July 16 , 2005 Cleveland Indians ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Retired -- Tadahito Iguchi 2B April 4 , 2005 September 28 , 2008 Chicago White Sox ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Philadelphia Phillies ( 2007 , 2008 ) San Diego Padres ( 2008 ) Retired -- Keiichi Yabu April 9 , 2005 September 27 , 2008 Oakland Athletics ( 2005 ) San Francisco Giants ( 2008 ) Retired -- Norihiro Nakamura * 3B April 10 , 2005 May 6 , 2005 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 2005 ) Retired -- Kenji Johjima April 3 , 2006 October 3 , 2009 Seattle Mariners ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Retired -- Takashi Saito April 9 , 2006 September 30 , 2012 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Boston Red Sox ( 2009 ) Atlanta Braves ( 2010 ) Milwaukee Brewers ( 2011 ) Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2012 ) Retired -- Akinori Iwamura * 2B / 3B April 2 , 2007 September 26 , 2010 Tampa Bay Devil Rays / Rays ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Pittsburgh Pirates ( 2010 ) Oakland Athletics ( 2010 ) Retired -- Hideki Okajima April 2 , 2007 June 13 , 2013 Boston Red Sox ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Oakland Athletics ( 2013 ) Retired -- Daisuke Matsuzaka * April 5 , 2007 September 25 , 2014 Boston Red Sox ( 2007 -- 2012 ) New York Mets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) NPB Chunichi Dragons Kei Igawa * April 7 , 2007 June 27 , 2008 New York Yankees ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Free agent -- Masumi Kuwata June 10 , 2007 August 13 , 2007 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 2007 ) Retired -- Kosuke Fukudome OF March 31 , 2008 June 3 , 2012 Chicago Cubs ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Cleveland Indians ( 2011 ) Chicago White Sox ( 2012 ) NPB Hanshin Tigers Kazuo Fukumori March 31 , 2008 April 24 , 2008 Texas Rangers ( 2008 ) Retired -- Masahide Kobayashi April 2 , 2008 May 7 , 2009 Cleveland Indians ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Retired -- Hiroki Kuroda April 4 , 2008 September 25 , 2014 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 2008 -- 2011 ) New York Yankees ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Retired -- Yasuhiko Yabuta April 5 , 2008 October 4 , 2009 Kansas City Royals ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Retired -- Koji Uehara April 8 , 2009 September 2 , 2017 Baltimore Orioles ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Texas Rangers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Boston Red Sox ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Chicago Cubs ( 2017 ) NPB Yomiuri Giants Kenshin Kawakami April 11 , 2009 September 9 , 2010 Atlanta Braves ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retired -- Ken Takahashi May 2 , 2009 September 25 , 2009 New York Mets ( 2009 ) Retired -- Junichi Tazawa August 7 , 2009 May 17 , 2018 Boston Red Sox ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Miami Marlins ( 2017 -- 2018 ) MiLB Salt Lake Bees Hisanori Takahashi April 7 , 2010 April 11 , 2013 New York Mets ( 2010 ) Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Pittsburgh Pirates ( 2012 ) Chicago Cubs ( 2013 ) Retired -- Ryota Igarashi April 8 , 2010 August 12 , 2012 New York Mets ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Toronto Blue Jays ( 2012 ) New York Yankees ( 2012 ) NPB SoftBank Hawks Tsuyoshi Nishioka * SS / 2B April 1 , 2011 August 8 , 2012 Minnesota Twins ( 2011 -- 2012 ) NPB Hanshin Tigers Yoshinori Tateyama May 24 , 2011 September 26 , 2012 Texas Rangers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Retired -- Nori Aoki * OF April 6 , 2012 October 1 , 2017 Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Kansas City Royals ( 2014 ) San Francisco Giants ( 2015 ) Seattle Mariners ( 2016 ) Houston Astros ( 2017 ) Toronto Blue Jays ( 2017 ) New York Mets ( 2017 ) NPB Yakult Swallows Munenori Kawasaki SS / 2B April 7 , 2012 October 2 , 2016 Seattle Mariners ( 2012 ) Toronto Blue Jays ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Chicago Cubs ( 2016 ) Free agent -- Hisashi Iwakuma April 20 , 2012 May 3 , 2017 Seattle Mariners ( 2012 -- 2017 ) MiLB Tacoma Rainiers Kyuji Fujikawa April 1 , 2013 May 15 , 2015 Chicago Cubs ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Texas Rangers ( 2015 ) NPB Hanshin Tigers Kensuke Tanaka LF July 9 , 2013 July 28 , 2013 San Francisco Giants ( 2013 ) NPB Nippon - Ham Fighters Tsuyoshi Wada July 8 , 2014 September 4 , 2015 Chicago Cubs ( 2014 -- 2015 ) NPB SoftBank Hawks Toru Murata June 28 , 2015 June 28 , 2015 Cleveland Indians ( 2015 ) NPB Nippon - Ham Fighters Awards , Records and notable accomplishments ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) Most Valuable Player Award : Ichiro Suzuki , 2001 AL World Series MVP : Hideki Matsui , 2009 ALCS MVP : Koji Uehara , 2013 All - Star Game MVP : Ichiro Suzuki , 2007 Rookie of the Year : Hideo Nomo , 1995 NL ; Kazuhiro Sasaki , 2000 AL ; Ichiro Suzuki , 2001 AL Gold Glove Award : Ichiro Suzuki , 10 times , 2001 -- 2010 AL OF Silver Slugger Award : Ichiro Suzuki , 3 times , 2001 , 2007 , 2009 Player of the Month : Ichiro Suzuki , August 2004 AL ; Hideki Matsui , July 2007 AL Pitcher of the Month : Hideo Nomo , twice , June 1995 & September 1996 NL ; Hideki Irabu , twice , May 1998 & July 1999 AL ; Masahiro Tanaka , May 2014 AL Rookie of the Month : Ichiro Suzuki , 5 times , April , May , June , August , September 2001 AL ; Kazuhisa Ishii , April 2002 NL ; Hideki Matsui , June 2003 AL ; Hideki Okajima , April 2007 AL ; Yu Darvish , April 2012 AL ; Shohei Ohtani , April 2018 AL Player of the Week : Ichiro Suzuki , 5 times , August 2 -- 8 , 2004 AL , May 29 - June 4 , 2006 AL , September 20 -- 26 , 2010 AL , September 17 -- 23 , 2012 AL , August 1 -- 7 , 2016 NL ; Hideki Matsui , 4 times , June 23 -- 29 , 2003 , May 24 -- 30 , 2004 , June 14 -- 20 , 2005 , July 18 -- 24 , 2011 AL ; Hisashi Iwakuma , August 10 -- 16 , 2015 AL ; Shohei Ohtani , April 2 - 8 , 2018 AL MLB Players Association Outstanding Player of the Year Award : Ichiro Suzuki , 2004 AL MLB Players Association Outstanding Rookie of the Year Award : Ichiro Suzuki , 2001 AL Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award : Ichiro Suzuki , 2001 AL Sporting News Rookie Pitcher of the Year Award : Hideo Nomo , 1995 NL , Kazuhiro Sasaki , 2000 AL MLB.com Defensive Player of the Year Award : Ichiro Suzuki , 2005 MLB.com Setup Man of the Year Award : Hideki Okajima , 2007 Hitting ( edit ) Most hits in a single season : Ichiro Suzuki , 262 ( 2004 ) MLB Record Most career Interleague hits : Ichiro Suzuki , 367 MLB Record Most consecutive seasons of 200 or more hits : Ichiro Suzuki , 10 ( 2001 -- 2010 ) MLB Record Most seasons with 200 or more hits : Ichiro Suzuki , 10 ( 2001 -- 2010 ) MLB Record ( tie ) Most games with five or more hits in a season : Ichiro Suzuki , 4 ( 2004 ) MLB Record ( tie ) Most pinch - hit plate appearances in a season : Ichiro Suzuki , 109 ( 2017 ) MLB Record Most pinch - hit at - bats in a season : Ichiro Suzuki , 100 ( 2017 ) MLB Record Batting titles : Ichiro Suzuki , 2001 (. 350 Avg ) and 2004 (. 372 Avg ) Only Inside - the - park home run in All - Star game history : Ichiro Suzuki , July 10 , 2007 , AT&T Park , hitting leadoff for the American League Only MLB player to hit a home run in his first plate appearance of his first three seasons : Kazuo Matsui , 2004 ( First pitch ) , 2005 , 2006 ( Inside - the - park home run ) First Japanese player to play in the World Series : Tsuyoshi Shinjo , October 19 , 2002 , Giants vs. Angels , Edison Field , hitting 9th in the lineup as the Designated hitter First Japanese player to hit a home run : Hideo Nomo , April 28 , 1998 , Dodgers vs. Brewers , Dodger Stadium First Japanese player to hit a grand slam : Tsuyoshi Shinjo , May 17 , 2002 , Giants vs. Marlins , AT&T Park First Japanese player to hit a walk - off home run : Hideki Matsui , July 17 , 2003 , Yankees vs. Indians , Yankee Stadium First Japanese player to hit a home run in the postseason : Hideki Matsui , October 4 , 2003 , Yankees vs. Twins , Metrodome First Japanese player to hit a home run in the World Series : Hideki Matsui , October 19 , 2003 , Yankees vs. Marlins , Yankee Stadium First Japanese player to hit cleanup in the lineup : Tsuyoshi Shinjo , August 3 , 2001 , Mets vs. Diamondbacks , Bank One Ballpark 3,000 hit club : Ichiro Suzuki ; entered August 7 , 2016 Baserunning ( edit ) Stolen base champion : Ichiro Suzuki , 2001 AL ( 56 Stolen Bases ) Most consecutive stolen bases : Ichiro Suzuki , April 29 , 2006 -- May 16 , 2007 ( 45 ) AL Record Pitching ( edit ) No - hitters Hideo Nomo : September 17 , 1996 at Coors Field in Denver . Pitching for the Los Angeles Dodgers against the Colorado Rockies . Still the only no - hitter at Coors Field , which opened in 1995 . Highest paid attendance ( 50,066 ) among all the no - hitters in currently used ballparks . Hideo Nomo : April 4 , 2001 at Oriole Park at Camden Yards in Baltimore . Pitching for the Boston Red Sox against the Baltimore Orioles . Still the only no - hitter at Oriole Park , which opened in 1992 . Earliest no - hitter in a season among all the no - hitters in currently used ballparks . Nomo is one of only five players that have ever pitched at least one no - hitter game in both the National League and American League in Major League Baseball history . Hisashi Iwakuma : August 12 , 2015 at Safeco Field in Seattle . Pitching for the Seattle Mariners against the Baltimore Orioles . It was the fourth no - hitter at Safeco Field , behind Philip Humber , Kevin Millwood , and Félix Hernández . Strikeout champion : Hideo Nomo , 1995 NL ( 236 Strikeouts ) & 2001 AL ( 220 Strikeouts ) ; Yu Darvish , 2013 AL ( 277 Strikeouts , led both leagues ) Fastest to reach 1000 career strikeouts in MLB history : Yu Darvish , September 8 , 2017 ( 812 innings ) Fastest to reach 500 career strikeouts in MLB history : Yu Darvish , April 6 , 2014 ( 401 2 / 3 innings ) Most consecutive quality starts from debut : Masahiro Tanaka ( 16 ) MLB Record ( tie ) Lowest single - season WHIP in MLB history ( at least 50 innings ) : Koji Uehara , 2013 ( 0.565 ) Most saves in the postseason : Koji Uehara , 2013 ( 7 saves ) MLB Record ( tie ) Strikeouts in a single inning : Kazuhiro Sasaki , April 4 , 2003 ( 4 strikeouts in the 9th Inning ) MLB Record ( tie ) All - Star Game selections ( edit ) Players from Japan that have been selected to participate in a Major League Baseball All - Star Game Player League Selections Year ( s ) Notes Ichiro Suzuki AL 10 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 Inside - the - park home run , All - Star Game MVP ( 2007 ) Yu Darvish AL 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 Selected as the winner of the Final Vote but did not play ( 2012 ) Selected but did not play ( 2013 ) Selected but did not play ( 2017 ) Kazuhiro Sasaki AL 2001 , 2002 Closed and recorded a save ( 2001 ) Hideki Matsui AL 2003 , 2004 Selected as the winner of the Final Vote ( 2004 ) Hideo Nomo NL 1995 Starting pitcher Shigetoshi Hasegawa AL 2003 Hideki Okajima AL 2007 Selected as the winner of the Final Vote , but did not play Takashi Saito NL 2007 Kosuke Fukudome NL 2008 Hisashi Iwakuma AL 2013 Selected but did not play Masahiro Tanaka AL 2014 Selected but did not play due to being on the disabled list Koji Uehara AL 2014 Selected in place of the injured Masahiro Tanaka Bold indicates the player was selected to the starting roster World Series appearances ( edit ) Players from Japan that have been a part of a Major League Baseball World Series Player World Series championships World Series appearances Year ( s ) Notes So Taguchi 2004 Cardinals 2006 Cardinals 2008 Phillies Did not play in the 2008 World Series , despite being on the Phillies ' active roster Hideki Matsui 2003 Yankees 2009 Yankees World Series MVP ( 2009 ) Tadahito Iguchi 2005 White Sox First Japanese player to win a World Series Hideki Okajima 2007 Red Sox First Japanese pitcher to appear in a World Series . With Matsuzaka , first Japanese pitcher to win the World Series . The 2007 World Series was the first in which Japanese - born players appeared for both teams . Daisuke Matsuzaka 2007 Red Sox First Japanese pitcher to both start and win a World Series game and first Japanese pitcher to win an MLB playoff game during the 2007 postseason . With Okajima , first Japanese pitcher to win the World Series . The 2007 World Series was the first in which Japanese - born players appeared for both teams . Junichi Tazawa 2013 Red Sox Koji Uehara 2013 Red Sox Tsuyoshi Shinjo 0 2002 Giants First Japanese player to play in a World Series game Kazuo Matsui 0 2007 Rockies The 2007 World Series was the first in which Japanese - born players appeared for both teams . Akinori Iwamura 0 2008 Rays Nori Aoki 0 2014 Royals Kenta Maeda 0 2017 Dodgers Yu Darvish 0 2017 Dodgers Bold indicates that the team won the World Series that year Notes ( edit ) General `` Players by birthplace : Japan Baseball Stats and Info '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Inline citations Jump up ^ This list does not include players that were born in Japan to American parents or players with Japanese ancestry who grew up in the United States ( such as Dave Roberts ) . Jump up ^ `` Players by birthplace : Japan Baseball Stats and Info '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kleinberg , Alexander ( December 24 , 2001 ) . `` Where have you gone , Masanori Murakami ? '' . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2002 . Retrieved November 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Whiting 2004 , pp. 75 -- 80 Jump up ^ Singer , Tom ( November 14 , 2006 ) . `` Matsuzaka posting system 's latest gem '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Whiting 2004 , pp. 102 -- 112 Jump up ^ Price , S.L. ( July 8 , 2002 ) . `` The Ichiro Paradox '' . Time . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NPB , players to revise free - agency system '' . The Japan Times . Kyodo News . June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Allen , Jim ( September 12 , 2008 ) . `` Amateur Tazawa bypassing Japan leagues for MLB '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Alan ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` Japanese Are Irked by U.S. Interest in Pitcher '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( December 4 , 2008 ) . `` Tazawa officially in fold for Red Sox '' . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved March 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Micheal Nakamura '' . Australian Baseball League . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yu Darvish Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Darvish Stats , Video Highlights , Photos , Bio '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Masahiro Tanaka Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Masahiro Tanaka Stats , Video Highlights , Photos , Bio '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maeda , Dodgers hope for extended success '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shohei Ohtani batting eighth , DHing in opener '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yoshihisa Hirano , D - backs reach two - year deal '' . MLB.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Padres sign Japanese right - hander Makita '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Masanori Murakami Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hideo Nomo Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mac Suzuki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shigetoshi Hasegawa Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Takashi Kashiwada Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hideki Irabu Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Masato Yoshii Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Masao Kida Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tomo Ohka Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 選手 紹介 -- 投手 '' ( Player Profiles -- Pitchers ) . Toyama Thunderbirds . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuhiro Sasaki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ichiro Suzuki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ichiro Suzuki Stats , Video Highlights , Photos , Bio '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tsuyoshi Shinjo Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Takahito Nomura Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Satoru Komiyama Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kazuhisa Ishii Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` So Taguchi Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hideki Matsui Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Micheal Nakamura Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kazuo Matsui Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kazuo Matsui Japanese League Statistics & History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Akinori Otsuka Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shingo Takatsu Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kazuhito Tadano Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 石川 ミリオン スターズ 選手 一覧 '' ( Ishikawa Million Stars Player List ) . Route Inn BCL . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tadahito Iguchi Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tadahito Iguchi Japanese League Statistics & History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keiichi Yabu Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Norihiro Nakamura Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Norihiro Nakamura Japanese League Statistics & History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kenji Johjima Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Takashi Saito Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Takashi Saito Japanese League Statistics & History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Akinori Iwamura Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 選手 情報 '' ( Player Info ) . Fukushima Hopes . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hideki Okajima Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daisuke Matsuzaka Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daisuke Matsuzaka Stats , Video Highlights , Photos , Bio '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kei Igawa Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Igawa , Kei '' . Nippon Professional Baseball . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Masumi Kuwata Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kosuke Fukudome Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kazuo Fukumori Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Masahide Kobayashi Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroki Kuroda Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroki Kuroda Stats , Video Highlights , Photos , Bio '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yasuhiko Yabuta Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Koji Uehara Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Koji Uehara Stats , Video Highlights , Photos , Bio '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kenshin Kawakami Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kawakami , Kenshin '' . Nippon Professional Baseball . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Takahashi Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Junichi Tazawa Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Junichi Tazawa Stats , Video Highlights , Photos , Bio '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hisanori Takahashi Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryota Igarashi Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tsuyoshi Nishioka Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tsuyoshi Nishioka Japanese League Statistics & History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yoshinori Tateyama Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nori Aoki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nori Aoki Stats , Video Highlights , Photos , Bio '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Munenori Kawasaki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Munenori Kawasaki Stats , Video Highlights , Photos , Bio '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hisashi Iwakuma Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hisashi Iwakuma Stats , Video Highlights , Photos , Bio '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kyuji Fujikawa Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kensuke Tanaka Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kensuke Tanaka Japanese League Statistics & History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tsuyoshi Wada Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tsuyoshi Wada Stats , Video Highlights , Photos , Bio '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians spring surprise starter on Baltimore Orioles -- - RHP Toru Murata '' . Cleveland.com . Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Postseason World Series MVP Awards & All - Star Game MVP Award Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Awards , Mariano Rivera , Trevor Hoffman , & Rolaids Relief Award Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLB American League Gold Glove Award Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Silver Slugger Award Winners -- American League '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Major League Baseball Players of the Month '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Major League Baseball Pitchers of the Month '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Major League Baseball Rookies of the Month '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Major League Baseball Players of the Week '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Single - Season Hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly League Batting average '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly League Stolen Bases '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stolen Bases Records '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All - time and Single - Season Postseason Pitching Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Four Strikeouts in One Inning '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jul 10 , 2007 , AL All - Stars at NL All - Stars Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jul 10 , 2012 , NL All - Stars at AL All - Stars Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` Darvish and Freese win , going to All - Star Game '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jul 16 , 2013 , AL All - Stars at NL All - Stars Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jul 10 , 2001 , NL All - Stars at AL All - Stars Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 7 , 2004 ) . `` Matsui , Abreu win Final Vote '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jul 11 , 1995 , NL All - Stars at AL All - Stars Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Okajima edges Bonderman , Halladay , others for All - Star spot '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . July 6 , 2007 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jul 16 , 2013 , AL All - Stars at NL All - Stars Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Rosters '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Rains , Rob . Baseball Samurais : Ichiro Suzuki and the Asian Invasion . New York : St. Martin 's Paperbacks , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 98257 - 7 . Whiting , Robert ( April 2004 ) . The Meaning of Ichiro : The New Wave from Japan and the Transformation of Our National Pastime . Warner Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 53192 - 8 . Major League Baseball players by national origin Australia Bahamas Brazil Canada China Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Jamaica Japan South Korea Mexico Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Taiwan Venezuela Virgin Islands Current players by nationality European players First player from each country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_from_Japan&oldid=854941399 '' Categories : Lists of Major League Baseball players by national origin Lists of Japanese sportspeople Major League Baseball players from Japan Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 20 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
japanese baseball players in mlb hall of fame
[ "\nPlayers from Japan that formerly appeared on Major League Baseball rosters\n\n\nPlayer\n\nPosition\n\nMLB debut\n\nFinal MLB game\n\nFormer MLB Team(s)\n\nCurrent league/status\n\nCurrent team\n\nNotes\n\n\nMasanori Murakami\n\nP\n\nSeptember 1, 1964\n\nOctober 1, 1965\n\nSan Francisco Giants (1964–1965)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[21]\n\n\nHideo Nomo\n\nP\n\nMay 2, 1995\n\nApril 18, 2008\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (1995–1998, 2002–2004)New York Mets (1998)Milwaukee Brewers (1999)Detroit Tigers (2000)Boston Red Sox (2001)Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2005)Kansas City Royals (2008)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[22]\n\n\nMac Suzuki§\n\nP\n\nJuly 7, 1996\n\nJune 28, 2002\n\nSeattle Mariners (1996, 1998–1999)Kansas City Royals (1999–2001, 2002)Colorado Rockies (2001)Milwaukee Brewers (2001)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[23]\n\n\nShigetoshi Hasegawa\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 1997\n\nSeptember 28, 2005\n\nAnaheim Angels (1997–2001)Seattle Mariners (2002–2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[24]\n\n\nTakashi Kashiwada\n\nP\n\nMay 1, 1997\n\nSeptember 18, 1997\n\nNew York Mets (1997)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[25]\n\n\nHideki Irabu\n\nP\n\nJuly 10, 1997\n\nJuly 12, 2002\n\nNew York Yankees (1997–1999)Montreal Expos (2000–2001)Texas Rangers (2002)\n\nDeceased(July 24, 2011)\n\n—\n\n[26]\n\n\nMasato Yoshii\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 1998\n\nSeptember 11, 2002\n\nNew York Mets (1998–1999)Colorado Rockies (2000)Montreal Expos (2001–2002)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[27]\n\n\nMasao Kida\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 1999\n\nAugust 3, 2005\n\nDetroit Tigers (1999–2000)Los Angeles Dodgers (2003–2004)Seattle Mariners (2004–2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[28]\n\n\nTomokazu Ohka\n\nP\n\nJuly 19, 1999\n\nOctober 4, 2009\n\nBoston Red Sox (1999–2001)Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals (2001–2005)Milwaukee Brewers (2005–2006)Toronto Blue Jays (2007)Cleveland Indians (2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[29][30]\n\n\nKazuhiro Sasaki\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 2000\n\nSeptember 28, 2003\n\nSeattle Mariners (2000–2003)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[31]\n\n\nIchiro Suzuki*\n\nOF\n\nApril 2, 2001\n\nMay 2, 2018\n\nSeattle Mariners (2001–2012)New York Yankees (2012–2014)Miami Marlins (2015–2017)Seattle Mariners (2018)\n\nSpecial Assistant to the Chairman\n\nSeattle Mariners\n\n[32][33]\n\n\nTsuyoshi Shinjo\n\nOF\n\nApril 3, 2001\n\nJune 27, 2003\n\nNew York Mets (2001, 2003)San Francisco Giants (2002)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[34]\n\n\nTakahito Nomura\n\nP\n\nApril 3, 2002\n\nMay 15, 2002\n\nMilwaukee Brewers (2002)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[35]\n\n\nSatoru Komiyama\n\nP\n\nApril 4, 2002\n\nSeptember 11, 2002\n\nNew York Mets (2002)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[36]\n\n\nKazuhisa Ishii*\n\nP\n\nApril 6, 2002\n\nSeptember 28, 2005\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (2002–2004)New York Mets (2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[37]\n\n\nSo Taguchi\n\nOF\n\nJune 10, 2002\n\nOctober 4, 2009\n\nSt. Louis Cardinals (2002–2007)Philadelphia Phillies (2008)Chicago Cubs (2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[38]\n\n\nHideki Matsui\n\nOF/DH\n\nMarch 31, 2003\n\nJuly 22, 2012\n\nNew York Yankees (2003–2009)Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2010)Oakland Athletics (2011)Tampa Bay Rays (2012)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[39]\n\n\nMicheal Nakamura§\n\nP\n\nJune 7, 2003\n\nJuly 31, 2004\n\nMinnesota Twins (2003)Toronto Blue Jays (2004)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[40]\n\n\nKazuo Matsui\n\n2B/SS\n\nApril 6, 2004\n\nMay 18, 2010\n\nNew York Mets (2004–2006)Colorado Rockies (2006–2007)Houston Astros (2008–2010)\n\nNPB\n\nSeibu Lions(Player-coach)\n\n[41][42]\n\n\nAkinori Otsuka*\n\nP\n\nApril 6, 2004\n\nJuly 1, 2007\n\nSan Diego Padres (2004–2005)Texas Rangers (2006–2007)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[43]\n\n\nShingo Takatsu\n\nP\n\nApril 9, 2004\n\nOctober 2, 2005\n\nChicago White Sox (2004–2005)New York Mets (2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[44]\n\n\nKazuhito Tadano§\n\nP\n\nApril 27, 2004\n\nJuly 16, 2005\n\nCleveland Indians (2004–2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[45][46]\n\n\nTadahito Iguchi\n\n2B\n\nApril 4, 2005\n\nSeptember 28, 2008\n\nChicago White Sox (2005–2007)Philadelphia Phillies (2007, 2008)San Diego Padres (2008)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[47][48]\n\n\nKeiichi Yabu\n\nP\n\nApril 9, 2005\n\nSeptember 27, 2008\n\nOakland Athletics (2005)San Francisco Giants (2008)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[49]\n\n\nNorihiro Nakamura*\n\n3B\n\nApril 10, 2005\n\nMay 6, 2005\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[50]\n[51]\n\n\n\nKenji Johjima\n\nC\n\nApril 3, 2006\n\nOctober 3, 2009\n\nSeattle Mariners (2006–2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[52]\n\n\nTakashi Saito\n\nP\n\nApril 9, 2006\n\nSeptember 30, 2012\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (2006–2008)Boston Red Sox (2009)Atlanta Braves (2010)Milwaukee Brewers (2011)Arizona Diamondbacks (2012)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[53][54]\n\n\nAkinori Iwamura*\n\n2B/3B\n\nApril 2, 2007\n\nSeptember 26, 2010\n\nTampa Bay Devil Rays/Rays (2007–2009)Pittsburgh Pirates (2010)Oakland Athletics (2010)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[55][56]\n\n\nHideki Okajima\n\nP\n\nApril 2, 2007\n\nJune 13, 2013\n\nBoston Red Sox (2007–2011)Oakland Athletics (2013)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[57]\n\n\nDaisuke Matsuzaka*\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 2007\n\nSeptember 25, 2014\n\nBoston Red Sox (2007–2012)New York Mets (2013–2014)\n\nNPB\n\nChunichi Dragons\n\n[58][59]\n\n\nKei Igawa*\n\nP\n\nApril 7, 2007\n\nJune 27, 2008\n\nNew York Yankees (2007–2008)\n\nFree agent\n\n—\n\n[60][61]\n\n\nMasumi Kuwata\n\nP\n\nJune 10, 2007\n\nAugust 13, 2007\n\nPittsburgh Pirates (2007)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[62]\n\n\nKosuke Fukudome\n\nOF\n\nMarch 31, 2008\n\nJune 3, 2012\n\nChicago Cubs (2008–2011)Cleveland Indians (2011)Chicago White Sox (2012)\n\nNPB\n\nHanshin Tigers\n\n[63]\n\n\nKazuo Fukumori\n\nP\n\nMarch 31, 2008\n\nApril 24, 2008\n\nTexas Rangers (2008)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[64]\n\n\nMasahide Kobayashi\n\nP\n\nApril 2, 2008\n\nMay 7, 2009\n\nCleveland Indians (2008–2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[65]\n\n\nHiroki Kuroda\n\nP\n\nApril 4, 2008\n\nSeptember 25, 2014\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (2008–2011)New York Yankees (2012–2014)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[66][67]\n\n\nYasuhiko Yabuta\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 2008\n\nOctober 4, 2009\n\nKansas City Royals (2008–2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[68]\n\n\nKoji Uehara\n\nP\n\nApril 8, 2009\n\nSeptember 2, 2017\n\nBaltimore Orioles (2009–2011)Texas Rangers (2011–2012)Boston Red Sox (2013–2016)Chicago Cubs (2017)\n\nNPB\n\nYomiuri Giants\n\n[69][70]\n\n\nKenshin Kawakami\n\nP\n\nApril 11, 2009\n\nSeptember 9, 2010\n\nAtlanta Braves (2009–2010)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[71][72]\n\n\nKen Takahashi\n\nP\n\nMay 2, 2009\n\nSeptember 25, 2009\n\nNew York Mets (2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[73]\n\n\nJunichi Tazawa§\n\nP\n\nAugust 7, 2009\n\nMay 17, 2018\n\nBoston Red Sox (2009–2016)Miami Marlins (2017–2018)\n\nMiLB\n\nSalt Lake Bees\n\n[74][75]\n\n\nHisanori Takahashi\n\nP\n\nApril 7, 2010\n\nApril 11, 2013\n\nNew York Mets (2010)Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2011–2012)Pittsburgh Pirates (2012)Chicago Cubs (2013)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[76]\n\n\nRyota Igarashi\n\nP\n\nApril 8, 2010\n\nAugust 12, 2012\n\nNew York Mets (2010–2011)Toronto Blue Jays (2012)New York Yankees (2012)\n\nNPB\n\nSoftBank Hawks\n\n[77]\n\n\nTsuyoshi Nishioka*\n\nSS/2B\n\nApril 1, 2011\n\nAugust 8, 2012\n\nMinnesota Twins (2011–2012)\n\nNPB\n\nHanshin Tigers\n\n[78][79]\n\n\nYoshinori Tateyama\n\nP\n\nMay 24, 2011\n\nSeptember 26, 2012\n\nTexas Rangers (2011–2012)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[80]\n\n\nNori Aoki*\n\nOF\n\nApril 6, 2012\n\nOctober 1, 2017\n\nMilwaukee Brewers (2012–2013)Kansas City Royals (2014)San Francisco Giants (2015)Seattle Mariners (2016)Houston Astros (2017)Toronto Blue Jays (2017)New York Mets (2017)\n\nNPB\n\nYakult Swallows\n\n[81][82]\n\n\nMunenori Kawasaki\n\nSS/2B\n\nApril 7, 2012\n\nOctober 2, 2016\n\nSeattle Mariners (2012)Toronto Blue Jays (2013–2015)Chicago Cubs (2016)\n\nFree agent\n\n—\n\n[83][84]\n\n\nHisashi Iwakuma\n\nP\n\nApril 20, 2012\n\nMay 3, 2017\n\nSeattle Mariners (2012–2017)\n\nMiLB\n\nTacoma Rainiers\n\n[85][86]\n\n\nKyuji Fujikawa\n\nP\n\nApril 1, 2013\n\nMay 15, 2015\n\nChicago Cubs (2013–2014)Texas Rangers (2015)\n\nNPB\n\nHanshin Tigers\n\n[87]\n\n\nKensuke Tanaka\n\nLF\n\nJuly 9, 2013\n\nJuly 28, 2013\n\nSan Francisco Giants (2013)\n\nNPB\n\nNippon-Ham Fighters\n\n[88][89]\n\n\nTsuyoshi Wada\n\nP\n\nJuly 8, 2014\n\nSeptember 4, 2015\n\nChicago Cubs (2014–2015)\n\nNPB\n\nSoftBank Hawks\n\n[90][91]\n\n\nToru Murata\n\nP\n\nJune 28, 2015\n\nJune 28, 2015\n\nCleveland Indians (2015)\n\nNPB\n\nNippon-Ham Fighters\n\n[92]\n", "\nPlayers from Japan that formerly appeared on Major League Baseball rosters\n\n\nPlayer\n\nPosition\n\nMLB debut\n\nFinal MLB game\n\nFormer MLB Team(s)\n\nCurrent league/status\n\nCurrent team\n\nNotes\n\n\nMasanori Murakami\n\nP\n\nSeptember 1, 1964\n\nOctober 1, 1965\n\nSan Francisco Giants (1964–1965)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[21]\n\n\nHideo Nomo\n\nP\n\nMay 2, 1995\n\nApril 18, 2008\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (1995–1998, 2002–2004)New York Mets (1998)Milwaukee Brewers (1999)Detroit Tigers (2000)Boston Red Sox (2001)Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2005)Kansas City Royals (2008)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[22]\n\n\nMac Suzuki§\n\nP\n\nJuly 7, 1996\n\nJune 28, 2002\n\nSeattle Mariners (1996, 1998–1999)Kansas City Royals (1999–2001, 2002)Colorado Rockies (2001)Milwaukee Brewers (2001)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[23]\n\n\nShigetoshi Hasegawa\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 1997\n\nSeptember 28, 2005\n\nAnaheim Angels (1997–2001)Seattle Mariners (2002–2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[24]\n\n\nTakashi Kashiwada\n\nP\n\nMay 1, 1997\n\nSeptember 18, 1997\n\nNew York Mets (1997)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[25]\n\n\nHideki Irabu\n\nP\n\nJuly 10, 1997\n\nJuly 12, 2002\n\nNew York Yankees (1997–1999)Montreal Expos (2000–2001)Texas Rangers (2002)\n\nDeceased(July 24, 2011)\n\n—\n\n[26]\n\n\nMasato Yoshii\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 1998\n\nSeptember 11, 2002\n\nNew York Mets (1998–1999)Colorado Rockies (2000)Montreal Expos (2001–2002)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[27]\n\n\nMasao Kida\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 1999\n\nAugust 3, 2005\n\nDetroit Tigers (1999–2000)Los Angeles Dodgers (2003–2004)Seattle Mariners (2004–2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[28]\n\n\nTomokazu Ohka\n\nP\n\nJuly 19, 1999\n\nOctober 4, 2009\n\nBoston Red Sox (1999–2001)Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals (2001–2005)Milwaukee Brewers (2005–2006)Toronto Blue Jays (2007)Cleveland Indians (2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[29][30]\n\n\nKazuhiro Sasaki\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 2000\n\nSeptember 28, 2003\n\nSeattle Mariners (2000–2003)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[31]\n\n\nIchiro Suzuki*\n\nOF\n\nApril 2, 2001\n\nMay 2, 2018\n\nSeattle Mariners (2001–2012)New York Yankees (2012–2014)Miami Marlins (2015–2017)Seattle Mariners (2018)\n\nSpecial Assistant to the Chairman\n\nSeattle Mariners\n\n[32][33]\n\n\nTsuyoshi Shinjo\n\nOF\n\nApril 3, 2001\n\nJune 27, 2003\n\nNew York Mets (2001, 2003)San Francisco Giants (2002)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[34]\n\n\nTakahito Nomura\n\nP\n\nApril 3, 2002\n\nMay 15, 2002\n\nMilwaukee Brewers (2002)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[35]\n\n\nSatoru Komiyama\n\nP\n\nApril 4, 2002\n\nSeptember 11, 2002\n\nNew York Mets (2002)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[36]\n\n\nKazuhisa Ishii*\n\nP\n\nApril 6, 2002\n\nSeptember 28, 2005\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (2002–2004)New York Mets (2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[37]\n\n\nSo Taguchi\n\nOF\n\nJune 10, 2002\n\nOctober 4, 2009\n\nSt. Louis Cardinals (2002–2007)Philadelphia Phillies (2008)Chicago Cubs (2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[38]\n\n\nHideki Matsui\n\nOF/DH\n\nMarch 31, 2003\n\nJuly 22, 2012\n\nNew York Yankees (2003–2009)Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2010)Oakland Athletics (2011)Tampa Bay Rays (2012)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[39]\n\n\nMicheal Nakamura§\n\nP\n\nJune 7, 2003\n\nJuly 31, 2004\n\nMinnesota Twins (2003)Toronto Blue Jays (2004)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[40]\n\n\nKazuo Matsui\n\n2B/SS\n\nApril 6, 2004\n\nMay 18, 2010\n\nNew York Mets (2004–2006)Colorado Rockies (2006–2007)Houston Astros (2008–2010)\n\nNPB\n\nSeibu Lions(Player-coach)\n\n[41][42]\n\n\nAkinori Otsuka*\n\nP\n\nApril 6, 2004\n\nJuly 1, 2007\n\nSan Diego Padres (2004–2005)Texas Rangers (2006–2007)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[43]\n\n\nShingo Takatsu\n\nP\n\nApril 9, 2004\n\nOctober 2, 2005\n\nChicago White Sox (2004–2005)New York Mets (2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[44]\n\n\nKazuhito Tadano§\n\nP\n\nApril 27, 2004\n\nJuly 16, 2005\n\nCleveland Indians (2004–2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[45][46]\n\n\nTadahito Iguchi\n\n2B\n\nApril 4, 2005\n\nSeptember 28, 2008\n\nChicago White Sox (2005–2007)Philadelphia Phillies (2007, 2008)San Diego Padres (2008)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[47][48]\n\n\nKeiichi Yabu\n\nP\n\nApril 9, 2005\n\nSeptember 27, 2008\n\nOakland Athletics (2005)San Francisco Giants (2008)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[49]\n\n\nNorihiro Nakamura*\n\n3B\n\nApril 10, 2005\n\nMay 6, 2005\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[50]\n[51]\n\n\n\nKenji Johjima\n\nC\n\nApril 3, 2006\n\nOctober 3, 2009\n\nSeattle Mariners (2006–2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[52]\n\n\nTakashi Saito\n\nP\n\nApril 9, 2006\n\nSeptember 30, 2012\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (2006–2008)Boston Red Sox (2009)Atlanta Braves (2010)Milwaukee Brewers (2011)Arizona Diamondbacks (2012)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[53][54]\n\n\nAkinori Iwamura*\n\n2B/3B\n\nApril 2, 2007\n\nSeptember 26, 2010\n\nTampa Bay Devil Rays/Rays (2007–2009)Pittsburgh Pirates (2010)Oakland Athletics (2010)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[55][56]\n\n\nHideki Okajima\n\nP\n\nApril 2, 2007\n\nJune 13, 2013\n\nBoston Red Sox (2007–2011)Oakland Athletics (2013)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[57]\n\n\nDaisuke Matsuzaka*\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 2007\n\nSeptember 25, 2014\n\nBoston Red Sox (2007–2012)New York Mets (2013–2014)\n\nNPB\n\nChunichi Dragons\n\n[58][59]\n\n\nKei Igawa*\n\nP\n\nApril 7, 2007\n\nJune 27, 2008\n\nNew York Yankees (2007–2008)\n\nFree agent\n\n—\n\n[60][61]\n\n\nMasumi Kuwata\n\nP\n\nJune 10, 2007\n\nAugust 13, 2007\n\nPittsburgh Pirates (2007)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[62]\n\n\nKosuke Fukudome\n\nOF\n\nMarch 31, 2008\n\nJune 3, 2012\n\nChicago Cubs (2008–2011)Cleveland Indians (2011)Chicago White Sox (2012)\n\nNPB\n\nHanshin Tigers\n\n[63]\n\n\nKazuo Fukumori\n\nP\n\nMarch 31, 2008\n\nApril 24, 2008\n\nTexas Rangers (2008)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[64]\n\n\nMasahide Kobayashi\n\nP\n\nApril 2, 2008\n\nMay 7, 2009\n\nCleveland Indians (2008–2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[65]\n\n\nHiroki Kuroda\n\nP\n\nApril 4, 2008\n\nSeptember 25, 2014\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (2008–2011)New York Yankees (2012–2014)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[66][67]\n\n\nYasuhiko Yabuta\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 2008\n\nOctober 4, 2009\n\nKansas City Royals (2008–2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[68]\n\n\nKoji Uehara\n\nP\n\nApril 8, 2009\n\nSeptember 2, 2017\n\nBaltimore Orioles (2009–2011)Texas Rangers (2011–2012)Boston Red Sox (2013–2016)Chicago Cubs (2017)\n\nNPB\n\nYomiuri Giants\n\n[69][70]\n\n\nKenshin Kawakami\n\nP\n\nApril 11, 2009\n\nSeptember 9, 2010\n\nAtlanta Braves (2009–2010)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[71][72]\n\n\nKen Takahashi\n\nP\n\nMay 2, 2009\n\nSeptember 25, 2009\n\nNew York Mets (2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[73]\n\n\nJunichi Tazawa§\n\nP\n\nAugust 7, 2009\n\nMay 17, 2018\n\nBoston Red Sox (2009–2016)Miami Marlins (2017–2018)\n\nMiLB\n\nSalt Lake Bees\n\n[74][75]\n\n\nHisanori Takahashi\n\nP\n\nApril 7, 2010\n\nApril 11, 2013\n\nNew York Mets (2010)Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2011–2012)Pittsburgh Pirates (2012)Chicago Cubs (2013)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[76]\n\n\nRyota Igarashi\n\nP\n\nApril 8, 2010\n\nAugust 12, 2012\n\nNew York Mets (2010–2011)Toronto Blue Jays (2012)New York Yankees (2012)\n\nNPB\n\nSoftBank Hawks\n\n[77]\n\n\nTsuyoshi Nishioka*\n\nSS/2B\n\nApril 1, 2011\n\nAugust 8, 2012\n\nMinnesota Twins (2011–2012)\n\nNPB\n\nHanshin Tigers\n\n[78][79]\n\n\nYoshinori Tateyama\n\nP\n\nMay 24, 2011\n\nSeptember 26, 2012\n\nTexas Rangers (2011–2012)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[80]\n\n\nNori Aoki*\n\nOF\n\nApril 6, 2012\n\nOctober 1, 2017\n\nMilwaukee Brewers (2012–2013)Kansas City Royals (2014)San Francisco Giants (2015)Seattle Mariners (2016)Houston Astros (2017)Toronto Blue Jays (2017)New York Mets (2017)\n\nNPB\n\nYakult Swallows\n\n[81][82]\n\n\nMunenori Kawasaki\n\nSS/2B\n\nApril 7, 2012\n\nOctober 2, 2016\n\nSeattle Mariners (2012)Toronto Blue Jays (2013–2015)Chicago Cubs (2016)\n\nFree agent\n\n—\n\n[83][84]\n\n\nHisashi Iwakuma\n\nP\n\nApril 20, 2012\n\nMay 3, 2017\n\nSeattle Mariners (2012–2017)\n\nMiLB\n\nTacoma Rainiers\n\n[85][86]\n\n\nKyuji Fujikawa\n\nP\n\nApril 1, 2013\n\nMay 15, 2015\n\nChicago Cubs (2013–2014)Texas Rangers (2015)\n\nNPB\n\nHanshin Tigers\n\n[87]\n\n\nKensuke Tanaka\n\nLF\n\nJuly 9, 2013\n\nJuly 28, 2013\n\nSan Francisco Giants (2013)\n\nNPB\n\nNippon-Ham Fighters\n\n[88][89]\n\n\nTsuyoshi Wada\n\nP\n\nJuly 8, 2014\n\nSeptember 4, 2015\n\nChicago Cubs (2014–2015)\n\nNPB\n\nSoftBank Hawks\n\n[90][91]\n\n\nToru Murata\n\nP\n\nJune 28, 2015\n\nJune 28, 2015\n\nCleveland Indians (2015)\n\nNPB\n\nNippon-Ham Fighters\n\n[92]\n", "\nPlayers from Japan that formerly appeared on Major League Baseball rosters\n\n\nPlayer\n\nPosition\n\nMLB debut\n\nFinal MLB game\n\nFormer MLB Team(s)\n\nCurrent league/status\n\nCurrent team\n\nNotes\n\n\nMasanori Murakami\n\nP\n\nSeptember 1, 1964\n\nOctober 1, 1965\n\nSan Francisco Giants (1964–1965)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[21]\n\n\nHideo Nomo\n\nP\n\nMay 2, 1995\n\nApril 18, 2008\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (1995–1998, 2002–2004)New York Mets (1998)Milwaukee Brewers (1999)Detroit Tigers (2000)Boston Red Sox (2001)Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2005)Kansas City Royals (2008)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[22]\n\n\nMac Suzuki§\n\nP\n\nJuly 7, 1996\n\nJune 28, 2002\n\nSeattle Mariners (1996, 1998–1999)Kansas City Royals (1999–2001, 2002)Colorado Rockies (2001)Milwaukee Brewers (2001)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[23]\n\n\nShigetoshi Hasegawa\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 1997\n\nSeptember 28, 2005\n\nAnaheim Angels (1997–2001)Seattle Mariners (2002–2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[24]\n\n\nTakashi Kashiwada\n\nP\n\nMay 1, 1997\n\nSeptember 18, 1997\n\nNew York Mets (1997)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[25]\n\n\nHideki Irabu\n\nP\n\nJuly 10, 1997\n\nJuly 12, 2002\n\nNew York Yankees (1997–1999)Montreal Expos (2000–2001)Texas Rangers (2002)\n\nDeceased(July 24, 2011)\n\n—\n\n[26]\n\n\nMasato Yoshii\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 1998\n\nSeptember 11, 2002\n\nNew York Mets (1998–1999)Colorado Rockies (2000)Montreal Expos (2001–2002)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[27]\n\n\nMasao Kida\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 1999\n\nAugust 3, 2005\n\nDetroit Tigers (1999–2000)Los Angeles Dodgers (2003–2004)Seattle Mariners (2004–2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[28]\n\n\nTomokazu Ohka\n\nP\n\nJuly 19, 1999\n\nOctober 4, 2009\n\nBoston Red Sox (1999–2001)Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals (2001–2005)Milwaukee Brewers (2005–2006)Toronto Blue Jays (2007)Cleveland Indians (2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[29][30]\n\n\nKazuhiro Sasaki\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 2000\n\nSeptember 28, 2003\n\nSeattle Mariners (2000–2003)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[31]\n\n\nIchiro Suzuki*\n\nOF\n\nApril 2, 2001\n\nMay 2, 2018\n\nSeattle Mariners (2001–2012)New York Yankees (2012–2014)Miami Marlins (2015–2017)Seattle Mariners (2018)\n\nSpecial Assistant to the Chairman\n\nSeattle Mariners\n\n[32][33]\n\n\nTsuyoshi Shinjo\n\nOF\n\nApril 3, 2001\n\nJune 27, 2003\n\nNew York Mets (2001, 2003)San Francisco Giants (2002)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[34]\n\n\nTakahito Nomura\n\nP\n\nApril 3, 2002\n\nMay 15, 2002\n\nMilwaukee Brewers (2002)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[35]\n\n\nSatoru Komiyama\n\nP\n\nApril 4, 2002\n\nSeptember 11, 2002\n\nNew York Mets (2002)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[36]\n\n\nKazuhisa Ishii*\n\nP\n\nApril 6, 2002\n\nSeptember 28, 2005\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (2002–2004)New York Mets (2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[37]\n\n\nSo Taguchi\n\nOF\n\nJune 10, 2002\n\nOctober 4, 2009\n\nSt. Louis Cardinals (2002–2007)Philadelphia Phillies (2008)Chicago Cubs (2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[38]\n\n\nHideki Matsui\n\nOF/DH\n\nMarch 31, 2003\n\nJuly 22, 2012\n\nNew York Yankees (2003–2009)Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2010)Oakland Athletics (2011)Tampa Bay Rays (2012)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[39]\n\n\nMicheal Nakamura§\n\nP\n\nJune 7, 2003\n\nJuly 31, 2004\n\nMinnesota Twins (2003)Toronto Blue Jays (2004)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[40]\n\n\nKazuo Matsui\n\n2B/SS\n\nApril 6, 2004\n\nMay 18, 2010\n\nNew York Mets (2004–2006)Colorado Rockies (2006–2007)Houston Astros (2008–2010)\n\nNPB\n\nSeibu Lions(Player-coach)\n\n[41][42]\n\n\nAkinori Otsuka*\n\nP\n\nApril 6, 2004\n\nJuly 1, 2007\n\nSan Diego Padres (2004–2005)Texas Rangers (2006–2007)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[43]\n\n\nShingo Takatsu\n\nP\n\nApril 9, 2004\n\nOctober 2, 2005\n\nChicago White Sox (2004–2005)New York Mets (2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[44]\n\n\nKazuhito Tadano§\n\nP\n\nApril 27, 2004\n\nJuly 16, 2005\n\nCleveland Indians (2004–2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[45][46]\n\n\nTadahito Iguchi\n\n2B\n\nApril 4, 2005\n\nSeptember 28, 2008\n\nChicago White Sox (2005–2007)Philadelphia Phillies (2007, 2008)San Diego Padres (2008)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[47][48]\n\n\nKeiichi Yabu\n\nP\n\nApril 9, 2005\n\nSeptember 27, 2008\n\nOakland Athletics (2005)San Francisco Giants (2008)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[49]\n\n\nNorihiro Nakamura*\n\n3B\n\nApril 10, 2005\n\nMay 6, 2005\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (2005)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[50]\n[51]\n\n\n\nKenji Johjima\n\nC\n\nApril 3, 2006\n\nOctober 3, 2009\n\nSeattle Mariners (2006–2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[52]\n\n\nTakashi Saito\n\nP\n\nApril 9, 2006\n\nSeptember 30, 2012\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (2006–2008)Boston Red Sox (2009)Atlanta Braves (2010)Milwaukee Brewers (2011)Arizona Diamondbacks (2012)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[53][54]\n\n\nAkinori Iwamura*\n\n2B/3B\n\nApril 2, 2007\n\nSeptember 26, 2010\n\nTampa Bay Devil Rays/Rays (2007–2009)Pittsburgh Pirates (2010)Oakland Athletics (2010)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[55][56]\n\n\nHideki Okajima\n\nP\n\nApril 2, 2007\n\nJune 13, 2013\n\nBoston Red Sox (2007–2011)Oakland Athletics (2013)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[57]\n\n\nDaisuke Matsuzaka*\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 2007\n\nSeptember 25, 2014\n\nBoston Red Sox (2007–2012)New York Mets (2013–2014)\n\nNPB\n\nChunichi Dragons\n\n[58][59]\n\n\nKei Igawa*\n\nP\n\nApril 7, 2007\n\nJune 27, 2008\n\nNew York Yankees (2007–2008)\n\nFree agent\n\n—\n\n[60][61]\n\n\nMasumi Kuwata\n\nP\n\nJune 10, 2007\n\nAugust 13, 2007\n\nPittsburgh Pirates (2007)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[62]\n\n\nKosuke Fukudome\n\nOF\n\nMarch 31, 2008\n\nJune 3, 2012\n\nChicago Cubs (2008–2011)Cleveland Indians (2011)Chicago White Sox (2012)\n\nNPB\n\nHanshin Tigers\n\n[63]\n\n\nKazuo Fukumori\n\nP\n\nMarch 31, 2008\n\nApril 24, 2008\n\nTexas Rangers (2008)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[64]\n\n\nMasahide Kobayashi\n\nP\n\nApril 2, 2008\n\nMay 7, 2009\n\nCleveland Indians (2008–2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[65]\n\n\nHiroki Kuroda\n\nP\n\nApril 4, 2008\n\nSeptember 25, 2014\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers (2008–2011)New York Yankees (2012–2014)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[66][67]\n\n\nYasuhiko Yabuta\n\nP\n\nApril 5, 2008\n\nOctober 4, 2009\n\nKansas City Royals (2008–2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[68]\n\n\nKoji Uehara\n\nP\n\nApril 8, 2009\n\nSeptember 2, 2017\n\nBaltimore Orioles (2009–2011)Texas Rangers (2011–2012)Boston Red Sox (2013–2016)Chicago Cubs (2017)\n\nNPB\n\nYomiuri Giants\n\n[69][70]\n\n\nKenshin Kawakami\n\nP\n\nApril 11, 2009\n\nSeptember 9, 2010\n\nAtlanta Braves (2009–2010)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[71][72]\n\n\nKen Takahashi\n\nP\n\nMay 2, 2009\n\nSeptember 25, 2009\n\nNew York Mets (2009)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[73]\n\n\nJunichi Tazawa§\n\nP\n\nAugust 7, 2009\n\nMay 17, 2018\n\nBoston Red Sox (2009–2016)Miami Marlins (2017–2018)\n\nMiLB\n\nSalt Lake Bees\n\n[74][75]\n\n\nHisanori Takahashi\n\nP\n\nApril 7, 2010\n\nApril 11, 2013\n\nNew York Mets (2010)Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2011–2012)Pittsburgh Pirates (2012)Chicago Cubs (2013)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[76]\n\n\nRyota Igarashi\n\nP\n\nApril 8, 2010\n\nAugust 12, 2012\n\nNew York Mets (2010–2011)Toronto Blue Jays (2012)New York Yankees (2012)\n\nNPB\n\nSoftBank Hawks\n\n[77]\n\n\nTsuyoshi Nishioka*\n\nSS/2B\n\nApril 1, 2011\n\nAugust 8, 2012\n\nMinnesota Twins (2011–2012)\n\nNPB\n\nHanshin Tigers\n\n[78][79]\n\n\nYoshinori Tateyama\n\nP\n\nMay 24, 2011\n\nSeptember 26, 2012\n\nTexas Rangers (2011–2012)\n\nRetired\n\n—\n\n[80]\n\n\nNori Aoki*\n\nOF\n\nApril 6, 2012\n\nOctober 1, 2017\n\nMilwaukee Brewers (2012–2013)Kansas City Royals (2014)San Francisco Giants (2015)Seattle Mariners (2016)Houston Astros (2017)Toronto Blue Jays (2017)New York Mets (2017)\n\nNPB\n\nYakult Swallows\n\n[81][82]\n\n\nMunenori Kawasaki\n\nSS/2B\n\nApril 7, 2012\n\nOctober 2, 2016\n\nSeattle Mariners (2012)Toronto Blue Jays (2013–2015)Chicago Cubs (2016)\n\nFree agent\n\n—\n\n[83][84]\n\n\nHisashi Iwakuma\n\nP\n\nApril 20, 2012\n\nMay 3, 2017\n\nSeattle Mariners (2012–2017)\n\nMiLB\n\nTacoma Rainiers\n\n[85][86]\n\n\nKyuji Fujikawa\n\nP\n\nApril 1, 2013\n\nMay 15, 2015\n\nChicago Cubs (2013–2014)Texas Rangers (2015)\n\nNPB\n\nHanshin Tigers\n\n[87]\n\n\nKensuke Tanaka\n\nLF\n\nJuly 9, 2013\n\nJuly 28, 2013\n\nSan Francisco Giants (2013)\n\nNPB\n\nNippon-Ham Fighters\n\n[88][89]\n\n\nTsuyoshi Wada\n\nP\n\nJuly 8, 2014\n\nSeptember 4, 2015\n\nChicago Cubs (2014–2015)\n\nNPB\n\nSoftBank Hawks\n\n[90][91]\n\n\nToru Murata\n\nP\n\nJune 28, 2015\n\nJune 28, 2015\n\nCleveland Indians (2015)\n\nNPB\n\nNippon-Ham Fighters\n\n[92]\n" ]
[ "Hideo Nomo", "Kazuhiro Sasaki", "Hideki Matsui" ]
2064904435905798343
Ford Model T
Ford Model T - wikipedia Ford Model T Jump to : navigation , search Ford Model T 1919 Ford Model T Coupe Overview Manufacturer Ford Motor Company Production 1908 -- 1927 Assembly List ( show ) United States : Detroit , Michigan Highland Park , Michigan Dothan , Alabama Los Angeles , California San Francisco , California Minneapolis , Minnesota St. Paul , Minnesota St. Louis , Missouri Omaha , Nebraska Buffalo , New York Cincinnati , Ohio Cleveland , Ohio Columbus , Ohio Dallas , Texas Argentina : Buenos Aires Australia : Geelong , Victoria Brazil : São Bernardo do Campo , São Paulo Canada : Toronto , Ontario , Walkerville , Ontario Chile : Santiago Denmark : Copenhagen Germany : Berlin Ireland : Cork Japan : Yokohama Spain : Cádiz United Kingdom : Manchester Designer Henry Ford , Childe Harold Wills , Joseph A. Galamb and Eugene Farkas Body and chassis Class Full - size Ford , economy car Body style List ( show ) 2 - door touring ( 1909 -- 11 ) 3 - door touring ( 1912 -- 25 ) 4 - door touring ( 1926 -- 27 ) no door roadster ( 1909 -- 11 ) 1 - door roadster ( 1912 -- 25 ) 2 - door roadster ( 1926 -- 27 ) roadster pickup ( 1925 -- 27 ) 2 - door coupé ( 1909 -- 12 , 1917 -- 27 ) 2 - door Coupelet ( 1915 -- 17 ) Town car ( 1909 -- 18 ) C - cab wagon ( 1912 ) 2 - ( Center ) door sedan ( 1915 -- 23 ) 2 - door sedan ( 1924 -- 27 ) 4 - door sedan ( 1923 -- 27 ) Separate chassis were available all years from independent coachbuilders Layout FR layout Powertrain Engine 177 C.I.D. ( 2.9 L ) 20 hp I4 Transmission 2 - speed planetary gear Wheelbase 100.0 in ( 2,540 mm ) Length 134 in ( 3,404 mm ) Curb weight 1,200 -- 1,650 pounds ( 540 -- 750 kg ) Chronology Predecessor Ford Model S Successor Ford Model A The Ford Model T ( colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie , Leaping Lena , or flivver ) is an automobile produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1 , 1908 , to May 26 , 1927 . It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile , the car that opened travel to the common middle - class American ; some of this was because of Ford 's efficient fabrication , including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting . The Ford Model T was named the most influential car of the 20th century in the 1999 Car of the Century competition , ahead of the BMC Mini , Citroën DS , and Volkswagen Type 1 . Ford 's Model T was successful not only because it provided inexpensive transportation on a massive scale , but also because the car signified innovation for the rising middle class and became a powerful symbol of America 's age of modernization . With 16.5 million sold it stands eighth on the top ten list of most sold cars of all time as of 2012 . Although automobiles had already existed for decades , they were still mostly scarce , expensive , and unreliable at the Model T 's introduction in 1908 . Positioned as reliable , easily maintained , mass - market transportation , it was a runaway success . In a matter of days after the release , 15,000 orders were placed . The first production Model T was produced on August 12 , 1908 and left the factory on September 27 , 1908 , at the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit , Michigan . On May 26 , 1927 , Henry Ford watched the 15 millionth Model T Ford roll off the assembly line at his factory in Highland Park , Michigan . Several cars were conceived by Henry Ford from the founding of the company in 1903 before the Model T was introduced . Although he started with the Model A , there were not 19 production models ( A through T ) ; some were only prototypes . The production model immediately before the Model T was the Model S , an upgraded version of the company 's largest success to that point , the Model N. The follow - up was the Ford Model A ( rather than any Model U ) . The company publicity said this was because the new car was such a departure from the old that Henry wanted to start all over again with the letter A . The Model T was Ford 's first automobile mass - produced on moving assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts , marketed to the middle class . Henry Ford said of the vehicle : I will build a car for the great multitude . It will be large enough for the family , but small enough for the individual to run and care for . It will be constructed of the best materials , by the best men to be hired , after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise . But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one -- and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in God 's great open spaces . Although credit for the development of the assembly line belongs to Ransom E. Olds with the first mass - produced automobile , the Oldsmobile Curved Dash , beginning in 1901 , the tremendous advancements in the efficiency of the system over the life of the Model T can be credited almost entirely to the vision of Ford and his engineers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Engine 1.2 Transmission and drive train 1.2. 1 Transmission bands and linings 1.3 Suspension and wheels 1.4 Colors 1.5 Body 1.6 Diverse applications 2 Production 2.1 Mass production 2.2 Price and production 2.3 Recycling 2.4 First global car 3 Advertising and marketing 4 Car clubs 5 In popular media 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Bibliography 10 External links Characteristics ( edit ) 1908 Ford Model T advertisement The Model T was designed by Childe Harold Wills , and Hungarian immigrants Joseph A. Galamb and Eugene Farkas . Henry Love , C.J. Smith , Gus Degner and Peter E. Martin were also part of the team . Production of the Model T began in the third quarter of 1908 . Collectors today sometimes classify Model Ts by build years and refer to these as `` model years '' , thus labeling the first Model Ts as 1909 models . This is a retroactive classification scheme ; the concept of model years as understood today did not exist at the time . The nominal model designation was `` Model T '' , although design revisions did occur during the car 's two decades of production . Engine ( edit ) Main article : Ford Model T engine Model T engine The Model T had a front - mounted 177 - cubic - inch ( 2.9 L ) inline four - cylinder engine , producing 20 hp ( 15 kW ) , for a top speed of 40 -- 45 mph ( 64 -- 72 km / h ) . According to Ford Motor Company , the Model T had fuel economy on the order of 13 -- 21 mpg ( 16 -- 25 mpg ; 18 -- 11 L / 100 km ) . The engine was capable of running on gasoline , kerosene , or ethanol , although the decreasing cost of gasoline and the later introduction of Prohibition made ethanol an impractical fuel for most users . The engines of the first 2,447 units were cooled with water pumps ; the engines of unit 2,448 and onward , with a few exceptions prior to around unit 2,500 , were cooled by thermosiphon action . The ignition system used in the Model T was an unusual one , with a low - voltage magneto incorporated in the flywheel , supplying alternating current to trembler coils to drive the spark plugs . This was closer to that used for stationary gas engines than the expensive high - voltage ignition magnetos that were used on some other cars . This ignition also made the Model T more flexible as to the quality or type of fuel it used . The system did not need a starting battery , since proper hand - cranking would generate enough current for starting . Electric lighting powered by the magneto was adopted in 1915 , replacing acetylene and oil lamps , but electric starting was not offered until 1919 . The Model T engine was produced for replacement needs , as well as stationary and marine applications until 1941 , well after production of the Model T had ended . It was also utilized in the drivetrain of the Fordson tractor , which was produced in the US until 1928 , and in Ireland until 1964 . Transmission and drive train ( edit ) The three pedal controls of the Model T View from driver 's seat , 1920 Model T The Model T was a rear - wheel drive vehicle . Its transmission was a planetary gear type billed as `` three speed '' . In today 's terms it would be considered a two - speed , because one of the three speeds was reverse . The Model T 's transmission was controlled with three foot pedals and a lever mounted to the road side of the driver 's seat . The throttle was controlled with a lever on the steering wheel . The left pedal was used to engage the transmission . With the floor lever in either the mid position or fully forward and the pedal pressed and held forward , the car entered low gear . When held in an intermediate position , the car was in neutral . If the left pedal was released , the Model T entered high gear , but only when the lever was fully forward -- in any other position , the pedal would only move up as far as the central neutral position . This allowed the car to be held in neutral while the driver cranked the engine by hand . The car could thus cruise without the driver having to press any of the pedals . The first 800 units were sent in reverse with a lever ; all units after that were sent in reverse with a pedal between the clutch and brake pedals . The middle pedal was used to engage reverse gear when the car was in neutral . The right pedal operated the transmission brake -- there were no brakes on the wheels . The floor lever also controlled the parking brake , which was activated by pulling the lever all the way back . This doubled as an emergency brake . Although it was uncommon , the drive bands could fall out of adjustment , allowing the car to creep , particularly when cold , adding another hazard to attempting to start the car : a person cranking the engine could be forced backward while still holding the crank as the car crept forward , although it was nominally in neutral . As the car utilized a wet clutch , this condition could also occur in cold weather , when the thickened oil prevents the clutch discs from slipping freely . Power reached the differential through a single universal joint attached to a torque tube which drove the rear axle ; some models ( typically trucks , but available for cars , as well ) could be equipped with an optional two - speed Ruckstell rear axle shifted by a floor - mounted lever which provided an underdrive gear for easier hill climbing . All gears were vanadium steel running in an oil bath . Transmission bands and linings ( edit ) Two main types of band lining material were used : Cotton -- Cotton woven linings were the original type fitted and specified by Ford . Generally , the cotton lining is `` kinder '' to the drum surface , with damage to the drum caused only by the retaining rivets scoring the drum surface . Although this in itself did not pose a problem , a dragging band resulting from improper adjustment caused overheating transmission and engine , diminished power , and -- in the case of cotton linings -- rapid destruction of the band lining . Wood -- Wooden linings were originally offered as a `` longer life '' accessory part during the life of the Model T. They were a single piece of steam bent wood and metal wire , fitted to the normal Model T transmission band . These bands give a very different feel to the pedals , with much more of a `` bite '' feel . The sensation is of a definite `` grip '' of the drum and seemed to noticeably increase the feel , in particular of the brake drum . Suspension and wheels ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The suspension components of a Ford Model T : The coil - spring device is an aftermarket accessory , the `` Hassler shock absorber '' . Model T suspension employed a transversely mounted semi-elliptical spring for each of the front and rear beam axles which allowed a great deal of wheel movement to cope with the dirt roads of the time . The front axle was drop forged as a single piece of vanadium steel . Ford twisted many axles through eight full rotations ( 2880 degrees ) and sent them to dealers to be put on display to demonstrate its superiority . The Model T did not have a modern service brake . The right foot pedal applied a band around a drum in the transmission , thus stopping the rear wheels from turning . The previously mentioned parking brake lever operated band brakes acting on the inside of the rear brake drums , which were an integral part of the rear wheel hubs . Optional brakes that acted on the outside of the brake drums were available from aftermarket suppliers . Wheels were wooden artillery wheels , with steel welded - spoke wheels available in 1926 and 1927 . Tires were pneumatic clincher type , 30 in ( 76 cm ) in diameter , 3.5 in ( 8.9 cm ) wide in the rear , 3 in ( 7.6 cm ) in the front . Clinchers needed much higher pressure than today 's tires , typically 60 psi ( 410 kPa ) , to prevent them from leaving the rim at speed . Horseshoe nails on the roads , together with the high pressure , made flat tires a common problem . Balloon tires became available in 1925 . They were 21 in × 4.5 in ( 53 cm × 11 cm ) all around . Balloon tires were closer in design to today 's tires , with steel wires reinforcing the tire bead , making lower pressure possible -- typically 35 psi ( 240 kPa ) -- giving a softer ride . The old nomenclature for tire size changed from measuring the outer diameter to measuring the rim diameter so 21 in ( 530 mm ) ( rim diameter ) × 4.5 in ( 110 mm ) ( tire width ) wheels has about the same outer diameter as 30 in ( 76 cm ) clincher tires . All tires in this time period used an inner tube to hold the pressurized air ; tubeless tires were not generally in use until much later . Wheelbase was 100 inches ( 254 cm ) and standard tread width was 56 in ( 142 cm ) ; 60 in ( 152 cm ) tread could be obtained on special order , `` for Southern roads '' , identical to the pre-Civil War track gauge for many railroads in the former Confederacy . Colors ( edit ) By 1918 , half of all the cars in the US were Model Ts . However , it was a monolithic bloc ; Ford wrote in his autobiography that in 1909 he told his management team that in the future `` Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black '' . However , in the first years of production from 1908 to 1913 , the Model T was not available in black but rather only gray , green , blue , and red . Green was available for the touring cars , town cars , coupes , and Landaulets . Gray was only available for the town cars , and red only for the touring cars . By 1912 , all cars were being painted midnight blue with black fenders . Only in 1914 was the `` any color so long as it is black '' policy finally implemented . It is often stated that Ford suggested the use of black from 1914 to 1926 due to the cheap cost and durability of black paint . During the lifetime production of the Model T , over 30 types of black paint were used on various parts of the car . These were formulated to satisfy the different means of applying the paint to the various parts , and had distinct drying times , depending on the part , paint , and method of drying . Body ( edit ) 1910 Model T , photographed in Salt Lake City T Speedster 1925 Ford `` New Model '' T Tudor Sedan Although Ford classified the Model T with a single letter designation throughout its entire life and made no distinction by model years , enough significant changes to the body were made over the production life that the car may be classified into several style categories . Among the most immediately visible and identifiable changes were in the hood and cowl areas , although many other modifications were made to the vehicle . 1909 -- 1914 -- Characterized by a nearly straight , five - sided hood , with a flat top containing a center hinge and two side sloping sections containing the folding hinges . The firewall was flat from the windshield down with no distinct cowl . 1915 -- 1916 -- The hood design was nearly the same five - sided design with the only obvious change being the addition of louvers to the vertical sides . A significant change to the cowl area occurred with the windshield relocated significantly behind the firewall and joined with a compound - contoured cowl panel . 1917 -- 1923 -- The hood design was changed to a tapered design with a curved top . The folding hinges were now located at the joint between the flat sides and the curved top . This is sometime referred to as the `` low hood '' to distinguish if from the later hoods . The back edge of the hood now met the front edge of the cowl panel so that no part of the flat firewall was visible outside of the hood . This design was used the longest and during the highest production years , accounting for about half of the total number of Model Ts built . 1923 -- 1925 -- This change was made during the 1923 calendar year , so models built earlier in the year have the older design , while later vehicles have the newer design . The taper of the hood was increased and the rear section at the firewall is about an inch taller and several inches wider than the previous design . While this is a relatively minor change , the parts between the third and fourth generations are not interchangeable . 1926 -- 1927 -- This design change made the greatest difference in the appearance of the car . The hood was again enlarged , with the cowl panel no longer a compound curve and blended much more with the line of the hood . The distance between the firewall and the windshield was also increased significantly . This style is sometimes referred to as the `` high hood '' . The styling on the last `` generation '' was a preview for the following Model A , but the two models are visually quite different , as the body on the A was much wider and had curved doors as opposed to the flat doors on the T . Diverse applications ( edit ) A Model T homemade tractor pulling a plow Pullford auto - to - tractor conversion advertisement , 1918 When the Model T was designed and introduced , the infrastructure of the world was quite different from today 's . Pavement was a rarity except for sidewalks and a few big - city streets . ( The sense of the term `` pavement '' as equivalent with `` sidewalk '' comes from that era , when streets and roads were generally dirt and sidewalks were a paved way to walk along them . ) Agriculture was the occupation of many people . Power tools were scarce outside factories , as were power sources for them ; electrification , like pavement , was found usually only in larger towns . Rural electrification and motorized mechanization were embryonic in some regions and nonexistent in most . Henry Ford oversaw the requirements and design of the Model T based on contemporary realities . Consequently , the Model T was ( intentionally ) almost as much a tractor and portable engine as it was an automobile . It has always been well regarded for its all - terrain abilities and ruggedness . It could travel a rocky , muddy farm lane , cross a shallow stream , climb a steep hill , and be parked on the other side to have one of its wheels removed and a pulley fastened to the hub for a flat belt to drive a bucksaw , thresher , silo blower , conveyor for filling corn cribs or haylofts , baler , water pump , electrical generator , and many other applications . One unique application of the Model T was shown in the October 1922 issue of Fordson Farmer magazine . It showed a minister who had transformed his Model T into a mobile church , complete with small organ . During this era , entire automobiles ( including thousands of Model Ts ) were even hacked apart by their owners and reconfigured into custom machinery permanently dedicated to a purpose , such as homemade tractors and ice saws . Dozens of aftermarket companies sold prefab kits to facilitate the T 's conversion from car to tractor . The Model T had been around for a decade before the Fordson tractor became available ( 1917 -- 18 ) , and many Ts had been converted for field use . ( For example , Harry Ferguson , later famous for his hitches and tractors , worked on Eros Model T tractor conversions before he worked with Fordsons and others . ) During the next decade , Model T tractor conversion kits were harder to sell , as the Fordson and then the Farmall ( 1924 ) , as well as other light and affordable tractors , served the farm market . But during the Depression ( 1930s ) , Model T tractor conversion kits had a resurgence , because by then used Model Ts and junkyard parts for them were plentiful and cheap . Like many popular car engines of the era , the Model T engine was also used on home - built aircraft ( such as the Pietenpol Sky Scout ) and motorboats . An armored - car variant ( called the FT - B ) was developed in Poland in 1920 due to the high demand during the Polish - Soviet war in 1920 . Many Model Ts were converted into vehicles which could travel across heavy snows with kits on the rear wheels ( sometimes with an extra pair of rear - mounted wheels and two sets of continuous track to mount on the now - tandemed rear wheels , essentially making it a half - track ) and skis replacing the front wheels . They were popular for rural mail delivery for a time . The common name for these conversions of cars and small trucks was `` snowflyers '' . These vehicles were extremely popular in the northern reaches of Canada , where factories were set up to produce them . A number of companies built Model T -- based railcars . In The Great Railway Bazaar , Paul Theroux mentions a rail journey in India on such a railcar . The New Zealand Railways Department 's RM class included a few . Production ( edit ) Mass production ( edit ) Ford assembly line , 1913 The knowledge and skills needed by a factory worker were reduced to 84 areas . When introduced , the T used the building methods typical at the time , assembly by hand , and production was small . The Ford Piquette Avenue Plant could not keep up with demand for the Model T , and only 11 cars were built there during the first full month of production . More and more machines were used to reduce the complexity within the 84 defined areas . In 1910 , after assembling nearly 12,000 Model Ts , Henry Ford moved the company to the new Highland Park complex . As a result , Ford 's cars came off the line in three - minute intervals , much faster than previous methods , reducing production time from 12.5 hours before to 93 minutes by 1914 , while using less manpower . In 1914 , Ford produced more cars than all other automakers combined . The Model T was a great commercial success , and by the time Henry made his 10 millionth car , half of all cars in the world were Fords . It was so successful Ford did not purchase any advertising between 1917 and 1923 ; instead , the Model T became so famous , people considered it a norm . More than 15 million Model Ts were manufactured in all , reaching a rate of 9,000 to 10,000 cars a day in 1925 , or 2 million annually , more than any other model of its day , at a price of just $260 . Total Model T production was finally surpassed by the Volkswagen Beetle on February 17 , 1972 . Henry Ford 's ideological approach to Model T design was one of getting it right and then keeping it the same ; he believed the Model T was all the car a person would , or could , ever need . As other companies offered comfort and styling advantages , at competitive prices , the Model T lost market share . Design changes were not as few as the public perceived , but the idea of an unchanging model was kept intact . Eventually , on May 26 , 1927 , Ford Motor Company ceased US production and began the changeovers required to produce the Model A. Some of the other Model T factories in the world continued a short while . Model T engines continued to be produced until August 4 , 1941 . Almost 170,000 were built after car production stopped , as replacement engines were required to service already produced vehicles . Racers and enthusiasts , forerunners of modern hot rodders , used the Model T 's block to build popular and cheap racing engines , including Cragar , Navarro , and famously the Frontenacs ( `` Fronty Fords '' ) of the Chevrolet brothers , among many others . The Model T employed some advanced technology , for example , its use of vanadium steel alloy . Its durability was phenomenal , and some Model Ts and their parts are in running order over a century later . Although Henry Ford resisted some kinds of change , he always championed the advancement of materials engineering , and often mechanical engineering and industrial engineering . In 2002 , Ford built a final batch of six Model Ts as part of their 2003 centenary celebrations . These cars were assembled from remaining new components and other parts produced from the original drawings . The last of the six was used for publicity purposes in the UK . Although Ford no longer manufactures parts for the Model T , many parts are still manufactured through private companies as replicas to service the thousands of Model Ts still in operation today . On May 26 , 1927 , Henry Ford and his son Edsel , drove the 15 - millionth Model T out of the factory . This marked the famous automobile 's official last day of production at the main factory . Price and production ( edit ) The moving assembly line system , which started on October 7 , 1913 , allowed Ford to sell his cars at a price lower than his competitors . As he continued to fine - tune the system , Ford was able to keep reducing costs significantly . As volume increased , he was able to also lower the prices due to fixed costs being spread over a larger number of vehicles . Other factors affected the price such as material costs and design changes . The figures below are US production numbers compiled by R.E. Houston , Ford Production Department , August 3 , 1927 . The figures between 1909 and 1920 are for Ford 's fiscal year . From 1909 to 1913 , the fiscal year was from October 1 to September 30 the following calendar year with the year number being the year in which it ended . For the 1914 fiscal year , the year was October 1 , 1913 , through July 31 , 1914 . Starting in August 1914 , and through the end of the Model T era , the fiscal year was August 1 through July 31 . Beginning with January 1920 , the figures are for the calendar year . Year Production Price for Runabout Notes 1909 10,666 $825 $22,500 in 2017 . Touring car was $850 . 1910 19,050 $900 $21,717 in 2015 - prices 1911 34,858 $680 1912 68,773 $590 1913 170,211 $525 1914 202,667 $440 Fiscal year was only 10 months long due to change in end date from September 30 to July 31 1915 308,162 $390 1916 501,462 $345 1917 735,020 $500 $33,000 in 2015 - prices 1918 664,076 $500 1919 498,342 $500 1920 941,042 $395 Production for fiscal year 1920 , ( August 1 , 1919 through July 31 , 1920 ) . Price was $550 in March but dropped by September 1920 463,451 $395 Production for balance of calendar year , August 1 through December 31 . Total ' 1920 ' production ( 17 months ) = 1,404,493 1921 971,610 $325 Price was $370 in June but dropped by September 1922 1,301,067 $319 1923 2,011,125 $364 1924 1,922,048 $265 1925 1,911,705 $260 or $300 ( $14,000 in 2016 ) . ( $3,630 in 2017 ) Touring car was $290 1926 1,554,465 $360 1927 399,725 $360 Production ended before mid-year to allow retooling for the Model A 14,689,525 Overall total Recycling ( edit ) Henry Ford used wood scraps from the production of Model Ts to make charcoal briquettes . Originally named Ford Charcoal , the name was changed to Kingsford Charcoal after the Iron Mountain Ford Plant closed in 1951 and the Kingsford Chemical Company was formed and continued the wood distillation process . E.G. Kingsford , Ford 's cousin by marriage , brokered the selection of the new sawmill and wood distillation plant site . Lumber for production of the Model T came from the same location , built in 1920 called the Iron Mountain Ford which incorporated a sawmill where lumber from Ford purchased land in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was cut and dried . Scrap wood was distilled at the Iron Mountain plant for its wood chemicals , with the end by product being lump charcoal . This lump charcoal was modified and pressed into briquettes and mass marketed by Ford First global car ( edit ) The first Ford assembly plant in La Boca , Buenos Aires , c. 1921 A 1923 Ford T in Canada The Ford Model T was the first automobile built by various countries simultaneously since they were being produced in Walkerville , Canada , and in Trafford Park , Greater Manchester , England , starting in 1911 and were later assembled in Germany , Argentina , France , Spain , Denmark , Norway , Belgium , Brazil , Mexico , and Japan , as well as several locations throughout the US . Ford made use of the knock - down kit concept almost from the beginning of the company as freight and production costs from Detroit had Ford assembling vehicles in major metropolitan centers of the US . The Aeroford was an English automobile manufactured in Bayswater , London , from 1920 to 1925 . It was a Model T with distinct hood and grille to make it appear to be a totally different design , what later would have been called badge engineering . The Aeroford sold from £ 288 in 1920 , dropping to £ 168 -- 214 by 1925 . It was available as a two - seater , four - seater , or coupé . Advertising and marketing ( edit ) Ford created a massive publicity machine in Detroit to ensure every newspaper carried stories and advertisements about the new product . Ford 's network of local dealers made the car ubiquitous in virtually every city in North America . A large part of the success of Ford 's Model T stems from the innovative strategy which introduced a large network of sales hubs making it easy to purchase the car . As independent dealers , the franchises grew rich and publicized not just the Ford but the very concept of automobiling ; local motor clubs sprang up to help new drivers and to explore the countryside . Ford was always eager to sell to farmers , who looked on the vehicle as a commercial device to help their business . Sales skyrocketed -- several years posted around 100 percent gains on the previous year . Car clubs ( edit ) 1919 Model T stakebed Cars built before 1919 are classed as veteran cars and later models as vintage cars . Today , four main clubs exist to support the preservation and restoration of these cars : the Model T Ford Club International , the Model T Ford Club of America and the combined clubs of Australia . With many chapters of clubs around the world , the Model T Ford Club of Victoria has a membership with a considerable number of uniquely Australian cars . ( Australia produced its own car bodies , and therefore many differences occurred between the Australian bodied tourers and the US / Canadian cars . ) In the UK , the Model T Ford Register of Great Britain celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2010 . Many steel Model T parts are still manufactured today , and even fiberglass replicas of their distinctive bodies are produced , which are popular for T - bucket style hot rods ( as immortalized in the Jan and Dean surf music song `` Bucket T '' , which was later recorded by The Who ) . In 1949 , more than twenty years after the end of production , 200,000 Model Ts were registered in the United States . In 2008 , it was estimated that about 50,000 to 60,000 Ford Model Ts remain roadworthy . In popular media ( edit ) The Ford Model T was the car of choice for comedy duo Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy . It was used in most of their short and feature films . In 1966 , Belgian comic book authors Maurice Tillieux and Francis created the comic adventures of a character named Marc Lebut and his Model T . The phrase to `` go the way of the Tin Lizzie '' is a colloquialism referring to the decline and elimination of a popular product , habit , belief , or behavior as a now outdated historical relic which has been replaced by something new . In Aldous Huxley 's Brave New World , Henry Ford is regarded as a messianic figure , Christian crosses have been truncated to Ts , and vehicles are called `` flivvers '' ( from a slang reference to the Model T ) . Moreover , the calendar is converted to an A.F. ( `` After Ford '' ) system , wherein the calendar begins ( AF 1 ) with the introduction of the Model T ( AD 1908 ) . Gallery ( edit ) Model T chronology 1909 Touring -- Second - oldest Ford Model T still in existence 1910 Runabout 1911 Touring 1913 Runabout 1914 Touring 1915 Runabout -- Note curved cowl panel 1916 Touring 1917 Runabout -- Note new curved hood matches cowl panel 1919 Runabout 1920 Touring 1921 Touring 1922 Runabout 1922 flatbed truck 1923 Ford Model T Depot Hack 1923 Runabout ( early ' 23 model ) 1924 Touring -- Note higher hood and slightly shorter cowl panel -- late ' 23 models were similar 1924 -- 1925 Runabout 1925 Touring 1926 Runabout -- Note higher hood and longer cowl panel 1927 Runabout 1927 Touring -- Last Ford Model T built at Highland Park Ford Plant 1928 Ford Model A Tudor Sedan -- Shown for comparison , note wider body and curved doors See also ( edit ) Cars portal New Zealand RM class ( Model T Ford ) -- a 1925 experimental railcar based on a Model T powertrain Piper J - 3 Cub , the 1930s / 40s American light aircraft that developed a similar degree of ubiquity in general aviation circles to the Model T Lakeside Foundry Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boyer , Mike ( 1998 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Ford motored into Cincinnati long ago '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Model T Plant '' . Cleveland Historical . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Darbee , Jeff ( July 2014 ) . `` City Quotient : I often smell something like vanilla cookies or cake when walking Downtown . Am I just hungry , or is that for real ? '' . Columbus Monthly . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Model T Assembly Building '' . MotorTexas . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Ford 's System of Branch Assembly Plants '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Model T Facts '' ( Press release ) . US : Forid . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gordon , John Steele. `` 10 Moments That Made American Business '' . American Heritage ( February / March 2007 ) . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Price , R.G. ( 2004 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Division of Labor , Assembly Line Thought -- The Paradox of Democratic Capitalism '' . RationalRevolution.net . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cobb , James G. ( 1999 - 12 - 24 ) . `` This Just In : Model T Gets Award '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Folkmann , Mads Nygaard ( 2011 ) . `` Encoding Symbolism : Immateriality and Possibility in Design '' . Design and Culture . 3 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Best Selling Cars of All Time '' . Autoguide.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Curcio , Vincent ( 2013 ) . Henry Ford . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195316926 . Jump up ^ `` Chronicle of 1908 '' . Library.thinkquest.org. 1908 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Ford And The Model T '' . John Wiley & Sons . 1996 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ritzinger , André . `` Early Ford - models from the years 1903 -- 1908 '' . p. 5 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 Jump up ^ Ford & Crowther 1922 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Domm , Robert W. ( 2009 ) . Michigan Yesterday & Today . Minneapolis : Voyageur Press . Jump up ^ `` University students compete to create 21st century Model T '' . Ford . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` History Lesson : Hungary Celebrates the Ford Model T '' . India : Federation of Automobile Dealers Associations of India . 2006 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wik 1972 . Jump up ^ Clymer 1950 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Boggess , Trent E. ; Patterson , Ronald . `` The Model T Ignition Coil '' . US : Plymouth State College . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Model T Facts '' . Ford . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ English , Andrew ( 2008 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Ford Model T reaches 100 '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Addison , Keith . `` Ethanol fuel : Journey to Forever '' . Journey to Forever . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Kimes & Clark Jr. ( 1989 ) , p. 551 . Jump up ^ `` History Of The Ford Motor Company -- Fast Facts '' . The Frontenac Motor Company & The Ford Model T. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Model T Transmission '' . FordModelT.net . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pagé , Victor Wilfred ( 1917 ) . The Model T Ford Car , Its Construction , Operation and Repair : A Complete Practical Treatise Explaining the Operating Principles of All Parts of the Ford Automobile , with Complete Instructions for Driving and Maintenance . Norman W. Henley Publishing Co. p. 241 . Jump up ^ Ford & Crowther 1922 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : McCalley 1994 . Jump up ^ Casey , Robert ( 2008 ) . The Model TA Centennial History . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8850 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 Ford Model T Ice Saw '' . Owl 's Head Transportation Museum . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Used for harvesting winter ice from ponds in Maine . Jump up ^ Pripps & Morland 1993 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Leffingwell 2002 , pp. 43 -- 51 . Jump up ^ `` Snowflyers Replace Dogs in Frozen North '' . Popular Mechanics ( December ) : 878 . 1934 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Model T Ford Forum : Forum 2011 : Old Photo -- Model T Rail Car '' . Model T Ford Club of America . 2011 . Jump up ^ Georgano 1985 . Jump up ^ Sandler , Martin ( 2003 ) . Driving Around the USA : Automobiles in American Life . Oxford University Press . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , Douglas ( 2003 ) . Wheels for the world : Henry Ford , his company , and a century of progress , 1903 -- 2003 . Viking . p. 475 . Jump up ^ Sorensen , Charles E. ; Lewis , David Lanier ; Williamson , Samuel T. My forty years with Ford . Wayne State University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Last day of Model T production at Ford '' . History . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Model T Ford '' . Frontenac Motor Company . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Last Model T Produced in 1927 '' . Cape Girardeau History and Photos . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan History '' . Detroit News . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Michael F. ( 2009 ) . Domesticeringen af Ford i Danmark ( The domestication of Ford in Denmark ) . Denmark : Aalborg University . p. 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 06 . Model T production in Denmark stopped in August 1927 for factory recondition . Jump up ^ `` Ford 's Assembly Line Turns 100 : How It Changed Manufacturing and Society '' . New York Daily News . 2013 - 10 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Cherif , Reda ; Hasanov , Fuad ; Pande , Aditya ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Riding the Energy Transition : Oil Beyond 2040 '' . International Monetary Fund . p. 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Ward 1974 , p. 1562 . Jump up ^ Lewis 1976 , pp. 41 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Walton , Gary M. ; Rockoff , Hugh ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) . History of American Economy . Cengage Learning . p. 377 . ISBN 1337104604 . Jump up ^ `` Our Heritage '' . Kingsford . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Forstrom , Guy ( Summer 2017 ) . `` The Burning History of the Charcoal Briquette '' . Historical Society of Michigan . 40 ( 2 ) : 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` Historia de Ford en Argentina '' ( History of Ford in Argentina ) ( in Spanish ) . Auto Historia . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating the Ford Model T , only 100 years young ! '' . Auto Atlantic . 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ David Culshaw & Peter Horrobin : The Complete Catalogue of British Cars 1895 -- 1975 . Veloce Publishing plc . Dorchester ( 1999 ) . ISBN 1 - 874105 - 93 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The Model T Ford Club International '' . Modelt.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Model T Ford Club of America '' . Mtfca.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Model T Ford Club of Victoria '' . Modeltfordclubvic.org.au . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Model T Ford Australian Tourers '' . Model T Central . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sedgwick 1972 , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Brooke , Lindsay ( 2008 ) . Ford Model T : The Car that Put the World on Wheels . MBI Publishing Company . p. 188 . ISBN 9780760327289 . Jump up ^ McColl , Catherine ( 2003 ) . Happy as the Grass was Green : A Memoir . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 9781412216579 . Jump up ^ U.S. News & World Report , Volume 105 p. 52 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Fernandez , Margot Biblical Literalism is Headed for a Showdown Which it Will Lose Examiner , March 30 , 2011 Bibliography ( edit ) Clymer , Floyd ( 1955 ) . `` Henry 's wonderful Model T , 1908 -- 1927 '' . New York , NY , U.S. : McGraw - Hill . LCCN 55010405 . Clymer , Floyd ( 1950 ) . `` Treasury of Early American Automobiles , 1877 -- 1925 '' . New York , NY , U.S. : McGraw - Hill . LCCN 50010680 . Ford , Henry ; Crowther , Samuel ( 1922 ) , My Life and Work , Garden City , New York , USA : Garden City Publishing Company , Inc . Various republications , including ISBN 9781406500189 . Original is public domain in U.S. Also available at Google Books . Georgano , G.N. ( 1985 ) . `` Cars : Early and Vintage , 1886 -- 1930 '' . London , UK : Grange - Universal . Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 Kimes , Beverly Rae ; Clark Jr. , Henry Austin ( 1989 ) . Standard Catalog of America Cars : 1805 -- 1942 ( 2nd ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 111 - 0 . Lacey , Robert ( 1986 ) . Ford : The Men and the Machine . Boston , MA , U.S. : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 51166 - 7 . Leffingwell , Randy ( 2002 ) ( 1998 ) , Ford Tractors , Borders , ISBN 0 - 681 - 87878 - 9 . Lewis , David ( 1976 ) . The Public Image of Henry Ford : An American Folk Hero and His Company . Detroit , MI , U.S. : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 1553 - 8 . McCalley , Bruce W. ( 1994 ) . Model T Ford : The Car That Changed the World . Iola , WI , U.S. : Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 293 - 1 . Pripps , Robert N. ; Morland , Andrew ( photographer ) ( 1993 ) . Farmall Tractors : History of International McCormick - Deering Farmall Tractors . Farm Tractor Color History Series . Osceola , WI , U.S. : MBI . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87938 - 763 - 1 . Reynolds , David ( 2009 ) . America , Empire of Liberty : A New History of the United States . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 056 - 3 . Ross , Irwin ( November 1974 ) . `` Ford 's Fabulous Flivver '' . Gas Engine Magazine . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Sedgwick , Michael ( 1972 ) ( 1962 ) . Early Cars . Octopus Books . ISBN 0 - 7064 - 0058 - 5 . Ward , Ian ( ed ) ( 1974 ) . `` The World of Automobiles '' . 13 . London , UK : Orbis . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Wik , Reynold M. ( 1972 ) . Henry Ford and Grass - Roots America . Ann Arbor , MI , U.S. : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 97200 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford Model T . FordModelT.net -- Resource for Model T Owners and Enthusiasts Model T Ford Club of America ( USA ) Model T Ford Club International Ford Model T at the Internet Movie Cars Database First and second web pages of Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome 's vintage vehicle collection , featuring five Model T - based vehicles Henry Ford Life and history Ford Motor Company ( History ) Model T The Dearborn Independent Residences Fair Lane Edison and Ford Winter Estates Family William Ford ( father ) Edsel Ford ( son ) Henry Ford II ( grandson ) William Clay Ford , Sr. ( grandson ) Edsel Ford II ( great - grandson ) William Clay Ford , Jr. ( great - grandson ) Elena Ford ( great - granddaughter ) Other Fordism Car Entrepreneur of the Century The Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village Commons Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Ford Motor Company vehicle timeline , North American market , 1903 -- 1942 -- next '' Type 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 Chassis Various Model T Model A 1932 Ford 1935 Ford 1937 Ford 1941 Ford Runabout Model A Model AC Model C Touring Model B Model F Model K Model T Model N Model R Model S Full - size Model T Model A Model B Model 18 Model 40 Model 48 Standard Standard De Luxe Deluxe Pickup Truck Model TT Model AA Model BB Model 48 Standard Standard Model T Model A Model B Model 18 Model 40 De Luxe Deluxe Bus Transit Bus Ford vehicles Ford Motor Company Current production models Cars C - Max / Grand C - Max Fiesta Figo Fusion / Mondeo Focus GT Ka Mustang Taurus SHO Police Interceptor Sedan China Pickup Trucks F - Series Raptor Ranger Super Duty SUVs / Crossovers EcoSport Edge Escape / Kuga Expedition / Expedition EL / Max Explorer Police Interceptor Utility Everest / Endeavour Flex Vans E-Series Galaxy S - Max Tourneo / Transit Courier Connect Custom Commercial Trucks Cargo Super Duty F - 350 / F - 450 / F - 550 F - 650 / F - 750 Former production models ( by date of introduction ) 1900s Model A / AC Model B Model C Model F Model K Model N Model R Model S Model T 1910s -- 1920s Model TT Model A Model AA 1930s -- 1940s Model B Model BB Model 18 Model 40 Model Y Köln Rheinland Model 48 Model C Ten Eifel Model CX 1937 Ford Model 7W Model 7Y E83W Prefect Anglia 1941 Ford Vedette Pilot Pygmy 1949 Ford Custom Transit Bus 1950s 1952 Ford 1955 Ford 1957 Ford C - Series Trucks Consul Country Sedan Country Squire Courier Crestline Del Rio Edsel ( Brand ) Fairlane FK Galaxie Mainline Parklane Popular Ranchero Squire Taunus Thunderbird Versailles Zephyr 1960s 1960 Ford Bronco Capri Corcel Corsair Cortina Escort ( Europe ) Executive Fairlane ( Australia ) Fairlane Thunderbolt Falcon ( Americas ) Falcon ( Australia ) GT40 H - Series Trucks LTD N - Series Trucks Torino W - Series Trucks XL 1970s Courier Econovan Econowagon Elite Fairmont Granada ( Europe ) Granada ( North America ) L - Series Trucks Landau ( Australia ) Maverick ( North America ) P100 Pinto 1980s Aerostar Bantam Bronco II Del Rey Durango Escort ( North America ) EXP Festiva Laser / Lynx / Meteor / Tierra LTD Crown Victoria Orion Probe Pronto Ranger ( North America ) RS200 Scorpio Sierra Telstar Tempo Verona 1990s Aspire Contour Cougar Crown Victoria Police Interceptor Freda Maverick ( Europe ) Puma Windstar ZX2 2000s Activa Excursion Explorer Sport Trac Five Hundred Freestar Fusion ( Europe ) Freestyle / Taurus X Ikon i - Max ( Taiwan ) Maverick ( Europe ) Sportka / Streetka Territory 2010s B - Max Other Concept vehicles List of Mercury vehicles List of Lincoln vehicles Tractors Trucks Commons GND : 4398153 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&oldid=828015401 '' Categories : 1900s automobiles 1910s automobiles 1920s automobiles Brass Era vehicles Cars introduced in 1908 Cars of the United States Convertibles Ford vehicles Full - size vehicles History of Detroit History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Pickup trucks Vintage vehicles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 01 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the model t ford come out
[ "The Ford Model T (colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie, Leaping Lena, or flivver) is an automobile produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1, 1908, to May 26, 1927.[6][7] It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American; some of this was because of Ford's efficient fabrication, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting.[8]" ]
[ "October 1, 1908" ]
-2576520557934945946
Triple Alliance (1882)
Triple Alliance ( 1882 ) - wikipedia Triple Alliance ( 1882 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the pre World War I alliance . For the pre-Columbian Mexican empire , see Aztec Empire . Triple Alliance Dreibund Hármas szövetség Triplice alleanza Tripla Alianță Military alliance 1882 -- 1915 The Triple Alliance in 1913 Capital none ( de jure ) Berlin ( de facto ) Political structure Military alliance Historical era Belle Époque Dual Alliance ( Germany / Austria - Hungary ) 7 October 1879 Triple Alliance ( Germany / Austria - Hungary / Italy ) 20 May 1882 Romania secretly joins 18 October 1883 Italy leaves 3 May 1915 Preceded by Succeeded by Dual Alliance ( 1879 ) Central powers Events leading to World War I Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 -- 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914 The Triple Alliance or Triplice was a secret agreement between Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Italy . It was formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915 during World War I. Germany and Austria - Hungary had been closely allied since 1879 . Italy sought support against France shortly after it lost North African ambitions to the French . Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great power . The treaty provided that Germany and Austria - Hungary were to assist Italy if it was attacked by France without provocation . In turn , Italy would assist Germany if attacked by France . In the event of a war between Austria - Hungary and Russia , Italy promised to remain neutral . When the treaty was renewed in February 1887 , Italy gained an empty promise of German support of Italian colonial ambitions in North Africa in return for Italy 's continued friendship . Austria - Hungary had to be pressured by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck into accepting the principles of consultation and mutual agreement with Italy on any territorial changes initiated in the Balkans or on the coasts and islands of the Adriatic and Aegean seas . Italy and Austria - Hungary did not overcome their basic conflict of interest in that region despite the treaty . In 1891 attempts were made to join Britain to the Triplice , which , though unsuccessful , were widely believed to have succeeded in Russian diplomatic circles . Shortly after renewing the Alliance in June 1902 , Italy secretly extended a similar guarantee to France . By a particular agreement , neither Austria - Hungary nor Italy would change the status quo in the Balkans without previous consultation . On 1 November 1902 , five months after the Triple Alliance was renewed , Italy reached an understanding with France that each would remain neutral in the event of an attack on the other . When Austria - Hungary found itself at war in August 1914 with the rival Triple Entente , Italy proclaimed its neutrality , considering Austria - Hungary the aggressor and defaulting on the obligation to consult and agree compensations before changing the status quo in the Balkans , as agreed in 1912 renewal of the Triple Alliance . Following parallel negotiation with both Triple Alliance , aimed to keep Italy neutral , and the Triple Entente , aimed to make Italy enter the conflict , Italy declared war on Austria - Hungary . Carol I of Romania , through his Prime Minister Ion I.C. Brătianu , had also secretly pledged to support the Triple Alliance , but he remained neutral since Austria - Hungary started the war . Contents ( hide ) 1 Germany 2 Austria - Hungary 3 Italy 4 Romania 5 Notes 6 References 7 Sources Germany ( edit ) The man chiefly responsible for the Triple Alliance was Otto von Bismarck , Chancellor of Germany . Austria - Hungary ( edit ) By the late 1870s , Austrian territorial ambitions in both the Italian peninsula and Central Europe had been thwarted by the rise of Italy and Germany as new national powers . With the decline and failed reforms of the Ottoman Empire , Slavic discontent in the occupied Balkans grew , and both Russia and Austria - Hungary saw an opportunity to expand in this region . In 1876 , Russia offered to partition the Balkans , but Hungarian statesman Gyula Andrássy declined because Austria - Hungary was already a `` saturated '' state and it could not cope with additional territories . The whole Empire was thus drawn into a new style of diplomatic brinkmanship , first conceived of by Andrássy , centring on the province of Bosnia and Herzegovina , a predominantly Slav area still under the control of the Ottoman Empire . On the heels of the Great Balkan Crisis , Austro - Hungarian forces occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in August 1878 and the empire eventually annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in October 1908 as a common holding under the control of the finance ministry , rather than attaching it to either Austria or Hungary . The occupation of Bosnia - Herzegovina was a step taken in response to Russian advances into Bessarabia . Unable to mediate between Turkey and Russia over the control of Serbia , Austria -- Hungary declared neutrality when the conflict between the two powers escalated into the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 1878 ) . To counter Russian and French interests in Europe , an alliance was concluded with Germany in October 1879 and with Italy in May 1882 . World War I started in 1914 . Italy ( edit ) Cartoon of the Berlin satirical journal Lustige Blätter . In the Triple Alliance adult Germany drags the Austrian boy along , while the Italian child throws a tantrum to stay with the French cockerel . The Kingdom of Italy , like some of the other European powers , wanted to set up colonies and build up an overseas empire . With this aim in mind , Italy joined the German -- Austrian Alliance to form the Triple Alliance , partly in anger at the French seizure of Tunisia in 1881 ( the so - called Schiaffo di Tunisi by Italian press ) , which many Italians had seen as a potential colony , and partly to guarantee herself support in case of foreign aggression : the main alliance compelled any signatory country to support the other parties if two other countries attacked . At the time , most European countries tried to ensure similar guarantees , and because of the Tunisian crisis , Italy found no other big potential ally than its historical enemy , Austria - Hungary , against which Italy had fought three wars in the 34 years before the first treaty signing . However , Italian public opinion remained unenthusiastic about their country 's alignment with Austria - Hungary , a past enemy of Italian unification , and whose Italian populated districts in the Trentino and Istria were seen as occupied territories by Italian irredentists . In the years before World War I , many distinguished military analysts predicted that Italy would attack its supposed ally in the event of a large scale conflict . Italy 's adherence to the Triple Alliance was doubted and from 1903 plans for a possible war against Rome were again maintained by the Austrian general staff . Mutual suspicions led to reinforcement of the frontier and speculation in the press about a war between the two countries into the first decade of the twentieth century . As late as 1911 Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf , chief of the Austrian general staff , was advocating a military preemptive strike against Austria 's supposed Italian ally . This prediction was strengthened by Italy 's invasion and annexation of Libya , bringing it into conflict with the German - backed Ottoman Empire . Romania ( edit ) King Carol I of Romania was of German ancestry . That , coupled with his wish to turn Romania into a centre of stability in South - Eastern Europe ( as well as his fear of Russian expansion and their competing claims on Bessarabia ) , led to Romania secretly joining the Triple Alliance on 18 October 1883 . Only the King and a handful of senior Romanian politicians knew about it . Romania and Austria - Hungary pledged to help each other in the event of a Russian , Serbian , or Bulgarian attack . There were , however , several disputes between the two countries , the most notable being the policy of Magyarization of Transylvania 's Romanian population . Romania did eventually manage to achieve the status of Regional Power in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars and the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest , but less than a year later , World War I started and Romania , after a period of neutrality , in which both the Central Powers and the Allies tried persuading Romania to join their respective sides , eventually joined the Allies in 1916 , after being promised Romanian - inhabited Austro - Hungarian lands . Romania 's official reason for not siding with the Triple Alliance when the war started was the same as Italy 's : the Triple Alliance was a defensive alliance , but Germany and Austria - Hungary had taken the offensive . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` However , if , in the course of events , the maintenance of the status quo in the regions of the Balkans or of the Ottoman coasts and islands in the Adriatic and in the Aegean Sea should become impossible , and if , whether in consequence of the action of a third Power or otherwise , Austria - Hungary or Italy should find themselves under the necessity of modifying it by a temporary or permanent occupation on their part , this occupation shall take place only after a previous agreement between the two Powers , based upon the principle of a reciprocal compensation for every advantage , territorial or other , which each of them might obtain beyond the present status quo , and giving satisfaction to the interests and well founded claims of the two Parties . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ George Frost Kennan ( 1984 ) . The Fateful Alliance : France , Russia , and the Coming of the First World War . Manchester University Press . pp. 82 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 1707 - 0 . Jump up ^ Charles Seymour ( 1916 ) . The Diplomatic Background of the War . Yale University Press . pp. 35 , 147 . Jump up ^ Grenville , John ; Wasserstein , Bernard , eds. ( 2013 ) . The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century : A History and Guide with Texts . Routledge . p. 38 . ISBN 9780415141253 . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ ( art . 7 ) https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Expanded_version_of_1912_(In_English ) Jump up ^ Hentea , Călin ( 2007 ) . Brief Romanian Military History . Scarecrow Press . p. 102 . ISBN 9780810858206 . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Becker , Jean - Jacques ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` Chapter Fourteen : War Aims and Neutrality '' . In Horne , John . A Companion to World War I. Blackwell Publishing . p. 208 . ISBN 9781405123860 . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Alliance '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austria : Constitutional experimentation , 1860 -- 67 '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothenburg 1976 , pp. 124 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Rothenburg 1976 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Rothenburg 1976 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Keith Hitchins , A Concise History of Romania , p. 149 Jump up ^ James Lyon , Serbia and the Balkan Front , 1914 : The Outbreak of the Great War , Chapter 3 Jump up ^ Richard F. Hamilton , Holger H. Herwig , The Origins of World War I , p. 401 Jump up ^ Manfried Rauchensteiner , The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy , 1914 -- 1918 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Rebecca Haynes , Romanian Policy Towards Germany , 1936 -- 40 , p. 3 Sources ( edit ) Coolidge , Archibald Cary . Origins of the Triple Alliance ( 1917 ) online Conybeare , John AC , and Todd Sandler . `` The triple entente and the triple alliance 1880 -- 1914 : A collective goods approach . '' American Political Science Review 84 # 4 ( 1990 ) : 1197 - 1206 . online Conybeare , John AC . `` A Portfolio Diversification Model of Alliances The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente , 1879 - 1914 . '' Journal of Conflict Resolution 36.1 ( 1992 ) : 53 - 85 . Coolidge , Archibald Cary . Origins of the Triple Alliance ( 1917 ) online Kann , Robert ( 1974 ) . A History of the Habsburg Empire . University of California Press . pp. 470 -- 472 . ISBN 0520042069 . LCCN 72097733 . Langer , William L. European alliances and alignments , 1871 - 1890 ( 2nd ed 1951 ) pp 217 - 50 . A standard scholarly history . Lutz , Ralph Haswell , ed . Fall of the German Empire , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2 vol 1932 ) . 868pp online review , primary sources Rothenburg , Gunther E. ( 1976 ) . The Army of Francis Joseph . West Lafayette : Purdue University Press . pp. 124 -- 125 . Pribram , Alfred Francis , ed . The Secret Treaties of Austria - Hungary , 1879 - 1914 v2 ( 1921 ) , the most thorough history of the Triple Alliance , with text of major documents . online Schmitt , Bernadotte E. `` Triple Alliance and Triple Entente , 1902 - 1914 . '' American Historical Review 29.3 ( 1924 ) : 449 - 473 . in JSTOR Sontag , Raymond James . European Diplomatic History , 1871 -- 1932 ( 1933 ) pp 99 - 52 online review . Margaret Macmillan , The War That Ended Peace : The Road to 1914 ( 2013 ) ch 8 ( hide ) Diplomacy of the Great Powers 1871 -- 1913 Great powers Austria -- Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Alliances Triple Alliance Dual Alliance Triple Entente Franco - Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Anglo - Russian Entente Anglo - Japanese Alliance Trends Ottoman Decline Eastern Question Revanchism New Imperialism Scramble for Africa Pan-Slavism The Great Game The Great Rapprochement Treaties and agreements Treaty of Frankfurt League of the Three Emperors Treaty of Berlin Reinsurance Treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Björkö Taft -- Katsura Agreement Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty Racconigi agreement Events Congress of Berlin Berlin Conference Weltpolitik German Naval Laws Anglo - German naval arms race Dreadnought Fashoda Incident Annexation of Hawaii First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference Agadir Crisis Bosnian crisis Wars Russo - Turkish First Sino - Japanese Spanish -- American Banana Wars Philippine -- American Boxer Rebellion Second Boer Russo - Japanese Italo - Turkish Balkan Wars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triple_Alliance_(1882)&oldid=830507324 '' Categories : Former countries in Europe States and territories established in 1882 States and territories disestablished in 1915 1882 in Austria - Hungary 1882 in Germany 1882 in Hungary 1882 in Italy 1882 treaties 19th - century military alliances 20th - century military alliances History of international relations Military alliances involving Austria - Hungary Military alliances involving Italy Military alliances involving the German Empire Politics of the Ottoman Empire World War I by country Austria - Hungary -- Germany relations Austria - Hungary -- Italy relations Germany -- Italy relations 1882 in international relations Hidden categories : EngvarB from December 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Former country articles requiring maintenance All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 08 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did italy drop out of the triple alliance
[ "\n\nTriple Alliance\n\n\n\n\n\nDreibund\nHármas szövetség\nTriplice alleanza\nTripla Alianță\n\n\n\n\n\nMilitary alliance\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1882–1915\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Triple Alliance in 1913\n\n\n\nCapital\n\n\n\nnone (de jure)\nBerlin (de facto)\n\n\n\n\n\nPolitical structure\nMilitary alliance\n\n\nHistorical era\nBelle Époque\n\n\n • \nDual Alliance\n(Germany / Austria-Hungary)\n7 October 1879\n\n\n • \nTriple Alliance\n(Germany / Austria-Hungary / Italy)\n20 May 1882\n\n\n • \nRomania secretly joins\n18 October 1883\n\n\n • \nItaly leaves\n3 May 1915\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPreceded by\nSucceeded by\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDual Alliance (1879)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCentral powers\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "3 May 1915" ]
-8716624510964771096
Invasion of Kuwait
Invasion of Kuwait - wikipedia Invasion of Kuwait Jump to : navigation , search Invasion of Kuwait Part of the Gulf War and the Persian Gulf Conflicts Iraq in green , Kuwait in orange Date 2 -- 3 August 1990 ( 2 days ) Location Kuwait Result Iraqi victory Kuwait annexed by Iraq Iraqi - backed puppet state installed Start of the Gulf War Belligerents Iraq Kuwait Commanders and leaders Saddam Hussein Jaber III Strength 88,000 Kuwaiti Army 16,000 Kuwaiti Air Force 2,200 Kuwaiti Navy 1,800 Kuwait National Guard Kuwait Police US contractors Casualties and losses 39 aircraft ( est . ) 295 killed , 361 wounded ≈ 120 tanks and other armored vehicles 4 ships sunk 57 aircraft lost At least 8 aircraft captured ( Mirage F1s ) 4,200 killed 12,000 captured ≈ 200 tanks destroyed / captured 850 + other armored vehicles destroyed / captured 17 ships sunk , 6 captured Gulf War Invasion of Kuwait Kuwaiti Bridges Dasman Palace Failaka British Airways Flight 149 Coalition intervention Khafji Wadi Al - Batin Naval operations Ad - Dawrah Qurah Maradim Bubiyan Air campaign Air to Air combat `` Package Q '' Air Strike Ras Tanura Samurra Amiriyah Liberation of Kuwait Order of battle 67 Easting 73 Easting Al Busayyah Phase Line Bullet Medina Ridge Highway of Death Jalibah Norfolk Kuwait International Airport Post-ceasefire Rumaila Safwan The Invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990 was a 2 - day operation conducted by Iraq against the neighboring state of Kuwait , which resulted in the seven - month - long Iraqi occupation of the country . This invasion and Iraq 's subsequent refusal to withdraw from Kuwait by a deadline mandated by the United Nations led to military intervention by a United Nations - authorized coalition of forces led by the United States . These events came to be known as the first Gulf War and resulted in the expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait and the Iraqis setting 600 Kuwaiti oil wells on fire during their retreat . In early 1990 Iraq was accusing Kuwait of stealing Iraqi petroleum through slant drilling , although some Iraqi sources indicated Saddam Hussein 's decision to attack Kuwait was made a few months before the actual invasion . Some feel there were several reasons for the Iraqi move , including Iraq 's inability to pay the more than US $ 14 billion that it had borrowed to finance the Iran -- Iraq war , and Kuwaiti high petroleum production levels which kept revenues down for Iraq . The invasion started on 2 August 1990 , and within two days most of the Kuwait Armed Forces were either overrun by the Iraqi Republican Guard or fell back to neighbouring Saudi Arabia and Bahrain . The State of Kuwait was annexed , and Saddam Hussein announced a few days later that it was the 19th province of Iraq . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dispute over the financial debt 2 Alleged economic warfare and slant drilling 3 Iraqi hegemonic claims 4 Iraqi -- American relations 5 Invasion 6 Kuwaiti resistance movement 7 Aftermath 7.1 International condemnation and Gulf War 7.2 Post-Gulf War 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Dispute over the financial debt ( edit ) When the Iran -- Iraq War broke out , Kuwait initially stayed neutral and also tried mediating between Iran and Iraq . In 1982 , Kuwait along with other Arab states of the Persian Gulf supported Iraq in order to curb the Iranian Revolutionary government . In 1982 -- 1983 , Kuwait began sending significant financial aid to Iraq . Kuwait 's large - scale economic assistance to Iraq often triggered hostile Iranian actions against Kuwait . Iran repeatedly targeted Kuwaiti oil tankers in 1984 and fired weapons at Kuwaiti security personnel stationed on Bubiyan island in 1988 . During the Iran -- Iraq War , Kuwait functioned as Iraq 's major port once Basra was shut down by the fighting . However , after the war ended , the friendly relations between the two neighbouring Arab countries turned sour for several economic and diplomatic reasons that culminated in an Iraqi invasion of Kuwait . By the time the Iran -- Iraq War ended , Iraq was not in a financial position to repay the US $14 billion it borrowed from Kuwait to finance its war and requested that Kuwait forgive the debt . Iraq argued that the war had prevented the rise of Iranian hegemony in Kuwait . However , Kuwait 's reluctance to pardon the debt created strains in the relationship between the two countries . During late 1989 , several official meetings were held between the Kuwaiti and Iraqi leaders but they were unable to break the deadlock between the two . Alleged economic warfare and slant drilling ( edit ) In 1988 Iraq 's Oil Minister , Issam al - Chalabi , stressed a further reduction in the crude oil production quota of Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) members so as to end the 1980s oil glut . Chalabi argued that higher oil prices would help Iraq increase its revenues and pay back its US $60 billion debt . However , given its large downstream petroleum industry , Kuwait was less concerned about the prices of crude oil and in 1989 , Kuwait requested OPEC to increase the country 's total oil production ceiling by 50 % to 1.35 million bpd . Throughout much of the 1980s , Kuwait 's oil production was considerably above its mandatory OPEC quota and this had prevented a further increase in crude oil prices . A lack of consensus among OPEC members undermined Iraq 's efforts to end the oil glut and consequently prevented the recovery of its war - crippled economy . According to former Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz , `` every US $1 drop in the price of a barrel of oil caused a US $1 billion drop in Iraq 's annual revenues triggering an acute financial crisis in Baghdad '' . It was estimated that between 1985 and 1989 , Iraq lost US $14 billion a year due to Kuwait 's oil price strategy . Kuwait 's refusal to decrease its oil production was viewed by Iraq as an act of aggression against it . The increasingly tense relations between Iraq and Kuwait were further aggravated when Iraq alleged that Kuwait was slant - drilling across the international border into Iraq 's Rumaila field . The dispute over Rumaila field started in 1960 when an Arab League declaration marked the Iraq -- Kuwait border 2 miles north of the southernmost tip of the Rumaila field . During the Iran -- Iraq War , Iraqi oil drilling operations in Rumaila declined while Kuwait 's operations increased . In 1989 , Iraq accused Kuwait of using `` advanced drilling techniques '' to exploit oil from its share of the Rumaila field . Iraq estimated that US $2.4 billion worth of Iraqi oil was `` stolen '' by Kuwait and demanded compensation . Kuwait dismissed the accusations as a false Iraqi ploy to justify military action against it . Several foreign firms working in the Rumaila field also dismissed Iraq 's slant - drilling claims as a `` smokescreen to disguise Iraq 's more ambitious intentions '' . On 25 July 1990 , only a few days before the Iraqi invasion , OPEC officials said that Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates had agreed to a proposal to limit daily oil output to 1.5 million barrels , thus potentially settling differences over oil policy between Kuwait and Iraq . At the time of the settlement , more than 100,000 Iraqi troops were deployed along the Iraq -- Kuwait border , and American officials expressed little indication of decline in tensions despite the OPEC settlement . Iraqi hegemonic claims ( edit ) The Basra Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in 1897 . After the Anglo - Ottoman Convention of 1913 , Kuwait was established as an autonomous kaza , or district , of the Ottoman Empire and a de facto protectorate of Great Britain . Many westerners believed that Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait was largely motivated by its desire to take control over the latter 's vast oil reserves . The Iraqi government justified its invasion by claiming that Kuwait was a natural part of Iraq carved off as a result of British imperialism . After signing the Anglo - Ottoman Convention of 1913 , the United Kingdom split Kuwait from the Ottoman territories into a separate sheikhdom . The Iraqi government also argued that the Kuwaiti Emir was a highly unpopular figure among the Kuwaiti populace . By overthrowing the Emir , Iraq claimed that it granted Kuwaitis greater economic and political freedom . Kuwait had been loosely under the authority of the Ottoman vilâyet of Basra , and although its ruling dynasty , the Al Sabah family , had concluded a protectorate agreement in 1899 that assigned responsibility for its foreign affairs to Britain , it did not make any attempt to secede from the Ottoman Empire . For this reason , its borders with the rest of Basra province were never clearly defined or mutually agreed . Iraqi -- American relations ( edit ) April Glaspie 's first meeting with Saddam Hussein On 25 July 1990 , April Glaspie , the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq , asked the Iraqi high command to explain the military preparations in progress , including the massing of Iraqi troops near the border . The American ambassador declared to her Iraqi interlocutor that Washington , `` inspired by the friendship and not by confrontation , does not have an opinion '' on the disagreement between Kuwait and Iraq , stating `` we have no opinion on the Arab -- Arab conflicts '' . She also let Saddam Hussein know that the United States did not intend `` to start an economic war against Iraq '' . These statements may have caused Saddam to believe he had received a diplomatic green light from the United States to invade Kuwait. . This exchange only became public knowledge in 2011 , following a Wikileaks release of a cable , sent by the US embassy in Iraq , following on from Ms Glaspie 's meeting with Saddam Hussein . In addition , one week before the invasion , the Assistant Secretary of State , John Kelly , told the US congress that the US had no treaty obligations to defend Kuwait . According to Richard E. Rubenstein , Glaspie was later asked by British journalists why she had said that , her response was `` we did n't think he would go that far '' meaning invade and annex the whole country . Although no follow - up question was asked , it can be inferred that what the U.S. government thought in July 1990 was that Saddam Hussein was only interested in pressuring Kuwait into debt forgiveness and to lower oil production . Invasion ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Gulf War An Iraqi Type 69 tank on display at the site of the Al - Qurain Martyrdom . A Kuwait M - 84 tank during Operation Desert Shield in 1990 . Kuwait continues to maintain strong relations with the coalition of the Gulf War . On 2 August 1990 at 2 : 00 am , local time , Iraq launched an invasion of Kuwait with four elite Iraqi Republican Guard divisions ( 1st Hammurabi Armoured Division , 2nd al - Medinah al - Munawera Armoured Division , 3rd Tawakalna ala - Allah Mechanized Infantry Division and 4th Nebuchadnezzar Motorized Infantry Division ) and Iraqi Army special forces units equivalent to a full division . The main thrust was conducted by the commandos deployed by helicopters and boats to attack Kuwait City ( see Battle of Dasman Palace ) , while the other divisions seized the airports and two airbases . In support of these units , the Iraqi Army deployed a squadron of Mil Mi - 25 helicopter gunships , several units of Mi - 8 and Mi - 17 transport helicopters , as well as a squadron of Bell 412 helicopters . The foremost mission of the helicopter units was to transport and support Iraqi commandos into Kuwait City , and subsequently to support the advance of ground troops . The Iraqi Air Force ( IQAF ) had at least two squadrons of Sukhoi Su - 22 , one of Su - 25 , one of Mirage F1 and two of MiG - 23 fighter - bombers . The main task of the IQAF was to establish air superiority through limited air strikes against two main air bases of Kuwaiti Air Force , whose aircraft consisted mainly of Mirage F1s and Douglas ( T ) A-4KU Skyhawks . Meanwhile , certain targets in the capital of Kuwait City were bombed by Iraqi aircraft . Despite months of Iraqi sabre - rattling , Kuwait did not have its forces on alert and was caught unaware . The first indication of the Iraqi ground advance was from a radar - equipped aerostat that detected an Iraqi armour column moving south . Kuwaiti air , ground , and naval forces resisted , but were vastly outnumbered . In central Kuwait , the 35th Armoured Brigade deployed approximately a battalion of Chieftain tanks , BMPs , and an artillery battery against the Iraqis and fought delaying actions near Al Jahra ( see Battle of the Bridges ) , west of Kuwait City . In the south , the 15th Armoured Brigade moved immediately to evacuate its forces to Saudi Arabia . Of the small Kuwaiti Navy , two missile boats were able to evade capture or destruction . Kuwait Air Force aircraft were scrambled , but approximately 20 % were lost or captured . An air battle with the Iraqi helicopter airborne forces was fought over Kuwait City , inflicting heavy losses on the Iraqi elite troops , and a few combat sorties were flown against Iraqi ground forces . The remaining 80 % were then evacuated to Saudi Arabia and Bahrain , some aircraft even taking off from the highways adjacent to the bases as the runways were overrun . While these aircraft were not used in support of the subsequent Gulf War , the `` Free Kuwait Air Force '' assisted Saudi Arabia in patrolling the southern border with Yemen , which was considered a threat by the Saudis because of Yemen -- Iraq ties . Iraqi troops attacked Dasman Palace , the Royal Residence , resulting in the Battle of Dasman Palace . The Kuwaiti Emiri Guard , supported by local police and M - 84 tanks managed to repel an airborne assault by Iraqi Special Forces , but the Palace fell after a landing by Iraqi Marines ( Dasman Palace is located on the coast ) . The Kuwaiti National Guard , as well as additional Emiri Guards arrived , but the palace remained occupied , and Republican Guard tanks rolled into Kuwait City after several hours of heavy fighting . The Emir of Kuwait , Jaber Al - Ahmad Al - Jaber Al - Sabah had already fled into the Saudi desert . His younger half brother , Sheikh Fahad Al - Ahmed Al - Jaber Al - Sabah , was shot and killed by invading Iraqi forces as he attempted to defend Dasman Palace after which his body was placed in front of a tank and run over , according to an Iraqi soldier who was present and deserted after the assault . Towards the end of the first day of the invasion , only pockets of resistance were left in the country . By August 3 , the last military units were desperately fighting delaying actions at choke points and other defensible positions throughout the country until out of ammunition or overrun by Iraqi forces . Ali al - Salem Air Base of the Kuwaiti Air Force was the only base still unoccupied on August 3 , and Kuwaiti aircraft flew resupply missions from Saudi Arabia throughout the day in an effort to mount a defense . However , by nightfall , Ali al - Salem Air Base had been overrun by Iraqi forces . From then on it was only a matter of time until all units of the Kuwaiti Military were forced to retreat or be overrun . Kuwaiti resistance movement ( edit ) Kuwaitis founded a local armed resistance movement following the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait . Most of the Kuwaitis who were arrested , tortured , and executed during the occupation were civilians . The Kuwaiti resistance 's casualty rate far exceeded that of the coalition military forces and Western hostages . The resistance predominantly consisted of ordinary citizens who lacked any form of training and supervision . Aftermath ( edit ) More than 600 Kuwaiti oil wells were set on fire by retreating Iraqi forces , causing massive environmental and economic damage to Kuwait . The oil fires caused were a result of the scorched earth policy of Iraqi military forces retreating from Kuwait Aerial view of oil wells on fire After the Iraqi victory , Saddam Hussein installed Alaa Hussein Ali as the Prime Minister of the `` Provisional Government of Free Kuwait '' and Ali Hassan al - Majid as the de facto governor of Kuwait . The exiled Kuwaiti royal family and other former government officials began an international campaign to persuade other countries to pressure Iraq to vacate Kuwait . The UN Security Council passed 12 resolutions demanding immediate withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwait , but to no avail . Following the events of the Iraq -- Kuwait war , about half of the Kuwaiti population , including 400,000 Kuwaits and several thousand foreign nationals , fled the country . The Indian government evacuated over 170,000 overseas Indians by flying almost 488 flights over 59 days . During the 7 - month occupation , the forces of Saddam Hussein looted Kuwait 's vast wealth and there were also reports of violations of human rights . A 2005 study revealed that the Iraqi occupation had a long - term adverse impact on the health of the Kuwaiti populace . International condemnation and Gulf War ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Desert Storm and Operation Desert Shield ( Gulf War ) Ground troop movements from February 24 -- 28 , 1991 during Operation Desert Storm . American tanks from the 3rd Armored Division during Operation Desert Storm . After Iraqi forces invaded and annexed Kuwait and Saddam Hussein deposed the Emir of Kuwait , Jaber Al - Sabah , he installed Ali Hassan al - Majid as the new governor of Kuwait . The Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait was unanimously condemned by all major world powers . Even countries traditionally considered to be close Iraqi allies , such as France and India , called for immediate withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait . Several countries , including the USSR and China , placed arms embargoes on Iraq . NATO members were particularly critical of the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait and by late 1990 , the United States had issued an ultimatum to Iraq to withdraw its forces from Kuwait by 15 January 1991 or face war . On 3 August 1990 , the UN Security Council passed Resolution 660 condemning the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and demanding that Iraq unconditionally withdraw all forces deployed in Kuwait . After a series of failed negotiations between major world powers and Iraq , the United States - led coalition forces launched a massive military assault on Iraq and Iraqi forces stationed in Kuwait in mid-January 1991 . By January 16 , Allied aircraft were targeting several Iraqi military sites and the Iraqi Air Force was destroyed . Hostilities continued until late February and on February 25 , Kuwait was officially liberated from Iraq . On 15 March 1991 , the Emir of Kuwait returned to the country after spending more than 8 months in exile . During the Iraqi occupation , about 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed and more than 300,000 residents fled the country . Post-gulf War ( edit ) Kuwait Telecommunications Tower also known as the Liberation Tower because it was completed after the defeat of the invasion In December 2002 , Saddam Hussein apologized for the invasion shortly before being deposed in the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Two years later , the Palestinian leadership also apologized for its wartime support of Saddam . A longtime ally of Saddam Hussein , in 1990 Yemen 's president , Ali Abdullah Saleh backed Saddam Hussein 's invasion of Kuwait . After Iraq lost the Gulf War , Yemenis were deported en masse from Kuwait by the restored government . US troops in Kuwait 2015 The US military continue a strong presence adding 4,000 troops in February 2015 alone . There is also a very strong US civilian presence with an estimated 18,000 American children in Kuwait being taught by 625 US teachers . See also ( edit ) Operation Desert Storm Airlift -- A Bollywood film based on the Indian evacuation right after the invasion . United Nations Security Council Resolution 660 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Al Moquatel Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1990 : Iraq invades Kuwait '' . BBC On This Day . BBC . 2 August 1990 . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Johns , Dave ( 24 January 2006 ) . `` 1990 The Invasion of Kuwait '' . Frontline / World . PBS . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kuwait Organization and Mission of the Forces '' . Country Studies . Library of Congress . January 1993 . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Kuwait -- Army Equipment '' . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` سير العمليات العسكرية للغزو العراقي للكويت '' , Al Moqatel Jump up ^ House of Lords Judgments -- Kuwait Airways Corporation v Iraqi Airways Company and Others on 16 May2002 , ( 2002 ) UKHL 19 ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Tom ; Sadik , Ahmad ( 6 August 2007 ) . `` Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait ; 1990 '' . Air Combat Information Group Journal . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Iraqi Ground Forces Equipment '' . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Jane 's Armour and Artillery 2003 -- 2004 Jump up ^ Armies of the Gulf War , Gordon L. Rottman , 1993 , p. 48 , 49 Jump up ^ Tanki v operacii `` Shok i trepet '' , Aleksei Brusilov , Leonid Karyakin , Tankomaster 2003 -- 08 ( Russian : Танки в операции `` Шок и трепет '' , Алексей Брусилов , Леонид Карякин , Танкомастер 2003 -- 08 ) Jump up ^ سير العمليات العسكرية للغزو العراقي للكويت , Al Moqatel Jump up ^ `` IRAQ : NAVAL THREAT TO US FORCES '' . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ المبحث الرابع , إعادة بناء القوات المسلحة لكل من دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي ، بعد الحرب , Al Moquatel Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 660 ( Condemning the Invasion of Kuwait by Iraq ) , S.C. res. 660 , 45 U.N. SCOR at 19 , U.N. Doc . S / RES / 660 ( 1990 ) Archived 20 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... umn.edu . Retrieved on 12 June 2011 Jump up ^ Gause , F. Gregory , III ( 2005 ) . `` The International Politics of the Gulf '' . In Louise Fawcett . International Relations of the Middle East . Oxford : The University Press . pp. 263 -- 274 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926963 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Iran reportedly fires on Kuwaiti island '' , Lakeland Ledger , 30 March 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Stork , Joe ; Lesch , Ann M. ( 1990 ) . `` Background to the Crisis : Why War ? '' . Middle East Report . 167 ( November -- December ) : 11 -- 18 . JSTOR 3012998 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iraq strains OPEC consensus '' , New Strait Times , 8 October 1988 ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC pressures Kuwait to moderate quota demand '' , New Strait Times , 7 June 1989 Jump up ^ Hindy , Lily ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` Interrogator : Invasion surprised Saddam '' . The Boston Globe . Associated Press . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ The University of Manitoba -- The Manitoban -- 5 February 2003 ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Thomas C. ( 3 September 1990 ) . `` Confrontation in the Gulf ; The Oilfield Lying Below the Iraq - Kuwait Dispute '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gregory , Derek ( 2004 ) . The Colonial Present : Afghanistan , Palestine , Iraq . Malden , MA , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 156 . ISBN 1 - 57718 - 090 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ibrahim , Youssef M. ( 26 July 1990 ) . `` Iraq Said to Prevail in Oil Dispute With Kuwait and Arab Emirates '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Thomas L. ( 17 December 1990 ) . `` Standoff in the Gulf ; A Partial Pullout By Iraq is Feared as Deadline ' Ploy ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Confrontation in the Gulf '' Archived 4 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , The New York Times , 25 September 1990 . Jump up ^ cable 90BAGHDAD4237 , SADDAM 'S MESSAGE OF FRIENDSHIP TO PRESIDENT BUSH Archived 7 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , secret US embassy cable , 25 July 1990 , released by Wikileaks on 1 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Leonard Lopate Show '' , WNPR , Why Americans Choose War Archived 17 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . 11 November 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Iraqi Invasion ; In Two Arab Capitals , Gunfire and Fear , Victory and Cheers '' . The New York Times . Kuwait : Reuters. 3 August 1990 . Jump up ^ Gulf States -- Kuwait -- Regional and National Security Considerations . Countrystudies.us . Retrieved on 12 June 2011 Jump up ^ Eyewitness , Col. Fred Hart 1 Archived 18 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Users.lighthouse.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Pollack , Arabs at war : Military Effectiveness ( 1948 -- 91 ) , University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln and London , 2002 Jump up ^ FRONTLINE / WORLD . Iraq -- Saddam 's Road to Hell -- A journey into the killing fields . PBS Archived 15 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... PBS ( 24 January 2006 ) . Retrieved on 12 June 2011 Jump up ^ `` Iran , Israel and the Shi'ite Crescent '' ( PDF ) . S. Daniel Abraham Center for Strategic Dialogue . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` Saddam 's Security Apparatus During the Invasion of Kuwait and the Kuwaiti Resistance '' . The Journal of Intelligence History . Winter 2003 . pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ `` Two ethnicities , three generations : Phonological variation and change in Kuwait '' ( PDF ) . Newcastle University . 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Kuwaiti Resistance '' . Middle East Forum . March 1995 . Jump up ^ Damage Assessment -- Kuwait Oil Archived 2 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Federation of American Scientists . Jump up ^ al - Marashi , Ibrahim ( April 9 , 2003 ) . The Significance of the `` Death '' of Ali Hassan al - Majid . James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies . Jump up ^ Iraq Archived 8 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... GlobalSecurity.org . Jump up ^ Kuwait Britannica Archived 11 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Britannica.com ( 1961 - 06 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rohan Venkataramakrishnan . `` The Berlin airlift was remarkable , but the largest civilian evacuation in history is by India '' . Scroll.in . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ State of Kuwait Archived 20 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Atlapedia.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Public health impact of 1990 Iraq invasion of Kuwait Archived 14 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Medical News Today . July 4 , 2005 . Jump up ^ CNS -- The Significance of the `` Death '' of Ali Hassan al - Majid ^ Jump up to : `` World Acts Against Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait . '' Archived 21 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... GlobalSecurity.org . Jump up ^ Hirst , David ; Tisdall , Simon ( 3 August 1990 ) . `` Superpowers unite on Iraq '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 660 ( Condemning the Invasion of Kuwait by Iraq ) , S.C. res. 660 , 45 U.N. SCOR at 19 , U.N. Doc . S / RES / 660 ( 1990 ) Archived 20 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... umn.edu . Retrieved on 12 June 2011 Jump up ^ Fairhall , David ; Walker , Martin ( 17 January 1991 ) . `` Allied planes bomb Iraq : Kuwait 's liberation begun , says US '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ 25 February 1991 : Iraq withdraws from Kuwait Archived 17 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Sify Retrieved on 12 June 2011 Jump up ^ Murphy , Kim ( 15 March 1991 ) . `` Emotional Emir Returns to Kuwait Royalty : He covers his face and stoops to kiss the ground . But not many citizens turn out to greet him '' . The Los Angeles Times . Kuwait City . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ The Use of Terror during Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait Archived 24 January 2005 at the Wayback Machine ... Jafi ( 15 May 2005 ) . Retrieved on 12 June 2011 Jump up ^ Saddam Sends Apology to Kuwait for Invasion Archived 31 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... People 's Daily . 8 December 2002 . Jump up ^ PLO apologises over Kuwait Archived 2 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... 12 December 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 30 April 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . UPI.com. 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . ( Arab Times Online ) . September 2016 . Jump up ^ Airlift : Akshay Kumar 's next a thriller of the biggest human evacuation Archived 11 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Times of India . Priya Gupta . August 19 , 2014 External links ( edit ) Iraq portal Kuwait portal Military history portal Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait -- A Personal Experience Aftermath photographs taken by a Kuwaiti journalist in 1991 Iraq articles History Ancient Sumer Akkadian Empire Babylonia Assyria Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Sassanid Asorestan 638 -- 1958 Muslim conquest of Persia Abbasid Caliphate Buyid dynasty Kara Koyunlu Ak Koyunlu Safavids Ottoman Iraq ( Mamluk dynasty ) Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Arab Federation Republic 1958 -- 68 1968 -- 2003 2003 -- 11 2011 -- present Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party -- Iraq Region ( National Command ) Saddam Hussein Iran -- Iraq War Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War Sanctions Iraq War U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal Insurgency ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Mosul liberation Geography Al - Faw Peninsula Al - Jazira Euphrates Hamrin Mountains Persian Gulf Islands Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Places Lakes Shatt al - Arab Syrian Desert Tigris Umm Qasr Zagros Mountains Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Council of Representatives ( legislative ) Elections Foreign aid Foreign relations Government Council of Ministers Presidency Council President Prime Minister Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq in Saddam Hussein 's Iraq in post-invasion Iraq in ISIL - controlled territory LGBT Freedom of religion Women Law Military Police Political parties Judiciary Wars and conflicts Economy Central Bank Dinar ( currency ) Infrastructure Oil Industry Oil reserves Reconstruction Stock Exchange Telecommunications Transportation Society Cuisine Culture Education Health Media Music Smoking Sports Demographics Iraqis diaspora refugees Languages Arabic Aramaic Kurdish Persian Iraqi Turkmen dialect Minorities Armenians Assyrians Circassians Kurds Mandaeans Marsh Arabs Persians Solluba Turkmen / Turcoman Jews Religion Islam Christianity Mandaeism Yazidis Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Kuwait&oldid=831042727 '' Categories : 1990 in Iraq 1990 in Kuwait Conflicts in 1990 Gulf War History of Kuwait Iraq -- Kuwait military relations Military history of Iraq Wars involving Iraq Wars involving Kuwait Invasions by Iraq Invasions of Kuwait Annexation Invasions August 1990 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2010 Use dmy dates from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 11 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the invasion of kuwait by iraq resulted in a conflict that became known as
[ "The Invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990 was a 2-day operation conducted by Iraq against the neighboring state of Kuwait, which resulted in the seven-month-long Iraqi occupation of the country. This invasion and Iraq's subsequent refusal to withdraw from Kuwait by a deadline mandated by the United Nations[16] led to military intervention by a United Nations-authorized coalition of forces led by the United States. These events came to be known as the first Gulf War and resulted in the expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait and the Iraqis setting 600 Kuwaiti oil wells on fire during their retreat." ]
[ "the first Gulf War" ]
-5921386734465810489
American Idol (season 14)
American Idol ( season 14 ) - wikipedia American Idol ( season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search American Idol Season 14 Broadcast from January 7 -- May 13 , 2015 Judges Harry Connick , Jr . Jennifer Lopez Keith Urban Host ( s ) Ryan Seacrest Broadcaster Fox Finals venue Dolby Theatre Winner Nick Fradiani Origin Guilford , Connecticut Song `` Beautiful Life '' Genre ( s ) Rock , Pop Runner - up Clark Beckham Chronology ◀ 2015 ▶ The fourteenth season of American Idol , also known as American Idol XIV , premiered on the Fox television network on January 7 , 2015 . Ryan Seacrest continues his role as host , while Jennifer Lopez , Keith Urban and Harry Connick , Jr. returned for their respective fourth , third and second times as judges . Randy Jackson stepped down as mentor , being replaced by Scott Borchetta . Long - time sponsor Coca - Cola ended its relationship with the show . This was the fourth season to have an all - male finale and the third season where the final two contestants had never been in the bottom group prior to the finale . Before the finale , it was announced that the upcoming season airing in 2016 would be the last of the reality show . Since the series began in 2002 it peaked in viewership at 30 million viewers per episode in 2006 , slipping to 20 million viewers per episode in 2011 , and down further since with an average of about 9.15 million viewers per episode in 2015 . On May 13 , Nick Fradiani was announced the winner of the season , with Clark Beckham as runner - up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Changes 2 Regional auditions 3 Hollywood week 4 Semi-finalists 5 Semi-finals 5.1 Top 24 -- Contestant 's Choice 5.2 Top 16 -- Motown 6 Finalists 7 Finals 7.1 Top 12 -- Back to the Start 7.2 Top 11 ( first week ) -- Party Songs 7.3 Top 11 ( second week ) -- Songs from the Cinema 7.4 Top 9 -- Songs from the 1980s 7.5 Top 8 -- Kelly Clarkson 7.6 Top 7 -- Billboard Hot 100 7.7 Top 6 -- American Classics 7.8 Top 5 -- Arena Anthems 7.9 Top 4 -- Judges ' Hometown / Soul 7.10 Top 3 -- Scott Borchetta 's Choice / Hometown Dedication / Judges ' Choice 7.11 Top 2 -- Favorite Performance / Simon Fuller 's Choice / Winner 's Single 8 Elimination chart 9 Idol Fan Save 10 Controversy 10.1 Quentin Alexander incident 11 Guest performances 12 Ratings 12.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 13 Contestants who appeared on other talent shows / seasons 14 References Changes ( edit ) The fourteenth season of American Idol featured a number of major changes to its format and talent . Some of these changes came in response to the falling popularity and viewership of Idol in comparison to NBC 's competing series The Voice ; viewership of the thirteenth season had fallen by 27 % . Former judge Randy Jackson , who served as a mentor on the previous season , left the show and was succeeded by Big Machine Records founder Scott Borchetta . In May 2014 , Ryan Seacrest signed a two - year extension to remain host of Idol through 2016 , which will be the show 's final season . Long - time sponsor Coca - Cola ended its relationship with the series , and the Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role . To evaluate their ability to perform in front of a live audience , the final 48 contestants participated in a private concert at the House of Blues in West Hollywood before being cut to 24 . Separate results shows during the top 12 round were discontinued , in favor of a single two - hour broadcast on Wednesday nights ; results from the previous week were revealed during the following week 's show , similarly to Dancing with the Stars . A new feature known as the `` Fan Save '' was also introduced , in which viewers could vote via Twitter to decide which of the bottom two singers from the previous week would advance . The finale returned to the Dolby Theatre , where five of the first six season finales took place . Regional auditions ( edit ) Auditions took place in the following cities : Date of airing City Audition date Venue Callback date Callback venue January 21 , 2015 Minneapolis , Minnesota June 18 , 2014 Mariucci Arena September 24 -- 25 , 2014 Minneapolis Convention Center January 22 , 2015 New Orleans , Louisiana June 25 , 2014 Lakefront Arena August 26 -- 27 , 2014 Morial Convention Center January 15 , 2015 Long Island , New York July 23 , 2014 Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum September 16 -- 17 , 2014 Marriott Hotel in Downtown Brooklyn January 7 -- 8 , 2015 Nashville , Tennessee July 30 , 2014 Nashville Municipal Auditorium August 3 -- 4 , 2014 Music City Center January 28 -- 29 , 2015 San Francisco , California September 29 , 2014 Cow Palace October 3 -- 4 , 2014 Westin St. Francis January 8 & 14 , 2015 Bus tour -- various cities July 9 -- 21 , 2014 Various August 13 -- 14 , 2014 Bartle Hall Convention Center , Kansas City For the New York auditions , Adam Lambert replaced Urban who took time off to be with his wife , Nicole Kidman , after the death of her father . The American Idol `` Audition Bus Tour '' visit the cities of : Portland , Oregon ; Portland , Maine ; Reno , Nevada ; Columbus , Ohio ; Richmond , Virginia ; Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Amarillo , Texas ; Myrtle Beach , South Carolina ; Branson , Missouri ; Tallahassee , Florida ; and Kansas City , Missouri . Hollywood Week ( edit ) The Hollywood rounds aired in four parts over two weeks . Contestants participated in two rounds : groups and solos . The judges also asked some of the most notable contestants to sing for them at the beginning of the rounds , surprising many of them , but they all advanced . Semi-finalists ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of Top 24 semi-finalists who were not selected to perform and failed to reach the second round of the semi-finals : Males Contestant Age ( on show ) Hometown Audition city Riley Bria 18 Spring Hill , Tennessee Nashville , Tennessee Trevor Douglas 17 Fort Worth , Texas Nashville , Tennessee Michael Simeon 21 Lumberton , Mississippi Nashville , Tennessee Savion Wright 22 Jasper , Texas Nashville , Tennessee Females Contestant Age ( on show ) Hometown Audition city Shannon Berthiaume 17 Saint Paul , Minnesota Minneapolis , Minnesota Lovey James 17 Portland , Oregon Bus Tour Shi Scott 19 Belcamp , Maryland Long Island , New York Katherine Winston 18 Lenox , Massachusetts Long Island , New York The following is a list of Top 16 semi-finalists who failed to reach the finals : Males Contestant Age ( on show ) Hometown Audition city Mark Andrew 29 Eden Prairie , Minnesota Minneapolis , Minnesota Adam Ezegelian 20 Wantagh , New York Long Island , New York Females Contestant Age ( on show ) Hometown Audition city Alexis Gomez 22 Dayton , Ohio Bus Tour Loren Lott 22 San Diego , California Nashville , Tennessee Semi-finals ( edit ) The semi-finals began on February 25 , 2015 , and continued for four episodes . The semifinalists performed at The Fillmore in Detroit . The male contestants performed on Wednesday , February 25 , 2015 . The female contestants performed on Thursday , February 26 , 2015 . Those who obtained the most votes per gender group advanced onto the Top 16 and sang a song from Motown to hopefully advance further the following week . After ten contestants were chosen to perform in the finals based on the public vote , the six semi-finalists were eligible for their Instant Wildcard pick . The judges only picked two contestants to perform in the finals . Top 24 -- Contestant 's Choice ( edit ) Order Males Females Contestant Song Result Contestant Song Result Adam Ezegelian `` I Wanna Rock '' Safe Lovey James `` Love Runs Out '' Eliminated Michael Simeon `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' Eliminated Adanna Duru `` Rather Be '' Safe Savion Wright `` Hey , Soul Sister '' Eliminated Alexis Gomez `` Gunpowder & Lead '' Safe Mark Andrew `` The Weight '' Safe Joey Cook `` Somebody Like You '' Safe 5 Trevor Douglas `` Best I Ever Had '' Eliminated Katherine Winston `` Safe & Sound '' Eliminated 6 Clark Beckham `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' Safe Shannon Berthiaume `` Who Knew '' Eliminated 7 Rayvon Owen `` Jealous '' Safe Loren Lott `` Note to God '' Safe 8 Daniel Seavey `` I 'm Yours '' Safe Shi Scott `` Umbrella '' Eliminated 9 Riley Bria `` Homeboy '' Eliminated Maddie Walker `` Love Gets Me Everytime '' Safe 10 Quentin Alexander `` I Put a Spell on You '' Safe Sarina - Joi Crowe `` Mamma Knows Best '' Safe 11 Nick Fradiani `` Thinking Out Loud '' Safe Jax `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' Safe 12 Qaasim Middleton `` Uptown Funk '' Safe Tyanna Jones `` Lips Are Movin '' Safe Top 16 -- Motown ( edit ) Order Males Females Contestant Song Result Contestant Song Result Daniel Seavey `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved By You ) '' Safe Tyanna Jones `` Rockin ' Robin '' Safe Mark Andrew `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' Eliminated Loren Lott `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' Eliminated Rayvon Owen `` My Girl '' Safe Maddie Walker `` I 'll Be There '' Safe Adam Ezegelian `` I Want You Back '' Eliminated Joey Cook `` Shop Around '' Safe 5 Clark Beckham `` The Tracks of My Tears '' Safe Sarina - Joi Crowe `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' Safe 6 Nick Fradiani `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' Safe Adanna Duru `` Hello '' Wild Card 7 Qaasim Middleton `` I Wish '' Safe Jax `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Safe 8 Quentin Alexander `` Master Blaster ( Jammin ' ) '' Wild Card Alexis Gomez `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' Eliminated Finalists ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nick Fradiani Nick Fradiani ( born November 15 , 1985 ) is from Guilford , Connecticut . Fradiani was the vocalist of Beach Avenue which got recognition after they won in the Battle of the Bands at Mohegan Sun in 2011 . They auditioned for the ninth season of America 's Got Talent , but were eliminated during Judgement Week . His father was a musician , who performs in clubs and in cruise ships . He taught his son to play drums , piano and guitar . Fradiani graduated in high school in 2004 . He has a bachelor 's degree in History from Wheaton College in Norton , Massachusetts . He resumed his music career by playing solo gigs . Fradiani continuously got gigs with his band , which was on hiatus during his participation on Idol . He and his girlfriend auditioned in New York City , and his golden ticket song was Peter Gabriel 's `` In Your Eyes '' . During Hollywood Week , he sang `` Babylon '' by David Gray . He sang Train 's `` Drops of Jupiter '' during the House of Blues Showcase , earning his spot in the Top 24 . He was the third alumnus of America 's Got Talent to be a finalist in Idol , with his predecessors Thia Megia of the tenth season and eleventh season runner - up Jessica Sanchez . He was announced as the winner on May 13 . Clark Beckham ( born May 15 , 1992 ) is from White House , Tennessee . He was a musician in the streets of Nashville . Beckham 's father was a professional musician , playing guitar for the Righteous Brothers and Dolly Parton . His mother was a court reporter before she quit her job to be a music teacher . He attended Lee University , a Christian - liberal arts school in Cleveland , Tennessee . He was studying to be a teacher in history and physical education . He competed in the Battle of the Bands and toured with the campus choir . Beckham plays a number of instruments . At the age of nine , he started playing drums . He played guitar at the age of twelve and piano at the age of sixteen . In a Christian Post interview Beckham noted he was a worship leader and feels God is his biggest influence . He prayed on whether to audition for Idol and plans to continue with a career in Christian music following the competition . Beckham sang James Brown 's `` It 's a Man 's World '' during his audition . In his first solo performance in Hollywood rounds , he sang Otis Reding 's `` Try a Little Tenderness '' . He advances in the Top 24 after he sang `` Georgia on My Mind '' by Ray Charles in the House of Blues Showcase Week . He cites Marvin Gaye , Stevie Wonder , Al Green , Michael Jackson and Michael Bublé as his musical influences . He was announced as the runner - up . Jax Jax is from East Brunswick , New Jersey . Singing since she was five , she taught herself how to play the piano . At the age of twelve , she moved to New York City and left public school for home - schooling to pursue her music career with a professional voice coach in New York City . Her father was a firefighter in New York City who was injured during the September 11 , 2001 attacks and retired , because of this he was able to accompany , and bond with her at lessons , shows , auditions , and recordings . In high school , she starred in musicals such as `` Aladdin '' and `` Annie '' . She was also a member of about five bands and ended up touring a lot . In mid-2014 , Jax studied at New York University in London where she won a BMI John Lennon songwriting program . She auditioned in New York City with her rendition of The Beatles ' `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' . She also sang `` Toxic '' by Britney Spears during her first solo audition in Hollywood Week . For her final solo performance , she sang The Beatles ' `` Let it Be '' . She earned her spot in the Top 24 in the House of Blues Showcase after she performed Lady Gaga 's `` You & I '' . She was the last female contestant eliminated on May 12 , coming in third place . Prior to her elimination , Jax had never been in the bottom 2 . Rayvon Owen ( born June 27 , 1991 ) is a vocal coach from Richmond , Virginia . At his young age , he sang with the Sunbeam Choir at Antioch Baptist Church . He joined the Richmond Boys Choir in middle school and later , joined the Harlem Boys Choir . He graduated from Henrico High School 's Center for the Arts . He attended college at Belmont University in Nashville , Tennessee . He auditioned in San Francisco with his rendition of Katy Perry 's `` Wide Awake '' . Owen sang `` Ordinary People '' by John Legend in his first solo performance and Otis Reding 's `` Try a Little Tenderness '' in his final solo performance , during Hollywood week . He performed during the Showcase week in the House of Blues with Sam Smith 's `` Lay Me Down '' , earning his spot in the semi-finals . He cites Lionel Richie , John Legend , Katy Perry , and Stevie Wonder as his musical influences . He was eliminated on May 6 , coming in fourth place . Tyanna Jones ( born August 8 , 1998 ) is from Jacksonville , Florida . Jones is the middle of eleven children . She spent months living homeless with her family in the local pastor church . She started singing with the choir as voice major in Douglas Anderson School of the Arts at the age of five She and her mother flew to San Francisco , which was the last venue of auditions , after they earned enough money for the trip . For her audition , she sang `` Wings '' by Little Mix , to earn her ticket . During the Hollywood Rounds , she sang Olly Murs ' `` Dance with Me Tonight '' in her first solo performance and `` Try '' by Colbie Caillat in her final solo performance . She performed during the Showcase week in the House of Blues with Beyoncé 's `` Love on Top '' , earning her spot in the semi-finals . She cites Prince , Michael Jackson and Beyonce as musical influences . She was eliminated on April 29 , coming in fifth place . Quentin Alexander ( born December 11 , 1994 ) is from New Orleans , Louisiana . Alexander 's mentor and drama instructor at school , Troy Populous , encouraged him to channel his creative energy into drama class . Populous could see Alexander had charisma , an ' it ' factor , and Alexander agreed that he was able to channel his frustration into `` something beautiful , which at the time was theater . '' Alexander says that many artists have made impacts on him with a few of his biggest inspirations as Erykah Badu , David Bowie , Andre 3000 , Jimi Hendrix , Lenny Kravitz , Lorde , Sia `` and the list goes on for miles . '' He sang `` Royals '' by Lorde for his audition in New Orleans . During the final round of Hollywood week , he sang `` Riptide '' by Vance Joy . He earns the spot in the Top 24 after he sang `` Youth '' by Foxes during the showcase week in the House of Blues . He was eliminated on April 22 , coming in sixth place . Joey Cook ( born March 30 , 1991 ) is a street busker originally from Woodbridge , Virginia who moved to New Orleans . When she is not working , she performs in the streets of Richmond . During her audition , she performed `` King of Spain '' by The Tallest Man on Earth . Cook sang Miranda Lambert 's `` Kerosene '' during her first solo performance in the Hollywood rounds . She also sang `` Across the Universe '' by The Beatles for her final solo round performance . Cook landed the spot in the top 24 after she performed `` Sweet Pea '' by Amos Lee in the House of Blues Showcase Round . Her performance of Fancy during the top 11 was well received by the judges and earned a standing ovation from Keith Urban . She played the accordion , ukulele , banjo , as well as the mandolin during the course of the season . Joey is a member of the band Mammoth Indigo . She was eliminated on April 15 , coming in seventh place . Qaasim Middleton ( born January 13 , 1995 ) is from Brooklyn , New York . He is the son of actors and professional musicians Keith Middleton and Toni Seawright . His mother was Miss Mississippi in 1987 . She has sung backing vocals for Tina Turner , Teena Marie and Laura Branigan , among many others . His father was a cast member of the stage musical , `` Stomp '' for 20 years . Middleton was formerly a musician and actor in Nickelodeon 's television show The Naked Brothers Band . He auditioned in New York City with `` Sir Duke '' by Stevie Wonder . He performed Ed Sheeran 's `` Give Me Love '' during his final Hollywood solo round . He sang `` Satisfaction '' by Allen Stone , earning his spot in the Top 24 in the House of Blues showcase week . Middleton was the recipient of the one and only `` judges ' save '' of the season , which kept him from elimination during the second week of the Top 11 . However , he was eliminated on April 8 , coming in eighth place . Daniel Seavey ( born April 2 , 1999 ) is from Vancouver , Washington . Seavey was a sophomore student at Union High School in Camas . At his young age , He played guitar , violin , cello , viola , piano , mandolin , ukulele , bass and drums . His father was a pastor at Living Water Community Church . He sang Leonard Cohen 's `` Hallelujah '' & Paula Abdul 's `` Straight Up '' during his audition in San Francisco . During the Hollywood Rounds , he sang Ed Sheeran 's `` Thinking Out Loud '' in his first solo performance and `` I See Fire '' , also sung by Sheeran , in his final solo performance . He performed again `` Straight Up '' in the House of Blues , earning his spot in the top 24 . Seavey was the youngest contestant at the age of 15 to compete in the show . He was eliminated on April 1 , coming in ninth place . Adanna Duru ( born October 10 , 1996 ) is a student from Diamond Bar , California . At the age of 10 , Duru wrote her first song , `` Come Back to Me '' . She played guitar and piano on the song , which was about world peace . She performed in musicals during middle school . For three years , she was a member of her high school choir . She was a contestant on the third season of The Voice where she was defaulted to Adam Levine 's team , but was eliminated in the Battle Rounds . She auditioned in San Francisco with Lady Gaga 's `` You & I '' . She performed `` It 's a Man 's , Man 's , Man 's World '' by James Brown during the House of Blues Showcase where she got standing ovation by Jennifer Lopez , earning her spot in the Top 24 . Adanna 's biggest musical influences are Michael Jackson , Justin Timberlake , Janet Jackson , Beyoncé and Lady Gaga . She was eliminated on March 25 , along with Maddie Walker , tied at tenth place . Maddie Walker ( born December 23 , 1997 ) is from Ankeny , Iowa . She previously auditioned in the thirteenth season but was cut during the group round on Hollywood Week . She returned to audition again in New York City with Gwen Sebastian 's `` Suitcase '' . She sang `` Already Gone '' by Sugarland during her first solo round in Hollywood week . She also sang `` Do n't Ya '' by Brett Eldredge in her final solo performance . During the House of Blues Showcase , she sang `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' . She was cut during the top 24 selection but was called back by the judges , whom they were undecided , to have a sing - off with fellow singer , Rachel Hallack , to earn the spot in the semi-finals . Thus , the judges decided to send Walker through the Top 24 . She was eliminated on March 25 , along with Adanna Duru , tied at tenth place . Sarina - Joi Crowe ( born June 27 , 1995 ) is a musician from Columbia , Tennessee . She originally auditioned for the tenth season of American Idol , but was cut on the last day of the Hollywood Round . Crowe also auditioned for the twelfth and thirteenth seasons , where she was cut in the green mile round . For her fourth appearance , she returned to audition in Nashville , Tennessee with `` Love Runs Out '' by OneRepublic . She sang Jessie J 's `` Big White Room '' in the House of Blues Showcase Week where she was able to earn her spot in the Top 24 . She was the first finalist to be eliminated on March 12 , coming in twelfth place . Finals ( edit ) In this season , there are 10 weeks of the finals , consisting of 11 live shows , and 12 finalists , with one finalist eliminated per week based on the American public 's votes . Scott Borchetta replaced Randy Jackson as finalists ' in - house mentor . Top 12 -- Back to the Start ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Result Sarina - Joi Crowe `` Love Runs Out '' Eliminated Rayvon Owen `` Wide Awake '' Safe Daniel Seavey `` Straight Up '' Safe Maddie Walker `` Suitcase '' Safe 5 Tyanna Jones `` Wings '' Safe 6 Nick Fradiani `` In Your Eyes '' Safe 7 Jax `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' Safe 8 Qaasim Middleton `` Sir Duke '' Safe 9 Clark Beckham `` It 's a Man 's Man 's Man 's World '' Safe 10 Joey Cook `` King of Spain '' Safe 11 Quentin Alexander `` Royals '' Safe 12 Adanna Duru `` You and I '' Safe Top 11 ( first week ) -- Party Songs ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Result Rayvon Owen `` Burn '' Safe Maddie Walker `` She 's Country '' Safe Joey Cook `` Fancy '' Safe Clark Beckham `` Takin ' It to the Streets '' Safe 5 Jax `` Blank Space '' Safe 6 Qaasim Middleton `` Jet '' Saved 7 Adanna Duru `` Runaway Baby '' Safe 8 Tyanna Jones `` Tightrope '' Safe 9 Daniel Seavey `` Happy '' Safe 10 Quentin Alexander `` Rolling in the Deep '' Safe 11 Nick Fradiani `` Wake Me Up '' Safe Top 11 ( second week ) -- Songs from the Cinema ( edit ) Guest mentor : Nile Rodgers Group performance : `` Get Lucky '' Order Contestant Song Featured movie Result Adanna Duru `` Love You I Do '' Dreamgirls Eliminated Daniel Seavey `` Lost Stars '' Begin Again Safe Rayvon Owen `` Stayin ' Alive '' Saturday Night Fever Bottom 3 Nick Fradiani `` Danger Zone '' Top Gun Safe 5 Joey Cook `` Mad World '' Donnie Darko Safe 6 Tyanna Jones `` Circle of Life '' The Lion King Safe 7 Quentin Alexander `` You 're the One That I Want '' Grease Safe 8 Maddie Walker `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' Footloose Eliminated 9 Clark Beckham `` Sunday Morning '' Cheaper by the Dozen 2 Safe 10 Jax `` Grow Old with You '' The Wedding Singer Safe 11 Qaasim Middleton `` Come Together '' Across the Universe Safe Top 9 -- Songs from the 1980s ( edit ) Guest mentor : Boy George Group performance : `` Karma Chameleon '' with Boy George Starting this week , the studio versions of each contestant performance are available at iTunes . Order Contestant Song Result Daniel Seavey `` You Make My Dreams '' Eliminated Quentin Alexander `` In the Air Tonight '' Safe Joey Cook `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' Safe Tyanna Jones `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' Safe 5 Jax `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' Safe 6 Nick Fradiani `` Man in the Mirror '' Safe 7 Clark Beckham `` Every Breath You Take '' Safe 8 Qaasim Middleton `` Addicted to Love '' Safe 9 Rayvon Owen `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' Bottom 2 Top 8 -- Kelly Clarkson ( edit ) Guest mentor : Kelly Clarkson Group performance : `` People Like Us '' Order Contestant Song Result Nick Fradiani `` Catch My Breath '' Safe Jax `` Beautiful Disaster '' Safe Tyanna Jones `` Mr. Know It All '' Safe Joey Cook `` Miss Independent '' Safe 5 Quentin Alexander `` Dark Side '' Safe 6 Qaasim Middleton `` Stronger ( What Does n't Kill You ) '' Eliminated 7 Clark Beckham `` The Trouble with Love Is '' Safe 8 Daniel Seavey `` Breakaway '' N / A 9 Rayvon Owen `` Since U Been Gone '' Bottom 2 Note 1 : Daniel Seavey performed in the Top 8 night for the Twitter fan save . He is part of the Top 9 week 's Bottom 2 alongside Rayvon Owen . However , he was eliminated and did not advance . Top 7 -- Billboard Hot 100 ( edit ) Guest mentors : Jason Derulo & Florida Georgia Line Order Contestant Song Result Jax `` Poker Face '' Safe Nick Fradiani `` Teenage Dream '' Safe Quentin Alexander `` Latch '' Safe Joey Cook `` Wrecking Ball '' Eliminated 5 Clark Beckham `` Make It Rain '' Safe 6 Tyanna Jones `` Stay '' Safe 7 Rayvon Owen `` Set Fire to the Rain '' Bottom 2 8 Qaasim Middleton `` Hey Ya ! '' N / A Note 1 : Qaasim Middletion performed in the Top 7 night for the Twitter fan save . He is part of the Top 8 week 's Bottom 2 alongside Rayvon Owen . However , he was eliminated and did not advance . Top 6 -- American Classics ( edit ) For the first time in the competition , each finalist performs two songs . Order Contestant Song Result Tyanna Jones `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' Safe Clark Beckham `` Superstition '' Safe Jax `` Piece of My Heart '' Safe Nick Fradiani `` American Girl '' Safe 5 Quentin Alexander `` Are You Gonna Go My Way '' Eliminated 6 Joey Cook `` My Funny Valentine '' N / A 7 Rayvon Owen `` Long Train Runnin ' '' Bottom 2 8 Clark Beckham `` Moon River '' Safe 9 Tyanna Jones `` Proud Mary '' Safe 10 Nick Fradiani `` Only the Good Die Young '' Safe 11 Quentin Alexander `` The Sound of Silence '' Eliminated 12 Jax `` Beat It '' Safe 13 Rayvon Owen `` Always on My Mind '' Bottom 2 14 Joey Cook `` Somebody to Love '' N / A Note 1 : Joey Cook performed in the Top 6 night for the Twitter fan save . She is part of the Top 7 week 's Bottom 2 alongside Rayvon Owen . However , she was eliminated and did not advance . Top 5 -- Arena Anthems ( edit ) The American Idols Tour which in years past included the top ten on tour has changed to include only the top five finalists so this week the finalists who move forward are considered as part of the annual summer tour of AI finalists . Order Contestant Song Result Jax `` Are You Gonna Be My Girl '' Safe Nick Fradiani `` Harder to Breathe '' Safe Clark Beckham `` Yesterday '' Safe Tyanna Jones `` Party in the U.S.A. '' Eliminated 5 Quentin Alexander `` Light My Fire '' N / A 6 Rayvon Owen `` I 'm Not the Only One '' Bottom 2 7 Nick Fradiani `` Maggie May '' Safe 8 Tyanna Jones `` Heaven '' Eliminated 9 Clark Beckham `` Boyfriend '' Safe 10 Jax `` White Flag '' Safe 11 Quentin Alexander `` Shake It Out '' N / A 12 Rayvon Owen `` Go Your Own Way '' Bottom 2 Note 1 : Quentin Alexander performed in the Top 5 night for the Twitter fan save . He is part of the Top 6 week 's Bottom 2 alongside Rayvon Owen . However , he was eliminated and did not advance . Top 4 -- judges ' Hometown / Soul ( edit ) Guest mentors : Martina McBride and Jay DeMarcus The finalists will take on songs of the Judges ' hometowns and their own soul . Order Contestant Song Result Clark Beckham `` Living for the City '' Safe Jax `` Empire State of Mind '' Safe Nick Fradiani `` Bright Lights '' Safe Rayvon Owen `` Need You Now '' Eliminated 5 Clark Beckham `` Your Man '' Safe 6 Jax `` Human '' Safe 7 Rayvon Owen `` Believe '' Eliminated 8 Nick Fradiani `` What Hurts the Most '' Safe Top 3 -- Scott Borchetta 's choice / Hometown dedication / judges ' choice ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Result Rayvon Owen `` Want To Want Me '' N / A Clark Beckham `` Beautiful Day '' Safe Nick Fradiani `` Because the Night '' Safe Jax `` My Generation '' Eliminated 5 Nick Fradiani `` Back Home '' Safe 6 Clark Beckham `` ( Sittin ' On ) the Dock of the Bay '' Safe 7 Rayvon Owen `` As '' N / A 8 Jax `` My Immortal '' Eliminated 9 Clark Beckham `` Earned It '' Safe 10 Rayvon Owen `` You Are So Beautiful '' N / A 11 Jax `` Misery Business '' Eliminated 12 Nick Fradiani `` I 'll Be '' Safe Note 1 : Rayvon Owen performed in the Top 3 night for a spot in the top three . However , he is the person with the lowest number of votes in the Top 4 week and was eliminated . Top 2 -- Favorite Performance / Simon Fuller 's Choice / Winner 's Single ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Result Clark Beckham `` Georgia on My Mind '' Runner - up Nick Fradiani `` Bright Lights '' Winner Clark Beckham `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' Runner - up Nick Fradiani `` I Wo n't Give Up '' Winner 5 Clark Beckham `` Champion '' Runner - up 6 Nick Fradiani `` Beautiful Life '' Winner Elimination Chart ( edit ) Females Males Top 24 Top 12 Wild Card Winner Did Not Perform Safe Safe Last Eliminated Judges ' Save Stage : Semi-finals Finals Date : 3 / 4 3 / 5 3 / 11 3 / 12 3 / 19 3 / 25 4 / 1 4 / 8 4 / 15 4 / 22 4 / 29 5 / 6 5 / 12 5 / 13 Place Contestant Result Nick Fradiani Winner Clark Beckham Runner - up Jax Elim Rayvon Owen Bottom 3 Bottom 2 Bottom 2 Bottom 2 Bottom 2 Bottom 2 Elim 5 Tyanna Jones Elim 6 Quentin Alexander Wild Card Elim 7 Joey Cook Elim 8 Qaasim Middleton Saved Elim 9 Daniel Seavey Elim 10 -- 11 Adanna Duru Wild Card Elim Maddie Walker 12 Sarina - Joi Crowe Elim 13 -- 16 Mark Andrew Elim Adam Ezegelian Alexis Gomez Loren Lott 17 -- 24 Shannon Berthiaume Elim Lovey James Shi Scott Katherine Winston Riley Bria Elim Trevor Douglas Michael Simeon Savion Wright ^ Note 1 Due to the judges using their one ' Judges ' Save ' per season , in order to save Middleton , the ' Top 11 ' remained intact for another week , and no one was eliminated at the end of the show on March 19 . ^ Note 2 The Idol Fan Save began from the Top 8 reveal . ^ Note 3 The Idol Fan Save ends . Idol Fan save ( edit ) Beginning in the top 8 live show of this season , similarly to the format originally started by America 's Got Talent and used on The Voice , American Idol introduced the Twitter - powered Idol Fan Save . At some point during every show , the two contestants who received the lowest amount of votes from the previous week are revealed . The bottom two contestants then perform in exactly the same format as the safe contestants . However , after the performances are completed , the viewers only have 5 minutes to vote by tweeting about which of the bottom two contestants should be saved . After the five - minute time limit expires , the contestant who has the most amount of Twitter votes advances to the next round , while the other contestant is eliminated . Due to tape - delays in the Pacific and Mountain time zones , the Idol Fan Save is only available to viewers living in the Central and Eastern time zones . Controversy ( edit ) Quentin Alexander incident ( edit ) National media outlets reported on an exchange between judge Harry Connick Jr. and contestant Quentin Alexander noting the incident of Connick scolding a contestant was awkward . On the live airing of the Top 6 show , there was three contestants who had not been saved when Alexander was chosen . After he performed , host Ryan Seacrest noted that he appeared to be upset . When asked Alexander responded `` This sucks , We 've got two of the best vocalists , my best friend ( Joey Cook ) sitting over there . This whole thing is whack , but I 'm going to shut up right now . '' Seacrest then replied saying that this is a competition , and with the save anything could happen . When Alexander had left the stage , Connick Jr. said , `` Quentin , if it 's that whack , then you can always go home , because Idol is paying a lot of money to give you this experience and for you to say that to this hand that is feeding you right now , I think is highly disrespectful . '' Alexander was then prompted by the producers to return to the stage where he approached the judges and clarified he meant the two being potentially eliminated was whack , not the show , or the experience . Later , after performing his second song , he explained `` I understand that these things are going to happen , and I just did n't want my friend to leave '' and apologized . Judge Jennifer Lopez empathized with Alexander 's emotions running high but said that as an artist he had to learn to work through that even when it happens to put on the performance . Joey Cook commented after being eliminated on Alexander 's statements : I pretty much just told him what he did was beautiful , in my opinion , and it was the perfect representation of him . Quentin is a very emotional person . He 's very ' all cards on the table . ' There is no sugar coating . He does n't hide his emotions . He 's honest . He 's a raw human being , and I think what happened last night was the perfect example of that and how emotional of a person he is . The producers played up the exchange in what Music Times termed `` what seemed like shady circumstances '' to replay the incident throughout the week in show promos and at the beginning of the Top 5 show . An AI source also stated that for fairness purposes the judges and contestants have a strict wall of silence between them and only interact onstage so Connick Jr. and Alexander have not had contact since last week . Alexander was eliminated the next show the following week with what Music Times questioned as possibly the first time American Idol `` went into an episode with what seemed to be a very clear agenda . '' Yahoo 's managing editor Lyndsey Parker detailed many points that she argued was American Idol `` throwing Quentin Alexander under the tour bus '' referring to the idiom of throw under the bus by sacrificing a friend as the show heavily promotes the summer tour which only guarantees the top five finalists will be included . Included in her critique was that the show had aired the promotional video featuring the confrontation which she characterized as `` misleadingly edited '' to boost ratings which have been historically low , had a surprisingly few negative judges comments , and instead lavish praise for other contestants while Alexander 's was pointedly negative , and what Parker saw as a `` backhanded and unflattering '' exchange from Connick Jr. insinuating Alexander needed Auto - Tune . She also noted that the `` Fan Save '' portion was handled uniquely in that the other contestant Rayon Owen did n't have a replay or critique until after a commercial break , while Alexander did not get the same treatment , and host Ryan Seacrest claimed Alexander had muttered `` I give up '' which Alexander had to clarify was actually `` I give it up . '' USA Today echoed the sentiment stating that the awkward moments probably led to his elimination . Guest performances ( edit ) Week Performer ( s ) Title Hot 100 reaction Digital sales reaction Performance type Top 16 Aretha Franklin `` I Will Survive '' Unreleased -- Live Top 11 Week 1 Jussie Smollett & Yazz `` No Apologies '' -- -- Top 11 Week 2 Jennifer Lopez `` Feel the Light '' -- -- Kenny Loggins `` Footloose '' -- -- Top 9 David Hasselhoff `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' / `` Walking on Sunshine '' / `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' / `` Do You Really Want to Hurt Me '' / `` Let 's Dance '' / `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' Unreleased -- Salt - N - Pepa `` Push It '' -- -- Top 8 Kelly Clarkson `` Heartbeat Song '' 38 -- `` At Last '' -- -- Top 7 Florida Georgia Line `` Sippin ' on Fire '' 76 34,000 Jason Derulo `` Want to Want Me 14 -- Iggy Azalea & Jennifer Hudson `` Trouble '' 73 -- Top 4 Harry Connick Jr . `` City Beneath the Sea '' TBA TBA Martina McBride `` Over the Rainbow '' TBA TBA Finale Fall Out Boy , Clark Beckham & Nick Fradiani `` Centuries '' Unreleased Unreleased Live The Jacksons & Tyanna Jones `` I Want You Back '' / `` ABC '' / `` The Love You Save '' / `` Shake Your Body ( Down to the Ground ) '' Unreleased Unreleased Live Chic , Nile Rodgers & American Idol Girls `` We Are Family '' / `` Le Freak '' / `` I 'll Be There '' / `` Good Times '' / `` Rapper 's Delight '' Unreleased Unreleased Live Ricky Martin `` Mr. Put It Down '' TBA TBA Pre-recorded Ricky Martin & American Idol Boys ( minus Daniel Seavey ) `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' / `` She Bangs '' / `` The Cup of Life '' Unreleased Unreleased Pre-recorded Janelle Monáe & Adanna Duru featuring Jidenna `` Yoga '' Unreleased Unreleased Live Prince Royce featuring Jennifer Lopez & Pitbull `` Back It Up '' TBA TBA Pre-recorded Echosmith & Joey Cook `` Cool Kids '' Unreleased Unreleased Live Keith Urban `` Even the Stars Fall 4 U '' TBA 5,800 Pre-recorded Jamie Foxx & Rayvon Owen `` In Love by Now '' Unreleased Unreleased Live New Kids on the Block & Daniel Seavey `` Please Do n't Go Girl '' / `` Step by Step '' / `` You Got It ( The Right Stuff ) '' Unreleased Unreleased Live Vance Joy & Quentin Alexander `` Riptide '' Unreleased Unreleased Live Pitbull & Qaasim Middleton featuring Chris Brown `` Fun '' Unreleased Unreleased Pre-recorded Steven Tyler `` Love is Your Name '' TBA TBA Live Steven Tyler & Jax `` Piece of My Heart '' Unreleased Unreleased Live Michael McDonald & Clark Beckham `` Takin ' It to the Streets '' Unreleased Unreleased Live Andy Grammer & Nick Fradiani `` Back Home '' / `` Honey , I 'm Good . '' Unreleased Unreleased Live Harry Connick , Jr. , Jennifer Lopez & Keith Urban `` Diamonds '' / `` Locked Out of Heaven '' Unreleased Unreleased Pre-recorded Nick Fradiani `` Beautiful Life '' 93 TBA Live Ratings ( edit ) U.S. nielsen Ratings ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The season premiere was watched by 11.2 million viewers ; down 25 % from the thirteenth season 's premiere ( which had an audience of 15.19 million viewers ) . However , it was up 6.3 % from the thirteenth season 's finale ( which had an audience of 10.53 million viewers ) , the second time in the show 's history . Currently , the most - viewed episode this season was the `` Minneapolis Auditions , '' which aired on January 21 , 2015 , and the episode with the least amount of viewers tuning in was the `` Top 7 Perform : Billboard Hits , '' which aired on April 8 , 2015 . This episode now takes the top spot as the least - viewed and worst - rated American Idol episode ever , with 6.58 viewers . The title was previously held by the thirteenth season 's `` The Final 2 , '' which was watched by 6.76 million viewers on May 20 , 2014 . The average viewership in millions for the audition episodes was 10.84 . The `` Top 11 Perform ( Redux ) : Movie Night '' episode was moved to Thursday night , to make way for the two - hour finale of Empire . This season , there will be a two part finale , with the first of two parts airing on Tuesday , May 12 , 2015 , at 9 / 8c . The second of the two - part - finale will air on Wednesday , May 13 , 2015 , at 8 / 7c . Episode list No . Episode Air date ( 2015 ) Timeslot ( ET ) Rating / Share 18 -- 49 Viewers ( millions ) Weekly rank Source ( s ) `` Nashville Auditions '' January 7 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.2 / 10 11.20 6 `` Nashville & Kansas City Auditions '' January 8 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.1 / 9 11.23 8 `` Kansas City Auditions '' January 14 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 / 9 10.87 `` Brooklyn Auditions '' January 15 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 / 8 10.42 10 5 `` Minneapolis Auditions '' January 21 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.4 / 11 11.76 6 `` New Orleans Auditions '' January 22 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.8 / 9 10.65 7 7 `` San Francisco Auditions '' January 28 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.9 / 9 11.28 10 8 `` San Francisco Auditions ( Continued ) '' January 29 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.2 / 7 9.37 17 9 `` Hollywood Week : Part 1 '' February 4 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.1 / 10 11.21 8 10 `` Hollywood Week : Part 2 '' February 5 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.4 / 8 9.65 16 11 `` Hollywood Week : Part 3 '' February 11 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.8 / 9 10.66 9 12 `` Hollywood Week : Part 4 '' February 12 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 9.62 16 13 `` Showcase Week : Part 1 '' February 18 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.8 / 9 10.70 11 14 `` Showcase Week : Part 2 '' February 19 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 7 8.98 22 15 `` Top 12 Boys Perform '' February 25 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 / 8 10.38 11 16 `` Top 12 Girls Perform '' February 26 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.2 / 7 9.43 16 17 `` Guys Results : Top 8 Guys Perform '' March 4 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 7 8.89 19 18 `` Girls Results : Top 8 Girls Perform '' March 5 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.2 / 7 9.41 23 19 `` Top 12 Perform : Back to the Start '' March 11 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.4 / 7 9.71 17 20 `` Top 11 Perform : Party Songs '' March 12 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 / 6 8.32 21 21 `` Top 11 Perform ( Redux ) : Movie Night '' March 19 1.8 / 6 8.51 14 22 `` Top 9 Perform : Songs from the 1980s '' March 25 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.7 / 6 8.46 21 23 `` Top 8 Perform : Kelly Clarkson Night '' April 1 1.8 / 6 8.48 16 24 `` Top 7 Perform : Billboard Top 100 '' April 8 1.4 / 5 6.58 < 25 25 `` Top 6 Perform : American Classics '' April 15 1.4 / 5 7.63 < 25 26 `` Top 5 Perform : Arena Anthems '' April 22 1.5 / 5 7.47 < 25 27 `` Top 4 Perform : Judges ' Hometowns & Soul Songs '' April 29 1.6 / 5 7.36 25 28 `` Top 3 Perform : Judge 's Pick , Scott Borchetta 's Pick , & Contestant 's Hometowns '' May 6 1.4 / 5 6.93 < 25 29 `` Top 2 Perform '' May 12 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.3 / 4 5.55 < 25 30 `` Season 14 Finale '' May 13 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.7 / 6 8.03 18 Contestants who appeared on other Talent shows / seasons ( edit ) Adanna Duru was a contestant on the third season of The Voice . She was mentored by Adam Levine and eliminated in the battle rounds . Mark Andrew was a contestant on the fourth season of The Voice . He was mentored by Shakira and eliminated in the battle rounds . Nick Fradiani is the frontman for the band Beach Avenue , who auditioned for the ninth season of America 's Got Talent . They made it through the judges , but they were cut during Judgement Week . Three auditionees in the fifteenth season were failed to advance through the semi-final stage : Emily Brooke Adam Lasher Kory Wheeler References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Velaszquez , Giselle ( 13 May 2015 ) . `` Fox canceling ' American Idol ' after upcoming 15th season '' . S.F. Examiner . S.F. Examiner . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fox Faces Challenge to Make ' American Idol ' Sing '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` In season 14 , ' American Idol ' hoping to bounce back '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller , Shirley Halperin ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Scott Borchetta Joining ' American Idol ' Season 14 as Mentor '' . Hollywood Reporter . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Renewed For Final Season '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Ryan Seacrest Inks Deal to Return to ' American Idol ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol fans can now tweet to save their favorite singer '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Finale Switches Venues '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American idol on FOX -- American Idol ® XIV Announces Auditions in 15 Cities Across America '' . American Idol . May 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol Casting Cities & Dates '' . Casting Master . June 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , Keith Urban and Harry Connick Jr. visit Minneapolis for ' American Idol ' auditions '' . Star Tribune . Jump up ^ Jackson , Ted ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` Judges Harry Connick Jr. , Jennifer Lopez and Keith Urban bring ' American Idol ' to New Orleans '' . The Times - Picayune . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' callback auditions held in Downtown Brooklyn '' . News 12 Brooklyn . September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Idol ' judges return to work with tweaked auditions '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ Gary Gelfand ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` American Idol Judges Round : San Francisco '' . Fox 40 Sacramento Stockton Modesto . Jump up ^ McDowell , Sean ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` American Idol judges in Kansas City , contestants line up to perform '' . Fox4kc.com . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Adam Lambert Signs With New Label for Third Album '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' to tape semi-finals in Detroit at The Fillmore '' . myFOXDetroit . February 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Southern , Rodney . `` American Idol 14 : Interesting Facts About Top 24 Finalists '' . Celebrity Dirty Laundry . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Dunne , Susan ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Guilford Singer Nick Fradiani Is An ' American Idol ' Hopeful This Week '' . Hartford Courant . Jump up ^ Dunne , Susan ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` CT 's Nick Fradiani Credits Journey To ' American Idol ' To Musical Dad '' . Hartford Courant . Jump up ^ Ramunni , Kate ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` West Haven 's Nick Fradiani trying to make his mark on American Idol '' . New Haven Register . Jump up ^ Pierce , Susan . `` Lee University alumnus Clark Beckham advances to the top five finalists on ' American Idol ' '' . Times Free Press . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Reveals the Top 24 : Get to Know Season 14 's Finalists '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Thomasos , Christine . `` American Idol Finalist and Believer Clark Beckham Does n't Want to Be Limited to Christian Music , Does n't Think God Wants Singers to Be Isolated to One Genre ( Interview ) '' . Christian Post . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White House singer heading to Hollywood '' . March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makin , Cheryl . `` Jax set to score with ' Arena Anthems ' on ' American Idol ' '' . Ashbury Park Press . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Makin , Cheryl ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Jax on ' American Idol ' : ' Showcase Week ' begins tonight '' . Jump up ^ Molinari , Jessica ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` American Idol Contestant Jackie `` Jax '' Cole Wins Over America with Her Touching 9 / 11 Story `` . Bustle . ^ Jump up to : `` ' That 's what we 're looking for ! ' American Idol narrows field to eight with smooth Qaasim Middleton leading the way '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Weigle , Lauren . `` Rayvon Owen -- ' American Idol ' 2015 Contestant '' . Heavy . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol Spoilers '' . American Idol Spoilers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' You are one of my faves ' : Jennifer Lopez saves teary - eyed singer Quentin Alexander on American Idol as field narrows to top 12 '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Crumpler , David ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Jacksonville 's Tyanna Jones a ' very special ' contestant on ' American Idol ' '' . Jump up ^ Molinari , Jessica ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Tyanna Jones Earns the Final Ticket to `` American Idol '' 's Hollywood Round & She Totally Deserved It `` . Jump up ^ `` About Tyanna Jones '' . Fox . March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bergeron , Judy . `` New Orleanian Quentin Alexander still in race for ' Idol ' position '' . The Advocate . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Dave . `` Quentin Alexander of ' American Idol ' had ' it ' in high school , says teacher - mentor Troy Poplous '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Walker , Dave . `` For Quentin Alexander , second New Orleans ' American Idol ' audition was a winner '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Mark ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Meet Joey Cook of American Idol Season 14 '' . YDtalk . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' features Newport News comedy club connection '' . March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' : Daniel Seavey , 15 - year - old from Vancouver , talks about making it to Hollywood Week '' . March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Liz . `` Who 's Replacing Randy Jackson on American Idol ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ King , Bill . `` ' American Idol ' Recap : Land of the Free , Home of the Top 7 '' . Buddy TV . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Susan . `` Touring or not ? Clark Beckham learns answer tonight on ' Idol ' '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol 2015 Top 5 Theme Revealed : Hometown & Soul '' . American Idol Net . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Idol ' installs ' Twitter save : ' Will it help or hurt Team NOLA Joey Cook and Quentin Alexander ? '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Telling , Gillian . `` American Idol Harry Connick Jr. battles with a contestant -- and not the singing kind '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Bently , Jean . `` After American Idol Fight , Is Harry Connick , Jr. or Quentin Alexander Right ? '' . Us Magazine . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tyler ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Contestant Quentin Alexander Speaks Out After Awkward Argument With Harry Connick Jr . ( VIDEO ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick . `` The Tense American Idol Moment Everyone Is Talking About '' . People . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Alum Joey Cook on Quentin 's ' Wack ' Drama : ' What He Did Was Beautiful ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean . `` Will American Idol Revisit Harry Connick , Jr. , Quentin Alexander Fight in Top 6 Week ? '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Menyes , Carolyn . `` Quentin Alexander of ' American Idol ' Season 14 Opens Up About Harry Connick Jr. , Controversial Elimination '' . Music Times . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Menyes , Carolyn . `` ' American Idol ' Season 14 Recap & Review : Top 5 Tour Established as Quentin Alexander is Sent Packing After Controversial Statement '' . Music Times . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Lyndsey . `` ' American Idol ' Top 6 Recap : Quentin Alexander Gets Thrown Under the Tour Bus '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ SANTILLI , MJ . `` New American Idol Promo Revisits Confrontation '' . MJs Big Blog . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian . `` Quentin Alexander bids ' Idol ' farewell '' . USA Today . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music : Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt . `` Top 30 Digital Singles : Week of April 15 , 2015 - R.S. '' . RoughStock . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Roughstock . `` Country Music 's Top 30 Digital Singles : Week of May 20 , 2015 '' . RoughStock . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : ' American Idol ' Plunges To Lowest Rated and Least Watched Show Ever '' . Rickey - Entertainment News and Videos . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : `` The Voice '' Results Show Tops `` American Idol '' ( Updated ) `` . Headline Planet . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael . `` ' American Idol ' Spoilers : Top 10 Week Theme Is ' Movie Songs ' -- J. Lo Performing - TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments Beyond Previously Released Increases for ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' - Ratings -- TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NFL Football Tops Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers for the Week Ending January 11 , 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live + 7 Ratings : FOX 's ' Empire ' Premiere Grows 47 Percent in Adults 18 - 49 - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings -- TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' and ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : Empire rises in Week 2 , Idol retains and FOX leads Wednesday '' . HitFix . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : AFC Championship Tops Adults 18 - 49 and Total Viewers for the Week Ending January 18 , 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The World Dog Awards ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : American Idol '' leads FOX Thursday as World Dog Awards tops A to Z `` . HitFix . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : Empire rises again , America Idol also up for FOX Wednesday '' . HitFix . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Backstrom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Bad Judge ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Empire ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 , ' Scorpion ' Leads Total Viewers for the Week Ending January 25 , 2015 - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' & ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Empire ' - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment to ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' or ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( 20 February 2015 ) . `` Meet your ' American Idol ' Season 14 Top 24 : House of Blues Showcase results revealed - Zap2it - News & Features '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' The Blacklist ' Rises as ' The Slap ' & ' Allegiance ' Fall Further + ' Backstrom ' & ' American Idol ' Flat - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' Adjusted Up - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Empire ' Tops With Adults 18 - 49 , ' The Big Bang Theory ' Wins With Total Viewers for the Week Ending March 8 , 2015 - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol XIV : The Top 12 Perform -- `` Back to the Start '' - The Hudsucker `` . The Hudsucker . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI : Cyber ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Empire ' Tops With Adults 18 - 49 , ' The Big Bang Theory ' Wins With Total Viewers for the Week Ending March 15 , 2015 - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ santilli , mj . `` American Idol 14 Spoilers - Top 11 Party Songs mjsbigblog '' . mjsbigblog . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' , ' Mom ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recap : American Idol Season 14 - Top 10 Movie Night and Results '' . HitFix . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Empire ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending March 22 , 2015 - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recap : American Idol Season 14 - Top 9 80s Night and Double - Elimination '' . HitFix . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Voice ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 . ' NCIS ' Wins With Total Viewers for the Week Ending March 29 , 2015 - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recap : American Idol Season 14 - Top 8 Kelly Clarkson Night Plus Elimination '' . HitFix . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & ' NCIS ' Wins With Total Viewers for the Week Ending April 5 , 2015 - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Mink , Casey . `` ' American Idol ' : Top 8 Perform -- April 8 Recap - Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Voice ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' CSI : Cyber ' and ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NCAA Basketball Championship Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending April 12 , 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael . `` ' American Idol ' Top 7 Song Spoilers Revealed : ' American Classics ' Week - TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Arrow ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 ; ' ACM Awards ' Leads Total Viewers for the Week Ending April 19 , 2015 - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol 's Top 6 To Tackle Arena Anthems Tonight - Reality TV Magazine '' . sheknows.com . Archived from the original on 25 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Bruce Jenner : The Interview ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending April 26 , 2015 - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ santilli , mj . `` American Idol 14 Top 5 Theme Judges Hometowns Soul Songs '' . mjsbigblog . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 While ' NCIS ' Leads Total Viewers for the Week Ending May 3 , 2015 - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol 2015 Spoilers : Idol Top 4 Song List Revealed ! '' . Gossip and Gab . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Nashville ' , & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Blacki - ish ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Total Viewers for the Week Ending May 10 , 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Billboard Music Awards ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & ' NCIS ' Tops Total Viewers for the Week Ending May 17 , 2015 '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law & Order : SVU ' , ' Survivor , ' The Middle ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . American Idol season 14 Finalists Nick Fradiani Clark Beckham Jax Rayvon Owen Tyanna Jones Quentin Alexander Joey Cook Qaasim Middleton Daniel Seavey Adanna Duru Maddie Walker Sarina - Joi Crowe Other sources Episode list Tour `` Beautiful Life '' American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Related programming Idol ( series ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Idol_(season_14)&oldid=798501207 '' Categories : American Idol seasons 2015 American television seasons 2015 in American music Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 08 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who won the 14th season of american idol
[ "On May 13, Nick Fradiani was announced the winner of the season, with Clark Beckham as runner-up." ]
[ "Nick Fradiani" ]
2225826864476288988
Binding over
Binding over - wikipedia Binding over Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the law of England and Wales and in other common law jurisdictions such as Hong Kong , binding over , a binding over order , and binding over for sentence are exercises of certain powers by magistrates . A person who is bound over can be required to refrain from certain activities for a stipulated period , to be of good behaviour or to comply with other conditions . When binding a person over , the magistrate will usually stipulate a conditional financial penalty or fine to be paid if the person later breaches the binding over order . If the person breaches the conditions , he or she can be arrested and brought to court or otherwise compelled to return to court where the magistrate may impose the stipulated financial penalty or otherwise dispose of the case . Magistrates can bind over a person to be of good behaviour or to keep the peace , any person , such as a defendant , witness or claimant . This may happen where the case involves violence or the threat of it . Sometimes the prosecution will drop such a charge if the defendant agrees to be bound over in this way . No conviction will be recorded if the matter is settled via a binding over order because the order is regarded as a civil matter . A magistrate has legal power to make orders to prevent a likely breach of the peace and , on evidence produced before him , may require a person , on pain of six months ' imprisonment on refusal , to enter into a recognizance and find sureties either to keep the peace or to be of good behaviour . The procedure is called ' binding over to keep the peace ' and upon complaint by any person , the magistrate may hear the complainant , the defendant and witnesses , and if appropriate , may make the order . Binding over is a precautionary measure to be adopted when there are reasonable grounds to anticipate some present or future danger . It is not a conviction or a punishment . It should not be used for an act which is past and which is not likely to be repeated . It should not be used as an alternative measure for dealing with cases in which the prosecution has insufficient evidence to substantiate a charge . Applications to bind a person over may be made in a variety of circumstances : e.g. for minor assaults inside private premises where there are no truly independent witnesses ; continuing domestic disputes ; or for minor cases where it is obvious that both parties are at fault with no independent evidence to support either party 's counter-allegation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Criminal conviction 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Criminal conviction ( edit ) Although a binding over order is not a conviction , such order may be imposed following conviction and sentence for a criminal offence , in addition to any penalty applied . A refusal to accept the terms of the binding over order may be treated as a contempt of court . See also ( edit ) Peace bond Probation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Binding Over Orders : Legal Guidance : The Crown Prosecution Service '' . Jump up ^ `` Justices of the Peace Act 1361 '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Archbold ( December 2007 ) : `` Binding Over Following Conviction '' External links ( edit ) `` Binding Over Orders '' . Archbold Criminal Pleading , Evidence and Practice . Cited by the Crown Prosecution Service . December 2007 . 5 120 -- 121 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binding_over&oldid=775430733 '' Categories : English legal terminology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia తెలుగు 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2017 , at 20 : 49 . About Wikipedia
what does bind over mean in a charge disposition
[ "In the law of England and Wales and in other common law jurisdictions such as Hong Kong, binding over, a binding over order, and binding over for sentence are exercises of certain powers by magistrates. A person who is bound over can be required to refrain from certain activities for a stipulated period, to be of good behaviour or to comply with other conditions. When binding a person over, the magistrate will usually stipulate a conditional financial penalty or fine to be paid if the person later breaches the binding over order.[1] If the person breaches the conditions, he or she can be arrested and brought to court or otherwise compelled to return to court where the magistrate may impose the stipulated financial penalty or otherwise dispose of the case." ]
[ "be required to refrain from certain activities for a stipulated period, to be of good behaviour or to comply with other conditions" ]
-3562831340786496884
Interstate 40 in Tennessee
Interstate 40 in Tennessee - Wikipedia Interstate 40 in Tennessee This article is about the section of Interstate 40 in Tennessee . For the entire route , see Interstate 40 . Interstate 40 Route information Maintained by TDOT Length 452.00 mi ( 727.42 km ) Existed 1958 -- present Major junctions West end I - 40 at Arkansas state line I - 69 / I - 240 in Memphis I - 840 near Burns I - 440 in Nashville I - 65 in Nashville I - 24 in Nashville I - 840 in Lebanon I - 140 in Knoxville I - 75 / I - 640 in Knoxville I - 275 in Knoxville I - 81 in Dandridge East end I - 40 at North Carolina state line Location Counties Shelby , Fayette , Haywood , Madison , Henderson , Carroll , Decatur , Benton , Humphreys , Hickman , Dickson , Williamson , Cheatham , Davidson , Wilson , Smith , Putnam , Cumberland , Roane , Loudon , Knox , Sevier , Jefferson , Cocke Highway system Interstate Highway System Main Auxiliary Suffixed Business Future Tennessee State Routes Interstate US State ← SR 39 SR 40 → Interstate 40 ( I - 40 ) traverses the entirety of the state of Tennessee from west to east , running from the Mississippi River at the Arkansas border to the northern base of the Great Smoky Mountains at the North Carolina border . The road connects Tennessee 's three largest cities -- Memphis , Nashville , and Knoxville -- and crosses all of Tennessee 's physiographical provinces and Grand Divisions -- the Mississippi Embayment and Gulf Coastal Plain in West Tennessee , the Highland Rim and Nashville Basin in Middle Tennessee , and the Cumberland Plateau , Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province , and Blue Ridge Province in East Tennessee . The Tennessee section of I - 40 is 452 miles ( 727 km ) long , the longest of any state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 1.1 West Tennessee 1.2 Middle Tennessee 1.3 East Tennessee 1.4 Music Highway 2 History 2.1 Construction and early history 2.2 Later developments and improvements 3 Geological difficulties 3.1 Crab Orchard 3.2 Pigeon River Gorge 3.3 Sinkholes 4 Future 5 Exit list 6 Auxiliary routes 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 Works cited 9 External links Route description ( edit ) West Tennessee ( edit ) The Hernando de Soto Bridge , where I - 40 crosses the Mississippi River into Memphis I - 40 enters Tennessee from Arkansas via the six lane Hernando de Soto Bridge , which spans the Mississippi River at river mile 736 . Immediately within the city of Memphis , the interstate passes across the southern half of Mud Island before crossing the Wolf River Harbor into downtown Memphis . Throughout Memphis , the highway contains a minimum of six through lanes , except through major interchanges . About one mile from the state line is an interchange with the western terminus of Interstate 240 , where I - 40 abruptly turns north , following a route formerly designated as part of I - 240 . About one mile later , the highway has an interchange with State Route 300 , a connector to US 51 and the future Interstate 69 . At this interchange , the interstate turns east and enters a stretch designated as the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Expressway . I - 40 crosses the Wolf River three times in Memphis as the road passes near the neighborhoods of Frayser and Raleigh and turns southeast . A few miles later , I - 40 has an interchange with I - 240 southbound and Sam Cooper Boulevard eastbound , and turns sharp northeast , leaving Memphis . For the next several miles the highway is known as the Isaac Hayes Memorial Highway and is eight lanes , the left lanes functioning as HOV lanes during rush hour , passing through several major suburbs of Memphis , including Bartlett , Cordova , and Lakeland . At exit 18 , which is with US 64 , the highway narrows to six lanes , and to four lanes a short distance beyond . Several miles later , near Arlington , is a cloverleaf interchange with I - 269 . West of Arlington , I - 40 crosses the Loosahatchie River and leaves the Memphis area , traversing through the Gulf Coastal Plain in a very flat and straight stretch of mostly farmland with some rural woodlands , bypassing most cities and communities . South of Brownsville , about 40 miles east of Memphis , the highway turns north and enters the Hatchie National Wildlife Refuge and crosses the Hatchie River . Upon exiting the refuge , I - 40 turns east and passes just southeast of Brownsville . The interstate continues for the next 20 miles though further agricultural terrain , and at mile marker 78 , the crosses the South Fork of the Forked Deer River into Jackson . Passing through the northern half of the city , I - 40 has a total of six exits in Jackson . From Jackson , I - 40 continues east northeast through a sparsely populated area of farmland and woodlands , and near the community of Parkers Crossroads , has an interchange with SR 22 , a major north - south connector route in west Tennessee . Several miles later , I - 40 proceeds for several miles through the northern half of the Natchez Trace State Park , and has an interchange with US 641 / SR 69 , another major north - south corridor , at milepost 126 . The route then descends about 400 feet ( 120 m ) on a steep grade over the course of a mile before crossing the Tennessee River into Middle Tennessee on the Jimmy Mann Evans Memorial Bridge . Middle Tennessee ( edit ) Destination sign for exit 209 / 209A / 209B in Nashville , Tennessee East of the Tennessee River , I - 40 traverses through mostly vast woodlands in the rugged hills of the Western Highland Rim for a considerable distance . This section is characterized by several noticeable upgrades and downgrades , with mostly minor curves . About 35 miles later , the highway passes southeast of Dickson , now within the Nashville metropolitan area . A few miles later , approximately 35 miles west of Nashville , is the western terminus of Interstate 840 , the outer southern beltway around Nashville . The highway continues through mostly woodlands and descends into the Nashville Basin between mile markers 186 and 188 . Around Bellevue , the route widens to six lanes , entering the urban outskirts of Nashville . About ten miles later , I - 40 has an interchange with the western terminus of State Route 155 ( Briley Parkway ) , the northern controlled - access beltway around Nashville . About two miles later is the western terminus of I - 440 , the southern loop around central Nashville . Two miles later , I - 40 enters Downtown Nashville , and has interchanges with several major highways and surface roads . In Nashville , I - 40 shares brief concurrences first with I - 65 and then I - 24 , before splitting off . The eastern terminus of I - 440 is directly accessible from the easternmost interchange with I - 24 . About 1.5 miles later , I - 40 has an interchange with SR 155 ( Briley Parkway ) near the Nashville International Airport . The route continues east for the next 20 miles through a still - developing area with eight lanes , the left lanes functioning as HOV lanes during rush hour , passing near the suburbs of Mount Juliet and Gallatin . At mile 219 , I - 40 crosses the Stones River just downstream from the Percy Priest Dam . About 25 miles east of Nashville , the route narrows back to four lanes and has an interchange with the eastern terminus of I - 840 a few miles east of Lebanon . The interstate continues for roughly 50 miles ( 80 km ) across mostly open farmland , passing near mostly small communities . In Smith County between mileposts 263 and 266 , I - 40 crosses the meandering Caney Fork River five times before ascending the Eastern Highland Rim , reaching 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) for the first time in the state near Silver Point . The interstate remains relatively flat across the plateau , beginning at the edge of the table - top rim at mile marker 272 near Baxter . The highway continues for about 15 miles through a mix of farmland and woodlands , before reaching Cookeville , where it has interchanges with several highways including SR 111 , a major north - south connector to Chattanooga . For the next 20 miles , I - 40 passes through a predominantly wooded area , ascending the western escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau and reaching elevations above 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) , before reaching Crossville . At mile 308 , I - 40 crosses the Tennessee Divide , where the Cumberland and Tennessee River watersheds meet . The divide is marked in the eastbound lanes with a sign reading `` Entering Emory River watershed . '' In the westbound counterparts is a sign noting the beginning of the Caney Fork watershed . East Tennessee ( edit ) I - 40 descending Walden Ridge , miles 341 -- 346 I - 40 remains relatively flat and straight as it continues across the Cumberland Plateau and passes through the northern part of Crossville . East of Crossville , the Crab Orchard Mountains , the southern fringe of the Cumberland Mountains , come into view as the road descends several hundred feet . At mile 329 , the interstate enters Crab Orchard Gap and proceeds through a narrow valley once prone to rockslides . At mile 340 , the Interstate crosses into Roane County entering the Eastern Time Zone , and shortly thereafter the road begins its descent of the Cumberland Plateau into the Tennessee Valley . I - 40 hugs the slopes of the plateau 's Walden Ridge escarpment for several miles , containing what some describe as dramatic views of the Tennessee Valley below to the south , before reaching the base of the plateau at mile 347 between Harriman and Rockwood . As it enters the Ridge - and - Valley province of the Appalachians , of which the Tennessee Valley is a part , I - 40 crosses a series of ridges and valleys characteristic of the region 's topography . At mile 351 , the road crosses the Clinch River , with the Kingston Fossil Plant and its 1,000 - foot ( 300 m ) twin smokestacks dominating the view to the north . At exit 368 , about 20 miles west southwest of downtown Knoxville , I - 40 merges with I - 75 , which continues to the southwest to Chattanooga , and widens to six lanes . The two highways pass through several of the suburbs of Knoxville , and exits are numbered according to I - 40 mileage along this stretch . At exit 374 ( SR 131 / Lovell Road ) , the highway widens to eight lanes , and at the next exit , has an interchange with the Pellissippi Parkway ( SR 162 westbound , Interstate 140 eastbound ) , which connects to Oak Ridge and Maryville , respectively . At exit 385 is an interchange with the western terminus of Interstate 640 , a beltway which passes northwest of downtown Knoxville . Also at this exit , I - 75 splits off from I - 40 onto a concurrency with I - 640 , splitting off a few miles later and heading towards Lexington , Kentucky . The route then enters downtown Knoxville , passing near the main campus of the University of Tennessee , as well as several residential neighborhoods , and has interchanges with US 129 , I - 275 , US 441 , and SR 158 . I - 40 is a minimum of six through lanes through the entirety of central Knoxville , containing several short segments of auxiliary lanes between exits . The highway then enters a predominantly residential area , passing next to the Knoxville Zoo , before coming to an interchange with the eastern terminus of I - 640 and leaving Knoxville . I - 40 near mile 441 , with Mount Cammerer rising in the distance For approximately the next thirty miles beyond Knoxville , I - 40 is six lanes , traveling through a predominately rural and agricultural area and passing near several cities and communities . Exit 407 , reportedly one of the busiest and most congested non-interstate exits in the state , is the primary means of access to tourist attractions in the cities of Pigeon Forge , Sevierville , and Gatlinburg , as well as the Great Smoky Mountains National Park . At exit 422 is the beginning of Interstate 81 , which runs into Northeast Tennessee to the so called `` Tri-Cities '' of Bristol , Kingsport , and Johnson City . At this interchange , the route narrows to four lanes and turns sharp south , crossing the Douglas Dam impoundment of the French Broad River , and passing Newport along the northern base of English Mountain for several miles . At mile 440 , the road turns south through the gap between English Mountain and Stone Mountain , revealing a dramatic view of the 4,928 - foot ( 1,502 m ) Mount Cammerer at the northeastern end of the Great Smokies range , and the road proceeds into the Pigeon River Gorge through the Blue Ridge Mountains , closely following the north bank of the river . This section is extremely curvy and contains a 55 mph speed limit due to its susceptibility to accidents . This stretch is also prone to rockslides , and contains mesh nets along some of the cliff slopes as preventative measures . I - 40 enters North Carolina about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) east of the unincorporated community of Hartford , Tennessee . Music highway ( edit ) The term Music Highway refers to a section of I - 40 between Memphis and Nashville . I - 40 was designated as such by an act of the Tennessee Legislature in 1997 `` from the eastern boundary of Davidson County to the Mississippi River in Shelby County , '' a distance of about 222 miles ( 357 km ) . I - 40 is designated as such because of the rich music history in Memphis , Nashville , and the areas in between . Memphis is known as `` the Home of the Blues and the Birthplace of Rock and Roll . '' Nashville is known as `` Music City USA '' for its influence on numerous types of music , especially country . Several cities and towns between the two , such as Jackson , Brownsville , Nutbush , Waverly and others were birthplaces or homes of numerous singers and songwriters . Signs that display the words `` Music Highway '' along with music notes are erected in both directions along I - 40 , especially at the borders of Shelby County and Davidson County . History ( edit ) I - 75 north running concurrently with I - 40 east in Knoxville Construction and early history ( edit ) The Tennessee leg of I - 40 was part of the original 1,047 miles ( 1,685 km ) of Interstate Highways authorized for Tennessee by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 . The first section of Interstate 40 , Nonconnah Creek to Hindman Ferry Road in Shelby County ( originally I - 240 ) , was contracted in 1956 , and within a year contracts had been awarded for sections in Davidson , Knox , Roane , Haywood , Madison , Jefferson , and Cocke counties . By 1958 , sections in Loudon , Smith , Putnam , Cumberland , Humphreys , Hickman , and Sevier counties had been contracted . I - 40 was complete between Memphis and Nashville in 1966 , between Nashville and Crossville in late 1967 , and between Crossville and Knoxville in late 1968 , completing most of the route in Tennessee . The section along the Pigeon River Gorge in Cocke County , as well as into North Carolina , was initially believed by many to be impossible to construct . Construction of this segment was very labrous , requiring thousands of tons of earth and rock to be moved . This was done in the mid to latter 1960s , and construction began on this section in 1968 , and was completed in late 1971 . The final segment of I - 40 , located between just east of what is now the eastern terminus of I - 640 and exit 415 in Jefferson County was delayed multiple times , primarily due to protests and lawsuits from residents in the area , and extremely heavy traffic that had developed as a result of the tourist attractions in Sevier County . As a result , TDOT was forced to take extensive measures to protect the residential areas nearby , and chose to construct this section with six lanes , making it one of the first rural six lane sections of interstate in the country . The section between I - 640 and the Midway Road exit was completed in 1972 , and the section between Midway Road and US 25W / US 70 was completed in 1974 , completing what is now the entirety of I - 40 in Tennessee . In Memphis , I - 40 was originally slated to pass through the city 's Overton Park , a 342 - acre ( 138 ha ) wooded refuge that had become an important stopover for migratory birds . Fearing that the interstate 's construction would upset the park 's fragile ecological balance , environmentalists , backed by the organization Citizens to Preserve Overton Park , waged a 12 - year legal battle to prevent highway construction in the park , culminating in the United States Supreme Court decision , Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe . The Supreme Court remanded the case to the District Court for further review , and it ruled that the highway commission had not adequately explored alternative routes . In 1981 , the highway commission abandoned plans to route I - 40 through Overton Park , and instead redesignated the northern portion of I - 240 as I - 40 . For over 20 years , I - 40 signage existed on the dead - end route toward Overton Park . Several miles of a limited - access road were actually built within the I - 240 loop ; this portion of highway still exists and is in regular use as Sam Cooper Boulevard , reaching the eastern end of Chickasaw Country Club and the Binghampton neighborhood , and then East Parkway . Later developments and Improvements ( edit ) Since its initial completion , much of I - 40 in Tennessee has been reconstructed or widened . Until June 12 , 2009 , a section of I - 40 through downtown Knoxville between James White Parkway and Hall of Fame Drive was completely closed to all traffic for about 18 months for reconstruction . Through traffic was required to use I - 640 or to use surface streets . The four - lane section , which was quite substandard , congested , and accident - prone , was widened to six lanes to improve traffic flow and safety . Several interchanges along that stretch were also reconstructed . Geological difficulties ( edit ) The rugged terrain of East Tennessee presented numerous challenges for I - 40 construction crews and engineers . Rockslides , especially along the eastern Cumberland Plateau and in the Pigeon River Gorge , have been a persistent problem since the road 's construction . Crab Orchard ( edit ) In December 1986 , a truck driver was killed when his truck skidded across some rocks that had spilled across the road just east of Crab Orchard ( between miles 331 and 333 ) . In response , the Tennessee Department of Transportation ( TDOT ) flattened the cutslopes along this stretch of Interstate and moved the road 60 feet ( 18 m ) away from the problematic cliffside . Twenty rockslides occurred along the Walden Ridge section ( miles 341 -- 346 ) of the eastern plateau in 1968 alone , prompting various remedial measures throughout the 1970s , including the employment of rock buttresses , gabion walls , and horizontal drains . A minor rockslide shut down the right lane of westbound I - 40 at mile 343 on May 6 , 2013 . Pigeon River Gorge ( edit ) An area very prone to rockslides is the Pigeon River Gorge , especially in the vicinity of the Tennessee -- North Carolina state line . Throughout the 1970s , this stretch of I - 40 was repeatedly shut down by rockslides , sometimes for several weeks at a time . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , TDOT dug over 24,000 feet ( 7,300 m ) of horizontal drains , blasted out large volumes of unstable rocks , and installed massive mesh catchment fences . Nevertheless , rockslides in 1985 and 1997 again forced the closure of I - 40 in the Pigeon River Gorge for several weeks . Additional stabilization measures were implemented , including the blasting of loose rock , the installation of rock bolts , and the construction of a better drainage system . In spite of these measures , another massive rock slide occurred in the Pigeon River Gorge on October 26 , 2009 , blocking all lanes just across the border at North Carolina mile 3 . The section was closed to traffic in both directions until April 25 , 2010 . On January 31 , 2012 , the westbound lanes of I - 40 were closed because of a rockslide near the North Carolina border . Traffic was detoured along I - 26 and I - 81 and reopened a few months later . Sinkholes ( edit ) Sinkholes are a consistent issue along highways in East Tennessee . One particularly problematic stretch is a section of I - 40 between miles 365 and 367 in Loudon County , which is underlain by cavernous rock strata . In the 1970s and 1980s , TDOT employed numerous stabilization measures in this area , including backfilling existing sinkholes with limestone , collapsing potential sinkholes , and paving roadside ditches to prevent surface water from seeping into the volatile soil . Future ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2016 ) TDOT officially announced the I - 40 / I - 81 Corridor Feasibility Study on July 27 , 2007 . The intent of this study is to assess deficiencies along I - 40 and I - 81 in Tennessee and to develop upgrade proposals for the existing corridor . This study was completed in 2008 . On January 18 , 2008 , the Federal Highway Administration authorized the states of Mississippi and Tennessee to extend I - 69 from the I - 40 / SR 300 interchange in north Memphis to the I - 55 / I - 69 interchange in Hernando , Mississippi ; however , Tennessee has not yet signed the extension of the route , although Mississippi has already done so . Construction was recently completed on the I - 40 / I - 240 interchange in East Memphis . This reconfiguration was needed since the original configuration was designed as if I - 40 were to go through the center of the city along what is now Sam Cooper Boulevard . The first phase of the project replaced a one - lane loop ramp from I - 40 westbound to I - 240 southbound with a two - lane flyover . Portions of both Interstates were also widened slightly . This phase was completed in 2003 . The second phase was stalled due to funding and redesign . It included the installation of the remaining flyover from the north loop of I - 40 to I - 40 eastbound . It replaced a one - lane ramp with a slow design speed that has been the site of several accidents over the years . Other parts of this phase included the widening of I - 40 between Sycamore View Road and Covington Pike ( requiring the replacement of the Wolf River Bridge with a 14 - lane bridge ) , widening of I - 240 , addition of through lanes on Sam Cooper Boulevard , and reconfiguration of the Covington Pike interchange . The project cost $109 million ( the highest bid project in TDOT history ) , began late 2013 , and was completed by the late fall of 2016 . A fifth interchange is being added along the stretch of interstate around Cookeville , and a road will be built leading to nearby U.S. Route 70N to help ease traffic along SR 56 ( exit 280 ) , SR 135 ( exit 286 ) , and SR 136 ( exit 287 ) . The initial route will be 2 lanes with a modified diamond interchange , with the right - of - way for future expansion . Exit list ( edit ) This section contains a table that is missing mileposts for one or more junctions . Please help by adding the missing mileposts . County Location mi km Exit Destinations Notes Mississippi River 0.00 0.00 I - 40 west Continuation into Arkansas Hernando de Soto Bridge Shelby Memphis Riverside Drive / Front Street -- Downtown Memphis Western end of Music Highway designation 1A 2nd Street / 3rd Street ( SR 3 / SR 14 ) Westbound exit and eastbound entrance 1B US 51 ( Danny Thomas Boulevard , SR 1 ) Signed as exits 1C ( south ) and 1D ( north ) westbound 1E I - 240 south / Madison Avenue -- Jackson Miss . Western end of future I - 69 overlap ; I - 240 exit 31 1F SR 14 ( Jackson Avenue ) Westbound exit and eastbound entrance Chelsea Avenue / Smith Avenue 2A To US 51 ( SR 3 ) -- Millington Access via SR 300 west ; eastern end of future I - 69 overlap Watkins Street 5 Hollywood Street 6 Warford Street 8 SR 14 ( Jackson Avenue / Austin Peay Highway ) Signed as exits 8A ( north ) and 8B ( south ) westbound 10 SR 204 ( Covington Pike ) 12A US 64 / US 70 / US 79 ( Summer Avenue , SR 1 ) / White Station Road Eastbound exit only ; westbound access via exit 12B 10A I - 240 west -- Jackson , Miss . Westbound exit follows Sam Cooper Blvd . numbering ; no exit number eastbound 12B Sam Cooper Boulevard Westbound left exit and eastbound left entrance 12 Sycamore View Road -- Bartlett 14 Whitten Road 15 Appling Road Signed as exits 15A ( south ) and 15B ( north ) eastbound 16 SR 177 -- Germantown Signed as exits 16A ( south ) and 16B ( north ) westbound Memphis -- Bartlett line 18 US 64 ( SR 15 ) -- Somerville , Bolivar , Bartlett Lakeland 20 Canada Road -- Lakeland Arlington 24 SR 385 -- Millington , Collierville Signed as exits 24A ( west ) and 24B ( east ) ; future I - 269 exit 19 25 SR 205 -- Arlington , Collierville Fayette ​ 35 SR 59 -- Covington , Somerville ​ 42 SR 222 -- Stanton , Somerville Haywood ​ 47 SR 179 ( Stanton - Dancyville Road ) ​ 52 SR 179 / SR 76 -- Whiteville Brownsville 56 SR 76 -- Brownsville , Somerville ​ 60 SR 19 ( Mercer Road ) ​ 66 US 70 ( SR 1 ) -- Brownsville , Ripley Madison ​ 68 SR 138 ( Providence Road ) ​ 74 Lower Brownsville Road Jackson 76 SR 223 south -- McKellar - Sipes Regional Airport 79 US 412 ( SR 20 ) / Vann Drive -- Jackson , Alamo , Dyersburg 80 US 45 Byp . ( SR 186 ) -- Jackson , Humboldt Signed as exits 80A ( south ) and 80B ( north ) 82 US 45 ( SR 5 ) -- Jackson , Milan Signed as exits 82A ( south ) and 82B ( north ) 83 Campbell Street 85 Christmasville Road , Dr. F.E. Wright Drive -- Jackson ​ 87 US 70 ( SR 1 ) / US 412 east ( SR 20 ) -- Huntingdon , McKenzie , Jackson ​ 93 SR 152 ( Law Road ) -- Lexington Henderson ​ 101 SR 104 Parkers Crossroads 108 SR 22 -- Parkers Crossroads , Lexington , Huntingdon Henderson -- Carroll county line ​ 116 SR 114 -- Natchez Trace State Park Decatur ​ 126 US 641 / SR 69 -- Camden , Paris , Parsons Benton ​ 133 SR 191 ( Birdsong Road ) Tennessee River Bridge over the Tennessee River Humphreys ​ 137 Cuba Landing ​ 143 SR 13 -- Linden , Waverly Hickman ​ 148 SR 50 to SR 229 -- Centerville ​ 152 SR 230 -- Bucksnort Dickson ​ 163 SR 48 -- Centerville , Dickson Dickson 172 SR 46 -- Centerville , Dickson ​ 176 I - 840 east -- Franklin I - 840 exit 0 ; half - clover interchange . Williamson ​ 182 SR 96 -- Franklin , Fairview , Dickson Cheatham Kingston Springs 188 SR 249 -- Kingston Springs , Ashland City Davidson Nashville 192 McCrory Lane -- Pegram 196 US 70S ( SR 1 ) -- Bellevue , Newsom Station 199 SR 251 ( Old Hickory Boulevard ) 201 US 70 ( Charlotte Pike , SR 24 ) Signed as exits 201A ( east ) and 201B ( west ) eastbound 204 SR 155 ( Briley Parkway , White Bridge Road ) / Robertson Avenue Signed as exits 204A ( north ) and 204B ( south ) westbound ; SR 155 exit 6 205 51st Avenue , 46th Avenue -- West Nashville 206 I - 440 east -- Knoxville Left exit westbound 207 28th Avenue Westbound exit and eastbound entrance Jefferson Street Eastbound exit and westbound entrance 208 I - 65 north to I - 24 west -- Louisville , Clarksville Western end of I - 65 overlap , south exit 84B ; signed as exit 208B eastbound 209 US 70 ( Charlotte Avenue , SR 24 ) Eastbound exit and westbound entrance 209A Church Street , Charlotte Avenue Signed as exit 209 westbound US 70 / US 70S / US 431 ( Broadway , SR 1 , SR 24 ) / Demonbreun Street Signed as exit 209B eastbound 209B Demonbreun Street Westbound exit and eastbound entrance 210 I - 65 south -- Huntsville Eastern end of I - 65 overlap , north exit 82B ; signed as exit 210B westbound 210C US 31A south / US 41A south ( 4th Avenue , SR 11 south ) / 2nd Avenue 211B I - 24 west to I - 65 north -- Clarksville , Louisville Western end of I - 24 overlap , east exit 50B ; formerly the point where I - 24 , I - 40 , and I - 65 met 212 Hermitage Avenue ( US 70 , SR 24 ) Westbound exit and eastbound entrance Fesslers Lane Eastbound exit and westbound entrance 213A I - 24 east / I - 440 west -- Chattanooga , Memphis Eastern end of I - 24 overlap , west exit 52B 213 To US 41 ( Murfreesboro Road , US 70S , SR 1 ) / Spence Lane Eastbound exit is via 213A 215 SR 155 ( Briley Parkway ) Signed as exits 215A ( south ) and 215B ( north ) ; SR 155 south exit 27 ; north no number signed 216A Nashville International Airport Eastbound exit and westbound entrance 216B SR 255 south ( Donelson Pike ) -- Nashville International Airport , Air Freight 216C SR 255 north ( Donelson Pike ) 219 Stewarts Ferry Pike -- J. Percy Priest Dam 221A SR 45 north ( Old Hickory Boulevard ) -- The Hermitage Eastern end of Music Highway designation 221B Old Hickory Boulevard Wilson Mount Juliet 226 SR 171 -- Mount Juliet Belinda Parkway , Providence Way Signed as exits 226A ( south ) , 226B ( north ) eastbound ; eastbound exit only to Belinda Parkway / Providence Way ( signed as 226C ) 229 Beckwith Road Signed as exits 229A ( south ) and 229B ( north ) eastbound Lebanon 232 SR 109 -- Gallatin Signed as exits 232A ( south ) and 232B ( north ) eastbound 235 I - 840 west -- Murfreesboro I - 840 exit 76 ; trumpet interchange . 236 South Hartmann Drive 238 US 231 ( SR 10 ) -- Lebanon , Hartsville 239 US 70 ( SR 26 ) -- Watertown , Lebanon Signed as exits 239A ( east ) and 239B ( west ) eastbound ​ 245 Linwood Road Smith ​ 254 SR 141 -- Alexandria Gordonsville 258 SR 53 -- Carthage , Gordonsville Putnam ​ 268 SR 96 ( Buffalo Valley Road ) -- Center Hill Dam ​ 273 SR 56 south / SR 141 west -- Smithville , McMinnville Western end of SR 56 overlap ​ 276 Old Baxter Road Baxter 280 SR 56 north -- Baxter , Gainesboro Eastern end of SR 56 overlap Cookeville Mine Lick Creek Road Future interchange 286 SR 135 ( South Willow Avenue ) -- Cookeville 287 SR 136 -- Cookeville , Sparta 288 SR 111 -- Livingston , Sparta 290 US 70N -- Cookeville Monterey 300 US 70N ( SR 24 ) / SR 84 -- Monterey , Livingston 301 US 70N ( SR 24 ) / SR 84 -- Monterey , Jamestown , Livingston Cumberland ​ 311 Plateau Road Crossville 317 US 127 ( SR 28 ) -- Crossville , Jamestown 320 SR 298 ( Genesis Road ) -- Crossville 322 SR 101 ( Peavine Road ) -- Crossville , Fairfield Glade Crab Orchard 329 To US 70 ( SR 1 ) -- Crab Orchard ​ 338 SR 299 south ( Westel Road ) -- Rockwood Western end of SR 299 overlap Roane ​ 340 SR 299 north ( Airport Road ) Eastern end of SR 299 overlap Harriman 347 US 27 ( South Roane Street ) -- Harriman , Rockwood 350 SR 29 -- Harriman , Midtown Clinch River Bridge over the Clinch River Kingston 352 SR 58 south -- Kingston Western end of SR 58 overlap 355 Lawnville Road 356 SR 58 north ( Gallaher Road ) -- Oak Ridge Eastern end of SR 58 overlap ; signed as exits 356A ( north ) and 356B ( south ) westbound ​ 360 Buttermilk Road ​ 362 Industrial Park Road -- Roane Regional Business and Technology Park Opened in 2008 . Loudon Lenoir City 364 US 321 ( SR 73 ) / SR 95 -- Lenoir City , Oak Ridge ​ 368 I - 75 south -- Chattanooga Western end of I - 75 overlap Knox ​ 369 Watt Road Farragut 373 Campbell Station Road -- Farragut Knoxville 374 SR 131 ( Lovell Road ) 376 I - 140 east / SR 162 north -- Oak Ridge , Maryville Signed as exits 376A ( north ) and 376B ( east ) ; I - 140 west exits 1C - D 378 Cedar Bluff Road Signed as exits 378A ( south ) and 378B ( north ) westbound 379 Bridgewater Road , Walker Springs Road 379A Gallaher View Road Eastbound access is via exit 379 380 US 11 ( SR 1 ) / US 70 -- West Hills 383 SR 332 ( Northshore Drive ) / Papermill Drive , Weisgarber Road Westbound slip ramp has entrances and exits to / from Papermill Drive and Weisgarber Road 385 I - 75 north / I - 640 east -- Lexington Eastern end of I - 75 overlap 386A University Avenue , Middlebrook Pike ( SR 169 ) Westbound exit is part of exit 386B 386B US 129 ( Alcoa Highway , SR 115 ) -- Alcoa , Maryville , McGhee Tyson Airport , Great Smoky Mountains National Park 387 SR 62 ( Western Avenue ) / 17th Street 387A I - 275 north -- Lexington I - 275 exit 0 388 US 441 south ( Henley Street , SR 33 south ) -- Downtown Knoxville No westbound exit , US 441 exit 0 388A SR 158 west to US 441 south ( SR 33 south ) / James White Parkway -- Downtown Knoxville , University of Tennessee Western end of SR 158 overlap ( unsigned ) 389 To US 441 north ( Hall of Fame Drive , SR 158 east to SR 33 north ) / Broadway Eastern end of SR 158 overlap ( unsigned ) 390 Cherry Street 392 US 11W ( Rutledge Pike , SR 1 ) / Knoxville Zoo Drive Signed as exits 392A ( south ) and 392B ( north ) 393 I - 640 west / US 25W north ( SR 9 north ) to I - 75 north -- Lexington Western end of US 25W / SR 9 overlap 394 US 11E / US 25W south / US 70 ( Asheville Highway , SR 9 south , SR 168 ) Eastern end of US 25W / SR 9 overlap Holston River Bridge over the Holston River Knoxville 398 Strawberry Plains Pike -- Strawberry Plains 402 Midway Road -- Seven Islands State Birding Park Sevier Sevierville 407 SR 66 south -- Gatlinburg , Sevierville , Pigeon Forge Western end of SR 66 overlap Jefferson ​ 412 Deep Springs Road -- Douglas Dam ​ 415 US 25W ( SR 9 , SR 66 north ) / US 70 -- Dandridge Eastern end of SR 66 overlap Dandridge 417 SR 92 -- Dandridge , Jefferson City ​ 421 I - 81 north -- Bristol I - 81 exit 1 ​ 424 SR 113 -- Dandridge , White Pine French Broad River Bridge over the French Broad River Cocke Newport 432A US 411 south / US 25W north / US 70 west / SR 9 north -- Sevierville 432B US 25W south ( SR 9 south ) / US 70 east -- Newport 435 US 321 / SR 32 -- Newport , Gatlinburg ​ 440 SR 73 to US 321 ( Wilton Springs Road ) -- Gatlinburg , Cosby ​ 443 Foothills Parkway -- Gatlinburg , Cosby , Great Smoky Mountains National Park ​ 447 Hartford Road -- Hartford ​ 451 Waterville Road ​ I - 40 east -- Asheville Continuation into North Carolina 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Incomplete access Unopened Auxiliary routes ( edit ) I - 140 spur off I - 40 / I - 75 to Alcoa I - 240 Memphis Inner Beltway ; future overlap with I - 69 I - 440 inner bypass around Nashville I - 640 bypass around Knoxville I - 840 outer bypass around Nashville . Replaced SR 840 See also ( edit ) Tennessee portal U.S. Roads portal References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Public Chapter 124 Senate Bill No. 122 '' . State of Tennessee . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 1994 ) , pp. 108 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interstate System near Halfway Mark '' . The Tennessean . October 27 , 1966 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interstate 40 Does n't Really Hurt U.S. 70 '' . The Tennessean . October 23 , 1972 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 1994 ) , pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ `` Interstate 40 Reopens In Knoxville 18 days ahead of schedule '' . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tennessee Department of Transportation . `` SmartFix : I - 40 / James White Parkway / Hall of Fame Drive '' . Tennessee Department of Transportation . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Moore ( 1994 ) , pp. 120 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Don ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Rock Slide Closes Land of I - 40 in Roane County '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` I - 40 Closed in Both Directions : Another Rock Slide '' . Raleigh , NC : WRAL - TV . July 1 , 1997 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goumans , Corry & Wallace , Dwayne ( 1999 ) . `` I - 40 Rockslide Causes Mountains of Problems '' ( PDF ) . Complete Abstracts of the ISEE Proceedings . 1G : 167 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 2 , 2003 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hickman , Hayes . `` Section of I - 40 Closed Since Oct . Rockslide Reopens '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Rock Slide Closes I - 40 near Asheville '' . Raleigh , NC : WRAL - TV . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tennessee Department of Transportation ( July 27 , 2007 ) . `` TDOT Performing Corridor Study Along I - 40 and I - 81 : Study to Identify Improvements for 550 - Mile Interstate Corridor '' ( Press release ) . Tennessee Department of Transportation . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tennessee Department of Transportation . `` I - 40 / I - 81 Corridor Feasibility Study Project '' . Tennessee Department of Transportation . Jump up ^ Capka , J. Richard ( January 18 , 2008 ) . `` I - 69 and I - 55 '' ( PDF ) ( Letter ) . Letter to Paul D. Degges . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved May 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Tennessee Department of Transportation . `` Interstate 40 Interchange at Mine Lick Creek Road '' . Tennessee Department of Transportation . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Bob ( October 9 , 2008 ) . `` Roane Celebrates Access to Industrial Park via I - 40 '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Works cited ( edit ) Moore , Harry ( 1994 ) . A Geologic Trip Across Tennessee by Interstate 40 . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . External links ( edit ) Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Interstate 40 in Tennessee KML is from Wikidata Media related to Interstate 40 in Tennessee at Wikimedia Commons Interstate 40 Previous state : Arkansas Tennessee Next state : North Carolina Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_40_in_Tennessee&oldid=844749442 '' Categories : Interstate 40 Interstate Highways in Tennessee Transportation in Shelby County , Tennessee Transportation in Fayette County , Tennessee Transportation in Haywood County , Tennessee Transportation in Madison County , Tennessee Transportation in Henderson County , Tennessee Transportation in Carroll County , Tennessee Transportation in Decatur County , Tennessee Transportation in Benton County , Tennessee Transportation in Humphreys County , Tennessee Transportation in Hickman County , Tennessee Transportation in Dickson County , Tennessee Transportation in Williamson County , Tennessee Transportation in Cheatham County , Tennessee Transportation in Davidson County , Tennessee Transportation in Wilson County , Tennessee Transportation in Smith County , Tennessee Transportation in Putnam County , Tennessee Transportation in Cumberland County , Tennessee Transportation in Roane County , Tennessee Transportation in Loudon County , Tennessee Transportation in Knox County , Tennessee Transportation in Sevier County , Tennessee Transportation in Jefferson County , Tennessee Transportation in Cocke County , Tennessee Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Use mdy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Routes needing mileposts Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 22 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the time change in tennessee on interstate 40
[ "I-40 remains relatively flat and straight as it continues across the Cumberland Plateau and passes through the northern part of Crossville. East of Crossville, the Crab Orchard Mountains, the southern fringe of the Cumberland Mountains, come into view as the road descends several hundred feet. At mile 329, the interstate enters Crab Orchard Gap and proceeds through a narrow valley once prone to rockslides. At mile 340, the Interstate crosses into Roane County entering the Eastern Time Zone, and shortly thereafter the road begins its descent of the Cumberland Plateau into the Tennessee Valley. I-40 hugs the slopes of the plateau's Walden Ridge escarpment for several miles, containing what some describe as dramatic views of the Tennessee Valley below to the south, before reaching the base of the plateau at mile 347 between Harriman and Rockwood. As it enters the Ridge-and-Valley province of the Appalachians, of which the Tennessee Valley is a part, I-40 crosses a series of ridges and valleys characteristic of the region's topography. At mile 351, the road crosses the Clinch River, with the Kingston Fossil Plant and its 1,000-foot (300 m) twin smokestacks dominating the view to the north." ]
[ "At mile 340, the Interstate crosses into Roane County entering the Eastern Time Zone" ]
1554458472197512900
Spinning jenny
Spinning jenny - wikipedia Spinning jenny This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Model of spinning jenny in the Museum of Early Industrialisation , Wuppertal , Germany The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame , and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution . It was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill , Oswaldtwistle , Lancashire in England . The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce cloth , with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once . This grew to 120 as technology advanced . The yarn produced by the jenny was not very strong until Richard Arkwright invented the water - powered ' Water Frame ' , which produced yarn harder and stronger than that of the initial spinning jenny . It started the factory system . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Components 1.2 The politics of cotton 1.3 The economics of Northern England in 1750 2 Success 3 Origin and myth 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) The spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves . He was born in Oswaldtwistle , near Blackburn , around 1720 . Blackburn was a town with a population of about 5,000 , known for the production of `` Blackburn greys , '' cloths of linen warp and cotton weft initially imported from India . They were usually sent to London to be printed . At the time , cotton production could not keep up with demand of the textile industry , and Hargreaves spent some time considering how to improve the process . The flying shuttle ( John Kay 1733 ) had increased yarn demand by the weavers by doubling their productivity , and now the spinning jenny could supply that demand by increasing the spinners ' productivity even more . The machine produced coarse thread . The improved spinning jenny that was used in textile mills Components ( edit ) The idea was developed by Hargreaves as a metal frame with eight wooden spindles at one end . A set of eight rovings was attached to a beam on that frame . The rovings when extended passed through two horizontal bars of wood that could be clasped together . These bars could be drawn along the top of the frame by the spinner 's left hand thus extending the thread . The spinner used his right hand to rapidly turn a wheel which caused all the spindles to revolve , and the thread to be spun . When the bars were returned , the thread wound onto the spindle . A pressing wire ( faller ) was used to guide the threads onto the right place on the spindle . The politics of cotton ( edit ) In the 17th century , England was famous for its woollen and worsted cloth . That industry was centred in the east and south in towns such as Norwich which jealously protected their product . Cotton processing was tiny : in 1701 only 1,985,868 pounds ( 900,775 kg ) of cotton - wool was imported into England , and by 1730 this had fallen to 1,545,472 pounds ( 701,014 kg ) . This was due to commercial legislation ( Calico Acts ) to protect the woollen industry . Cheap calico prints , imported by the East India Company from `` Hindustan '' , became popular . In 1700 an Act of Parliament was passed to prevent the importation of dyed or printed calicoes from India , China or Persia . This caused grey cloth ( calico that had n't been finished - dyed or printed ) to be imported instead , and these were printed in southern England with popular patterns . Lancashire businessmen produced grey cloth with linen warp and cotton weft , which they sent to London to be finished . Cotton - wool imports recovered and by 1720 were almost back to 1701 levels . Again the woollen manufacturers claimed this was taking jobs from workers in Coventry . Another law was passed , to fine anyone caught wearing printed or stained calico ; muslins , neckcloths and fustians were exempted . It was this exemption that the Lancashire manufacturers exploited . The use of coloured cotton weft , with linen warp was permitted in the 1736 Manchester Act . There now was an artificial demand for woven cloth . In 1764 , 3,870,392 pounds ( 1,755,580 kg ) of cotton - wool was imported . The economics of northern England in 1750 ( edit ) In England , before canals , and before the turnpikes , the only way to transport goods such as calicos , broadcloth or cotton - wool was by packhorse . Strings of packhorses travelled along a network of bridle paths . A merchant would be away from home most of the year , carrying his takings in cash in his saddlebag . Later a series of chapmen would work for the merchant , taking wares to wholesalers and clients in other towns , with them would go sample books . Before 1720 , the handloom weaver spent part of each day visiting neighbours buying any weft they had . Carding and spinning could be the only income for that household , or part of it . The family might farm a few acres and card , spin and weave wool and cotton . It took three carders to provide the roving for one spinner , and up to three spinners to provide the yarn for one weaver . The process was continuous , and done by both sexes , from the youngest to the oldest . The weaver would go once a week to the market with his wares and offer them for sale . A change came about 1740 when fustian masters gave out raw cotton and warps to the weavers and returned to collect the finished cloth ( → Putting - out system ) . The weaver organised the carding , spinning and weaving to the master 's specification . The master then dyed or printed the grey cloth , and took it to shopkeepers . Ten years later this had changed and the fustian masters were middle men , who collected the grey cloth and took it to market in Manchester where it was sold to merchants who organised the finishing . To handweave a 12 - pound ( 5.4 kg ) piece of eighteenpenny weft took 14 days and paid 36 shillings in all . Of this nine shillings was paid for spinning , and nine for carding . So by 1750 , a rudimentary manufacturing system feeding into a marketing system emerged . In 1738 John Kay started to improve the loom . He improved the reed , and invented the raceboard , the shuttleboxes and the picker which together allowed one weaver to double his output . This invention is commonly called the fly - shuttle . It met with violent opposition and he fled from Lancashire to Leeds . Though the workers thought this was a threat to their jobs , it was adopted and the pressure was on to speed up carding and spinning . The shortage of spinning capacity to feed the more efficient looms provided the motivation to develop more productive spinning techniques such as the spinning jenny , and triggered the start of the Industrial Revolution . Success ( edit ) Hargreaves kept the machine secret for some time , but produced a number for his own growing industry . The price of yarn fell , angering the large spinning community in Blackburn . Eventually they broke into his house and smashed his machines , forcing him to flee to Nottingham in 1768 . This was a centre for the hosiery industry , and knitted silks , cottons and wool . There he set up shop producing jennies in secret for one Mr Shipley , with the assistance of a joiner named Thomas James . He and James set up a textile business in Mill Street . On 12 July 1770 , he took out a patent ( no . 962 ) on his invention , the Spinning Jenny -- a machine for spinning , drawing and twisting cotton . By this time a number of spinners in Lancashire were using copies of the machine , and Hargreaves sent notice that he was taking legal action against them . The manufacturers met , and offered Hargreaves £ 3,000 . He at first demanded £ 7,000 , and stood out for £ 4,000 , but the case eventually fell apart when it was learned he had sold several in the past . The spinning jenny succeeded because it held more than one ball of yarn , making more yarn in a shorter time and reducing the overall cost . The spinning jenny would not have been such a success if the flying shuttle had not been invented and installed in textile factories . Its success was limited in that it required the rovings to be prepared on a wheel , and this was limited by the need to card by hand . It continued in common use in the cotton and fustian industry until about 1810 . The spinning jenny was superseded by the spinning mule . The jenny was adapted for the process of slubbing , being the basis of the Slubbing Billy . Origin and myth ( edit ) The most common story told about the invention of the device and the origin of the Jenny in the machine 's name is that a daughter ( or his wife ) named Jenny knocked over one of their own spinning wheels . The device kept working as normal , with the spindle now pointed upright . Hargreaves realized there was no particular reason the spindles had to be horizontal , as they always had been , and he could place them vertically in a row . The name is variously said to derive from this tale . The Registers of Church Kirk show that Hargreaves had several daughters , but none named Jenny ( neither was his wife ) . A more likely explanation of the name is that ' Jenny ' was an abbreviation of ' engine ' . Thomas Highs of Leigh has claimed to be the inventor and the story is repeated using his wife 's name . Another myth has Thomas Earnshaw inventing a spinning device of a similar description - but destroying it after fearing he might be taking bread out of the mouths of the poor . See also ( edit ) Cotton mill Luddite Spinning mule Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution Textile manufacturing Timeline of clothing and textiles technology References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Espinasse 1874 , p. 322 Jump up ^ Timmins 1993 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Baines 1835 , p. 157 ^ Jump up to : Espinasse 1874 , p. 296 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 298 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 299 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 300 ^ Jump up to : Espinasse 1874 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 304 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 313 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 325 Jump up ^ Aiken , John . `` John Aitken on the industrialization in and around Manchester , 1795 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Baines 1835 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Guest 1828 and could produce both weft and warp for the woollen industry . Jump up ^ Marsden 1884 , p. 219 Jump up ^ Bellis , Mary : `` Spinning Jenny - James Hargreaves '' , About.com Jump up ^ Harling , Nick . `` James Hargreaves 1720 - 1778 '' . Cotton Town : Blackburn with Darwen . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Baines 1835 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 316 Bibliography ( edit ) Baines , Edward ( 1835 ) . History of the cotton manufacture in Great Britain ; . London : H. Fisher , R. Fisher , and P. Jackson . Nasmith , Joseph ( 1895 ) . Recent Cotton Mill Construction and Engineering ( Elibron Classics ed . ) . London : John Heywood . ISBN 1 - 4021 - 4558 - 6 . Marsden , Richard ( 1884 ) . Cotton Spinning : its development , principles and practice . George Bell and Sons 1903 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . Marsden , ed. ( 1909 ) . Cotton Yearbook 1910 . Manchester : Marsden and Co . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . Espinasse , Francis ( 1874 ) . Lancashire Worthies . London : Simpkin , Marshall , & Co . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Guest , Richard ( 1828 ) . The British Cotton Manufactures : and a Reply to an Article on the Spinning Contained in a Recent Number of the Edinburgh Review . London : E. Thomson & Sons and W. & W. Clarke and Longman , Rees , & Co . Timmins , Geoffrey ( 1993 ) , The Last Shift : The decline of handloom weaving in nineteenth - century Lancashire , Manchester : Manchester University Press , p. 253 , ISBN 0 7190 - 3725 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spinning jennies . Essay from www.cottontown.org on Hargreaves and the spinning jenny . Essay from www.cottonttimes.co.uk on Highs and the spinning jenny . Source for alternate name of spinning ginny ( hide ) Spinning Materials Noil Rolag Roving Sliver Staple Top Tow Woolen Worsted Techniques Carding Combing Heckling Long draw Scutching Short draw Twist per inch Hand spinning tools Hand spinning Distaff Niddy noddy Nostepinne Spindle Spinning wheel Spinners weasel Industrial spinning Cotton - spinning machinery Ring spinning Open - end spinning Dref Friction Spinning Magnetic ring spinning Mule spinners ' cancer Piece - rate list Spinning frame Spinning jenny Spinning mule Throstle frame Water frame Wool combing machine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spinning_jenny&oldid=843177566 '' Categories : Spinning Textile machinery English inventions History of the textile industry Industrial Revolution in England History of Blackburn Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Galego हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 12 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was the inventer of the spinning jenny
[ "The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. It was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire in England. The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce cloth, with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once. This grew to 120 as technology advanced. The yarn produced by the jenny was not very strong until Richard Arkwright invented the water-powered 'Water Frame', which produced yarn harder and stronger than that of the initial spinning jenny. It started the factory system.[1]" ]
[ "James Hargreaves" ]
-3083729052816266645
Peter Pan (1954 musical)
Peter Pan ( 1954 musical ) - wikipedia Peter Pan ( 1954 musical ) Jump to : navigation , search Peter Pan Original Cast Recording Music Jule Styne Mark Charlap Trude Rittmann ( dance arrangements ) Lyrics Betty Comden Adolph Green Carolyn Leigh Book Sir James M. Barrie Basis Sir J.M. Barrie 's play Peter Pan Productions 1954 Broadway 1955 television 1956 television 1960 television 1979 Broadway revival 1990 Broadway revival 1998 Broadway revival 2000 Cable TV ( A&E ) 2014 NBC television Peter Pan is a musical based on J.M. Barrie 's 1904 play Peter Pan and Barrie 's own novelization of it , Peter and Wendy . The music is mostly by Mark `` Moose '' Charlap , with additional music by Jule Styne , and most of the lyrics were written by Carolyn Leigh , with additional lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green . The original 1954 Broadway production , starring Mary Martin as Peter and Cyril Ritchard as Captain Hook , earned Tony Awards for both stars . It was followed by NBC telecasts of it in 1955 , 1956 , and 1960 with the same stars , plus several rebroadcasts of the 1960 telecast . In 2014 , the musical was broadcast on NBC featuring several new numbers , and starring Allison Williams and Christopher Walken . The show has enjoyed several revivals onstage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and original 1954 production 2 Television productions 3 Casts of major productions 4 Later revivals 5 Synopsis 5.1 Act I 5.2 Act II 5.3 Act III 6 Musical numbers 7 Roles 8 Awards and nominations 8.1 Original Broadway production 8.2 1979 Broadway revival 8.3 1990 Broadway revival 8.4 1998 Broadway revival 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background and original 1954 production ( edit ) Several productions of Peter Pan were staged early in the 20th century , starting in London in 1904 , starring Nina Boucicault as Peter and on Broadway in 1905 , starring Maude Adams . In a nod to the original play , and the pantomime tradition it derives from , the title role of Peter Pan in the musical is usually played by a woman , including Mary Martin , Sandy Duncan and Cathy Rigby , among others . Producer Edwin Lester , founder and director of the Los Angeles Civic Light Opera , acquired the American rights to adapt Peter Pan as a play with music for Mary Martin . The show was not successful in its pre-Broadway West Coast tour , so director Jerome Robbins hired lyricists Comden and Green and composer Jule Styne to add more songs , including `` Never Never Land , '' `` Distant Melody '' and several other numbers , turning the show into a full - scale musical . The musical , instead of using Barrie 's original ending , in which Peter simply let Wendy and the other children return home , includes an additional scene that Barrie had written later and titled An Afterthought ( later included by Barrie in his 1911 novelization Peter and Wendy ) . In this ending , Peter returns after many years to take Wendy back to Never Never Land for spring cleaning . He finds that he has been away so long that Wendy is now an adult , married woman with a daughter . Despondent at first , he is delighted when Wendy 's daughter Jane offers to be his new mother , and instead takes her with him . The musical premiered at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco on July 19 , 1954 . The initial four - week run was followed by an eight - week engagement in Los Angeles . The show opened on Broadway on October 20 , 1954 at the Winter Garden Theatre for a planned limited run of 152 performances . The busy 1954 Broadway season also included The Boy Friend , Fanny , Silk Stockings and Damn Yankees . While still in tryouts , a deal was made for Peter Pan to be broadcast on the NBC anthology series Producers ' Showcase on March 7 , 1955 , which ensured that it was a financial success despite the limited run . The revised score and Tony Award - winning performances by Martin and Cyril Ritchard made the musical a critical success , and tickets sold out throughout the Broadway run . The show closed on February 26 , 1955 to prepare for the television broadcast . A Broadway cast album was made of the songs , and it is still in print today . Television productions ( edit ) In 1954 , Fred Coe , production manager for NBC in New York , began work on Producers ' Showcase , a 90 - minute anthology series that aired every fourth Monday for three seasons . One aim of the series was to broadcast expensive color spectaculars to promote the new color television system developed by NBC 's parent company RCA . Martin as Peter Pan On March 7 , 1955 , NBC presented Peter Pan live as part of Producers ' Showcase ( with nearly all of the show 's original cast ) as the first full - length Broadway production on color TV . The show attracted a then - record audience of 65 - million viewers , the highest ever up to that time for a single television program . Mary Martin and Cyril Ritchard had already won Tony Awards for their stage performances , and Martin won an Emmy Award for the television production . It was so well received that the musical was restaged live for television ( again on Producers ' Showcase ) on January 9 , 1956 . Both of these broadcasts were produced live and in color , but only black - and - white kinescope recordings survive . Peter Pan was restaged on December 8 , 1960 , this time in a 100 - minute version rather than 90 minutes ( not counting the commercials ) , and with a slightly different cast because the original children had outgrown their roles . Producers ' Showcase had long since gone off the air , so the 1960 production was intended as a `` stand alone '' special instead of an episode of an anthology series . Act II was split into two acts , for a total of five acts instead of three , to allow for more commercial breaks . This version was videotaped in color at NBC 's Brooklyn studio . Martin was also starring in Broadway 's The Sound of Music at the time . The production was directed for television by Vincent J. Donehue , who received a Director 's Guild Award for it . Peter Foy re-created the signature flying sequences he had staged for the 1954 Broadway production and the two Producers ' Showcase broadcasts . This 1960 version was rebroadcast in 1963 , 1966 and 1973 . The video tape of that production was restored and rebroadcast by NBC on March 24 , 1989 , then again on March 31 , 1991 , after which it went to the Disney Channel , where it was shown several times more . Beginning in 1989 , the program was slightly cut to make room for more commercial time . Eliminated completely was a dance that Liza ( the Darling family maid ) and the animals of Neverland perform to an orchestral version of Never Never Land . Also eliminated was Mary Martin 's curtain speech at the end thanking NBC for making the program possible , which , in the 1960 , 1963 , and 1966 telecasts led directly into the closing credits . Gone also was the intertitle bearing the credit Peter Pan : Act III , but not the other intertitle credits , so that the show seemed to be performed in three acts , just as in the stage version . This 1960 production of Peter Pan was released on VHS home video in 1990 and on DVD on October 19 , 1999 . None of the three Mary Martin television versions of Peter Pan was telecast from a theatre with a live audience . All three were performed in the NBC studios . In 2000 , A&E presented a TV production of the Broadway show , starring Cathy Rigby , recorded in front of a live audience . In 2014 , NBC broadcast Peter Pan Live ! , a new production of the musical starring Allison Williams as Peter , Christopher Walken as Captain Hook , Kelli O'Hara as Mrs. Darling , Christian Borle as Mr. Darling / Mr. Smee and Minnie Driver as the adult Wendy . Critical reviews were mixed , with many reviewers expressing relief that the broadcast was not a disaster . Casts of major productions ( edit ) Character 1954 Broadway 1955 & 1956 broadcasts 1960 broadcast 1979 Broadway 1990 Broadway 1991 Broadway 1998 & 1999 Broadway 2014 Broadcast Peter Pan Mary Martin Sandy Duncan Cathy Rigby Allison Williams Captain Hook Cyril Ritchard George Rose Stephen Hanan J.K. Simmons Paul Schoeffler Christopher Walken Mr. Darling Christian Borle Mrs. Darling Margalo Gillmore Beth Fowler Lauren Thompson Barbara McCulloh Kelli O'Hara Wendy Darling Kathleen Nolan Maureen Bailey Marsha Kramer Cindy Robinson Elisa Sagardia Taylor Louderman Tiger Lily Sondra Lee Maria Pogee Holly Irwin Michelle Schumacher Dana Solimando Alanna Saunders Michael Darling Joseph Stafford Tom Halloran Kent Fletcher Jonathan Ward Chad Hutchison Joey Cee Drake English John Allyn John Darling Robert Harrington Joey Trent Alexander Winter Britt West David Burdick Chase Kniffen Barry Cavanagh Jake Lucas Smee Joe E. Marks Arnold Soboloff Don Potter Michael Nostrand Christian Borle Later revivals ( edit ) The show was revived in 1979 on Broadway at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre , produced by Nancy and Ronnie Horowitz , starring Sandy Duncan and George Rose , and ran for 554 performances . Duncan was nominated for the Best Actress Tony , and the show was nominated for Best Revival of a Musical . A third Broadway production was mounted in 1990 , originally at the Lunt - Fontanne , running for 45 performances . A return engagement opened 10 months later , this time at the Minskoff Theatre , running for an additional 48 performances . Both engagements starred former Olympic gymnast Cathy Rigby as Peter ; the first co-starred Stephen Hanan and the second J.K. Simmons . The production was nominated for Best Revival of a Musical at the 1991 Tonys , and Rigby was nominated for Best Actress . Rigby returned to Broadway as Peter Pan in 1998 at the Marquis Theatre , with Paul Schoeffler co-starring . This production ran for 48 performances . A return engagement with the same stars opened in 1999 at the George Gershwin Theatre and ran for 166 performances . This engagement was nominated for the 1999 Tony for Best Revival of a Musical . It was then recorded at the La Mirada Theater for broadcast in October 2000 on the A&E Network . The video release cuts the program to about 96 minutes and was shot using eight cameras , produced by Line By Line Productions for McCoy / Rigby Entertainment , directed by Gary Halvorson and produced by Marc Bauman . Designers of the production were John Iacovelli ( set ) , Shigeru Yaji ( costumes ) and Martin Aronstein ( lights ) . Flying illusions are by ZFX Inc . Craig Barna is the musical director . It reconceived the potentially offensive `` Ugg - a-Wugg '' song about Native Americans as a percussive dance number . The flying effects were changed to include some flights that were not practical to do in the theatrical version , such as the somersault flips during `` I 'm Flying '' , and electronically erasing the wires . Jack Noseworthy is the only male actor to have played Peter Pan on Broadway ; he was an understudy in the revue Jerome Robbins ' Broadway . Synopsis ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) The Darling Nursery As Mr. and Mrs. Darling prepare for an evening out , two of their children , Wendy and John , play at being their parents . When Mrs. Darling notices Michael is left out , she gets him into the game and joins in with all of them ( `` 1 , 2 , 3 '' ) watched by the dog Nana , their nursemaid . When Mr. Darling comes in to have his tie tied , he questions having a dog as a nursemaid , but Mrs. Darling defends her . The previous week , while the children slept , Nana saw a boy in the room who flew out of the window before she could catch him , leaving behind his shadow , which Mrs. Darling has put away in a drawer . In spite of this , Mr. Darling insists on Nana spending the night downstairs . Mrs. Darling and the children sing a lullaby ( `` Tender Shepherd '' ) . Peter Pan ( Mary Martin ) shows the Darling children he can fly ; Kathy Nolan plays Wendy ( 1954 ) The children fall asleep . A fairy , Tinker Bell , and Peter Pan fly in through the window to look for his shadow . Wendy is woken up by the boy 's cries when he is unable to re-attach his shadow and helps him by sewing it back on . Peter is thrilled when his shadow is re-attached ( `` I 've Gotta Crow '' ) and tells her that he lives in Neverland ( `` Never Never Land '' ) with the Lost Boys . Wendy wakes her brothers up , and Peter invites them all to Neverland , and promises to teach them to fly . Peter happily launches himself into the air ( `` I 'm Flying '' ) . Peter sprinkles the children with fairy dust and tells them to `` think lovely thoughts '' ( `` I 'm Flying -- Reprise '' ) . The children follow Peter , but Michael goes back when maid Liza comes into the room , giving her some of his fairy dust and inviting her to come to Neverland with them . Act II ( edit ) Never Land Peter 's `` Lost Boys '' are standing outside their underground lair , wondering when he will return , when they hear Captain Hook and his pirates ( `` Pirate Song '' ) . The boys hide . Hook tells Smee , his right - hand man , that he wants to kill Peter , because he cut off his hand and threw it to a crocodile , which has since then developed a taste for Hook and follows him around . Luckily for Hook , the crocodile has swallowed a clock that ticks and alerts Hook to its presence . Hook accidentally stumbles upon the entrance to the hideout , and summons Smee and his men to provide background music while he plans the Boys ' demise ( `` Hook 's Tango '' ) , a rich cake with poisonous icing . Hook suddenly hears a loud tick - tock ; the crocodile appears but Hook escapes . The pirates flee , and the Boys reappear , thinking they are safe . Suddenly , a group of `` Indians '' appears , led by Tiger Lily ( `` Indians '' ) . They leave the Boys alone , and go on hunting the pirates . The Lost Boys suddenly spot Wendy in the sky and taking her for a bird , one of them shoots an arrow . Peter , Michael and John land to find the arrow lodged in her heart , although she is n't dead . The Lost Boys build a house around her , hoping that she will become their mother ( `` Wendy '' ) , to which , when she wakes up , she agrees . Hook plants the cake , but Wendy does n't let the children eat it as she knows it would n't be good for them ; instead , she tells the Boys stories . Hook is infuriated that the Boys have found a mother . He plots to kidnap Wendy and the Boys , while Smee and the pirates play a `` Tarantella '' . After the pirates leave for their ship , Liza arrives and dances with the animals of Neverland while Peter keeps watch outside the house . A few days pass with everyone having adventures . One day in the forest , after Peter leads the Boys in their anthem ( `` I Wo n't Grow Up '' ) , they almost run into the pirates , who have captured Tiger Lily and tie her to a tree . Peter hides and mimics Hook 's voice , ordering the men to release her . When Hook arrives , he is enraged and demands that the `` spirit of the forest '' speak to him . Peter tricks them all into thinking he is Hook , and that the real Hook is a codfish . Hook asks the `` spirit '' to reveal its true identity . Peter obliges , pretending to be a `` beautiful lady '' ( `` Oh , My Mysterious Lady '' ) and Hook and his pirates try to ambush Peter , but they are chased away by Tiger Lily and her tribe of Native Americans . Back at the hideout , Tiger Lily and her tribe are almost shot by the Boys , until Peter reveals the truce between them . They smoke a peace pipe and vow eternal friendship ( `` Ugg - a-Wugg '' ) . Tiger Lily and her Indians leave to stand guard around the house above . Wendy asks Peter to sing the Boys a lullaby ( `` Distant Melody '' ) . Michael and John want to return home , and Wendy admits to being homesick , too . The Boys wish they had parents , and Wendy offers hers to all of them . Everyone is excited about being adopted , except Peter , who says he will not go because he knows he will grow up if he does . Wendy tells him she will come back once a year to do his spring cleaning . The pirates attack and subdue the Indians . They give Peter a fake all - clear signal , so Peter sadly sends Wendy , her brothers , and the Lost Boys on their way . Before she leaves , Wendy sets out Peter 's `` medicine '' for him to take before bed . After she tearfully leaves , Peter , who pretended not to care , throws himself on a bed and cries himself to sleep . As they leave the underground house , Wendy and the boys are captured by the pirates . Hook then sneaks into the lair and poisons Peter 's medicine . Tinker Bell awakens Peter , tells him of the ambush , and warns him about the poison , but he waves her off as he prepares for a rescue . Desperate , she drinks the poison herself . Dying , she tells Peter that if every boy and girl who believes in fairies would clap their hands , she would live . Peter asks the audience to believe and clap their hands . They do , and Tinker Bell is saved . Peter grabs his sword and heads off to rescue Wendy and the Boys . Act III ( edit ) The Jolly Roger Hook revels in his success ( `` Hook 's Waltz '' ) . As the plank is prepared , Hook hears the tick - tock of the crocodile and panics . It is actually Peter with a clock , and while Hook cowers Peter and the Boys help the Indians , the animals and Liza onto the ship and hide . Peter hides in a closet and kills two pirates Hook sends in . A third pirate , Starkey , refuses to obey Hook 's order to go in and jumps overboard . The pirates then carry the Boys in , and the Boys pretend to be afraid as they are carried in . Peter disguises himself as a pirate , and the pirates think the `` doodle - doo '' ( named so because Peter still crows after killing the pirates ) killed all the Boys . Hook believes the ship is now cursed , and everyone thinks Wendy is the source . The pirates push Wendy to the plank . Peter ditches his disguise and the Indians and animals attack , as well as the Boys who are alive and armed . The pirates are all defeated , and Peter challenges Hook to a duel and defeats him . Hook threatens to blow up the ship with a bomb , but runs into the real crocodile ( whom Peter also brought on the ship ) . Peter catches the dropped bomb and tosses it in the sea after Hook slides down the plank ( which is shaped like a slide ) with the crocodile chasing behind him . As Peter puts his fingers in his ears , the bomb explodes and Hook is either blown to smithereens or is eaten by the crocodile . Everyone sings Peter 's praises ( `` I 've Gotta Crow '' ( reprise ) ) . Before the Darling children and the Lost Boys go to London , Liza asks Peter to teach her to crow ( `` I Gotta Crow '' ( 2nd reprise ) ) . Back home , the Darlings sit by the nursery window night after night , hoping for the return of their children . The children silently reappear and sing to their mother ( `` Tender Shepherd '' ( reprise ) ) . The Darlings happily agree to adopt the Lost Boys ( `` We Will Grow Up '' ) . Wendy promises to wait for Peter , hoping that one day he will return for her . Years pass , and Peter returns to the nursery , surprising a much older Wendy , who no longer expected him . He has come to take her to Neverland for Spring cleaning , but she declines as she is now grown up ; married with a daughter of her own , Jane . Peter starts to cry , and Wendy leaves the room at the sound of her husband 's offstage voice . Jane awakes and , like her mother before her , asks , `` Boy , why are you crying ? '' Peter introduces himself , but Jane knows all about him from her mother 's stories . She has been waiting for him to come take her to Neverland and to learn to fly . Peter , now happy again , throws fairy dust on her , but as they are about to leave , Wendy tries to stop them , saying , `` Oh , if only I could go with you ! '' In the most poignant moment of the show , Peter answers with a sad but understanding smile , `` You ca n't . You see , Wendy ... you 're too grown up '' . And so Wendy reluctantly lets Jane go , `` just for Spring cleaning . '' Her daughter and the `` boy who would n't grow up '' fly off into the night as Wendy watches from the window . ( `` Finale : Never Never Land ( Reprise ) '' ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Original Broadway production Title Sung by Music Lyrics `` Overture '' Jule Styne Moose Charlap `` Tender Shepherd '' Wendy , John , Michael , and Mrs. Darling Moose Charlap Carolyn Leigh `` I 've Gotta Crow '' Peter Pan Moose Charlap Carolyn Leigh `` Never Never Land '' Peter Pan Jule Styne Comden and Green `` I 'm Flying '' Peter Pan , Wendy , John , Michael Moose Charlap Carolyn Leigh `` Pirate Song '' Captain Hook and Pirates Moose Charlap Carolyn Leigh `` Hook 's Tango '' Captain Hook and Pirates Moose Charlap Carolyn Leigh `` Indians '' Tiger Lily and Indians Moose Charlap Moose Charlap `` Wendy '' Peter Pan and Lost Boys Jule Styne Comden and Green `` Hook 's Tarantella '' Captain Hook and Pirates Moose Charlap Carolyn Leigh `` Never Never Land '' ( instrumental reprise , no vocal ) ( cut on TV showings after 1973 ) Danced by Liza and the Animals Jule Styne arranged by Trude Rittman `` I Wo n't Grow Up '' Peter Pan , Slightly , Curly , Twins and Lost Boys Moose Charlap Carolyn Leigh `` Oh , My Mysterious Lady '' Peter Pan and Captain Hook Jule Styne Comden and Green `` Wendy '' ( reprise ) ( cut on TV showings after 1973 ) Wendy and the Lost Boys Jule Styne Comden and Green `` Ugg - a-Wugg '' Peter Pan , Tiger Lily , Children and Indians Jule Styne Comden and Green `` Distant Melody '' Peter Pan Jule Styne Comden and Green `` Captain Hook 's Waltz '' Captain Hook and Pirates Jule Styne Comden and Green `` Reprise : I Gotta Crow '' Peter Pan , Company Moose Charlap Carolyn Leigh `` Reprise : Tender Shepherd '' Wendy , John and Michael Moose Charlap Carolyn Leigh `` We Will Grow Up '' The Darling Family , Lost Boys Moose Charlap Carolyn Leigh `` Finale : Never Never Land '' Peter Pan Jule Styne Comden and Green Roles ( edit ) Peter Pan : Usually played by a woman in the musical . Tinker Bell : a fairy and Peter Pan 's best friend , represented only by a tiny flashing white light . Her `` dialogue '' is heard as tinkling music played by a celesta in the orchestra . Other characters `` translate '' what she `` says '' . The Darling Family Wendy Moira Angela Darling : the eldest of the Darling children John Darling : Wendy 's younger brother . Michael Darling : Wendy 's youngest brother . Mr. George Darling : the father of the Darling family . Mrs. Mary Darling , their mother Nana , the dog / nurse Liza , the family 's maid Jane , Wendy 's daughter The Lost Boys : Slightly Soiled ; Tootles , the youngest one ; Twin # 1 ; Twin # 2 ; Curly ; and Nibs Tiger Lily , the Native American princess The Pirates Captain James Hook , Peter 's nemesis , usually played by the same actor who plays Mr. Darling . Smee , Hook 's comedic sidekick Starkey , Bill Jukes , Cecco , Noodler , Mullins , Cookson , Skylights , Alf Mason , Alsatian Fogarty , Albino , Quang Lee , Bollard and Giant Pirate . There are also animals in Neverland , who make animal noises , but have no dialogue . These , like Nana , are played by people in costumes . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1955 Tony Award Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Mary Martin Won Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Cyril Ritchard Won Best Stage Technician Richard Rodda Won 1979 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1980 Tony Award Best Revival Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Sandy Duncan Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actress in a Musical Nominated 1990 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1991 Tony Award Best Revival Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Cathy Rigby Nominated 1998 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1999 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated See also ( edit ) Peter Pan Live ! References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Peter Pan ( 2000 A&E TV presentation starring Cathy Rigby ) on YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Peter Pan ( 2000 A&E TV production starring Cathy Rigby ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Duke of York 's Theatre . `` Peter Pan . '' , Reviews , The Times , 28 December 1904 Jump up ^ Pilkington , Angel M. `` Peter Pan : Myth and Fantasy '' , Midsummer Magazine , 2000 , reprinted at the Utah Shakespearean Festival website , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John ( 1996 -- 2003 ) . `` Mary Martin : `` Do You Believe ? '' `` . History of The Musical Stage . Musicals101.com . pp. 1950s Part IV : The Great Dames . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/155972160X Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan : Original Broadway Production ( 1954 ) '' , Ovrtur.com , accessed March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ IBDB database . `` Peter Pan '' . The Broadway League . Retrieved 25 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Bruce K . The Peter Pan Chronicles : The Nearly 100 Year History of the Boy that Would n't Grow Up . Birch Press : 1993 , pp. 213 -- 14 Jump up ^ Tino Balio . `` COE , FRED '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Tinky `` Dakota '' Weisblat . `` Peter Pan '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . There are errors in this article , one of them implying that Lynn Fontanne narrated the first telecast , when Patricia Wheel narrated it . Ms. Fontanne narrated the 1960 telecast . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Ed Reitan . `` RCA - NBC Firsts in Color Television '' . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=coefred Jump up ^ `` PRODUCERS ' SHOWCASE : PETER PAN ( TAPE 1 OF 2 ) ( TV ) '' . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ MovieWeb . `` Peter Pan ( 1960 ) '' . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Pan ( 1960 ) ( TV ) '' . The Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Elisabeth Elkind . `` Inventory of the Vincent J. Donehue Papers , 1946 -- 1965 '' . The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Martin , Mary `` My Heart Belongs '' , pp. 203 -- 210 , William Morrow and Co. , Inc. 1976 ISBN 0 - 688 - 03009 - 2 Jump up ^ The Internet Movie Database . `` Peter Pan ( 1960 ) '' . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan ( 1960 ) '' . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Girls Star Lands Coveted Title Role in NBC 's Peter Pan Live ! '' , Playbill.com , July 30 , 2014 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` The Verdict : Read Reviews of Peter Pan Live ! on NBC '' , Playbill , December 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/kelli-ohara-tapped-nbcs-peter-pan-live-25389118 ^ Jump up to : Hetrick , Adam ( 7 October 2014 ) . `` Handful of Broadway Newsies Make Up Peter Pan 's Lost Boys and Swashbuckling Pirates '' . Playbill . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.tonyawards.com/p/tonys_search Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0255873/ Jump up ^ http://www.playbill.com/news/article/54219-Rigbys-Peter-Pan-Flies-Into-Homes-on-AE-Oct-8-On-Video-and-DVD-Oct10 Jump up ^ Jack Noseworthy at the IMDB database Jump up ^ Mary Martin ( actor ) ( 1960 - 12 - 08 ) . Peter Pan ( Videotape ) . New York : National Broadcasting Company / GoodTimes Home Video Corporation . ISBN 1 - 55510 - 505 - X . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan / Songs in this production '' . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 18 . Further reading ( edit ) Sondra Lee : I 've Slept With Everybody : A Memoir by Sondra Lee . Albany , 2009 . BearManor Media . ISBN 1 - 59393 - 463 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Pan ( 1954 musical ) . Peter Pan at the Internet Broadway Database Peter Pan page at Broadwaymusicalhome.com Synopsis and other information about Peter Pan and many useful links 1990 NY Times review Peter Pan ( 1955 TV production ) on IMDb Peter Pan ( 1956 TV production ) on IMDb Peter Pan ( 1960 TV production ) on IMDb Peter Pan ( 2000 TV production starring Cathy Rigby ) on IMDb Jerome Robbins Ballets 2 and 3 Part Inventions Afternoon of a Faun Andantino Antique Epigraphs Brahms / Handel Brandenburg The Cage Circus Polka The Concert Dances at a Gathering Dybbuk Fancy Free Fanfare The Firebird Four Bagatelles The Four Seasons Gershwin Piano Concerto Glass Pieces The Goldberg Variations I 'm Old Fashioned In G Major In Memory Of ... In the Night Interplay Ives , Songs Mother Goose Moves Les Noces NY Export : Opus Jazz Opus 19 / The Dreamer Other Dances Piano Pieces Requiem Canticles Suite of Dances A Suite of Dances Tricolore Watermill West Side Story Suite Musicals Peter Pan ( 1954 ) Films West Side Story ( 1961 ) Musicals by Jule Styne High Button Shoes Gentlemen Prefer Blondes Two on the Aisle Hazel Flagg Peter Pan My Sister Eileen Bells Are Ringing Say , Darling Gypsy Do Re Mi Subways Are for Sleeping Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol Funny Girl Wonderworld Fade Out - Fade In Hallelujah , Baby ! Darling of the Day Look to the Lilies Prettybelle Sugar Lorelei Bar Mitzvah Boy One Night Stand Pieces of Eight The Red Shoes J.M. Barrie 's Peter Pan Characters and setting Main Peter Pan Wendy Darling Captain Hook Mr. Smee Tinker Bell Tiger Lily Other Neverland Lost Boys Pixie Hollow Cast members Literary adaptations Official books / plays The Little White Bird Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens Peter and Wendy ( play , book ) Peter Pan in Scarlet Starcatchers books Peter and the Starcatchers Peter and the Shadow Thieves Peter and the Secret of Rundoon Peter and the Sword of Mercy The Bridge to Never Land Never Land Books Film adaptations Peter Pan films Peter Pan ( 1924 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Peter Pan ( 1988 ) Hook Return to Never Land Neverland Peter Pan ( 2003 ) Pan Tinker Bell films Tinker Bell Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue Pixie Hollow Games Secret of the Wings Pixie Hollow Bake Off The Pirate Fairy Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Adaptations Television 1976 musical The Adventures of Peter Pan Peter Pan & the Pirates Jake and the Never Land Pirates Once Upon a Time Neverland Peter Pan Live ! Peter and Wendy Stage 1950 musical 1954 musical Peter Pan : A Musical Adventure Peter and the Starcatcher Peter Pan 360 Peter and Alice Finding Neverland ( musical ) Wendy & Peter Pan Peter Pan Goes Wrong Disney 's Peter Pan Jr . Video games Peter Pan and the Pirates Peter Pan : Adventures in Never Land Kingdom Hearts Hook Prose The Child Thief Graphic novels Peter Pank Lost Girls Marvel Fairy Tales Music Albums The Wendy Trilogy Faith , Trust , and Pixie Dust `` Lost Boy '' ( Ruth B song ) Somewhere in Neverland `` Peter Pan '' ( Kelsea Ballerini song ) Attractions Disney on Ice Fantasmic ! Peter Pan 's Flight ( ride ) Pixie Hollow Allusions Never Never Land Biographies The Lost Boys Finding Neverland Related Llewelyn Davies boys Peter Pan syndrome / Wendy dilemma Peter Pan copyright Disney franchise Peter Pan statue Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Pan_(1954_musical)&oldid=824230993 '' Categories : 1950s American television specials 1954 musicals 1955 television specials 1955 in American television 1956 in American television 1956 television specials 1960 in American television 1960 television specials 2000 in American television Broadway musicals Musical television films Musical television specials Musicals based on plays Musicals based on novels Musicals directed by Jerome Robbins NBC television specials Peter Pan Works based on Peter Pan Live television programs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 02 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played captain hook in the original peter pan
[ "The original 1954 Broadway production, starring Mary Martin as Peter and Cyril Ritchard as Captain Hook, earned Tony Awards for both stars. It was followed by NBC telecasts of it in 1955, 1956, and 1960 with the same stars, plus several rebroadcasts of the 1960 telecast. In 2014, the musical was broadcast on NBC featuring several new numbers, and starring Allison Williams and Christopher Walken. The show has enjoyed several revivals onstage." ]
[ "Mary Martin" ]
7106498822610514738
List of Premier League goalkeepers with 100 or more clean sheets
List of Premier League goalkeepers with 100 or more clean sheets - wikipedia List of Premier League goalkeepers with 100 or more clean sheets Jump to : navigation , search In association football a goalkeeper may be said to `` keep a clean sheet '' if they prevent their opponents scoring any goals during an entire match . Since the Premier League 's formation at the start of the 1992 -- 93 season , 14 goalkeepers have managed to keep 100 or more clean sheets in the Premier League . During the 1997 -- 98 season , Peter Schmeichel became the first player to keep 100 Premier League clean sheets . Petr Čech and Edwin van der Sar holds the joint record for most clean sheets kept in a single season , with 21 . The record for consecutive clean sheets was also set by Čech , who became the first goalkeeper to keep ten consecutive clean sheets ; Edwin van der Sar later eclipsed this when he went 14 games without conceding in 2008 -- 09 for Manchester United . The first goalkeepers to keep a clean sheet in the Premier League were Tim Flowers and Erik Thorstvedt on the opening day of the inaugural season in a 0 -- 0 draw between Southampton and Tottenham Hotspur ; all other goalkeepers conceded that day . Each year the goalkeeper who has kept the most clean sheets during the Premier League campaign is awarded the Premier League Golden Glove award . First presented in 2004 -- 05 , five goalkeepers have won the award , with Joe Hart holding the record for most wins at four . Petr Čech became the keeper with the highest number of clean sheets while playing against AFC Bournemouth on 28 December 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Players 2 Milestones 3 Consecutives 4 References Players ( edit ) List of Premier League goalkeepers with 100 or more clean sheets Rank Player Apps Clean sheets Average Club ( s ) Ref . Čech , Petr Petr Čech 413 194 0.47 Chelsea ( 162 ) , Arsenal ( 32 ) James , David David James 572 169 0.30 Liverpool ( 72 ) , Aston Villa ( 21 ) , West Ham United ( 18 ) , Manchester City ( 19 ) , Portsmouth ( 39 ) Schwarzer , Mark Mark Schwarzer 514 152 0.30 Middlesbrough ( 93 ) , Fulham ( 56 ) , Chelsea ( 2 ) , Leicester City ( 1 ) Seaman , David David Seaman 344 142 0.41 Arsenal ( 138 ) , Manchester City ( 4 ) Martyn , Nigel Nigel Martyn 372 138 0.37 Crystal Palace ( 25 ) , Leeds United ( 82 ) , Everton ( 31 ) 6 Reina , Pepe Pepe Reina 285 134 0.47 Liverpool ( 134 ) = van der Sar , Edwin Edwin van der Sar 313 134 0.43 Fulham ( 42 ) , Manchester United ( 92 ) 8 Howard , Tim Tim Howard 399 132 0.33 Manchester United ( 16 ) , Everton ( 116 ) = Friedel , Brad Brad Friedel 450 132 0.29 Liverpool ( 6 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 77 ) , Aston Villa ( 35 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 14 ) 10 Schmeichel , Peter Peter Schmeichel 310 129 0.42 Manchester United ( 113 ) , Aston Villa ( 7 ) , Manchester City ( 9 ) 11 Hart , Joe Joe Hart 313 122 0.39 Manchester City ( 109 ) , Birmingham City ( 10 ) , West Ham United ( 3 ) 12 Given , Shay Shay Given 451 116 0.26 Blackburn Rovers ( 1 ) , Newcastle United ( 91 ) , Manchester City ( 15 ) , Aston Villa ( 9 ) 13 Sørensen , Thomas Thomas Sørensen 364 109 0.30 Sunderland ( 36 ) , Aston Villa ( 46 ) , Stoke City ( 27 ) = Jääskeläinen , Jussi Jussi Jääskeläinen 436 109 0.25 Bolton Wanderers ( 89 ) , West Ham United ( 20 ) ( Bold denotes goalkeeper currently playing in Premier League ) ( Italics denote goalkeeper currently playing outside the Premier League ) Statistics correct as of 5 November 2017 . Milestones ( edit ) Milestone Player Match Date 1st clean sheet Tim Flowers Southampton 0 -- 0 Tottenham Hotspur 15 August 1992 Erik Thorstvedt Southampton 0 -- 0 Tottenham Hotspur 15 August 1992 50th clean sheet Peter Schmeichel Manchester United 3 -- 0 Arsenal 22 March 1995 100th clean sheet Peter Schmeichel Crystal Palace 0 -- 3 Manchester United 27 April 1998 150th clean sheet David James Portsmouth 0 -- 0 Everton 1 December 2007 Consecutives ( edit ) Games Player Club Dates Season ( s ) 14 Edwin van der Sar Manchester United 22 November 2008 -- 18 February 2009 2008 -- 09 10 Petr Čech Chelsea 18 December 2004 -- 15 March 2005 2004 -- 05 8 Pepe Reina Liverpool 29 October 2005 -- 28 December 2005 2005 -- 06 8 Petr Čech Chelsea 31 January 2007 -- 7 April 2007 2006 -- 07 7 Neville Southall Everton 1 November 1994 -- 17 December 1994 1994 -- 95 7 Peter Schmeichel Manchester United 8 May 1997 -- 30 August 1998 1996 -- 97 and 1997 -- 98 7 Paul Jones Southampton 13 January 2001 -- 17 March 2001 2000 -- 01 6 Alex Manninger Arsenal 31 January 1998 -- 14 March 1998 1997 -- 98 6 Petr Čech Chelsea 30 April 2005 -- 17 September 2005 2004 -- 05 and 2005 -- 06 6 David de Gea Manchester United 2 February 2013 -- 30 March 2013 2012 -- 13 6 Joe Hart Manchester City 24 May 2015 -- 19 September 2015 2014 -- 15 and 2015 -- 16 6 Fraser Forster Southampton 13 January 2016 -- 13 February 2016 2015 -- 16 6 Thibaut Courtois Chelsea 1 October 2016 -- 26 November 2016 2016 -- 17 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` For the record : Premier League facts and figures '' . premierleague.com. 8 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` van der Sar record '' 9 September 2013 . Independent . Jump up ^ `` Petr Čech '' 11 February 2014 . Premier League . Jump up ^ Petr Cech matches David James ' Premier League clean sheet record 13 December 2015 . skysports.com Jump up ^ `` David James '' 9 September 2013 . Premier League . Jump up ^ `` Mark Schwarzer '' 26 March 2015 . Premier League . Jump up ^ `` David Seaman '' 9 September 2013 . Premier League . Jump up ^ `` Nigel Martyn '' 9 September 2013 . Premier League . Jump up ^ `` Jose Reina '' 9 September 2013 . Premier League . Jump up ^ `` Edwin Van der Sar '' 9 September 2013 . Premier League . Jump up ^ `` Tim Howard '' 9 September 2013 . Premier League . Jump up ^ `` Everton Premier League clean sheets '' 27 December 2013 . Premier League . Jump up ^ `` Brad Friedel '' 9 September 2013 . Premier League . Jump up ^ `` Peter Schmeichel '' 9 September 2013 . Premier League . Jump up ^ `` Joe Hart '' 25 May 2015 . Premier League . Jump up ^ `` Shay Given '' 9 September 2013 . Premier League . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Sørensen '' 9 September 2013 . Premier League . Jump up ^ `` Jussi Jääskeläinen '' 26 March 2015 . Premier League . ( hide ) Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_goalkeepers_with_100_or_more_clean_sheets&oldid=808839918 '' Categories : Lists of Premier League players Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2013 Use British English from September 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Shqip Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 14 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
keeper with the highest clean sheet in epl
[ "\nList of Premier League goalkeepers with 100 or more clean sheets\n\nRank\nPlayer\nApps\nClean\nsheets\nAverage\nClub(s)\nRef.\n\n\n1\n Čech, PetrPetr Čech\n413\n194\n0.47\nChelsea (162), Arsenal (32)\n[3][4][1]\n\n\n2\n James, DavidDavid James\n572\n169\n0.30\nLiverpool (72), Aston Villa (21), West Ham United (18), Manchester City (19), Portsmouth (39)\n[5]\n\n\n3\n Schwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer\n514\n152\n0.30\nMiddlesbrough (93), Fulham (56), Chelsea (2), Leicester City (1)\n[6]\n\n\n4\n Seaman, DavidDavid Seaman\n344\n142\n0.41\nArsenal (138), Manchester City (4)\n[7]\n\n\n5\n Martyn, NigelNigel Martyn\n372\n138\n0.37\nCrystal Palace (25), Leeds United (82), Everton (31)\n[8]\n\n\n6\n Reina, PepePepe Reina\n285\n134\n0.47\nLiverpool (134)\n[9]\n\n\n=\n van der Sar, EdwinEdwin van der Sar\n313\n134\n0.43\nFulham (42), Manchester United (92)\n[10]\n\n\n8\n Howard, TimTim Howard\n399\n132\n0.33\nManchester United (16), Everton (116)\n[11][12]\n\n\n=\n Friedel, BradBrad Friedel\n450\n132\n0.29\nLiverpool (6), Blackburn Rovers (77), Aston Villa (35), Tottenham Hotspur (14)\n[13]\n\n\n10\n Schmeichel, PeterPeter Schmeichel\n310\n129\n0.42\nManchester United (113), Aston Villa (7), Manchester City (9)\n[14]\n\n\n11\n Hart, JoeJoe Hart\n313\n122\n0.39\nManchester City (109), Birmingham City (10), West Ham United (3)\n[15]\n\n\n12\n Given, ShayShay Given\n451\n116\n0.26\nBlackburn Rovers (1), Newcastle United (91), Manchester City (15), Aston Villa (9)\n[16]\n\n\n13\n Sørensen, ThomasThomas Sørensen\n364\n109\n0.30\nSunderland (36), Aston Villa (46), Stoke City (27)\n[17]\n\n\n=\n Jääskeläinen, JussiJussi Jääskeläinen\n436\n109\n0.25\nBolton Wanderers (89), West Ham United (20)\n[18]\n\n\n(Bold denotes goalkeeper currently playing in Premier League)\n(Italics denote goalkeeper currently playing outside the Premier League)\nStatistics correct as of 5 November 2017.\n\n" ]
[ "Čech, Petr" ]
-3158544241784176907
Sticky wicket
Sticky wicket - wikipedia Sticky wicket Jump to : navigation , search For the M * A * S * H episode , see Sticky Wicket . A sticky wicket , ( or sticky dog , or glue pot ) is a metaphor used to describe a difficult circumstance . It originated as a term for difficult circumstances in the sport of cricket , caused by a damp and soft pitch . Contents ( hide ) 1 In cricket 1.1 Players renowned for abilities on sticky wickets 1.2 In modern day professional cricket 1.3 In croquet 2 As a metaphor 2.1 In popular culture 3 References 4 External links In cricket ( edit ) The phrase comes from the game of cricket . `` Wicket '' has several meanings in cricket : in this case , also known as the pitch , it refers to the rectangular area in the centre of the cricket field between the stumps . The wicket is usually covered in a much shorter grass than the rest of the field or entirely bare , making it susceptible to variations in weather , which in turn cause the ball to bounce differently . If rain falls and the wicket becomes wet , the ball may not bounce predictably , making it very difficult for the batsman . Furthermore , as the pitch dries , conditions can change swiftly , with spin bowling being especially devastating , as the ball can deviate laterally from straight by several feet . Once the wet surface begins to dry in a hot sun `` the ball will rise sharply , steeply and erratically . A good length ball ... becomes a potential lethal delivery . Most batsmen on such wickets found it virtually impossible to survive let alone score . '' On occasions in the history of cricket unusual tactics have been employed to extract the best use of a sticky wicket . One example is the First Test in the 1950 -- 51 Ashes series . As recorded in The Ashes ' Strangest Moments , as the pitch at the Gabba began to dry , England declared their first innings at just 68 / 7 , in order to exploit the conditions . Australia were even more extreme , declaring at 32 / 7 . `` ... the ball proceeded to perform capers all against the laws of gravitation , and their came the craziest day 's cricket imaginable , with twenty wickets falling for 130 runs and two declarations that must surely be unique in the annuals of Test cricket . '' The Language of Cricket ( 1934 ) defines a sticky wicket as `` when its surface is in a glutinous condition '' . Hence a `` sticky wicket '' refers to a difficult situation . Players renowned for abilities on sticky wickets ( edit ) Certain cricketers developed reputations for their outstanding abilities to perform on sticky wickets . Australian Victor Trumper was one . In modern day professional cricket ( edit ) Modern professional cricket is played , around the world , on covered pitches . Sticky wickets are mostly seen in amateur cricket , but the phenomenon can occur when covers are defective , slow to be applied or , particularly in warm weather , the grass underneath `` sweats '' as moisture evaporates . When covers were introduced into England 's County Championship , John Woodcock wrote an article for the 1981 Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , criticising the move , in an article titled , `` Sticky dog is put down '' . He added , `` I can not forbear ... from lamenting ... a part of the very heritage of English cricket -- a drying pitch and a sizzling sun . '' In croquet ( edit ) In the game of croquet , the phrase `` sticky wicket '' may refer to a hoop ( wicket ) that is difficult for a ball to go through because of the narrowness of the opening . This usage is confined to the United States . As a metaphor ( edit ) An early example of the term in the cricket sense can be seen in Bell 's Life in London , July 1882 : `` The ground ... was suffering from the effects of recent rain , and once more the Australians found themselves on a sticky wicket . '' There term is frequently used in everyday parlance as a metaphor . An example from finance is that The Independent used the phrase in a story about the Bank of England . The former leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament , Tom Spencer MEP occasionally used to refer to batting on a sticky wicket to confuse the Parliament 's interpreters , it being very difficult to translate into other languages . In popular culture ( edit ) In the Greg Brown song `` Kokomo '' , a lyric references a ' sticky wicket ' : `` ... with a sticky wicket and a Greyhound ticket ... '' . In 1984 , jazz vocalist Al Jarreau on his album lbums High Crime release , made a song dedicated to Sticky Wicket . The song details the escapade of a young girl and more suitors than she can handle for her young age . In 2013 , Irish cricket - pop band The Duckworth Lewis Method called their second album , and one of its songs , Sticky Wickets . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Green , Jonathon ( 1987 ) . Dictionary of Jargon . Routledge . p. 528 . ISBN 9780710099198 . Jump up ^ Marcus Callies ; Wolfram R. Keller ; Astrid Lohöfer ( 2011 ) . Bi-directionality in the Cognitive Sciences : Avenues , Challenges , and Limitations . John Benjamins Publishing . pp. 73 -- . ISBN 90 - 272 - 2384 - X . Jump up ^ Robert Hendrickson ( 26 April 2001 ) . World English : From Aloha to Zed . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 34518 - 3 . Jump up ^ Colin McNairn ( 28 April 2015 ) . In a Manner of Speaking : Phrases , Expressions , and Proverbs and How We Use and Misuse Them . Skyhorse Publishing . pp. 85 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 63220 - 898 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kate Burridge ( 27 May 2004 ) . Blooming English : Observations on the Roots , Cultivation and Hybrids of the English Language . Cambridge University Press . pp. 68 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54832 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Mallett , Ashley ( 1 January 2001 ) . `` Eleven : The Greatest Eleven of the 20th Century '' . Univ. of Queensland Press . Retrieved 22 March 2017 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin , Mark ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` The Ashes ' Strangest Moments : Extraordinary But True Tales from Over a Century of the Ashes '' . Franz Steiner Verlag . Retrieved 22 March 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ John Kay , Ashes to Hassett , A review of the M.C.C. tour of Australia , 1950 -- 51 , John Sherratt & Son , 1951 p129 Jump up ^ The Language of Cricket ( 1934 ) , WJ Lewis , Oxford University Press , page 258 Jump up ^ Colin McNairn ( 24 February 2017 ) . Sports Talk : How It Has Penetrated Our Everyday Language . FriesenPress . pp. 83 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5255 - 0154 - 8 . Jump up ^ Orin Hargraves ( 2003 ) . Mighty Fine Words and Smashing Expressions : Making Sense of Transatlantic English . Oxford University Press . pp. 197 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515704 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Stern , John ; Williams , Marcus ( 7 January 2014 ) . `` The Essential Wisden : An Anthology of 150 Years of Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack '' . A&C Black . Retrieved 22 March 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Partridge , Eric ; Dalzell , Tom ; Victor , Terry ( 2006 ) . The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English . London ; New York : Routledge . p. 1869 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 25938 - X . Jump up ^ Martin , Gary ( 2007 ) . `` A sticky wicket '' . The Phrase Finder . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Michael . `` Michael Harrison 's Outlook : On a sticky wicket , the Governor opts for the forward defensive prod '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 August 2005 . External links ( edit ) Definition at cricket terminology site A list of famous innings played on Sticky dogs in Test cricket ( Cricinfo ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sticky_wicket&oldid=800705586 '' Categories : Cricket terminology Metaphors referring to sport Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 05 : 17 . About Wikipedia
where did the expression sticky wicket come from
[ "A sticky wicket, (or sticky dog, or glue pot)[1] is a metaphor[2] used to describe a difficult circumstance. It originated as a term for difficult circumstances in the sport of cricket, caused by a damp and soft pitch.[3]" ]
[ "as a term for difficult circumstances in the sport of cricket, caused by a damp and soft pitch" ]
-8596653063053750943
Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City , Missouri - wikipedia Kansas City , Missouri Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the central city of the Kansas City metropolitan area . For the city in the state of Kansas , see Kansas City , Kansas . For other uses , see Kansas City ( disambiguation ) . Kansas City , Missouri City City of Kansas City From top left : Downtown Kansas City from Liberty Memorial , Crown Center at Christmas , KC Streetcar , Washington Square Park , Union Station lit blue for the World Series , the Thinker at the Nelson - Atkins Museum of Art , Liberty Memorial , and the Library area of Downtown . Seal Civic Banner Nickname ( s ) : `` KC '' , `` KCMO '' , the `` City of Fountains '' , or the `` Heart of America '' Location in Jackson , Clay , Platte , and Cass counties in the state of Missouri . Kansas City , Missouri Location in the United States Coordinates : 39 ° 05 ′ 59 '' N 94 ° 34 ′ 42 '' W  /  39.09972 ° N 94.57833 ° W  / 39.09972 ; - 94.57833 Coordinates : 39 ° 05 ′ 59 '' N 94 ° 34 ′ 42 '' W  /  39.09972 ° N 94.57833 ° W  / 39.09972 ; - 94.57833 Country United States State Missouri Counties Jackson , Clay , Platte , Cass Incorporated June 1 , 1850 ( as the Town of Kansas ) ; March 28 , 1853 ( as the City of Kansas ) Government Mayor Sly James ( D ) Area City 319.03 sq mi ( 826.28 km ) Land 314.95 sq mi ( 815.72 km ) Water 4.08 sq mi ( 10.57 km ) Urban 584.4 sq mi ( 1,513.59 km ) Metro 7,952 sq mi ( 20,596 km ) Elevation 910 ft ( 277 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 459,787 Estimate ( 2016 ) 481,420 Rank US : 37th MO : 1st Density 1,400 / sq mi ( 560 / km ) Urban 1,519,417 ( US : 31st ) Metro 2,159,159 ( US : 29th ) CSA 2,428,362 ( US : 24th ) Demonym ( s ) Kansas Citian Time zone CST ( UTC − 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC − 5 ) ZIP Codes 64101 - 64102 , 64105 - 64106 , 64108 - 64114 , 64116 - 64121 , 64123 - 64134 , 64136 - 64139 , 64141 , 64144 - 64149 , 64151 - 64158 , 64161 , 64163 - 64168 , 64170 - 64172 , 64179 - 64180 , 64183 - 64184 , 64187 - 64188 , 64190 - 64193 , 64195 - 64199 , 64999 Area code ( s ) 816 , 975 ( planned ) FIPS code 29000 - 38000 GNIS feature ID 0748198 Interstates Airports Kansas City International Airport Website KCMO.org Kansas City is the largest city in Missouri , United States . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had an estimated population of 481,420 in 2016 , making it the 37th largest city by population in the United States . It is the central city of the Kansas City metropolitan area , which straddles the Kansas -- Missouri border . Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west . On June 1 , 1850 the town of Kansas was incorporated ; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory . Confusion between the two ensued and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after . Sitting on Missouri 's western border , with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers , the modern city encompasses some 319.03 square miles ( 826.3 km ) , making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States . Most of the city lies within Jackson County , but portions spill into Clay , Cass , and Platte counties . Along with Independence , it serves as one of the two county seats for Jackson County . Major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Independence and Lee 's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park , Olathe , and Kansas City . The city is composed of several neighborhoods , including the River Market District in the north , the 18th and Vine District in the east , and the Country Club Plaza in the south . Kansas City is known for its long tradition of jazz music and culture , it 's also known for its cuisine ( including its distinctive style of barbecue ) and its craft breweries . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Exploration and settlement 1.2 American Civil War 1.3 Post-Civil War 1.4 Pendergast era 1.5 Post -- World War II 1.6 21st century 1.6. 1 Downtown Kansas City development 1.6. 2 Transportation Developments 2 Geography 2.1 Cityscape 2.1. 1 Architecture 2.1. 2 City Market 2.1. 3 Downtown 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Economy 4.1 Headquarters 4.2 Top employers 5 Culture 5.1 Abbreviations and nicknames 5.2 Performing arts 5.3 Jazz 5.4 Irish culture 5.5 Casinos 5.6 Cuisine 5.7 Points of interest 5.8 Religion 5.9 Walt Disney in Kansas City 6 Sports 6.1 Professional football 6.2 Professional baseball 6.3 Professional soccer 6.4 College athletics 6.5 Professional rugby 6.6 Former teams 7 Parks and boulevards 8 Law and government 8.1 City government 8.2 National political conventions 8.3 Federal representation 8.4 Crime 9 Education 9.1 Colleges and universities 9.2 Primary and secondary schools 9.3 Libraries and archives 10 Media 10.1 Print media 10.2 Broadcast media 10.3 Film community 11 Infrastructure 11.1 Highways 11.2 Airports 11.3 Public transportation 11.3. 1 KCATA - RideKC 11.3. 1.1 RideKC Bus and MAX 11.3. 1.2 RideKC Streetcar 11.3. 1.3 RideKC Bridj 11.4 Walkability 12 Sister cities 13 Notable people 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 17.1 Online sources 18 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : Timeline of Kansas City , Missouri and History of the Kansas City metropolitan area Kansas City , Missouri was incorporated as a town on June 1 , 1850 , and as a city on March 28 , 1853 . The territory straddling the border between Missouri and Kansas at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers was considered a good place to build settlements . The Antioch Christian Church , Dr. James Compton House , and Woodneath are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Exploration and settlement ( edit ) Kansas City Pioneer Square monument in Westport features Pony Express founder Alexander Majors , Westport / Kansas City founder John Calvin McCoy , and Mountain - man Jim Bridger who owned Chouteau 's Store . The first documented European visitor to Kansas City was Étienne de Veniard , Sieur de Bourgmont , who was also the first European to explore the lower Missouri River . Criticized for his response to the Native American attack on Fort Détroit , he had deserted his post as fort commander and was avoiding French authorities . Bourgmont lived with a Native American wife in a village about 90 miles ( 140 km ) east near Brunswick , Missouri , where he illegally traded furs . To clear his name , he wrote Exact Description of Louisiana , of Its Harbors , Lands and Rivers , and Names of the Indian Tribes That Occupy It , and the Commerce and Advantages to Be Derived Therefrom for the Establishment of a Colony in 1713 followed in 1714 by The Route to Be Taken to Ascend the Missouri River . In the documents , he describes the junction of the `` Grande Riv ( ière ) des Cansez '' and Missouri River , making him the first to adopt those names . French cartographer Guillaume Delisle used the descriptions to make the area 's first reasonably accurate map . The Spanish took over the region in the Treaty of Paris in 1763 , but were not to play a major role other than taxing and licensing Missouri River ship traffic . The French continued their fur trade under Spanish license . The Chouteau family operated under Spanish license at St. Louis in the lower Missouri Valley as early as 1765 and in 1821 the Chouteaus reached Kansas City , where François Chouteau established Chouteau 's Landing . After the 1804 Louisiana Purchase , Lewis and Clark visited the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers , noting it was a good place to build a fort . In 1831 , a group of Mormons from New York settled in what would become the city . They built the first school within Kansas City 's current boundaries , but were forced out by mob violence in 1833 and their settlement remained vacant . In 1833 John McCoy established West Port along the Santa Fe Trail , 3 miles ( 4.8 kilometers ) away from the river . In 1834 McCoy established Westport Landing on a bend in the Missouri to serve as a landing point for West Port . Soon after , the Kansas Town Company , a group of investors , began to settle the area , taking their name from an English spelling of `` Cansez . '' In 1850 , the landing area was incorporated as the Town of Kansas . By that time , the Town of Kansas , Westport and nearby Independence , had become critical points in the United States ' westward expansion . Three major trails -- the Santa Fe , California , and Oregon -- all passed through Jackson County . On February 22 , 1853 , the City of Kansas was created with a newly elected mayor . It had an area of 0.70 square miles ( 1.8 km ) and a population of 2,500 . The boundary lines at that time extended from the middle of the Missouri River south to what is now Ninth Street , and from Bluff Street on the west to a point between Holmes Road and Charlotte Street on the east . American Civil War ( edit ) The Kansas City area was rife with animosity just prior to the U.S. Civil War . Kansas successfully petitioned the U.S. to enter the Union as a free state that did not allow slavery under the new doctrine of popular sovereignty . Missouri had many slaves , and slavery sympathizers crossed into Kansas to sway the state towards allowing slavery , at first by ballot box and then by bloodshed . A cannon and plaques mark the location of the Battle of Westport within modern day Loose Park . During the Civil War , the city and its immediate surroundings were the focus of intense military activity . Although the First Battle of Independence in August 1862 resulted in a Confederate States Army victory , the Confederates were unable to leverage their win in any significant fashion , as Kansas City was occupied by Union troops and proved too heavily fortified to assault . The Second Battle of Independence , which occurred on October 21 -- 22 , 1864 as part of Sterling Price 's Missouri expedition of 1864 , also resulted in a Confederate triumph . Once again their victory proved hollow , as Price was decisively defeated in the pivotal Battle of Westport the next day , effectively ending Confederate efforts to regain Missouri . General Thomas Ewing , in response to a successful raid on nearby Lawrence , Kansas , led by William Quantrill , issued General Order No. 11 , forcing the eviction of residents in four western Missouri counties -- including Jackson -- except those living in the city and nearby communities and those whose allegiance to the Union was certified by Ewing . Post-civil War ( edit ) After the Civil War , Kansas City grew rapidly , largely losing its Southern identity . The selection of the city over Leavenworth , Kansas , for the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad bridge over the Missouri River brought about significant growth . The population exploded after 1869 , when the Hannibal Bridge , designed by Octave Chanute , opened . The boom prompted a name change to Kansas City in 1889 , and the city limits to be extended south and east . Westport became part of Kansas City on December 2 , 1897 . In 1900 , Kansas City was the 22nd largest city in the country , with a population of 163,752 residents . Junction of Main and Delaware Streets in 1898 Kansas City , guided by architect George Kessler , became a forefront example of the City Beautiful movement , offering a network of boulevards and parks . The relocation of Union Station to its current location in 1914 and the opening of the Liberty Memorial in 1923 provided two of the city 's most identifiable landmarks . Robert A. Long , president of the Liberty Memorial Association , was a driving force in the funding for construction . Long was a longtime resident and wealthy businessman . He built the R.A. Long Building for the Long - Bell Lumber Company , his home , Corinthian Hall ( now the Kansas City Museum ) and Longview Farm . Further spurring Kansas City 's growth was the opening of the innovative Country Club Plaza development by J.C. Nichols in 1925 , as part of his Country Club District plan . Pendergast era ( edit ) At the start of the 20th century , political machines gained clout in the city , with the one led by Tom Pendergast dominating the city by 1925 . Several important buildings and structures were built during this time , including the Kansas City City Hall and the Jackson County Courthouse . The machine fell in 1939 when Pendergast , riddled with health problems , pleaded guilty to tax evasion after long federal investigations . His biographers have summed up Pendergast 's uniqueness : Pendergast may bear comparison to various big - city bosses , but his open alliance with hardened criminals , his cynical subversion of the democratic process , his monarchistic style of living , his increasingly insatiable gambling habit , his grasping for a business empire , and his promotion of Kansas City as a wide - open town with every kind of vice imaginable , combined with his professed compassion for the poor and very real role as city builder , made him bigger than life , difficult to characterize . Post -- World War II ( edit ) Kansas City 's suburban development began with a streetcar system in the early decades of the 20th century . The city 's first suburbs were in the neighborhoods of Pendleton Heights and Quality Hill . After World War II , many relatively affluent residents left for suburbs in Johnson County , Kansas , and eastern Jackson County , Missouri . Many also went north of the Missouri River , where Kansas City had incorporated areas between the 1940s and 1970s . In 1950 , African Americans represented 12.2 % of Kansas City 's population . The sprawling characteristics of the city and its environs today mainly took shape after 1960s race riots . The assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr. was a catalyst for the 1968 Kansas City riot . At this time , slums were forming in the inner city , and many who could afford to do so , left for the suburbs and outer edges of the city . The post-World War II idea of suburbs and the `` American Dream '' also contributed to the sprawl of the area . The city 's population continued to grow , but the inner city declined . The city 's most populous ethnic group , non-Hispanic whites , declined from 89.5 % in 1930 to 54.9 % in 2010 . In 1940 , the city had about 400,000 residents ; by 2000 , the same area was home to only about 180,000 . From 1940 to 1960 , the city more than doubled its physical size , while increasing its population by only about 75,000 . By 1970 , the city covered approximately 316 square miles ( 820 km ) , more than five times its size in 1940 . The Hyatt Regency walkway collapse was a major disaster that occurred on July 17 , 1981 , killing 114 people and injuring more than 200 others during a tea dance . At the time , it was the deadliest structural collapse in US history . 21st century ( edit ) Downtown Kansas City development ( edit ) In the 21st century , the Kansas City area has undergone extensive redevelopment , with over $6 billion in improvements to the downtown area on the Missouri side . One of the main goals is to attract convention and tourist dollars , office workers , and residents to downtown KCMO . Among the projects include the redevelopment of the Power & Light District , located in the area surrounding the Power & Light Building ( the former headquarters of the Kansas City Power & Light Company , which is now based in the district 's northern end ) , into a retail and entertainment district ; and the Sprint Center , an 18,500 - seat arena that opened in the district in 2007 , which was funded by a 2004 ballot initiative involving a tax on car rentals and hotels , and was designed to meet the stadium specifications for a possible future NBA or NHL franchise . Kemper Arena , which was replaced by Sprint Center , fell into disrepair and was sold to private developers . By 2017 , the arena was being converted to a sports complex under the name Mosiac Arena . The Kauffman Performing Arts Center opened in 2011 providing a new , modern home to the KC Orchestra and Ballet . In 2015 , an 800 - room Hyatt Convention Center Hotel was announced for a site next to the Performance Arts Center & Bartle Hall . Construction is expected to start in early 2018 with Loews as the operator . From 2007 to 2017 , downtown residential population in Kansas City quadrupled and continues to grow . The area has grown from almost 4,000 residents in the early 2000s to nearly 30,000 as of 2017 . Kansas City 's downtown ranks as the 6th - fastest growing downtown in America with the population expected to grow by over 40 % by 2022 . Conversions of office buildings such as the Power and Light Building , Commerce Bank Tower , and others into residential and hotel space has helped to fulfill the demand . New apartment complexes like One , Two , and Three Lights , River Market West , 503 Main , and others have begun to reshape Kansas City 's skyline . Strong demand has led to occupancy rates in the high 90 % 's . While the residential population of downtown has boomed , the office population has dropped significantly from the early 2000s to the mid 2010s . AMC and other top employers moved their operations to modern office buildings in the suburbs . High office vacancy plagued downtown , leading to the neglect of many office buildings . By the mid 2010s , many office buildings were converted to residential uses and the Class A vacancy rate plunged to 12 % in 2017 . Swiss Re , Virgin Mobile , AutoAlert , and others have begun to move operations to downtown Kansas City from the suburbs as well as expensive coastal cities . Transportation developments ( edit ) The area has seen additional development through various transportation projects , including improvements to the Grandview Triangle , which intersects Interstates 435 and 470 , and U.S. Route 71 , a thoroughfare long notorious for fatal accidents . In July 2005 , the Kansas City Area Transportation Authority ( KCATA ) launched Kansas City 's first bus rapid transit line , the Metro Area Express ( MAX ) , which links the River Market , Downtown , Union Station , Crown Center and the Country Club Plaza . The KCATA continues to expand MAX with additional routes on Prospect Ave , Troost Ave , and Independence Ave . In 2013 , construction began on a two - mile streetcar line in downtown Kansas City ( funded by a $102 million ballot initiative that was passed in 2012 ) that runs between the River Market and Union Station , it began operation in May 2016 . In 2017 , voters approved the formation of a TDD to expand the streetcar line south 3.5 miles from Union Station to UMKC 's Volker Campus . Additionally in 2017 , the KC Port Authority began engineering studies for a Port Authority funded streetcar expansion north to Berkley Riverfront Park . City Wide , voter support for rail projects continues to grow with numerous light rail projects in the works . In 2016 , Jackson County , Missouri acquired unused rail lines as part of a long term commuter rail plan . For the time being , the line is being converted to a trail while county officials negotiate with railroads for access to tracks in Downtown Kansas City . On November 7 , 2017 , Kansas City , Missouri voters overwhelmingly approved a new single terminal at Kansas City International Airport by a 75 % to 25 % margin . The New Single Terminal will replace the 3 existing `` Clover Leafs '' at KCI Airport and is expected to open in 2021 . Geography ( edit ) The city has an area of 319.03 square miles ( 826.28 km ) , of which , 314.95 square miles ( 815.72 km ) is land and 4.08 square miles ( 10.57 km ) is water . Bluffs overlook the rivers and river bottom areas . Kansas City proper is bowl - shaped and is surrounded to the north and south by glacier - carved limestone and bedrock cliffs . Kansas City is at the junction between the Dakota and Minnesota ice lobes during the maximum late Independence glaciation of the Pleistocene epoch . The Kansas and Missouri rivers cut wide valleys into the terrain when the glaciers melted and drained . A partially filled spillway valley crosses the central city . This valley is an eastward continuation of the Turkey Creek Valley . It is the closest major city to the geographic center of the contiguous United States , or `` Lower 48 '' . Cityscape ( edit ) A panoramic view from the top of Liberty Memorial looking north to downtown . Union Station is in the foreground and the Crown Center to the right . View of downtown Kansas City from the Sheraton Kansas City Hotel at Crown Center Further information : List of neighborhoods in Kansas City , Missouri Brush Creek on the Country Club Plaza at night . Kansas City , Missouri , comprises more than 240 neighborhoods , some with histories as independent cities or as the sites of major events . View of Union Station and the Sprint Center Downtown Kansas City at dusk from the lawn of Liberty Memorial . Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of Kansas City Further information : List of fountains in the Kansas City metropolitan area and List of tallest buildings in Kansas City , Missouri Community Christian Church , designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and next to the Country Club Plaza . The Nelson - Atkins Museum opened its Euro - Style Bloch addition in 2007 , and the Safdie - designed Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts opened in 2011 . The Power and Light Building is influenced by the Art Deco style and sports a glowing sky beacon . The new world headquarters of H&R Block is a 20 - story all - glass oval bathed in a soft green light . The four industrial artworks atop the support towers of the Kansas City Convention Center ( Bartle Hall ) were once the subject of ridicule , but now define the night skyline near the new Sprint Center along with One Kansas City Place ( Missouri 's tallest office tower ) , the KCTV - Tower ( Missouri 's tallest freestanding structure ) and the Liberty Memorial , a World War I memorial and museum that flaunts simulated flames and smoke billowing into the night skyline . It was designated as the National World War I Museum and Memorial in 2004 by the United States Congress . Kansas City is home to significant national and international architecture firms including ACI Boland , BNIM , 360 Architecture , HNTB , Populous . Frank Lloyd Wright designed two private residences and Community Christian Church there . Kansas City hosts over 200 working fountains . Notable examples are on the Country Club Plaza . Designs range from French - inspired traditional to modern . Highlights include the Black Marble H&R Block fountain in front of Union Station , which features synchronized water jets ; the Nichols Bronze Horses at the corner of Main and J.C. Nichols Parkway at the entrance to the Plaza Shopping District ; and the fountain at Hallmark Cards World Headquarters in Crown Center . City Market ( edit ) The Town of Kansas Bridge offers a connection for foot and bike traffic from the Riverfront Heritage Trail ( starting at Berkley Riverfront Park ) to the River Market . Since its inception in 1857 , City Market has been one of the largest and most enduring public farmers ' markets in the American Midwest , linking growers and small businesses to the community . More than 30 full - time merchants operate year - round and offer specialty foods , fresh meats and seafood , restaurants and cafes , floral , home accessories and more . The City Market is also home to the Arabia Steamboat Museum , which houses artifacts from a steamboat that sank near Kansas City in 1856 . Downtown ( edit ) Main article : Downtown Kansas City Downtown Kansas City and the Crossroads Arts District as viewed from Liberty Memorial in 2016 . Downtown Kansas City is an area of 2.9 square miles ( 7.5 km ) bounded by the Missouri River to the north , 31st Street to the south , Troost Avenue to the East , and State Line Road to the west . Areas near Downtown Kansas City include the 39th Street District , which is known as Restaurant Row , and features one of Kansas City 's largest selections of independently owned restaurants and boutique shops . It is a center of literary and visual arts , and bohemian culture . Crown Center is the headquarters of Hallmark Cards and a major downtown shopping and entertainment complex . It is connected to Union Station by a series of covered walkways . The Country Club Plaza , or simply `` the Plaza '' , is an upscale , outdoor shopping and entertainment district . It was the first suburban shopping district in the United States , designed to accommodate shoppers arriving by automobile , and is surrounded by apartments and condominiums , including a number of high rise buildings . The associated Country Club District to the south includes the Sunset Hill and Brookside neighborhoods , and is traversed by Ward Parkway , a landscaped boulevard known for its statuary , fountains and large , historic homes . Kansas City 's Union Station is home to Science City , restaurants , shopping , theaters , and the city 's Amtrak facility . The city 's tallest buildings and characteristic skyline are roughly contained inside the downtown freeway loop ( shaded in red ) . Downtown Kansas City itself is established by city ordinance to stretch from the Missouri River south to 31st Street ( beyond the bottom of this map ) , and from State Line Rd. to Troost Ave . After years of neglect and seas of parking lots , Downtown Kansas City is undergoing a period of change with over $6 billion in development since 2000 . Many residential properties recently have been or are under redevelopment in three surrounding warehouse loft districts and the Central Business District . The Power & Light District , a new , nine - block entertainment district comprising numerous restaurants , bars , and retail shops , was developed by the Cordish Company of Baltimore , Maryland . Its first tenant opened on November 9 , 2007 . It is anchored by the Sprint Center , a 19,000 - seat sports and entertainment complex . Climate ( edit ) A snowy winter day with Crown Center and the Liberty Memorial visible in the background . A pickup truck driving through a blizzard on February 1 , 2011 . Flowers in full bloom seen at Washington Square Park near Crown Center in downtown Kansas City in May 2016 . Kansas City lies in the Midwestern United States , as well as near the geographic center of the country , at the confluence of the longest river in the country , the Missouri River , and the Kansas River ( also known as the Kaw River ) . The city lies in the northern periphery of the humid subtropical zone . but is interchangeable with the humid continental climate due to roughly 104 air frosts on average per annum . The city is part of USDA plant hardiness zones 5b and 6a . In the center of North America , far removed from a significant body of water , there is significant potential for extreme hot and cold swings all year long . Unless otherwise stated , normal figures below are based on 1981 -- 2010 data at Downtown Airport . The year 's warmest month is July , with a 24 - hour average temperature of 81.0 ° F ( 27.2 ° C ) . The summer months are hot and humid , with moist air riding up from the Gulf of Mexico , and high temperatures surpass 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) on 5.6 days of the year , and 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) on 47 days . The coldest month of the year is January , with an average temperature of 31.0 ° F ( − 0.6 ° C ) . Winters are cold , with 22 days where the high temperature is at or below 32.0 ° F ( 0.0 ° C ) and 2.5 nights with a low at or below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) . The official record highest temperature is 113 ° F ( 45 ° C ) , set on August 14 , 1936 at Downtown Airport , while the official record lowest is − 23 ° F ( − 31 ° C ) , set on December 22 and 23 , 1989 . Normal seasonal snowfall is 13.4 inches ( 34 cm ) at Downtown Airport and 18.8 in ( 48 cm ) at Kansas City International Airport . The average window for freezing temperatures is October 31 to April 4 , while for measurable ( 0.1 in or 0.25 cm ) snowfall , it is November 27 to March 16 as measured at Kansas City International Airport . Precipitation , both in frequency and total accumulation , shows a marked uptick in late spring and summer . Kansas City is on the edge of the `` Tornado Alley '' , a broad region where cold air from the Rocky Mountains in Canada collides with warm air from the Gulf of Mexico , leading to the formation of powerful storms , especially during the spring . A few areas of the Kansas City metropolitan area have had some severe outbreaks of tornadoes at different points in the past , including the Ruskin Heights tornado in 1957 , and the May 2003 tornado outbreak sequence . The region can also fall victim to the sporadic ice storm during the winter months , such as the 2002 ice storm during which hundreds of thousands of residents lost power for days and ( in some cases ) weeks . Kansas City and its outlying areas are also subject to flooding , including the Great Floods of 1951 and 1993 . ( show ) Climate data for Kansas City , Missouri ( Downtown Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1934 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 76 ( 24 ) 83 ( 28 ) 89 ( 32 ) 94 ( 34 ) 103 ( 39 ) 108 ( 42 ) 112 ( 44 ) 113 ( 45 ) 109 ( 43 ) 98 ( 37 ) 83 ( 28 ) 74 ( 23 ) 113 ( 45 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 61.5 ( 16.4 ) 68.1 ( 20.1 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 84.4 ( 29.1 ) 89.3 ( 31.8 ) 94.8 ( 34.9 ) 100.1 ( 37.8 ) 100.3 ( 37.9 ) 93.3 ( 34.1 ) 84.8 ( 29.3 ) 73.5 ( 23.1 ) 62.8 ( 17.1 ) 102.1 ( 38.9 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 39.5 ( 4.2 ) 44.6 ( 7 ) 56.2 ( 13.4 ) 66.7 ( 19.3 ) 75.9 ( 24.4 ) 85.0 ( 29.4 ) 90.1 ( 32.3 ) 88.6 ( 31.4 ) 80.0 ( 26.7 ) 67.8 ( 19.9 ) 54.2 ( 12.3 ) 41.8 ( 5.4 ) 65.9 ( 18.8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 22.4 ( − 5.3 ) 26.3 ( − 3.2 ) 35.8 ( 2.1 ) 46.6 ( 8.1 ) 57.1 ( 13.9 ) 66.7 ( 19.3 ) 72.0 ( 22.2 ) 70.2 ( 21.2 ) 60.5 ( 15.8 ) 48.9 ( 9.4 ) 36.6 ( 2.6 ) 25.6 ( − 3.6 ) 47.4 ( 8.6 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 3.7 ( − 15.7 ) 6.5 ( − 14.2 ) 16.9 ( − 8.4 ) 30.6 ( − 0.8 ) 43.2 ( 6.2 ) 54.6 ( 12.6 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 59.4 ( 15.2 ) 44.3 ( 6.8 ) 32.8 ( 0.4 ) 20.0 ( − 6.7 ) 5.3 ( − 14.8 ) − 2.7 ( − 19.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 3 ( − 19 ) 16 ( − 9 ) 32 ( 0 ) 44 ( 7 ) 52 ( 11 ) 48 ( 9 ) 34 ( 1 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 5 ( − 15 ) − 19 ( − 28 ) − 19 ( − 28 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 1.14 ( 29 ) 1.48 ( 37.6 ) 2.15 ( 54.6 ) 3.71 ( 94.2 ) 5.13 ( 130.3 ) 5.52 ( 140.2 ) 3.97 ( 100.8 ) 4.39 ( 111.5 ) 4.16 ( 105.7 ) 3.52 ( 89.4 ) 2.14 ( 54.4 ) 1.75 ( 44.4 ) 39.06 ( 992.1 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 4.1 ( 10.4 ) 3.2 ( 8.1 ) 0.9 ( 2.3 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 4.4 ( 11.2 ) 13.4 ( 34 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 4.8 5.3 7.6 9.4 11.0 10.2 7.9 7.5 8.1 7.5 6.1 5.4 90.8 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 2.5 2.1 0.6 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.4 2.5 8.3 Source : NOAA ( show ) Climate data for Kansas City Int'l , Missouri ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1888 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 75 ( 24 ) 83 ( 28 ) 91 ( 33 ) 95 ( 35 ) 103 ( 39 ) 108 ( 42 ) 112 ( 44 ) 113 ( 45 ) 109 ( 43 ) 98 ( 37 ) 83 ( 28 ) 74 ( 23 ) 113 ( 45 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 60.6 ( 15.9 ) 67.4 ( 19.7 ) 78.4 ( 25.8 ) 84.5 ( 29.2 ) 88.2 ( 31.2 ) 92.9 ( 33.8 ) 98.1 ( 36.7 ) 99.0 ( 37.2 ) 92.6 ( 33.7 ) 84.9 ( 29.4 ) 72.5 ( 22.5 ) 61.9 ( 16.6 ) 100.5 ( 38.1 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 43.3 ( 6.3 ) 55.1 ( 12.8 ) 65.7 ( 18.7 ) 74.8 ( 23.8 ) 83.5 ( 28.6 ) 88.3 ( 31.3 ) 87.4 ( 30.8 ) 79.0 ( 26.1 ) 66.9 ( 19.4 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) 40.3 ( 4.6 ) 64.6 ( 18.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 19.6 ( − 6.9 ) 23.8 ( − 4.6 ) 33.4 ( 0.8 ) 44.0 ( 6.7 ) 54.2 ( 12.3 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 68.4 ( 20.2 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) 57.3 ( 14.1 ) 45.9 ( 7.7 ) 34.1 ( 1.2 ) 22.6 ( − 5.2 ) 44.5 ( 6.9 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) − 0.1 ( − 17.8 ) 2.6 ( − 16.3 ) 13.8 ( − 10.1 ) 27.0 ( − 2.8 ) 40.0 ( 4.4 ) 50.3 ( 10.2 ) 57.9 ( 14.4 ) 55.1 ( 12.8 ) 40.3 ( 4.6 ) 28.6 ( − 1.9 ) 16.7 ( − 8.5 ) 1.7 ( − 16.8 ) − 7 ( − 22 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 20 ( − 29 ) − 22 ( − 30 ) − 10 ( − 23 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 42 ( 6 ) 51 ( 11 ) 43 ( 6 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 17 ( − 8 ) ( − 17 ) − 23 ( − 31 ) − 23 ( − 31 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 1.07 ( 27.2 ) 1.46 ( 37.1 ) 2.37 ( 60.2 ) 3.70 ( 94 ) 5.23 ( 132.8 ) 5.23 ( 132.8 ) 4.45 ( 113 ) 3.89 ( 98.8 ) 4.62 ( 117.3 ) 3.16 ( 80.3 ) 2.15 ( 54.6 ) 1.53 ( 38.9 ) 38.86 ( 987 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 4.6 ( 11.7 ) 5.4 ( 13.7 ) 2.0 ( 5.1 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 1.2 ( 3 ) 4.8 ( 12.2 ) 18.8 ( 47.8 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 6.3 7.1 9.5 11.0 11.5 10.8 9.0 8.3 8.6 8.2 7.3 7.2 104.8 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 4.0 3.5 1.6 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.2 3.7 14.6 Average relative humidity ( % ) 68.8 69.6 66.7 62.9 68.0 69.2 67.4 70.0 70.4 67.1 69.7 71.0 68.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 183.7 174.3 223.9 257.8 285.0 305.5 329.3 293.9 240.5 213.6 155.3 147.1 2,809.9 Percent possible sunshine 61 58 60 65 64 68 73 69 64 62 52 50 63 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1860 4,418 -- 1870 32,260 630.2 % 1880 55,785 72.9 % 1890 132,716 137.9 % 1900 163,752 23.4 % 1910 248,381 51.7 % 1920 324,410 30.6 % 1930 399,746 23.2 % 1940 400,178 0.1 % 1950 456,622 14.1 % 1960 475,539 4.1 % 1970 507,087 6.6 % 1980 448,159 − 11.6 % 1990 435,146 − 2.9 % 2000 441,545 1.5 % 459,787 4.1 % Est. 2016 481,420 4.7 % U.S. Decennial Census Map of racial distribution in Kansas City , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) According to the 2010 census , the racial composition of Kansas City was as follows : White : 59.2 % ( non-Hispanic white : 54.9 % ) Black or African American : 29.9 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) : 10.0 % Some other race : 4.5 % ( primarily Latino ) Two or more races : 3.2 % Asian : 2.5 % Native American : 0.5 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander : 0.2 % Kansas City has the second largest Sudanese and Somali populations in the United States . The Latino / Hispanic population of Kansas City , which is heavily Mexican and Central American , is spread throughout the metropolitan area , with some concentration in the northeast part of the city and southwest of downtown . The Asian population , mostly Southeast Asian , is partly concentrated within the northeast side to the Columbus Park neighborhood in the Greater Downtown area , a historical Italian American neighborhood , the UMKC area and in River Market , in northern Kansas City . The Historic Kansas City boundary is roughly 58 square miles ( 150 km ) and has a population density of about 5,000 people per sq. mi . It runs from the Missouri River to the north , 79th Street to the south , the Blue River to the east , and State Line Road to the west . During the 1960s and 1970s , Kansas City annexed large amounts of land , which are largely undeveloped to this day . Between the 2000 and 2010 Census counts , the urban core of Kansas City continued to drop significantly in population . The areas of Greater Downtown in the center city , and sections near I - 435 and I - 470 in the south , and Highway 152 in the north are the only areas of Kansas City , Missouri , to have seen an increase in population , with the Northland seeing the greatest population growth . ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 1970 1940 White 59.2 % 66.8 % 77.2 % 89.5 % -- Non-Hispanic white 54.9 % 65.0 % 75.0 % N / A Black or African American 29.9 % 29.6 % 22.1 % 10.4 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 10.0 % 3.9 % 2.7 % N / A Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Kansas City The federal government is the largest employer in the Kansas City metro area . More than 146 federal agencies maintain a presence there . Kansas City is one of ten regional office cities for the US government . The Internal Revenue Service maintains a large service center in Kansas City that occupies nearly 1,400,000 square feet ( 130,000 m ) . It is one of only two sites to process paper returns . The IRS has approximately 2,700 full - time employees in Kansas City , growing to 4,000 during tax season . The General Services Administration has more than 800 employees . Most are at the Bannister Federal Complex in South Kansas City . The Bannister Complex is also home to the Kansas City Plant , which is a National Nuclear Security Administration facility operated by Honeywell . Honeywell employs nearly 2,700 at the Kansas City Plant , which produces and assembles 85 % of the non-nuclear components of the United States nuclear bomb arsenal . The Social Security Administration has more than 1,700 employees in the Kansas City area , with more than 1,200 at its downtown Mid-America Program Service Center ( MAMPSC ) . The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Kansas City . The Kansas City Main Post Office is at 300 West Pershing Road . Ford Motor Company operates a large manufacturing facility in Claycomo at the Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant , which builds the Ford F - 150 . The General Motors Fairfax Assembly Plant is in adjacent Kansas City , Kansas . Smith Electric Vehicles builds electric vehicles in the former TWA / American Airlines overhaul facility at Kansas City International Airport . One of the largest US drug manufacturing plants is the Sanofi - Aventis plant in south Kansas City on a campus developed by Ewing Kauffman 's Marion Laboratories . Of late , it has been developing academic and economic institutions related to animal health sciences , an effort most recently bolstered by the selection of Manhattan , Kansas , at one end of the Kansas City Animal Health Corridor , as the site for the National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility , which researches animal diseases . Numerous agriculture companies operate out of the city . Dairy Farmers of America , the largest dairy co-op in the United States is located in northern Kansas City . Kansas City Board of Trade is the principal trading exchange for hard red winter wheat , the principal ingredient of bread . The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics and The National Association of Basketball Coaches are based in Kansas City . H&R Block 's oblong headquarters in downtown Kansas City . The business community is serviced by two major business magazines , the Kansas City Business Journal ( published weekly ) and Ingram 's Magazine ( published monthly ) , as well as other publications , including a local society journal , the Independent ( published weekly ) . The Kansas City Federal Reserve Bank built a new building that opened in 2008 near Union Station . Missouri is the only state to have two of the 12 Federal Reserve Bank headquarters ( the second is in St. Louis ) . Kansas City 's effort to get the bank was helped by former mayor James A. Reed , who as senator , broke a tie to pass the Federal Reserve Act . The national headquarters for the Veterans of Foreign Wars is headquartered just south of Downtown . With a Gross Metropolitan Product of $41.68 billion in 2004 , Kansas City 's ( Missouri side only ) economy makes up 20.5 % of Missouri 's gross state product . In 2014 , Kansas City was ranked # 6 for real estate investment . Three international law firms , Lathrop & Gage , Stinson Leonard Street , and Shook , Hardy & Bacon are based in the city . Headquarters ( edit ) The following notable companies are headquartered in Kansas City , Missouri : American Century Investments Andrews McMeel Universal Applebee 's Assurant Employee Benefits Barkley Inc . Bernstein - Rein Black & Veatch 's Global Water Business Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas City BNIM Boulevard Brewing Company Cerner Children International Commerce Bancshares Copaken , White & Blitt Freightquote.com Great Plains Energy Hallmark Cards H&R Block HNTB Hostess Brands J.E. Dunn Construction Group Kansas City Southern Railway Lockton Companies MANICA Architecture Novastar Financial Populous Russell Stover Candies Smith Electric Vehicles UMB Financial Corporation Veterans of Foreign Wars Walton Construction Top employers ( edit ) According to the city 's Fiscal Year 2014 - 15 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top ten principal employers are as follows : Rank Employer Employees Percentage of Total Employment 1 . Public School System 30,172 2.92 % 2 . Federal Government 30,000 2.91 % 3 . State / County / City Government 24,616 2.39 % 4 . Cerner Corporation 10,128 0.98 % 5 . HCA Midwest Health System 9,753 0.94 % 6 . Saint Luke 's Health System 7,550 0.73 % 7 . Children 's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics 6,305 0.61 % 8 . Sprint Corporation 6,300 0.61 % 9 . The University of Kansas Hospital 6,030 0.58 % 10 . Hallmark Cards , Inc . 4,600 0.45 % Culture ( edit ) Abbreviations and nicknames ( edit ) Kansas City is often abbreviated as KC ( abbreviations often refer to the metropolitan area ) . It is officially nicknamed the `` City of Fountains '' . The fountains at Kauffman Stadium , commissioned by original Kansas City Royals owner Ewing Kauffman , are the largest privately funded fountains in the world . The city has more boulevards than any other city except Paris and has been called `` Paris of the Plains '' . Soccer 's popularity , at both professional and youth levels , as well as Children 's Mercy Park 's popularity as a home stadium for the U.S. Men 's National Team has to the appellation as the `` Soccer Capital of America '' . Residents are known as Kansas Citians . The city is sometimes referred to as the `` Heart of America '' , as it is near both the population center of the United States and the geographic center of the 48 contiguous states . Performing Arts ( edit ) A view of the Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts as seen from the Kansas City Convention Center . The Kansas City Repertory Theatre is the metropolitan area 's top professional theatre company . The Starlight Theatre is an 8,105 - seat outdoor theatre designed by Edward Delk . The Kansas City Symphony was founded by R. Crosby Kemper Jr. in 1982 to replace the defunct Kansas City Philharmonic , which was founded in 1933 . The symphony performs at the Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts . Michael Stern is the symphony 's music director and lead conductor . Lyric Opera of Kansas City , founded in 1958 , performs at the Kauffman Center , offers one American contemporary opera production during its season , consisting of either four or five productions . The Civic Opera Theater of Kansas City performs at the downtown Folly Theater and at the UMKC Performing Arts Center . Every summer from mid-June to early July , The Heart of America Shakespeare Festival performs at Southmoreland Park near the Nelson - Atkins Museum ; the festival was founded by Marilyn Strauss in 1993 . The Kansas City Ballet , founded in 1957 by Tatiana Dokoudovska , is a ballet troupe comprising 25 professional dancers and apprentices . Between 1986 and 2000 , it combined with Dance St. Louis to form the State Ballet of Missouri , although it remained in Kansas City . From 1980 to 1995 , the Ballet was run by dancer and choreographer Todd Bolender . Today , the Ballet offers an annual repertory split into three seasons , performing classical to contemporary ballets . The Ballet also performs at the Kauffman Center . Kansas City is home to The Kansas City Chorale , a professional 24 - voice chorus conducted by Charles Bruffy . The chorus performs an annual concert series and a concert in Phoenix each year with their sister choir , the Phoenix Chorale . The Chorale has made nine recordings ( three with the Phoenix Chorale ) . Jazz ( edit ) See also : Kansas City jazz Entrance of the American Jazz Museum Kansas City jazz in the 1930s marked the transition from big bands to the bebop influence of the 1940s . The 1979 documentary The Last of the Blue Devils portrays this era in interviews and performances by local jazz notables . In the 1970s , Kansas City attempted to resurrect the glory of the jazz era in a family - friendly atmosphere . In the 1970s , an effort to open jazz clubs in the River Quay area of City Market along the Missouri ended in a gang war . Three of the new clubs were blown up in what ultimately ended Kansas City mob influence in Las Vegas casinos . The annual `` Kansas City Blues and Jazz Festival '' attracts top jazz stars and large out - of - town audiences . It was rated Kansas City 's `` best festival . '' by Pitch.com . Live music venues are found throughout the city , with the highest concentration in the Westport entertainment district centered on Broadway and Westport Road near the Country Club Plaza , as well as the 18th & Vine area ( jazz music ) . A variety of music genres can be heard and have originated there , including musicians Janelle Monáe , Puddle of Mudd , Isaac James , The Get Up Kids , Shiner , Flee The Seen , The Life and Times , Reggie and the Full Effect , Coalesce , The Casket Lottery , The Gadjits , The Rainmakers , Vedera , The Elders , Blackpool Lights , The Republic Tigers , Tech N9ne , Krizz Kaliko , Kutt Calhoun , Skatterman & Snug Brim , Mac Lethal , Ces Cru and Solè . As of 2003 , the Kansas City Jazz Orchestra , a big band jazz orchestra , performs in the metropolitan area . The Kansas City Convention Center Irish culture ( edit ) The large community of Irish - Americans numbers over 50,000 . The Irish were the first large immigrant group to settle in Kansas City and founded its first newspaper . The Irish community includes bands , dancers , newspapers , Irish stores and the Kansas City Irish Center at Drexel Hall in Midtown . The first book that detailed the history of the Irish in Kansas City was Missouri Irish : Irish Settlers on the American Frontier , published in 1984 . Casinos ( edit ) Missouri voters approved riverboat casino gaming on the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers by referendum with a 63 % majority on November 3 , 1992 . The first casino facility in the state opened in September 1994 in North Kansas City by Harrah 's Entertainment ( now Caesar 's Entertainment ) . The combined revenues for four casinos exceeded $153 million per month in May 2008 . The metropolitan area is home to six casinos : Ameristar Kansas City , Argosy Kansas City , Harrah 's North Kansas City , Isle of Capri Kansas City , the 7th Street Casino ( which opened in Kansas City , Kansas , in 2008 ) and Hollywood Casino ( which opened in February 2012 in Kansas City , Kansas ) . Cuisine ( edit ) See also : Kansas City - style barbecue The American Hereford Association bull and Kemper Arena and the Kansas City Live Stock Exchange Building in the former Kansas City Stockyard of the West Bottoms as seen from Quality Hill Kansas City is most famous for its steak and barbecue , along with the typical array of Southern cuisine . During the heyday of the Kansas City Stockyards , the city was known for its Kansas City steaks or Kansas City strip steaks . The most famous of its steakhouses is the Golden Ox in the Kansas City Live Stock Exchange in the West Bottoms stockyards . These stockyards were second only to those of Chicago in size , but they never recovered from the Great Flood of 1951 and eventually closed . Founded in 1938 , Jess & Jim 's Steakhouse in the Martin City neighborhood was also well known . The Kansas City Strip cut of steak is similar to the New York Strip cut , and is sometimes referred to just as a strip steak . Along with Texas , Memphis , North and South Carolina , Kansas City is lauded as a `` world capital of barbecue . '' More than 90 barbecue restaurants operate in the metropolitan area . The American Royal each fall hosts what it claims is the world 's biggest barbecue contest . President Obama visits Arthur Bryant 's barbecue in Kansas City Classic Kansas City - style barbecue was an inner - city phenomenon that evolved from the pit of Henry Perry from Memphis in the early 20th century and blossomed in the 18th and Vine neighborhood . Arthur Bryant 's took over the Perry restaurant and added molasses to sweeten the recipe . In 1946 one of Perry 's cooks opened Gates and Sons Bar - B-Q . The Gates recipe added even more molasses . Bryant 's and Gates are the two definitive Kansas City barbecue restaurants . Both have only recently begun expanding outside of Kansas City . Fiorella 's Jack Stack Barbecue is also well regarded . In 1977 , Rich Davis , a psychiatrist , test - marketed his own concoction called K.C. Soul Style Barbecue Sauce . He renamed it KC Masterpiece , and in 1986 , he sold the recipe to the Kingsford division of Clorox . Davis retained rights to operate restaurants using the name and sauce . In 2009 , Kansas City appeared on Newsmax magazine 's list of the `` Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities and Towns , '' a piece written by CBS News travel editor Peter Greenberg . In determining his ranking , Greenberg cited the city 's barbecue , among other factors . Kansas City has several James Beard Award - winning / nominated chefs and restaurants . Winning chefs include Michael Smith , Celina Tio , Colby Garrelts , Debbie Gold , Jonathan Justus and Martin Heuser . A majority of the Beard Award - winning restaurants are in the Crossroads district , downtown and in Westport . Points of interest ( edit ) See List of points of interest in Kansas City , Missouri Name Description Photo Country Club Plaza District A district developed in 1922 featuring Spanish - styled architecture and upscale shops and restaurants . Two universities have locations near the district ( University of Missouri - Kansas City and the Kansas City Art Institute ) . The Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art and the Nelson - Atkins Museum of Art are around the district as well . 18th & Vine District Cradle of distinctive Kansas City styled jazz . Home of the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum , American Jazz Museum , and the future home of the MLB Urban Youth Academy . The district contains several jazz clubs and venues , such as the Gem Theater and the Blue Room . There are talks of the city diverting $27 million to the district to connect the district to the rest of downtown . Crossroads Arts District Home to several restaurants , art galleries , and hotels . First Friday is a popular monthly event in the district . Pop - up galleries , food trucks , venue deals , and music events are planned for First Fridays . Union Station and the Kauffman Center are within the district . Union Station also has exhibits that change frequently , as well as Science City within the building . Westport District Originally a separate town before being annexed by Kansas City , the district contains several restaurants , shops , and nightlife options . Along with the Power and Light District , it serves as one of the city 's main entertainment areas . The University of Kansas Hospital is close to the district , just across State Line Road . Power and Light District A new shopping and entertainment district within the Central Business District . It was developed by the Cordish Companies ; several apartment towers are being constructed by the company as well . The Sprint Center is within the district and is a major anchor development for the area . The Midland Theater , a popular concert venue , is also in the district . River Market District / Berkley Riverfront Park Kansas City 's original neighborhood on the Missouri River . The district contains one of the country 's largest and longest lasting public farmers ' markets in the nation . There are several unique shops and restaurants throughout the area . Steamboat Arabia Museum is right next to the City Market . Residents and visitors traveling by foot or bike can take the Town of Kansas Bridge connection to get to the Riverfront Heritage Trail which leads to Berkley Riverfront Park , which is operated by Port KC . Crown Center A district developed by Hallmark . Within Crown Center , kids can enjoy an aquarium , Legoland , and Kaleidoscope . There are several mid to upscale stores , and visitors can stay at the Sheraton Crown Center or the Westin Crown Center . The district is a short walk from Liberty Memorial ( which features a world - class World War One museum ) . Visitors can connect to Union Station and the rest of Crown Center via a skywalk called the Link . The West Bottoms The West Bottoms used to be used primarily as stockyards and for industrial uses , but today the district is slowly being revitalized through the development and redevelopment of apartments and shops . The district is home to the soon - to - be repurposed Kemper Arena , which regularly hosted the American Royal . The arena hosted the 1976 Republican National Convention . Kansas City , North The city north of the Missouri River has several attractions . There 's Zona Rosa , a mixed - used development with a large variety of shopping , dining , and events . Directly across the river is the Charles Wheeler Downtown Airport ; it features the Aviation History Museum . The city 's northern area also has an amusement park , Worlds of Fun , as well as a water park called Oceans of Fun ; the two are operated under the same management and are next to one other . Swope Park Swope Park has an area of 1,805 acres , and it has several attractions . The award - winning Kansas City Zoo , encompassing some 200 acres , features over 1,000 animals from across the planet ; it was ranked as one of the top 60 zoos in the United States . Starlight Theatre , the second largest outdoor musical theatre venue in the U.S. , is also within the park . There is also a soccer complex , in which the players of Sporting Kansas City practice . Religion ( edit ) The Latter - Day Saints Temple in Kansas City . The proportion of Kansas City area residents with a known religious affiliation is 49.7 % . The most common religious denominations in the area are : None / No affiliation 50.3 % Catholic 12.82 % Other Christian 7.15 % Baptist ( African American denominations ) 6.72 % Baptist ( Other ) 6.46 % Methodist 5.87 % Pentecostal 2.60 % Latter - day Saint 2.48 % Lutheran 2.30 % Walt Disney in Kansas City ( edit ) In 1911 , Elias Disney moved his family from Marceline to Kansas City . They lived in a new home with a garage built by Elias Disney , which became the location for Walt 's very first animation , at 3028 Bellefontaine . In 1919 , Walt Disney returned from France where he had served as a Red Cross Ambulance Driver in World War I. Walt started the first animation company Laugh - O - Gram Studio in Kansas City . Later , the company went bankrupt , Walt Disney moved to Hollywood , and started The Walt Disney Company on October 16 , 1923 . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Kansas City The Kansas City Royals , 1985 and 2015 World Series Champions . Arrowhead Stadium , home of the Kansas City Chiefs . Professional sports teams in Kansas City include the Kansas City Chiefs in the National Football League ( NFL ) , the Kansas City Royals in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , Sporting Kansas City in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , and FC Kansas City in the National Women 's Soccer League . Professional Football ( edit ) The Chiefs -- now a member of the NFL 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) -- started play in 1960 as the Dallas Texans and they moved to Kansas City in 1963 . The team lost Super Bowl I to the Green Bay Packers . They came back in 1969 to become the last ever AFL champions and win Super Bowl IV against NFL champions Minnesota Vikings with a score of 23 - 7 . Professional baseball ( edit ) The Athletics baseball franchise played in the city from 1955 , after moving from Philadelphia , to 1967 , when the team relocated to Oakland , California . The city 's Major League Baseball franchise , the Royals , started play in 1969 , and are the only major league sports franchise in Kansas City that has not relocated or changed its name . The Royals were the first American League expansion team to reach the playoffs , in 1976 , to reach the World Series in 1980 , and to win the World Series in 1985 . The Royals returned to the World Series in 2014 and won in 2015 . The Kansas City T - Bones , playing in the independent Northern League from 2003 until 2010 , and currently in the independent American Association since 2011 , and unaffiliated minor league team . They play their games in CommunityAmerica Ballpark in Kansas City , Kansas . Professional Soccer ( edit ) Sporting Kansas City plays the New England Revolution at Children 's Mercy Park . The Kansas City Wiz became a charter member of Major League Soccer in 1996 . It was renamed the Kansas City Wizards in 1997 . In 2011 , the team was renamed Sporting Kansas City and moved to its new stadium Children 's Mercy Park in Kansas City , Kansas . Sporting 's reserve team , Swope Park Rangers , plays at Shawnee Mission District Stadium in Overland Park , Kansas . FC Kansas City began play in 2013 as an expansion team of the National Women 's Soccer League ; the team 's home games are held at Swope Soccer Village . College Athletics ( edit ) In college athletics , Kansas City has lately been the home of the Big 12 College Basketball Tournaments . The men 's tournament has been played at Sprint Center since March 2008 . The women 's tournament is played at Municipal Auditorium . In addition to serving as the Chiefs ' home stadium , Arrowhead Stadium serves as the venue for various intercollegiate football games . It has hosted the Big 12 Championship Game five times . On the last weekend in October , the MIAA Fall Classic rivalry game between Northwest Missouri State University and Pittsburg State University took place at the stadium . Professional rugby ( edit ) Kansas City is represented on the rugby pitch by the Kansas City Blues RFC , a former member of the Rugby Super League and a Division 1 club . The team works closely with Sporting Kansas City and splits home - games between Sporting 's training pitch and Rockhurst University 's stadium . Former teams ( edit ) Kansas City briefly had four short - term major league baseball teams between 1884 and 1915 : the Kansas City Unions of the short - lived Union Association in 1884 , the Kansas City Cowboys in the National League in 1886 , a team of the same name in the then - major league American Association in 1888 and 1889 , and the Kansas City Packers in the Federal League in 1914 and 1915 . The Kansas City Monarchs of the now - defunct Negro National and Negro American Leagues represented Kansas City from 1920 through 1955 . the city also had a number of minor league baseball teams between 1885 and 1955 . From 1903 through 1954 , the Kansas City Blues played in the high - level American Association minor league . In 1955 , Kansas City became a major league city when the Philadelphia Athletics baseball franchise relocated to the city in 1955 . Following the 1967 season , the team relocated to Oakland , California . Kansas City was also represented in the National Basketball Association by the Kansas City Kings ( called the Kansas City - Omaha Kings from 1972 to 1975 ) , when the former Cincinnati Royals moved to the Midwest . The team left Sacramento in 1985 . In 1974 , the National Hockey League placed an expansion team in Kansas City called the Kansas City Scouts . The team moved to Denver in 1976 , and today they are known as the New Jersey Devils . Club Sport Founded League Venue Kansas City Chiefs Football 1960 ( as the Dallas Texans ) 1963 ( as Kansas City Chiefs ) National Football League Arrowhead Stadium Kansas City Royals Baseball 1969 Major League Baseball Kauffman Stadium Sporting Kansas City Soccer Major League Soccer Children 's Mercy Park ( Kansas City , Kansas ) Swope Park Rangers Soccer 2016 United Soccer League Shawnee Mission District Stadium ( Overland Park , Kansas ) Kansas City Phantoms Indoor football 2016 Champions Indoor Football Silverstein Eye Centers Arena ( Independence ) Kansas City Mavericks Hockey 2009 ECHL Silverstein Eye Centers Arena ( Independence ) Missouri Comets Indoor soccer Major Arena Soccer League Silverstein Eye Centers Arena ( Independence ) Kansas City Blues Rugby Union 1966 USA Rugby Division 1 Swope Park Training Complex Kansas City Storm Women 's football WTFA North Kansas City High School View of downtown from Penn Valley Park The rose garden in Loose Park , Kansas City 's third largest public park . Parks and boulevards ( edit ) J.C. Nichols Memorial Fountain , by Henri - Léon Gréber , in Mill Creek Park , adjacent to the Country Club Plaza . Kansas City has 132 miles ( 212 km ) of boulevards and parkways , 214 urban parks , 49 ornamental fountains , 152 ball diamonds , 10 community centers , 105 tennis courts , 5 golf courses , 5 museums and attractions , 30 pools , and 47 park shelters . These amenities are found across the city . Much of the system , designed by George E. Kessler , was constructed from 1893 to 1915 . Cliff Drive , in Kessler Park on the North Bluffs , is a designated State Scenic Byway . It extends 4.27 miles ( 6.87 km ) from The Paseo and Independence Avenue through Indian Mound on Gladstone Boulevard at Belmont Boulevard , with many historical points and architectural landmarks . Ward Parkway , on the west side of the city near State Line Road , is lined by many of the city 's largest and most elaborate homes . The Paseo is a major north -- south parkway that runs 19 miles ( 31 km ) through the center of the city beginning at Cliff Drive . It was modeled on the Paseo de la Reforma , a fashionable Mexico City boulevard . Swope Park is one of the nation 's largest city parks , comprising 1,805 acres ( 730 ha ) , more than twice the size of New York City 's Central Park . It features a zoo , a woodland nature and wildlife rescue center , 2 golf courses , 2 lakes , an amphitheatre , a day - camp , and numerous picnic grounds . Hodge Park , in the Northland , covers 1,029 acres ( 416 ha ) ( 1.61 sq. mi . ) . This park includes the 80 - acre ( 320,000 m ) Shoal Creek Living History Museum , a village of more than 20 historical buildings dating from 1807 to 1885 . Berkely Riverfront Park , 955 acres ( 3.86 km ) on the banks of the Missouri River on the north edge of downtown , holds annual Independence Day celebrations and other festivals . A program went underway to replace many of the fast - growing sweetgum trees with hardwood varieties . Law and government ( edit ) City government ( edit ) See also : List of mayors of Kansas City and Alcohol laws of Missouri City Hall , Kansas City , Missouri . Kansas City is home to the largest municipal government in the state of Missouri . The city has a council / manager form of government . The role of city manager has diminished over the years . The non-elective office of city manager was created following excesses during the Pendergast days . The mayor is the head of the Kansas City City Council , which has 12 members ( one member for each district , plus one at large member per district ) . The mayor is the presiding member . Kansas City holds city elections in every fourth odd numbered year . The last citywide election was held in May 2015 . The officials took office in August 2015 and will hold the position until 2019 . Pendergast was the most prominent leader during the machine politics days . The most nationally prominent Democrat associated with the machine was Harry S Truman , who became a Senator , Vice President and then President of the United States from 1945 to 1953 . Kansas City is the seat of the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri , one of two federal district courts in Missouri . The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri is in St. Louis . It also is the seat of the Western District of the Missouri Court of Appeals , one of three districts of that court ( the Eastern District is in St. Louis and the Southern District is in Springfield ) . The Mayor , City Council , and City Manager are listed below : Office Officeholder Mayor ( presides over Council ) Sly James Councilman , District 1 Scott Wagner Councilwoman , District 1 Heather Hall Councilwoman , District 2 Teresa Loar Councilman , District 2 Dan Fowler Councilman , District 3 Quinton Lucas Councilman , District 3 Jermaine Reed Councilwoman , District 4 Katheryn Shields Councilwoman , District 4 Jolie Justus Councilman , District 5 Lee Barnes , Jr . Councilwoman , District 5 Alissia Canady Councilman , District 6 Scott Taylor Councilman , District 6 Kevin McManus City Manager Troy Schulte National political conventions ( edit ) Kansas City hosted the 1900 Democratic National Convention , the 1928 Republican National Convention and the 1976 Republican National Convention . The urban core of Kansas City consistently votes Democratic in Presidential elections ; however , on the state and local level Republicans often find success , especially in the Northland and other suburban areas of Kansas City . Federal representation ( edit ) Kansas City is represented by three members of the United States House of Representatives : Missouri 's 4th congressional district -- the Cass County portion of Kansas City ; represented by Vicky Hartzler ( Republican ) Missouri 's 5th congressional district -- all of Kansas City proper in Jackson County , plus Independence ; represented by Emanuel Cleaver ( Democrat ) Missouri 's 6th congressional district -- all of Kansas City proper north of the Missouri River and plus suburbs in eastern Jackson County beyond Independence ; represented by Sam Graves ( Republican ) Police respond to a shooting in the Crossroads area during the early hours of New Years Day 2016 . Crime ( edit ) Some of the earliest organized violence in Kansas City erupted during the American Civil War . Shortly after the city 's incorporation in 1850 , so - called Bleeding Kansas erupted , affecting border ruffians and Jayhawkers . During the war , Union troops burned all occupied dwellings in Jackson County south of Brush Creek and east of Blue Creek to Independence in an attempt to halt raids into Kansas . After the war , the Kansas City Times turned outlaw Jesse James into a folk hero via its coverage . James was born in the Kansas City metro area at Kearney , Missouri , and notoriously robbed the Kansas City Fairgrounds at 12th Street and Campbell Avenue . In the early 20th century under Pendergast , Kansas City became the country 's `` most wide open town '' . While this would give rise to Kansas City Jazz , it also led to the rise of the Kansas City mob ( initially under Johnny Lazia ) , as well as the arrival of organized crime . In the 1970s , the Kansas City mob was involved in a gang war over control of the River Quay entertainment district , in which three buildings were bombed and several gangsters were killed . Police investigations gained after boss Nick Civella was recorded discussing gambling bets on Super Bowl IV ( where the Kansas City Chiefs defeated the Minnesota Vikings ) . The war and investigation led to the end of mob control of the Stardust Casino , which was the basis for the film Casino ( although the production minimizes the Kansas City connections ) . As of November 2012 , Kansas City ranked 18th on the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) 's annual survey of crime rates for cities with populations over 100,000 . Much of the city 's violent crimes occur on the city 's lower income East Side . Revitalizing the downtown and midtown areas has been fairly successful and now these areas have below average violent crime compared to major downtowns . According to a 2007 analysis by The Kansas City Star and the University of Missouri - Kansas City , downtown experienced the largest drop in crime of any neighborhood in the city during the 2000s . Education ( edit ) Main article : List of schools of Kansas City Colleges and universities ( edit ) Many universities , colleges , and seminaries are in the Kansas City metropolitan area , including : University of Missouri -- Kansas City − one of four schools in the University of Missouri system − serving more than 15,000 students Rockhurst University − Jesuit university founded in 1910 Kansas City Art Institute − four - year college of fine arts and design founded in 1885 Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences − medical and graduate school founded in 1916 Avila University − Catholic university of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet Park University − private institution established in 1875 ; Park University Graduate School is downtown Baker University − multiple branches of the School of Professional and Graduate Studies William Jewell College − private liberal arts institution founded in 1849 Metropolitan Community College ( Kansas City ) − a two - year college with multiple campuses in the suburban metropolitan area Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary − Southern Baptist Convention Nazarene Theological Seminary − Church of the Nazarene Calvary Bible College and Theological Seminary Saint Paul School of Theology − Methodist Primary and secondary schools ( edit ) Kansas City is served by 16 school districts including 10 Public School Districts , with a significant portion being nationally ranked . There are also numerous private schools ; Catholic schools in Kansas City are governed by the Diocese of Kansas City . The following Public School Districts serve Kansas City : Kansas City , MO School District North Kansas City School District Center School District Hickman Mills C - 1 School District Grandview C - 4 School District Liberty School District Park Hill School District Platte County R - 3 School District Raytown C - 2 School District Lees Summit R - 7 School District Blue Springs R - 4 School District Independence School District Fort Osage R - 1 School District Libraries and Archives ( edit ) Linda Hall Library − internationally recognized independent library of science , engineering and technology , housing over one million volumes . Mid-Continent Public Library − largest public library system in Missouri , and among the largest collections in America . Kansas City Public Library − oldest library system in Kansas City . University of Missouri - Kansas City Libraries − four collections : Leon E. Bloch Law Library and Miller Nichols Library , both on Volker Campus ; and Health Sciences Library and Dental Library , both on Hospital Hill in Kansas City . Rockhurst University Greenlease Library ( The Black Archives of Mid-America http://blackarchives.org/ ) − research center of the African American experience in the central Midwest . National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) , Central Plains Region − one of 18 national records facilities , holding millions of archival records and microfilms for Iowa , Kansas , Missouri , and Nebraska in a new facility adjacent to Union Station , which was opened to the general public in 2008 . Media ( edit ) The Kansas City Star 's new printing facility , which opened in 2006 . Main article : Media in Kansas City , Missouri Print media ( edit ) The Kansas City Star is the area 's primary newspaper . William Rockhill Nelson and his partner , Samuel Morss , first published the evening paper on September 18 , 1880 . The Star competed with the morning Kansas City Times before acquiring that publication in 1901 . The `` Times '' name was discontinued in March 1990 , when the morning paper was renamed the `` Star '' . Weekly newspapers include The Call ( which is focused toward Kansas City 's African - American community ) , the Kansas City Business Journal , The Pitch , Ink , and the bilingual publications Dos Mundos and KC Hispanic News . The city is served by two major faith - oriented newspapers : The Kansas City Metro Voice , serving the Christian community , and the Kansas City Jewish Chronicle , serving the Jewish community . It also the headquarters of the National Catholic Reporter , an independent Catholic newspaper . Broadcast media ( edit ) Landmark KCTV Tower on West 31st on Union Hill . The Kansas City media market ( ranked 32nd by Arbitron and 31st by Nielsen ) includes 10 television stations , 30 FM and 21 AM radio stations . Kansas City broadcasting jobs have been a stepping stone for national television and radio personalities , notably Walter Cronkite and Mancow Muller . WDAF radio ( 610 AM , now at 106.5 FM ; AM frequency now occupied by KCSP ) signed on in 1927 as an affiliate of the NBC Red Network , under the ownership of The Star . In 1949 , the Star signed on WDAF - TV as an affiliate of the NBC television network . The Star sold off the WDAF stations in 1957 , following an antitrust investigation by the United States government ( reportedly launched at Truman 's behest , following a long - standing feud with the Star ) over the newspaper 's ownership of television and radio stations . KCMO radio ( originally at 810 AM , now at 710 AM ) signed on KCMO - TV ( now KCTV ) in 1953 . The respective owners of WHB ( then at 710 AM , now at 810 AM ) and KMBC radio ( 980 AM , now KMBZ ) , Cook Paint and Varnish Company and the Midland Broadcasting Company , signed on WHB - TV / KMBC - TV as a time - share arrangement on VHF channel 9 in 1953 ; KMBC - TV took over channel 9 full - time in June 1954 , after Cook Paint and Varnish purchased Midland Broadcasting 's stations . The major broadcast television networks have affiliates in the Kansas City market ( covering 32 counties in northwestern Missouri , with the exception of counties in the far northwestern part of the state that are within the adjacent Saint Joseph market , and northeastern Kansas ) ; including WDAF - TV 4 ( Fox ) , KCTV 5 ( CBS ) , KMBC - TV 9 ( ABC ) , KCPT 19 ( PBS ) , KCWE 29 ( The CW ) , KSHB - TV 41 ( NBC ) and KSMO - TV 62 ( MyNetworkTV ) . Other television stations in the market include Saint Joseph - based KTAJ - TV 16 ( TBN ) , Kansas City , Kansas - based TV25.tv ( consisting of three locally owned stations throughout northeast Kansas , led by KCKS - LD 25 , affiliated with several digital multicast networks ) , Lawrence , Kansas - based KMCI - TV 38 ( independent ) , Spanish - language station KUKC - LP 48 ( Univision ) , and KPXE - TV 50 ( Ion Television ) . Film community ( edit ) Main article : Film in Kansas City Kansas City has been a locale for film and television productions . Between 1931 and 1982 Kansas City was home to the Calvin Company , a large movie production company that specialized in promotional and sales short films and commercials for corporations , as well as educational films for schools and the government . Calvin was an important venue for Kansas City arts , training local filmmakers who went on to Hollywood careers and also employing local actors , most of whom earned their main income in fields such as radio and television announcing . Kansas City native Robert Altman directed movies at the Calvin Company , which led him to shoot his first feature film , The Delinquents , in Kansas City using many local players . The 1983 television movie The Day After was filmed in Kansas City and Lawrence , Kansas . The 1990s film Truman , starring Gary Sinise , was filmed in the city . Other films shot in or around Kansas City include Article 99 , Mr. & Mrs. Bridge , Kansas City , Paper Moon , In Cold Blood , Ninth Street , and Sometimes They Come Back ( in and around nearby Liberty , Missouri ) . More recently , a scene in the controversial film Brüno was filmed in downtown Kansas City 's historic Hotel Phillips . Today , Kansas City is home to an active independent film community . The Independent Filmmaker 's Coalition is an organization dedicated to expanding and improving independent filmmaking in Kansas City . The city launched the KC Film Office in October 2014 with the goal of better marketing the city for prospective television shows and movies to be filmed there . The City Council passed several film tax incentives in February 2016 to take effect in May 2016 ; the KC Film Office is coordinating its efforts with the State of Missouri to reinstate film incentives on a statewide level . Infrastructure ( edit ) Main articles : Kansas City Metropolitan Area § Transportation , and Kansas City Metropolitan Area Originally , Kansas City was the launching point for travelers on the Santa Fe , Oregon and California trails . Later , with the construction of the Hannibal Bridge across the Missouri River , it became the junction of 11 trunk railroads . More rail tonnage passes through the city than any other U.S. city . Trans World Airlines ( TWA ) located its headquarters in the city , and had ambitious plans to turn the city into an air hub . Highways ( edit ) Kansas City is a major meeting place for several of the nation 's busiest highways . Missouri and Kansas were the first states to start building interstates with Interstate 70 . Interstate 435 , which encircles the entire city , is the second longest beltway in the nation . ( Interstate 275 around Cincinnati , Ohio is the longest . ) The Kansas City metro area has more limited access highway lane - miles per capita than any other large US metro area , over 27 % more than the second - place Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex , over 50 % more than the average American metropolitan area . The Sierra Club blames the extensive freeway network for excessive sprawl and the decline of central Kansas City . On the other hand , the relatively uncongested road network contributes significantly to Kansas City 's position as one of America 's largest logistics hubs . Airports ( edit ) Kansas City International Airport Kansas City International Airport was built to TWA 's specifications to make a world hub . Its original passenger - friendly design placed each of its gates 100 feet ( 30 m ) from the street . Following the September 11 , 2001 , attacks , it required a costly overhaul to conform to the tighter security protocols . Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport was TWA 's original headquarters and houses the Airline History Museum . It is still used for general aviation and airshows . Public Transportation ( edit ) Like most American cities , Kansas City 's mass transit system was originally rail - based . From 1870 to 1957 , Kansas City 's streetcar system was among the top in the country , with over 300 miles ( 480 km ) of track at its peak . The rapid sprawl in the following years led this private system to be shut down . KCATA - RideKC ( edit ) On December 28 , 1965 , the Kansas City Area Transportation Authority ( KCATA ) was formed via a bi-state compact created by the Missouri and Kansas legislatures . The compact gave the KCATA responsibility for planning , construction , owning and operating passenger transportation systems and facilities within the seven - county area . RideKC bus and MAX ( edit ) A newly branded RideKC Bus . In July 2005 , the KCATA launched Kansas City 's first bus rapid transit line , the Metro Area Express ( MAX ) . MAX links the River Market , Downtown , Union Station , Crown Center and the Country Club Plaza . This corridor employs over 150,000 workers . MAX operates and is marketed more like a rail system than a local bus line . A unique identity was created for MAX , including 13 modern diesel buses and easily identifiable `` stations '' . MAX features ( real - time GPS tracking of buses , available at every station ) , and stoplights automatically change in their favor if buses are behind schedule . In 2010 , a second MAX line was added on Troost Avenue . The city is planning another MAX line down Prospect Avenue . KC Streetcar departing the Library stop heading north to the River Market . RideKC streetcar ( edit ) On December 12 , 2012 , a ballot initiative to construct a $102 million , 2 - mile ( 3200 m ) modern streetcar line in downtown Kansas City was approved by local voters . The streetcar route runs along Main Street from the River Market to Union Station ; it debuted on May 6 , 2016 . A new non-profit corporation made up of private sector stakeholders and city appointees -- the Kansas City Streetcar Authority -- operates and maintains the system . Unlike many similar systems around the U.S. , no fare is to be charged initially . Residents within the proposed Transportation Development District are determining the fate of the KC Streetcar 's southern extension through Midtown and the Plaza to UMKC . The Port Authority of Kansas City is also studying running an extension to Berkley Riverfront Park . RideKC Bridj ( edit ) In 2015 , the KCATA , Unified Government Transit , Johnson County Transit , and IndeBus ( all separate metro services ) began merging into one coordinated transit service for the Kansas City region , called RideKC . The buses and other transit options will be branded as : RideKC Bus , RideKC MAX , RideKC Streetcar , and RideKC Bridj . RideKC Bridj is a micro transit service partnership between Ford Bridj and KCATA that began on March 7 , 2016 . Users download the Bridj app and use the service much like a taxi service . The merger and full coordination is expected to be complete by 2019 . Walkability ( edit ) A 2015 study by Walk Score ranked Kansas City as the 42nd most walkable out of the 50 largest U.S. cities . As a whole , the city has a score of 34 out of 100 . However , several of the more densely populated neighborhoods have much higher scores : Westport has a score of 91 ; the Downtown Loop has a score of 85 ; the Crossroads scored 85 ; and the Plaza scored 83 . Those ratings range from `` A Walker 's Paradise '' to `` Very Walkable . '' In April 2017 , voters approved an $800 million general obligation bond , part of which is designated for sidewalk repairs and creating complete - streets . Sister cities ( edit ) Kansas City has 14 sister cities : City Subdivision Country Date Seville Andalusia Spain 1967 Kurashiki Okayama Prefecture Japan 1972 Morelia Michoacán Mexico 1973 Freetown Western Area Sierra Leone Tainan Taiwan 1978 Xi'an Shaanxi People 's Republic of China Guadalajara Jalisco Mexico 1991 Hannover Lower Saxony Germany 1993 Port Harcourt Rivers State Nigeria 1993 Arusha Arusha Region Tanzania 1995 San Nicolás de los Garza Nuevo León Mexico Ramla Israel 1998 Metz Moselle France Yan'an Shaanxi People 's Republic of China Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Kansas City , Missouri See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Missouri portal List of people from Kansas City , Missouri National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County , Missouri Sites of interest of Kansas City List of fountains in the Kansas City metropolitan area Other articles connected with the culture of Kansas City : Kansas City Police Officers Association Kansas City Rescue Mission Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Kansas City kept at downtown / Weather Bureau Office from July 1888 to December 1933 ; Downtown Airport from January 1934 to September 1972 ; and Kansas City Int'l since October 1972 . For more information see ThreadEx . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zip Code Lookup '' . USPS . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Population , percent change - April 1 , 2010 ( estimates base ) to July 1 , 2016 , ( V2016 ) '' . www.census.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Ernest L. ( 1976 ) . Brigham Young University : The First 100 Years . Vol. 1 . Provo : BYU Press . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Kansas City located in Missouri instead of Kansas ? '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Early City Limits '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Missouri -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Sanborn Maps of Kansas City '' . University of Missouri Digital Library . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lawrence H. Larsen and Nancy J. Hulston ( 2013 ) . Pendergast ! . University of Missouri Press . p. xi . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City ( city ) , Missouri '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` https://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/stories/2004/08/02/daily19.html '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` For some on the KC council , patience on the convention hotel is wearing thin '' . kansascity . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three projects are part of a surge in downtown KC apartments '' . kansascity . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` https://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/news/2017/10/25/swiss-re-office-kansas-city-move.html '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Source of Metro Employment Growth Shifting East ? '' . kceconomy . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Authority , Kansas City Area Transportation . `` Prospect MAX Transit Initiatives KCATA '' . www.kcata.org . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Mark ( December 24 , 2013 ) . `` Missouri Supreme Court all but ends battle over KC streetcar financing '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Midtown / UMKC Streetcar Extension Resources -- KCRTA '' . kcrta.org . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Kansas City Star '' . account.kansascity.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic City Market : : City Market Kansas City '' . thecitymarket.org . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City -- Restaurants -- Restaurant Guide '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A walk through Kansas City history '' Archived December 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Country Club Plaza website ( online ) Jump up ^ Garvin , Alexander ( 2002 ) . The American City : What Works , what does n't . New York : McGraw - Hill Professional . pp. 119 -- 125 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 137367 - 5 . Jump up ^ Center , Sprint . `` Sprint Center Announces Grand Opening Week Festivities - Sprint Center '' . www.sprintcenter.com . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Missouri Climate Summary '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City , Missouri , Temperature Averages '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interpretation Of Skew - T Indices '' . Theweatherprediction.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kansas City Tornado Almanac Archived August 24 , 2002 , at Archive.is , wdaftv4.com . Retrieved September 2006 . Jump up ^ KC powerless as icy barrage pummels the area , leaves behind disaster zone . Retrieved September 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : MO KANSAS CITY DOWNTOWN AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Daily Climate Records / Normals '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : MO KANSAS CITY INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Daily Climate Records / Normals '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for KANSAS CITY / INTL ARPT MO 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City city , Missouri -- ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates : 2006 -- 2008 '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive : Mapping the census '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Immigrants , How They 've Helped Shape Kansas City '' . FOX4KC . February 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 - 2010 Population Change Map '' ( PDF ) . Mid-America Regional Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 3 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample Jump up ^ The Federal Workforce by the Numbers -- Kansas City . Greater Kansas City Federal Executive Board . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Instruction 1099 - GENERAL '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kansas City Business Journal ( July 19 , 2006 ) . `` Bizjournals.com '' . Bizjournals.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About Our Region '' . SSA.gov . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- Kansas City Archived July 24 , 2012 , at Archive.is . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Manufacturing Sheet -- sanofi-aventis.us -- Retrieved August 25 , 2008 '' . Sanofi-aventis.us . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kansas City Star -- Kansas Tops List for Biodefense Lab Archived December 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ A Foregone Conclusion : The Founding of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis by James Neal Primm -- stlouisfed.org -- Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of Metro Areas in the U.S. Economy '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Conference of Mayors . March 2006 . p. 119 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Rob . '' KC ranks among best places to own rental property . '' Kansas City Business Journal . February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Data.kcmo.org . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pahigaian , Josh ; Kevin O'Connell ( 2004 ) . The Ultimate Baseball Road Trip . Guilford , Connecticut : Lyons Press . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 159 - 1 . Jump up ^ Deborah Jowitt , Kansas City Ballet : Happy Fiftieth ! Archived May 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Village Voice , March 18 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chorale : Homepage '' . KCchorale.org . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Pitch , ' ' Best of 2007 ' ' : `` Best Festival '' -- Kansas City 's Blues and Jazz Festival `` . Pitch.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City , MO Population and Races '' . Usa.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Laughlin , Michael . Missouri Irish , The Original History of the Irish in Missouri , including St. Louis , Kansas City and Trails West . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Gaming Commission : ' ' The History of Riverboat Gambling in Missouri ' ' '' . Mgc.dps.mo.gov . July 1 , 1994 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Kansas City Star , June 13 , 2008 : Missouri riverboat casinos ' revenue increases in May . Jump up ^ `` Experience Kansas City -- Barbeque Kansas City Style '' . Experiencekc.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Peter . `` Newsmax Magazine Rates the Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities And Towns '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` KC Council to consider $27 million in public improvements for 18th and Vine '' . kansascity . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Starlight Theatre Attractions - KCparks.org '' . kcparks.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Kansas City Metro Area , Missouri '' . bestplaces.net . Jump up ^ `` Disney , Walt , House and Garage '' ( PDF ) . dnr.mo.gov . Jump up ^ Parks & Recreation , 2008 Reference Book Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Parks & Recreation , About Parks & Recreation Archived November 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ TimeLine 150 Archived November 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Focus Kansas City , Tri-Blenheim Neighbors United , report date : April 29 , 2000 Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` FBI : Violent crime drops in Kansas City for first half of 2012 - Kansas City Business Journal '' . Bizjournals.com . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Powered prohibited Mirror '' . thinkdowntownkc.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Downtown News Archived April 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` https://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/news/2017/04/25/us-news-ranks-kc-area-high-schools.html#g/411076/13 '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Gisweb.kcmo.org '' . Gisweb.kcmo.org . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harry Haskell , Boss - Busters and Sin Hounds : Kansas City and Its `` Star '' ( Columbia : University of Missouri Press , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1769 - 1 Jump up ^ `` The Call '' . Kccall.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Ink '' . Inkkc.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arbitron , Inc. , Spring ' 08 Blue Book , `` 2008 Market Survey Schedule : All Markets , '' , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` TV by the Numbers , ' ' Nielsen People Meter Markets ' ' , November 6 , 2007 : `` Rank , Designated Market Area , Homes '' `` . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Monreal , Jane ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tax breaks for films could bring cash to Kansas City '' . KSHB . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Sprawl Report - Sprawl -- Sierra Club '' . Sierraclub.org . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kcsmartport.com Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Maps and Schedules '' . KCATA . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Light Rail and MAX '' . KCATA . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Authority , Kansas City Area Transportation . `` Prospect Ave . MAX Light Rail and MAX KCATA '' . www.kcata.org . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City voters approve streetcar plan '' . Kansas City Business Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crowds jam streetcars in Kansas City return '' . kansascity . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City streetcar rides will be free '' . Kansas City Business Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Authority , Kansas City Area Transportation . `` Ride KC : Bridj Begins Service March 7 News KCATA '' . www.kcata.org . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 City and Neighborhood Rankings '' . Walk Score . 2015 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City neighborhoods on Walk Score '' . Walk Score . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Sister Cities '' . kcsistercities.org . Sister City Association of Kansas City , MO. 2014 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities , Public Relations '' . Guadalajara municipal government . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of the history of Kansas City , Missouri Myers , James D. , and Michael A. Sorrentino Jr . `` Regional critical infrastructure assessment : Kansas City . '' International Journal of Critical Infrastructures 7.1 ( 2011 ) : 58 - 72 . Nusser , Sarah Parker , and Katrin B. Anacker . `` What Sexuality is this Place ? Building a Framework for Evaluating Sexualized Space : The Case of Kansas City , Missouri . '' Journal of Urban Affairs 35.2 ( 2013 ) : 173 - 193 . Rury , John L. , and Sanae Akaba . `` The Geo - Spatial Distribution of Educational Attainment : Cultural Capital and Uneven Development in Metropolitan Kansas City , 1960 - 1980 . '' Histoire & mesure 29.1 ( 2014 ) : 219 - 248 . Shortridge , James R. Kansas City and How It Grew , 1822 -- 2011 ( University Press of Kansas ; 2012 ) 248 pages ; historical geography Sprinkle , Timothy . Screw the Valley : A Coast - to - Coast Tour of America 's New Tech Startup Culture : New York , Boulder , Austin , Raleigh , Detroit , Las Vegas , Kansas City ( BenBella Books , Inc. , 2015 ) Torres , Theresa L. The Paradox of Latina Religious Leadership in the Catholic Church : Las Guadalupanas of Kansas City ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 ) Wuthnow , Robert . Remaking the Heartland : Middle America since the 1950s ( 2010 ) Chapter 7 Online sources ( edit ) University of Missouri at Kansas City . Marr Sound Archives . Rags to Be-bop : the Sounds of Kansas City Music , 1890 - 1945 . ( Text by ) Chuck Haddix . Kansas City , Mo. : University of Missouri at Kansas City , University Libraries , Marr Sound Archives , 1991 . Without ISBN External links ( edit ) Find more aboutKansas City , Missouriat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official City Website Official Travel and Tourism Site Kansas City Chamber of Commerce Historic maps of Kansas City in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri The Black Archives of Mid-America on Google Cultural Institute Articles Relating to Kansas City , Missouri The Kansas City Area Kansas City , Missouri The Metro Area History Timeline Economy Neighborhoods Architecture Fountains Barbecue Jazz Broadcast Film Education Sports Kansas City metropolitan area 's cities and counties Central city Kansas City , Missouri Largest cities ( over 100,000 in 2000 ) Independence Kansas City , Kansas Olathe Overland Park Medium - sized cities ( 10,000 to 100,000 in 2000 ) Blue Springs Belton Excelsior Springs Gladstone Grandview Lansing Leawood Leavenworth Lee 's Summit Lenexa Liberty Merriam Ottawa Prairie Village Raymore Raytown Shawnee Smaller Cities ( between 5,000 and 9,900 in 2010 ) De Soto Bonner Springs Basehor Edgerton Paola Counties Jackson Clay Cass Platte Lafayette Ray Clinton Bates Caldwell Johnson Wyandotte Leavenworth Miami Franklin Linn Municipalities and communities of Cass County , Missouri , United States County seat : Harrisonville Cities Archie Belton Cleveland Creighton Drexel ‡ East Lynne Freeman Garden City Greenwood ‡ Harrisonville Kansas City ‡ Lake Annette Lake Winnebago Lee 's Summit ‡ Peculiar Pleasant Hill Raymore Strasburg Villages Baldwin Park Gunn City Loch Lloyd Riverview Estates West Line Townships Austin Big Creek Camp Branch Coldwater Dayton Dolan Everett Grand River Index Mount Pleasant Peculiar Pleasant Hill Polk Raymore Sherman Union West Dolan West Peculiar Unincorporated communities Austin Coleman Daugherty Dayton Everett Jaudon Lisle Lone Tree Main City Ore Prettyman Wingate Ghost towns Index Kimpton Powell West Union Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Clay County , Missouri , United States County seat : Liberty Cities Avondale Excelsior Springs ‡ Gladstone Glenaire Holt ‡ Independence ‡ Kansas City ‡ Kearney Liberty Lawson ‡ Missouri City Mosby North Kansas City Pleasant Valley Randolph Smithville ‡ Sugar Creek ‡ Villages Birmingham Claycomo Excelsior Estates ‡ Oaks Oakview Oakwood Oakwood Park Prathersville Townships Chouteau Fishing River Gallatin Kearney Liberty Platte Washington Unincorporated communities Arley Chandler Claysville Clevenger Ectonville Miltondale Paradise Stockdale Winner Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Jackson County , Missouri , United States County seats : Independence and Kansas City Cities Blue Springs Buckner Grain Valley Grandview Greenwood ‡ Independence ‡ Kansas City ‡ Lake Lotawana Lake Tapawingo Lee 's Summit ‡ Levasy Lone Jack Oak Grove ‡ Raytown Sugar Creek ‡ Villages River Bend Sibley Unity Village Townships Blue Brooking Fort Osage Kaw Prairie Sni - A-Bar Van Buren Washington Unincorporated communities Atherton Blue Mills Blue Summit Cobbler Cockrell Courtney Hicks City Hiler Pink Hill Sni Mills Tarsney Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Platte County , Missouri , United States County seat : Platte City Cities Camden Point Dearborn ‡ Edgerton Houston Lake Kansas City ‡ Lake Waukomis Northmoor Parkville Platte City Platte Woods Riverside Smithville ‡ Tracy Weatherby Lake Weston Villages Farley Ferrelview Iatan Ridgely Townships Carroll Fair Fox Green Kickapoo Lee Marshall May Pawnee Pettis Preston Sioux Waldron Weston Unincorporated communities Beverly Dye East Leavenworth Edgerton Junction Hoover Kerrville New Market Stillings Stubbs Waldron West Platte Woodruff Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of Missouri Jefferson City ( capital ) Topics Government Delegations Geography Transportation History People Battles Tourist attractions Seal of Missouri Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Boonslick Bootheel Crowley 's Ridge Dissected Till Plains Four State Area Henry Shaw Ozark Corridor Honey Lands Lead Belt Lincoln Hills Little Dixie Loess Hills Mid-Missouri Mississippi Embayment Missouri Rhineland Northern Plains Osage Plains Ozark Plateau Platte Purchase Pony Express St. Francois Mountains Westplex Metro areas Columbia Jefferson City Joplin Kansas City Springfield St. Joseph St. Louis Largest cities Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Columbia Independence Lee 's Summit O'Fallon St. Joseph St. Charles St. Peters Blue Springs Joplin Florissant Chesterfield Jefferson City Cape Girardeau Wentzville Wildwood University City Liberty Ballwin Raytown Kirkwood Maryland Heights Gladstone Hazelwood Grandview Counties and independent cities Adair Andrew Atchison Audrain Barry Barton Bates Benton Bollinger Boone Buchanan Butler Caldwell Callaway Camden Cape Girardeau Carroll Carter Cass Cedar Chariton Christian Clark Clay Clinton Cole Cooper Crawford Dade Dallas Daviess DeKalb Dent Douglas Dunklin Franklin Gasconade Gentry Greene Grundy Harrison Henry Hickory Holt Howard Howell Iron Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Knox Laclede Lafayette Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Linn Livingston Macon Madison Maries Marion McDonald Mercer Miller Mississippi Moniteau Monroe Montgomery Morgan New Madrid Newton Nodaway Oregon Osage Ozark Pemiscot Perry Pettis Phelps Pike Platte Polk Pulaski Putnam Ralls Randolph Ray Reynolds Ripley St. Charles St. Clair St. Francois St. Louis ( City ) St. Louis ( County ) Ste . Genevieve Saline Schuyler Scotland Scott Shannon Shelby Stoddard Stone Sullivan Taney Texas Vernon Warren Washington Wayne Webster Worth Wright All - America City Award : Hall of Fame Akron , Ohio Anchorage , Alaska Asheville , North Carolina Baltimore Boston Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus , Ohio Dayton , Ohio Des Moines , Iowa Edinburg , Texas Fayetteville , North Carolina Fort Wayne , Indiana Fort Worth , Texas Gastonia , North Carolina Grand Island , Nebraska Grand Rapids , Michigan Hickory , North Carolina Independence , Missouri Kansas City , Missouri Laurinburg , North Carolina New Haven , Connecticut Peoria , Illinois Philadelphia Phoenix , Arizona Roanoke , Virginia Rockville , Maryland Saint Paul , Minnesota San Antonio Seward , Alaska Shreveport , Louisiana Tacoma , Washington Toledo , Ohio Tupelo , Mississippi Wichita , Kansas Worcester , Massachusetts Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Missouri State capital : Carrie Tergin ( Jefferson City ) Sly James ( Kansas City ) Lyda Krewson ( St. Louis ) Bob Stephens ( Springfield ) Brian Treece ( Columbia ) Eileen Weir ( Independence ) VIAF : 124320889 LCCN : n79045171 GND : 4109999 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansas_City,_Missouri&oldid=832550379 '' Categories : Kansas City , Missouri Cities in Kansas City metropolitan area Cities in Cass County , Missouri Cities in Clay County , Missouri Cities in Jackson County , Missouri Cities in Platte County , Missouri Cities in Missouri Populated places established in 1850 Missouri populated places on the Missouri River 1850 establishments in Missouri Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2012 Use mdy dates from February 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Кырык мары Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 79 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 17 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
in what state will you find kansas city and independence
[ "Sitting on Missouri's western border, with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, the modern city encompasses some 319.03 square miles (826.3 km2), making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States. Most of the city lies within Jackson County, but portions spill into Clay, Cass, and Platte counties. Along with Independence, it serves as one of the two county seats for Jackson County. Major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Independence and Lee's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park, Olathe, and Kansas City." ]
[ "Missouri" ]
5451832247346685882
List of NCAA Division I FBS football programs
List of NCAA Division I FBS football programs - wikipedia List of NCAA Division I FBS football programs Map of the FBS football programs , 2015 - 16 This is a list of the 130 schools in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in the United States . By definition , all schools in this grouping have varsity football teams . Schools in Division I FBS are distinguished from those in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) by being allowed to provide scholarship aid to a total of 85 players , and may grant a full scholarship to all 85 . FCS schools are limited to financial assistance amounting to a maximum of 63 full scholarships , although some conferences voluntarily place further restrictions on athletic aid . The NCAA classifies FBS football as a `` head - count '' sport , meaning that each player receiving any athletically - related aid from the school counts fully against the 85 - player limit . By contrast , FCS football is classified as an `` equivalency '' sport , which means that scholarship aid is limited to the equivalent of a specified number of full scholarships . In turn , this means that FCS schools can freely grant partial scholarships , but are also limited to a total of 85 players receiving assistance . Another NCAA rule mandates that any multi-sport athlete who plays football and receives any athletic aid is counted against the football limit , with an exception for players in non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport . The three service academies that play in Division I FBS -- Air Force , Army , and Navy -- are theoretically subject to this rule , but are exempt in practice because all students at these schools receive full scholarships from the federal government . Starting in 2014 , the FBS began playing a four - team tournament culminating in a National Championship Game to determine its national champion , a system that will be in place from the 2014 - 2025 seasons by contract with ESPN , broadcaster of the games . Formerly , Division I FBS football was the only NCAA sport without a formal tournament to determine an undisputed national champion , with the FBS schools instead playing in a series of postseason bowl games , culminating in the BCS National Championship Game , which attempted to crown a single national champion . Other organizations , most notably the Associated Press , crowned their own champions via polling . The BCS and AP have not always agreed on a single champion . Before the BCS , the AP was considered to be the deciding body for crowning a Champion , but it was started as a regional voting body , much like every other organization before the BCS . Most of the years preceding the BCS era , the Championships were claimed by more than one school . Conference affiliations are current for the 2018 season . Contents 1 FBS programs 2 Future FBS programs 3 Former programs 4 Notes 5 References 6 See also FBS programs ( edit ) Team Nickname City State Current Conference Former Conferences First Played Joined FBS Air Force Falcons Colorado Springs Colorado Mountain West WAC 1955 Akron Zips Akron Ohio MAC OAC , MCC , OVC 1891 Alabama Crimson Tide Tuscaloosa Alabama SEC SIAA , SoCon 1892 UAB Blazers Birmingham Alabama C - USA 1991 1999 Appalachian State Mountaineers Boone North Carolina Sun Belt NSC , SoCon 1928 2014 Arizona Wildcats Tucson Arizona Pac - 12 BIAA , WAC 1899 Arizona State Sun Devils Tempe Arizona Pac - 12 BIAA , WAC 1896 Arkansas Razorbacks Fayetteville Arkansas SEC SWC 1894 Arkansas State Red Wolves Jonesboro Arkansas Sun Belt Arkansas Intercollegiate Conference , Southland , Big West 1911 1992 Army West Point Black Knights West Point New York Independent C - USA 1890 Auburn Tigers Auburn Alabama SEC SIAA , SoCon 1892 Ball State Cardinals Muncie Indiana MAC IIC , ICC 1924 Baylor Bears Waco Texas Big 12 TIAA , SWC 1899 Boise State Broncos Boise Idaho Mountain West ICAC , Big Sky , Big West , WAC 1933 Boston College Eagles Chestnut Hill Massachusetts ACC Big East 1893 Bowling Green Falcons Bowling Green Ohio MAC Northwest Ohio Intercollegiate Athletic Association , OAC 1919 Buffalo Bulls Buffalo New York MAC New York State Conference 1894 1999 BYU Cougars Provo Utah Independent Rocky Mountain , Mountain States , WAC , MW 1922 California Golden Bears Berkeley California Pac - 12 PCC 1882 UCLA Bruins Los Angeles California Pac - 12 SCIAC , PCC 1919 UCF Knights Orlando Florida American MAC , C - USA 1979 Central Michigan Chippewas Mount Pleasant Michigan MAC MCC , IIAC 1896 Charlotte 49ers Charlotte North Carolina C - USA Sun Belt , C - USA , A-10 2013 2015 Cincinnati Bearcats Cincinnati Ohio American OAC , Buckeye Intercollegiate Athletic Association , MAC , MVC , C - USA , Big East 1885 Clemson Tigers Clemson South Carolina ACC SIAA , SAIAA , SoCon 1896 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers Conway South Carolina Sun Belt Big South 2003 2017 Colorado Buffaloes Boulder Colorado Pac - 12 Colorado Football Association , Rocky Mountain , Mountain States , Big Eight , Big 12 1890 Colorado State Rams Fort Collins Colorado Mountain West Colorado Football Association , Rocky Mountain , Mountain States , WAC 1890 Connecticut Huskies Storrs Connecticut American Yankee , A-10 , Big East 1896 2000 Duke Blue Devils Durham North Carolina ACC SoCon 1888 Eastern Michigan Eagles Ypsilanti Michigan MAC MIAA , MCC , IIAC , PAC 1891 East Carolina Pirates Greenville North Carolina American NSC , Carolinas , SoCon , C - USA 1932 FIU Panthers Miami Florida C - USA Sun Belt 2002 2006 Florida Gators Gainesville Florida SEC SIAA , SoCon 1906 Florida Atlantic Owls Boca Raton Florida C - USA Sun Belt 2001 2006 Florida State Seminoles Tallahassee Florida ACC Dixie 1947 Fresno State Bulldogs Fresno California Mountain West California Coast Conference , NCAC , CCAA , Big West , WAC 1921 Georgia Bulldogs Athens Georgia SEC SIAA , SoCon 1892 Georgia Southern Eagles Statesboro Georgia Sun Belt SoCon 1924 2014 Georgia State Panthers Atlanta Georgia Sun Belt CAA 2013 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Atlanta Georgia ACC SIAA , SoCon , SEC 1892 Hawai'i Rainbow Warriors Honolulu Hawai'i Mountain West WAC 1909 Houston Cougars Houston Texas American Lone Star , Gulf Coast , MVC , SWC , C - USA 1946 Illinois Fighting Illini Urbana -- Champaign Illinois Big Ten Illinois Intercollegiate Football League 1890 Indiana Hoosiers Bloomington Indiana Big Ten IIAA 1887 Iowa Hawkeyes Iowa City Iowa Big Ten WIUFA , MVC 1889 Iowa State Cyclones Ames Iowa Big 12 MVC , Big 8 1892 Kansas Jayhawks Lawrence Kansas Big 12 KCAC , WIUFA , MVC , Big 8 1890 Kansas State Wildcats Manhattan Kansas Big 12 MVC , Big 8 1896 Kent State Golden Flashes Kent Ohio MAC OAC 1920 Kentucky Wildcats Lexington Kentucky SEC SIAA , SoCon 1881 Liberty Flames Lynchburg Virginia FBS Independent 2018 2017 LSU Tigers Baton Rouge Louisiana SEC SIAA , SoCon 1893 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs Ruston Louisiana C - USA Louisiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association , Louisiana Intercollegiate Conference , Gulf States Conference , SIAA , Southland , Big West , WAC 1901 Louisiana - Lafayette Ragin ' Cajuns Lafayette Louisiana Sun Belt Louisiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association , Louisiana Intercollegiate Conference , Gulf States Conference , SIAA , Southland , Big West 1902 Louisiana - Monroe Warhawks Monroe Louisiana Sun Belt Gulf States Conference , Southland , Independent 1951 Louisville Cardinals Louisville Kentucky ACC KIAC , SIAA , KIAC , OVC , MVC , C - USA , Big East , American 1910 Marshall Thundering Herd Huntington West Virginia C - USA WVIAC , Buckeye Conference , OVC , MAC , SoCon 1895 1997 Maryland Terrapins College Park Maryland Big Ten MIFA , SAIAA , SoCon , ACC 1888 Massachusetts Minutemen Amherst Massachusetts Independent Yankee , A-10 , CAA , MAC 1879 2012 Memphis Tigers Memphis Tennessee American Mississippi Valley Conference , SIAA , MVC , C - USA 1912 Miami ( FL ) Hurricanes Coral Gables Florida ACC SIAA , Big East 1926 Miami ( OH ) RedHawks Oxford Ohio MAC OAC , Buckeye Conference 1888 Michigan Wolverines Ann Arbor Michigan Big Ten 1879 Michigan State Spartans East Lansing Michigan Big Ten MIAA 1885 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders Murfreesboro Tennessee C - USA VSAC , SIAA , OVC , Sun Belt 1911 1999 Minnesota Golden Gophers Minneapolis Minnesota Big Ten 1882 Ole Miss Rebels Oxford Mississippi SEC SIAA , SoCon 1890 Mississippi State Bulldogs Starkville Mississippi SEC SIAA , SoCon 1895 Missouri Tigers Columbia Missouri SEC WIUFA , Big 8 , Big 12 1890 Navy Midshipmen Annapolis Maryland American Independent 1879 Nebraska Cornhuskers Lincoln Nebraska Big Ten WIUFA , MVC , Big 8 , Big 12 1890 Nevada Wolf Pack Reno Nevada Mountain West NCAC , Big Sky , Big West , WAC 1896 1992 UNLV Rebels Las Vegas Nevada Mountain West Big West , WAC 1968 1978 New Mexico Lobos Albuquerque New Mexico Mountain West BIAA , WAC 1892 New Mexico State Aggies Las Cruces New Mexico Independent BIAA , MVC , Big West , Sun Belt , WAC 1893 North Carolina Tar Heels Chapel Hill North Carolina ACC SAIAA , SIAA , SoCon 1888 NC State Wolfpack Raleigh North Carolina ACC SAIAA , SIAA , SoCon 1892 North Texas Mean Green Denton Texas C - USA TIAA , Lone Star , Gulf Coast Conference , MVC , Southland , Big West , Sun Belt 1913 1995 NIU Huskies DeKalb Illinois MAC IIAC , Big West 1899 Northwestern Wildcats Evanston Illinois Big Ten 1876 Notre Dame Fighting Irish South Bend Indiana Independent 1887 Ohio Bobcats Athens Ohio MAC OAC , Buckeye Conference 1894 Ohio State Buckeyes Columbus Ohio Big Ten OAC 1889 Oklahoma Sooners Norman Oklahoma Big 12 Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference , SWC , MVC , Big 8 1895 Oklahoma State Cowboys Stillwater Oklahoma Big 12 Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference , SWC , MVC , Big 8 1901 Old Dominion Monarchs Norfolk Virginia C - USA CAA 2009 2014 Oregon Ducks Eugene Oregon Pac - 12 PCC , Independent 1894 Oregon State Beavers Corvallis Oregon Pac - 12 PCC , Independent 1893 Penn State Nittany Lions University Park Pennsylvania Big Ten 1881 Pittsburgh Panthers Pittsburgh Pennsylvania ACC Big East 1890 Purdue Boilermakers West Lafayette Indiana Big Ten IIAA 1887 Rice Owls Houston Texas C - USA TIAA , SWC , WAC 1912 Rutgers Scarlet Knights Piscataway New Jersey Big Ten Middle Atlantic , Big East , American 1869 San Diego State Aztecs San Diego California Mountain West Southern California Junior College Conference , SCIAC , CCAA , Big West , WAC 1921 1969 San Jose State Spartans San Jose California Mountain West California Coast Conference , NCAC , California Collegiate , Big West , WAC 1892 South Alabama Jaguars Mobile Alabama Sun Belt 2009 2012 South Carolina Gamecocks Columbia South Carolina SEC SIAA , SoCon , ACC 1892 South Florida Bulls Tampa Florida American C - USA , Big East 1997 2001 USC Trojans Los Angeles California Pac - 12 PCC 1888 SMU Mustangs University Park Texas American TIAA , SWC , WAC , C - USA 1915 Southern Miss Golden Eagles Hattiesburg Mississippi C - USA Gulf States Conference , SIAA 1912 Stanford Cardinal Stanford California Pac - 12 PCC 1891 Syracuse Orange Syracuse New York ACC Big East 1889 TCU Horned Frogs Fort Worth Texas Big 12 TIAA , SWC , WAC , C - USA , MW 1896 Temple Owls Philadelphia Pennsylvania American Middle Atlantic , Big East , MAC , Big East 1894 Tennessee Volunteers Knoxville Tennessee SEC SIAA , SoCon 1891 Texas Longhorns Austin Texas Big 12 SIAA , TIAA , SWC 1893 Texas A&M Aggies College Station Texas SEC SIAA , SWC , Big 12 1894 Texas State Bobcats San Marcos Texas Sun Belt TIAA , Lone Star , Gulf Star , Southland , WAC 1904 2012 Texas Tech Red Raiders Lubbock Texas Big 12 BIAA , SWC 1925 UTEP Miners El Paso Texas C - USA BIAA , WAC 1914 UTSA Roadrunners San Antonio Texas C - USA WAC 2011 2012 Toledo Rockets Toledo Ohio MAC Northwestern Ohio Intercollegiate Athletic Association , OAC 1917 Troy Trojans Troy Alabama Sun Belt Alabama Intercollegiate Conference , SIAA , Alabama Collegiate Conference , Mid-South Athletic Conference , Gulf South , Southland 1909 2002 Tulane Green Wave New Orleans Louisiana American SIAA , SoCon , SEC , C - USA 1893 Tulsa Golden Hurricane Tulsa Oklahoma American Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference , Big 4 Conference , MVC , WAC , C - USA 1895 Utah Utes Salt Lake City Utah Pac - 12 Colorado Football Association , RMAC , Mountain States , WAC , MW 1892 Utah State Aggies Logan Utah Mountain West Colorado Football Association , RMAC , Mountain States , Big West , Independent , Sun Belt , WAC 1892 Vanderbilt Commodores Nashville Tennessee SEC SIAA , SoCon 1890 Virginia Cavaliers Charlottesville Virginia ACC SAIAA , SoCon 1888 Virginia Tech Hokies Blacksburg Virginia ACC SAIAA , SIAA , SoCon , Big East 1892 Wake Forest Demon Deacons Winston - Salem North Carolina ACC Big Five Conference , SoCon 1888 Washington Huskies Seattle Washington Pac - 12 PCC 1889 Washington State Cougars Pullman Washington Pac - 12 PCC , Independent 1893 West Virginia Mountaineers Morgantown West Virginia Big 12 SoCon , WVIAC , Big East 1891 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers Bowling Green Kentucky C - USA SIAA , KIAC , OVC , MVFC , Sun Belt 1913 2009 Western Michigan Broncos Kalamazoo Michigan MAC MCC 1905 Wisconsin Badgers Madison Wisconsin Big Ten 1889 Wyoming Cowboys Laramie Wyoming Mountain West Colorado Football Association , RMAC , WAC 1893 Notes ^ Jump up to : When FBS was created in 1978 as Division I-A , the Southern Conference was designated as a I-A conference . The SoCon was downgraded to FCS ( then Division I - AA ) level beginning in the 1982 season . This school competed in SoCon football during the league 's 1978 -- 81 tenure as a I-A conference . Jump up ^ At that time , the school was a two - year college known as Boise Junior College . The school did not become a four - year institution until 1965 , and only began playing football against four - year schools in 1968 . Jump up ^ UConn currently plays its home games in East Hartford , Connecticut . ^ Jump up to : Houston , Memphis , and SMU had originally planned to join the Big East Conference in 2013 . However , the conference split along football lines in July 2013 , with the seven non-FBS schools of the original conference buying the `` Big East '' name and reorganizing as a new , non-football Big East Conference . The FBS schools that did not leave at that time for the ACC joined with the three newcomers , remaining in the original conference structure under the new name of American Athletic Conference . Jump up ^ UMass currently divides its home schedule between its on - campus stadium , physically located in Hadley , Massachusetts but with an Amherst mailing address , and Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Miami currently plays its home games in Miami Gardens , Florida . Jump up ^ The UNLV campus is not within the City of Las Vegas , but is instead in the unincorporated community of Paradise . The football team plays its home games in another unincorporated Las Vegas suburb , Whitney . Future FBS programs ( edit ) School Team City State Current Conference First Played FBS Transition Begins FBS Football Membership Liberty Flames Lynchburg Virginia FBS Independent 1973 2017 2019 Former programs ( edit ) Team School City State Former FBS Conference Final Season Current Status Brown Bears Brown University Providence Rhode Island Ivy 1981 FCS Cal State Fullerton Titans California State University , Fullerton Fullerton California Independent 1992 Discontinued Chattanooga Mocs University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga Tennessee Southern 1981 FCS Colgate Raiders Colgate University Hamilton New York Independent 1981 FCS Columbia Lions Columbia University Manhattan New York Ivy 1981 FCS Cornell Big Red Cornell University Ithaca New York Ivy 1981 FCS Dartmouth Big Green Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire Ivy 1981 FCS Harvard Crimson Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts Ivy 1981 FCS Holy Cross Crusaders College of the Holy Cross Worcester Massachusetts Independent 1981 FCS Idaho Vandals University of Idaho Moscow Idaho Sun Belt 2018 FCS Illinois State Redbirds Illinois State University Normal Illinois Missouri Valley 1981 FCS Indiana State Sycamores Indiana State University Terre Haute Indiana Missouri Valley 1981 FCS Lamar Cardinals Lamar University Beaumont Texas Southland 1981 FCS Long Beach State 49ers California State University , Long Beach Long Beach California Big West 1991 Discontinued Marquette Warriors Marquette University Milwaukee Wisconsin Independent 1960 Discontinued McNeese State Cowboys McNeese State University Lake Charles Louisiana Southland 1981 FCS Montana Grizzlies University of Montana Missoula Montana Pacific Coast 1962 FCS Pacific Tigers University of the Pacific Stockton California Big West 1995 Discontinued Penn Quakers University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania Ivy 1981 FCS Princeton Tigers Princeton University Princeton New Jersey Ivy 1981 FCS Richmond Spiders University of Richmond Richmond Virginia Independent 1981 FCS Santa Clara Broncos Santa Clara University Santa Clara California Independent 1981 then 1992 FCS then Discontinued Southern Illinois Salukis Southern Illinois University Carbondale Carbondale Illinois Missouri Valley 1981 FCS Tennessee State Tigers Tennessee State University Nashville Tennessee Independent 1980 FCS Texas Arlington Mavericks University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas Southland 1981 Discontinued William & Mary Tribe College of William & Mary Williamsburg Virginia Independent 1981 FCS Villanova Wildcats Villanova University Villanova Pennsylvania Independent 1980 FCS Western Carolina Catamounts Western Carolina University Cullowhee North Carolina Southern 1981 FCS Wichita State Shockers Wichita State University Wichita Kansas Independent 1986 Discontinued Yale Bulldogs Yale University New Haven Connecticut Ivy 1981 FCS Notes ( edit ) Several schools have different athletic nicknames for men 's and women 's teams . Usually , this is a matter of preceding the main nickname with `` Lady '' , such as LSU Lady Tigers and Tennessee Lady Vols . The two FBS schools nicknamed Cowboys , Oklahoma State and Wyoming , use Cowgirls for women 's teams . However , in some cases , the women 's team nickname has a completely different form , as in Hawaii Rainbow Wahine and Louisiana Tech Lady Techsters . Because this is a list of American football programs , which are traditionally all - male , only the men 's form is given . The Pac - 12 considers the Pacific Coast Conference or PCC as part of its own history , even though the PCC was established with different charter members and was disbanded due to major crisis and scandal . There is considerable continuity between the two leagues . The Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) , which would eventually become the Pac - 12 , was founded by five former PCC members , and by 1964 all of the final PCC members except for Idaho had been reunited in the AAWU . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 9 states ( Alaska , Delaware , Maine , Montana , New Hampshire , North Dakota , Rhode Island , South Dakota , Vermont ) and Washington , D.C. do not currently have FBS programs . Jump up ^ http://www.hurricanesports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=205820405 Jump up ^ http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/index.php Jump up ^ Idaho Vandals ( @ Idaho_Vandals ) ( 28 April 2016 ) . `` President Staben - `` The University of Idaho Vandal football team will accept an invitation to join the Big Sky Conference '' beginning in ' 18 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/05/sports/ivy-league-is-forced-to-lose-major-team-football-status.html Jump up ^ http://www.marquette.edu/magazine/recent.php?subaction=showfull&id=1329850800 Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/05/sports/ivy-league-is-forced-to-lose-major-team-football-status.html Jump up ^ Santa Clara Broncos football Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/05/sports/ivy-league-is-forced-to-lose-major-team-football-status.html NCAA Sports Sponsorship : Football Bowl Subdivision Map of NCAA Division I FBS football teams See also ( edit ) College football portal List of NCAA Division I institutions List of NCAA Division II institutions List of NCAA Division III institutions List of NCAA Division I FCS football programs List of NCAA Division I non-football programs List of NCAA Division II football programs List of NCAA Division III football programs List of NAIA football programs List of community college football programs List of NCAA Institutions with club football teams List of Division I schools that have never sponsored football List of defunct college football teams List of undefeated Division I football teams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_programs&oldid=861680100 '' Categories : NCAA Division I FBS football teams Lists of college football teams Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018 , at 06 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many teams in ncaa div 1 football
[ "This is a list of the 130 schools in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the United States. By definition, all schools in this grouping have varsity football teams.\n" ]
[ "130" ]
4366786942170173749
Let's Get It On (song)
Let 's Get It On ( song ) - wikipedia Let 's Get It On ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Let 's Get It On '' 1973 UK single release Single by Marvin Gaye from the album Let 's Get It On B - side `` I Wish It Would Rain '' Released June 15 , 1973 Format 7 '' single ( 45 RPM ) Recorded March 22 , 1973 Hitsville West ( Los Angeles , California ) Genre Soul , funk Length 4 : 53 ( Album version ) 3 : 58 ( Single edit ) Label Tamla ( T - 54234 ) Songwriter ( s ) Marvin Gaye , Ed Townsend Producer ( s ) Marvin Gaye Marvin Gaye singles chronology `` I Want to Come Home for Christmas '' ( 1972 ) `` Let 's Get It On '' ( 1973 ) `` Come Get to This '' ( 1973 ) `` I Want to Come Home for Christmas '' ( 1972 ) `` Let 's Get It On '' ( 1973 ) `` Come Get to This '' ( 1973 ) Let 's Get It On track listing `` Let 's Get It On '' ( 1 ) `` Please Stay ( Once You Go Away ) '' ( 2 ) Audio sample file help `` Let 's Get It On '' is a song and hit single by soul musician Marvin Gaye , released June 15 , 1973 , on Motown - subsidiary label Tamla Records . The song was recorded on March 22 , 1973 , at Hitsville West in Los Angeles , California . The song features romantic and sexual lyricism and funk instrumentation by The Funk Brothers . The title track of Gaye 's landmark 1973 album of the same name , it was written by Marvin Gaye and producer Ed Townsend . `` Let 's Get It On '' became Gaye 's most successful single for Motown and one of his most well - known songs . With the help of the song 's sexually explicit content , `` Let 's Get It On '' helped give Gaye a reputation as a sex icon during its initial popularity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception 2 Release and reception 3 Uses in popular culture 4 Track listings and formats 4.1 US 7 '' single 4.2 US reissue 5 Chart history 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Conception ( edit ) Co-written with producer Ed Townsend , `` Let 's Get It On '' was Gaye 's plea for sexual liberation . When originally conceived by Townsend , who was released from a rehab facility for alcoholism , it was written with a religious theme . Gaye confidante Kenneth Stover changed some of the words around as a political song and Gaye recorded the version as it was written , but Townsend protested that the song was n't a politically conscious song but a song dedicated to love and sex . Gaye and Townsend then collaborated on new lyrics and using the original backing tracks as recorded , Gaye transformed the song into an emotional centerpiece . The album version of `` Let 's Get It On '' features soulful and emotional singing by Gaye that is backed by multi-tracked background vocals , also provided by Gaye , along with the song 's signature , and most notable , funky guitar arrangements . In an article for Rolling Stone magazine , music critic Jon Landau wrote of the song : `` Let 's Get It On '' is a classic Motown single , endlessly repeatable and always enjoyable . It begins with three great wah - wah notes that herald the arrival of a vintage Fifties melody . But while the song centers around classically simple chord changes , the arrangement centers around a slightly eccentric rhythm pattern that deepens the song 's power while covering it with a contemporary veneer . Above all , it has Marvin Gaye 's best singing at its center , fine background voices on the side , and a long , moody fade - out that challenges you not to play the cut again . -- Jon Landau The song was reprised on the fourth track of Let 's Get It On as `` Keep Gettin ' It On '' , which was a sequel and continuation of the original . The recording of the title track also inspired Gaye to revive previous recordings from his earlier 1970 sessions at the Hitsville U.S.A. Studio , which would consist of the rest of the album 's material . In 2001 , when the album Let 's Get It On was reissued by Motown as a two - disc deluxe edition release , the original demo that Gaye had recorded with lyrics by Kenneth Stover was included . It has a running time of 5 : 12 . During the time of the recording of the song and its subsequent album of the same name , Marvin had befriended the family of jazz guitarist Slim Gaillard and had become smitten with Gaillard 's seventeen - year - old daughter , Janis Hunter . A widely reported story has been told that Hunter was in the studio when Gaye recorded the song at the recording booth . Gaye and Hunter were said to be smitten with each other and , within months , Gaye and Hunter began dating . Hunter would become Gaye 's live - in lover by 1974 . Their relationship would produce two children and a 1977 marriage . Release and reception ( edit ) `` Let 's Get It On '' became , and remains to this day , one of Gaye 's most successful singles , as it reached # 1 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart on September 8 , 1973 . The single remained at # 1 for two weeks , while also remaining at the top of the Billboard Soul Singles chart for eight weeks . In its first week at the top of the chart , `` Let 's Get It On '' replaced `` Brother Louie '' by Stories , and was replaced by `` Delta Dawn '' by Helen Reddy ; it later replaced `` Delta Dawn '' and was finally knocked off the top of the chart by Grand Funk Railroad 's `` We 're an American Band '' . The single stayed inside the Billboard Hot 100 top 10 for 13 weeks , 10 of those weeks inside the top five . Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song for 1973 . The song became the biggest selling Motown release in the United States at the time , selling over two - million copies within the first six weeks of following its release . `` Let 's Get It On '' also became the second best - selling single of 1973 , only surpassed in sales by Tony Orlando & Dawn 's `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . At the time , the single was Motown 's largest - selling recording ever , selling over three - million copies between 1973 and 1975 . The single has gone on to sell over 1 million copies , and , on June 25 , 2007 , was certified platinum in sales by the RIAA . A bluegrass version of the song was later recorded by Shannon Lawson on his 2002 album Chase the Sun . `` Let 's Get It On '' was given a remix in 2004 , when producers mixed Gaye 's vocals with a different musical production labeled as `` stepper 's music '' . Released in 2005 as a single , `` Let 's Get it On ( The Producers Mix ) '' returned the song to the Billboard R&B charts , thirty years after its original release . The re-released version of `` Let 's Get It On '' was certified as a gold single with sales in excess of 500,000 copies in 2005 by the RIAA . In 2004 , the song was ranked number 167 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ; in a revised 2012 list , the song was ranked at number 168 . In 2008 , `` Let 's Get It On '' was ranked # 32 on Billboard magazine 's Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs list . Uses in popular culture ( edit ) The song appeared in a 2005 TV commercial for the Chevrolet Malibu Maxx . It has appeared in ads for Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups and the Starz app . Track listings and formats ( edit ) These are the formats and track listings of the major single releases of `` Let 's Get It On '' : US 7 '' single ( edit ) Original US vinyl release , T - 54234F . A-side `` Let 's Get It On '' -- 3 : 58 Arranged by René Hall Produced by Ed Townsend , Marvin Gaye Written by E. Townsend B - side `` I Wish It Would Rain '' -- 2 : 46 Produced by Norman Whitfield Written by B. Strong , N. Whitfield , R. Penzabene US reissue ( edit ) Collectables 7 - inch reissue single from the Back To Back Hit Series , COL - 563 . A-side `` Let 's Get It On '' -- 3 : 58 B - side `` Trouble Man '' -- 3 : 49 Chart history ( edit ) Title Information `` Let 's Get It On '' Tamla single 54234 , June 15 , 1973 B - side : `` I Wish It Would Rain '' ( from That 's the Way Love Is ) US Pop Singles # 1 ( 2 weeks ) US Black Singles # 1 ( 6 weeks ) UK Singles Chart # 31 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edmonds ( 2001 ) , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Marvin Gaye : Let 's Get It On : Music Review ( 1973 ) . Rolling Stone . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ PopMatters Music Feature - The Tortured Soul of ... Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard - Hot 100 . Nielen Business Media . Retrieved on 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 226 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1973 Jump up ^ Super Seventies - `` Let 's Get It On '' . Super Seventies . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ RIAA Searchable Database Archived 2008 - 09 - 02 at WebCite . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Shannon Lawson : Biography '' . CMT.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` RS 500 Greatest Songs : 167 '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time : Marvin Gaye , ' Let 's Get It On ' '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ adland.tv http://adland.tv/commercials/chevy-maxx-lets-get-it-on-2005-030-usa . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Marvin Gaye - Let 's Get It On ( US 7 `` ) . Discogs . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Marvin Gaye - Let 's Get It On ( US Reissue ) . Discogs . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 26 . Bibliography ( edit ) David Ritz ; Ed Townsend ; Ben Edmonds ; Harry Weinger ( 2001 ) . Marvin Gaye - Let 's Get It On ( Deluxe edition liner notes ) . Motown Records . MOTD 4757 . External links ( edit ) Song lyrics at MTV.com Video of Gaye performing `` Let 's Get It On '' - Dailymotion.com Let 's Get It On Lyrics Preceded by `` Brother Louie '' by Stories Billboard Hot 100 number one single September 8 , 1973 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Delta Dawn '' by Helen Reddy Preceded by `` Delta Dawn '' by Helen Reddy Billboard Hot 100 number one single September 22 , 1973 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` We 're an American Band '' by Grand Funk Railroad Preceded by `` Angel '' by Aretha Franklin Billboard 's Hot Soul Singles number one single August 18 , 1973 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` Higher Ground '' by Stevie Wonder Marvin Gaye Studio albums The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1961 ) That Stubborn Kinda Fellow ( 1962 ) When I 'm Alone I Cry ( 1964 ) Hello Broadway ( 1964 ) How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You ( 1965 ) A Tribute to the Great Nat `` King '' Cole ( 1965 ) Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1966 ) In the Groove / I Heard It Through the Grapevine ! ( 1968 ) M.P.G. ( 1969 ) That 's the Way Love Is ( 1970 ) What 's Going On ( 1971 ) Trouble Man ( 1972 ) Let 's Get It On ( 1973 ) I Want You ( 1976 ) Here , My Dear ( 1978 ) In Our Lifetime ( 1981 ) Midnight Love ( 1982 ) Posthumous albums Dream of a Lifetime ( 1985 ) Romantically Yours ( 1986 ) Vulnerable ( 1997 ) Duet albums Together ( with Mary Wells , 1964 ) Take Two ( with Kim Weston , 1966 ) United ( with Tammi Terrell , 1967 ) You 're All I Need ( with Tammi Terrell , 1968 ) Easy ( with Tammi Terrell , 1969 ) Diana & Marvin ( with Diana Ross , 1973 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1964 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1967 ) Marvin Gaye and His Girls ( 1969 ) Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell 's Greatest Hits ( 1970 ) Super Hits ( 1970 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Marvin Gaye 's Greatest Hits ( 1976 ) Motown Remembers Marvin Gaye : Never Before Released Masters ( 1986 ) The Marvin Gaye Collection ( 1990 ) The Norman Whitfield Sessions ( 1994 ) Love Starved Heart : Rare and Unreleased ( 1994 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 1994 ) The Master ( 1961 -- 1984 ) ( 1995 ) Marvin Gaye : The Love Songs ( 2000 ) The Complete Duets ( 2001 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 2001 ) Live albums Marvin Gaye Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Marvin Gaye Live ! ( 1974 ) Live at the London Palladium ( 1977 ) Marvin Gaye at the Copa ( 2005 ) Video albums Greatest Hits Live ( Live in Holland 1976 ) ( 2000 ) Live In Montreux 1980 ( 2003 ) The Real Thing : In Performance ( 1964 -- 1981 ) ( 2006 ) Live In Belgium 1981 ( 2006 ) US / UK Top Ten singles `` Pride and Joy '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` The Onion Song '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Got to Give It Up '' `` Sexual Healing '' Family Marvin Gay Sr. ( father ) Alberta Gay ( mother ) Anna Gordy Gaye ( first wife ) Denise Gordy ( son 's birth mother ) Nona Gaye ( daughter ) Frankie Gaye ( brother ) Gordon Banks ( brother - in - law ) Related topics Discography Songs Albums Songs by Marvin Gaye Albums produced by Marvin Gaye Songs in memory Songs produced by Marvin Gaye Personal life Death Tributes Harvey Fuqua Tammi Terrell Leon Ware Marvin 's Room Marvin Is 60 : A Tribute Album Book Category Portal Marvin Gaye singles discography 1960s : ( Tamla ) 1961 `` Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide '' 1962 `` Sandman '' `` Soldier 's Plea '' `` Stubborn Kind of Fellow '' `` Hitch Hike '' 1963 `` Pride and Joy '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` What 's the Matter with You Baby '' `` Try It Baby '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` What Good Am I Without You '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Pretty Little Baby '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' 1966 `` One More Heartache '' `` Take This Heart of Mine '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` It Takes Two '' 1967 `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` You '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' / `` If This World Were Mine '' 1968 `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` Chained '' `` Keep On Lovin ' Me Honey '' `` You Ai n't Livin ' till You 're Lovin ' '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' 1969 `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` How Can I Forget '' 1970s : ( Tamla ) 1970 `` Gonna Give Her All the Love I 've Got '' `` The Onion Song '' `` California Soul '' `` The End of Our Road '' 1971 `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Save the Children '' 1972 `` You 're the Man '' `` Trouble Man '' `` I Want to Come Home for Christmas '' 1973 `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Come Get to This '' `` You Sure Love to Ball '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Distant Lover '' 1976 `` I Want You '' `` After the Dance '' `` Since I Had You '' 1977 `` Got to Give It Up '' 1978 `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' 1979 `` A Funky Space Reincarnation '' `` Anger '' `` Ego Tripping Out '' 1980s : ( Tamla / Columbia ) 1981 `` Praise '' `` Heavy Love Affair '' 1982 `` Sexual Healing '' `` My Love Is Waiting '' `` ' Til Tomorrow '' `` Joy '' Posthumous 1985 `` Sanctified Lady '' `` It 's Madness '' `` Just Like '' 1986 `` The World Is Rated X '' 1991 `` My Last Chance '' `` Lucky , Lucky Me '' 1995 `` This Love Starved Heart Of Mine ( It 's Killing Me ) '' `` Music '' 2005 `` Let 's Get It On ( The M.P.G. Groove Remix ) '' 2015 `` Where Are We Going '' Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let%27s_Get_It_On_(song)&oldid=805857413 '' Categories : 1973 singles 2005 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Marvin Gaye songs Songs written by Marvin Gaye Funk ballads Songs about sexuality Songs written by Ed Townsend Song recordings produced by Marvin Gaye Tamla Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 02 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings the song lets get it on
[ "\"Let's Get It On\" is a song and hit single by soul musician Marvin Gaye, released June 15, 1973, on Motown-subsidiary label Tamla Records. The song was recorded on March 22, 1973, at Hitsville West in Los Angeles, California. The song features romantic and sexual lyricism and funk instrumentation by The Funk Brothers. The title track of Gaye's landmark 1973 album of the same name, it was written by Marvin Gaye and producer Ed Townsend. \"Let's Get It On\" became Gaye's most successful single for Motown and one of his most well-known songs. With the help of the song's sexually explicit content, \"Let's Get It On\" helped give Gaye a reputation as a sex icon during its initial popularity." ]
[ "Marvin Gaye" ]
1670417755324261001
List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by tenure
List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by tenure - wikipedia List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by tenure Jump to : navigation , search 20 years and 314 days Robert Walpole ( 1721 -- 1742 ) 18 years and 343 days William Pitt the Younger ( 1783 -- 1801 and 1804 -- 1806 ) 14 years and 305 days Lord Liverpool ( 1812 -- 1827 ) 211 days Bonar Law ( 1922 -- 1923 ) 130 days Lord Goderich ( 1827 -- 1828 ) 119 days George Canning ( 1827 ) This article lists each Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in order of term length . This is based on the difference between dates ; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater . Of the 54 Prime Ministers , 9 served more than 10 years while 7 served less than 1 year . Robert Walpole is the only person to have served as Prime Minister for more than two decades . George Canning served for less than four months before his death . Ordered by tenure ( edit ) Rank Prime Minister Length by time served Premierships Party Start year Walpole ! Sir Robert Walpole 20 years , 314 days Whig 1721 Pitt ! William Pitt the Younger 18 years , 343 days Tory ( Pittite ) 1783 Liverpool ! The Earl of Liverpool 14 years , 305 days Tory ( Pittite ) 1812 Salisbury ! The Marquess of Salisbury 13 years , 252 days Conservative 1885 Gladstone ! William Ewart Gladstone 12 years , 126 days Liberal 1868 6 North ! Lord North 12 years , 58 days Tory ( Northite ) 1770 7 Thatcher ! Margaret Thatcher 11 years , 209 days Conservative 1979 8 Pelham ! Henry Pelham 10 years , 191 days Whig 1743 9 Blair ! Tony Blair 10 years , 56 days Labour 10 Palmerston ! The Viscount Palmerston 9 years , 141 days Whig / Liberal 1855 11 Asquith ! H.H. Asquith 8 years , 244 days Liberal 1908 12 Churchill ! Sir Winston Churchill 8 years , 239 days Conservative 1940 13 Wilson ! Harold Wilson 7 years , 279 days Labour 1964 14 Newcastle ! The Duke of Newcastle 7 years , 205 days Whig 1754 15 Baldwin ! Stanley Baldwin 7 years , 82 days Conservative 1923 16 Disraeli ! Benjamin Disraeli 6 years , 339 days Conservative 1868 17 Macdonald ! Ramsay MacDonald 6 years , 289 days Labour / National Labour 1924 18 Macmillan ! Harold Macmillan 6 years , 281 days Conservative 1957 19 Melbourne ! The Viscount Melbourne 6 years , 255 days Whig 1834 20 Major ! John Major 6 years , 154 days Conservative 21 Attlee ! Clement Attlee 6 years , 92 days Labour 1945 22 Cameron ! David Cameron 6 years , 63 days Conservative 23 Russell ! Lord John Russell 6 years , 11 days Whig / Liberal 1864 24 George ! David Lloyd George 5 years , 317 days Liberal 1916 25 Peel ! Sir Robert Peel 5 years , 57 days Conservative 1834 26 Derby ! The Earl of Derby 3 years , 280 days Conservative 1852 27 Heath ! Edward Heath 3 years , 259 days Conservative 1970 28 Grey ! The Earl Grey 3 years , 229 days Whig 1830 29 Balfour ! Arthur Balfour 3 years , 145 days Conservative 1902 30 Portland ! The Duke of Portland 3 years , 82 days Whig / Tory ( Pittite ) 1783 31 Addington ! Henry Addington 3 years , 54 days Tory ( Pittite ) 1801 32 Callaghan ! James Callaghan 3 years , 29 days Labour 1976 33 Chamberlain ! Neville Chamberlain 2 years , 348 days Conservative 1937 34 Wellington ! The Duke of Wellington 2 years , 320 days Tory 1828 35 Brown ! Gordon Brown 2 years , 319 days Labour 2007 36 Perceval ! Spencer Perceval 2 years , 221 days Tory ( Pittite ) 1809 37 Bannerman ! Henry Campbell - Bannerman 2 years , 122 days Liberal 1905 38 Grenville , George ! George Grenville 2 years , 85 days Whig ( Grenvillite ) 1763 39 Chatham ! The Earl of Chatham 2 years , 76 days Whig ( Chathamite ) 1766 40 Aberdeen ! The Earl of Aberdeen 2 years , 42 days Peelite 1852 41 Eden ! Sir Anthony Eden 1 year , 279 days Conservative 1955 42 May ! Theresa May 7002596000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 231 days ( Incumbent ) Conservative 2016 43 Wilmington ! The Earl of Wilmington 1 year , 119 days Whig 1742 44 Rockingham ! The Marquess of Rockingham 1 year , 113 days Whig ( Rockinghamite ) 1765 45 Rosebery ! The Earl of Rosebery 1 year , 109 days Liberal 1894 46 Grafton ! The Duke of Grafton 1 year , 106 days Whig ( Chathamite ) 1768 47 Grenville , William ! The Lord Grenville 1 year , 42 days Whig 1806 48 Home ! Sir Alec Douglas - Home 362 days Conservative ( Scot . Unionist ) 1963 49 Bute ! The Earl of Bute 317 days Tory 1762 50 Shelburne ! The Earl of Shelburne 266 days Whig ( Chathamite ) 1782 51 Devonshire ! The Duke of Devonshire 225 days Whig 1756 52 Law ! Bonar Law 211 days Conservative ( Scot . Unionist ) 1922 53 Goderich ! The Viscount Goderich 130 days Tory ( Canningite ) 1827 54 Canning ! George Canning 119 days Tory ( Canningite ) 1827 See also ( edit ) List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by age William Pulteney , 1st Earl of Bath ( sometimes listed as a prime minister ; held office for 2 days in 1746 ) James Waldegrave , 2nd Earl Waldegrave ( sometimes listed as a prime minister ; held office for 4 days in 1757 ) External links ( edit ) `` Past Prime Ministers '' . gov.uk . Government of the United Kingdom . Archived from the original on 25 August 2008 . Lists relating to Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Lists by order Age Constituencies Cultural depictions Governments Historical rankings Number living Records Service ( timeline ) Term length Peerages By monarch Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Personal life Burial places Coats of arms Education Nickname Spouse In fiction Fictional Prime Ministers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_by_tenure&oldid=828143075 '' Categories : Lists of people by time in office Lists of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 20 : 29 . About Wikipedia
who was the longest serving prime minister of britain
[ "Robert Walpole is the only person to have served as Prime Minister for more than two decades. George Canning served for less than four months before his death." ]
[ "Robert Walpole" ]
7180615300604230449
T-bone steak
T - bone steak - wikipedia T - bone steak Jump to : navigation , search `` T - Bone '' redirects here . For other uses , see T - Bone ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) T - bone steak Beef Cuts ( American terminology ) Type Short loin and tenderloin cut of beef Raw T - bone steak showing moderate marbling and the smaller tenderloin ( or fillet ) and larger strip steak portions The T - bone and porterhouse are steaks of beef cut from the short loin ( called the sirloin in Commonwealth countries and Ireland ) . Both steaks include a `` T - shaped '' bone with meat on each side . Porterhouse steaks are cut from the rear end of the short loin and thus include more tenderloin steak , along with ( on the other side of the bone ) a large strip steak . T - bone steaks are cut closer to the front , and contain a smaller section of tenderloin . The smaller portion of a T - bone , when sold alone , is known as a filet mignon , especially if it 's cut from the small forward end of the tenderloin . There is little agreement among experts on how large the tenderloin must be to differentiate a T - bone steak from porterhouse . The U.S. Department of Agriculture 's Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications state that the tenderloin of a porterhouse must be at least 1.25 inches ( 32 mm ) thick at its widest , while that of a T - bone must be at least 0.5 inches ( 13 mm ) . However , steaks with a large tenderloin are often called a `` T - bone '' in restaurants and steakhouses despite technically being porterhouse . Owing to their large size and the fact that they contain meat from two of the most prized cuts of beef ( the short loin and the tenderloin ) , T - bone steaks are generally considered one of the highest quality steaks , and prices at steakhouses are accordingly high . Porterhouse steaks are even more highly valued owing to their larger tenderloin . In the United States , the T - bone has the meat - cutting classification IMPS 1174 ; the porterhouse is IMPS 1173 . In British usage , followed in Commonwealth countries , `` porterhouse '' often means a UK sirloin steak ( i.e. US strip steak ) on the bone , i.e. without the tenderloin on the other side of T - bone . However , nowadays some British on - line butchers also offer American style porterhouse steaks . In New Zealand and Australia , a Porterhouse is striploin steak off the bone . Contents ( hide ) 1 `` Porterhouse '' etymology 2 Anatomy of the T - bone 3 Preparation 3.1 Bistecca alla Fiorentina 3.2 Cotoletta di Vitello alla Milanese 4 See also 5 References 6 External links `` Porterhouse '' etymology ( edit ) The origin of the term `` porterhouse '' is contentious , with several cities and establishments claiming to have coined it . The Oxford English Dictionary traces the etymology from proprietor Martin Morrison serving large T - bones in his Pearl Street ( Manhattan ) `` Porter House '' around 1814 , while noting the lack of contemporary evidence to support the tale . This origin story gained traction in the late 19th century , but others contend a Cambridge , Massachusetts hotel and restaurant proprietor named Zachariah B. Porter lent his name to the cut of beef , and others claim the steak takes its name from various 19th Century U.S. hotels or restaurants called Porter House , such as the Porter House Hotel in Flowery Branch , Georgia . Anatomy of the T - bone ( edit ) To cut a T - bone from butchered cattle , a lumbar vertebra is sawn in half through the vertebral column . The downward prong of the ' T ' is a transverse process of the vertebra , and the flesh surrounding it is the spinal muscles . The small semicircle at the top of the ' T ' is half of the vertebral foramen . Preparation ( edit ) Florentine steak in Florence , Italy T - bone and porterhouse steaks are suited to fast , dry heat cooking methods , such as grilling or broiling . Since they contain a small amount of collagen relative to other cuts , longer cooking times are not necessary to tenderize the meat . The bone also conducts heat within the meat so that it cooks more evenly and prevents meat drying out and shrinking during cooking . The meat near the bone will cook more slowly than the rest of the steak , and the tenderloin will tend to reach the desired temperature before the strip . Bistecca alla fiorentina ( edit ) Bistecca alla fiorentina , or ' beefsteak Florentine style ' , consists of a T - bone traditionally sourced from either the Chianina or Maremmana breeds of cattle . A favorite of Tuscan cuisine , the steak is grilled over a wood or charcoal fire , seasoned with salt , sometimes with black pepper , and olive oil , applied immediately after the meat is retired from the heat . Thickly cut and very large , `` Bistecca '' are often shared between two or more persons , and traditionally served very rare , sometimes garnished with lemon wedges , if not accompanied by red wine , and accompanied by Tuscan beans as a side dish . Cotoletta di vitello alla milanese ( edit ) The same cut of meat , but from a calf , is used for Cotoletta alla milanese , which consists of 1.5 cm - thick cuts which are battered in breadcrumbs and fried in clarified butter with salt . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of steak dishes Meat on the bone Rib eye steak References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` INSTITUTIONAL MEAT PURCHASE SPECIFICATIONS FRESH BEEF SERIES 100 '' ( PDF ) . USDA . USDA . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Great Berwick Organics : Porterhouse Steak Linked 2017 - 05 - 16 Jump up ^ Farmison & Co : Porterhouse Steak Linked 2017 - 05 - 16 Jump up ^ OED Online says `` frequently supposed to derive its name from a well - known porterhouse in New York in the early 19th Century , although there is apparently no contemporary evidence to support this '' Jump up ^ e.g. Zachariah B. Porter of the defunct Porter House hotel in Porter Square , Cambridge , Massachusetts `` When Cattle Was King '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 25 . ; Martin Morrison of a New York City porter - house proprietor , `` The Big Apple : Porterhouse Steak '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 25 . ; the Porter House Hotel of Flowery Branch , Georgia `` University of Georgia Better Hometown Program `` Flowery Branch '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 . ; `` North Georgia Mountain Travel Association Trivia '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Delia Smith : Lamb Archived November 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ LBC : Cooking in the credit crunch Jump up ^ `` Does It Look Cooked ? A Review of Factors That Influence Cooked Meat Color '' . Journal of Food Science . 71 : R31 -- R40 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1750 - 3841.2006. 00029. x . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Serious Eats ( 30 May 2014 ) . `` How to Grill a T - Bone Steak '' . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Waverly Root , The Food of Italy , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 394 - 72429 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to T - bone steaks . `` USDA Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications '' . ( 687 KiB ) `` Beef Cuts Chart '' ( PDF ) . Porter House name origin article Cuts of beef Upper Chuck Rib Short loin Sirloin Tenderloin Top sirloin Bottom sirloin Round Lower Brisket Plate Flank Shank Beef and veal Production Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow - calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Products Cuts Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Spare ribs Standing rib roast Strip Shank T - bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Beefsteak List of steak dishes Blanquette de veau Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Boiled beef Bulgogi Calf 's liver and bacon Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Cordon bleu Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Karađorđeva šnicla Kitfo London broil Mongolian beef Neobiani Ossobuco Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Sha cha beef Shooter 's sandwich Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and eggs Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tartare Tafelspitz Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef USA beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-bone_steak&oldid=829222238 '' Categories : Cuts of beef Steak Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Português Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese Tiếng Việt 粵語 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 10 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does porterhouse come from on a cow
[ "The T-bone and porterhouse are steaks of beef cut from the short loin (called the sirloin in Commonwealth countries and Ireland). Both steaks include a \"T-shaped\" bone with meat on each side. Porterhouse steaks are cut from the rear end of the short loin and thus include more tenderloin steak, along with (on the other side of the bone) a large strip steak. T-bone steaks are cut closer to the front, and contain a smaller section of tenderloin. The smaller portion of a T-bone, when sold alone, is known as a filet mignon, especially if it's cut from the small forward end of the tenderloin." ]
[ "the rear end of the short loin" ]
-2322815862612203520
Game of Thrones (season 7)
Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also adapting material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran Stark returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Promotion 3.7 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Ratings 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 5.3 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of killing dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's Greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers the same poison to Tyene used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Ned Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) Depending upon the release of George R.R. Martin 's forthcoming The Winds of Winter , the seventh season may comprise original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . According to previous reports , some of the show 's sixth season had consisted of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On April 25 , 2017 , it was reported by Daily Express that the actors ' new salary made them each earn £ 2 million ( $2.6 million USD ) per episode . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , and Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season . After some speculation , UFC President Dana White announced that Conor McGregor would appear in a cameo role in the seventh season . However , in January 2017 , McGregor confirmed it was a rumor . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . According to an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . According to a report by Entertainment Weekly , the seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran 69 minutes . Promotion ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participate with this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 96 percent approval rating from 37 critics with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 , and a 93 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platform . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Home media ( edit ) The season will be released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from by piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - game of thrones on hbo '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Seventh Season July 16 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gendry 's back ! The lost son of King Baratheon will return during the 7th season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game Of Thrones ' Photos Hint At Season 7 Clues '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star is delighted to be back at Castle Black '' . The Shield Gazette . October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : First Photos '' . Variety . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Dan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` PICTURE EXCLUSIVE : Game Of Thrones cast film battle scenes for new series in Northern Ireland ... a day after scooping 12 awards at the Emmys '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Expect to See a Lot More of Braavos in Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Jim Broadbent in first season 7 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Broadbent on Game of Thrones , public school , and his ' arrogant , pompous ' Sense Of An Ending role ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Gemma Whelan on Yara 's Sexuality and Freezing on Set '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` The incredible locations that will star in Game of Thrones season 7 '' . Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Pushed to Summer 2017 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on season 7 , who should be on Iron Throne '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Parodies Proliferate as Filming Wraps on Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Production Delayed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trivedi , Sachin ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Braavos may not be featured ; Multiple battles near castles '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMMY ® - AND GOLDEN GLOBE - WINNING HBO SERIES GAME OF THRONES TO BEGIN PRODUCTION ON SEASON SEVEN THIS SUMMER '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZUMAIA Y ZONA NORTE : '' . Facebook . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Atarazanas será escenario del rodaje de la séptima temporada de ' Juego de Tronos ' '' . El Correoweb . September 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' grabará en Trujillo el 18 de noviembre '' . Hoy.es . August 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We have had confirmation that The Dark Hedges at Stranocum in Ireland will be used for # GameOfThrones Season 7 filming this week # KingsRoad '' . Twitter . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Game of Thrones is back in Dubrovnik '' . The Dubrovnik Times . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mertz , Emily ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' was in Banff to film some scenes with wolves '' . Global News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Stars Set For Potential Season 8 On HBO With Big Raises '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Are These Characters `` Safe '' After Renewing Contracts Through Season 8 ? `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Mike ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game Of Thrones season 7 : Stars set to earn £ 2 Million per episode '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Actors ' set to earn £ 2million per episode ' , making them highest - paid ever '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Brendan ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Salaries : How Much Does Each Actor Get Paid ? '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Passalacqua , Michael ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Reportedly ' Headhunted ' UFC Fighter Conor McGregor for Role '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Damon ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Conor McGregor reportedly cast in villainous role on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Conor McGregor admits he 's not in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=801558791 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 12 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when is season 7 of games of thrones coming out
[ "The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017.[1][2][3] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven.[4] Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also adapting material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series.[5] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss." ]
[ "July 16, 2017" ]
6968846425306113969
Daylight saving time in the United States
Daylight saving time in the United states - Wikipedia Daylight saving time in the United states Ohio Clock in the U.S. Capitol being turned forward for the country 's first daylight saving time in 1918 Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year , so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less . Most areas of the United States observe daylight saving time ( DST ) , the exceptions being Arizona ( except for the Navajo , who do observe daylight saving time on tribal lands ) , Hawaii , and the overseas territories of American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the United States Virgin Islands . The Uniform Time Act of 1966 established the system of uniform Daylight Saving Time throughout the US . In the U.S. , daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November , with the time changes taking place at 2 : 00 a.m. local time . With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons , clocks `` spring forward , fall back '' -- that is , in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2 : 00 a.m. to 3 : 00 a.m. and in fall they are moved back from 2 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks ( 238 days ) every year , about 65 % of the entire year . The following table lists recent past and near future starting and ending dates of daylight saving time in the United States : Year Start End 2015 March 8 November 1 2016 March 13 November 6 2017 March 12 November 5 2018 March 11 November 4 2019 March 10 November 3 2020 March 8 November 1 2021 March 14 November 7 2022 March 13 November 6 2023 March 12 November 5 2024 March 10 November 3 Contents ( hide ) 1 History of DST in the United States 1.1 1916 -- 1966 : Early , inconsistent use 1.2 1966 -- 1972 : Federal standard established 1.3 1973 -- 1975 : Year - round experiment 1.4 1975 -- 1986 : Extension of daylight saving time 1.5 2005 -- 2009 : Second extension 2 Procedure for modifications 2.1 Changing an area 's time zone 2.2 Moving an area on or off DST 3 Local DST observance 3.1 Alaska 3.2 Arizona 3.2. 1 Reservations in Arizona 3.3 California 3.4 Florida 3.5 Hawaii 3.6 Indiana 3.7 Michigan 3.8 Nevada 3.9 Washington 3.10 Other U.S. locations 4 Time zones 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History of DST in the United states ( edit ) Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784 . His essay , `` An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost of Light '' , written to the editor of The Journal of Paris , observed that Parisians could save on candles by getting out of bed earlier in the morning , making use of the natural morning light instead . Franklin 's suggestion seems to have been more of a joke than a real proposal , and nothing came of it . 1916 -- 1966 : early , inconsistent use ( edit ) During World War I , in an effort to conserve fuel , Germany began observing DST on May 1 , 1916 . The rest of Europe soon followed . The plan was not adopted in the United States until the Standard Time Act of March 19 , 1918 , which confirmed the existing standard time zone system and set summer DST to begin on March 31 , 1918 ( reverting October 27 ) . The idea was unpopular and Congress abolished DST after the war , overriding President Woodrow Wilson 's veto . DST became a local option and was observed in some states until World War II , when President Franklin Roosevelt instituted year - round DST , called `` War Time '' , on February 9 , 1942 . It lasted until the last Sunday ( the 30th ) in September 1945 . After 1945 many states and cities east of the Mississippi River ( and mostly north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers ) adopted summer DST . From 1945 to 1966 there was no federal law on daylight saving time , so localities could choose when it began and ended or drop it entirely . As of 1954 , only California and Nevada had statewide DST west of the Mississippi , and only a few cities between Nevada and St. Louis . In the 1964 Official Railway Guide , 21 of the 48 contiguous states had no DST anywhere . 1966 -- 1972 : federal standard established ( edit ) By 1962 , the transportation industry found the lack of consistency confusing enough to push for federal regulation . The result was the Uniform Time Act of 1966 ( P.L. 89 - 387 ) . Beginning in 1967 , the act mandated standard time within the established time zones and provided for advanced time : clocks would be advanced one hour beginning at 2 : 00 a.m. on the last Sunday in April and turned back one hour at 2 : 00 a.m. on the last Sunday in October . States were allowed to exempt themselves from DST as long as the entire state did so . If a state chose to observe DST , the time changes were required to begin and end on the established dates . In 1967 , Arizona and Michigan became the first states to exempt themselves from DST ( Michigan would begin observing DST in 1972 ) . In 1972 , the act was amended ( P.L. 92 - 267 ) , allowing those states split between time zones to exempt either the entire state or that part of the state lying within a different time zone . The newly created Department of Transportation ( DOT ) was given power to enforce the law . As of 2014 , the following states and territories are not observing DST : Arizona , Hawaii , American Samoa , Puerto Rico , and the Virgin Islands . 1973 -- 1975 : year - round Experiment ( edit ) During the 1973 oil embargo by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OAPEC ) , in an effort to conserve fuel , Congress enacted a trial period of year - round DST ( P.L. 93 - 182 ) , beginning January 6 , 1974 , and ending April 27 , 1975 . The trial was hotly debated . Those in favor pointed to increased daylight hours in the summer evening : more time for recreation , reduced lighting and heating demands , reduced crime , and reduced automobile accidents . The opposition was concerned about children leaving for school in the dark . The act was amended in October 1974 ( P.L. 93 - 434 ) to return to standard time for the period beginning October 27 , 1974 , and ending February 23 , 1975 , when DST resumed . When the trial ended in 1975 , the country returned to observing summer DST ( with the aforementioned exceptions ) . 1975 -- 1986 : extension of daylight saving time ( edit ) The DOT , evaluating the plan of extending DST into March , reported in 1975 that `` modest overall benefits might be realized by a shift from the historic six - month DST ( May through October ) in areas of energy conservation , overall traffic safety and reduced violent crime . '' However , DOT also reported that these benefits were minimal and difficult to distinguish from seasonal variations and fluctuations in energy prices . Congress then asked the National Bureau of Standards ( NBS , today NIST ) to evaluate the DOT report . Its report , `` Review and Technical Evaluation of the DOT Daylight Saving Time Study '' ( April 1976 ) , found no significant energy savings or differences in traffic fatalities . It did find statistically significant evidence of increased fatalities among school - age children in the mornings during the four - month period January -- April 1974 as compared with the same period ( non-DST ) of 1973 . NBS stated that it was impossible to determine , what , if any , of this increase was due to DST . When this data was compared between 1973 and 1974 for the months of March and April , no significant difference was found in fatalities among school - age children in the mornings . In 1986 Congress enacted P.L. 99 - 359 , amending the Uniform Time Act by changing the beginning of DST to the first Sunday in April and having the end remain the last Sunday in October . These start and end dates were in effect from 1987 to 2006 . The time was adjusted at 2 : 00 a.m. local time . 2005 -- 2009 : second extension ( edit ) By the Energy Policy Act of 2005 , daylight saving time ( DST ) was extended in the United States beginning in 2007 . As from that year , DST begins on the second Sunday of March and ends on the first Sunday of November . In years when April 1 falls on Monday through Wednesday , these changes result in a DST period that is five weeks longer ; in all other years the DST period is instead four weeks longer . In 2008 daylight saving time ended at 2 : 00 a.m. DST ( 0200 ) ( 1 : 00 a.m. ST ) on Sunday , November 2 , and in 2009 it began at 2 : 00 a.m. ( 3 : 00 a.m. DST ) on Sunday , March 8 . Under Section 110 of the Act , the U.S. Department of Energy was required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine months after the change took effect . The report , released in October 2008 , reported a nationwide electricity savings of 0.03 % for the year of 2007 . An October 2008 study conducted by the University of California at Santa Barbara for the National Bureau of Economic Research found that the 2006 DST adoption in Indiana increased energy consumption in Indiana by an average of 1 % . Although consumption for lighting dropped as a result of the DST adoption , consumption for heating and cooling increased by 2 % to 4 % . The cost to the average Indiana household of the DST adoption was determined to be $3.29 per year , for an aggregate cost of $1.7 million to $5.5 million per year . The United States Chamber of Commerce has praised the extension of daylight 's saving under the 2005 law , which increased the amount of shopping and commerce from after work in evenings . In the golf industry , the group has noted exceptional increase in revenue of `` $200 million in additional sales of golf clubs and greens fees '' . The extension of Daylight 's Saving has also had a notable impact on Halloween and candy sales . Wyoming Senator Michael Enzi and Michigan Representative Fred Upton advocated the extension from October into November especially to allow children to go trick - or - treating in more daylight . In some areas , the extension of daylight saving time in March and November has pushed back sunrise to as late as 8 : 30 am . Procedure for modifications ( edit ) Changing an area 's time zone ( edit ) Under the Standard Time Act of 1918 , as amended by the Uniform Time Act of 1966 , moving a state or an area within a state from one time zone to another requires a regulation issued by DOT . The governor or state legislature may initiate a request for the state or any part of the state ; the highest elected officials in the county may make a request for that county . The standard in the statute for such decisions is the convenience of commerce in that area . The convenience of commerce is defined broadly to consider such circumstances as the shipment of goods within the community ; the origin of television and radio broadcasts ; the areas where most residents work , attend school , worship , or receive health care ; the location of airports , railway , and bus stations ; and the major elements of the community 's economy . After receiving a request for altering a time zone , DOT determines whether it meets the requirement of minimum statutory criteria before issuing a notice of proposed rulemaking , soliciting public comment and scheduling a public hearing . Usually the hearing is held in the area requesting the change so that all affected parties can be represented . After the close of the comment period , the comments are reviewed and appropriate final action taken . If the Secretary agrees that the statutory requirement has been met , the change is instituted , usually at the next changeover to or from DST . Moving an area on or off DST ( edit ) Under the Uniform Time Act , moving an area on or off DST is accomplished through legal action at the state level . Some states require legislation while others require executive action such as a governor 's executive order . Information on procedures required in a specific state may be obtained from that state 's legislature or governor 's office . Although it may exempt itself , if a state decides to observe DST , the dates of observance must comply with federal legislation . Local DST observance ( edit ) Alaska ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2017 ) Alaska observes DST . Due to its high latitude , Alaska has nearly round - the - clock daylight during summer , and DST is seen by some Alaskans as unnecessary and a nuisance . Another issue is that the Alaskan mainland 's single time zone , which approximates solar time in the capital , Juneau , leads to a large disparity between civil time and solar time for much of the state , with solar noon occurring as late as 2 : 10 p.m. in the population centers of Anchorage and Fairbanks , and as late as 3 : 23 p.m. in places such as Nome . In Fairbanks , for example , sunset occurs well after civil midnight in the summer . Others argue that ending daylight saving time will place Alaska as much as five hours from Eastern Daylight Time , making coordination of travel and phone conversations more difficult . In March 2015 the Alaska Senate passed a bill , introduced by state senator Anna MacKinnon , to end daylight saving time . The Alaska House formed a sub-committee that was due to look into the issue during the 2016 legislative session . Arizona ( edit ) Arizona observed DST in 1967 under the Uniform Time Act because the state legislature did not enact an exemption statute that year . In March 1968 the DST exemption statute was enacted and the state of Arizona has not observed DST since 1967 . This is in large part due to an effort to conserve energy . Phoenix and Tucson are among the hottest U.S. metropolitan areas during the summer , resulting in more power usage from air conditioning units and evaporative coolers in homes and businesses . An extra hour of sunlight while people are active would cause people to run their cooling systems longer , thereby using more energy . Reservations in Arizona ( edit ) The Navajo Indian Reservation extends into Utah and New Mexico and does observe daylight saving time . The Hopi Reservation is entirely within the state of Arizona and is an enclave within the Navajo Indian Reservation , but does not observe DST . California ( edit ) California voters passed Proposition 12 in 1949 , approving DST in the state . In February 2017 , California Assembly member Kansen Chu introduced A.B. 807 , proposing to enable the legislature to eliminate DST in the state , or , if federal law allows , to adopt DST for the entire year . However , Chu later shelved his bill in September 2017 . Florida ( edit ) Daylight saving time is less useful in Florida compared to other states because its southern location leads to less variations in day length between winter and summer . Without DST , Miami , for instance , would experience similar sunrise and sunset times throughout the year to cities including Honolulu or Hong Kong , which have both abandoned DST for decades . There is opposition to DST in Florida . State senator Bill Posey introduced a bill in March 2008 to abolish daylight time in the state and keep Florida on year - round standard time . Because Florida straddles two time zones , the Florida legislature has the option of returning all or part of the state to standard time along time zone boundaries ( i.e. placing the portion of the state in the Eastern time zone on standard time , while leaving the portion in the Central time zone on DST , so that the whole state had a common time ) . There are currently no states that keep daylight saving time year round . On March 6 , 2018 , the Florida Senate approved the `` Sunshine Protection Act '' which would put Florida on permanent Daylight Saving Time year round , and Governor Rick Scott signed it March 23 . Congress would need to amend the existing 1966 federal law to allow the change . Hawaii ( edit ) Hawaii has never observed daylight saving time under the Uniform Time Act , having opted out of the Act 's provisions in 1967 . Because of Hawaii 's tropical latitude , there is not a large variation in daylight length between winter and summer . Advancing the clock in Hawaii would make sunrise times close to 7 : 00 a.m. even in June . Most of the inhabited islands are located close to the west end of the Hawaii - Aleutian time zone , but Oahu , Kauai , and Niihau are located more than 7 degrees west of the Hawaii - Aleutian time zone 's meridian and should , theoretically , be located in the next time zone to the west . ( Until about 1946 Hawaiian standard time was based on longitude 157.5 degrees west rather than 150 degrees . ) On April 26 , 1933 , the Territorial Legislature enacted a bill placing Hawaii on daylight saving time from the last Sunday in April ( April 30 in that year ) to the last Sunday in September , but the law was repealed three weeks later on May 21 , 1933 . During World War II between February 9 , 1942 and September 30 , 1945 , Hawaiian Standard Time was advanced one hour to so - called `` Hawaiian War Time , '' effectively placing the territory on year - round daylight saving time . Indiana ( edit ) See also : Time in Indiana From 1970 until 2006 , most of Indiana in the Eastern Time Zone did not observe daylight saving time , but the entire state started to do so in April 2006 after eight counties in western Indiana were shifted from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone . One goal for observing DST was to get more Indiana counties observing the same time zone ; formerly , 77 counties observed EST , 5 observed EST / EDT ( the EDT usage being unofficial only ) , and 10 observed CST / CDT . As of 2016 , Indiana has 12 counties observing Central Daylight Time while the remaining 80 counties observe Eastern Daylight Time . Those counties observing CST are in two groups : one near or in the Chicago metropolitan area , and the other around Evansville in the southwest corner of the state . Michigan ( edit ) In 1967 , the Michigan Legislature adopted a statute , Act 6 of the Public Acts of 1967 , exempting the state from the observance of DST . The exemption statute was suspended on June 14 , 1967 , however , when the referendum was invoked . From June 14 , 1967 until the last Sunday in October 1967 , Michigan observed DST , and did so in 1968 as well . The exemption statute was submitted to the voters at the General Election held in November 1968 , and , in a close vote , the exemption statute was sustained . As a result , Michigan did not observe DST in 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , or 1972 . ( Radio station CKLW in Windsor , Ontario , just across the river from Detroit , was popular on both sides of the border and would often give both times on the air , e.g. `` It 's 4 : 30 in Detroit and 5 : 30 in Windsor ! '' ) In November 1972 , an initiative measure , repealing the exemption statute , was approved by the voters . Michigan again observed DST in 1973 , and has continued to do so since then . The vast majority of Michigan is in the Eastern Time Zone . Only the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin ( Gogebic , Iron , Dickinson , and Menominee ) are in the Central Time Zone . Nevada ( edit ) In 2015 , the Nevada Senate passed Nevada Assembly Joint Resolution 4 , which urged Congress to enact legislation allowing individual states to establish daylight saving time as the standard time in their respective states throughout the calendar year . This would mean that Nevada is on the same time as Arizona all year , but would be an hour ahead of California in the winter . The United States Congress has not yet enacted any enabling legislation in this regard . Washington ( edit ) In 2015 , Rep. Elizabeth Scott ( R - Monroe ) filed a House bill to end DST in Washington , and a companion bill was filed in the Senate . She told a House committee that the semiannual time switches are not only inconvenient but lead to health problems and accidents due to lost sleep . She added that the bill to drop daylight saving time would reduce heart attacks , car wrecks , and work accidents found to increase with the sleep - schedule disruptions . A different Senate Bill would petition the federal government for year - round DST . The bills were defeated . Other U.S. locations ( edit ) All U.S. insular territories with civilian government ( American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the Virgin Islands ) lie in the tropics and do not observe DST . While neighboring Samoa began observing DST in September 2010 , the smaller American Samoa can not legally follow because of the DST observation period mandated by the Uniform Time Act . This period is actually wintertime in this Southern Hemisphere territory . Time zones ( edit ) Many computer operating systems ( such as Microsoft Windows , Linux , UNIX , and macOS ) and programming languages ( such as Java , perl , and most shell languages ) allow a local time zone setting in the format of ( standard time zone abbreviation ) ( UTC hour difference ) ( daylight saving time zone abbreviation ) . This allows programs and programming languages that must do calculations based on local time to more easily calculate differences between local time and UTC , as well as knowing whether calculations should be changed during daylight saving time . For example , a time zone setting of EST5EDT indicates that local time on the computer is 5 hours behind UTC and should be adjusted for daylight saving time . Time Zone Standard Time Daylight Saving Time TZ Atlantic Time Zone AST ( UTC - 4 ) ADT ( UTC - 3 ) AST4ADT Eastern Time Zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) EST5EDT Central Time Zone CST ( UTC - 6 ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) CST6CDT Mountain Time Zone MST ( UTC - 7 ) MDT ( UTC - 6 ) MST7MDT Pacific Time Zone PST ( UTC - 8 ) PDT ( UTC - 7 ) PST8PDT Alaska Time Zone AKST ( UTC - 9 ) AKDT ( UTC - 8 ) AKST9AKDT Hawaii -- Aleutian Time Zone HAST ( UTC - 10 ) HADT ( UTC - 9 ) Aleutian Islands only HAST10HADT See also ( edit ) General topic Daylight saving time Daylight saving time by country CHU distributes official time in Canada History of time in the United States includes a list of historical daylight saving dates back to 1918 Official civil time distribution WWV and WWVH ( NIST Shortwave ) WWVB ( NIST Longwave ) Quasi-governmental time distribution systems CDMA cellphone stratum 2 time distribution system GNSS global navigation stratum 1 time distribution system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Most of Exempt from Daylight Saving Time '' , timeanddate.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daylight Time '' . United States Naval Observatory . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ History of Daylight Saving Time , timeanddate.com ; accesses 2017.03. 05 . Jump up ^ Editors ( 25 October 1918 ) . `` Clocks Change Tomorrow '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times Company . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ 66th U.S. Congress . `` CHAP. 51 . An Act For the repeal of the daylight - saving law '' ( pdf ) . Legis Works . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . ( Pub. L. 66 -- 40 , 41 Stat. 280 , enacted August 20 , 1919 ) Jump up ^ 77th U.S. Congress . `` AN ACT To promote the national security and defense by establishing daylight saving time '' ( pdf ) . Legis Works . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . ( Pub. L. 77 -- 403 , 56 Stat. 9 , enacted January 20 , 1942 ) ^ Jump up to : Source : CRS Report to Congress s : Congressional Research Service Report RS22284 Daylight Saving Time Jump up ^ 93rd U.S. Congress . `` AN ACT To provide for daylight saving time on a year - round basis for a two - year trial period , ... '' ( pdf ) . United States Government Printing Office . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . ( Pub. L. 93 -- 182 , 87 Stat. 707 , enacted December 15 , 1973 ) Jump up ^ Dunning , Brian . `` Skeptoid # 172 : Daylight Saving Time Myths '' . Skeptoid . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 109th U.S. Congress . `` Sec. 110 . Daylight Savings '' ( PDF ) . An Act To ensure jobs for our future with secure , affordable , and reliable energy . United States Government Printing Office . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . ( Pub. L. 109 -- 58 , 119 Stat. 594 , enacted August 8 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Douma , Michael ( 2008 ) . `` Daylight Saving Time -- When do we change our clocks ? '' . Institute for Dynamic Educational Advancement . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Time and Frequency Division FAQ '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Jump up ^ Belzer , David B. ( October 2008 ) . `` Impact of Extended Daylight Saving Time on National Energy Consumption '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Energy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lotchen , Matthew ( October 2008 ) . `` Does Daylight Saving Time Save Energy ? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Indiana '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunshine daydream : Florida bill would make daylight saving time year - round '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Reasoning Behind Changing Daylight - Saving '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ast , William F. III ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Time shifts backward early Sunday morning '' . The Herald - Palladium . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moritz , Katie ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Clock Stopped on Daylight Saving Time Repeal -- For Now '' . Juneau Empire . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shimoda , Yoshiyuki ; Asahi , Takahiro ; Taniguchi , Ayako ; Mizuno , Minoru ( 2007 ) . `` Evaluation of city - scale impact of residential energy conservation measures using the detailed end - use simulation model '' . Energy . 32 ( 9 ) : 1617 . doi : 10.1016 / j. energy. 2007.01. 007 . Jump up ^ `` Navajo Nation '' . Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Strange 100 - Year History of Daylight Saving Time '' . 2018 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Proposition 12 : Daylight Saving Time '' . UC Hastings Scholarship Repository . University of California Hastings . 1949 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California Wants To Ban Daylight Saving Time '' . The Huffington Post . March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A.B. 807 , 2017 -- 2018 Reg . Sess . ( Cal. 2017 ) . An act to add Section 6808 to the Government Code , and to repeal Sections 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 of the Daylight Saving Time Act , an initiative measure approved at the November 8 , 1949 , special election , relating to daylight saving time . Jump up ^ Murphy , Katy ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` California debates daylight saving time -- again '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexei , Koseff ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Daylight saving time survives another year in the California Legislature '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HB 701 -- Daylight Saving Time '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Colavecchio - Van Sickler , Shannon ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` Posey 's daylight savings bill moves '' . Tampa Bay Times . Jump up ^ `` Florida Gov. says yes to daylight saving time year - round '' . The Charlotte Observer . Associated Press . 2018 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Revised Statutes , § 1 - 31 '' . Capitol.hawaii.gov . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Astronomical Data Applications '' . U.S. Naval Meteorology & Oceanography Command . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Session Laws of Hawaii , 933 , enacted by Act 90 ( approved April 26 , 1933 ) and repealed by Act 163 ( approved May 21 , 1933 ) . Cited in Schmitt , Robert ; Cox , Doak ( 1992 ) . `` Hawaiian Time '' . The Hawaiian Journal of History . 26 : 220 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmitt and Cox , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Standard Time Zone Boundary in the State of Indiana ( a 139 KB PDF file ) Jump up ^ Assembly Joint Resolution No. 4 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Nevada Legislature. 2015 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Chereb , Sandra ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Nevada lawmakers urge Congress to allow state to stay on daylight savings time '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill would end daylight saving time in Washington state '' . The Oregonian . AP . February 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nunnally , Derrick ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Lawmakers want to end Daylight Saving Time in Washington '' . AP . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate bill to end Daylight Saving Time in Washington dies '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Washington Post : Overview of anti-DST initiatives by states in 2015 Steverman , Ben ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Proof daylight saving time is dumb , dangerous , and costly '' . Boston Globe . Bloomberg News . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . hide Daylight saving time in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_the_United_States&oldid=838276214 '' Categories : Daylight saving time in the United States Daylight saving time by country 1918 introductions 1918 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 01 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did arizona stop doing daylight savings time
[ "By 1962, the transportation industry found the lack of consistency confusing enough to push for federal regulation. The result was the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-387). Beginning in 1967, the act mandated standard time within the established time zones and provided for advanced time: clocks would be advanced one hour beginning at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in April and turned back one hour at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in October. States were allowed to exempt themselves from DST as long as the entire state did so. If a state chose to observe DST, the time changes were required to begin and end on the established dates. In 1967, Arizona and Michigan became the first states to exempt themselves from DST (Michigan would begin observing DST in 1972). In 1972, the act was amended (P.L. 92-267), allowing those states split between time zones to exempt either the entire state or that part of the state lying within a different time zone. The newly created Department of Transportation (DOT) was given power to enforce the law. As of 2014, the following states and territories are not observing DST: Arizona, Hawaii, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.[7]" ]
[ "1967" ]
-1321975580451456116
Tower of Babel
Tower of Babel - wikipedia Tower of Babel Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Biblical story . For other uses , see Tower of Babel ( disambiguation ) . The Tower of Babel by Pieter Bruegel the Elder ( 1563 ) Engraving The Confusion of Tongues by Gustave Doré ( 1865 ) The Tower of Babel ( Hebrew : מִגְדַּל בָּבֶל ‎ ‎ ‎ , Migdal Bāḇēl ) is an origin myth meant to explain why the world 's peoples speak different languages . According to the story , a united humanity in the generations following the Great Flood , speaking a single language and migrating eastward , comes to the land of Shinar ( שִׁנְעָר ‎ ) . There they agree to build a city and a tower tall enough to reach heaven . God , observing their city and tower , confounds their speech so that they can no longer understand each other , and scatters them around the world . Some modern scholars have associated the Tower of Babel with known structures , notably the Etemenanki , a ziggurat dedicated to the Mesopotamian god Marduk by Nabopolassar , the king of Babylonia circa 610 BCE . The Great Ziggurat of Babylon was 91 metres ( 300 ft ) in height . Alexander the Great ordered it to be demolished circa 331 BCE in preparation for a reconstruction that his death forestalled . A Sumerian story with some similar elements is told in Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical narrative 2 Etymology 3 Composition 3.1 Genre 3.2 Themes 3.3 Authorship and source criticism 4 Comparable myths 4.1 Sumerian and Assyrian parallel 4.2 Mexico 4.3 Arizona 4.4 Nepal 4.5 Africa 4.6 Other Traditions 5 Historical context 6 Destruction 7 Etemenanki , the ziggurat at Babylon 8 In other sources 8.1 Book of Jubilees 8.2 Pseudo-Philo 8.3 Josephus ' Antiquities of the Jews 8.4 Greek Apocalypse of Baruch 8.5 Midrash 8.6 Islamic tradition 8.7 Book of Mormon 8.8 Irish folklore 9 Linguistics 9.1 Multiplication of languages 9.2 Enumeration of scattered languages 10 Height 11 In popular culture 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Biblical narrative ( edit ) German Late Medieval ( c. 1370s ) depiction of the construction of the tower . And the whole earth was of one language , and of one speech . And it came to pass , as they journeyed from the east , that they found a plain in the land of Shinar ; and they dwelt there . And they said one to another , Go to , let us make brick , and burn them throughly . And they had brick for stone , and slime had they for morter . And they said , Go to , let us build us a city and a tower , whose top may reach unto heaven ; and let us make us a name , lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth . And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower , which the children of men builded . And the LORD said , Behold , the people is one , and they have all one language ; and this they begin to do : and now nothing will be restrained from them , which they have imagined to do . Go to , let us go down , and there confound their language , that they may not understand one another 's speech . So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth : and they left off to build the city . Therefore is the name of it called Babel ; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth : and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth . -- Genesis 11 : 1 -- 9 Etymology ( edit ) The phrase `` Tower of Babel '' does not appear in the Bible ; it is always `` the city and the tower '' ( אֶת - הָעִיר וְאֶת - הַמִּגְדָּל ‎ ) or just `` the city '' ( הָעִיר ‎ ) . The original derivation of the name Babel ( also the Hebrew name for Babylon ) is uncertain , but it may come from bab - ilum , meaning `` gate of God . '' According to the Bible , the city received the name `` Babel '' from the Hebrew word balal , meaning to jumble or to confuse . Composition ( edit ) Genre ( edit ) The narrative of the tower of Babel ( Genesis 11.1 -- 9 ) is an etiology or explanation of a phenomenon . Etiologies are narratives that explain the origin of a custom , ritual , geographical feature , name , or other phenomenon . The story of the Tower of Babel explains the origins of the multiplicity of languages . God was concerned that humans had blasphemed by building the tower to avoid a second flood so God brought into existence multiple languages . Thus , humans were divided into linguistic groups , unable to understand one another . Themes ( edit ) The story 's theme of competition between God and humans appears elsewhere in Genesis , in the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden . The 1st - century Jewish interpretation found in Flavius Josephus explains the construction of the tower as a hubristic act of defiance against God ordered by the arrogant tyrant Nimrod . There have , however , been some contemporary challenges to this classical interpretation , with emphasis placed on the explicit motive of cultural and linguistic homogeneity mentioned in the narrative ( v. 1 , 4 , 6 ) . This reading of the text sees God 's actions not as a punishment for pride , but as an etiology of cultural differences , presenting Babel as the cradle of civilization . Authorship and source criticism ( edit ) Tradition attributes the whole of the Pentateuch to Moses ; however , in the late 19th century , the documentary hypothesis was proposed by Julius Wellhausen . This hypothesis proposes four sources : J , E , P and D. Of these hypothetical sources , proponents suggest that this narrative comes from the J or Yahwist source . The etiological nature of the narrative is considered typical of J. In addition , the intentional word play regarding the city of Babel , and the noise of the people 's `` babbling '' is found in the Hebrew words as easily as in English , and is considered typical of the Yahwist source . Comparable Myths ( edit ) See also : Comparative mythology Sumerian and Assyrian parallel ( edit ) There is a Sumerian myth similar to that of the Tower of Babel , called Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta , where Enmerkar of Uruk is building a massive ziggurat in Eridu and demands a tribute of precious materials from Aratta for its construction , at one point reciting an incantation imploring the god Enki to restore ( or in Kramer 's translation , to disrupt ) the linguistic unity of the inhabited regions -- named as Shubur , Hamazi , Sumer , Uri - ki ( Akkad ) , and the Martu land , `` the whole universe , the well - guarded people -- may they all address Enlil together in a single language . '' In addition , a further Assyrian myth , dating from the 8th century BC during the Neo-Assyrian Empire ( 911 - 605 BC ) bears a number of similarities to the later written Biblical story . Mexico ( edit ) Various traditions similar to that of the tower of Babel are found in Central America . Some writers connected the Great Pyramid of Cholula to the Tower of Babel . The Dominican friar Diego Durán ( 1537 -- 1588 ) reported hearing an account about the pyramid from a hundred - year - old priest at Cholula , shortly after the conquest of Mexico . He wrote that he was told when the light of the sun first appeared upon the land , giants appeared and set off in search of the sun . Not finding it , they built a tower to reach the sky . An angered Lord of the Heavens called upon the inhabitants of the sky , who destroyed the tower and scattered its inhabitants . The story was not related to either a flood or the confusion of languages , although Frazer connects its construction and the scattering of the giants with the Tower of Babel . Another story , attributed by the native historian Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl ( c. 1565 -- 1648 ) to the ancient Toltecs , states that after men had multiplied following a great deluge , they erected a tall zacuali or tower , to preserve themselves in the event of a second deluge . However , their languages were confounded and they went to separate parts of the earth . Arizona ( edit ) Still another story , attributed to the Tohono O'odham people , holds that Montezuma escaped a great flood , then became wicked and attempted to build a house reaching to heaven , but the Great Spirit destroyed it with thunderbolts . ( Bancroft , vol. 3 , p. 76 ; also in `` History of Arizona '' . ) Nepal ( edit ) Traces of a somewhat similar story have also been reported among the Tharu of Nepal and northern India ( Report of the Census of Bengal , 1872 , p. 160 ) . Africa ( edit ) According to David Livingstone , the Africans whom he met living near Lake Ngami in 1849 had such a tradition , but with the builders ' heads getting `` cracked by the fall of the scaffolding '' ( Missionary Travels , chap. 26 ) . Other traditions ( edit ) In his 1918 book , Folklore in the Old Testament , Scottish social anthropologist Sir James George Frazer documented similarities between Old Testament stories , such as the Flood , and indigenous legends around the world . He identified Livingston 's account with a tale found in Lozi mythology , wherein the wicked men build a tower of masts to pursue the Creator - God , Nyambe , who has fled to Heaven on a spider - web , but the men perish when the masts collapse . He further relates similar tales of the Ashanti that substitute a pile of porridge pestles for the masts . Frazer moreover cites such legends found among the Kongo people , as well as in Tanzania , where the men stack poles or trees in a failed attempt to reach the moon . He further cited the Karbi and Kuki people of Assam as having a similar story . The traditions of the Karen people of Myanmar , which Frazer considered to show clear ' Abrahamic ' influence , also relate that their ancestors migrated there following the abandonment of a great pagoda in the land of the Karenni 30 generations from Adam , when the languages were confused and the Karen separated from the Karenni . He notes yet another version current in the Admiralty Islands , where mankind 's languages are confused following a failed attempt to build houses reaching to heaven . Historical context ( edit ) Hanging Gardens of Babylon ( 19th century ) , depicts the Tower of Babel in the background . The majority of Biblical scholars see the Book of Genesis as mythological and not as a historical account of events . Nonetheless , the story of Babel can be interpreted in terms of its context . Genesis 10 : 10 states that Babel ( LXX : Βαβυλών ) formed part of Nimrod 's kingdom . The Bible does not specifically mention that Nimrod ordered the building of the tower , but many other sources have associated its construction with Nimrod . Genesis 11 : 9 attributes the Hebrew version of the name , Babel , to the verb balal , which means to confuse or confound in Hebrew . The first century Roman - Jewish author Flavius Josephus similarly explained that the name was derived from the Hebrew word Babel ( βαβὲλ ) , meaning `` confusion '' . Destruction ( edit ) The account in Genesis makes no mention of any destruction of the tower . The people whose languages are confounded were simply scattered from there over the face of the Earth and stopped building their city . However , in other sources , such as the Book of Jubilees ( chapter 10 v. 18 -- 27 ) , Cornelius Alexander ( frag. 10 ) , Abydenus ( frags. 5 and 6 ) , Josephus ( Antiquities 1.4. 3 ) , and the Sibylline Oracles ( iii. 117 -- 129 ) , God overturns the tower with a great wind . In the Midrash , it said that the top of the tower was burnt , the bottom was swallowed , and the middle was left standing to erode over time . Etemenanki , the ziggurat at Babylon ( edit ) Reconstruction of the Etemenanki , which was 91 metres ( 300 ft ) in height . Main article : Etemenanki Etemenanki ( Sumerian : `` temple of the foundation of heaven and earth '' ) was the name of a ziggurat dedicated to Marduk in the city of Babylon . It was famously rebuilt by the 6th - century BCE Neo-Babylonian dynasty rulers Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar II . According to modern scholars , such as Stephen L. Harris , the biblical story of the Tower of Babel was likely influenced by Etemenanki during the Babylonian captivity of the Hebrews . Nebuchadnezzar wrote that the original tower had been built in antiquity : `` A former king built the Temple of the Seven Lights of the Earth , but he did not complete its head . Since a remote time , people had abandoned it , without order expressing their words . Since that time earthquakes and lightning had dispersed its sun - dried clay ; the bricks of the casing had split , and the earth of the interior had been scattered in heaps . '' In 2011 scholars discovered , in the Schoyen Collection , the oldest known representation of the Etemenanki . Carved on a black stone , The Tower of Babel Stele ( as it is known ) dates from 604 -- 562 BCE , the time of Nebuchadnezzar II . The Greek historian Herodotus ( 440 BCE ) later wrote of this ziggurat , which he called the `` Temple of Zeus Belus '' , giving an account of its vast dimensions . The already decayed Great Ziggurat of Babylon was finally destroyed by Alexander the Great in an attempt to rebuild it . He managed to move the tiles of the tower to another location , but his death stopped the reconstruction . Isaac Asimov 's speculation in Asimov 's Guide to the Bible was that the authors of the account in Genesis 11 : 1 -- 9 , were inspired by the existence of an apparently incomplete ziggurat at Babylon and by the ( mistaken ) etymological association whereby `` the writers of Genesis derived ' Babel ' from the Hebrew word balal , meaning ' mixed ' , ' confused ' , or ' confounded . ' '' In other sources ( edit ) Book of Jubilees ( edit ) The Book of Jubilees contains one of the most detailed accounts found anywhere of the Tower . And they began to build , and in the fourth week they made brick with fire , and the bricks served them for stone , and the clay with which they cemented them together was asphalt which comes out of the sea , and out of the fountains of water in the land of Shinar . And they built it : forty and three years were they building it ; its breadth was 203 bricks , and the height ( of a brick ) was the third of one ; its height amounted to 5433 cubits and 2 palms , and ( the extent of one wall was ) thirteen stades ( and of the other thirty stades ) . ( Jubilees 10 : 20 -- 21 , Charles ' 1913 translation ) Pseudo-Philo ( edit ) In Pseudo-Philo , the direction for the building is ascribed not only to Nimrod , who is made prince of the Hamites , but also to Joktan , as prince of the Semites , and to Phenech son of Dodanim , as prince of the Japhetites . Twelve men are arrested for refusing to bring bricks , including Abraham , Lot , Nahor , and several sons of Joktan . However , Joktan finally saves the twelve from the wrath of the other two princes . Josephus ' Antiquities of the Jews ( edit ) Tower of Babel , by Lucas van Valckenborch , 1594 , Louvre Museum The Jewish - Roman historian Flavius Josephus , in his Antiquities of the Jews ( c. 94 CE ) , recounted history as found in the Hebrew Bible and mentioned the Tower of Babel . He wrote that it was Nimrod who had the tower built and that Nimrod was a tyrant who tried to turn the people away from God . In this account , God confused the people rather than destroying them because annihilation with a Flood had n't taught them to be godly . Now it was Nimrod who excited them to such an affront and contempt of God . He was the grandson of Ham , the son of Noah , a bold man , and of great strength of hand . He persuaded them not to ascribe it to God as if it were through his means they were happy , but to believe that it was their own courage which procured that happiness . He also gradually changed the government into tyranny , seeing no other way of turning men from the fear of God , but to bring them into a constant dependence on his power ... Now the multitude were very ready to follow the determination of Nimrod and to esteem it a piece of cowardice to submit to God ; and they built a tower , neither sparing any pains , nor being in any degree negligent about the work : and , by reason of the multitude of hands employed in it , it grew very high , sooner than any one could expect ; but the thickness of it was so great , and it was so strongly built , that thereby its great height seemed , upon the view , to be less than it really was . It was built of burnt brick , cemented together with mortar , made of bitumen , that it might not be liable to admit water . When God saw that they acted so madly , he did not resolve to destroy them utterly , since they were not grown wiser by the destruction of the former sinners ( in the Flood ) ; but he caused a tumult among them , by producing in them diverse languages , and causing that , through the multitude of those languages , they should not be able to understand one another . The place wherein they built the tower is now called Babylon , because of the confusion of that language which they readily understood before ; for the Hebrews mean by the word Babel , confusion . The Sibyl also makes mention of this tower , and of the confusion of the language , when she says thus : -- `` When all men were of one language , some of them built a high tower , as if they would thereby ascend up to heaven ; but the gods sent storms of wind and overthrew the tower , and gave everyone a peculiar language ; and for this reason it was that the city was called Babylon . '' Greek Apocalypse of Baruch ( edit ) Third Apocalypse of Baruch ( or 3 Baruch , c. 2nd century ) , one of the pseudepigrapha , describes the just rewards of sinners and the righteous in the afterlife . Among the sinners are those who instigated the Tower of Babel . In the account , Baruch is first taken ( in a vision ) to see the resting place of the souls of `` those who built the tower of strife against God , and the Lord banished them . '' Next he is shown another place , and there , occupying the form of dogs , Those who gave counsel to build the tower , for they whom thou seest drove forth multitudes of both men and women , to make bricks ; among whom , a woman making bricks was not allowed to be released in the hour of child - birth , but brought forth while she was making bricks , and carried her child in her apron , and continued to make bricks . And the Lord appeared to them and confused their speech , when they had built the tower to the height of four hundred and sixty - three cubits . And they took a gimlet , and sought to pierce the heavens , saying , Let us see ( whether ) the heaven is made of clay , or of brass , or of iron . When God saw this He did not permit them , but smote them with blindness and confusion of speech , and rendered them as thou seest . ( Greek Apocalypse of Baruch , 3 : 5 -- 8 ) Midrash ( edit ) Rabbinic literature offers many different accounts of other causes for building the Tower of Babel , and of the intentions of its builders . According to one midrash the builders of the Tower , called `` the generation of secession '' in the Jewish sources , said : `` God has no right to choose the upper world for Himself , and to leave the lower world to us ; therefore we will build us a tower , with an idol on the top holding a sword , so that it may appear as if it intended to war with God '' ( Gen. R. xxxviii. 7 ; Tan. , ed . Buber , Noah , xxvii. et seq . ) . The building of the Tower was meant to bid defiance not only to God , but also to Abraham , who exhorted the builders to reverence . The passage mentions that the builders spoke sharp words against God , saying that once every 1,656 years , heaven tottered so that the water poured down upon the earth , therefore they would support it by columns that there might not be another deluge ( Gen. R. l.c. ; Tan . l.c. ; similarly Josephus , `` Ant . '' i . 4 , § 2 ) . Some among that generation even wanted to war against God in heaven ( Talmud Sanhedrin 109a ) . They were encouraged in this undertaking by the notion that arrows that they shot into the sky fell back dripping with blood , so that the people really believed that they could wage war against the inhabitants of the heavens ( Sefer ha - Yashar , Chapter 9 : 12 -- 36 ) . According to Josephus and Midrash Pirke R. El . xxiv. , it was mainly Nimrod who persuaded his contemporaries to build the Tower , while other rabbinical sources assert , on the contrary , that Nimrod separated from the builders . According to another midrashic account , one third of the Tower builders were punished by being transformed into semi-demonic creatures and banished into three parallel dimensions , inhabited now by their descendants . Islamic tradition ( edit ) Turris Babel from Athanasius Kircher Although not mentioned by name , the Quran has a story with similarities to the biblical story of the Tower of Babel , although set in the Egypt of Moses : Pharaoh asks Haman to build him a stone ( or clay ) tower so that he can mount up to heaven and confront the God of Moses . Another story in Sura 2 : 102 mentions the name of Babil , but tells of when the two angels Harut and Marut taught magic to some people in Babylon and warned them that magic is a sin and that their teaching them magic is a test of faith . A tale about Babil appears more fully in the writings of Yaqut ( i , 448 f . ) and the Lisān al - ʿArab ( ar ) ( xiii. 72 ) , but without the tower : mankind were swept together by winds into the plain that was afterward called `` Babil '' , where they were assigned their separate languages by God , and were then scattered again in the same way . In the History of the Prophets and Kings by the 9th - century Muslim theologian al - Tabari , a fuller version is given : Nimrod has the tower built in Babil , God destroys it , and the language of mankind , formerly Syriac , is then confused into 72 languages . Another Muslim historian of the 13th century , Abu al - Fida relates the same story , adding that the patriarch Eber ( an ancestor of Abraham ) was allowed to keep the original tongue , Hebrew in this case , because he would not partake in the building . Although variations similar to the biblical narrative of the Tower of Babel exist within Islamic tradition , the central theme of God separating humankind on the basis of language is alien to Islam according to the author Yahiya Emerick . In Islamic belief , he argues , God created nations to know each other and not to be separated . Book of Mormon ( edit ) In the Book of Mormon , a man named Jared and his family ask God that their language not be confounded at the time of the Tower of Babel . Because of their prayers , God preserves their language and leads them to the Valley of Nimrod . From there , they travel across the sea to the Americas . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints teaches that the Tower of Babel story is historical fact . `` Although there are many in our day who consider the accounts of the Flood and tower of Babel to be fiction , Latter - day Saints affirm their reality . '' Irish Folklore ( edit ) Irish texts , such as Lebor Gabála Érenn and Auraicept na n - Éces , claim that the legendary king Fenius Farsa chose the best features of all the confused languages and fused them to create Goidelic , the forerunner of the Irish language . Linguistics ( edit ) Further information : Confusion of tongues , Origin of language , and Mythical origins of language Historical linguistics has long wrestled with the idea of a single original language . In the Middle Ages , and down to the 17th century , attempts were made to identify a living descendant of the Adamic language . Multiplication of languages ( edit ) The literal belief that the world 's linguistic variety originated with the tower of Babel is pseudoscientific , sometimes called pseudolinguistics , and it is contrary to known facts about the origin and history of languages . In the Biblical introduction of the Tower of Babel account , in Genesis 11 : 1 , it is said that everyone on Earth spoke the same language , but this is inconsistent with the Biblical description of the post-Noahic world described in Genesis 10 : 5 , where it is said that the descendants of Shem , Ham , and Japheth gave rise to different nations , each with their own language . Some explain this discrepancy by saying that the order of the narrative is not the same as the order of events . There have also been a number of traditions around the world that describe a divine confusion of the one original language into several , albeit without any tower . Aside from the Ancient Greek myth that Hermes confused the languages , causing Zeus to give his throne to Phoroneus , Frazer specifically mentions such accounts among the Wasania of Kenya , the Kacha Naga people of Assam , the inhabitants of Encounter Bay in Australia , the Maidu of California , the Tlingit of Alaska , and the K'iche ' Maya of Guatemala . The Estonian myth of `` the Cooking of Languages '' has also been compared . Enumeration of scattered languages ( edit ) There are several mediaeval historiographic accounts that attempt to make an enumeration of the languages scattered at the Tower of Babel . Because a count of all the descendants of Noah listed by name in chapter 10 of Genesis ( LXX ) provides 15 names for Japheth 's descendants , 30 for Ham 's , and 27 for Shem 's , these figures became established as the 72 languages resulting from the confusion at Babel -- although the exact listing of these languages changed over time . ( The LXX Bible has two additional names , Elisa and Cainan , not found in the Masoretic text of this chapter , so early rabbinic traditions , such as the Mishna , speak instead of `` 70 languages '' . ) Some of the earliest sources for 72 ( sometimes 73 ) languages are the 2nd - century Christian writers Clement of Alexandria ( Stromata I , 21 ) and Hippolytus of Rome ( On the Psalms 9 ) ; it is repeated in the Syriac book Cave of Treasures ( c. 350 CE ) , Epiphanius of Salamis ' Panarion ( c. 375 ) and St. Augustine 's The City of God 16.6 ( c. 410 ) . The chronicles attributed to Hippolytus ( c. 234 ) contain one of the first attempts to list each of the 72 peoples who were believed to have spoken these languages . Isidore of Seville in his Etymologiae ( c. 600 ) mentions the number of 72 ; however , his list of names from the Bible drops the sons of Joktan and substitutes the sons of Abraham and Lot , resulting in only about 56 names total ; he then appends a list of some of the nations known in his own day , such as the Longobards and the Franks . This listing was to prove quite influential on later accounts that made the Lombards and Franks themselves into descendants of eponymous grandsons of Japheth , e.g. the Historia Brittonum ( c. 833 ) , The Meadows of Gold by al Masudi ( c. 947 ) and Book of Roads and Kingdoms by al - Bakri ( 1068 ) , the 11th - century Lebor Gabála Érenn , and the midrashic compilations Yosippon ( c. 950 ) , Chronicles of Jerahmeel , and Sefer haYashar . Other sources that mention 72 ( or 70 ) languages scattered from Babel are the Old Irish poem Cu cen mathair by Luccreth moccu Chiara ( c. 600 ) ; the Irish monastic work Auraicept na n - Éces ; History of the Prophets and Kings by the Persian historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al - Tabari ( c. 915 ) ; the Anglo - Saxon dialogue Solomon and Saturn ; the Russian Primary Chronicle ( c. 1113 ) ; the Jewish Kabbalistic work Bahir ( 1174 ) ; the Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson ( c. 1200 ) ; the Syriac Book of the Bee ( c. 1221 ) ; the Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ( c. 1284 ; mentions 22 for Shem , 31 for Ham and 17 for Japheth for a total of 70 ) ; Villani 's 1300 account ; and the rabbinic Midrash ha - Gadol ( 14th century ) . Villani adds that it `` was begun 700 years after the Flood , and there were 2,354 years from the beginning of the world to the confusion of the Tower of Babel . And we find that they were 107 years working at it ; and men lived long in those times '' . According to the Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum , however , the project was begun only 200 years following the Deluge . The tradition of 72 languages persisted into later times . Both José de Acosta in his 1576 treatise De procuranda indorum salute , and António Vieira a century later in his Sermão da Epifania , expressed amazement at how much this ' number of tongues ' could be surpassed , there being hundreds of mutually unintelligible languages indigenous only to Peru and Brazil . Height ( edit ) The Book of Genesis does not mention how tall the tower was . The phrase used to describe the tower , `` its top in the sky '' ( v. 4 ) , was an idiom for impressive height ; rather than implying arrogance this was simply a cliché for height . The tower 's height is discussed in various extra-canonical sources . The Book of Jubilees mentions the tower 's height as being 5,433 cubits and 2 palms , or 2,484 m ( 8,150 ft ) , about three times the height of Burj Khalifa , or roughly 1.6 miles high . The Third Apocalypse of Baruch mentions that the ' tower of strife ' reached a height of 463 cubits , or 211.8 m ( 695 ft ) , taller than any structure built in human history until the construction of the Eiffel Tower in 1889 , which is 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) in height . Gregory of Tours writing c. 594 , quotes the earlier historian Orosius ( c. 417 ) as saying the tower was `` laid out foursquare on a very level plain . Its wall , made of baked brick cemented with pitch , is fifty cubits wide , two hundred high , and four hundred and seventy stades in circumference . A stade contains five agripennes . Twenty - five gates are situated on each side , which make in all one hundred . The doors of these gates , which are of wonderful size , are cast in bronze . The same historian tells many other tales of this city , and says : ' Although such was the glory of its building still it was conquered and destroyed . ' '' A typical medieval account is given by Giovanni Villani ( 1300 ) : He relates that `` it measured eighty miles ( 130 km ) round , and it was already 4,000 paces high , or 5.92 km ( 3.68 mi ) and 1,000 paces thick , and each pace is three of our feet . '' The 14th - century traveler John Mandeville also included an account of the tower and reported that its height had been 64 furlongs , or 13 km ( 8 mi ) , according to the local inhabitants . The 17th - century historian Verstegan provides yet another figure -- quoting Isidore , he says that the tower was 5,164 paces high , or 7.6 km ( 4.7 mi ) , and quoting Josephus that the tower was wider than it was high , more like a mountain than a tower . He also quotes unnamed authors who say that the spiral path was so wide that it contained lodgings for workers and animals , and other authors who claim that the path was wide enough to have fields for growing grain for the animals used in the construction . In his book , Structures or why things do n't fall down ( Pelican 1978 -- 1984 ) , Professor J.E. Gordon considers the height of the Tower of Babel . He wrote , ' brick and stone weigh about 120 lb per cubic foot ( 2,000 kg per cubic metre ) and the crushing strength of these materials is generally rather better than 6,000 lbf per square inch or 40 megapascals . Elementary arithmetic shows that a tower with parallel walls could have been built to a height of 2.1 km ( 1.3 mi ) before the bricks at the bottom were crushed . However , by making the walls taper towards the top they ... could well have been built to a height where the men of Shinnar would run short of oxygen and had difficulty in breathing before the brick walls crushed beneath their own dead weight . '' In popular culture ( edit ) Pieter Brueghel 's influential portrayal is based on the Colosseum in Rome , while later conical depictions of the tower ( as depicted in Doré 's illustration ) resemble much later Muslim towers observed by 19th - century explorers in the area , notably the Minaret of Samarra . M.C. Escher depicts a more stylized geometrical structure in his woodcut representing the story . The composer Anton Rubinstein wrote an opera based on the story , Der Thurm zu Babel . American choreographer Adam Darius staged a multilingual theatrical interpretation of The Tower of Babel in 1993 at the ICA in London . Fritz Lang 's 1927 film Metropolis , in a flashback , plays upon themes of lack of communication between the designers of the tower and the workers who are constructing it . The short scene states how the words used to glorify the tower 's construction by its designers took on totally different , oppressive meanings to the workers . This led to its destruction as they rose up against the designers because of the insufferable working conditions . A.S. Byatt 's novel Babel Tower ( 1996 ) is about the question `` whether language can be shared , or , if that turns out to be illusory , how individuals , in talking to each other , fail to understand each other '' . See also ( edit ) Bible portal Book of Mormon portal Judaism portal Quran portal Babel fish Babylonian astronomy Borsippa Enuma Anu Enlil Evolutionary linguistics List of world 's tallest structures Origin of speech Sons of Noah Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce Manning ; Coogan , Michael D ( 2004 ) . The Oxford Guide To People And Places Of The Bible . Oxford University Press . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517610 - 0 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Levenson , Jon D. ( 2004 ) . `` Genesis : Introduction and Annotations '' . In Berlin , Adele ; Brettler , Marc Zvi . The Jewish Study Bible . Oxford University Press . p. 29 . ISBN 9780195297515 . Jump up ^ Graves , Robert ; Patai , Raphael ( 1986 ) . Hebrew Myths : The Book of Genesis . Random House . p. 315 . ISBN 9780795337154 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Howard ; Loebel - Fried , Caren ; Ginsburg , Elliot K. ( 2007 ) . Tree of Souls : The Mythology of Judaism . Oxford University Press . p. 704 . ISBN 9780195358704 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Stephen L. ( 2002 ) . Understanding the Bible . McGraw - Hill . pp. 50 -- 51 . ISBN 9780767429160 . Jump up ^ Streck , Michael P. ( 2006 ) . `` Die Stadt , an deren Freuden man nicht satt wird '' . Damals ( in German ) . Vol . Special volume . pp. 11 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus , 2.9. 9 ; Strabo , Geography , 16.1. 5 . Jump up ^ R.J. van der Spek , `` Darius III , Alexander the Great and Babylonian scholarship '' in : Achaemenid History XIII ( Leiden 2003 ) , 289 -- 346 . ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Samuel Noah ( 1968 ) . `` The `` Babel of Tongues '' : A Sumerian Version `` . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 88 ( 1 ) . pp. 108 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Genesis 11 : 1 -- 9 KJV Jump up ^ John Day ( 24 April 2014 ) . From Creation to Babel : Studies in Genesis 1 - 11 . Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 179 -- 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 37030 - 3 . Jump up ^ Genesis 11 : 9 Jump up ^ Coogan , M. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in its Context . ( Oxford University Press : Oxford 2009 ) . p426 ^ Jump up to : Coogan , M. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in its Context . ( Oxford University Press : Oxford 2009 ) . p51 ^ Jump up to : Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible . Palo Alto : Mayfield. 1985 . Jump up ^ Theodore Hiebert , ' The Tower of Babel and the Origin of the World 's Cultures ' , Journal of Biblical Literature 126 ( 2007 ) , pp. 29 -- 58 Jump up ^ Benkinsopp , Joseph . `` Introduction to the Pentateuch '' in General and Old Testament Articles Vol 1 of The New Interpreter 's Bible Commentary , edited by Leander E. Keck et al. ( Nashville : Abingdon Press , Nashville 1994 ) . p310 Jump up ^ `` Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta : composite text . '' Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature . Line 145f. : an - ki ningin - na ung sang sig - ga den - lil - ra eme 1 - am he - en - na - da - ab - dug . Jump up ^ `` Gateway to the Heavens : The Assyrian Account to the Tower of Babel '' . Ancient Origins . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Frazer , Folk - Lore in the Old Testament ( 1918 ) , chap. 5 . Jump up ^ Thomas Edwin Farish , Arizona Historian . `` Chapter Xvii . Papago And Sobaipuri '' . Southwest.library.arizona.edu . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2004 , p. 11 `` How much history lies behind the story of Genesis ? Because the action of the primeval story is not represented as taking place on the plane of ordinary human history and has so many affinities with ancient mythology , it is very far - fetched to speak of its narratives as historical at all . '' ^ Jump up to : Morris Jastrow , Ira Maurice Price , Marcus Jastrow , Louis Ginzberg , & Duncan B. MacDonald ; `` Babel , Tower of '' , Jewish Encyclopedia ; Funk & Wagnalls , 1906 . Jump up ^ Josephus , Antiquities , 1.4. 3 Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Grant R. ( 19 June 2013 ) . `` Unveiling Mysteries of the Bible '' . Crown Publishing Group . Retrieved 6 October 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Texts Part of Earliest Known Documents '' . news.discovery.com . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Babylonian History '' . Schoyen Collection.com . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Isaac ( 1971 ) . Asimov 's Guide to the Bible , vol. 1 : The Old Testament . Avon Books . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 9780380010325 . Jump up ^ `` Pseudo Philo Chapter 6 '' . Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Inhabitants of the Seven Earths -- Vol. 1 -- Legends of the Jews -- Louis Ginzberg '' . Classiclit.about.com. 25 March 2011 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Pickthal , M. `` Quran '' ( in English ) , Suras 28 : 36 and 40 : 36 -- 37 . Amana Publishers , UK 1996 Jump up ^ `` Surat Al - Baqarah ( 2 : 102 ) -- The Noble Qur'an -- القرآن الكريم '' . Quran.com . Retrieved 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ The complete idiot 's guide to ... -- Google Books . Books.google.co.uk. 2002 . ISBN 9780028642338 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Ether 1 : 33 - 38 Jump up ^ Parry , Donald W. ( January 1998 ) , `` The Flood and the Tower of Babel '' , Ensign Jump up ^ Pennock , Robert T. ( 2000 ) . Tower of Babel : The Evidence against the New Creationism . Bradford Books . ISBN 9780262661652 . Jump up ^ `` Contradictions : The Order of Nations '' . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Folk - lore in the Old Testament by James George Frazer , p. 384 ff . Jump up ^ Kohl , Reisen in die ' Ostseeprovinzen , ii. 251 -- 255 Jump up ^ T. Hiebert , ' The Tower of Babel and the Origin of the World 's Cultures ' , Journal of Biblical Literature 126 ( 2007 ) , p. 37 Jump up ^ Gregory of Tours , History of the Franks , from the 1916 translation by Earnest Brehaut , Book I , chapter 6 . Available online in abridged form . Jump up ^ Selections from Giovanni 's Chronicle in English . Jump up ^ Andreas Dorschel , ' Ach , Sie waren nicht in Oxford ? Antonia S. Byatts Roman `` Der Turm zu Babel '' ' , in : Süddeutsche Zeitung Nr. 274 ( 25 November 2004 ) , p. 16 . References ( edit ) Sayce , Archibald Henry ( 1878 ) , `` Babel '' , in Baynes , T.S. , Encyclopædia Britannica , 3 ( 9th ed . ) , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , p. 178 Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Babel '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 91 . Template : Cittion . Ixtilxochitl , Don Ferdinand d'Alva , Historia Chichimeca , 1658 Lord Kingsborough , Antiquities of Mexico , vol. 9 H.H. Bancroft , Native Races of the Pacific States ( New York , 1874 ) Klaus Seybold , `` Der Turmbau zu Babel : Zur Entstehung von Genesis XI 1 -- 9 , '' Vetus Testamentum ( 1976 ) . Samuel Noah Kramer , The `` Babel of Tongues '' : A Sumerian Version , Journal of the American Oriental Society ( 1968 ) . Kyle Dugdale : Babel 's Present . Ed. by Reto Geiser and Tilo Richter , Standpunkte , Basel 2016 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 9523540 - 8 - 7 ( Standpunkte Dokumente No. 5 ) . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutTower of Babelat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons `` Tower of Babel . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Babel In Biblia : The Tower in Ancient Literature by Jim Rovira Our People : A History of the Jews -- The Tower of Babel Livius.org : The tower of Babel Book of Genesis , Chapter 11 `` The Tower of Babel and the Birth of Nationhood '' by Daniel Gordis at Azure : Ideas for the Jewish Nation SkyscraperPage -- Tower of Babel , Tower of Babel -- Baruch HERBARIUM Art Project . Anatomy of the Tower of Babel. 2010 The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ( ISBE ) , James Orr , M.A. , D.D. , General Editor -- 1915 ( online ) Easton 's Bible Dictionary , M.G. Easton M.A. , D.D. , published by Thomas Nelson , 1897 . ( online ) Hitchcock Bible Names Dictionary ( online ) Nave Topical Bible , Orville J. Nave , AM. , D.D. , LL. D. ( online ) Smith 's Bible Dictionary ( 1896 ) ( online ) VIAF : 203176274 LCCN : sh85010726 GND : 4143847 - 4 BNF : cb11955192v ( data ) BNE : XX5065586 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_Babel&oldid=808489921 '' Categories : Tower of Babel Babylon Biblical phrases Book of Genesis Noach ( parsha ) Torah places Towers Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gagauz Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 04 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the tower of babel in the bible
[ "The phrase \"Tower of Babel\" does not appear in the Bible; it is always \"the city and the tower\" (אֶת-הָעִיר וְאֶת-הַמִּגְדָּל‎) or just \"the city\" (הָעִיר‎). The original derivation of the name Babel (also the Hebrew name for Babylon) is uncertain, but it may come from bab-ilum, meaning \"gate of God.\"[11] According to the Bible, the city received the name \"Babel\" from the Hebrew word balal, meaning to jumble or to confuse.[12]" ]
[ "\"the city and the tower\"" ]
-6638074032934501701
Jarasandha
Jarasandha - Wikipedia Jarasandha Jump to : navigation , search This article is about semi-mythical king of Magadha . For the Kannada film , see Jarasandha ( film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jarasandha Painting showing Bhima slaying Jarasandha Brihadratha King Predecessor Brihadratha Successor Sahadeva Issue Sahadeva Dynasty Brihadratha Father Brihadratha According to the Hindu epic Mahabharata , Jarasandha ( Sanskrit : जरासन्ध ) was the king of Magadha . He was a descendant of King Brihadratha , the founder of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha . He was also a great devotee of the Hindu god Shiva . He was a great senapati and a Maharathi , but he is generally held in a negative light owing to his enmity with the Yadava clan in the Mahabharata . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Legend about his birth 3 Fight with Karna 4 Notes 5 References Etymology ( edit ) The word Jarasandha is a combination of two Sanskrit words , Jara ( जरा ) and sandha ( सन्ध ) , `` joining '' . Jara was a demoness who put the two halves of Jarasandha together after finding them by a tree . In return for saving Brihadratha 's son , he named Jarasandha after her . The meaning of Jarasandha is ' the one who is joined by Jara ' . Legend about his birth ( edit ) Birth of Jarasandha Jara merges two parts of Jarasandha Jarasandha 's father king Brihadratha was married to the twin daughters of the King of Kashi . Brihadratha loved both his wives equally , but had no sons . Once sage Chandakaushika visited his kingdom and gave a mango to the king as a boon . The king divided the mango equally and gave to his both the wives . Soon , both wives became pregnant and gave birth to two halves of a human body . These two lifeless halves were very horrifying to view . So , Brihadratha ordered these to be thrown in the forest . A Rakshasi ( demoness ) named Jara ( or Barmata ) found the two pieces and held each of them in her two palms . Incidentally , when she brought both of her palms together , the two pieces joined giving rise to a living child . The child cried loudly which created panic for Jara . Not having the heart to eat a living child , the demoness gave it to the king and explained to him all that had happened . The father was overjoyed to see him . Chandakaushika arrived at the court and saved the child . He prophesied to Brihadratha that his son would be specially gifted and would be a great devotee of the god Shiva . Battle between Balarama and Jarasandha . Illustration from a Bhagavata Purana series . Fight with Karna ( edit ) Karna helped Duryodhana marry the Princess Bhanumati of Kalinga . Duryodhana abducted Princess Bhanumati from her Swayamvara ceremony in a chariot and Karna fought with the rest of the suitors . Many legendary rulers like Shishupala , Jarasandha , Bhishmaka , Vakra , Kapotaroman , Nila , Rukmi , Sringa , Asoka , Satadhanwan etc. were defeated by Karna and Duryodhana . The ashamed Jarasandha , later challenged Karna to a one - on - one fight . Karna and Jarasandha fought continuously with different weapons until Karna defeated Jarasandha by trying to tear him apart during a wrestling fight . Jarasandha conceded defeat and Karna spared his life . Jarasandha gifted the city of Malini to Karna as a token of appreciation . The victory over Jarasandha made Karna famous on all over the world . Jarasandha had also participated in the Swayamvara of Draupadi , and after being unable to lift the bow , left the place . Bhima and Jarasandh Wrestling Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jarasandha was a very powerful king of Magadha , and the history of his birth and activities is also very interesting - Vaniquotes '' . vaniquotes.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Chandrakant , Kamala ( 1977 ) . Krishna and Jarasandha . India Book House Ltd . pp. 3 -- 5 . ISBN 81 - 7508 - 080 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Slaying of Jarasandha - Indian Mythology '' . www.apamnapat.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Squarcini , Frederico ( 2011 ) . Boundaries , Dynamics , and Constructions of Traditions in South Asia . 244 Madison Ave , # 116 , New York , NY : Anthem Press . p. 117 . ISBN 9780857284303 . References ( edit ) Doniger , Wendy ( 1993 ) , Purana Perennis : Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts , SUNY Press , ISBN 0 - 7914 - 1381 - 0 Gibbs , Laura . Ph. D. Jarasandha Modern Languages MLLL - 4993 . Indian Epics . Dowson , John ( 1820 -- 1881 ) . A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion , geography , history , and literature . London : Trübner , 1879 ( Reprint , London : Routledge , 1979 ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 24521 - 4 Original Mahabharata by Shri Ved Vyasa Gita press , Gorakhpur edition of Mahābhārata Ramanand Sagar 's `` SHRI KRISHNA '' serial MRITYUNJAY - the story of Karna . Mahabharata Books ( parvas ) Adi Sabha Vana Virata Udyoga Bhishma Drona Karna Shalya Sauptika Stri Shanti Anushasana Ashvamedhika Ashramavasika Mausala Mahaprasthanika Svargarohana Harivamsa Kuru Kingdom Shantanu Ganga Bhishma Satyavati Chitrāngada Vichitravirya Ambika Ambalika Vidura Dhritarashtra Gandhari Pandu Kunti Madri Pandavas Yudhisthira Bhima Arjuna Nakula Sahadeva Draupadi Kauravas Duryodhana Dushasana Vikarna Yuyutsu Dushala Hidimbi Ghatotkacha Ahilawati Subhadra Uttarā Ulupi Chitrāngadā Abhimanyu Iravan Babruvahana Barbarika Upapandavas Parikshit Janamejaya Other characters Amba Ashwatthama Balarama Bhagadatta Brihannala Chitrasena Dhrishtadyumna Drona Drupada Durvasa Ekalavya Hidimba Jarasandha Jayadratha Kali ( demon ) Karna Kichaka Kindama Kripa Krishna Kritavarma Mayasura Sanjaya Satyaki Shakuni Shalya Shikhandi Shishupala Bahlika Sudeshna Uttara Kumara Virata Vrishasena Vyasa Related articles Avatars Hastinapur Indraprastha Kingdoms Kurukshetra War Bhagavad Gita Vedic - Puranic chronology Hindu deities and texts Gods Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Rama Krishna Shiva Ganesha Kartikeya Hanuman Indra Surya more Goddesses Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Sita Radha Parvati Sati Kali Adi Parashakti Mahavidya Durga Shakti Navadurga Matrikas more Texts Vedas Rig Sama Yajur Atharva Upanishads Puranas Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita Yoga Sutras of Patanjali more Hinduism Hindu mythology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jarasandha&oldid=813180784 '' Categories : Characters in the Mahabharata Salakapurusa Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Sanskrit - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली Português Русский සිංහල Basa Sunda தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 07 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was born in 2 halves in mahabharata
[ "The word Jarasandha is a combination of two Sanskrit words, Jara (जरा) and sandha (सन्ध), \"joining\". Jara was a demoness who put the two halves of Jarasandha together after finding them by a tree. In return for saving Brihadratha's son, he named Jarasandha after her. The meaning of Jarasandha is 'the one who is joined by Jara'.[1][better source needed]" ]
[ "Jarasandha" ]
5584390537897079918
Samira Wiley
Samira Wiley - wikipedia Samira Wiley Jump to : navigation , search Samira Wiley Wiley in 2013 Samira Denise Wiley ( 1987 - 04 - 15 ) April 15 , 1987 ( age 30 ) Education Temple University Juilliard School ( BFA ) Occupation Actress , model , producer Years active 2011 ( 2011 ) -- present Spouse ( s ) Lauren Morelli ( m . 2017 ) Samira Wiley ( born April 15 , 1987 ) is an American actress and model . She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid 's Tale . She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the latter role . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Modeling 3 Awards 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Wiley was raised in Washington , D.C. Her parents , Christine and Dennis W. Wiley , are the co-pastors of Covenant Baptist United Church of Christ . Wiley 's parents have been referred to as `` pillars of the LGBT religious community , '' as the Covenant Baptist Church was the only Baptist church in D.C. performing same - sex unions in 2007 . She has two siblings : Aiyana Ma'at and Joshua Wiley . Wiley attended the Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Washington , D.C. , and the Juilliard School in New York City , graduating in 2010 . At Juilliard , she trained in theater performance and worked mainly in theater in her early career . Career ( edit ) Wiley 's first major acting role was in the comedy film The Sitter ( 2011 ) . In 2011 , Wiley played Maria in a theater production of Love 's Labour 's Lost by The Public Theater . When the Netflix television series Orange Is the New Black -- based on Piper Kerman 's memoir of the same name about her experiences of being incarcerated in a women 's prison -- came into development , Wiley was told about the auditions by a friend from Juilliard , Marco Ramirez , who was a writer for the show . After discovering that another Juilliard friend , Danielle Brooks , had won a role in the show , Wiley asked Brooks to rehearse lines with her to prepare for her audition for the role of Poussey Washington , the on - screen best friend of Brooks ' character . Wiley 's audition was ultimately successful ; she appeared in all twelve episodes of the series ' first season and was featured prominently throughout the second season . The darker and more violent plot of the second season allowed for the growth of Wiley 's character , whose evolved story lines lead to Wiley 's prolonged screen exposure and ultimate development as a `` fan - favorite . '' She was promoted to series regular for the third season . The fourth season revolves heavily around her character , leading up to the reactions within the prison upon Poussey 's death at the hands of a prison officer . Wiley 's wife , Lauren Morelli , is a writer on the show . In between seasons of Orange Is the New Black , Wiley filmed Rob the Mob ( 2014 ) , an independent crime film directed by Raymond De Felitta . She appeared in an advertisement for the digital monetary service PayPal in 2014 . In 2015 , Wiley featured in the 21st episode of the 16th season of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , `` Perverted Justice '' , portraying a young adult wishing to recant her rape accusation of her father when she was 6 years old , and set him free . In December 2015 , it was announced Wiley had been cast to voice the titular character in the video game The Walking Dead : Michonne . The game was released by Telltale Games in February 2016 . In 2017 , she narrated one of two versions of Max Brooks ' book , Minecraft : The Island : A Novel . Wiley also starred in a film called 37 ( 2016 ) , a true story of thirty - seven people who witness a murder and none call the police or intervene . In 2016 , she starred in a new play by Quiara Alegría Hudes called Daphne 's Dive . Modeling ( edit ) Wiley has modeled for Maniac Magazine , appearing on the cover and in an editorial of the 2014 September / October issue . She was pictured modeling `` a series of bold , chic , high fashion looks . '' Wiley was also featured on the cover of 2014 edition of Out magazine , along with Sam Smith , Ellen Page , and Zachary Quinto . Awards ( edit ) In 2014 , Wiley was named Out magazine 's Ingenue of the Year . In February 2015 , she was awarded the Human Rights Campaign 's Visibility Award . According to the Human Rights Campaign 's website , Wiley was always accepted and embraced by her parents , regardless of her sexuality , and to this she attributes her success . In 2017 , Wiley received a Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her role in the Hulu series The Handmaid 's Tale . Personal life ( edit ) On October 4 , 2016 , Wiley announced her engagement to Orange Is the New Black writer Lauren Morelli . They married on March 25 , 2017 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 The Sitter Tina 2012 Being Flynn Asha 2014 Rob the Mob Agent Annie Bell 2016 Nerve Hacker Kween 37 Joyce Smith 2017 Detroit Vanessa Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Unforgettable Gina 2 episodes 2012 Person of Interest Triage Nurse Episode : `` Many Happy Returns '' 2013 -- 17 Orange Is the New Black Poussey Washington 50 episodes Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2015 -- 17 ) 2015 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Michelle Episode : `` Perverted Justice '' 2016 The Catch Captain Nia Brooks Episode : `` The Benefactor '' 2016 You 're the Worst Justina Jordan 5 episodes 2017 -- present The Handmaid 's Tale Moira 7 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series 2017 Last Week Tonight With John Oliver Forensic Scientist Episode : `` Forensic evidence '' ( CSI : Crime Scene Idiot skit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Samira Wiley Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ahearn , Victoria ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' star Samira Wiley on how Black Lives Matter inspired Poussey Washington '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Berlin , Mike ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Out100 : OITNB 's Samira Wiley , Ingenue Of The Year '' . Out . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Samira ( @ samirawiley ) ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Lol , that is Aiyana Ma'at . She 's my sister '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Wiley , Josh ( @ imjusjoshin ) ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Watch my sister @ samirawiley on Law & Order SVU tonight ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Wiley , Doris W '' . The Washington Post . July 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 -- via Legacy.com . Also survived by three grandchildren , Aiyana Ma'at , Samira Wiley and Joshua Wiley ... Jump up ^ Wiley in `` Exclusive Interview : Samira Wiley on Orange is the New Black '' . Voice.Fan.TV . December 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . I went to a performing arts school for high school and went to Juilliard ... I went to Duke Ellington School of the Arts in D.C. ^ Jump up to : Abdulhamid , Yassmeen ( September 2013 ) . `` Fame Is the New Reality for ' Orange ' Actress '' . The Juilliard School . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Samira Wiley on Playing Poussey and Tweets From Regina King -- Exclusive ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , Wilson ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Catching Up With Orange is the New Black 's Samira Wiley '' . Blackfilm.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` O , That Rowdy Passage From Celibate to Celebrate '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Interview : Samira Wiley Talks Taystee - Poussey , Netflix Model and Season 2 '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breger , Esther ( 1 July 2014 ) . `` Interview : Orange Is The New Black 's Poussey on Playing the Season 's Tragic Heroine '' . NewRepublic . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Rowles , Dustin ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About Samira Wiley , The Extraordinary Poussey on ' Orange is the New Black '' . Pajiba . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kay , Ariel ( 25 Aug 2014 ) . `` Bustle '' . Bustle . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' Just Cast An ' OITNB ' Actress As Michonne '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Let Jack Black and Samira Wiley transport you to Minecraft : The Island '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Samira Wiley Rocks High Fashion Looks For Maniac Magazine . Images by April Hubal '' . SUPERSELECTED Black Fashion Magazine Black Models Black Contemporary Artists Art Black Musicians. 31 Oct 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Alexa Rae ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Talk about My Music , Not My Sexuality , ' Says Sam Smith as He Joins Samira Wiley , Ellen Page and Zachary Quinto on Cover of Multiple Edition OUT Magazine '' . Daily Mail . UK : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Hayley ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Human Rights Campaign '' . Human Rights Campaign . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies , The Handmaid 's Tale Lead the 2017 Emmy Winners '' . Vulture . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macatee , Rebecca ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Samira Wiley Is Engaged To Lauren Morelli '' . ( ( E ! News ) ) ' . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Savada , Shira ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Exclusive : Samira Wiley and Lauren Morelli Are Married ! '' . Martha Stewart Weddings . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Samira Wiley on IMDb ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samira_Wiley&oldid=803414213 '' Categories : 1987 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Washington , D.C. African - American actresses American actresses American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Juilliard School alumni LGBT African Americans LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from Washington , D.C. Lesbian actresses Living people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 11 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays poussey washington on orange is the new black
[ "Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987)[1] is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale. She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the latter role." ]
[ "Samira Wiley" ]
8058628407539240984
List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters
List of to Kill a Mockingbird characters - wikipedia List of to Kill a Mockingbird characters To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 . It was instantly successful , winning the Pulitzer Prize , and has become a classic of modern American literature , widely read in US high schools and middle schools . The story takes place during three years of the Great Depression in the fictional Maycomb , Alabama . This is a list of the characters : Contents 1 Primary characters 1.1 Atticus Finch 1.2 `` Scout '' Finch 1.3 `` Jem '' Finch 1.4 Dill Harris 1.5 Calpurnia 1.6 Arthur `` Boo '' Radley 1.7 Judge John Taylor 1.8 Miss Maudie Atkinson 1.9 Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell 1.10 Mayella Ewell 1.11 Tom Robinson 1.12 Aunt Alexandra 2 Minor characters 2.1 Jack Finch 2.2 Francis Hancock 2.3 Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose 2.4 Mr. Heck Tate 2.5 Mr. Braxton Underwood 2.6 Mr. Horace Gilmer 2.7 Dr. Reynolds 2.8 Dolphus Raymond 2.9 Link Deas 2.10 Miss Caroline Fisher 2.11 Reverend Sykes 2.12 Miss Stephanie Crawford 2.13 Miss Rachel Haverford 2.14 Helen Robinson 2.15 Nathan Radley 2.16 Jessie 2.17 Burris Ewell 2.18 Lula 2.19 Mrs. Grace Merriweather 2.20 Walter Cunningham , Jr . 2.21 Walter Cunningham , Sr . 2.22 Little Chuck Little 2.23 Mr. Dick Avery 2.24 Miss Gates 2.25 Eula May 2.26 Cecil Jacobs 2.27 Tim Johnson 2.28 Simon Finch 2.29 Maxwell Green 2.30 Mr. X Billups 2.31 The Barber Sisters ( Miss `` Tutti '' and Miss `` Frutti '' ) 2.32 Mrs. Gertrude Farrow 2.33 Mr. Conner 2.34 Zeebo 3 References Primary characters ( edit ) Atticus Finch ( edit ) Main article : Atticus Finch Atticus Finch is the middle - aged father of Jem and Scout Finch . He is a lawyer and was once known as `` the deadliest shot in Maycomb County '' . Although he was a good shot , he does not like to mention the fact as he does not like the thought of having an advantage over people . He appears to support racial equality and was appointed to represent Tom Robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , Mayella Ewell . The town disapproves of him defending Tom especially when he makes clear his intent to defend Tom Robinson to the best of his abilities . He is portrayed by Gregory Peck in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird . `` Scout '' Finch ( edit ) Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch is the narrator and To Kill a Mockingbird is told by an adult Scout who often comments on how she could not understand something at the time but now can appreciate it . She gets in trouble with her teacher Miss Caroline because Miss Caroline expects Scout to learn reading and writing her way . She is a tomboy and spends the most of her time with her brother Jem and best friend Dill . To Jem 's advice to pretend to be a lady and start sewing or something , she answers ' Hell no . ' The rare hints the narrator gives us about her grown - up life reveal that she ultimately has n't changed herself for others . She matures from age 6 to age 9 as the novel progresses but remains naive and idealistic , despite an increased understanding of human nature and racism in her town . At the beginning of the book , Scout is confused by some of the words and names she hears people directing towards her father , such as `` nigger - lover '' . Being only six , Scout does not know how to handle such situations so she tries to resolve her problems by fighting , or by talking to Atticus about what she has heard . By the end of the book , Scout realizes that racism does exist and comes to terms with its presence in her town . Scout also learns how to deal with others , including the Finch family housekeeper , Calpurnia , and her aunt , Alexandra . Scout is the only one of the novel 's primary three children ( Dill , Jem , and herself ) to see and speak to Boo Radley during the course of the novel and realize that he is harmless , despite her initial fear of him . She also stops a mob that is trying to lynch Tom Robinson by talking to the mob leader , Mr. Cunningham , about inviting his son , Walter , over for dinner . Mr. Cunningham then tells the other mob members to get back in their cars and leave them alone . The members listen , and Scout unintentionally saves Tom Robinson 's life . She is portrayed by Mary Badham in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird . Notable quote : `` Until I feared I would lose it , I never loved to read . One does not love breathing . '' `` Jem '' Finch ( edit ) Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch is Atticus ' son and Scout 's older brother by four years . Jem matures greatly throughout the course of the novel , much more affected by events than Scout seems to be . Being four years Scout 's senior , Jem is seen to have a greater understanding of - and therefore greater difficulty in navigating - the obstacles thrown their way . Jem is seen explaining many things to Scout throughout the novel . Bob Ewell breaks Jem 's arm during his assault on the Finch children , subsequently resulting in it being shorter than it had been , in an attempt to protect his sister . He is portrayed by Phillip Alford in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird . Dill Harris ( edit ) Charles Baker `` Dill '' Harris is a short , smart boy who visits Maycomb every summer from Meridian , Mississippi , and stays with his Aunt Rachel ( Aunt Stephanie in the film ) . Dill is the best friend of both Jem and Scout , and his goal throughout the novel is to get Boo Radley to come out of his house . The children concoct many plans to lure Boo Radley out of his house for a few summers until Atticus tells them to stop . In chapter 5 of the novel , Dill promises to marry Scout and they become `` engaged '' . One night Dill runs away from his home in Meridian , arriving in Maycomb County where he hides under Scout 's bed . When she finds Dill , he tells both Scout and Atticus that he was chained to a wall in his father 's basement ; later , he confesses he actually ran away because he felt he was being replaced by his stepfather . Before Dill returned to Meridian after the summer , he went swimming with Jem at the Barker 's Eddy creek . Scout , unfortunately , was unable to participate , because both boys were swimming naked . Unlike Scout and Jem , Dill lacks the security of family support . He is unwanted and unloved by his mother and stepfather : `` They do get on a lot better without me , I can not help them any . '' As Francis ( a cousin of Jem and Scout ) says , `` He has n't got a home , he just gets passed around from relative to relative . '' Dill maintains he has no father ; he does n't know where his father might live , or if he will ever come back . He is played by John Megna in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird . This character is believed to be based on author Truman Capote , a childhood friend of Harper Lee . Calpurnia ( edit ) Calpurnia , nicknamed Cal , is the Finch family 's African - American housekeeper , whom the children love and Atticus deeply respects ( he remarks in her defense that she `` never indulged ( the children ) like most colored nurses '' ) . She is highly regarded by Atticus . She is an important figure in Scout 's life , providing discipline , instruction , and love . She also fills the maternal role for the children after their mother 's death . Calpurnia is a mother herself and raised her son , Zeebo , to adulthood . Calpurnia is one of the few black characters in the novel who is able to read and write , and it is she who taught Scout to write . She learned how to read from Miss Maudie 's aunt , Miss Buford , who taught her how to read out of Blackstone 's Commentaries , a book given to her . Aunt Alexandra despised Calpurnia because Alexandra believed that Calpurnia was not a `` maternal figure '' for Jem and Scout , especially for Scout . Calpurnia is a member of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb . While Scout always hears her speak proper English , she is surprised to learn that Calpurnia does not do so at church , especially with the uneducated members of the congregation . While everyone in the novel is filtered through Scout 's perception , Calpurnia in particular appears for a long time more as Scout 's idea of her than as a real person . At the beginning of the novel , Scout appears to think of Calpurnia as the wicked stepmother to Scout 's own Cinderella . However , towards the end of the book , Scout views Calpurnia as someone she can look up to , and realizes Calpurnia has only protected her over the years . She is played by Estelle Evans in the film . Arthur `` Boo '' Radley ( edit ) Arthur `` Boo '' Radley is a recluse in To Kill a Mockingbird . Maycomb children believe he is a horrible person , due to the rumors spread about him and a trial he underwent as a teenager . It is implied during the story that Boo is a very lonely man who attempts to reach out to Jem and Scout for love and friendship , such as leaving them small gifts and figures in a tree knothole . Scout finally meets him at the very end of the book , when he saves the children 's lives from Bob Ewell . Scout describes him as being sickly white , with a thin mouth , thin and feathery hair , and grey eyes , almost as if he were blind . During the same night , when Boo whispers to Scout to walk him back to the Radley house , Scout takes a moment to picture what it would be like to be Boo Radley . While standing on his porch , she realizes his `` exile '' inside his house is really not that lonely . Boo Radley 's heroics in protecting the children from Bob Ewell are covered up by Atticus , Sheriff Tate , and Scout . This can be read as a wise refusal of fame . As Tate notes , if word got out that Boo killed Ewell , Boo would be inundated with gifts and visits , calamitous for him due to his reclusive personality . The precocious Scout recognizes the danger : renown would `` kill the mockingbird '' . Boo Radley is a ghost who haunts the book yet manifests himself at just the right moments in just the right way . He is , arguably , the most potent character in the whole book and as such , inspires the other key characters to save him when he needs saving . After the Tom Robinson trial , Jem and Scout have a different understanding of Boo Radley . `` Scout , I think I 'm beginning to understand something . I think I 'm beginning to understand why Boo Radley 's stayed shut up in the house all this time ... it 's because he wants to stay inside . '' ( 23.117 ) Having seen a sample of the horrible things their fellow townspeople can do , choosing to stay out of the mess of humanity does n't seem like such a strange choice . When Boo finally does come out , he has a good reason : Bob Ewell is trying to murder the Finch children . No one sees what happens in the scuffle , but at the end of it , Ewell is dead and Boo carries an unconscious Jem to the Finch house . Finally faced with Boo , Scout does n't recognize him at first , but suddenly realizes who he is . Boo Radley is played by Robert Duvall in the film . Judge John Taylor ( edit ) Judge John Taylor is a white - haired old man with a reputation for running his court in an informal fashion and an enjoyment of singing and dipping tobacco . He is unimportant to the children until he presides over the Tom Robinson trial , in which he shows great distaste for the Ewells and great respect for Atticus . Because of the judge 's sympathies for Tom , Bob Ewell breaks into the judge 's house while the judge 's wife is at church . After the trial , Miss Maudie points out to the children that the judge had tried to help Tom by appointing Atticus to the case instead of Maxwell Green , the new , untried lawyer who usually received court - appointed cases . Judge Taylor knew that Atticus was the only man who would stand a chance at acquitting Tom , or at least would be able to keep the jury thinking for more than just a few minutes . By doing this , Judge Taylor was not giving in or supporting racism . He is portrayed in the film by Paul Fix . Miss Maudie Atkinson ( edit ) Miss Maude `` Maudie '' Atkinson lives across the street from the Finch family . She had known the Finches for many years , having been brought up on the Buford place , which was near the Finches ' ancestral home , Finch 's Landing . She is described as a woman of about 50 who enjoys baking and gardening ; her cakes are especially held in high regard . However , she is frequently harassed by devout `` Foot - Washing Baptists '' , who tell her that her enjoyment of gardening is a sin . The Foot - Washing Baptists also believe that women are a sin as well . Miss Maudie befriends Scout and Jem and tells them stories about Atticus as a boy . It is strongly implied that she and Atticus have a more than platonic relationship . Also , she is one of the few adults that Jem and Scout hold in high regard and respect . She does not act condescendingly towards them , even though they are young children . During the course of the novel , her house burns down ; however , she shows remarkable courage throughout this ( even saying that she wanted to burn it down herself to make more room for her flowers ) . She is not prejudiced , though she talks caustically to Miss Stephanie Crawford , unlike many of her Southern neighbors , and teaches Scout important lessons about racism and human nature . It is important to note that Miss Maudie fully explains that `` it is a sin to kill a mockingbird '' , whereas Atticus Finch initially brings up the subject but does n't go into depth . When Jem gets older , and does n't want to be bothered by Scout , Miss Maudie keeps her from getting angry . Maudie is played by Rosemary Murphy in the film . Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell ( edit ) Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell is the main antagonist of To Kill a Mockingbird . He has a daughter named Mayella and a younger son named Burris , as well as six other unnamed children . He is an alcoholic , poaching game to feed his family because he spends whatever money they legally gain via government `` relief checks '' on alcohol . It is implied , and evidence suggests , that he was the one who abused his daughter Mayella , not Tom Robinson ( the African American man accused of doing so ) . Although most everybody in town knows that the Ewells are a disgrace and not to be trusted , it is made clear that Tom Robinson was convicted because he is a Negro whose accuser is white . Upon hearing of Tom 's death , Bob is absolutely gleeful , gloating about his success . After being humiliated at the trial , however , he goes on a quest for revenge , becoming increasingly violent . He begins by spitting in Atticus ' face , followed by a failed attempt to break into the home of Judge Taylor , then finally menacing Helen , the poor widow of Tom Robinson . Ewell later attempts to murder Jem and Scout Finch with a knife to complete his revenge . Boo Radley saves Jem and Scout and it is believed that he kills Ewell with the knife . Heck Tate , the sheriff , puts in the official report that Bob Ewell fell on his own knife and died after lying under a tree for 45 minutes . Ewell is played by James Anderson in the film . Mayella Ewell ( edit ) Mayella Violet Ewell , 19 , is the oldest of the eight Ewell children . Before the trial , Mayella is noted for growing red geraniums outside her otherwise dirty home in order to bring some beauty into her life . Due to her family 's living situation , Mayella has no opportunity for human contact or love . She eventually gets so desperate that she attempts to seduce a black man , Tom Robinson , by saving up nickels to send her siblings to go get ice cream so that Mayella can be alone with Tom . Her father sees this through a window and in punishment he beats her . Ewell then finds the sheriff , Heck Tate , and tells him that his daughter has been raped and beaten by Tom . At the trial , Atticus points out that only the right side of Mayella 's face is injured , suggesting a left - handed assailant ; Tom 's left arm is mangled and useless , but Bob Ewell is left - handed . When Atticus asks her if she has any friends , she becomes confused because she does not know what a friend is . During her testimony she is confused by Atticus ' polite speech and thinks that his use of `` Miss Mayella '' is meant to mock her . She testifies against Tom Robinson . Mayella is played by Collin Wilcox in the film . Tom Robinson ( edit ) Thomas `` Tom '' Robinson is an African - American who is put on trial for the rape of a white woman , Mayella Ewell . Atticus is assigned to defend him , and stands up to a lynch mob intent on exacting their own justice against him before the trial begins . Tom 's left arm is crippled and useless , the result of an accident with a cotton gin when he was a child . Atticus uses this fact as the cornerstone of his defense strategy , pointing out that the nature of Mayella 's facial injuries strongly suggest a left - handed assailant . Tom testifies that he had frequently helped Mayella with household chores because he felt sorry for her and the family 's difficult life - a statement that shocks the all - white , male jury . Despite Atticus ' skilled defense , the jury 's racial prejudices lead them to find Tom guilty . Atticus plans to appeal the verdict , but before he can do so , Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape the prison where he is being held . Tom Robinson is played by Brock Peters . Aunt Alexandra ( edit ) Alexandra Hancock ( née Finch ) is Atticus ' and Jack 's sister , married to James `` Uncle Jimmy '' Hancock . She has a son named Henry and a very spoiled grandson named Francis . Around the middle of the book , Aunt Alexandra decides to leave her husband at Finch 's Landing , the Finch family homestead to come stay with the Finches . Aunt Alexandra does n't consider the black Calpurnia to be a very good motherly figure for Jem and Scout ; she disapproves of Scout being a tomboy and wants to make Scout into a southern belle ( encouraging her to act more ' lady like ' ) . This is the cause of many conflicts between Scout and Alexandra throughout the course of the novel . However , as the trial progresses , Scout comes to see how much her aunt cares for her father and what a strong woman she is . This is especially evidenced by a tea party when Scout is horrified by the racism displayed , and her aunt and Miss Maudie help her deal with her feelings . By the end of the book , it 's clear that Alexandra cares very much for her niece and nephew , though she and Scout will probably never really get along . Minor characters ( edit ) Jack Finch ( edit ) John Hale `` Jack '' Finch is Atticus ' and Alexandra 's younger brother . ( He is about 40 , which is 10 years younger than Atticus . ) Jack smells like alcohol and something sweet , and is said that he and Alexandra have similar features . Jack is a childless doctor who can always make Scout and Jem laugh , and they adore him . He and Miss Maudie are close to the same age ; he frequently teases her with marriage proposals , which she always declines . Jack also has a pet cat named Rose Aylmer , who is mentioned during the Christmas visit . Francis Hancock ( edit ) Francis Hancock is the spoiled grandson of Aunt Alexandra . ( The son of her son , Henry Hancock . ) Every Christmas , Henry and his wife drop Francis at Finch 's Landing , which is the only time Scout and Jem see him . Francis lives in Mobile , Alabama , and is a bit of a tattle - tale . He gets along well with Jem , but often spars with Scout . One Christmas , Francis calls Atticus a `` nigger - lover , '' as well as insisting that he was ruining the family and the likes , which infuriates Scout and causes them to get into a fight . Francis lies about his role in it , telling Uncle Jack that Scout started it by calling him a `` whore lady '' , and Jack therefore punishes Scout . However , she explains the full story and charitably persuades her uncle not to punish Francis about it , but to let Atticus think they had been fighting about something else ( although Atticus later discovers the truth ) . Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose ( edit ) Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose is an elderly woman who lives near the Finches . She is hated by the children , who run by her house to avoid her . Scout describes Mrs. Dubose as `` plain hell . '' A virulent racist , she calls Atticus a `` nigger - lover '' to his children 's faces , and Jem flies into a rage and ravages Mrs. Dubose 's camellia bushes . As a punishment , Jem is required to read to Mrs. Dubose each day for a month . As Jem reads , she experiences a fit of drooling and twitching and does not seem to pay any attention to the words . When an alarm rings , Jem is allowed to leave for the day . She extends the punishment for one extra week and dies shortly after letting Jem go for the last time . Atticus informs him that Mrs. Dubose was terminally ill and had become addicted to morphine . By reading to her , Jem had distracted her so that she could break the addiction . In thanks , she leaves him a candy box with a camellia flower in it ; Jem burns the box in anger , but is later seen by Scout admiring the flower . Atticus tells Jem that Mrs. Dubose was the bravest person he ever knew , and she was trying to teach Jem the importance of bravery and true courage to endure anything when the situation is hopeless , as in her morphine addiction . Mr. Heck Tate ( edit ) Mr. Heck Tate is a friend of Atticus and also the sheriff of Maycomb County . He believes in protecting the innocent although he does n't usually show it . At the end of the book , the Atticus and Heck argue over whether Jem or Boo Radley should be held responsible for the death of Bob Ewell . Heck eventually persuades Atticus to accept the theory that Ewell accidentally fell on his own knife , thus saving the harmless , reclusive Boo from the public exposure of a criminal trial . Mr. Braxton Underwood ( edit ) Mr. Braxton Bragg Underwood is a news reporter and a friend of Atticus . He owns and also publishes The Maycomb Tribune . Being a racist , he disagrees with Atticus on principle . He also has a strong belief in justice , as exemplified when he defends Atticus from the Cunningham mob by having his double barrel shotgun loaded and ready to shoot them . He also demonstrates some humanity when he publishes a scathing editorial comparing the killing of Tom Robinson ( a cripple ) to `` the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters and children '' . Mr. Horace Gilmer ( edit ) Mr. Horace Gilmer is a lawyer from Abbottsville , and is the prosecuting attorney in the Tom Robinson case . Mr. Gilmer is between the ages of forty and sixty . Mr. Gilmer has a slight cast with one eye , which he uses to his advantage in trial . Mr. Gilmer appeared to be racist in his harsh cross-examination of Tom Robinson , but it is hinted at that he is in fact going easy on Tom . He and Atticus are not rivals and talk to each other during recesses during the case . Dr. Reynolds ( edit ) Dr. Reynolds is the Maycomb doctor . He is well known to Scout and Jem . Scout says that he `` had brought Jem and me into the world , had led us through every childhood disease known to man including the time Jem fell out of the tree house , and he had never lost our friendship . Dr. Reynolds said that if we were boil - prone things would have been different ... '' . He inspects Jem 's broken arm and Scout 's minor bruises after the attack from Bob Ewell under the tree . Dolphus Raymond ( edit ) Dolphus Raymond is a white landowner who is jaded by the hypocrisy of the white society and prefers to live among black folks . In fact , he has children with a black woman . Dolphus pretends he is an alcoholic so that the people of Maycomb will have an excuse for his behavior , but in fact he only drinks Coca Cola out of a paper bag to try to hide it . When Dill and Scout discover that he is not a drunk , they are amazed . He shows Scout how sometimes you can pretend to be someone you 're not so people will be more understanding of you . Link Deas ( edit ) Link Deas owns cotton fields and a store in Maycomb who employs Tom and later Helen because she does not get accepted by any other employers in the county due to Tom Robinson 's legal troubles . He announces to the court ( in defense of Tom ) at one point in the trial that he had n't `` had a speck o ' trouble outta him '' in the eight years Tom had been working for him , and gets sent out by Judge John Taylor for doing so . When Bob Ewell starts threatening Helen after the trial , Mr. Deas fiercely defends her and threatens to have Mr. Ewell arrested if he keeps bothering her . He is on Tom Robinson 's side during the trial and remains loyal to the family afterward . Miss Caroline Fisher ( edit ) Miss Caroline Fisher is Scout 's first grade teacher and is new to Maycomb , Alabama and its ways . She attempts to teach the first grade class using a new system which she learned from taking certain college courses ( Jem mistakenly refers to it as the `` Dewey Decimal System '' , which is really how library books are organized . ) . She is upset by Scout 's advanced reading capabilities and believes that Scout is receiving lessons from Atticus . She feels as though Scout is trying to outsmart and mock her . In an effort to standardize the class , she forbids Scout from reading with her father . Atticus asks Scout to step into Miss Caroline 's skin . However , he continues to allow Scout to read with him at night so long as she continues to go to school . Miss Caroline has good intentions but proves quite incompetent as a teacher . When Scout tells Miss Fisher that she shamed a student ( Walter Cunningham , Jr . ) by giving him lunch money , she raps Scout 's palms with a ruler ( a punishment unheard of in Maycomb ) . She is also very sensitive and gets emotionally hurt quite easily , as seen when she cries after Burris Ewell yells at her , `` Report and be damned to ye ! Ai n't no snot - nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin ' ! You ai n't makin ' me go nowhere , missus . You just remember that , you ai n't makin ' me go nowhere ! '' After the Burris Ewell incident , Miss Caroline is seldom seen and soon forgotten . Reverend Sykes ( edit ) Reverend Sykes is the reverend of the First Purchase M.E. African Church in Maycomb County , where most if not all of the African - American characters go to church . Reverend Sykes forces the congregation to donate 10 dollars for Tom Robinson 's family since at the time , Tom 's wife , Helen , was having trouble finding work . During the trial , when the courtroom was too packed for the children to find seats , Reverend Sykes lets the kids sit with him up in the colored balcony and even saves their seats for them . Miss Stephanie Crawford ( edit ) Stephanie Crawford is the neighborhood gossip who claimed that she saw Boo Radley from her bedroom standing outside of her cleaned window one night . Crawford is one of the first on the scene after a loud gunshot is heard behind the Radley house . Because she is the neighborhood gossip , it is unwise to think of anything that she says as true , because most of the time it is not true at all . She is a friend of Alexandra Hancock . She lets Miss Maudie live with her when Miss Maudie 's house burns down , supposedly in order to steal Miss Maudie 's Lane cake recipe . She is thrilled to pass on gossip to the kids about Boo Radley . She claimed to have witnessed Bob Ewell 's threatening Atticus at the Post Office corner as she was returning from the local Jitney Jungle grocery store . In the film , she takes the place of Rachel Haverford and is now Dill 's aunt . Miss Rachel Haverford ( edit ) Miss Rachel Haverford is Dill 's aunt and the Finches ' next door neighbor . She drank neat whiskey heavily after seeing a rattlesnake coiled in her closet , on her washing , when she hung her negligee up . Even though she can be very hard to deal with , she truly does love her nephew . Her family name , in the legends of Maycomb County , is synonymous with jackass . She is also a Southern Belle . In the film , she is not a character and Miss Stephanie takes her place as Dill 's aunt . Helen Robinson ( edit ) Helen Robinson is the wife of Tom Robinson . She is spoken about a few times . She has three children . Employed by Link Deas following the death of her husband , she is repeatedly harassed by Bob Ewell when traveling to work . Upon learning of this , Deas threatens Ewell , forcing him to stop . She is an example of how one person 's actions can have an effect on a lot of people and she elucidates the hardships that surround the Tom Robinson case . Nathan Radley ( edit ) Nathan Radley is the brother of Arthur `` Boo '' Radley and another difficult character to understand in To Kill a Mockingbird . When the children try to catch a view of `` Boo '' late one night through a window , he shoots over their heads with a shotgun ( albeit thinking he was aiming at a black person ) . Nathan also cements up the knothole in which Arthur leaves little gifts for the children . On the other hand , he helps Miss Maudie by saving some of her belongings when her house is on fire . He is more present than his brother , but equally mysterious . Jessie ( edit ) Jessie is Mrs. Dubose 's black nurse . She is the woman who shoos the children out when Mrs. Dubose has her fits , and she seems to care enormously for Mrs. Dubose . When Jem is forced to stay reading to Mrs. Dubose , Jessie kindly leads Jem and Scout to the door when Mrs. Dubose 's alarm goes off . The rumors about Mrs. Dubose concealing a gun about her person involves Jessie ; the book says `` and even if Mrs. Dubose missed , her girl Jessie would n't '' . Burris Ewell ( edit ) Burris Ewell is a son of Bob Ewell and a younger sibling of Mayella Ewell as well as the first antagonist of the novel . Burris is described as being chiefly antagonistic of Little Chuck Little and his teacher Miss Caroline Fisher . He comes to the first day of school , but departs just as everyone else in his family does . Burris is also poor . He has live lice in his hair . Burris also scared his teacher Caroline Fisher . He behaves rudely when she tells him to go home , wash his hair , and come back clean the next day . He refuses , and a student explains to Miss Caroline that Ewell children do n't attend school . All they do is show up for the first day , get marked down on the register , and then they miss the entire school year until the first day of the next year . His famous quote was , `` Report and be damned to ye ! Ai n't no snot - nosed slut of a schoolteacher ever born c'n make me do nothin ' ! You ai n't makin ' me go nowhere , missus . You just remember that , you ai n't makin ' me go nowhere ! '' As of Scout 's first year of school ( the first grade ) , Burris has repeated the first grade three times . Burris is also like his father and is very belligerent . Lula ( edit ) Lula is an African - American woman with a dislike for white people . She does n't like the idea of Calpurnia bringing Atticus Finch 's children , Jem and Scout , with her to church and tells her so but is overruled by the other congregants . According to James Zeebo , Calpurnia 's son , Lula 's said to be , `` a troublemaker from way back , with fancy ideas and haughty ways . '' She 's threatened with being `` churched '' ( subjected to church discipline ) by Reverend Sykes . Mrs. Grace Merriweather ( edit ) Mrs. Grace Merriweather is the producer of the play in which Scout plays as a ham . She tells Everett that `` the ladies of the South Maycomb Alabama Methodist Episcopal Church are behind him one hundred percent . '' She is mostly known for her devotion to the church and is widely held as the most devout lady in Maycomb ; however , like many of her peers , she is very hypocritical and loves to gossip with all the other women . Walter Cunningham , Jr. ( edit ) Walter Cunningham , Jr. is a child who is almost as old as Jem but is in Scout 's class . He lives on a farm . He is too poor to even pay off a 25 - cent debt because the Great Depression hit his poor family hard . He does n't take money because his family ca n't pay people back in cash . His father paid Atticus for his service for something a while back with some goods . Walter is invited over to the Finches ' house once , after engaging in a fight with Scout , where he covers up all of his dinner with molasses , much to Scout 's vocal dismay . This teaches Scout a lesson in humility and compassion . Walter Cunningham , Sr. ( edit ) Walter Cunningham , Sr. is Walter Cunningham Jr. 's father . He appears only twice , once at the beginning of the story when he has to pay off the debt to Atticus ( Walter Cunningham Sr. was his client ) by giving him firewood , vegetables and other supplies . He also leads the mob that comes to lynch Tom Robinson the night before the trial . Only when Scout talks to him about his son and how much he owes to Atticus does he reconsider and call off the mob . Scout innocently shames him because Scout reminds him of all the things that Atticus has done for him and for Maycomb County . After the verdict is given in the trial , Atticus tells Jem that one of the Cunninghams had changed his thoughts about Tom and pleaded that Tom was not guilty to the jury . Little Chuck Little ( edit ) Little Chuck Little is a student in Scout 's first - grade class who has the mindset of an adult . His real name is Charles . He is depicted as chiefly antagonistic of Burris Ewell . He is presented in the novel when Miss Caroline is frightened by Burris ' lice . He warned Miss Caroline that if Burris was n't released from class , he might try something that would put their classmates at risk . When Burris starts advancing on Little Chuck after his warning / veiled insult , Little Chuck 's hand moved to his pocket ( implying that he was going to pull out a knife ) while saying , `` Watch your step , Burris . I 'd soon 's kill you as look at you . Now go home . '' Scared by Little Chuck 's bravery and his implied knife , Burris retreats . From this we see , through the narrative view of Scout , his gentlemanly attitude and how it calms Miss Caroline down . Little Chuck may be even more intelligent than originally meets the eye , as he easily could have been bluffing about the aforementioned implied knife to scare Burris into retreating . Mr. Dick Avery ( edit ) Mr. Dick Avery is an overweight neighbor who tells Jem and Scout that dramatic changes in the weather are caused by disobedient and misbehaving children . After it snows , they build a snowman that resembles him . Mr. Avery can also be seen in the story pushing a mattress out of a window when Miss Maudie 's house catches fire . The kids , including Jem and Scout , always waited for him to do something interesting . For instance , Jem claims that one night he urinated from his front porch in an impressive arc . Miss Gates ( edit ) Miss Gates is a third grade teacher at Scout 's school who insists that America is n't prejudiced like Hitler 's Germany . Despite this , Scout has heard her say that the blacks need to be taught a lesson after Tom 's trial . Eula May ( edit ) Eula May is Maycomb 's most prominent telephone operator . She sends out public announcements , invitations , and activates the fire alarm . She announced the closing of schools when it snowed and announced the rabid dog that entered Maycomb . Also , Eula May knows everybody in the town because of her unique job . Cecil Jacobs ( edit ) Cecil Jacobs teases Scout and Jem at school . Scout almost gets into a fight with Cecil over the trial of Tom Robinson . Scout beats up Cecil Jacobs because he says Atticus is a `` Nigger Lover . '' He gives a current event on Adolf Hitler and later frightens Scout and Jem on their way to the Halloween pageant . He and Scout then pair up at the carnival . At the Halloween pageant afterwards , Cecil was a cow . He hints that black people are not as good as white people while talking about Hitler during current events . He also tends to take jokes too far . However importantly he shows how prejudice is passed on from parent to child . Tim Johnson ( edit ) Tim Johnson is a dog belonging to Harry Johnson ( a character in the book who is mentioned once but is never seen ) . He is infected by rabies in chapter 10 and goes mad , putting everyone in the town at risk . Atticus is forced to shoot Tim Johnson before he reaches the Radley House or attacks anyone . When Atticus shoots the dog , his excellent marksmanship is revealed to Scout and Jem ( his nickname used to be One - Shot Finch ) . The dog 's body is collected by Zeebo . Simon Finch ( edit ) Simon Finch is the founder of Finch 's Landing . He is referred to in the first chapter of the book , being a direct ancestor of Atticus . He is a Cornish Methodist , and emigrated from England to avoid religious persecution , landing in Philadelphia before settling in Alabama . He was married , with one son , eight daughters . He is also an apothecary . Maxwell Green ( edit ) Maxwell Green is the new lawyer in town . He is normally the judicially - assigned defense attorney but Judge Taylor assigned Tom Robinson 's case to Atticus to give Tom Robinson a better chance . Mr. X Billups ( edit ) Mr. X Billups who is seen only once in the book , going to the trial , is described as a `` funny man '' . X is his name , and not his initial . He was asked repeated times what his name was until he signed it . X was the name he had been given when he was born because his parents marked his birth certificate with an X instead of a name . The Barber sisters ( Miss `` Tutti '' and Miss `` Frutti '' ) ( edit ) The Barber Sisters ( Miss Sarah , nicknamed `` Tutti '' and Miss Frances , nicknamed `` Frutti '' ) are maiden sisters who live in the only house in Maycomb with a cellar . They were originally from Clanton , Alabama ; and are rumored to be Republicans . Besides their Yankee ways , both sisters are deaf ( Tutti completely deaf ; Frutti uses an ear trumpet ) , and had a Halloween prank pulled on them by some `` wicked '' schoolchildren ( Scout claims she was not included ) who put all of their furniture in their cellar . Mrs. gertrude Farrow ( edit ) Mrs. Farrow is a lady in the missionary society who visits the Finch house occasionally . Mr. Conner ( edit ) Mr. Conner is mentioned early on in the book . He was locked in an outhouse by `` Boo '' Radley and his friends . After taking the teenagers to court , Mr. Conner accused them of `` disorderly conduct , disturbing the peace , assault and battery , and using abusive and profane language in the presence and hearing of a female . '' He added the last charge after claiming that the teens had `` cussed so loud he was sure every lady in Maycomb heard them . '' Zeebo ( edit ) Calpurnia 's eldest son , Zeebo , was taught how to read by Calpurnia . Zeebo is one of just four people in First Purchase Church who can read , so he is the vocal leader , leading hymns in their church by `` lining '' -- reading a line of verse and having the congregation repeat it . He is also the garbage man of Maycomb , and took away the dead rabid dog , Tim Johnson . When Lula , a fellow church member tries to make Scout and Jem feel bad for attending church with Calpurnia , Zeebo welcomes them with open arms . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools '' , Renaissance Learning , Inc. , 2008 . Retrieved on July 11 , 2008 . See also `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools Archived 2012 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Renaissance Learning , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved on May 1 , 2011 . where To Kill a Mockingbird appears at number 2 . Jump up ^ `` To Kill A Mockingbird Guide at studentshare.net ; Release Year : 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Edmond Public Schools - Edmond Public Schools '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Minzesheimer , Bob ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` ' Kansas ' imagines Truman Capote - Harper Lee rift '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Radley ( Boo ) in To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Jump up ^ Lee , Harper ( 1960 ) . To Kill a Mockingbird . United States of America : Warner Books . p. 81 . Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) Characters Atticus Finch Film To Kill a Mockingbird Play To Kill a Mockingbird Prequel Go Set a Watchman Other To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture Broken Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_characters&oldid=853434650 '' Categories : To Kill a Mockingbird Fictional characters from Alabama Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 19 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is miss crawford in to kill a mockingbird
[ "Stephanie Crawford is the neighborhood gossip who claimed that she saw Boo Radley from her bedroom standing outside of her cleaned window one night. Crawford is one of the first on the scene after a loud gunshot is heard behind the Radley house. Because she is the neighborhood gossip, it is unwise to think of anything that she says as true, because most of the time it is not true at all. She is a friend of Alexandra Hancock. She lets Miss Maudie live with her when Miss Maudie's house burns down, supposedly in order to steal Miss Maudie's Lane cake recipe. She is thrilled to pass on gossip to the kids about Boo Radley. She claimed to have witnessed Bob Ewell's threatening Atticus at the Post Office corner as she was returning from the local Jitney Jungle grocery store.\n" ]
[ "the neighborhood gossip" ]
7385168262418655060
Ex on the Beach (series 7)
Ex on the beach ( series 7 ) - wikipedia Ex on the beach ( series 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Ex on the Beach Series 7 Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 10 Release Original network MTV Original release 20 June -- 22 August 2017 Season chronology ← Previous Series 6 Next → Series 8 The seventh series of Ex on the Beach , a British television programme is expected to begin on 20 June 2017 on MTV . The series was confirmed on 26 February 2017 . The group of cast for this series include Geordie Shore stars Chloe Ferry and Marty McKenna , Love Island contestants Max Morley and Josh Ritchie , as well as Beauty School Cop Outs cast member Savannah Kemplay . Star of series five David Hawley also featured in this series . Marty and Josh had also previously appeared in the third and sixth series of the show respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Duration of cast 1.1. 1 Notes 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) The official list of cast members were released on 23 May 2017 . They include four boys ; Dean Ralph , Jordan Wright , Marty McKenna and Max Morley , and four girls : Che McSorley , Fatima Rull , Nicole Dutt and Savannah Kemplay . Marty has previously appeared in the third series of the show as well as featuring as a cast member on Geordie Shore , whereas Max won the first series of Love Island . Savannah also previously appeared in Beauty School Cop Outs . With the announcement of the line - up it was also confirmed that Marty 's fellow Geordie Shore star Chloe Ferry would be arriving on the beach as an ex as well as Josh Ritchie , who is returning from the sixth series of the show . He also appeared alongside Max on Love Island . Star of the fifth series David Hawley will also be returning to the series . All original cast members arrived at the beach during the first episode and were immediately told to prepare for the arrival of their exes. Lee Moran became the first ex to turn up on the beach looking to get revenge on his ex-girlfriend Che , whilst Geordie Shore s Chloe Ferry also arrived as the ex-girlfriend of Marty hoping to win him back . Nicole was removed from the villa during the second episode after a violent altercation with Fatima , just missing out on Brad 's arrival , her ex-boyfriend who also arrived during this episode . The third episode featured the debut of Georgia Crone , the ex-girlfriend of Max who arrived with a score to settle . Stevie Colley was the fifth ex to arrive , making her debut in episode five . She was the ex-girlfriend of Dean , who arrived wanting to potentially rekindle things . The fifth episode included the arrival of Chloe 's ex-boyfriend Sam Scott . Che 's twin sister Leonie McSorley also debuted during this episode despite not having an ex in the villa . During the sixth episode , Sydney Longmuir became the next human wrecking ball to arrive on the beach . She arrived as Jordan 's ex-girlfriend wanting painful revenge . Georgia 's next ex-boyfriend John Speed turned up during the seventh episode in a bid to win her back , and Brad was sent home after the Tablet of Terror gave her the option to send one of the boys home . Star of series 5 , David Hawley returned to the beach during the eighth episode as the ex-boyfriend of Fatima , whilst Marty was given the option to send one couple home . He chose Jordan and Sydney . Sam Reece made his debut during the ninth episode where he arrived determined to get revenge on his ex-one night stand Georgia . The final ex to enter the villa was Love Island contestant and star of series 6 , Josh Ritchie , the ex of both Che and Georgia . The Tablet of Terror also delivered its final blow to the cast , forcing Georgia to send one boy back into the sea . She chose Sam Reece . Bold indicates original cast member ; all other cast were brought into the series as an ex . Episodes Name Age ( at start of series ) Hometown Exes 10 Che McSorley 19 Aberdeen Josh Ritchie , Lee Moran 10 Dean Ralph 28 London Stevie Coiley 10 Fatima Rull 25 Manchester David Hawley 8 Jordan Wright 24 Essex Sydney Longmuir 10 Marty McKenna 22 Newcastle Chloe Ferry 10 Max Morley 24 Huddersfield Georgia Crone Nicole Dutt 21 Birmingham Brad Hayward 6 Savannah Kemplay 23 Leeds N / A 10 Lee Moran 24 Dublin Che McSorley 10 Chloe Ferry 21 Newcastle Marty McKenna , Sam Scott 6 Brad Hayward 25 Birmingham Nicole Dutt 8 Georgia Crone 21 Liverpool John Speed , Josh Ritchie , Max Morley , Sam Reece 7 Stevie Coiley 20 Brighton Dean Ralph 6 Sam Scott 22 Northampton Chloe Ferry 6 Leonie McSorley 19 Aberdeen N / A Sydney Longmuir 20 Essex Jordan Wright John Speed 25 Liverpool Georgia Crone David Hawley 26 Newcastle Fatima Rull Sam Reece 24 Sheffield Georgia Crone Josh Ritchie 22 Bolton Che McSorley , Georgia Crone Duration of cast ( edit ) Cast members Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 Che Dean Fatima Jordan Marty Max Nicole Savannah Lee Chloe Brad Georgia Stevie Sam S Leonie Sydney Hawley Sam R Josh Notes ( edit ) Key : = `` Cast member '' is featured in this episode . Key : = `` Cast member '' arrives on the beach . Key : = `` Cast member '' has an ex arrive on the beach . Key : = `` Cast member '' arrives on the beach and has an ex arrive during the same episode . Key : = `` Cast member '' leaves the beach . Key : = `` Cast member '' has an ex arrive on the beach and leaves during the same episode . Key : = `` Cast member '' arrives on the beach and leaves during the same episode . Key : = `` Cast member '' does not feature in this episode . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Ex on the Beach episodes No. in series No. in season Title Original air date Duration UK viewers 55 `` Episode 1 '' 20 June 2017 ( 20 June 2017 ) 60 minutes 606,000 A new set of singles arrive on the beach but are instantly thrown into a spin when they discover that the arrival of one of their exes is imminent . Marty and Fatima fall head over heels for each other , whilst Dean and Savannah grow increasingly closer . Che is left broken when her ex-boyfriend Lee turns up for revenge , and her day goes from bad to worse when she clashes with Dean over her past . Nicole and Fatima come to blows , and Dean is torn over whether to pursue Savannah or Che . Elsewhere , Fatima is pushed aside when Marty 's ex-girlfriend Chloe arrives on the beach . 56 `` Episode 2 '' 27 June 2017 ( 27 June 2017 ) 60 minutes 549,000 Chloe is devastated to learn that Marty has been getting with Fatima in the villa , but he soon puts an end to it . Nicole unleashes her anger out on Fatima , but one fight too many leaves security no choice but to remove her from the villa . Brad arrives as Nicole 's ex shocked to hear about her behaviour , and Jordan stirs the pot between Dean , Che and Savannah . After being honest about her feelings towards Marty , Chloe is left in a state of shock when he catches him kissing Savannah -- but she plays him at his own games by hopping into bed with Jordan . 57 `` Episode 3 '' 4 July 2017 ( 4 July 2017 ) 60 minutes 532,000 Chloe begins to regret using Jordan to make Marty jealous as it only draws him closer to Savannah . Max is overcome with emotions when his ex-girlfriend Georgia shows up on the beach with a score to settle . As Georgia 's story falls apart , everybody except Dean turns against her . Savannah agrees to keep her brief fling with Marty a secret , but it 's Chloe who he ends up running back to . Max is on edge when he fears Dean is going to snatch Georgia from his grasp , and tension boils once again between Chloe and Marty . 58 `` Episode 4 '' 11 July 2017 ( 11 July 2017 ) 60 minutes 584,000 Che finally makes up her mind and decides to pursue Dean , only to receive a further setback when his ex-girlfriend Stevie arrives potentially wanting to rekindle things . Georgia 's insecurities put a spanner in the works for her and Max as she fears Stevie may be taking his attention , whilst Dean considers going back with his ex -- but is left shocked when she kisses Jordan instead . Marty continues to kiss Savannah in secret knowing things will blow up if Chloe finds out . Elsewhere Dean and Che finally seal the deal . 59 5 `` Episode 5 '' 18 July 2017 ( 18 July 2017 ) 60 minutes 489,000 The love triangle between Dean , Che and Stevie continues but after it all ends in tears , the girls decide to team up against him . The arrival of Chloe 's ex-boyfriend Sam S causes Marty to erupt when the pair come face - to - face for the first time . Not long after kissing Max , Georgia is caught kissing Lee causing the former couple to come to blows . Che is delighted when her twin sister turns up at the villa , whilst Marty unleashes further angry when he discovers Sam S and Chloe have had a fall - out . Elsewhere Savannah is left red faced when her secret passion with Marty is revealed . 60 6 `` Episode 6 '' 25 July 2017 ( 25 July 2017 ) 60 minutes 565,000 After agreeing to give things another go with Sam S , Chloe is forced into a difficult conversation with Marty . Jordan is delighted when his ex-girlfriend Sydney arrives on the beach , but she 's only got revenge on her mind . Stevie is granted with the power to send somebody home and opts with Savannah . Chloe and Sam S 's turbulent relationship hits the rocks again when she feels he 's not giving her any attention , whilst Brad and Georgia grow closer . Elsewhere Sydney finally gives into temptation and agrees to give Jordan a second chance . 61 7 `` Episode 7 '' 1 August 2017 ( 1 August 2017 ) 60 minutes 516,000 Max is torn between Leonie and Stevie , but it 's Leonie who he 's sent on a date with . Georgia assures Brad that she will stick with him even if her ex arrives on the beach , but she 's immediately tested when her ex-boyfriend John shows up . Stevie wastes no time in telling John what Georgia has been up to , and Leonie and Max grow even closer . Elsewhere Georgia drops Brad after deciding to get back with John , and she 's forced to send one of them home after the Tablet of Terror dishes out another devilish twist . But just before Brad is sent packing , he unleashes his fury towards John . 62 8 `` Episode 8 '' 8 August 2017 ( 8 August 2017 ) 60 minutes 469,000 Georgia and John 's turbulent relationship is the talk of the villa , whilst Fatima is thrilled to see her ex-boyfriend Hawley arrive on the villa . Hawley takes an instant liking to Stevie , which rubs Dean up the wrong way . After spending the night with Hawley , Stevie is left red faced when he kisses Fatima on a date . Sam S walks in on an intimate moment between Chloe and Marty , and the Tablet of Terror 's latest twist spells bad news for Jordan and Sydney as the pair of them are sent packing . Elsewhere Hawley chooses Stevie , much to the annoyance of Fatima . 63 9 `` Episode 9 '' 15 August 2017 ( 15 August 2017 ) 60 minutes 414,000 Leonie 's feelings for Max grow but she 's unaware that he 's only in it for the fun . Marty and Sam S continue to bicker over Chloe , whilst Georgia is rocked by the arrival of the next ex . Sam R 's shows up determined to get revenge on Georgia , but it 's John who he clashes with as he sticks up for his girlfriend . Che and Leonie come to blows as they compete for the men in the villa , but despite being rejected twice by Max , Leonie still ends up in bed with him . Elsewhere Chloe loses her temper when Sam S refuses to have sex with her , and John and Georgia 's relationship is tested . 64 10 `` Episode 10 '' 22 August 2017 ( 22 August 2017 ) 60 minutes TBA Already anxious of the amount of Georgia 's exes living in the villa , John is hit with further disappointment when Josh arrives hoping to win her back . Sam R is sent packing when the Tablet of Terror delivers one final blow to the cast , Che wastes no time in stirring the pot between John and Georgia , whilst Chloe and Marty take a trip down memory lane . As Josh and Georgia enter the villa hand in hand , the villa explodes when they jump to John 's defence . Sam S finally gives into temptation with Chloe , but is left red faced when he later catches her with Marty . Ratings ( edit ) Episode Date Official MTV rating MTV weekly rank Official MTV + 1 rating Total MTV viewers Episode 1 20 June 2017 576,000 30,000 606,000 Episode 2 27 June 2017 519,000 30,000 549,000 Episode 3 4 July 2017 518,000 14,000 532,000 Episode 4 11 July 2017 573,000 11,000 584,000 Episode 5 18 July 2017 468,000 21,000 489,000 Episode 6 25 July 2017 544,000 21,000 565,000 Episode 7 1 August 2017 495,000 21,000 516,000 Episode 8 8 August 2017 454,000 15,000 469,000 Episode 9 15 August 2017 Episode 10 22 August 2017 406,000 8,000 414,000 Average viewers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MTV Ex On The Beach '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy McConnell to star Ex On The Beach ... ' with Stephanie Davis ' ex Sam Reece ' '' . 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ex On The Beach 5 Cast Announced : Gary Beadle Will Cry After Emotional Reunion With Lillie Lexie Gregg , Jemma Lucy Has ' Unfinished Business ' - MTV UK '' . Jump up ^ Kerry , Ellen . `` Ex On The Beach , Series 3 cast : Kirk Norcross , Vicky Pattison plus all the other sexy singles ! '' . Heat . Jump up ^ `` The FULL line - up for Ex On The Beach is revealed ... and it features familiar faces from Towie , Love Island and Geordie Shore '' . 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ex On The Beach Series 7 Cast Tease Major Shock As Start Date And Line - Up Confirmed - EXCLUSIVE - MTV UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Meet Lee Moran , the new Ex On the Beach star who has dated Che McSorley '' . 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's all you need to know about outrageous Newcastle lass Chloe Ferry '' . 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Chloe Khan 's mate Georgie Crone , the model who 's joined Ex On The Beach '' . 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Programmes '' . BARB . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . ( hide ) Ex on the Beach Episodes Cast Series Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5 Series 6 Series 7 External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ex_on_the_Beach_(series_7)&oldid=800636266 '' Categories : 2017 British television seasons Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 Use British English from September 2015 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 19 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does season 7 ex on the beach start
[ "The seventh series of Ex on the Beach, a British television programme is expected to begin on 20 June 2017 on MTV.[1] The series was confirmed on 26 February 2017.[2] The group of cast for this series include Geordie Shore stars Chloe Ferry and Marty McKenna, Love Island contestants Max Morley and Josh Ritchie, as well as Beauty School Cop Outs cast member Savannah Kemplay. Star of series five David Hawley also featured in this series.[3] Marty and Josh had also previously appeared in the third and sixth series of the show respectively.[4][5]" ]
[ "20 June 2017" ]
5591915980996609512
Port and starboard
Port and starboard - wikipedia Port and starboard Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Image from the Bayeux Tapestry showing a longship with a steering oar on the starboard side Diagram showing the right of way law at sea . The sailor on the purple ship who sees another ship ( yellow ) at starboard must turn to port . Port and starboard are nautical and aeronautical terms for left and right , respectively . Port is the left - hand side of a vessel or aircraft , facing forward . Starboard is the right - hand side , facing forward . Since port and starboard never change , they are unambiguous references that are not relative to the observer . The term starboard derives from the Old English steorbord , meaning the side on which the ship is steered . Before ships had rudders on their centrelines , they were steered with a steering oar at the stern of the ship and , because more people are right - handed , on the right - hand side of it . The term is cognate with the Old Norse stýri ( rudder ) and borð ( side of a ship ) . Since the steering oar was on the right side of the boat , it would tie up at wharf on the other side . Hence the left side was called port . Formerly , larboard was used instead of port . This is from Middle - English ladebord and the term lade is related to the modern load . Larboard sounds similar to starboard and in 1844 the Royal Navy ordered that port be used instead . The United States Navy followed suit in 1846 . Larboard continued to be used well into the 1850s by whalers . In Old English the word was bæcbord , of which cognates are used in other European languages , for example as the present Dutch bakboord , the German backbord and the French term bâbord ( derived in turn from Middle Dutch ) . The navigational treaty convention , the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea -- for instance , as appears in the Merchant Shipping ( Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions ) Regulations of 1996 ( and comparable US documents from the US Coast Guard ) , -- sets forth the rights of way for maritime vessels , whether by sail or powered , and whether a vessel is overtaking , approaching head - on , or crossing . To set forth these navigational rules , the terms starboard and port are absolutely essential , and to aid in in situ decision - making , the two sides of each vessel are marked , dusk to dawn , by navigation lights , the vessel 's starboard side by green and its port side by red . Aircraft are lit in the same way . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grape , Wolfgang ( 1994 ) . The Bayeux Tapestry : Monument to a Norman Triumph . Art and Design Series . Munich , DEU : Prestel . p. 95 . ISBN 3791313657 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NOS Staff ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Why Do Ships use `` Port '' and `` Starboard '' Instead of `` Left '' and `` Right ? '' `` . NOAA National Ocean Service ( NOS ) Ocean Facts . Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Commerce , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 -- via OceanService.NOAA.gov . ^ Jump up to : RMG Staff ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Port and Starboard : Why do Sailors say ' Port ' and ' Starboard ' , for `` Left '' and `` Right ? '' `` . Discover : Explore by Theme . Greenwich , ENG : Royal Museums Greenwich . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 -- via RMG.co.uk . Jump up ^ Norie , John William ; Hobbs , J.S. ( 1847 ) ( 1840 ) . Sailing directions for the Bay of Biscay , including the coasts of France and Spain , from Ushant to Cape Finisterre ( `` A new ed. , rev. and considerably improved '' ed . ) . C. Wilson . p. 1 . OCLC 41208722 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . An order , recently issued by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty , states , that in order to prevent mistakes , which frequently occur from the similarity of the words starboard and larboard , in future , the word port is to be substituted for larboard , in all Her Majesty 's ships or vessels . Jump up ^ George Bancroft ( February 18 , 1846 ) . `` Port and Starboard : General Order , 18 February 1846 '' . General Orders . Washington , DC : US Navy , Naval History and Heritage Command ( NHHC ) . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 -- via History.Navy.mil . ^ Jump up to : MCA Staff ( 2004 ) ( 1996 ) . The Merchant Shipping ( Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions ) Regulations 1996 ( PDF ) . Southampton , ENG : Crown Department of Transport , Maritime and Coastguard Agency ( MCA ) . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Parts of a sailing ship Aftercastle Afterdeck Anchor Anchor windlass Beakhead Bilge Bilgeboard Boom brake Bow Bowsprit Capstan Cathead Centreboard Chains Cockpit Crow 's nest Daggerboard Deck Figurehead Forecastle Gangway Gunwale Head Hull Jackline Jibboom Keel Keel ( Canting ) Kelson Leeboard Mast Orlop deck Poop deck Prow Quarter gallery Quarterdeck Rudder Ship 's wheel Skeg Stem Stern Sternpost Strake Taffrail Tiller Top Transom Whipstaff Winch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_and_starboard&oldid=791911715 '' Categories : Nautical terminology Orientation ( geometry ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Deutsch Español 한국어 Íslenska עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2017 , at 07 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what side of the boat is the starboard side
[ "Port and starboard are nautical and aeronautical terms for left and right, respectively. Port is the left-hand side of a vessel or aircraft, facing forward. Starboard is the right-hand side, facing forward. Since port and starboard never change, they are unambiguous references that are not relative to the observer.[2][3]" ]
[ "the right-hand side, facing forward" ]
865389890288237963
The Last Song (novel)
The Last Song ( novel ) - wikipedia The Last Song ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search The Last Song Hardback cover of The Last Song Author Nicholas Sparks Country United States Language English Series Last song Genre Romance , Tragedy Publisher Grand Central Publishing Publication date September 1 , 2009 Media type Print ( Hardcover , Paperback ) Pages 405 pages ( including the prologue and epilogue ) ISBN 0 - 446 - 54756 - 5 OCLC 405107195 The Last Song is a 2009 novel by American author Nicholas Sparks . The Last Song is Sparks ' fourteenth published novel ( fifteenth published book ) , and was written specifically as the basis for the film adaptation by the same name . It was released on September 1 , 2009 by Grand Central Publishing . The story revolves around the summer of Ronnie ( Veronica ) Miller 's seventeenth year , during which she is sent to stay with her estranged father . Through their shared love of music , the duo reconnect . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Release 3 Film adaptation 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) 17 - year - old Veronica `` Ronnie '' Miller is a troubled teenager who is wanting to live her own life and is trying her very best to ignore her divorced parents : Kim , her mother with whom she lives in New York , and Steve , her father who lives in his hometown of Wrightsville Beach , NC . Her mother decides that it would be in everyone 's best interest if Ronnie and her 10 - year - old brother , Jonah , spent the summer in Wrightsville Beach with Steve . Jonah is excited , while Ronnie can only wonder why her parents hate her so much as to send her there for the summer . Once they arrive , Kim leaves and Ronnie runs off to the carnival down at the beach , where she watches a volleyball game in the crowd . As she turns to leave , one of the players , the privileged Will Blakelee , knocks into her while trying to reach the ball , spilling her soda all through the front of her shirt . In search of a stand selling apparel , Ronnie bumps into Blaze , an estranged teenager like herself , Blaze helps her find a T - shirt booth and they leave to watch a show by Marcus , Blaze 's boyfriend , on the pier . The show includes `` harmless '' fireballs , and when it 's over , the police runs Marcus off . They go to sit under the pier , where Blaze heads off to get Marcus another beer . In Blaze 's absence , Marcus attempts to hit on Ronnie , causing her to leave . Later , when Ronnie finds a nest of Loggerhead turtle eggs in danger of racoons behind her house , she decides to camp out next to it to save it . She learns that Will volunteers at the aquarium , and after a few nights of talking with him on the beach , she realizes she has feelings for him . Ronnie then finds out that her dad has cancer . As his cancer progresses , she , Jonah , and Will finish the window while Ronnie also finishes her dad 's song for him on the piano . Pastor Harris , Steve 's friend , then installs the window in the new church . Kim arrives to say goodbye to Steve one last time and take Jonah home . Ronnie stays with Steve . Will had left in August to go to Vanderbilt ; however , he shows up at the funeral once Steve has passed . He leaves again for school and Ronnie returns to New York . While at Juilliard , auditioning for a spot , Will shows up to surprise her ; he reveals that he 's decided to go to Columbia to be closer to her . Release ( edit ) A book tour for The Last Song was announced on July 11 , 2009 and reached around 13 cities . Despite the relatively short tour , The Last Song debuted at number one on weekly bestseller charts . It headed the Publishers Weekly and New York Times charts for hardback fiction and the Wall Street Journal chart for fiction . According to USA Today 's chart , which combines sales of all formats of a book , The Last Song outsold all other titles in its first week . The book dropped to number 2 on all lists the following week , due to the release of Dan Brown 's highly anticipated The Lost Symbol , the sequel to The Da Vinci Code . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The Last Song ( film ) The film version of The Last Song was released in the U.S. on March 31 , 2010 , Unlike previous adaptations of Sparks ' novels , Sparks participated in writing the film 's screenplay ; after agreeing to the project , Sparks invited his college roommate Jeff Van Wie to co-write the script . With Van Wie 's help , Sparks finished the screenplay before he began writing the novel . The Last Song is director Julie Anne Robinson 's first feature film . The film stars Miley Cyrus as Ronnie , along with Greg Kinnear as Steve , Liam Hemsworth as Will Blakelee , Kelly Preston as Kim , and Bobby Coleman as Jonah . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Nicholas Sparks interview '' . Sun Journal . 2009 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer ( 2009 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Hardcover Fiction '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Donahue , Deirdre ; Wilson , Craig ; Minzesheimer , Bob ( 2009 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Book Buzz : What 's new on the list and in publishing '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer ( 2009 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Hardcover Fiction '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Rich , Motoko ( 2009 - 09 - 22 ) . `` In Debut Week , ' Lost Symbol ' Sells More Than 2 Million Copies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Song '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Everyone Needs Forgiveness ' Movies & TV '' . Christianity Today . 2010 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 29 . External links ( edit ) The Last Song on Nicholas Sparks ' website Prologue of The Last Song published by Amazon.com Prologue and first four chapters of The Last Song published by Hachette Book Group High quality book cover hosted by Hachette Book Group ( hide ) Nicholas Sparks Novels The Notebook ( 1996 ) Message in a Bottle ( 1998 ) A Walk to Remember ( 1999 ) The Rescue ( 2000 ) A Bend in the Road ( 2001 ) Nights in Rodanthe ( 2002 ) The Guardian ( 2003 ) The Wedding ( 2003 ) True Believer ( 2005 ) At First Sight ( 2006 ) Dear John ( 2006 ) The Choice ( 2007 ) The Lucky One ( 2008 ) The Last Song ( 2009 ) Safe Haven ( 2010 ) The Best of Me ( 2011 ) The Longest Ride ( 2013 ) See Me ( 2015 ) Two by Two ( 2016 ) Non-fiction Wokini : A Lakota Journey to Happiness and Self - Understanding ( 1990 ) Three Weeks with My Brother ( 2004 ) Film adaptations Message in a Bottle ( 1999 ) A Walk to Remember ( 2002 ) The Notebook ( 2004 ) Nights in Rodanthe ( 2008 ) Dear John ( 2010 ) The Last Song ( 2010 ) The Lucky One ( 2012 ) Safe Haven ( 2013 ) The Best of Me ( 2014 ) The Longest Ride ( 2015 ) The Choice ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Song_(novel)&oldid=804073789 '' Categories : 2009 American novels American romance novels Novels by Nicholas Sparks Novels set in North Carolina American young adult novels American novels adapted into films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2011 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands नेपाली Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 15 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the book the last song take place
[ "17-year-old Veronica \"Ronnie\" Miller is a troubled teenager who is wanting to live her own life and is trying her very best to ignore her divorced parents: Kim, her mother with whom she lives in New York, and Steve, her father who lives in his hometown of Wrightsville Beach, NC. Her mother decides that it would be in everyone's best interest if Ronnie and her 10-year-old brother, Jonah, spent the summer in Wrightsville Beach with Steve. Jonah is excited, while Ronnie can only wonder why her parents hate her so much as to send her there for the summer.", "17-year-old Veronica \"Ronnie\" Miller is a troubled teenager who is wanting to live her own life and is trying her very best to ignore her divorced parents: Kim, her mother with whom she lives in New York, and Steve, her father who lives in his hometown of Wrightsville Beach, NC. Her mother decides that it would be in everyone's best interest if Ronnie and her 10-year-old brother, Jonah, spent the summer in Wrightsville Beach with Steve. Jonah is excited, while Ronnie can only wonder why her parents hate her so much as to send her there for the summer." ]
[ "New York", "Wrightsville Beach, NC" ]
6762746995376257837
Conductor (rail)
Conductor ( Rail ) - wikipedia Conductor ( Rail ) This article is about the railroad or tram crew member . For the power system often called the `` conductor rail '' , see Third rail . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A conductor on an Amtrak train A conductor ( American and Canadian English ) or guard ( Commonwealth English ) is a train crew member responsible for operational and safety duties that do not involve actual operation of the train . The conductor title is most common in North American railway operations , but the role is common worldwide under various job titles . In Commonwealth English , a conductor is also known as guard or train manager . The responsibilities of a conductor in North America and of a guard in Commonwealth English typically include the following : Making sure the train stays on schedule Ensuring that any cars and cargo are picked up and dropped off properly Completing en - route paperwork Ensuring the train follows applicable safety rules and practices Directing the train 's movement while operating in reverse Coupling or uncoupling cars Assisting with setting out or picking up of rolling stock The selling , buying , and checking of tickets , and other customer service duties Opening and closing passenger car doors Some rapid transit systems employ conductors to make announcements and open and close doors -- as opposed to a train operator performing those duties . The conductor often stays in the center of the train where they can best view the platform . While advances in automation allow most transit systems to use one person train operation ( OPTO ) , a few , such as the New York City Subway , Toronto Transit Commission and Sydney Trains continue to employ conductors . Conductor is also a crew member in some bus , trolleybus or tram operations . Contents 1 Conductors in North America 1.1 Remote control locomotives 1.2 Train hosts 2 Train guard ( United Kingdom , Australia , and New Zealand ) 2.1 United Kingdom 2.2 Australia 2.2. 1 New South Wales 2.2. 1.1 Greater Sydney area 2.2. 1.2 Regional trains 2.2. 2 Queensland 2.2. 3 Victoria 2.2. 4 South Australia 2.2. 5 Western Australia 2.3 New Zealand 3 Conductors / guards in Europe 3.1 Switzerland 3.2 Netherlands / Belgium 3.3 Hungary 4 Railway guards in Asia 4.1 India 5 Tram ( streetcar ) conductor 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Further reading Conductors in North America ( edit ) In North America , the conductor manages a freight , passenger , or other types of train , and directly supervises the train crew , which can include a brakeman , flagman , ticket collector , assistant conductor , and on board service personnel . All crew members work under the conductor . The conductor , engineer , and additional engine crew members ( fireman , pilot engineer ) share responsibility for safe and efficient train operation and adherence to railway rules and procedures . On some railroads , union contracts specify that conductors must progress to engineer . Other conductors duties include : Jointly coordinate with the engineer and dispatcher the train 's movement authority , and verifying this authority is not exceeded Communicate and coordinating with other parties -- yardmasters , trainmasters , dispatchers , on board service personnel , etc . Be alert to wayside signals , switch position , and other conditions that affect safe train movement Mechanically inspect rolling stock Assist the engineer in testing the train 's air brakes Signal the engineer when to start or stop moving Keep a log of the journey Check tickets and collect fares on passenger trains Attend to passenger needs Keep records of consignment notes and waybills Direct , coordinate , and usually manually perform , shunting or switching Passenger trains may employ one or more assistant conductors who assist the conductor and engineer in the safe and prompt movement of the train , to share the workload , and accept delegated responsibility . If a train crew 's route , or tour of duty , exceeds a single shift , or conflicts with a legal or contractual limit on the number of work hours , more than one crew may be assigned , each with its own conductor . Onboard service crew members on passenger trains normally remain on duty for the entire run , including assigned meal and sleep breaks . Since nearly the beginning of railroading in North America , the conductor on freight trains rode aboard a caboose , along with the rear flagman and the rear brakeman , and performed duties from there . Advances in technology and pressure to reduce operating costs made cabooses redundant , and in most cases they have been eliminated . This relocated the conductor from the rear of the train to the locomotive ( or locomotives ) at the head of the train . In most cases , these same conditions gradually eliminated members of the train crew under the conductor -- head and rear brakemen , flagmen , and others . Most freight trains on most railroads today have a crew of two : one conductor and one engineer . Railroad companies continue to press for reduced operating and labor costs and this threatens to eliminate conductors . Railroads rationalize that since the engineer is already qualified as a conductor , he can easily assume the duties of a conductor . In fact , on most railroads , engineers begin as brakemen / assistant conductors , then become conductors , and finally engineers . Some railroads already implement such a strategy , notably the Montana Rail Link , and operate with an engineer , and an assistant engineer . However , most railroads are contractually obligated to employ at least one conductor in addition to the engineer , via crew consist agreements negotiated with the major rail unions , primarily the United Transportation Union ( UTU ) . Therefore , eliminating the conductor position would require that the railroads and unions negotiate a new agreement . If the railroads were successful , conductors already trained and certified as engineers would theoretically be able to work as engineers . Those that have not yet progressed to engineer would have to be trained as engineers as positions became available . Others would have to accept other positions or possibly lose their jobs . The primary union for engineers , the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers does not support this movement , claiming that requiring its members to operate trains alone would be unsafe . The conductors ' union , the United Transportation Union , also opposes this initiative , despite historical differences with the engineers ' union . Remote control locomotives ( edit ) By the late 1990s , remote control locomotives were increasingly popular on North American railroads for switching duties in rail yards . This system allows the conductor to directly control the locomotive ( s ) via a wireless remote unit , as opposed to radioing commands to an engineer in the cab . Some Class I Rail Yards utilize RCO packs for their conductors , while others do not , depending on the size and type of Yard . Class I Railroads train conductors on the use of RCO packs with classroom and hands - on instruction , culminating with on - the - job training and certification as a RCO operator . Currently , Class I railroads such as Norfolk Southern require RCO qualified conductors to work from job boards that perform RCO operations exclusively ( when in a yard that utilizes RCO switching ) . This ensures the extra training and pay these conductors receive will provide the company with maximum value for the investment . Train hosts ( edit ) As there is no explicit Federal requirement for a two - person train crew in the United States , the Utah Transit Authority originally planned their FrontRunner service to be operated by an operator only , with revenue collected by a proof - of - payment system . Before operation began , the FRA required FrontRunner to employ a second crewmember on each train to assist with emergency evacuation , disabled access , and other safety - sensitive situations . FrontRunner classified this job as a train host , with a focus on customer service rather than railroad operations . Some other services , such as Amtrak 's Downeaster , also use train hosts ( paid or volunteer ) to assist the conductor with non-revenue - related customer service duties . Train guard ( United kingdom , Australia , and New Zealand ) ( edit ) See also : Revenue protection inspector In the UK , Australia and New Zealand , the person with ultimate responsibility for operation of a train is usually called the guard , a term that derives from stagecoach days . Until the latter part of the 20th century , guards on passenger trains in these countries did not have routine responsibilities for ticket inspection or sale . Their jobs focused more on safe operation of their trains , timekeeping , handling parcels , and other consignments . A dedicated ' travelling ticket inspector ' handled fare duties . In recent years , passenger train guards have been assigned more responsibility for on - train revenue collection and ticket inspection . As well as ticketing and customer care , guards must be trained in `` emergency protection '' duties , should an emergency arise , along with other operational roles . This involves using emergency kit such as detonators , track circuit clips and flags to prevent other trains colliding with , for example a derailed train . If in a crash the driver became incapacitated , the guard is the only person left who can protect the train . Other day - to - day duties include operating the public address system and train doors . United kingdom ( edit ) Under British Railways , there were several grades of guard , depending on whether the guard worked on freight or passenger trains -- and a purely operational guard grade worked freight and passenger trains without customer contact . When the guard has significant customer contact , the position is usually classified as conductor - guard or conductor . Since British Rail , there have been a number of titles for a guard 's grade but , with a few exceptions , all now perform some sort of customer - facing role . On long - distance expresses , the conductor 's title is sometimes enhanced to senior conductor , in line with the implied prestige of operating these trains . Historically , under British Rail , long distance intercity trains were normally worked by the most senior guards at the depot , hence the name senior conductor . Several more recent private UK passenger train operators have further renamed the senior conductor 's passenger facing title to `` train manager '' . In the UK , technological improvements and economic pressure have made some trains lose their guards and become driver - only operated ( DOO ) . British Rail first brought this in on some commuter services in London and Glasgow , as well as on almost all non-passenger trains . In 2003 , a controversial amendment to the UK operational rule book moved part of the guard 's safety and operational role to the driver . With rail service privatisation , train operating companies ( TOC ) attempted to bring in DOO to other network areas -- c2c operating from London Fenchurch Street is an example of this . Currently , several titles describe a guard : train manager , train host , conductor , and South West Trains and Merseyrail still use the term guard . The role of the guard is set out by a mixture of the Railway Rule Book and train operating companies . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , there is today a mixture of driver - only operated trains and trains with a guard depending largely on state - based railway legislation . New South Wales ( edit ) All passenger trains in New South Wales operate with a driver and guard . Guards were removed from freight trains in the 1980s , but these still operate with a two - man locomotive crew . Greater Sydney area ( edit ) Sydney Trains -- which operates all metropolitan trains -- and NSW TrainLink intercity trains have a train guard . The guard is ultimately responsible for the safety of all passengers on the train . They control the operation of doors and Public Address , perform platform duties , provide basic customer service , operate the train to timetable and accept and deliver internal mail . On Sydney Trains , the guard is normally located in the middle of the train , but on the newer Waratah trains , and on NSW TrainLink intercity services they normally work from the rear . The guard is not responsible for inspecting tickets - this role is performed by Transport Officers and NSW Police . Regional trains ( edit ) On NSW TrainLink regional Xplorer and XPT services the train guard is known as a Passenger Service Supervisor ( PSS ) . While still responsible for the safety of passengers , the PSS is also in charge of delivering customer service and a number of value - add functions on the train including ticket inspections and manning the cafe alongside Passenger Attendants . On Xplorer trains , the driver operates the doors when the PSS gives clearance to depart . On XPT trains , the PSS performs the platform duties of a guard in conjunction with the driver . Queensland ( edit ) Passenger trains are operated by Queensland Rail , and all operate with both driver and guard for suburban passenger services , or Passenger Services Supervisor for long distance passenger services . Victoria ( edit ) Trains in metropolitan Melbourne have been driver - only since the early 1990s . When the city 's rail franchise was offered to the current operator , Metro Trains Melbourne , a proposal existed to reinstate guards on some peak train services , however this option was spurned in favour of hiring additional platform staff . Regional trains operated by V / Line are operated by a driver and conductor . The conductor performs platform duties and -- on locomotive - hauled trains -- operates the train doors . They are responsible for passenger safety and also perform ticket inspection duties . South Australia ( edit ) Adelaide Metro 's metropolitan rail network is configured for driver - only operation , but also operate with Passenger Service Assistants ( PSA ) . This is safety role , but with a focus on customer service and revenue protection . Normally , the train driver operates the doors , but PSAs are also able to . Western Australia ( edit ) Transperth trains are all driver - only operated . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , inner - city commuter rail networks are staffed by a driver and a train manager ( guard ) as a minimum . In Wellington , where ticketing is still paper - based , each train has between one and three passenger operators ( ticket collectors ) . The exact number of passenger operators depends on how many multiple units or carriages make up the train . In Auckland , off - board ticketing and smartcard systems have reduced the staff level to driver and train manager only . Auckland train managers are now not responsible for revenue on trains , as Revenue Protection officers carry out these roles . Conductors / guards in europe ( edit ) A Russian train conductor in front of the express train `` Repin '' Switzerland ( edit ) In general , conductors in Switzerland collect or punch tickets , fine people the first charge of 100 CHF for not having a valid fare , and make announcements on the public address system . They also may fine passengers if they take a longer trip than normal . For example , if one takes a train to Bern via Biel , having departed from Geneva , which is a longer trip than taking the InterCity via Lausanne , the conductor can fine the passenger a supplementary fare . They sound a warning when the train 's doors are going to close . Many conductors , especially those on night shift and on isolated regional lines , are being trained in self - defence against would - be assailants . Netherlands / Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium and The Netherlands , train conductors have multiple tasks involving train safety and customer services . Belgian / Dutch train conductors are responsible for the departure of the train . In each station they give the permission to move on by giving a ready signal to the train driver . Therefore , train conductors in Belgium and The Netherlands always close ( and in some scenarios also open ) the doors . They are also responsible for performing safety tasks in case of an emergency or accident , such as fire , evacuation , etc . Because of these tasks , there has to be at least one conductor on each passenger train ; a train without a conductor is uncommon , but still appears on some regional Dutch trains . The departure trains always have one conductor who is conductor - in - chief . He is responsible for the entire train , the on - board crew and the passengers . Some longer trains may have additional conductors who are under command of the conductor - in - chief . Besides the safety tasks , conductors also collect and punch tickets , fine people for not having a valid fare and make announcements to the passengers . Hungary ( edit ) Hungarian MÁV conductor In Hungary a conductor may assist the train driver in testing the train 's air brakes , and sometimes they have to lead the shunting , mostly when the trains are switching lines . Hungarian train conductors are responsible for the departure of the trains . In each station they give the permission to move on by giving a ready signal to the train driver . During the day they use a disc ( which is white and has a green border ) to give the ready signal to the train driver . After sunset they give signals with flashlights . Train drivers are not allowed to move the train without the conductor in chief giving them the ready signal . Conductors , along with train drivers , are responsible for keeping the trains on schedule . There is always at least one conductor in chief on passenger trains in Hungary . No passenger trains may depart without one , as only they have the right to give the departure signal . Some longer trains may have additional conductors who are under the command of the conductor in chief . If there is more than one conductor on a train , then the signal procedure is as follows : After all passengers have left or entered the train and the departure time has arrived , the conductor in chief asks the other conductor for his ready signal . If it is safe to depart he gives a ready signal to the conductor in chief who then gives the same signal to the train driver . As in Belgium and in the Netherlands conductors also collect and punch tickets , fine people for not having a valid fare and make announcements to the passengers . They also sell tickets on the trains ; if the passengers have entered the train at a station where a ticket office is operating they can buy a ticket only with payment of a fine . However , if the passengers got on at a station or stop where they did n't have an option to buy a ticket , they can buy from the conductor without having to pay a fine . Railway guards in asia ( edit ) India ( edit ) In India guards are posted on all passenger trains and goods trains and no passenger - carrying train is allowed to move without a guard . The passenger train guard , generally called a mail guard , is completely responsible for the train , its schedule , and safety of passengers and the locomotive pilot . These guards wear a specific uniform ( generally white ) . During the day , the guard uses the traditional green flag to signal the pilot to depart , and the red flag to stop , assisted by two - way radios . After sunset , the guard uses lamp signals in place of the flags . A couple of minutes before signalling departure to the pilot , the guard blows a whistle to warn passengers to board the train . After ensuring all passengers are safe to travel , the guard signals the green flag by waving it from the brake van . In an emergency , the guard uses the red flag to indicate a stop , and may directly apply brakes to stop the train . The pilot is not allowed to move the train without a signal from the guard , as the guard is in charge of the train . Passenger guards also accept heavy parcels and luggage boxes that passengers can not carry in coaches . Some perishable goods like vegetables and milk are also transported under the guard 's supervision , and he is responsible for their proper loading and unloading . Keeping the passenger train on schedule is an important guard function . Guards carry a first aid box with their belongings , along with other important items , all in a medium - sized duty box ( generally painted red ) . The name , designation and base location of the Guard are printed in white on the box . A designated passenger train , halting at all stations , carries a large heavy cast iron cash safe in the guard 's brake van , where cash receipts from ticket sales is deposited in a leather pouch by the station manager ( earlier called the station master ) . Since the late 1990s , all guards are provided with two - way radios so that they can communicate with the locomotive pilot , and other trains if required . The radio has not yet replaced the traditional red and green flags . Tram ( streetcar ) conductor ( edit ) Streetcar conductor 1919 in Flint , Michigan Many antique or heritage trams ( streetcars ) , which operated through the earlier part of the 20th century , were designed for operation by a crew of two or more . The conductor primarily collected fares and signaled the driver when safe to depart from stopping places . The conductor also assisted with shunting when necessary , changing the trolley pole and attended to passengers ' needs . Modern vehicle design and ticketing arrangements have largely eliminated the need for conductors on street railways and Light Rail systems . In recent years a number of modern tram or Light Rail systems have introduced ( or re-introduced ) conductors to minimise fare evasion and to provide customer care , supervision and security functions , even in situations where a second crew member is not strictly needed . In Britain , The Midland Metro and Sheffield Supertram modern Light Rail systems have both started using conductors due to problems with ticket machine reliability . Nottingham Express Transit started with conductors . Manchester Metrolink and Croydon Tramlink both rely on ticket machines at stops . Systems of ticket checking and selling by a conductor : takes place while entering , the vehicle can not leave until this is ( almost ) finished takes place after entering an entrance lobby , while the vehicle already moves , after which the passenger moves to the seating area of the car the passengers get seated and the conductor comes to them Modern mass transit systems which operate with conductors on trams include : - System Location Glenelg Tram Adelaide , Australia GVB Amsterdam Amsterdam , Netherlands Midland Metro Birmingham / Wolverhampton , United Kingdom Blackpool tramway Blackpool , United Kingdom - on pre-World War II vehicles Nottingham Express Transit Nottingham , United Kingdom RET Rotterdam , Netherlands Sheffield Supertram Sheffield , United Kingdom Sydney Light Rail Sydney , Australia See also ( edit ) Freight conductor Manual fare collection Railroad engineer Revenue Protection Inspector AEC Routemaster New Routemaster Bus conductor Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Further reading ( edit ) William P. Daniels ( ed . ) , Proceedings of the Grand Division of the Order of Railway Conductors ( Formerly Conductors ' Brotherhood ) : From Organization to the Eighteenth Session , Inclusive , 1868 - 1885 . Cedar Rapids , IA : Standard Co. for the Order of Railway Conductors , 1888 . Railway Conductor 's Monthly / The Railway Conductor Vol. 1 ( 1884 ) Vol. 2 ( 1885 ) Vol. 3 ( 1886 ) Vol. 4 ( 1887 ) Vol. 5 ( 1888 ) Vol. 6 ( 1889 ) Vol. 7 ( 1890 ) Vol. 8 ( 1891 ) Vol. 9 ( 1892 ) Vol. 10 ( 1893 ) Vol. 11 ( 1894 ) Train Conductor Headquarters - Resource for Train Conductor Training and Requirements . Comprehensive railroad industry information . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Railway conductors . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conductor_(rail)&oldid=865615368 '' Categories : Transport occupations Railway occupations Public transport fare collection Bus transport Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Esperanto Français Gàidhlig Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Suomi 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 01 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the conductor ride on a train
[ "Since nearly the beginning of railroading in North America, the conductor on freight trains rode aboard a caboose, along with the rear flagman and the rear brakeman, and performed duties from there. Advances in technology and pressure to reduce operating costs made cabooses redundant, and in most cases they have been eliminated. This relocated the conductor from the rear of the train to the locomotive (or locomotives) at the head of the train. In most cases, these same conditions gradually eliminated members of the train crew under the conductor—head and rear brakemen, flagmen, and others.\n" ]
[ "the locomotive (or locomotives) at the head of the train" ]
-8055194590728955149
Fundamental interaction
Fundamental interaction - wikipedia Fundamental interaction Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In physics , the fundamental interactions , also known as fundamental forces , are the interactions that do not appear to be reducible to more basic interactions . There are four fundamental interactions known to exist : the gravitational and electromagnetic interactions , which produce significant long - range forces whose effects can be seen directly in everyday life , and the strong and weak interactions , which produce forces at minuscule , subatomic distances and govern nuclear interactions . Some scientists speculate that a fifth force might exist but if so , it is not widely accepted nor proven . Each of the known fundamental interactions can be described mathematically as a field . The gravitational force is attributed to the curvature of spacetime , described by Einstein 's general theory of relativity . The other three are discrete quantum fields , and their interactions are mediated by elementary particles described by the Standard Model of particle physics . Within the Standard Model , the strong interaction is carried by a particle called the gluon , and is responsible for the binding of quarks together to form hadrons , such as protons and neutrons . As a residual effect , it creates the nuclear force that binds the latter particles to form atomic nuclei . The weak interaction is carried by particles called W and Z bosons , and also acts on the nucleus of atoms , mediating radioactive decay . The electromagnetic force , carried by the photon , creates electric and magnetic fields , which are responsible for chemical bonding and electromagnetic waves , including visible light , and forms the basis for electrical technology . Although the electromagnetic force is far stronger than gravity , it tends to cancel itself out within large objects , so over the largest distances ( on the scale of planets and galaxies ) , gravity tends to be the dominant force . All four fundamental forces are believed to be related , and to unite into a single force at high energies on a minuscule scale , the Planck scale , but particle accelerators can not produce the enormous energies required to experimentally probe this . Efforts to devise a common theoretical framework that would explain the relation between the forces are perhaps the greatest goal of theoretical physicists today . The weak and electromagnetic forces have already been unified with the electroweak theory of Sheldon Glashow , Abdus Salam , and Steven Weinberg for which they received the 1979 Nobel Prize in physics . Progress is currently being made in uniting the electroweak and strong fields within a Grand Unified Theory ( GUT ) . A bigger challenge is to find a way to quantize the gravitational field , resulting in a theory of quantum gravity ( QG ) which would unite gravity in a common theoretical framework with the other three forces . Some theories , notably string theory , seek both QG and GUT within one framework , unifying all four fundamental interactions along with mass generation within a theory of everything ( ToE ) . The four fundamental interactions of nature Property / Interaction Gravitation Weak Electromagnetic Strong ( Electroweak ) Fundamental Residual Acts on : Mass / Energy Flavor Electric charge Color charge Atomic nuclei Particles experiencing : All particles Gauge bosons , leptons Electrically charged Quarks , Gluons Hadrons Particles mediating : Not yet observed ( Graviton hypothesised ) W , W and Z γ ( photon ) Gluons π , ρ and ω mesons Strength at the scale of quarks : 6959100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( predicted ) 6996100000000000000 ♠ 10 60 Not applicable to quarks Strength at the scale of protons / neutrons : 6964100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( predicted ) 6993100000000000000 ♠ 10 Not applicable to hadrons 20 Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Classical theory 1.2 The Standard Model 2 Overview of the fundamental interactions 3 The interactions 3.1 Gravity 3.2 Electroweak interaction 3.2. 1 Electromagnetism 3.2. 2 Weak interaction 3.3 Strong interaction 3.4 Beyond the Standard Model 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Bibliography 5.1. 1 General 5.1. 2 Texts History ( edit ) Classical theory ( edit ) In his 1687 theory , Isaac Newton postulated space as an infinite and unalterable physical structure existing before , within , and around all objects while their states and relations unfold at a constant pace everywhere , thus absolute space and time . Inferring that all objects bearing mass approach at a constant rate , but collide by impact proportional to their masses , Newton inferred that matter exhibits an attractive force . His law of universal gravitation mathematically stated it to span the entire universe instantly ( despite absolute time ) , or , if not actually a force , to be instant interaction among all objects ( despite absolute space . ) As conventionally interpreted , Newton 's theory of motion modelled a central force without a communicating medium . Thus Newton 's theory violated the first principle of mechanical philosophy , as stated by Descartes , No action at a distance . Conversely , during the 1820s , when explaining magnetism , Michael Faraday inferred a field filling space and transmitting that force . Faraday conjectured that ultimately , all forces unified into one . In the early 1870s , James Clerk Maxwell unified electricity and magnetism as effects of an electromagnetic field whose third consequence was light , travelling at constant speed in a vacuum . The electromagnetic field theory contradicted predictions of Newton 's theory of motion , unless physical states of the luminiferous aether -- presumed to fill all space whether within matter or in a vacuum and to manifest the electromagnetic field -- aligned all phenomena and thereby held valid the Newtonian principle relativity or invariance . The Standard Model ( edit ) Main article : Standard Model See also : Standard Model ( mathematical formulation ) The Standard Model of elementary particles , with the fermions in the first three columns , the gauge bosons in the fourth column , and the Higgs boson in the fifth column The Standard Model of particle physics was developed throughout the latter half of the 20th century . In the Standard Model , the electromagnetic , strong , and weak interactions associate with elementary particles , whose behaviours are modelled in quantum mechanics ( QM ) . For predictive success with QM 's probabilistic outcomes , particle physics conventionally models QM events across a field set to special relativity , altogether relativistic quantum field theory ( QFT ) . Force particles , called gauge bosons -- force carriers or messenger particles of underlying fields -- interact with matter particles , called fermions . Everyday matter is atoms , composed of three fermion types : up - quarks and down - quarks constituting , as well as electrons orbiting , the atom 's nucleus . Atoms interact , form molecules , and manifest further properties through electromagnetic interactions among their electrons absorbing and emitting photons , the electromagnetic field 's force carrier , which if unimpeded traverse potentially infinite distance . Electromagnetism 's QFT is quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) . The electromagnetic interaction was modelled with the weak interaction , whose force carriers are W and Z bosons , traversing the minuscule distance , in electroweak theory ( EWT ) . Electroweak interaction would operate at such high temperatures as soon after the presumed Big Bang , but , as the early universe cooled , split into electromagnetic and weak interactions . The strong interaction , whose force carrier is the gluon , traversing minuscule distance among quarks , is modeled in quantum chromodynamics ( QCD ) . EWT , QCD , and the Higgs mechanism , whereby the Higgs field manifests Higgs bosons that interact with some quantum particles and thereby endow those particles with mass comprise particle physics ' Standard Model ( SM ) . Predictions are usually made using calculational approximation methods , although such perturbation theory is inadequate to model some experimental observations ( for instance bound states and solitons . ) Still , physicists widely accept the Standard Model as science 's most experimentally confirmed theory . Beyond the Standard Model , some theorists work to unite the electroweak and strong interactions within a Grand Unified Theory ( GUT ) . Some attempts at GUTs hypothesize `` shadow '' particles , such that every known matter particle associates with an undiscovered force particle , and vice versa , altogether supersymmetry ( SUSY ) . Other theorists seek to quantize the gravitational field by the modelling behaviour of its hypothetical force carrier , the graviton and achieve quantum gravity ( QG ) . One approach to QG is loop quantum gravity ( LQG ) . Still other theorists seek both QG and GUT within one framework , reducing all four fundamental interactions to a Theory of Everything ( ToE ) . The most prevalent aim at a ToE is string theory , although to model matter particles , it added SUSY to force particles -- and so , strictly speaking , became superstring theory . Multiple , seemingly disparate superstring theories were unified on a backbone , M - theory . Theories beyond the Standard Model remain highly speculative , lacking great experimental support . Overview of the fundamental interactions ( edit ) An overview of the various families of elementary and composite particles , and the theories describing their interactions . Fermions are on the left , and Bosons are on the right . In the conceptual model of fundamental interactions , matter consists of fermions , which carry properties called charges and spin ± ​ ⁄ ( intrinsic angular momentum ± ​ ⁄ , where ħ is the reduced Planck constant ) . They attract or repel each other by exchanging bosons . The interaction of any pair of fermions in perturbation theory can then be modelled thus : Two fermions go in → interaction by boson exchange → Two changed fermions go out . The exchange of bosons always carries energy and momentum between the fermions , thereby changing their speed and direction . The exchange may also transport a charge between the fermions , changing the charges of the fermions in the process ( e.g. , turn them from one type of fermion to another ) . Since bosons carry one unit of angular momentum , the fermion 's spin direction will flip from + ​ ⁄ to − ​ ⁄ ( or vice versa ) during such an exchange ( in units of the reduced Planck 's constant ) . Because an interaction results in fermions attracting and repelling each other , an older term for `` interaction '' is force . According to the present understanding , there are four fundamental interactions or forces : gravitation , electromagnetism , the weak interaction , and the strong interaction . Their magnitude and behaviour vary greatly , as described in the table below . Modern physics attempts to explain every observed physical phenomenon by these fundamental interactions . Moreover , reducing the number of different interaction types is seen as desirable . Two cases in point are the unification of : Electric and magnetic force into electromagnetism ; The electromagnetic interaction and the weak interaction into the electroweak interaction ; see below . Both magnitude ( `` relative strength '' ) and `` range '' , as given in the table , are meaningful only within a rather complex theoretical framework . It should also be noted that the table below lists properties of a conceptual scheme that is still the subject of ongoing research . Interaction Current theory Mediators Relative strength Long - distance behavior Range ( m ) Strong Quantum chromodynamics ( QCD ) gluons 10 ∼ r ( \ displaystyle ( \ sim r ) ) ( Color confinement , see discussion below ) 10 Electromagnetic Quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) photons 10 1 r 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ∞ Weak Electroweak Theory ( EWT ) W and Z bosons 10 1 r e − m W , Z r ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( r ) ) \ e ^ ( - m_ ( W , Z ) \ r ) ) 10 Gravitation General relativity ( GR ) gravitons ( hypothetical ) 1 r 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ∞ The modern ( perturbative ) quantum mechanical view of the fundamental forces other than gravity is that particles of matter ( fermions ) do not directly interact with each other , but rather carry a charge , and exchange virtual particles ( gauge bosons ) , which are the interaction carriers or force mediators . For example , photons mediate the interaction of electric charges , and gluons mediate the interaction of color charges . The interactions ( edit ) Gravity ( edit ) Main article : Gravity Gravitation is by far the weakest of the four interactions at the atomic scale , where electromagnetic interactions dominate . But the idea that the weakness of gravity can easily be demonstrated by suspending a pin using a simple magnet ( such as a refrigerator magnet ) is fundamentally flawed . The only reason the magnet is able to hold the pin against the gravitational pull of the entire Earth is due to its relative proximity . There is clearly a short distance of separation between magnet and pin where a breaking point is reached , and due to the large mass of Earth this distance is disappointingly small . Thus gravitation is very important for macroscopic objects and over macroscopic distances for the following reasons . Gravitation : Is the only interaction that acts on all particles having mass , energy and / or momentum Has an infinite range , like electromagnetism but unlike strong and weak interaction Cannot be absorbed , transformed , or shielded against Always attracts and never repels ( see function of geodesic equation in general relativity ) Even though electromagnetism is far stronger than gravitation , electrostatic attraction is not relevant for large celestial bodies , such as planets , stars , and galaxies , simply because such bodies contain equal numbers of protons and electrons and so have a net electric charge of zero . Nothing `` cancels '' gravity , since it is only attractive , unlike electric forces which can be attractive or repulsive . On the other hand , all objects having mass are subject to the gravitational force , which only attracts . Therefore , only gravitation matters on the large - scale structure of the universe . The long range of gravitation makes it responsible for such large - scale phenomena as the structure of galaxies and black holes and it retards the expansion of the universe . Gravitation also explains astronomical phenomena on more modest scales , such as planetary orbits , as well as everyday experience : objects fall ; heavy objects act as if they were glued to the ground , and animals can only jump so high . Gravitation was the first interaction to be described mathematically . In ancient times , Aristotle hypothesized that objects of different masses fall at different rates . During the Scientific Revolution , Galileo Galilei experimentally determined that this was not the case -- neglecting the friction due to air resistance , and buoyancy forces if an atmosphere is present ( e.g. the case of a dropped air - filled balloon vs a water - filled balloon ) all objects accelerate toward the Earth at the same rate . Isaac Newton 's law of Universal Gravitation ( 1687 ) was a good approximation of the behaviour of gravitation . Our present - day understanding of gravitation stems from Albert Einstein 's General Theory of Relativity of 1915 , a more accurate ( especially for cosmological masses and distances ) description of gravitation in terms of the geometry of spacetime . Merging general relativity and quantum mechanics ( or quantum field theory ) into a more general theory of quantum gravity is an area of active research . It is hypothesized that gravitation is mediated by a massless spin - 2 particle called the graviton . Although general relativity has been experimentally confirmed ( at least for weak fields ) on all but the smallest scales , there are rival theories of gravitation . Those taken seriously by the physics community all reduce to general relativity in some limit , and the focus of observational work is to establish limitations on what deviations from general relativity are possible . Proposed extra dimensions could explain why the gravity force is so weak . Electroweak interaction ( edit ) Main article : Electroweak interaction Electromagnetism and weak interaction appear to be very different at everyday low energies . They can be modelled using two different theories . However , above unification energy , on the order of 100 GeV , they would merge into a single electroweak force . Electroweak theory is very important for modern cosmology , particularly on how the universe evolved . This is because shortly after the Big Bang , the temperature was approximately above 10 K. Electromagnetic force and weak force were merged into a combined electroweak force . For contributions to the unification of the weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles , Abdus Salam , Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 . Electromagnetism ( edit ) Main article : Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is the force that acts between electrically charged particles . This phenomenon includes the electrostatic force acting between charged particles at rest , and the combined effect of electric and magnetic forces acting between charged particles moving relative to each other . Electromagnetism is infinite - ranged like gravity , but vastly stronger , and therefore describes a number of macroscopic phenomena of everyday experience such as friction , rainbows , lightning , and all human - made devices using electric current , such as television , lasers , and computers . Electromagnetism fundamentally determines all macroscopic , and many atomic levels , properties of the chemical elements , including all chemical bonding . In a four kilogram ( ~ 1 gallon ) jug of water there are 4000 g H 2 O ⋅ 1 mol H 2 O 18 g H 2 O ⋅ 10 mol e − 1 mol H 2 O ⋅ 96 , 000 C 1 mol e − = 2.1 × 10 8 C ( \ displaystyle 4000 \ ( \ mbox ( g ) ) \ , H_ ( 2 ) O \ cdot ( \ frac ( 1 \ ( \ mbox ( mol ) ) \ , H_ ( 2 ) O ) ( 18 \ ( \ mbox ( g ) ) \ , H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 10 \ ( \ mbox ( mol ) ) \ , e ^ ( - ) ) ( 1 \ ( \ mbox ( mol ) ) \ , H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 96,000 \ ( \ mbox ( C ) ) \ , ) ( 1 \ ( \ mbox ( mol ) ) \ , e ^ ( - ) ) ) = 2.1 \ times 10 ^ ( 8 ) C \ \ , \ ) of total electron charge . Thus , if we place two such jugs a meter apart , the electrons in one of the jugs repel those in the other jug with a force of 1 4 π ε 0 ( 2.1 × 10 8 C ) 2 ( 1 m ) 2 = 4.1 × 10 26 N . ( \ displaystyle ( 1 \ over 4 \ pi \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ( \ frac ( ( 2.1 \ times 10 ^ ( 8 ) C ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( 1m ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 4.1 \ times 10 ^ ( 26 ) N . ) This is larger than the planet Earth would weigh if weighed on another Earth . The atomic nuclei in one jug also repel those in the other with the same force . However , these repulsive forces are canceled by the attraction of the electrons in jug A with the nuclei in jug B and the attraction of the nuclei in jug A with the electrons in jug B , resulting in no net force . Electromagnetic forces are tremendously stronger than gravity but cancel out so that for large bodies gravity dominates . Electrical and magnetic phenomena have been observed since ancient times , but it was only in the 19th century that it was discovered that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of the same fundamental interaction . By 1864 , Maxwell 's equations had rigorously quantified this unified interaction . Maxwell 's theory , restated using vector calculus , is the classical theory of electromagnetism , suitable for most technological purposes . The constant speed of light in a vacuum ( customarily described with the letter `` c '' ) can be derived from Maxwell 's equations , which are consistent with the theory of special relativity . Einstein 's 1905 theory of special relativity , however , which flows from the observation that the speed of light is constant no matter how fast the observer is moving , showed that the theoretical result implied by Maxwell 's equations has profound implications far beyond electromagnetism on the very nature of time and space . In another work that departed from classical electro - magnetism , Einstein also explained the photoelectric effect by hypothesizing that light was transmitted in quanta , which we now call photons . Starting around 1927 , Paul Dirac combined quantum mechanics with the relativistic theory of electromagnetism . Further work in the 1940s , by Richard Feynman , Freeman Dyson , Julian Schwinger , and Sin - Itiro Tomonaga , completed this theory , which is now called quantum electrodynamics , the revised theory of electromagnetism . Quantum electrodynamics and quantum mechanics provide a theoretical basis for electromagnetic behavior such as quantum tunneling , in which a certain percentage of electrically charged particles move in ways that would be impossible under the classical electromagnetic theory , that is necessary for everyday electronic devices such as transistors to function . Weak interaction ( edit ) Main article : Weak interaction The weak interaction or weak nuclear force is responsible for some nuclear phenomena such as beta decay . Electromagnetism and the weak force are now understood to be two aspects of a unified electroweak interaction -- this discovery was the first step toward the unified theory known as the Standard Model . In the theory of the electroweak interaction , the carriers of the weak force are the massive gauge bosons called the W and Z bosons . The weak interaction is the only known interaction which does not conserve parity ; it is left - right asymmetric . The weak interaction even violates CP symmetry but does conserve CPT . Strong interaction ( edit ) Main article : Strong interaction The strong interaction , or strong nuclear force , is the most complicated interaction , mainly because of the way it varies with distance . At distances greater than 10 femtometers , the strong force is practically unobservable . Moreover , it holds only inside the atomic nucleus . After the nucleus was discovered in 1908 , it was clear that a new force , today known as the nuclear force , was needed to overcome the electrostatic repulsion , a manifestation of electromagnetism , of the positively charged protons . Otherwise , the nucleus could not exist . Moreover , the force had to be strong enough to squeeze the protons into a volume that is about 10 m , much smaller than that of the entire atom . From the short range of this force , Hideki Yukawa predicted that it was associated with a massive particle , whose mass is approximately 100 MeV . The 1947 discovery of the pion ushered in the modern era of particle physics . Hundreds of hadrons were discovered from the 1940s to 1960s , and an extremely complicated theory of hadrons as strongly interacting particles was developed . Most notably : The pions were understood to be oscillations of vacuum condensates ; Jun John Sakurai proposed the rho and omega vector bosons to be force carrying particles for approximate symmetries of isospin and hypercharge ; Geoffrey Chew , Edward K. Burdett and Steven Frautschi grouped the heavier hadrons into families that could be understood as vibrational and rotational excitations of strings . While each of these approaches offered deep insights , no approach led directly to a fundamental theory . Murray Gell - Mann along with George Zweig first proposed fractionally charged quarks in 1961 . Throughout the 1960s , different authors considered theories similar to the modern fundamental theory of quantum chromodynamics ( QCD ) as simple models for the interactions of quarks . The first to hypothesize the gluons of QCD were Moo - Young Han and Yoichiro Nambu , who introduced the quark color charge and hypothesized that it might be associated with a force - carrying field . At that time , however , it was difficult to see how such a model could permanently confine quarks . Han and Nambu also assigned each quark color an integer electrical charge , so that the quarks were fractionally charged only on average , and they did not expect the quarks in their model to be permanently confined . In 1971 , Murray Gell - Mann and Harald Fritzsch proposed that the Han / Nambu color gauge field was the correct theory of the short - distance interactions of fractionally charged quarks . A little later , David Gross , Frank Wilczek , and David Politzer discovered that this theory had the property of asymptotic freedom , allowing them to make contact with experimental evidence . They concluded that QCD was the complete theory of the strong interactions , correct at all distance scales . The discovery of asymptotic freedom led most physicists to accept QCD since it became clear that even the long - distance properties of the strong interactions could be consistent with experiment if the quarks are permanently confined . Assuming that quarks are confined , Mikhail Shifman , Arkady Vainshtein and Valentine Zakharov were able to compute the properties of many low - lying hadrons directly from QCD , with only a few extra parameters to describe the vacuum . In 1980 , Kenneth G. Wilson published computer calculations based on the first principles of QCD , establishing , to a level of confidence tantamount to certainty , that QCD will confine quarks . Since then , QCD has been the established theory of the strong interactions . QCD is a theory of fractionally charged quarks interacting by means of 8 bosonic particles called gluons . The gluons interact with each other , not just with the quarks , and at long distances the lines of force collimate into strings . In this way , the mathematical theory of QCD not only explains how quarks interact over short distances but also the string - like behavior , discovered by Chew and Frautschi , which they manifest over longer distances . Beyond the Standard Model ( edit ) Main article : Physics beyond the Standard Model See also : Elementary particle § Beyond the Standard Model Numerous theoretical efforts have been made to systematize the existing four fundamental interactions on the model of electroweak unification . Grand Unified Theories ( GUTs ) are proposals to show that the three fundamental interactions described by the Standard Model are all different manifestations of a single interaction with symmetries that break down and create separate interactions below some extremely high level of energy . GUTs are also expected to predict some of the relationships between constants of nature that the Standard Model treats as unrelated , as well as predicting gauge coupling unification for the relative strengths of the electromagnetic , weak , and strong forces ( this was , for example , verified at the Large Electron -- Positron Collider in 1991 for supersymmetric theories ) . Theories of everything , which integrate GUTs with a quantum gravity theory face a greater barrier , because no quantum gravity theories , which include string theory , loop quantum gravity , and twistor theory , have secured wide acceptance . Some theories look for a graviton to complete the Standard Model list of force - carrying particles , while others , like loop quantum gravity , emphasize the possibility that time - space itself may have a quantum aspect to it . Some theories beyond the Standard Model include a hypothetical fifth force , and the search for such a force is an ongoing line of experimental research in physics . In supersymmetric theories , there are particles that acquire their masses only through supersymmetry breaking effects and these particles , known as moduli can mediate new forces . Another reason to look for new forces is the recent discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating ( also known as dark energy ) , giving rise to a need to explain a nonzero cosmological constant , and possibly to other modifications of general relativity . Fifth forces have also been suggested to explain phenomena such as CP violations , dark matter , and dark flow . In December 2015 , two observations in the ATLAS and CMS detectors at the Large Hadron Collider hinted at the existence of a new particle six times heavier than the Higgs Boson . However , after obtaining more experimental data , the anomaly appeared to not be significant . See also ( edit ) Physics portal Standard Model Strong interaction Electroweak interaction Weak interaction Gravity Quantum gravity String Theory Theory of Everything Grand Unified Theory Gauge coupling unification Unified Field Theory Quintessence , a hypothesized fifth force . People : Isaac Newton , James Clerk Maxwell , Albert Einstein , Richard Feynman , Sheldon Glashow , Abdus Salam , Steven Weinberg , Gerardus ' t Hooft , David Gross , Edward Witten , Howard Georgi . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fackler , Orrin ; Tran , J. Thanh Van ( 1988 ) . 5th Force Neutrino Physics . Atlantica Séguier Frontières . ISBN 2863320548 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. ( 2007 ) . `` Fifth Force '' . World of Science . Wolfram Research . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Allan ; Fischbach , Ephraim ( 2016 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Fifth Force : Discovery , Pursuit , and Justification in Modern Physics , 2nd Ed . Springer . ISBN 3319284126 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Model of Particles and Interactions '' . jhu.edu . Johns Hopkins University . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 ... gif Jump up ^ Newton 's absolute space was a medium , but not one transmitting gravitation . Jump up ^ Meinard Kuhlmann , `` Physicists debate whether the world is made of particles or fields -- or something else entirely '' , Scientific American , 24 Jul 2013 . Jump up ^ Approximate . See Coupling constant for more exact strengths , depending on the particles and energies involved . Jump up ^ CERN ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Extra dimensions , gravitons , and tiny black holes '' . Jump up ^ Bais , Sander ( 2005 ) , The Equations . Icons of knowledge , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01967 - 9 p. 84 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 '' . The Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Is the Large Hadron Collider set to reveal secrets of the universe ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Gibney ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Hopes for revolutionary new LHC particle dashed '' . Nature . Bibcode : 2016Natur. 536 ... 133G . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2016.20376 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) General ( edit ) Davies , Paul ( 1986 ) , The Forces of Nature , Cambridge Univ . Press 2nd ed . Feynman , Richard ( 1967 ) , The Character of Physical Law , MIT Press , ISBN 0 - 262 - 56003 - 8 Schumm , Bruce A. ( 2004 ) , Deep Down Things , Johns Hopkins University Press While all interactions are discussed , discussion is especially thorough on the weak . Weinberg , Steven ( 1993 ) , The First Three Minutes : A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe , Basic Books , ISBN 0 - 465 - 02437 - 8 Weinberg , Steven ( 1994 ) , Dreams of a Final Theory , Basic Books , ISBN 0 - 679 - 74408 - 8 Texts ( edit ) Padmanabhan , T. ( 1998 ) , After The First Three Minutes : The Story of Our Universe , Cambridge Univ . Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 62972 - 1 Perkins , Donald H. ( 2000 ) , Introduction to High Energy Physics , Cambridge Univ . Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 62196 - 8 Riazuddin ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Non-standard interactions '' ( PDF ) . NCP 5th Particle Physics Sypnoisis . Islamabad : Riazuddin , Head of High - Energy Theory Group at National Center for Physics. 1 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 25 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . ( hide ) The fundamental interactions of physics Physical forces Strong interaction Weak interaction Electromagnetism Gravitation Radiations Electromagnetic radiation Gravitational radiation Hypothetical forces Quintessence Weak gravity conjecture Glossary of physics Particle physics Philosophy of physics Universe Weakless Universe GND : 4064937 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_interaction&oldid=827081408 '' Categories : Force Interaction Particle physics Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 17 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the fundamental force that is currently the weakest of all is
[ "Gravitation is by far the weakest of the four interactions at the atomic scale, where electromagnetic interactions dominate. But the idea that the weakness of gravity can easily be demonstrated by suspending a pin using a simple magnet (such as a refrigerator magnet) is fundamentally flawed. The only reason the magnet is able to hold the pin against the gravitational pull of the entire Earth is due to its relative proximity. There is clearly a short distance of separation between magnet and pin where a breaking point is reached, and due to the large mass of Earth this distance is disappointingly small." ]
[ "Gravitation" ]
45868505742192952
Palace of Versailles
Palace of Versailles - wikipedia Palace of Versailles Jump to : navigation , search `` Versailles '' redirects here . For the city of Versailles , see Versailles , Yvelines . For other uses , see Versailles ( disambiguation ) . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Palace of Versailles Château de Versailles Aerial view of the Palace from above the Gardens of Versailles Show map of Île - de-France ( region ) Show map of France Show all Location within Île - de-France General information Location Versailles , France Coordinates 48 ° 48 ′ 16 '' N 2 ° 07 ′ 23 '' E  /  48.804404 ° N 2.123162 ° E  / 48.804404 ; 2.123162 Coordinates : 48 ° 48 ′ 16 '' N 2 ° 07 ′ 23 '' E  /  48.804404 ° N 2.123162 ° E  / 48.804404 ; 2.123162 Technical details Floor area 67,000 m2 ( 721,182 ft2 ) Website Official site of the Château de Versailles UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ( i ) , ( ii ) , ( vi ) Reference 83 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) ( edit on Wikidata ) The Palace of Versailles , Château de Versailles , or simply Versailles ( English : / vɛərˈsaɪ / vair - SY or / vərˈsaɪ / vər - SY ; French : ( vɛʁsaj ) ) , is a royal château in Versailles in the Île - de-France region of France . It is now open as a museum , and a very popular tourist attraction . When the château was built , Versailles was a small village dating from the 11th century ; today , however , it is a wealthy suburb of Paris , some 20 kilometres ( 12 miles ) southwest of the centre of the French capital . Versailles was the seat of political power in the Kingdom of France from 1682 , when King Louis XIV moved the royal court from Paris , until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in October 1789 , within three months after the beginning of the French Revolution . Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building , but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime . Especially under Louis XIV , the whole senior nobility were pressured to spend large amounts of time at Versailles , as a form of political control . Louis XIV evolved a rigid routine of court life as a performance , much of which took place in front of large groups of people , at some points in the day including tourists . Building the château and maintaining the court there was phenomenally expensive , but did a good deal to establish the dominance of French style and taste in the whole of Europe , giving French luxury manufacturing advantages that long outlasted the fall of the Ancien Régime . Louis XIV 's expansion of the building was begun around 1661 , with Louis Le Vau as architect . It was not completed until about 1715 , having been worked on by architects including François d'Orbay , Charles Le Brun ( interiors especially ) , Jules Hardouin - Mansart and Robert de Cotte . André Le Nôtre began the gardens and structures in them . There were a range of satellite buildings around the grounds . While the main château building remains essentially intact , though without much of its contents , some of these have been destroyed . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Architectural history 1.1. 1 17th century 1.1. 2 Cost 1.1. 3 18th century 1.1. 4 19th century 1.1. 5 20th century 1.1. 6 21st century 1.2 Social history 1.2. 1 Politics of display 1.2. 2 Life at Court 1.2. 3 Political and ceremonial functions 2 Palace and grounds 2.1 Architecture 2.2 Interior 2.2. 1 Grands appartements ( State Apartments ) 2.2. 2 Appartement du roi ( King 's Apartment ) 2.2. 3 Petit appartement du roi ( King 's Private Apartment ) 2.2. 4 Petit appartement de la reine ( Queen 's Private Apartment ) 2.2. 5 Galerie des Glaces ( Hall of Mirrors ) 2.2. 6 Chapels of Versailles 2.2. 7 Royal Opera 2.2. 8 The princes ' wing 2.2. 9 Museum of the History of France 2.2. 10 Gallery 2.3 Gardens of Versailles 2.4 Subsidiary structures 3 In popular culture 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Works cited 8 External links History ( edit ) The construction of the Palace of Versailles Main article : History of the Palace of Versailles Architectural History ( edit ) 17th century ( edit ) First built by Louis XIII in 1624 , as a hunting lodge of brick and stone , and the architect was Jacques Lemercier , the edifice was enlarged into a royal palace by Louis XIV . The first phase of the expansion ( c. 1661 -- 1678 ) was designed and supervised by the architect Louis Le Vau . It culminated in the addition of three new wings of stone ( the enveloppe ) , which encompassed Louis XIII 's original building on the north , south , and west ( the garden side ) . After Le Vau 's death in 1670 , the work was taken over and completed by his assistant François d'Orbay . Charles Le Brun designed and supervised the elaborate interior decoration , and André Le Nôtre landscaped the extensive Gardens of Versailles . Le Brun and Le Nôtre collaborated on the numerous fountains , and Le Brun supervised the design and installation of countless statues . During the second phase of expansion of the mansion ( c. 1678 -- 1715 ) , two enormous wings north and south of the wings flanking the Cour Royale ( Royal Courtyard ) were added by the architect Jules Hardouin - Mansart . He also replaced Le Vau 's large terrace , facing the garden on the west , with what became the most famous room of the palace , the Hall of Mirrors . Mansart also built the Petites Écuries and Grandes Écuries ( stables ) across the Place d'Armes , on the eastern side of the château , and , in 1687 , the Grand Trianon , or Trianon de Marbre ( Marble Trianon ) , replacing Le Vau 's 1668 Trianon de Porcelaine in the northern section of the park . Work was sufficiently advanced by 1682 , that Louis XIV was able to proclaim Versailles his principal residence and the seat of the government of the Kingdom of France and also to give rooms in the palace to almost all of his courtiers . After the death of his consort Maria Theresa of Spain in 1683 , Louis XIV undertook the enlargement and remodeling of the royal apartments in the original part of the palace , the former hunting lodge built by his father . The Royal Chapel of Versailles , located at the south end of the north wing , was begun by Mansart in 1688 , and after his death in 1708 completed by his assistant Robert de Cotte in 1710 . Cost ( edit ) Bust of Louis XIV by Bernini in the Diana Salon of the Palace of Versailles One of the most baffling aspects to the study of Versailles is the cost -- how much Louis XIV and his successors spent on Versailles . Owing to the nature of the construction of Versailles and the evolution of the role of the palace , construction costs were essentially a private matter . Initially , Versailles was planned to be an occasional residence for Louis XIV and was referred to as the `` king 's house '' . Accordingly , much of the early funding for construction came from the king 's own purse , funded by revenues received from his appanage as well as revenues from the province of New France ( Canada ) , which , while part of France , was a private possession of the king and therefore exempt from the control of the Parliaments . Once Louis XIV embarked on his building campaigns , expenses for Versailles became more of a matter for public record , especially after Jean - Baptiste Colbert assumed the post of finance minister . Expenditures on Versailles have been recorded in the compendium known as the Comptes des bâtiments du roi sous le règne de Louis XIV and which was edited and published in five volumes by Jules Guiffrey in the 19th century . These volumes provide valuable archival material pursuant to the financial expenditures of all aspects of Versailles from the payments disbursed for many trades as varied as artists and mole catchers . To counter the costs of Versailles during the early years of Louis XIV 's personal reign , Colbert decided that Versailles should be the `` showcase '' of France . Accordingly , all materials that went into the construction and decoration of Versailles were manufactured in France . Even the mirrors used in the decoration of the Hall of Mirrors were made in France . While Venice in the 17th century had the monopoly on the manufacture of mirrors , Colbert succeeded in enticing a number of artisans from Venice to make the mirrors for Versailles . However , owing to Venetian proprietary claims on the technology of mirror manufacture , the Venetian government ordered the assassination of the artisans to keep the secrets proprietary to the Venetian Republic . To meet the demands for decorating and furnishing Versailles , Colbert nationalised the tapestry factory owned by the Gobelin family , to become the Manufacture royale des Gobelins . Louis XIV visits the Gobelins with Colbert , 15 October 1667 . Tapestry from the series , `` Histoire du roi '' designed by Charles Le Brun and woven between 1667 and 1672 . Articles of Louis XIV 's silver furniture are seen in this tapestry . In 1667 , the name of the enterprise was changed to the Manufacture royale des Meubles de la Couronne . The Gobelins were charged with all decoration needs of the palace , which was under the direction of Charles Le Brun . One of the most costly elements in the furnishing of the grands appartements during the early years of the personal reign of Louis XIV was the silver furniture , which can be taken as a standard -- with other criteria -- for determining a plausible cost for Versailles . The Comptes meticulously list the expenditures on the silver furniture -- disbursements to artists , final payments , delivery -- as well as descriptions and weight of items purchased . Entries for 1681 and 1682 concerning the silver balustrade used in the salon de Mercure serve as an example : Year 1681 II . 5 In anticipation : For the silver balustrade for the king 's bedroom : 90,000 livres II . 7 18 November to Sieur du Metz , 43,475 livres 5 sols for delivery to Sr. Lois and to Sr. de Villers for payment of 142,196 livres for the silver balustrade that they are making for the king 's bedroom and 404 livres for tax : 48,861 livres 5 sol . II . 15 16 June 1681 -- 23 January 1682 to Sr. Lois and Sr. de Villers silversmiths on account for the silver balustrade that they are making for the king 's use ( four payments ) : 88,457 livres 5 sols . II . 111 25 March -- 18 April to Sr. Lois and Sr. de Villers silversmiths who are working on a silver balustrade for the king , for continued work ( two payments ) : 40,000 livres Year 1682 II . 129 21 March to Sr. Jehannot de Bartillay 4,970 livres 12 sols for the delivery to Sr. Lois and de Villers silversmiths for , with 136,457 livres 5 sol to one and 25,739 livres 10 sols to another , making the 38 balusters , 17 pilasters , the base and the cornice for the balustrade for the château of Versailles weighing 4,076 marc at the rate of 41 livres the marc including 41 livres 2 sols for tax : 4,970 livres 12 sols . Accordingly , the silver balustrade , which contained in excess of one ton of silver , cost in excess of 560,000 livres . It is difficult -- if not impossible -- to give an accurate rate of exchange between 1682 and today . However , Frances Buckland provides valuable information that provides an idea of the true cost of the expenditures at Versailles during the time of Louis XIV . In 1679 , Mme de Maintenon stated that the cost of providing light and food for twelve people for one day amounted to slightly more than 14 livres . In December 1689 , to defray the cost of the War of the League of Augsburg , Louis XIV ordered all the silver furniture and articles of silver at Versailles -- including chamber pots -- sent to the mint to be melted . Clearly , the silver furniture alone represented a significant outlay in the finances of Versailles . While the decoration of the palace was costly , certain other costs were minimised . For example , labour for construction was often low , due largely to the fact that the army during times of peace and during the winter , when wars were not waged , was pressed into action at Versailles . Additionally , given the quality and uniqueness of the items produced at the Gobelins for use and display at Versailles , the palace served as a venue to showcase not only the success of Colbert 's mercantilism , but also to display the finest that France could produce . Estimates of the amount spent to build Versailles are speculative . An estimate in 2000 placed the amount spent during the Ancien Régime as US $2 billion , this figure being , in all probability , an under - evaluation . France 's Fifth Republic expenditures alone , directed to restoration and maintenance at Versailles , undoubtedly surpass those of the Sun King . 18th century ( edit ) In 1738 , Louis XV remodeled the king 's petit appartement on the north side of the Cour de Marbre , originally the entrance court of the old château , and built a pavilion not far from the Grand Trianon , the Petit Trianon , designed by Ange - Jacques Gabriel and completed in 1768 . At the north end of the north wing , Gabriel also built a theatre , the Opéra , completed in 1770 , in time for the marriage of Louis - Auguste Dauphin of France to the Austrian Archduchess Marie Antoinette . After his accession to the throne , Louis XVI made few changes to the palace , primarily to the royal private apartments . However , after Louis XVI gave Marie Antoinette the Petit Trianon in 1774 , the queen made extensive changes to the interior , added a theater , the Théâtre de la Reine . She also totally transformed the arboretum planted during the reign of Louis XV into what became known as the Hameau de la Reine . ( The trees removed from the Trianon arboretum were brought & replanted in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris . ) 19th century ( edit ) During the French Revolution , after the royal family 's forced move to Paris on 6 October 1789 , three years before the fall of the monarchy , Versailles fell into disrepair and most of the furniture was sold . Some restoration work was undertaken by Napoleon in 1810 and Louis XVIII in 1820 , but the principal effort to restore and maintain Versailles was initiated by Louis - Philippe , when he created the Musée de l'Histoire de France , dedicated to `` all the glories of France '' . The museum is located in the Aile du Midi ( South Wing ) , which during the Ancien Régime had been used to lodge the members of the royal family . It was begun in 1833 and inaugurated on 30 June 1837 . Its most famous room is the Galerie des Batailles ( Hall of Battles ) , which lies on most of the length of the second floor . 20th century ( edit ) One of the fountains on the château grounds Neglect after October 1789 , when the royal family had to leave Versailles , and the ravages of war in parts of the 19th and 20th centuries have left their mark on the palace and its park . Post-World War II governments have sought to repair these damages . On the whole , they have been successful , but some of the more costly items , such as the vast array of fountains , have yet to be put back completely in service . As spectacular as they might seem now , they were even more extensive in the 18th century . The 18th - century waterworks at Marly -- the Machine de Marly that fed the fountains -- was possibly the biggest mechanical system of its time . The water came in from afar on monumental stone aqueducts which have long ago fallen into disrepair or been torn down . Some aqueducts , such as the unfinished Canal de l'Eure , which passes through the gardens of the château de Maintenon , were never completed for want of resources or due to the exigencies of war . The search for sufficient supplies of water was never fully realised even during the apogee of the reign of the Sun King , as the fountains could not be operated together satisfactorily for any significant periods of time . The restoration initiatives launched by the Fifth Republic have proven to be perhaps more costly than the expenditures of the palace in the Ancien Régime . Starting in the 1950s , when the museum of Versailles was under the directorship of Gérald van der Kemp , the objective was to restore the palace to its state -- or as close to it as possible -- in 1789 when the royal family left the palace . Among the early projects was the repair of the roof over the Hall of Mirrors ; the publicity campaign brought international attention to the plight of post-war Versailles and garnered much foreign money including a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation . Concurrently , in the Soviet Union ( Russia since 26 December 1991 ) , the restoration of the Pavlovsk Palace located 25 kilometers from the center of Leningrad -- today 's Saint Petersburg -- brought the attention of French Ministry of Culture , including that of the curator of Versailles . The `` Gate of Honour '' restored in 2009 Pavlovsk Palace was built by Catherine the Great 's son Paul . The czarevitch and his wife , Marie Feodorovna , were ardent francophiles , who , on a visit to France and Versailles in May and June 1782 , purchased great quantities of silk , which they later used to upholster furniture in Pavlovsk . The palace survived the Russian Revolution intact -- descendants of Paul I were living in the palace at the time the communists evicted them -- however , during the Second World War , the furniture and artifacts housed in the palace , which had been transformed into a museum , were removed . In the process of evacuation the museum collections , remnants of the silks purchased by Paul I of Russia and Marie Feodorovna were found and preserved . After the war when Soviet authorities were restoring the palace , which had been gutted by the retreating Nazi forces , they recreated the silk fabrics by using the preserved 18th - century remnants . When these results and high quality achieved were brought to the attention of the French Minister of Culture , he revived 18th - century weaving techniques so as to reproduce the silks used in the decoration of Versailles . The two greatest achievements of this initiative are seen today in wall hangings used in the restoration of the chambre de la reine in the grand appartement de reine and the chambre du roi in the appartement du roi . While the design used for the chambre du roi was , in fact , from the original design to decorate the chambre de la reine , it nevertheless represents a great achievement in the ongoing restoration at Versailles . Additionally , this project , which took over seven years to achieve , required several hundred kilograms of silver and gold to complete . One of the more costly endeavours for the museum and France 's Fifth Republic has been to repurchase as much of the original furnishings as possible . However , because furniture with a royal provenance -- and especially furniture that was made for Versailles -- is a highly sought after commodity on the international market , the museum has spent considerable funds on retrieving much of the palace 's original furnishings . 21st century ( edit ) The Fifth Republic has enthusiastically promoted the museum as one of France 's foremost tourist attractions , with recent figures stating that nearly five million people visit the château , and 8 to 10 million walk in the gardens , every year . In 2003 , a new restoration initiative -- the `` Grand Versailles '' project -- was started , which necessitated unexpected repair and replantation of the gardens , which had lost over 10,000 trees during Hurricane Lothar on 26 December 1999 . The project will be on - going for the next seventeen years , funded with a state endowment of € 135 million allocated for the first seven years . It will address such concerns as security for the palace and continued restoration of the bosquet des trois fontaines . Vinci SA underwrote the € 12 million restoration project for the Hall of Mirrors , which was completed in 2006 . Social History ( edit ) Politics of display ( edit ) Reception of the Grand Condé at Versailles following his victory at Seneffe . Condé advances towards Louis XIV in a respectful manner with laurel wreaths on his path , while captured enemy flags are displayed on both sides of the stairs . It marked the end of Condé 's exile , following his participation to the Fronde . On 6 May 1682 , Versailles became officially the seat of the government of the kingdom of France , the home of the French King Louis XIV , and the location of the royal court . Symbolically , the central room of the long extensive symmetrical range of buildings was the King 's Bedchamber ( appartement du roi ) , which itself was centred on the lavish and symbolic state bed , set behind a rich railing . Indeed , even the principal axis of the gardens themselves was conceived to radiate from this fulcrum . All the power of France emanated from this centre : there were government offices here ; as well as the homes of thousands of courtiers , their retinues and all the attendant functionaries of court . By requiring that nobles of a certain rank and position spend time each year at Versailles , Louis XIV prevented them from developing their own regional power at the expense of his own and kept them from countering his efforts to centralize the French government in an absolute monarchy . At various periods before Louis XIV established absolute rule , France , like the Holy Roman Empire lacked central authority and was not the unified state it was to become during subsequent centuries . During the Middle Ages , French nobles were often more powerful than the King of France and , although technically loyal to him , they possessed their own provincial seats of power and government , the loyalty of culturally influential courts and armies , and the right to levy their own taxes on their subjects . Some families were so powerful they achieved international prominence and contracted marriage alliances with foreign royal houses to further their own political ambitions . Although nominally Kings of France , de facto royal power had at times been limited purely to the region around Paris . Life at court ( edit ) Life at Versailles was determined by position , favour , and , above all , one 's birth . The chateau was a sprawling cluster of lodgings for which courtiers vied and manipulated . Today , Versailles is seen as unparalleled in its magnificence and splendour , yet few know of the actual living conditions many of Versailles ' privileged residents had to endure. . Many modern historians have compared the palace to a vast , crowded apartment block . Apart from the royal family , the majority of the residents were senior members of the household . On each floor apartments of varying size , 350 in all , were arranged along tiled corridors and given a number and a key . Many courtiers traded lodgings and grouped themselves together with their allies , families or friends . The Noailles family took over so much of the northern wing 's attic that floor was nicknamed rue de Noailles ( Noailles Street ) . Louis XIV envisaged Versailles as a seat for all the Bourbons , as well as his troublesome nobles . These nobles were , so to say , placed within a `` gilded cage '' . Many of the apartments were far from luxurious with many nobles having to make do with one or two room apartments , forcing many of them to build or buy town - houses in Versailles proper while keeping their palace rooms for changes of clothes or entertaining guests , rarely sleeping there . Rooms at Versailles were immensely useful for ambitious courtiers , as they allowed palace residents easy access to the monarch . Political and ceremonial functions ( edit ) See also : Treaties of Versailles Proclamation of the German Empire , 18 January 1871 , 1877 by Anton von Werner Two of the three treaties of the Peace of Paris ( 1783 ) , in which the United Kingdom recognized the independence of the United States , were signed at Versailles . After the French defeat in the Franco - Prussian War , with the Siege of Paris dragging on , the palace was the main headquarters of the Prussian army from 5 October 1870 until 13 March 1871 . On 18 January 1871 , Prussian King Wilhelm I was proclaimed German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors and the German Empire was founded . The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors , Versailles , 28 June 1919 by William Orpen After the First World War , it was the site of the opening of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 , also on 18 January . Germany was blamed for causing the First World War in the Treaty of Versailles , which was signed in the same room on 28 June 1919 . The palace , however , still serves political functions . Heads of state are regaled in the Hall of Mirrors ; the bicameral French Parliament -- consisting of the Senate ( Sénat ) and the National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) -- meet in joint session ( a congress of the French Parliament ) in Versailles to revise or otherwise amend the French Constitution , a tradition that came into effect with the promulgation of the 1875 Constitution . For example , the Parliament met in joint session at Versailles to pass constitutional amendments in June 1999 ( for domestic applicability of International Criminal Court decisions and for gender equality in candidate lists ) , in January 2000 ( ratifying the Treaty of Amsterdam ) , and in March 2003 ( specifying the `` decentralized organization '' of the French Republic ) . In 2009 , President Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the global financial crisis before a congress in Versailles , the first time that this had been done since 1848 , when Charles - Louis Napoleon Bonaparte gave an address before the French Second Republic . Following the November 2015 Paris attacks , President Francois Hollande gave a speech before a rare joint session of parliament at the Palace of Versailles . This was the third time since 1848 that a French president addressed a joint session of the French Parliament at Versailles . The president of the National Assembly has an official apartment at the Palace of Versailles . Palace and grounds ( edit ) Architecture ( edit ) The palace that we recognize today was largely completed by the death of Louis XIV in 1715 . The eastern facing palace has a U-shaped layout , with the corps de logis and symmetrical advancing secondary wings terminating with the Dufour Pavilion on the south and the Gabriel Pavilion to the north , creating an expansive cour d'honneur known as the Royal Court ( Cour Royale ) . Flanking the Royal Court are two enormous asymmetrical wings that result in a facade of 402 metres ( 1,319 ft ) in length . Encompassing 67,000 square metres ( 721,182 sq ft ) the palace has 700 rooms , more than 2,000 windows , 1,250 fireplaces and 67 staircases . The façade of the original lodge is preserved on the entrance front . Built of red brick and cut stone embellishments , the U-shaped layout surrounds a black - and - white marble courtyard . In the center , a 3 - storey avant - corps fronted with eight red marble columns supporting a gilded wrought - iron balcony is surmounted with a triangle of lead statuary surrounding a large clock , whose hands were stopped upon the death of Louis XIV . The rest of the façade is completed with columns , painted and gilded wrought - iron balconies and dozens of stone tables decorated with consoles holding marble busts of Roman emperors . Atop the mansard slate roof are elaborate dormer windows and gilt lead roof dressings that were added by Hardouin - Mansart in 1679 -- 1681 . Inspired by the architecture of baroque Italian villas , but executed in the French classical style , the garden front and wings were encased in white cut ashlar stone known as the enveloppe in 1661 - 1678 . The exterior features an arcaded , rusticated ground floor , supporting a main floor with round - headed windows divided by reliefs and pilasters or columns . The attic storey has square windows and pilasters and crowned by a balustrade bearing sculptured trophies and flame pots dissimulating a flat roof . Plan of the main floor ( c. 1837 , with north to the right ) , showing the Hall of Mirrors in red , the Hall of Battles in green , the Royal Chapel in yellow , and the Royal Opera in blue Interior ( edit ) Grands appartements ( state apartments ) ( edit ) Main articles : Grand appartement du roi and Grand appartement de la reine As a result of Le Vau 's enveloppe of Louis XIII 's former hunting lodge transforming it , between 1631 and 1634 , into a red brick and white stone small château , with a black tile roof , the king and the queen had new apartments in the new addition , known at the time as the château neuf . The grands appartements ( Grand Apartments , also referred to as the State Apartments ) are known respectively as the grand appartement du roi and the grand appartement de la reine . They occupied the main or principal floor of the château neuf , with three rooms in each apartment facing the garden to the west and four facing the garden parterres to the north and south , respectively . Le Vau 's design for the state apartments closely followed Italian models of the day , as evidenced by the placement of the apartments on the next floor up from the ground level -- the piano nobile -- a convention the architect borrowed from 16th - and 17th - century Italian palace design . The king 's apartment consisted of an enfilade of seven rooms , each dedicated to one of the then known planets and their associated titular Roman deity . The queen 's apartment formed a parallel enfilade with that of the grand appartement du roi . It served as the residence of three queens of France - Marie - Thérèse d'Autriche , wife of Louis XIV , Marie Leczinska , wife of Louis XV , and Marie - Antoinette , wife of Louis XVI . Additionally , Louis XIV 's granddaughter - in - law , Princess Marie - Adélaïde of Savoy , duchesse de Bourgogne , wife of the Petit Dauphin , occupied these rooms from 1697 ( the year of her marriage ) to her death in 1712 . After the addition of the Hall of Mirrors ( 1678 -- 1684 ) the king 's apartment was reduced to five rooms ( until the reign of Louis XV , when two more rooms were added ) and the queen 's to four . Plan of the main floor in the central part of the palace ( c. 1742 ) , showing the grand appartement du roi in dark blue , the appartement du roi in medium blue , the petit appartement du roi in light blue , the grand appartement de la reine in yellow , and the petit appartement de la reine in red Appartement du roi ( king 's apartment ) ( edit ) Main article : Appartement du roi The appartement du roi is a suite of rooms originally set aside for the personal use of Louis XIV in 1683 . His successors , Louis XV and Louis XVI , used these rooms for such ceremonies as the lever and the coucher . Petit appartement du roi ( king 's private apartment ) ( edit ) Main article : Petit appartement du roi The petit appartement du roi is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the private use of the king . Occupying the site on which rooms were originally arranged for Louis XIII on the first floor of the château , the space was radically modified by Louis XIV . His successors , Louis XV and Louis XVI had these rooms drastically modified and remodeled for their personal use . Petit appartement de la reine ( queen 's private apartment ) ( edit ) Main article : Petit appartement de la reine The petit appartement de la reine is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the personal use of the queen . Originally arranged for the use of the Marie - Thérèse , consort of Louis XIV , the rooms were later modified for use by Marie Leszczyńska and finally for Marie - Antoinette . Galerie des Glaces ( Hall of Mirrors ) ( edit ) Main article : Hall of Mirrors The Galerie des Glaces ( Hall of Mirrors ) , is perhaps the most celebrated room in the château of Versailles . The length of the gallery is 230 feet ( 70 metres ) and there are 17 wide arcaded mirrors . Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun painted 30 scenes as a testimony of early reign years of Louis XIV on the ceiling . Setting for many of the ceremonies of the French Court during the Ancien Régime , the Galerie des Glaces has also inspired numerous copies and renditions throughout the world . The room 's construction began in 1678 and finished in 1689 . Chapels of Versailles ( edit ) Main article : Chapels of Versailles In the evolution of the palace , there have been five chapels . The current chapel , which was the last major building project of Louis XIV , represents one of the finest examples of French Baroque architecture and ecclesiastical decoration . The palace chapel is located in the north wing and its construction started by Hardouin - Mansart in 1699 but the person who completed the work was de Corte . Daily meetings , wedding ceremonies and baptisms were held in this chapel until 1789 . Royal Opéra ( edit ) Main article : Royal Opera of Versailles Ange - Jacques Gabriel 's Royal Opera ( Opéra Royal ) was perhaps the most ambitious building project of Louis XV for the château of Versailles . Completed in 1770 , the Opéra was inaugurated at the time of the wedding festivities of Louis XV 's grandson , the Dauphin , future Louis XVI , and Marie - Antoinette . On October 1789 , a banquet for royal guardsmen was held in this place . The Opera served as a host to the National Assembly from 1871 until 1875 when the Third Republic was proclaimed . The princes ' wing ( edit ) The south wing of the palace was named `` the princes ' wing '' when quarters were given to princes du sang ( princes of the blood ) . The Battles Gallery designed by architects Frédéric Nepveu and Pierre - Léonard Fontaine is situated on the first floor . and the ground floor hosts the Hall of Congress in which Chamber of Deputies gathered in 1876 - 79 . Museum of the History of France ( edit ) Main article : Galerie des Batailles In the 19th century the Museum of the History of France was founded in Versailles , at the behest of Louis - Philippe I , who ascended to the throne in 1830 . The entire second floor ( premier étage ) of the Aile du Midi ( South Wing ) of the palace was transformed into the Galerie des Batailles to house the newly created collection of paintings and sculptures depicting milestones battles of French history . The collections display painted , sculpted , drawn and engraved images illustrating events or personalities of the history of France since its inception . The museum occupies the lateral wings of the Palace . Most of the paintings date back to the 19th century and have been created specially for the museum by major painters of the time such as Delacroix , Horace Vernet or François Gérard but there are also much older artworks which retrace French History . Notably the museum displays works by Philippe de Champaigne , Pierre Mignard , Laurent de La Hyre , Charles Le Brun , Adam Frans van der Meulen , Nicolas de Largillière , Hyacinthe Rigaud , Jean Antoine Houdon , Jean Marc Nattier , Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun , Hubert Robert , Thomas Lawrence , Jacques - Louis David , Antoine Jean Gros and also Pierre - Auguste Renoir . Gallery ( edit ) Hall of Mirrors Queen 's bedchamber in the grand appartement de la reine Galerie des Batailles Chapel Opéra A Dripping Fountain , Versailles La Galerie des Glaces , Versailles , 1927 Salon de la Paix , Versailles , 1927 Gardens of Versailles ( edit ) The Orangerie of Versailles Main article : Gardens of Versailles Evolving with the château , the gardens of Versailles represent one of the finest extant examples of the jardin à la française created by André Le Nôtre . Subsidiary structures ( edit ) Main article : Subsidiary structures of the Palace of Versailles Located in proximity to the château , these smaller structures served the needs of the royal family and court officials during the Ancien Régime . They include the Ménagerie royale ( 1664 ) , demolished ; the Trianon de porcelaine ( 1670 ) , demolished ; the Grand Trianon or Trianon de marbre ( Marble Trianon ) ( 1689 ) ; the Petit Trianon ( 1768 ) ; and the Pavillon de la Lanterne ( 1787 ) , a hunting lodge . In popular Culture ( edit ) Main article : List of films shot at the Palace of Versailles Films Madagascar 3 ( 2012 ) is an animated film in which sophisticated chimpanzees Mason and Phil dress up as `` King of Versailles '' in reference to the Palace of Versailles Music `` The Palace of Versailles '' is a song by singer - songwriter Al Stewart , detailing the French Revolution , The Terror , and Napoléon Bonaparte 's military coup , from the perspective of `` the lonely Palace of Versailles '' On 2 July 2005 , the French Live 8 was held in the courtyard of Versailles Television In the Doctor Who episode , `` Girl in the Fire Place '' ( 2005 ) , The Doctor met the Madame de Pompadour in the Palace of Versailles Let Them Eat Cake , a 1999 BBC comedy starring Jennifer Saunders and Dawn French , is set within the Palace . Versailles is a 2015 British - American - Franco - Canadian television series set during the construction of Versailles Palace during the reign of Louis XIV Video games Assassin 's Creed Rogue is set in Versailles at the end of the game Assassin 's Creed Unity is set in Versailles at the beginning of the game Castlevania : Bloodlines is a Konami video game in which Versailles is the fifth stage Gallery ( edit ) Panoramic view from the park Panoramic view from the city Garden facade from the southwest Salle du Sacre with a view toward Salle des Gardes in the Queen 's Grand Apartment View of the upper southwest corner of the south wing View of the Palace from the southern part of the Parterre d'Eau , with the bronze statue of the Rhône River by Jean - Baptiste Tuby ( 1687 ) Marble Court See also ( edit ) Bureau du Roi Châteaux of the Loire Valley List of Baroque residences Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Peterhof Palace Tennis Court Oath ( French : serment du jeu de paume ) in the Saint - Louis district Treaty of Versailles Versailles Cathedral Kingdom of France portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The marc , a unit equal to 8 ounces , was used to weigh silver and gold . Jump up ^ As of 4 April 2008 , silver has been trading in New York at US $17.83 an ounce . Jump up ^ Six kings were born in this room : Philip V of Spain , Louis XV , Louis XVI , Louis XVII , Louis XVIII , and Charles X . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ point zero at square in front of Notre Dame ^ Jump up to : `` Palace of Versailles palace , Versailles , France '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ayers 2004 , pp. 334 -- 336 . Jump up ^ Berger 1985a , pp. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Ayers 2004 , pp. 336 -- 339 ; Maral 2010 , pp. 215 -- 229 . Jump up ^ La Varende 1959 Jump up ^ Bluche 1986 ; Bluche 1991 ; Chouquette 1997 ^ Jump up to : Guiffrey 1880 -- 1890 ^ Jump up to : Bluche 1991 Jump up ^ Buckland 1983 Jump up ^ Dangeau 1854 -- 1860 Jump up ^ Bluche 1986 ; Bluche 1991 Jump up ^ Littell 2000 ^ Jump up to : Hoog 1996 . Jump up ^ Hoog 1996 , pp. 373 -- 374 . Jump up ^ The magic of the `` Great Waters '' of Versailles ^ Jump up to : Massie 1990 Jump up ^ Meyer 1989 Jump up ^ Kemp 1976 Jump up ^ At the Court of the Sun King , Some All - American Art , New York Times ( September 11 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Opperman 2004 Jump up ^ Leloup 2006 Jump up ^ Da Vinha , Mathieu & Masson , Raphaël : Versailles : Histoire , Dictionnaire & Anthologie - Chapter : Aile du Nord , Publisher : Robert Laffont , Paris , 10 September 2015 , ( 1 ) ( no page number available ) . ISBN 978 - 2221115022 Jump up ^ Duc de Saint - Simon Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , p. 282 ^ Jump up to : William Safran , `` France '' in Politics in Europe ( M. Donald Hancock et al. , CQ Sage : 5th ed. 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Constitution of 1875 Jump up ^ Article 9 : Le siège du pouvoir exécutif et des deux chambres est à Versailles . Jump up ^ Associated Press , Breaking tradition , Sarkozy speaks to parliament ( June 22 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Jerry M. Rosenberg , `` France '' in The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007 - 2012 ( Scarecrow Press : 2012 ) , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , The Latest : US Basketball Player James Not Going to France ( November 16 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Associated Press , The Latest : Brother Linked to Paris Attacks in Disbelief ( November 16 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Francois Hollande : ' France is at war ' , CNN ( November 16 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Georges Bergougnous , Presiding Officers of National Parliamentary Assemblies : A World Comparative Study ( Inter-Parliamentary Union : Geneva , 1997 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` History of Art '' . Visual Arts Cork . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Palace of Versailles '' . Dimensions Info . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Saule & Meyrer 2000 , pp. 18 , 22 ; Michelin Tyre 1989 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Berger 1985b ; Verlet 1985 Jump up ^ Blondel 1752 -- 1756 , vol. 4 ( 1756 ) , book 7 , plate 8 ; Nolhac 1898 , p. 49 ( dates Blondel 's plan to c. 1742 ) . Works cited ( edit ) Ayers , Andrew ( 2004 ) . The Architecture of Paris . Stuttgart , London : Edition Axel Menges . ISBN 9783930698967 . Berger , Robert W. ( 1985a ) . In the Garden of the Sun King : Studies on the Park of Versailles Under Louis XIV . Washington , DC : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library . Berger , Robert W. ( 1985b ) . Versailles : The Château of Louis XIV . University Park : The College Arts Association . Blondel , Jacque - François ( 1752 -- 1756 ) . Architecture françoise , ou Recueil des plans , élévations , coupes et profils des églises , maisons royales , palais , hôtels & édifices les plus considérables de Paris . 4 vols . Paris : Charles - Antoine Jombert . Bluche , François ( 1986 ) . Louis XIV . Paris : Arthème Fayard . Bluche , François ( 1991 ) . Dictionnaire du Grand Siècle . Paris : Arthème Fayard . Buckland , Frances ( May 1983 ) . `` Gobelin tapestries and paintings as a source of information about the silver furniture of Louis XIV '' . The Burlington Magazine . 125 ( 962 ) : 272 -- 283 . Dangeau , Philippe de Courcillon , marquis de ( 1854 -- 60 ) . Journal . Paris . Gady , Alexandre ( 2010 ) . `` Édifices royaux , Versailles : Transformations des logis sur cour '' . In Gady , Alexandre . Jules hardouin - Mansart 1646 -- 1708 . Paris : Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme . pp. 171 -- 176 . ISBN 9782735111879 . Guiffrey , Jules ( 1880 -- 1890 ) . Comptes des bâtiments du roi sous le règne de Louis XIV. 5 vols . Paris : Imprimerie Nationale . Hoog , Simone ( 1996 ) . `` Versailles '' . In Turner , Jane . The Dictionary of Art . 32 . New York : Grove . pp. 369 -- 374 . ISBN 9781884446009 . Also at Oxford Art Online ( subscription required ) . Kemp , Gerard van der ( 1976 ) . `` Remeubler Versailles '' . Revue du Louvre. 3 : 135 -- 137 . La Varende , Jean de ( 1959 ) . Versailles . Paris : Henri Lefebvre . Leloup , Michèle ( 7 August 2006 ) . `` Versailles en grande toilette '' . L'Express . Littell , McDougal ( 2001 ) . World History : Patterns of Interactions . New York : Houghton Mifflin . Maral , Alexandre ( 2010 ) . `` Chapelle royale '' . In Gady , Alexandre . Jules hardouin - Mansart 1646 -- 1708 . Paris : Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme . pp. 215 -- -- 228 . ISBN 9782735111879 . Massie , Suzanne ( 1990 ) . Pavlosk : The Life of a Russian Palace . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . -- -- -- ( February 1989 ) . `` L'ameublement de la chambre de Louis XIV à Versailles de 1701 à nos jours '' . Gazette des Beaux - Arts ( 6th ed . ) . 113 : 79 -- 104 . Michelin Tyre PLC ( 1989 ) . Île - de-France : The Region Around Paris . Harrow ( England ) : Michelin Tyre Public Ltd . Co . ISBN 9782060134116 . Nolhac , Pierre de ( 1898 ) . La création de Versailles sous Louis Quinze . Paris : H. Champion . Oppermann , Fabien ( 2004 ) . Images et usages du château de Versailles au XXe siècle ( Thesis ) . École des Chartes . Saule , Béatrix ; Meyer , Daniel ( 2000 ) . Versailles Visitor 's Guide . Versailles : Éditions Art - Lys . ISBN 9782854951172 . Verlet , Pierre ( 1985 ) . Le château de Versailles . Paris : Librairie Arthème Fayard . Wawro , Geoffrey ( 2003 ) . The Franco - Prussian War : the German conquest of France in 1870 -- 1871 . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palace of Versailles . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Versailles . Official Site Virtual Tour of the Palace ( fullscreen panoramic tour ) Large Versailles photo gallery Flickr : Le Parc de Versailles Versailles on Paper ( exhibition website ) 3D evolution of the Palace of Versailles World Heritage Sites in France Île - de-France Palace and Park of Versailles Fontainebleau Palace and Park Paris : Banks of the Seine Provins Parisian basin Amiens Cathedral Belfries of Belgium and France Bourges Cathedral Champagne hillsides , houses and cellars Chartres Cathedral Climats and terroirs of Burgundy Reims : Cathedral of Notre - Dame , Abbey of Saint - Remi , Palace of Tau Abbey of Fontenay Le Havre Vézelay Church and hill Nord - Pas - de-Calais Belfries of Belgium and France Nord - Pas de Calais Mining Basin East Great Saltworks of Salins - les - Bains and Royal Saltworks of Arc - et - Senans Nancy : Place Stanislas , Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance Strasbourg : Grande Île , Neustadt Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps West Abbey Church of Saint - Savin - sur - Gartempe Mont Saint - Michel and its bay South West Episcopal city , Albi Port of the Moon , Bordeaux Prehistoric sites and decorated caves of the Vézère valley Pyrénées -- Mont Perdu Saint - Émilion Centre East Chauvet Cave Lyon Mediterranean Roman and Romanesque monuments , Arles Carcassonne citadel Gulf of Porto : Calanches de Piana , Gulf of Girolata , Scandola Reserve Avignon : Papal Palace , Episcopal Ensemble , Avignon Bridge Pont du Gard Orange : Roman Theatre and environs , Triumphal Arch Multiple regions The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier Canal du Midi Fortifications of Vauban Loire Valley between Sully - sur - Loire and Chalonnes - sur - Loire Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France Overseas departments and territories Lagoons of New Caledonia Pitons , cirques and remparts of Réunion Taputapuātea Shared locally with other region / s and with Belgium Shared with Spain Shared with Austria , Germany , Italy , Slovenia and Switzerland French royal residences Versailles ( including the Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon ) Palais du Louvre Palais Royal Palais des Tuileries Palais du Luxembourg Blois Chambord Choisy Compiègne Fontainebleau Marly Meudon La Muette Saint Cloud Saint Germain en Laye Tourism in Paris Landmarks Arc de Triomphe Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Arènes de Lutèce Bourse Catacombs Conciergerie Eiffel Tower Flame of Liberty Grand Palais and Petit Palais Institut de France Jeanne d'Arc Les Invalides Luxor Obelisk Odéon Opéra Bastille Opéra Garnier Panthéon Philharmonie de Paris Porte Saint - Denis Porte Saint - Martin Sorbonne Tour Montparnasse Museums Bibliothèque nationale Carnavalet Centre Pompidou / Beaubourg Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie Jeu de Paume Louis Vuitton Foundation Musée des Arts Décoratifs Musée des Arts et Métiers Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris Musée Cognacq - Jay Musée Grévin Musée Guimet Maison de Victor Hugo Musée Jacquemart - André Musée du Louvre Musée Marmottan Monet Musée de Montmartre Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée national Eugène Delacroix Musée national Gustave Moreau Musée national des Monuments Français Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Musée national du Moyen Âge Musée de l'Orangerie Musée d'Orsay Musée Pasteur Musée Picasso Musée du quai Branly Musée Rodin Palais de la Légion d'Honneur Musée de la Légion d'honneur Religious buildings Alexander Nevsky Cathedral American Cathedral American Church Chapelle expiatoire Grand Mosque Grand Synagogue La Madeleine Notre - Dame de Paris Notre - Dame - de-Bonne - Nouvelle Notre - Dame - de-Lorette Notre - Dame - des - Victoires Sacré - Cœur Saint Ambroise Saint - Augustin Saint - Étienne - du - Mont Saint - Eustache Saint - François - Xavier Saint - Germain - des - Prés Saint - Germain l'Auxerrois Saint - Gervais - Saint - Protais Saint - Jacques Tower Saint - Jean - de-Montmartre Saint - Paul - Saint - Louis Saint - Pierre de Montmartre Saint - Roch Saint - Sulpice Saint - Vincent - de-Paul Sainte - Chapelle Sainte - Clotilde Sainte - Trinité Temple du Marais Val - de-Grâce Hôtels particuliers and palaces Élysée Palace Hôtel de Beauvais Hôtel de Charost Hôtel de Crillon Hôtel d'Estrées Hôtel de la Païva Hôtel de Pontalba Hôtel de Sens Hôtel de Soubise Hôtel de Sully Hôtel de Ville Hôtel Lambert Hôtel Matignon Luxembourg Palace ( Petit Luxembourg ) Palais Bourbon Palais de Justice Palais - Royal Areas , bridges , streets and squares Avenue Foch Avenue George V Champ de Mars Champs - Élysées Covered passages Latin Quarter Le Marais Montmartre Montparnasse Place Dauphine Place de la Bastille Place de la Concorde Place de la Nation Place de la République Place Denfert - Rochereau Place des États - Unis Place des Pyramides Place des Victoires Place des Vosges Place du Châtelet Place du Tertre Place Saint - Michel Place Vendôme Pont Alexandre III Pont d'Iéna Pont de Bir - Hakeim Pont des Arts Pont Neuf Rive Gauche Rue de Rivoli Rue du Faubourg Saint - Honoré Trocadéro Parks and gardens Bois de Boulogne Bois de Vincennes Jardin d'Acclimatation Jardin du Luxembourg Parc des Buttes Chaumont Parc Montsouris Tuileries Garden Cemeteries Montmartre Cemetery Montparnasse Cemetery Passy Cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery Picpus Cemetery Région parisienne Chantilly La Défense Grande Arche Disneyland Paris Écouen Fontainebleau France Miniature Malmaison Musée de l'air et de l'espace Musée Fragonard d'Alfort Parc Astérix Provins Rambouillet La Roche - Guyon Basilica of St Denis Saint - Germain - en - Laye Sceaux Stade de France Vaux - le - Vicomte Palace and Gardens of Versailles Vincennes Events and traditions Bastille Day military parade Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Paris Air Show Paris - Plages Republican Guard Other Le Bateau - Lavoir La Ruche Café des 2 Moulins Café Procope Les Deux Magots Moulin de la Galette Moulin Rouge Related Paris Musées Axe historique Paris Métro Bateaux Mouches VIAF : 127977992 LCCN : n91058220 ISNI : 0000 0001 2155 0720 GND : 4194431 - 8 SELIBR : 333130 SUDOC : 02654685X BNF : cb119487267 ( data ) ULAN : 500312482 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Versailles&oldid=802610744 '' Categories : Palace of Versailles Art museums and galleries in France Baroque architecture at Versailles Baroque palaces Buildings and structures completed in 1672 Buildings and structures completed in 1684 Châteaux in France French formal gardens Gardens in Yvelines Landscape design history of France Palaces in France French Parliament Reportedly haunted locations in France Royal residences in France Seats of national legislatures World Heritage Sites in France Châteaux in Yvelines Tourist attractions in Yvelines Museums in Yvelines 1684 establishments in France 2024 Summer Olympic venues Olympic equestrian venues Olympic modern pentathlon venues Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2014 Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Use dmy dates from August 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles containing French - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 08 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the significance of the seven rooms in the palace
[ "The king's apartment consisted of an enfilade of seven rooms, each dedicated to one of the then known planets and their associated titular Roman deity. The queen's apartment formed a parallel enfilade with that of the grand appartement du roi. It served as the residence of three queens of France - Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, wife of Louis XIV, Marie Leczinska, wife of Louis XV, and Marie-Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI. Additionally, Louis XIV's granddaughter-in-law, Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, duchesse de Bourgogne, wife of the Petit Dauphin, occupied these rooms from 1697 (the year of her marriage) to her death in 1712.[c] After the addition of the Hall of Mirrors (1678–1684) the king's apartment was reduced to five rooms (until the reign of Louis XV, when two more rooms were added) and the queen's to four." ]
[ "each dedicated to one of the then known planets and their associated titular Roman deity" ]
-8848084453316744476
Kraft Music Hall
Kraft Music Hall - Wikipedia Kraft Music Hall Jump to : navigation , search Joe Sinnott 's caricature of the Kraft Music Hall ( l to r ) : Orchestra leader John Scott Trotter , Marilyn Maxwell , Bing Crosby and announcer Ken Carpenter . Veteran Marvel Comics artist Sinnott also illustrated the covers of several Crosby albums . This article is about the radio series . For the 1958 -- 71 TV show , see Kraft Music Hall ( TV series ) . The Kraft Music Hall was a popular old - time radio variety program , featuring top show business entertainers , which aired first on NBC radio from 1933 to 1949 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Radio 2 Television 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links 5.1 Listen to Radio ( edit ) The Kraft Program debuted June 26 , 1933 , as a musical - variety program featuring orchestra leader Paul Whiteman and served to supplement print advertising and in - store displays promoting Kraft products . During its first year the show went through a series of name changes , including Kraft Musical Revue , until it finally settled on Kraft Music Hall in 1934 . Whiteman remained the host until December 6 , 1935 . Ford Bond was the announcer . Billed as `` The King of Jazz '' , Whiteman was arguably America 's first popular music superstar . Whiteman 's foresight regarding the coming of the jazz age and his decisions to hire the best jazz musicians was a powerful boost for jazz , swing and blues . Though he was prohibited from hiring black performers , he hired arrangers and composers . Bing Crosby took over as master of ceremonies January 2 , 1936 . Crosby was host until May 9 , 1946 . Other entertainers who appeared regularly during Crosby 's tenure included Connie Boswell , Victor Borge , and Mary Martin . A review in Billboard magazine commented , `` It is a tribute to Bing Crosby , program 's highlight , that the Music Hall seems to survive all talent change -- these changes simply pointing up the fact that the show is completely dependent on Crosby . '' For the advertising managers at Kraft , it was imperative that advertising and entertainment be kept separate . For this reason , Kraft insisted that an announcer , not cast members , read its commercials . Additionally , Kraft commercials were single - product focused during the radio days , short and to the point in order to keep with Kraft 's philosophy that quality entertainment led listeners up to the commercials , dropped them into the commercials , and took them back to the show , as evidenced by the broadcast of June 15 , 1944 : When Crosby and Marilyn Maxwell finish singing `` Take It Easy '' , Crosby segues to the ad with , `` Check it friends , The Charioteers ( the studio chorus ) will further demonstrate immediately after my colleague glibly hustles prospective purchasers . '' Announcer Ken Carpenter commences a 39 - second spot extolling the virtues of Kraft Dinner -- `` Well , I can tell you of macaroni and cheese that helps you three ways . Saves cooking time , saves shopping time , saves ration points . '' Nelson Eddy marks the end of the radio program on September 22 , 1949 . Crosby was the longest - running Kraft Music Hall host , from 1936 through 1946 . His casual style and humorous easy - going banter made the show tops with the young `` country club '' set . The average listener was 21 during this period , compared to the average age of 11 at the movie houses . Intelligent humor and delightful guests made these years some of the greatest . On the show , Crosby rubbed elbows with the likes of Spike Jones , Lucille Ball , The Andrews Sisters , Nat `` King '' Cole and Peggy Lee . It was during these years on the Kraft Music Hall that Bob Burns popularized his famous `` bazooka '' instrument ( made from a pipe and a funnel ) , coining the term which was later used by soldiers referring to the 2.75 - inch recoilless rifle anti-tank weapon , the bazooka . Crosby left Kraft Music Hall in 1946 and began hosting his own series , Philco Radio Time ; Crosby would continue hosting his own network radio programs until 1962 . Kraft Music Hall went through a handful of short - lived hosts . Edward Everett Horton , Eddie Foy and Frank Morgan all hosted from 1945 through 1947 . Nelson Eddy took over the summer spots in 1947 and with costar Dorothy Kirsten in 1948 and 1949 . The show had a strong supporting cast : pianist - vocalist Ramona , soprano Helen Jepson , tenor Jack Fulton , pianist Roy Bargy and music critic Deems Taylor . Al Jolson dotted the Kraft Music Hall landscape , first as an occasional guest from 1933 to 1935 , then later as the star and host from 1947 to 1949 , while his sarcastic pianist and sidekick Oscar Levant piped in with his dry wit . Jolson kept working until shortly before his death in 1950 , with these shows as some of his last . Many of the show 's recurring jokes and funny remarks were about Jolson 's education , his age and his relationships to women . When Jolson returned in October 1947 , Variety printed a rave review . When Decca Records released a Best of Al Jolson double LP , it included several tracks from Kraft Music Hall broadcasts . Television ( edit ) Main article : Kraft Music Hall ( TV series ) Kraft Music Hall made the move to television in 1958 , replacing the dramatic anthology series Kraft Television Theatre . Milton Berle hosted during the 1958 season . Beginning with the fall 1959 season , singer Perry Como became the host , and continued until 1967 ( as a monthly series from 1963 through ' 67 ) . During the summer seasons , the show continued with new episodes , with a variety of guest hosts replacing Berle / Como . This rotation of guest hosts became a permanent feature when Como left the series in the winter of 1967 ( with the Music Hall returning as a weekly series that fall ) , and continued until the series finally ended in 1971 . Every show featured a guest entertainer , among them Bob Hope , Liberace , Judy Garland , Eddie Cantor , Groucho Marx , Jimmy Durante , George Jessel , Larry Parks , Dorothy Kirsten , Doris Day , Leo Fuld , Boris Karloff , The Everly Brothers , Margaret Whiting , Cary Grant , Humphrey Bogart , Phil Silvers and Simon & Garfunkel . Each episode also often featured a familiar film actress , such as Marilyn Maxwell . During its final years , Friar 's Club `` Roasts '' were occasionally broadcast on this series in place of the usual musically themed episodes . Later , these Roasts appeared as a separate series hosted by Dean Martin . In 1966 , NBC aired a summer replacement show , Kraft Summer Music Hall . It featured John Davidson as host , with a new young comedian , Richard Pryor , and singer Jimmy Boyd . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ackerman , Paul . `` Program Reviews : Kraft Music Hall '' ( January 10 , 1942 ) . Billboard . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Jolson In Smooth Getaway On Music Hall . Variety . October 3 , 1947 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Elyaqim Mosheh 's Media Collection / Al Jolson '' . pbwiki.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) McDonough , J. ; Egolf , K. ( 2015 ) . The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising . Taylor & Francis . p. 913 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 94906 - 8 . Please find info about the history that ties the CMA 's to Kraft as well ... via Chester R. Green ; his first corporate meeting for Kraft in Time Magazine . External links ( edit ) Al Jolson and Kraft Music Hall Listen to ( edit ) Radio Lovers : Kraft Music Hall ( one Crosby episode and seven Jolson episodes ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kraft_Music_Hall&oldid=816634547 '' Categories : 1930s American radio programs 1940s American radio programs American variety radio programs Kraft Foods NBC radio programs Hidden categories : Use American English from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from April 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 17 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the program the kraft music hall is an example of
[ "The Kraft Music Hall was a popular old-time radio variety program, featuring top show business entertainers, which aired first on NBC radio from 1933 to 1949." ]
[ "old-time radio variety program" ]
1990294674050081104
Mock strawberry
Mock strawberry - wikipedia Mock strawberry Not to be confused with Barren strawberry . Mock strawberry Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae ( unranked ) : Angiosperms ( unranked ) : Eudicots ( unranked ) : Rosids Order : Rosales Family : Rosaceae Subfamily : Rosoideae Genus : Duchesnea Species : D. indica Binomial name Duchesnea indica ( Andrews ) Th. Wolf Duchesnea indica ( sometimes called Potentilla indica ) , known commonly by the names mock strawberry , Indian strawberry , or false strawberry , is a flowering plant in the family Rosaceae . It has foliage and an aggregate accessory fruit similar to that of a true strawberry . It has yellow flowers , unlike the white or slightly pink flowers of true strawberries . It is native to eastern and southern Asia , but has been introduced to many other areas as a medicinal and an ornamental plant . It has been naturalized in many regions , including parts of the United States . The leaves are trifoliate , roughly veined beneath , dark green , and often persisting through the winter , arising from short crowns . The plant spreads along creeping stolons , rooting and producing crowns at each node . The yellow flowers are produced in mid spring , then sporadically throughout the growing season . The aggregate accessory fruits are white or red , and entirely covered with red achenes , simple ovaries , each containing a single seed . They are edible , but they have little overall flavor . Recent genetic evidence has shown that this genus is better included within Potentilla , but currently most sources still list it in the genus Duchesnea . A poultice of the crushed leaves is used to treat skin ailments such as eczema . Images ( edit ) Duchesnea indica - MHNT Immature fruit Blossom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Meghan ( December 2006 ) . `` Indian Strawberry '' . Bellarmine University . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Invasive species in Belgium : Duchesnea indica '' . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Missouri department of Conservation . `` Indian Strawberry ( Mock Strawberry ) '' . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . This plant is invasive in many locations across America . Jump up ^ `` Potentilla indica '' . County - level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas ( NAPA ) . Biota of North America Program ( BONAP ) . 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Are the mock strawberries toxic ? '' . FDA Poisonous Plant Database. 1986 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Torsten Eriksson ; Malin S. Hibbs ; Anne D. Yoder ; Charles F. Delwiche & Michael J. Donoghue ( 2003 ) . `` The Phylogeny of Rosoideae ( Rosaceae ) Based on Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacers ( ITS ) of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA and the trnL / F Region of Chloroplast DNA '' . Int. J. Plant Sci. 164 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 211 . doi : 10.1086 / 346163 . Jump up ^ `` The Plant List : Duchesnea '' . Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden . 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Duchesnea indica . University of Missouri : Division of Plant Sciences Wildflowers of Louisiana Jepson Manual Treatment Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q162878 Wikispecies : Potentilla indica BioLib : 39853 EoL : 229671 GBIF : 5365717 GRIN : 29500 iNaturalist : 243824 IPNI : 728289 - 1 NBN : NHMSYS0021126306 NCBI : 13044 NZOR : 8c436269 - abe9 - 4eba - ae57 - 8109a0f69c28 POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 728289 - 1 Tropicos : 27805421 VASCAN : 20038 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mock_strawberry&oldid=854557702 '' Categories : Potentilla Flora of temperate Asia Flora of tropical Asia Invasive plant species Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hornjoserbsce Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 06 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
plant looks like strawberry but has yellow flowers
[ "Duchesnea indica (sometimes called Potentilla indica), known commonly by the names mock strawberry, Indian strawberry, or false strawberry,[1] is a flowering plant in the family Rosaceae. It has foliage and an aggregate accessory fruit similar to that of a true strawberry. It has yellow flowers, unlike the white or slightly pink flowers of true strawberries. It is native to eastern and southern Asia, but has been introduced to many other areas as a medicinal and an ornamental plant. It has been naturalized in many regions, including parts of the United States.[2][3][4]\n" ]
[ "Duchesnea indica" ]
-8369095611435933377
1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens - wikipedia 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens Jump to : navigation , search 1980 eruption of Mt . St. Helens Photograph of the eruption column , May 18 , 1980 . Volcano Mount St. Helens Date May 18 , 1980 ; 37 years ago ( 1980 - 05 - 18 ) Time 8 : 32 am PDT Type Plinian , Peléan Location Skamania County , Washington , U.S. 46 ° 12 ′ 1 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 12 '' W  /  46.20028 ° N 122.18667 ° W  / 46.20028 ; - 122.18667 VEI 5 Impact Approximately 57 deaths , about $1.1 billion in property damage ; caused a partial collapse of the volcano 's flank , deposited ash in 11 states and five Canadian provinces Map of eruption deposits On May 18 , 1980 , a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens , a volcano located in Skamania County , in the state of Washington , United States . The eruption ( a VEI 5 event ) was the only significant volcanic eruption to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California . However , it has often been declared as the most disastrous volcanic eruption in United States history . The eruption was preceded by a two - month series of earthquakes and steam - venting episodes , caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a large bulge and a fracture system on the mountain 's north slope . An earthquake at 8 : 32 : 17 a.m. PDT ( UTC − 7 ) on Sunday , May 18 , 1980 , caused the entire weakened north face to slide away , creating the largest landslide ever recorded . This allowed the partly molten , high - pressure gas - and steam - rich rock in the volcano to suddenly explode northwards toward Spirit Lake in a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock , overtaking the avalanching face . An eruption column rose 80,000 feet ( 24 km ; 15 mi ) into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states . At the same time , snow , ice and several entire glaciers on the volcano melted , forming a series of large lahars ( volcanic mudslides ) that reached as far as the Columbia River , nearly 50 miles ( 80 km ) to the southwest . Less severe outbursts continued into the next day , only to be followed by other large , but not as destructive , eruptions later that year . Thermal energy released during the eruption was equal to 26 megatons . Approximately 57 people were killed directly , including innkeeper Harry R. Truman , photographers Reid Blackburn and Robert Landsburg , and geologist David A. Johnston . Hundreds of square miles were reduced to wasteland , causing over a billion U.S. dollars in damage ( $3.03 billion in 2017 dollars ) , thousands of animals were killed , and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side . At the time of the eruption , the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad , but afterward the land passed to the United States Forest Service . The area was later preserved , as it was , in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument . Mount St. Helens from Monitor Ridge showing the cone of devastation , the huge crater open to the north , the post-eruption lava dome inside and Crater Glacier surrounding the lava dome . The small photo on the left was taken from Spirit Lake before the eruption and the small photo on the right was taken after the eruption from approximately the same place . Spirit Lake can also be seen in the larger image , as well as two other Cascade volcanoes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Build - up to the eruption 2 Landslide and eruption 3 Pyroclastic flows 3.1 Initial lateral blast 3.2 Lateral blast result 3.3 Later flows 4 Ash column 5 Ash properties 5.1 Chemical composition 5.2 Index of refraction 6 Mudslides flow downstream 7 Aftermath 7.1 Direct results 7.1. 1 Disputed death toll 7.2 Ash damage and removal 7.3 Cost 8 Later eruptions 8.1 1980 -- 1991 8.2 2004 -- 2008 9 Summary table 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Build - up to the eruption ( edit ) Mount St. Helens remained dormant from its last period of activity in the 1840s and 1850s until March 1980 . Several small earthquakes , apparently beginning on March 15 , indicated that magma may have begun moving below the volcano . On March 20 , at 3 : 45 p.m. Pacific Standard Time ( all times will be in PST or PDT ) , a shallow magnitude 4.2 earthquake ( the initial reading was 4.1 ) , centered below the volcano 's north flank , signaled the volcano 's violent return from 123 years of hibernation . A gradually building earthquake swarm saturated area seismographs and started to climax at about noon on March 25 , reaching peak levels in the next two days , including an earthquake registering 5.1 on the Richter scale . A total of 174 shocks of magnitude 2.6 or greater were recorded during those two days . USGS photo showing a pre-avalanche eruption on April 10 Shocks of magnitude 3.2 or greater occurred at a slightly increasing rate during April and May with five earthquakes of magnitude 4 or above per day in early April , and eight per day the week before May 18 . Initially there was no direct sign of eruption , but small earthquake - induced avalanches of snow and ice were reported from aerial observations . At 12 : 36 p.m. on March 27 , phreatic eruptions ( explosions of steam caused by magma suddenly heating groundwater ) ejected and smashed rock from within the old summit crater , excavating a new crater 250 feet ( 75 m ) wide and sending an ash column about 7,000 feet ( 2,100 m ) into the air . By this date a 16,000 - foot - long ( 4,900 m ) eastward - trending fracture system had also developed across the summit area . This was followed by more earthquake swarms and a series of steam explosions that sent ash 10,000 to 11,000 feet ( 3,000 to 3,400 m ) above their vent . Most of this ash fell between 3 and 12 miles ( 5 and 19 km ) from its vent , but some was carried 150 miles ( 240 km ) south to Bend , Oregon , or 285 miles ( 459 km ) east to Spokane , Washington . Photo showing the cryptodome on April 27 A second , new crater and a blue flame were observed on March 29 . The flame was visibly emitted from both craters and was probably created by burning gases . Static electricity generated from ash clouds rolling down the volcano sent out lightning bolts that were up to 2 miles ( 3 km ) long . Ninety - three separate outbursts were reported on March 30 , and increasingly strong harmonic tremors were first detected on April 1 , alarming geologists and prompting Governor Dixy Lee Ray to declare a state of emergency on April 3 . Governor Ray issued an executive order on April 30 creating a `` red zone '' around the volcano ; anyone caught in this zone without a pass faced a $500 fine or six months in jail . This precluded many cabin owners from visiting their property . By April 7 the combined crater was 1,700 feet long by 1,200 ft wide and 500 ft deep ( 520 × 370 × 150 m ) . A USGS team determined in the last week of April that a 1.5 - mile - diameter ( 2.4 km ) section of St. Helens ' north face was displaced outward by at least 270 feet ( 82 m ) . For the rest of April and early May this bulge grew by 5 to 6 feet ( 1.5 to 1.8 m ) per day , and by mid-May it extended more than 400 feet ( 120 m ) north . As the bulge moved northward , the summit area behind it progressively sank , forming a complex , down - dropped block called a graben . Geologists announced on April 30 that sliding of the bulge area was the greatest immediate danger and that such a landslide might spark an eruption . These changes in the volcano 's shape were related to the overall deformation that increased the volume of the volcano by 0.03 cubic miles ( 0.13 km ) by mid-May . This volume increase presumably corresponded to the volume of magma that pushed into the volcano and deformed its surface . Because the intruded magma remained below ground and was not directly visible , it was called a cryptodome , in contrast to a true lava dome exposed at the surface . On May 7 , eruptions similar to those in March and April resumed , and over the next days the bulge approached its maximum size . All activity had been confined to the 350 - year - old summit dome and did not involve any new magma . A total of about 10,000 earthquakes were recorded prior to the May 18 event , with most concentrated in a small zone less than 1.6 miles ( 2.6 km ) directly below the bulge . Visible eruptions ceased on May 16 , reducing public interest and consequently the number of spectators in the area . Mounting public pressure then forced officials to allow 50 carloads of property owners to enter the danger zone on May 17 to gather whatever property they could carry . Another trip was scheduled for 10 a.m. the next day . Because that next day was Sunday , more than 300 loggers would not be working in the area . By the time of the climactic eruption , dacite magma intruding into the volcano had forced the north flank outward nearly 500 feet ( 150 m ) and heated the volcano 's groundwater system , causing many steam - driven explosions ( phreatic eruptions ) . Landslide and eruption ( edit ) Sequence of events on May 18 . Lakes nearest to Mount St. Helens have been partly covered with felled trees for more than thirty years . This photograph was taken in 2012 . As May 18 dawned , Mount St. Helens ' activity did not show any change from the pattern of the preceding month . The rate of bulge movement , sulfur dioxide emission , and ground temperature readings did not reveal any changes indicating a catastrophic eruption . USGS volcanologist David A. Johnston was on duty at an observation post approximately 6 miles ( 10 km ) north of the volcano : as of 6 a.m. , Johnston 's measurements did not indicate any unusual activity . Sound of the eruption of Mount St. Helens , as heard from 140 miles away Amateur recording of a series of booms produced by the eruption , as heard from the town of Newport , Oregon ( audio filtered and amplified ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Suddenly , at 8 : 32 a.m. , a magnitude 5.1 earthquake centered directly below the north slope triggered that part of the volcano to slide , approximately 7 -- 20 seconds ( about 10 seconds seems most reasonable ) after the shock . The landslide , the largest in recorded history , travelled at 110 to 155 miles per hour ( 177 to 249 km / h ) and moved across Spirit Lake 's west arm . Part of it hit a 1,150 - foot - high ( 350 m ) ridge about 6 miles ( 10 km ) north . Some of the slide spilled over the ridge , but most of it moved 13 miles ( 21 km ) down the North Fork Toutle River , filling its valley up to 600 feet ( 180 m ) deep with avalanche debris . An area of about 24 square miles ( 62 km ) was covered , and the total volume of the deposit was about 0.7 cubic miles ( 2.9 km ) . North Fork Toutle River valley filled with landslide deposits Scientists were able to reconstruct the motion of the landslide from a series of rapid photographs by Gary Rosenquist , who was camping 11 miles ( 18 km ) away from the blast . Rosenquist , his party and his photographs survived because the blast was deflected by local topography 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) short of his location . Most of St. Helens ' former north side became a rubble deposit 17 miles ( 27 km ) long , averaging 150 feet ( 46 m ) thick ; the slide was thickest at 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) below Spirit Lake and thinnest at its western margin . Thousands of trees were torn from the surrounding hillside after the lake was sloshed 800 feet ( 240 m ) up the hillside . All the water in Spirit Lake was temporarily displaced by the landslide , sending 600 - foot - high ( 180 m ) waves crashing into a ridge north of the lake , adding 295 feet ( 90 m ) of new avalanche debris above the old lakebed , and raising its surface level by about 200 feet . As the water moved back into its basin , it pulled with it thousands of trees felled by a super-heated wall of volcanic gas and searing ash and rock that had overtaken the landslide seconds before . More than three decades after the eruption , mats of floating dead trees remain on Spirit Lake and nearby St. Helens Lake ; the mats change position with the wind . Pyroclastic flows ( edit ) Initial lateral blast ( edit ) The ash cloud produced by the eruption , as seen from the village of Toledo , Washington , 35 miles ( 56 km ) away , northwest from Mount St. Helens . The cloud was roughly 40 miles ( 64 km ) wide and 15 miles ( 24 km ) high . Computer graphic showing the May 18 landslide ( green ) being overtaken by the initial pyroclastic flow ( red ) . The landslide exposed the dacite magma in St. Helens ' neck to much lower pressure , causing the gas - charged , partially molten rock and high - pressure steam above it to explode a few seconds after the landslide started . Explosions burst through the trailing part of the landslide , blasting rock debris northward . The resulting blast laterally directed the pyroclastic flow of very hot volcanic gases , ash and pumice formed from new lava , while the pulverized old rock hugged the ground , initially moving at 220 miles per hour ( 350 km / h ) but quickly accelerating to 670 mph ( 1,080 km / h ) , and it might have briefly passed the speed of sound . Pyroclastic flow material passed over the moving avalanche and spread outward , devastating a fan - shaped area 23 miles across by 19 miles long ( 37 km × 31 km ) . In total about 230 square miles ( 600 km ) of forest was knocked down , and extreme heat killed trees miles beyond the blow - down zone . At its vent the lateral blast probably did not last longer than about 30 seconds , but the northward - radiating and expanding blast cloud continued for about another minute . Superheated flow material flashed water in Spirit Lake and North Fork Toutle River to steam , creating a larger , secondary explosion that was heard as far away as British Columbia , Montana , Idaho , and Northern California . Yet many areas closer to the eruption ( Portland , Oregon , for example ) did not hear the blast . This so - called `` quiet zone '' extended radially a few tens of miles from the volcano and was created by the complex response of the eruption 's sound waves to differences in temperature and air motion of the atmospheric layers and , to a lesser extent , local topography . Later studies indicated that one - third of the 0.045 cubic miles ( 0.19 km ) of material in the flow was new lava , and the rest was fragmented , older rock . Lateral blast result ( edit ) Photographer Reid Blackburn 's car after the eruption Many trees in the Direct blast zone were snapped off at their bases and the earth was stripped and scorched . Residual lateral blast effects in the channelized blast zone , some thirty years after the eruption . Damage ranged from scorched earth , through tree trunks snapped at various heights , to more superficial effects . Everyone in the quiet zone could see the huge ash cloud that was sent skyward from St. Helens ' northern foot . The near - supersonic lateral blast , loaded with volcanic debris , caused devastation as far as 19 miles ( 31 km ) from the volcano . The area affected by the blast can be subdivided into three roughly concentric zones : Direct blast zone , the innermost zone , averaged about 8 miles ( 13 km ) in radius , an area in which virtually everything , natural or artificial , was obliterated or carried away . For this reason , this zone also has been called the `` tree - removal zone '' . The flow of the material carried by the blast was not deflected by topographic features in this zone . The blast released energy equal to 24 Megatons of TNT . Channelized blast zone , an intermediate zone , extended out to distances as far as 19 miles ( 31 km ) from the volcano , an area in which the flow flattened everything in its path and was channeled to some extent by topography . In this zone , the force and direction of the blast are strikingly demonstrated by the parallel alignment of toppled large trees , broken off at the base of the trunk as if they were blades of grass mown by a scythe . This zone was also known as the `` tree - down zone '' . Channeling and deflection of the blast caused strikingly varied local effects that still remained conspicuous after some decades . Where the blast struck open land directly , it scoured it , breaking trees off short and stripping vegetation and even topsoil , thereby delaying revegetation for many years . Where the blast was deflected so as to pass overhead by several metres , it left the topsoil and the seeds it contained , permitting faster revegetation with scrub and herbaceous plants , and later with saplings . Trees in the path of such higher - level blasts were broken off wholesale at various heights , whereas nearby stands in more sheltered positions recovered comparatively rapidly without conspicuous long - term harm . Seared zone , also called the `` standing dead '' zone , the outermost fringe of the impacted area , a zone in which trees remained standing but were singed brown by the hot gases of the blast . By the time this pyroclastic flow hit its first human victims , it was still as hot as 360 ° C ( 680 ° F ) and filled with suffocating gas and flying angular material . Most of the 57 people known to have died in that day 's eruption succumbed to asphyxiation while several died from burns . Lodge owner Harry R. Truman was buried under hundreds of feet of avalanche material . Volcanologist David A. Johnston was one of those killed , as was Reid Blackburn , a National Geographic photographer . Robert Landsburg , another photographer , was killed by the ash cloud . He was able to protect his film with his body , and the surviving photos provided geologists with valuable documentation of the historic eruption . Later flows ( edit ) Subsequent outpourings of pyroclastic material from the breach left by the landslide consisted mainly of new magmatic debris rather than fragments of preexisting volcanic rocks . The resulting deposits formed a fan - like pattern of overlapping sheets , tongues and lobes . At least 17 separate pyroclastic flows occurred during the May 18 eruption , and their aggregate volume was about 0.05 cubic miles ( 210,000,000 m ) . The flow deposits were still at about 300 to 420 ° C ( 572 to 788 ° F ) two weeks after they erupted . Secondary steam - blast eruptions fed by this heat created pits on the northern margin of the pyroclastic - flow deposits , at the south shore of Spirit Lake , and along the upper part of the North Fork Toutle River . These steam - blast explosions continued sporadically for weeks or months after the emplacement of pyroclastic flows , and at least one occurred a year later , on May 16 , 1981 . Ash column ( edit ) Ash cloud from Mt St Helens as captured by the GOES 3 weather satellite at 15 : 45 UTC As the avalanche and initial pyroclastic flow were still advancing , a huge ash column grew to a height of 12 miles ( 19 km ) above the expanding crater in less than 10 minutes and spread tephra into the stratosphere for 10 straight hours . Near the volcano , the swirling ash particles in the atmosphere generated lightning , which in turn started many forest fires . During this time , parts of the mushroom - shaped ash - cloud column collapsed , and fell back upon the earth . This fallout , mixed with magma , mud and steam , sent additional pyroclastic flows speeding down St. Helens ' flanks . Later , slower flows came directly from the new north - facing crater and consisted of glowing pumice bombs and very hot pumiceous ash . Some of these hot flows covered ice or water which flashed to steam , creating craters up to 65 feet ( 20 m ) in diameter and sending ash as much as 6,500 feet ( 2,000 m ) into the air . Strong high - altitude wind carried much of this material east - northeasterly from the volcano at an average speed of about 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) . By 9 : 45 a.m. it had reached Yakima , Washington , 90 miles ( 140 km ) away , and by 11 : 45 a.m. it was over Spokane , Washington . A total of 4 to 5 inches ( 100 to 130 mm ) of ash fell on Yakima , and areas as far east as Spokane were plunged into darkness by noon where visibility was reduced to 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) and 0.5 inches ( 13 mm ) of ash fell . Continuing eastward , St. Helens ' ash fell in the western part of Yellowstone National Park by 10 : 15 p.m. and was seen on the ground in Denver , Colorado , the next day . In time , ash fall from this eruption was reported as far away as Minnesota and Oklahoma , and some of the ash drifted around the globe within about 2 weeks . During the nine hours of vigorous eruptive activity , about 540,000,000 tons of ash fell over an area of more than 22,000 square miles ( 57,000 km ) . The total volume of the ash before its compaction by rainfall was about 0.3 cubic miles ( 1.3 km ) . The volume of the uncompacted ash is equivalent to about 0.05 cubic miles ( 210,000,000 m ) of solid rock , or about 7 % of the amount of material that slid off in the debris avalanche . By around 5 : 30 p.m. on May 18 , the vertical ash column declined in stature , but less severe outbursts continued through the next several days . Ash properties ( edit ) Generally , given that the way airborne ash is deposited after an eruption is strongly influenced by the meteorological conditions , a certain variation of the ash type will occur , as a function of distance to the volcano or time elapsed from eruption . The ash from Mount St. Helens is no exception , and hence the ash properties have large variations . Chemical composition ( edit ) The bulk chemical composition of the ash has been found to be approximately 65 % silicon dioxide , 18 % aluminium oxide , 5 % ferric oxide , 4 % each calcium oxide and sodium oxide and 2 % magnesium oxide . Trace chemicals were also detected , their concentrations varying as shown : 0.05 -- 0.09 % chlorine , 0.02 -- 0.03 % fluorine , and 0.09 -- 0.3 % sulphur . Index of refraction ( edit ) The index of refraction , a number used in physics to describe how light propagates through a particular substance , is an important property of volcanic ash . This number is complex having both real and imaginary parts , the real part indicating how light disperses and the imaginary part indicating how light is absorbed by the substance . It is known that the silicate particles have a real index of refraction ranging between 1.5 and 1.6 for visible light . However , there is a spectrum of colors associated with samples of volcanic ash , from very light to dark gray . This makes for variations in the measured imaginary refractive index under visible light . In the case of Mount St. Helens , the ash settled in three main layers on the ground : the bottom layer was dark gray and was found to be abundant in older rocks and crystal fragments the middle layer consisted of a mixture of glass shards and pumice the top layer was ash consisting of very fine particles For example , when comparing the imaginary part of the refractive index k of stratospheric ash from 15 km and 18 km from the volcano it has been discovered that they have similar values around 700 nm ( around 0.009 ) , while they differ significantly around 300 nm . Here , the 18 km ( k was found to be around 0.009 ) sample was much more absorbent than the 15 km sample ( k was found to be around 0.002 ) . Mudslides flow downstream ( edit ) Mudline next to Muddy River from the 1980 lahars The hot , exploding material also broke apart and melted nearly all of the mountain 's glaciers along with most of the overlying snow . As in many previous St. Helens ' eruptions , this created huge lahars ( volcanic mudflows ) and muddy floods that affected three of the four stream drainage systems on the mountain , and which started to move as early as 8 : 50 a.m. Lahars travelled as fast as 90 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) while still high on the volcano but progressively slowed to about 3 miles per hour ( 4.8 km / h ) on the flatter and wider parts of rivers . Mudflows from the southern and eastern flanks had the consistency of wet concrete as they raced down Muddy River , Pine Creek and Smith Creek to their confluence at the Lewis River . Bridges were taken out at the mouth of Pine Creek and the head of Swift Reservoir , which rose 2.6 feet ( 0.79 m ) by noon to accommodate the nearly 18,000,000 cubic yards ( 14,000,000 m ) of additional water , mud and debris . Glacier and snow melt mixed with tephra on the volcano 's northeast slope to create much larger lahars . These mudflows traveled down the north and south forks of the Toutle River and joined at the confluence of the Toutle forks and the Cowlitz River near Castle Rock , Washington , at 1 : 00 p.m. Ninety minutes after the eruption , the first mudflow had moved 27 miles ( 43 km ) upstream where observers at Weyerhaeuser 's Camp Baker saw a 12 - foot - high ( 4 m ) wall of muddy water and debris pass . Near the confluence of the Toutle 's north and south forks at Silver Lake , a record flood stage of 23.5 feet ( 7.2 m ) was recorded . A large but slower - moving mudflow with a mortar - like consistency was mobilized in early afternoon at the head of the Toutle River north fork . By 2 : 30 p.m. the massive mudflow had destroyed Camp Baker , and in the following hours seven bridges were carried away . Part of the flow backed up for 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) soon after entering the Cowlitz River , but most continued downstream . After traveling 17 miles ( 27 km ) further , an estimated 3,900,000 cubic yards ( 3,000,000 m ) of material were injected into the Columbia River , reducing the river 's depth by 25 feet ( 8 m ) for a 4 - mile ( 6 km ) stretch . The resulting 13 - foot ( 4.0 m ) river depth temporarily closed the busy channel to ocean - going freighters , costing Portland , Oregon , an estimated five million US dollars . Ultimately more than 65 million cubic yards ( 50 million cubic metres ) of sediment were dumped along the lower Cowlitz and Columbia Rivers . Aftermath ( edit ) Direct results ( edit ) Map showing 1980 eruption deposits The May 18 , 1980 , event was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States . Approximately fifty - seven people were killed directly from the blast and 200 houses , 47 bridges , 15 miles ( 24 km ) of railways and 185 miles ( 298 km ) of highway were destroyed ; two people were killed indirectly in accidents that resulted from poor visibility , and two more suffered fatal heart attacks from shoveling ash . U.S. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage and said it looked more desolate than a moonscape . A film crew was dropped by helicopter on Mount St. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction . However , their compasses spun in circles and they quickly became lost . A second eruption occurred the next day ( see below ) , but the crew survived and were rescued two days after that . The eruption ejected more than 1 cubic mile ( 4.2 km ) of material . A quarter of that volume was fresh lava in the form of ash , pumice and volcanic bombs while the rest was fragmented , older rock . The removal of the north side of the mountain ( 13 % of the cone 's volume ) reduced Mount St. Helens ' height by about 1,280 feet ( 390 m ) and left a crater 1 to 2 miles ( 2 to 3 km ) wide and 2,100 feet ( 640 m ) deep with its north end open in a huge breach . Mount St. Helens one day before the eruption , photographed from the Johnston ridge Mount St. Helens four months after the eruption , photographed from approximately the same location as the earlier picture More than 4,000,000,000 board feet ( 9,400,000 m ) of timber was damaged or destroyed , mainly by the lateral blast . At least 25 % of the destroyed timber was salvaged after September 1980 . Downwind of the volcano , in areas of thick ash accumulation , many agricultural crops , such as wheat , apples , potatoes and alfalfa , were destroyed . As many as 1,500 elk and 5,000 deer were killed , and an estimated 12 million Chinook and Coho salmon fingerlings died when their hatcheries were destroyed . Another estimated 40,000 young salmon were lost when they swam through turbine blades of hydroelectric generators after reservoir levels were lowered along the Lewis River to accommodate possible mudflows and flood waters . In total Mount St. Helens released 24 megatons of thermal energy , 7 of which were a direct result of the blast . This is equivalent to 1,600 times the size of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima . Disputed death toll ( edit ) There is a minor controversy in regards to the exact death toll . The figure most commonly cited is fifty - seven . However , there are two points of dispute . The first point regards two officially listed victims , Paul Hiatt and Dale Thayer . They were reported missing after the explosion . In the aftermath , investigators were able to locate individuals named Paul Hiatt and Dale Thayer who were alive and well . However , they were unable to determine who reported Hiatt missing , and the person who was listed as reporting Thayer missing claimed she was n't the one who had done so . Since the investigators could not thus verify that they were the same Hiatt and Thayer who were reported missing , the names remain listed among the presumed dead . The second point regards three missing people who are not officially listed as victims : Robert Ruffle , Steven Whitsett and Mark Melanson . Cowlitz County Emergency Services Management lists them as `` Possibly Missing -- Not on ( the official ) List '' . According to Melanson 's brother , in October 1983 , Cowlitz County officials told his family that Melanson `` is believed ( ... ) a victim of the May 18 , 1980 , eruption '' and that after years of searching , the family eventually decided `` he 's buried in the ash '' . Taking these two points of dispute into consideration , the direct death toll could be as low as fifty - five or as high as sixty . When combined with the four indirect victims mentioned earlier , those numbers range from fifty - nine to sixty - four . Ash damage and removal ( edit ) Map of ash distribution over the United States The ash fall created some temporary major problems with transportation , sewage disposal , and water treatment systems . Visibility was greatly decreased during the ash fall , closing many highways and roads . Interstate 90 from Seattle to Spokane was closed for a week and a half . Air travel was disrupted for between a few days and two weeks , as several airports in eastern Washington shut down because of ash accumulation and poor visibility . Over a thousand commercial flights were cancelled following airport closures . Fine - grained , gritty ash caused substantial problems for internal - combustion engines and other mechanical and electrical equipment . The ash contaminated oil systems and clogged air filters , and scratched moving surfaces . Fine ash caused short circuits in electrical transformers , which in turn caused power blackouts . Removing and disposing of the ash was a monumental task for some Eastern Washington communities . State and federal agencies estimated that over 2,400,000 cubic yards ( 1,800,000 m ) of ash , equivalent to about 900,000 tons in weight , were removed from highways and airports in Washington . The ash removal cost $2.2 million and took 10 weeks in Yakima . The need to remove ash quickly from transport routes and civil works dictated the selection of some disposal sites . Some cities used old quarries and existing sanitary landfills ; others created dump sites wherever expedient . To minimize wind reworking of ash dumps , the surfaces of some disposal sites were covered with topsoil and seeded with grass . In Portland , the mayor eventually threatened businesses with fines if they failed to remove the ash from their parking lots . Cost ( edit ) One of the 200 houses destroyed by the eruption A refined estimate of $1.1 billion ( $2.74 billion in 2007 dollars ) was determined in a study by the International Trade Commission at the request of the United States Congress . A supplemental appropriation of $951 million for disaster relief was voted by Congress , of which the largest share went to the Small Business Administration , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Federal Emergency Management Agency . There were also indirect and intangible costs of the eruption . Unemployment in the immediate region of Mount St. Helens rose tenfold in the weeks immediately following the eruption , and then returned to near - normal levels once timber - salvaging and ash - cleanup operations were underway . Only a small percentage of residents left the region because of lost jobs owing to the eruption . Several months after May 18 , a few residents reported suffering stress and emotional problems , even though they had coped successfully during the crisis . Counties in the region requested funding for mental health programs to assist such people . Initial public reaction to the May 18 eruption dealt a nearly crippling blow to tourism , an important industry in Washington . Not only was tourism down in the Mount St. Helens -- Gifford Pinchot National Forest area , but conventions , meetings and social gatherings also were cancelled or postponed at cities and resorts elsewhere in Washington and neighboring Oregon not affected by the eruption . The adverse effect on tourism and conventioneering , however , proved only temporary . Mount St. Helens , perhaps because of its reawakening , has regained its appeal for tourists . The United States Forest Service and the State of Washington opened visitor centers and provided access for people to view the volcano 's devastation . Later eruptions ( edit ) St. Helens produced an additional five explosive eruptions between May and October 1980 . Through early 1990 at least 21 periods of eruptive activity had occurred . The volcano remains active , with smaller , dome - building eruptions continuing into 2008 . 1980 -- 1991 ( edit ) Eruption on July 22 , 1980 An eruption occurred on May 25 , 1980 , at 2 : 30 a.m. that sent an ash column 9 miles ( 14 km ) into the atmosphere . The eruption was preceded by a sudden increase in earthquake activity and occurred during a rainstorm . Erratic wind from the storm carried ash from the eruption to the south and west , lightly dusting large parts of western Washington and Oregon . Pyroclastic flows exited the northern breach and covered avalanche debris , lahars and other pyroclastic flows deposited by the May 18 eruption . At 7 : 05 p.m. on June 12 , a plume of ash billowed 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) above the volcano . At 9 : 09 p.m. a much stronger explosion sent an ash column about 10 miles ( 16 km ) skyward . This event caused the Portland area , previously spared by wind direction , to be thinly coated with ash in the middle of the annual Rose Festival . A dacite dome then oozed into existence on the crater floor , growing to a height of 200 feet ( 61 m ) and a width of 1,200 feet ( 370 m ) within a week . A series of large explosions on July 22 broke more than a month of relative quiet . The July eruptive episode was preceded by several days of measurable expansion of the summit area , heightened earthquake activity , and changed emission rates of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide . The first hit at 5 : 14 p.m. as an ash column shot 10 miles ( 16 km ) and was followed by a faster blast at 6 : 25 p.m. that pushed the ash column above its previous maximum height in just 7.5 minutes . The final explosion started at 7 : 01 p.m. and continued for over two hours . When the relatively small amount of ash settled over eastern Washington , the dome built in June was gone . The growing third dome on October 24 , 1980 Seismic activity and gas emission steadily increased in early August , and on August 7 at 4 : 26 p.m. , an ash cloud slowly expanded 8 miles ( 13 km ) into the sky . Small pyroclastic flows came through the northern breach and a weaker outpouring of ash rose from the crater . This continued until 10 : 32 p.m. when a second large blast sent ash high into the air , proceeding due north . A second dacite dome filled this vent a few days later . Two months of repose were ended by an eruption lasting from October 16 to 18 . This event obliterated the second dome , sent ash 10 miles ( 16 km ) in the air and created small , red - hot pyroclastic flows . A third dome began to form within 30 minutes after the final explosion on October 18 , and within a few days , it was about 900 feet ( 270 m ) wide and 130 feet ( 40 m ) high . In spite of the dome growth next to it , a new glacier formed rapidly inside the crater . All of the post-1980 eruptions were quiet dome - building events , beginning with the December 27 , 1980 , to January 3 , 1981 , episode . By 1987 the third dome had grown to be more than 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) wide and 800 feet ( 240 m ) high . Further eruptions occurred over a few months between 1989 and 1991 . Plume of volcanic ash and steam in October 2004 eruption 2004 -- 2008 ( edit ) Main article : 2004 -- 08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens The 2004 -- 08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens has been documented as a continuous eruption with a gradual extrusion of magma at the Mount St. Helens volcano . Starting in October 2004 there was a gradual building of a new lava dome . The new dome did not rise above the caldera created by the 1980 eruption . This activity lasted until January 2008 . Summary table ( edit ) Eruption summary May 18 , 1980 , eruption of Mount St. Helens Elevation of summit : Before eruption : 9,677 ft ( 2,950 m ) After eruption : 8,363 ft ( 2,549 m ) Total removed : 1,314 ft ( 401 m ) Crater dimensions : East - West : 1.2 mi ( 1.9 km ) North - South : 1.8 mi ( 2.9 km ) Depth : 2,084 ft ( 635 m ) Crater floor elevation : 6,279 ft ( 1,914 m ) Eruption Date : May 18 , 1980 Time of initial blast : 8 : 32 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time ( UTC − 7 ) Eruption trigger : A magnitude 5.1 earthquake about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) beneath the volcano Landslide and debris avalanche Area covered : 23 sq mi ( 60 km ) Volume : ( uncompacted deposits ) 0.67 cu mi ( 2.8 km ) Depth of deposit : Buried North Fork Toutle River to average depth of 150 ft ( 46 m ) with a maximum depth of 600 ft ( 183 m ) Velocity : 70 to 150 mph ( 113 to 241 km / h ) Lateral blast Area covered : 230 sq mi ( 596 km ) ; reached 17 mi ( 27 km ) northwest of the crater Volume of deposit : ( uncompacted deposits ) 0.046 cu mi ( 0.19 km ) Depth of deposit : From about 3 ft ( 1 m ) at volcano to less than 1 in ( 2.5 cm ) at blast edge Velocity : At least 300 mph ( 483 km / h ) Temperature : As high as 660 ° F ( 349 ° C ) Energy release : 24 megatons thermal energy ( 7 by blast , rest through release of heat ) Trees blown down : 4,000,000,000 board feet ( 9,400,000 m ) of timber ( enough to build about 300,000 two - bedroom homes ) Human fatalities : 55 - 60 ( direct ) ; 4 ( indirect ) ; 59 - 64 ( total ) Lahars Velocity : About 10 to 25 mph ( 16 to 40 km / h ) and over 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) on steep flanks of volcano Damaged : 27 bridges , nearly 200 homes . Blast and lahars destroyed more than 185 mi ( 298 km ) of highways and roads and 15 mi ( 24 km ) of railways . Effects on Cowlitz River : Reduced carrying capacity at flood stage at Castle Rock from 76,000 cu ft ( 2,200 m ) per second to less than 15,000 cu ft ( 420 m ) per second . Effects on Columbia River : Reduced channel depth from 40 to 14 ft ( 12 to 4 m ) ; stranded 31 ships in upstream ports Eruption column and cloud Height : Reached about 80,000 ft ( 24,400 m ) in less than 15 minutes Downwind extent : Spread across U.S. in 3 days ; circled Earth in 15 days Volume of ash : ( based on uncompacted deposits ) 0.26 cu mi ( 1.1 km ) Ash fall area : Detectable amounts of ash covered 22,000 sq mi ( 57,000 km ) Ash fall depth : 10 in ( 25 cm ) at 10 mi ( 16 km ) downwind ( ash and pumice ) 1 in ( 2.5 cm ) at 60 mi ( 97 km ) downwind 0.5 in ( 1.3 cm ) at 300 mi ( 482.8 km ) downwind Pyroclastic flows Area covered : 6 sq mi ( 16 km ) ; reached as far as 5 mi ( 8 km ) north of crater Volume and depth : ( volume based on uncompacted deposits ) 0.029 cu mi ( 0.12 km ) ; multiple flows 3 to 30 ft ( 1 to 9 m ) thick ; cumulative depth of deposits reached 120 ft ( 37 m ) in places Velocity : Estimated at 50 to 80 mph ( 80 to 130 km / h ) Temperature : At least 1,300 ° F ( 700 ° C ) Other Wildlife : The Washington State Department of Game estimated nearly 7,000 big game animals ( deer , elk and bear ) perished as well as all birds and most small mammals . Many burrowing rodents , frogs , salamanders and crawfish managed to survive because they were below ground level or water surface when the disaster struck . Fisheries : The Washington Department of Fisheries estimated that 12 million Chinook and Coho salmon fingerlings were killed when hatcheries were destroyed . Another estimated 40,000 young salmon were lost when forced to swim through turbine blades of hydroelectric generators as reservoir levels along the Lewis River were kept low to accommodate possible mudflows and flooding . Brantley and Myers , 1997 , Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 1996 : USGS Fact Sheet 070 -- 97 , accessed 2007 - 06 - 05 ; and Tilling , Topinka , and Swanson , 1990 , Eruption of Mount St. Helens -- Past , Present , and Future : USGS General Interest Publication , accessed 2007 - 06 - 05 . Table compiled by Lyn Topinka , USGS / CVO , 1997 See also ( edit ) Cascade Volcanoes -- High Cascades . List of Cascade volcanoes Geology of the Pacific Northwest Pacific Ring of Fire The Eruption of Mount St. Helens ! ( 1980 film ) -- documentary movie about the eruption . Notes ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document : `` Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past , Present , and Future '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.V. ; Heiken , G. ; Hulen , J. ( 1998 ) . Volcanoes : Crucibles of Change . Princeton University Press . p. 294 . Jump up ^ Harden , Blaine ( May 18 , 2005 ) . `` Explosive Lessons of 25 Years Ago '' . The Washington Post . p . A03 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Helens Eruption - giph.io '' . giph.io . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Those who lost their lives because of the May 18 , 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens '' ( PDF ) . KGW news . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ As given by `` Inflation Calculator '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tilling , Robert I. ; Topinka , Lyn & Swanson , Donald A. ( 1990 ) . `` Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past , Present , and Future '' . The Climactic Eruption of May 18 , 1980 . U.S. Geological Survey ( Special Interest Publication ) . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . ( adapted public domain text ) . Jump up ^ Gorney , Cynthia ( March 31 , 1980 ) . `` The Volcano : Full Theater , Stuck Curtain ; Hall Packed for Volcano , But the Curtain Is Stuck '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : March 15 -- 21 , 1980 '' . USGS. 2001 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Ray , Dewey ( March 27 , 1980 ) . `` Oregon volcano may be warming up for an eruption '' . Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : March 22 -- 28 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 204 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 203 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : March 29 -- April 4 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens cabin owners angry at ban '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . May 17 , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : April 5 -- 11 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reawakening and Initial Activity '' . United States Geological Survey . 1997 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : May 3 -- 9 , 1980 '' . USGS. 2001 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : May 10 -- 17 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.V. ; Heiken , G. ; Hulen , J. ( 1997 ) . Volcanoes : Crucibles of Change . Princeton University Press . p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01213 - X . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Robert Coenraads ( 2006 ) . `` Natural Disasters and How We Cope '' , p. 50 . Millennium House , ISBN 978 - 1 - 921209 - 11 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , H.E. ; Lichte , F.E. ( 1980 ) . `` Chemical composition of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 7 ( 11 ) : 949 -- 952 . doi : 10.1029 / GL007i011p00949 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , E.M. ( 1981 ) . `` Measurement of the Imaginary Part of the Refractive Index Between 300 and 700 Nanometers for Mount St. Helens Ash '' . Science . 211 ( 4484 ) : 836 -- 838 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 211.4484. 836 . Jump up ^ `` What were the effects on people when Mt St Helens erupted ? '' . Oregon State University . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patty Murray ( May 17 , 2005 ) . `` 25th Anniversary of the Mount St. Helens Eruption '' . Congressional Record -- Senate . U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. S5252 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Egan , Timothy ( June 26 , 1988 ) . `` Trees Return to St. Helens , But Do They Make a Forest ? '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Lienau . `` To Touch a Volcano : A Filmmaker 's Story of Survival '' . Global Net Productions . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 211 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 2000 , Fact Sheet 036 - 00 '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Slape , Leslie ( April 22 , 2005 ) . `` Mountain Mystery : Some wonder if fewer people died in 1980 eruption '' . The Daily News . Longview , Washington . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mt . St Helens Victims '' . The Columbian . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Painter , John Jr . The 1980s . The Oregonian , December 31 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis '' . Minneapolisfed.org . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved October 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` He Remembers the Year the Mountain Blew ( 1980 ) '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 213 . References ( edit ) Harris , Stephen L. ( 1988 ) . Fire Mountains of the West : The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes . Missoula , MT : Mountain Press Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87842 - 220 - 3 . Tilling , Robert I. ; Topinka , Lyn & Swanson , Donald A. ( 1990 ) . `` Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past , Present , and Future '' . The Climactic Eruption of May 18 , 1980 . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . ( adapted public domain text ) Klimasauskas , Ed ( May 1 , 2001 ) . `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Topinka , Lyn . Mount St. Helens : A General Slide Set , Cascades Volcano Observatory , U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved on 2007 - 05 - 10 Further reading ( edit ) `` Eruption of Mount St. Helens '' . National Geographic . Vol. 159 no . 1 . January 1981 . pp. 3 -- 65 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . Findley , Rowe ( December 1981 ) . `` Mount St. Helens Aftermath '' . National Geographic . Vol. 160 no . 6 . pp. 713 -- 733 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . `` List of victims '' . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2004 - 12 - 15 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) List of victims with biographical details USGS : Mount St. Helens 1980 Debris Avalanche Deposit USDA Forest Service : Mount St. Helens VolcanoCam Pre-1980 Eruptive History of Mount St. Helens , Washington USGS : Before , During , and After May 18 , 1980 Video approximation of the first seconds of the May 18 eruption from Gary Rosenquist 's photos on YouTube Boston.com -- The Big Picture -- 30 years later The short film Eruption of Mount St. Helens , 1980 ( 1981 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film This place in time : The Mount St. Helens story ( 1984 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Aerial pictures of the July 22nd , 1980 secondary eruption News reports at The Museum of Classic Chicago Television Cascade Volcanoes British Columbia Silverthrone Caldera Franklin Glacier Volcano Mount Meager Mount Cayley Mount Garibaldi Washington Mount Baker Black Buttes Glacier Peak Mount Rainier Goat Rocks Mount St. Helens Mount Adams Indian Heaven Oregon Mount Hood Mount Jefferson Three Sisters Broken Top Mount Bachelor Newberry Volcano Diamond Peak Mount Thielsen Mount Mazama ( Crater Lake ) Yamsay Mountain Mount McLoughlin California Medicine Lake Volcano Mount Shasta Mount Tehama Lassen Peak State of Washington Olympia ( capital ) Topics Cities Towns Census - designated places Federal lands Indian reservations History Geography Earthquakes People Music Parks Highways Symbols Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Politics Government Law Governors Legislature Legislative districts Senate House Legislative initiatives Popular initiatives Congressional delegation Congressional districts City governments State agencies Agriculture Archaeology and Historic Preservation Commerce Corrections Early Learning Ecology Employment Security Enterprise Services Financial Institutions Fish and Wildlife Health Higher Education Coordinating Board Information Services Labor and Industries Licensing Military Natural Resources Parks Institute for Public Policy Public Stadium Authority Public Disclosure Commission Retirement Systems Revenue Services for the Blind Social and Health Services Transportation Utilities and Transportation Regions Western Kitsap Peninsula Long Beach Peninsula Olympic Peninsula Puget Sound San Juan Islands Skagit Valley Eastern / Inland Central Washington Columbia Plateau Methow Valley Okanogan Country Palouse Yakima Valley Shared Cascade Range Columbia Gorge Columbia River Largest cities Seattle Spokane Tacoma Vancouver Bellevue Kent Everett Renton Yakima Federal Way Spokane Valley Kirkland Bellingham Kennewick Auburn Pasco Marysville Lakewood Redmond Shoreline Richland Metropolitan areas Greater Seattle Greater Spokane Tri-Cities Wenatchee metropolitan area Greater Portland and Vancouver Counties Adams Asotin Benton Chelan Clallam Clark Columbia Cowlitz Douglas Ferry Franklin Garfield Grant Grays Harbor Island Jefferson King Kitsap Kittitas Klickitat Lewis Lincoln Mason Okanogan Pacific Pend Oreille Pierce San Juan Skagit Skamania Snohomish Spokane Stevens Thurston Wahkiakum Walla Walla Whatcom Whitman Yakima Modern history of Oregon ( 1890 -- present ) Topics Tax revolt Governors Bottle Bill Centennial Tokens `` Roll On , Columbia , Roll On '' Meier & Frank Willamette Industries Direct Legislation League Events USS Oregon Lewis & Clark Expo Oregon land fraud scandal Lookout Air Raids Columbus Day Storm Exploding whale 1977 NBA Finals 1980 eruption of Mt . St. Helens Rajneeshee bioterror attack Rajneeshee assassination plot New Carissa oil spill Willamette Valley Flood Places Bonneville Dam Celilo Falls Copperfield Fort Stevens Harbor Drive Kaiser Shipyards Shanghai tunnels Vanport Politicians Victor G. Atiyeh George Chamberlain David B. Frohnmayer Neil Goldschmidt Mark Hatfield Nan Wood Honeyman Tom McCall Douglas McKay Charles McNary Wayne Morse Maurine Neuberger Norma Paulus Barbara Roberts James H. Weaver Other Oregonians Terry Baker Pietro Belluschi Gert Boyle Abigail Scott Duniway James A. Fee Matt Groening Ken Kesey Phil Knight Ursula K. Le Guin Hall S. Lusk Brian McMenamin Bill Naito Steve Prefontaine Jack Ramsay Henry Weinhard History of Oregon 's native peoples of Oregon to 1806 of pioneers in Oregon of Oregon in modern times Coordinates : 46 ° 12 ′ 01 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 12 '' W  /  46.20028 ° N 122.18667 ° W  / 46.20028 ; - 122.18667 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens&oldid=807105604 '' Categories : 1980 in Idaho 1980 in Montana 1980 in Oregon 1980 in Washington ( state ) 1980 natural disasters in the United States 20th - century volcanic events Cascade Volcanoes Gifford Pinchot National Forest History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Mount St. Helens Natural disasters in Washington ( state ) Volcanism of Washington ( state ) Landslides in 1980 May 1980 events Megatsunamis Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Geological Survey CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Featured articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 23 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was president when mt st helens erupted
[ "The May 18, 1980, event was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States.[6] Approximately fifty-seven people were killed directly from the blast and 200 houses, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways and 185 miles (298 km) of highway were destroyed; two people were killed indirectly in accidents that resulted from poor visibility, and two more suffered fatal heart attacks from shoveling ash.[29] U.S. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage and said it looked more desolate than a moonscape.[30][31] A film crew was dropped by helicopter on Mount St. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction. However, their compasses spun in circles and they quickly became lost.[32] A second eruption occurred the next day (see below), but the crew survived and were rescued two days after that. The eruption ejected more than 1 cubic mile (4.2 km3) of material.[33] A quarter of that volume was fresh lava in the form of ash, pumice and volcanic bombs while the rest was fragmented, older rock.[33] The removal of the north side of the mountain (13% of the cone's volume) reduced Mount St. Helens' height by about 1,280 feet (390 m) and left a crater 1 to 2 miles (2 to 3 km) wide and 2,100 feet (640 m) deep with its north end open in a huge breach.[33]" ]
[ "Jimmy Carter" ]
9009717276233363432
Robben Island
Robben Island - Wikipedia Robben Island Jump to : navigation , search Robben Island Robbeneiland Robben Island Village Robben Island Robben Island Robben Island Show map of Western Cape Show map of South Africa Show map of Africa Show all Robben Island shown within Western Cape Location within Cape Town ( show ) Robben Island Coordinates : 33 ° 48 ′ 24 '' S 18 ° 21 ′ 58 '' E  /  33.806734 ° S 18.366222 ° E  / - 33.806734 ; 18.366222 Coordinates : 33 ° 48 ′ 24 '' S 18 ° 21 ′ 58 '' E  /  33.806734 ° S 18.366222 ° E  / - 33.806734 ; 18.366222 Country South Africa Province Western Cape Municipality City of Cape Town Area Total 5.18 km ( 2.00 sq mi ) Population ( 2011 ) Total 116 Density 22 / km ( 58 / sq mi ) Racial makeup ( 2011 ) Black African 60.3 % Coloured 23.3 % White 13.8 % Other 2.6 % First languages ( 2011 ) Xhosa 37.9 % Afrikaans 35.3 % Zulu 15.5 % English 7.8 % Other 3.4 % PO box 7400 UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria iii , vi Designated 1999 ( 23rd session ) Reference no . 916 State Party South Africa Region Africa Robben Island ( Afrikaans : Robbeneiland ) is an island in Table Bay , 6.9 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) west of the coast of Bloubergstrand , Cape Town , South Africa . The name is Dutch for `` seal island . '' Robben Island is roughly oval in shape , 3.3 km ( 2.1 mi ) long north - south , and 1.9 km ( 1.2 mi ) wide , with an area of 5.08 km ( 1.96 sq mi ) . It is flat and only a few metres above sea level , as a result of an ancient erosion event . Nobel Laureate and former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela was imprisoned there for 18 of the 27 years he served behind bars before the fall of apartheid . To date , three of the former inmates of Robben Island have gone on to become President of South Africa : Nelson Mandela , Kgalema Motlanthe , and current President Jacob Zuma . Robben Island is a South African National Heritage Site as well as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Access to the island 3 Maritime hazard 3.1 Robben Island lighthouse 4 Wildlife and conservation 5 List of former prisoners held at Robben Island 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Robben Island as viewed from Table Mountain towards Saldanha Bay . Since the end of the 17th century , Robben Island has been used for the isolation of mainly political prisoners . The Dutch settlers were the first to use Robben Island as a prison . Its first prisoner was probably Autshumato in the mid-17th century . Among its early permanent inhabitants were political leaders from various Dutch colonies , including Indonesia , and the leader of the mutiny on the slave ship Meermin . After the British Royal Navy captured several Dutch East Indiamen at the battle of Saldanha Bay in 1781 , a boat rowed out to meet the British warships . On board were the `` kings of Ternate and Tidore , and the princes of the respective families '' . The Dutch had long held them on `` Isle Robin '' , but then had moved them to Saldanha Bay . In 1806 the Scottish whaler John Murray opened a whaling station at a sheltered bay on the north - eastern shore of the island which became known as Murray 's Bay , adjacent to the site of the present - day harbour named Murray 's Bay Harbour which was constructed in 1939 -- 40 . After a failed uprising at Grahamstown in 1819 , the fifth of the Xhosa Wars , the British colonial government sentenced African leader Makanda Nxele to life imprisonment on the island . He drowned on the shores of Table Bay after escaping the prison . The island was also used as a leper colony and animal quarantine station . Starting in 1845 lepers from the Hemel - en - Aarde ( heaven and earth ) leper colony near Caledon were moved to Robben Island when Hemel - en - Aarde was found unsuitable as a leper colony . Initially this was done on a voluntary basis and the lepers were free to leave the island if they so wished . In April 1891 the cornerstones for 11 new buildings to house lepers were laid . After the introduction of the Leprosy Repression Act in May 1892 admission was no longer voluntary and the movement of the lepers was restricted . Prior to 1892 an average of about 25 lepers a year were admitted to Robben Island , but in 1892 that number rose to 338 , and in 1893 a further 250 were admitted . During the Second World War the island was fortified and BL 9.2 - inch guns and 6 - inch guns were installed as part of the defences for Cape Town . From 1961 , Robben Island was used by the South African government as a prison for political prisoners and convicted criminals . In 1969 the Moturu Kramat , which is now a sacred site for Muslim pilgrimage on Robben Island , was built to commemorate Sayed Abdurahman Moturu , the Prince of Madura . Moturu , who was one of Cape Town 's first imams , was exiled to the island in the mid-1740s . He died there in 1754 . Muslim political prisoners would pay homage at the shrine before leaving the island . The maximum security prison for political prisoners closed in 1991 . The medium security prison for criminal prisoners was closed five years later . With the end of apartheid , the island has become a popular destination with global tourists . It is managed by Robben Island Museum ( RIM ) ; which operates the site as a living museum . In 1999 the island was declared a World Heritage Site . Every year thousands of visitors take the ferry from the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront in Cape Town for tours of the island and its former prison . Many of the guides are former prisoners . All land on the island is owned by the state of South Africa with the exception of the island church . It is open all year around , weather permitting . Access to the Island ( edit ) Robben Island is accessible to visitors through tours that depart from Cape Town 's waterfront . Tours depart three times a day and take about 3.5 hours , consisting of a ferry trip to and from the island , and a tour of the various historical sites on the island that form part of the Robben Island Museum . These include the island graveyard , the disused lime quarry , Robert Sobukwe 's house , the Bluestone quarry , the army and navy bunkers , and the maximum security prison including Nelson Mandela 's cell . Maritime hazard ( edit ) Dutch map of the island , from 1731 . Seagoing vessels must take great care navigating near Robben Island and nearby Whale Rock ( it does not break the surface ) as they pose a danger to shipping . A prevailing rough Atlantic swell surrounds the offshore reefs and the island 's jagged coastline . Stricken vessels driven onto rocks are quickly broken up by the powerful surf . There are a total of 31 known vessels that have been wrecked around the island . In 1990 , a marine archaeology team from the University of Cape Town began Operation `` Sea Eagle '' . It was an underwater survey that scanned 9 square nautical miles ( 31 km ; 12 sq mi ) of seabed around Robben Island . The task was made particularly difficult by the strong currents and high waves that make sailing in these waters treacherous . Nevertheless , the group managed to find 24 vessels that had sank around Robben Island . Most wrecks were found in waters less than 10 metres ( 33 ft ) deep . The team concluded that poor weather , darkness and fog were the cause of the sinkings . Maritime wrecks around Robben Island and its surrounding waters include the 17th century Dutch East Indiaman ships , the Yeanger van Horne ( 1611 ) , the Shaapejacht ( 1660 ) , and the Dageraad ( 1694 ) . Later 19th century wrecks include several British brigs including the Gondolier ( 1836 ) and the American clipper , A.H. Stevens ( 1866 ) . In 1901 the mail steamer SS Tantallon Castle struck rocks off Robben Island in dense fog shortly after leaving Cape Town . After distress cannons were fired from the island , nearby vessels rushed to the rescue . All 120 passengers and crew were taken off the ship before it was broken apart in the relentless swell . A further 17 ships have been wrecked in the 20th century , including British , Spanish , Norwegian and Taiwanese vessels . Robben Island lighthouse ( edit ) Due to the maritime danger that Robben Island presents to shipping , Jan van Riebeeck , the first Dutch colonial administrator in Cape Town in the 1650s , ordered that huge bonfires were to be lit at night on top of Fire Hill , the highest point on the island ( now Minto Hill ) . These were to warn VOC ships approaching the island . In 1865 Robben Island lighthouse was completed on Minto Hill . The cylindrical masonry tower , which has an attached lightkeepers house at its base , is 18 metres ( 59 ft ) high with a lantern gallery at the top . In 1938 the lamp was converted to electricity . The lighthouse utilises a flashing lantern instead of a revolving lamp ; it shines for a duration of 5 seconds every seven seconds . The 46,000 candela beam flashes white light away from Table Bay . It is visible up to 24 nautical miles ( 28 mi ; 44 km ) . A secondary red light acts as a navigation aid for vessels sailing south southeast . Wildlife and Conservation ( edit ) When the Dutch arrived in the area in 1652 , the only large animals on the island were seals and birds , principally penguins . In 1654 , the settlers released rabbits on the island to provide a ready source of meat for passing ships . The original colony of African penguins on the island was completely exterminated by 1800 . However the modern day island is once again an important breeding area for the species after a new colony established itself there in 1983 . The colony grew to a size of ~ 16,000 individuals in 2004 , before starting to decline in size again . As of 2015 , this decline has been continuous ( to a colony size of ~ 3,000 individuals ) and mirrors that found at almost all other African penguin colonies . Its causes are still largely unclear and likely to vary between colonies , but at Robben Island are probably related to a diminishing of the food supply ( sardines and anchovies ) through competition by fisheries . The penguins are easy to see close up in their natural habitat and are therefore a popular tourist attraction . Around 1958 , Lieutenant Peter Klerck , a naval officer serving on the island , introduced various animals . The following extract of an article , written by Michael Klerck who lived on the island from an early age , describes the fauna life there : My father , a naval officer at the time , with the sanction of Doctor Hey , director of Nature Conservation , turned an area into a nature reserve . A ' Noah 's Ark ' berthed in the harbour sometime in 1958 . They stocked the island with tortoise , duck , geese , buck ( which included Springbok , Eland , Steenbok , Bontebok and Fallow Deer ) , Ostrich and a few Wildebeest which did not last long . All except the fallow deer are indigenous to the Cape . Many animals are still there including three species of tortoise -- the most recently discovered in 1998 -- two Parrot Beaked specimens that have remained undetected until now . The leopard or mountain tortoises might have suspected the past terror ; perhaps they had no intention of being a part of a future infamy , but they often attempted the swim back to the mainland ( they are the only species in the world that can swim ) . Boats would lift them out of the sea in Table Bay and return them to us . None of the original 12 shipped over remain , and in 1995 , four more were introduced -- they seem to have more easily accepted their home as they are still residents . One resident brought across a large leopard tortoise discovered in a friend 's garden in Newlands , Cape Town . He lived in our garden and grew big enough to climb over the wall and roam the island much like the sheep in Van Riebeeck 's time . As children we were able to ride his great frame comfortably , as did some grown men . The buck and ostriches seemed equally happy and the ducks and Egyptian Geese were assigned a home in the old quarry , which had , some three hundred years before , supplied the dressed stone for the foundations of the Castle ; at the time of my residence it bristled with fish . Recent reports in Cape Town newspapers show that a lack of upkeep , a lack of culling , and the proliferation of rabbits on the island has led to the total devastation of the wildlife ; there remains today almost none of the animals my father brought over all those years ago ; the rabbits themselves have laid the island waste , stripping it of almost all ground vegetation . It looks almost like a desert . A reporter from the broadcasting corporation told me recently that they found the carcass of the last Bontebok . There may be 25,000 rabbits on the island . Humans are hunting and culling the rabbits to reduce their number . List of former prisoners held at Robben Island ( edit ) Ahmed Kathrada , who was imprisoned in Robben Island between 1964 and 1982 , giving a tour of the prison to the US then - president Barack Obama 's family in 2013 . Former prison cells and corridor on Robben Island Rock pile started by Nelson Mandela and added to -- one rock at a time -- by former prisoners returning to the island The Muslim Moturu Kramat shrine on Robben Island Autshumato , one of the first activists against colonialism Dennis Brutus , former activist and poet Patrick Chamusso , former activist of the African National Congress Laloo Chiba , former accused at Little Rivonia Trial Eddie Daniels ( political activist ) Jerry Ekandjo , Namibian politician Nceba Faku , former Metro Mayor of Port Elizabeth Petrus Iilonga , Namibian trade unionist , activist and politician Ahmed Kathrada , former Rivonia Trialist and long - serving prisoner Koesaaij , Malagasy co-leader of the Meermin slave mutiny in February , 1766 Langalibalele , The King of the Hlubi people , one of the first activists against colonialism John Kenneth Malatji , former activist and special forces of ANC - Tladi , Soweto Njongonkulu Ndungane , later to become Archbishop of Cape Town Mosiuoa Lekota , imprisoned in 1974 , President and Leader of the Congress of the People Mac Maharaj , former accused at Little Rivonia Trial Makana , one of the activists against colonialism Nelson Mandela , African National Congress leader and former President of South Africa ( first black president ) Gamzo Mandierd , activist Jeff Masemola , the first prisoner sentenced to life imprisonment in the apartheid era Amos Masondo , former Mayor of Johannesburg Massavana , Malagasy leader of the Meermin slave mutiny in February , 1766 Michael Matsobane , leader of Young African Religious Movement . Sentenced at Bethal in 1979 ; released by PW Botha in 1987 . Chief Maqoma , former chief who died on the island in 1873 Govan Mbeki , father of former President of South Africa Thabo Mbeki . Govan was sentenced to life in 1963 but was released from Robben Island in 1987 by PW Botha Wilton Mkwayi , former accused at Little Rivonia Trial Murphy Morobe , Soweto Uprising student leader Dikgang Moseneke , Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa Sayed Adurohman Moturu , the Muslim Iman who was exiled on the island and died there in 1754 Griffiths Mxenge , a South African Lawyer and member of the African National Congress Billy Nair , former Rivonia Trialist and ANC / SACP leader M.D. Naidoo , a South African lawyer and member of the African National Congress John ya Otto Nankudhu , Namibian liberation fighter John Nkosi Serving life but released by PW Botha in 1987 Samuel Sisulu Founder of South African Freedom Organisation Nongqawuse , the Xhosa prophetess responsible for the Cattle Killing Maqana Nxele , former Xhosa prophet who drowned while trying to escape John Nyathi Pokela , co-founder and former chairman of the PAC Joe Seremane , former chairperson of the Democratic Alliance . Tokyo Sexwale , businessman and aspirant leader of the African National Congress Gaus Shikomba , Namibian politician Walter Sisulu , former ANC Activist Raymond Mhlaba , former ANC Activist and first former Premier of the Eastern Cape . Stone Sizani , ANC Chief Whip Robert Sobukwe , former leader of the PAC Andimba Toivo ya Toivo , Namibian politician Sakaria Nashandi , Namibian politicia Jacob Zuma , President of South Africa and leader of the African National Congress Achmad Cassiem Setsiba Paul Mohohlo , former APLA unit commander Micheal Ludumo Buka , former ANC Activist Kgalema Motlanthe , South Africa 's first Pedi president John Aifheli Thabo , an ANC political activist Ezra Mvuyisi Sigwela , an ANC political activist Xolani Casper Jonas , an ANC political activist Kwezi Nontsikelo , ANC political activist , Advisor to the Minister of Defence See also ( edit ) South Africa portal Prisons portal Islands portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Main Place Robben Island '' . Census 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Avian Demography Unit : Robben Island '' . Department of Biological Sciences , University of Cape Town . Jump up ^ `` New S. Africa president sworn in '' . BBC News . 25 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 9 / 2 / 018 / 0004 - Robben Island , Table Bay '' . South African Heritage Resources Agency . Retrieved 16 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robben Island '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ The New Annual Register , Or General Repository of History ... , ( October 1781 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Peires , Jeffrey B. ( 1989 ) . The Dead Will Arise : Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement of 1856 -- 7 . Indiana University Press . p. 301 . ISBN 9780253205247 . Jump up ^ Deacon , Harriet , ed. ( 1996 ) . The Island : A History of Robben Island , 1488 -- 1990 . New Africa Books . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 9780864862990 . Jump up ^ Frederick Marryat . The Mission ; or Scenes in Africa . London : Nick Hodson . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Christianity in Africa South of the Sahara : 19th Century Xhosa Christianity '' . Bethel University . Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Edwin Diale ( 1979 ) . `` Makana '' . African National Congress . Archived from the original on 2 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Winston Churchill ( 1900 ) . London to Ladysmith via Pretoria . London : Longmans , Green , and Co . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , George ( 1895 ) . Prize essays on leprosy . London : The Society . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Chronology , Robben Island Museum website , retrieved 8 June 2013 Jump up ^ `` Robben Island tours '' . Robben Island Museum . Jump up ^ James Horsburgh ( 1852 ) . The India Directory , Or Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies , China , Australia and the Interjacent Ports . W.H. Allen & Co. p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Charlene ( 1997 ) . Robben Island . Struik . pp. 30 -- 32 . ISBN 9781868720620 . Jump up ^ William Henry Rosser , James Frederick Imray ( 1867 ) . The Seaman 's Guide to the Navigation of the Indian Ocean and China Sea . J. Imray & Son . p. 280 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Robben Island Lighthouse '' . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ George McCall Theal ( 1897 ) . History of South Africa Under the Administration of the Dutch East India Company ( 1652 to 1795 ) . Swan Sonnenschein . p. 442 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Les Underhill . `` Robben Island '' . Avian Demography Unit , University of Cape Town . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Weller , F. ; Cecchini , L.A. ; Shannon , L. ; Sherley , R.B. ; Crawford , R.J. ; Altwegg , R. ; Scott , L. ; Stewart , T. ; Jarre , A. ( 2014 ) . `` A system dynamics approach to modelling multiple drivers of the African penguin population on Robben Island , South Africa '' . Ecological Modelling. 277 : 38 -- 56 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ecolmodel. 2014.01. 013 . Jump up ^ Michael Klerck . `` Robben Island : Childhood Memories -- a personal reflection '' . www.robbenisland.org . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ No longer true as of 2008 Jump up ^ BBC News . Robben Island is ' under threat '. 31 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Sindiwe Magona ( 1 October 2012 ) . From Robben Island to Bishop 's Court : The Biography of Archbishop Njongonkulu Ndungane . David Philip . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86486 - 738 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` John Ya Otto Nankudhu passes on '' . New Era . NAMPA. 22 June 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Weideman , Marinda ( June 2004 ) . `` ROBBEN ISLAND 'S ROLE IN COASTAL DEFENCE , 1931 -- 1960 '' . Military History Journal : The South African Military History Society . 13 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robben Island . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Robben Island . Robben Island Museum Robben Island -- UNESCO World Heritage Centre Robben Island Museum at Google Cultural Institute World Heritage Sites in South Africa For official site names , see each article or the List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa . Cape Floral Region Protected Areas Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa Cradle of Humankind Makapan Valley Taung Child iSimangaliso Wetland Park Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape Robben Island uKhahlamba / Drakensberg Park Vredefort Dome ǀXam and ǂKhomani heartland Nelson Mandela 18 July 1918 -- 5 December 2013 President of South Africa ( 1994 -- 1999 ) President of the African National Congress ( 1991 -- 1997 ) Life Early life Mandela and Tambo law firm Umkhonto we Sizwe 1955 Congress of the People Freedom Charter Treason Trial Rivonia Trial Robben Island Pollsmoor Prison Victor Verster Prison Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa Liliesleaf Farm Mandela House and museum Nelson Mandela Children 's Fund The Elders 70th Birthday Tribute 90th Birthday Tribute Awards and honours Death and funeral attendees Presidency 1994 election Presidency Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Constitution of South Africa 1995 Rugby World Cup Intervention in Lesotho Mahlamba Ndlopfu Books and speeches `` I Am Prepared to Die '' ( 1964 speech ) Long Walk to Freedom ( 1995 ) Mandela : The Authorised Biography ( 1999 ) Legacy and namesakes Mandela Day Nelson Mandela Forum Nelson Mandela Institution 46664 concerts Mandela Rhodes Scholarship Nelson Mandela Challenge Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate Nelson Mandela Invitational Nelson Mandela International Airport Nelson Mandela Square Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality Mandela National Stadium Nelson Mandela Bridge Nelson Mandela Children 's Hospital Ponts Nelson - Mandela Nelson Mandela University Film depictions Mandela ( 1987 ) Death of Apartheid ( 1995 ) Mandela ( 1996 ) Mandela : Son of Africa , Father of a Nation ( 1996 ) Mandela and de Klerk ( 1997 ) Goodbye Bafana ( 2007 ) Endgame ( 2009 ) Invictus ( 2009 ) Winnie Mandela ( 2011 ) Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom ( 2013 ) Mandela : The Struggle Is My Life ( 2013 ) Mandela 's Gun ( 2016 ) Family Ngubengcuka ( great - grandfather ) Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa ( father ) Nosekeni Fanny ( mother ) Evelyn Mase ( wife ) Winnie Madikizela - Mandela ( wife ) Graça Machel ( wife ) Makgatho Mandela ( son ) Makaziwe Mandela ( daughter ) Zenani Mandela - Dlamini ( daughter ) Zindzi Mandela - Hlongwane ( daughter ) Mandla Mandela ( grandson ) Zoleka Mandela ( granddaughter ) Related African National Congress history International Tribute Concert Madiba shirt `` Free Nelson Mandela '' ( song ) `` Mandela Day '' ( song ) Bring Him Back Home ( Nelson Mandela ) ( song ) Atlanta sculpture Johannesburg statue London statue Pretoria statue Washington , DC statue Ismail Ayob Book Cape Town , South Africa Culture Economy Education Geography Government Elections Mayors History Timeline Media People Sport Transport Buildings City Hall Castle of Good Hope Parliament Rhodes Memorial Observatory Museums Iziko Museums Koopmans - de Wet House South African Museum National Gallery Groot Constantia Slave Lodge Medical Museum Holocaust Centre Science Centre District Six Museum Heart of Cape Town Museum Air Force Museum Naval Museum South African Sendinggestig Museum Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa Parks , beaches , etc . Company 's Garden De Waal Park Table Mountain national park Lion 's Head Signal Hill Devil 's Peak Cecilia Forest De Hel Nature Area Newlands Forest Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden Beaches Bloubergstrand Boulders Beach Camps Bay Clifton Melkbosstrand Muizenberg Sandy Bay Strand Streets and squares Adderley Street Bo - Kaap Grand Parade Greenmarket Square Long Street Strand Street V&A Waterfront Other Robben Island Cape Town at Wikimedia Commons . South Africa portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robben_Island&oldid=803688306 '' Categories : Defunct prisons in South Africa Apartheid museums History museums in South Africa World Heritage Sites in South Africa Museums in Cape Town Prison museums Nature reserves Robben Island South African heritage sites Populated places in the City of Cape Town Nelson Mandela Islands of South Africa Tourist attractions in Cape Town Medical and health organisations based in South Africa Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from June 2013 Use South African English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Afrikaans - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 01 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was robben island declared a heritage site
[ "With the end of apartheid, the island has become a popular destination with global tourists. It is managed by Robben Island Museum (RIM); which operates the site as a living museum. In 1999 the island was declared a World Heritage Site. Every year thousands of visitors take the ferry from the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront in Cape Town for tours of the island and its former prison. Many of the guides are former prisoners. All land on the island is owned by the state of South Africa with the exception of the island church. It is open all year around, weather permitting." ]
[ "1999" ]
-5625881090102321229
Unconscious mind
Unconscious mind - wikipedia Unconscious mind The unconscious mind ( or the unconscious ) consists of the processes in the mind which occur automatically and are not available to introspection , and include thought processes , memories , interests , and motivations . Even though these processes exist well under the surface of conscious awareness they are theorized to exert an impact on behavior . The term was coined by the 18th - century German Romantic philosopher Friedrich Schelling and later introduced into English by the poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge . Empirical evidence suggests that unconscious phenomena include repressed feelings , automatic skills , subliminal perceptions , thoughts , habits , and automatic reactions , and possibly also complexes , hidden phobias and desires . The concept was popularized by the Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud . In psychoanalytic theory , unconscious processes are understood to be directly represented in dreams , as well as in slips of the tongue and jokes . Thus the unconscious mind can be seen as the source of dreams and automatic thoughts ( those that appear without any apparent cause ) , the repository of forgotten memories ( that may still be accessible to consciousness at some later time ) , and the locus of implicit knowledge ( the things that we have learned so well that we do them without thinking ) . It has been argued that consciousness is influenced by other parts of the mind . These include unconsciousness as a personal habit , being unaware , and intuition . Phenomena related to semi-consciousness include awakening , implicit memory , subliminal messages , trances , hypnagogia , and hypnosis . While sleep , sleepwalking , dreaming , delirium , and comas may signal the presence of unconscious processes , these processes are seen as symptoms rather than the unconscious mind itself . Some critics have doubted the existence of the unconscious . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical overview 2 Psychology 2.1 Freud 's view 2.2 Jung 's view 3 Controversy 4 Dreams 4.1 Freud 4.2 Opposing theories 5 Contemporary cognitive psychology 5.1 Research 5.2 Unconscious processing of information about frequency 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Historical overview ( edit ) The term `` unconscious '' ( German : Unbewusste ) was coined by the 18th - century German Romantic philosopher Friedrich Schelling ( in his System of Transcendental Idealism , ch. 6 , § 3 ) and later introduced into English by the poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( in his Biographia Literaria ) . Some rare earlier instances of the term `` unconsciousness '' ( Unbewußtseyn ) can be found in the work of the 18th - century German physician and philosopher Ernst Platner . Influences on thinking that originate from outside of an individual 's consciousness were reflected in the ancient ideas of temptation , divine inspiration , and the predominant role of the gods in affecting motives and actions . The idea of internalised unconscious processes in the mind was also instigated in antiquity and has been explored across a wide variety of cultures . Unconscious aspects of mentality were referred to between 2500 and 600 BC in the Hindu texts known as the Vedas , found today in Ayurvedic medicine . Paracelsus is credited as the first to make mention of an unconscious aspect of cognition in his work Von den Krankheiten ( translates as `` About illnesses '' , 1567 ) , and his clinical methodology created a cogent system that is regarded by some as the beginning of modern scientific psychology . William Shakespeare explored the role of the unconscious in many of his plays , without naming it as such . In addition , Western philosophers such as Arthur Schopenhauer , Baruch Spinoza , Gottfried Leibniz , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Eduard von Hartmann , Søren Kierkegaard , and Friedrich Nietzsche used the word unconscious . In 1880 , Edmond Colsenet supports at the Sorbonne , a philosophy thesis on the unconscious . Elie Rabier and Alfred Fouillee perform syntheses of the unconscious `` at a time when Freud was not interested in the concept '' . Psychology ( edit ) Psychologist Jacques Van Rillaer points out that , `` the unconscious was not discovered by Freud . In 1890 , when psychoanalysis was still unheard of , William James , in his monumental treatise on psychology ( The Principles of Psychology ) , examined the way Schopenhauer , von Hartmann , Janet , Binet and others had used the term ' unconscious ' and ' subconscious ' '' . Historian of psychology Mark Altschule observes that , `` It is difficult -- or perhaps impossible -- to find a nineteenth - century psychologist or psychiatrist who did not recognize unconscious cerebration as not only real but of the highest importance . '' Van Rilliaer could have also mentioned that Eduard von Hartmann published a book dedicated to this topic , Philosophy of the Unconscious , in 1869 -- long before anybody else . Furthermore , 19th century German psychologists , Gustav Fechner and Wilhelm Wundt , had begun to use the term in their experimental psychology , in the context of manifold , jumbled sense data that the mind organizes at an unconscious level before revealing it as a cogent totality in conscious form . '' Freud 's view ( edit ) An iceberg is often ( though misleadingly ) used to provide a visual representation of Freud 's theory that most of the human mind operates unconsciously . Sigmund Freud and his followers developed an account of the unconscious mind . It plays an important role in psychoanalysis . Freud divided the mind into the conscious mind ( or the ego ) and the unconscious mind . The latter was then further divided into the id ( or instincts and drive ) and the superego ( or conscience ) . In this theory , the unconscious refers to the mental processes of which individuals make themselves unaware . Freud proposed a vertical and hierarchical architecture of human consciousness : the conscious mind , the preconscious , and the unconscious mind -- each lying beneath the other . He believed that significant psychic events take place `` below the surface '' in the unconscious mind , like hidden messages from the unconscious . He interpreted such events as having both symbolic and actual significance . In psychoanalytic terms , the unconscious does not include all that is not conscious , but rather what is actively repressed from conscious thought or what a person is averse to knowing consciously . Freud viewed the unconscious as a repository for socially unacceptable ideas , wishes or desires , traumatic memories , and painful emotions put out of mind by the mechanism of psychological repression . However , the contents did not necessarily have to be solely negative . In the psychoanalytic view , the unconscious is a force that can only be recognized by its effects -- it expresses itself in the symptom . In a sense , this view places the conscious self as an adversary to its unconscious , warring to keep the unconscious hidden . Unconscious thoughts are not directly accessible to ordinary introspection , but are supposed to be capable of being `` tapped '' and `` interpreted '' by special methods and techniques such as meditation , free association ( a method largely introduced by Freud ) , dream analysis , and verbal slips ( commonly known as a Freudian slip ) , examined and conducted during psychoanalysis . Seeing as these unconscious thoughts are normally cryptic , psychoanalysts are considered experts in interpreting their messages . Freud based his concept of the unconscious on a variety of observations . For example , he considered `` slips of the tongue '' to be related to the unconscious in that they often appeared to show a person 's true feelings on a subject . For example , `` I decided to take a summer curse '' . This example shows a slip of the word `` course '' where the speaker accidentally used the word curse which would show that they have negative feelings about having to do this . Freud noticed that also his patient 's dreams expressed important feelings they were unaware of . After these observations , he came to the conclusion that psychological disturbances are largely caused by personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level . His psychoanalytic theory acts to explain personality , motivation and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior . Freud later used his notion of the unconscious in order to explain certain kinds of neurotic behavior . The theory of the unconscious was substantially transformed by later psychiatrists , among them Carl Jung and Jacques Lacan . In his 1932 / 1933 conferences , Freud `` proposes to abandon the notion of the unconscious that ambiguous judge '' . Jung 's view ( edit ) Main articles : Carl Jung and Collective unconscious Carl Gustav Jung , a Swiss psychiatrist , developed the concept further . He agreed with Freud that the unconscious is a determinant of personality , but he proposed that the unconscious be divided into two layers : the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious . The personal unconscious is a reservoir of material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed , much like Freud 's notion . The collective unconscious , however , is the deepest level of the psyche , containing the accumulation of inherited psychic structures and archetypal experiences . Archetypes are not memories but images with universal meanings that are apparent in the culture 's use of symbols . The collective unconscious is therefore said to be inherited and contain material of an entire species rather than of an individual . Every person shares the collective unconscious with the entire human species , as Jung puts it : ( the ) `` whole spiritual heritage of mankind 's evolution , born anew in the brain structure of every individual '' . In addition to the structure of the unconscious , Jung differed from Freud in that he did not believe that sexuality was at the base of all unconscious thoughts . Controversy ( edit ) The notion that the unconscious mind exists at all has been disputed . Franz Brentano rejected the concept of the unconscious in his 1874 book Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint , although his rejection followed largely from his definitions of consciousness and unconsciousness . Jean - Paul Sartre offers a critique of Freud 's theory of the unconscious in Being and Nothingness , based on the claim that consciousness is essentially self - conscious . Sartre also argues that Freud 's theory of repression is internally flawed . Philosopher Thomas Baldwin argues that Sartre 's argument is based on a misunderstanding of Freud . Erich Fromm contends that , `` The term ' the unconscious ' is actually a mystification ( even though one might use it for reasons of convenience , as I am guilty of doing in these pages ) . There is no such thing as the unconscious ; there are only experiences of which we are aware , and others of which we are not aware , that is , of which we are unconscious . If I hate a man because I am afraid of him , and if I am aware of my hate but not of my fear , we may say that my hate is conscious and that my fear is unconscious ; still my fear does not lie in that mysterious place : ' the ' unconscious . '' John Searle has offered a critique of the Freudian unconscious . He argues that the Freudian cases of shallow , consciously held mental states would be best characterized as ' repressed consciousness , ' while the idea of more deeply unconscious mental states is more problematic . He contends that the very notion of a collection of `` thoughts '' that exist in a privileged region of the mind such that they are in principle never accessible to conscious awareness , is incoherent . This is not to imply that there are not `` nonconscious '' processes that form the basis of much of conscious life . Rather , Searle simply claims that to posit the existence of something that is like a `` thought '' in every way except for the fact that no one can ever be aware of it ( can never , indeed , `` think '' it ) is an incoherent concept . To speak of `` something '' as a `` thought '' either implies that it is being thought by a thinker or that it could be thought by a thinker . Processes that are not causally related to the phenomenon called thinking are more appropriately called the nonconscious processes of the brain . Other critics of the Freudian unconscious include David Stannard , Richard Webster , Ethan Watters , Richard Ofshe , and Eric Thomas Weber . David Holmes examined sixty years of research about the Freudian concept of `` repression '' , and concluded that there is no positive evidence for this concept . Given the lack of evidence for many Freudian hypotheses , some scientific researchers proposed the existence of unconscious mechanisms that are very different from the Freudian ones . They speak of a `` cognitive unconscious '' ( John Kihlstrom ) , an `` adaptive unconscious '' ( Timothy Wilson ) , or a `` dumb unconscious '' ( Loftus & Klinger ) , which executes automatic processes but lacks the complex mechanisms of repression and symbolic return of the repressed . In modern cognitive psychology , many researchers have sought to strip the notion of the unconscious from its Freudian heritage , and alternative terms such as `` implicit '' or `` automatic '' have come into currency . These traditions emphasize the degree to which cognitive processing happens outside the scope of cognitive awareness , and show that things we are unaware of can nonetheless influence other cognitive processes as well as behavior . Active research traditions related to the unconscious include implicit memory ( see priming , implicit attitudes ) , and nonconscious acquisition of knowledge ( see Lewicki , see also the section on cognitive perspective , below ) . Dreams ( edit ) Freud ( edit ) In terms of the unconscious , the purpose of dreams , as stated by Freud , is to fulfill repressed wishes through the process of dreaming , since they can not be fulfilled in real life . For example , if someone was to rob a store and feel guilty about it , they might dream about a scenario in which their actions were justified and renders them blameless . Freud asserted that the wish - fulfilling aspect of the dream may be disguised due to the difficulty in distinguishing between manifest content and latent content . The manifest content consists of the plot of a dream at the surface level . The latent content refers to the hidden or disguised meaning of the events in the plot . The latent content of the dream is what supports the idea of wish fulfillment . It represents the intimate information in the dreamer 's current issues and childhood conflict . Opposing theories ( edit ) In response to Freud 's theory on dreams , other psychologists have come up with theories to counter his argument . Theorist Rosalind Cartwright proposed that dreams provide people with the opportunity to act out and work through everyday problems and emotional issues in a non-real setting with no consequences . According to her cognitive problem solving view , a large amount of continuity exists between our waking thought and the thoughts that exist in dreams . Proponents of this view believe that dreams allow participation in creative thinking and alternate ways to handle situations when dealing with personal issues because dreams are not restrained by logic or realism . In addition to this , Allan Hobson and colleagues came up with the activation - synthesis hypothesis which proposes that dreams are simply the side effects of the neural activity in the brain that produces beta brain waves during REM sleep that are associated with wakefulness . According to this hypothesis , neurons fire periodically during sleep in the lower brain levels and thus send random signals to the cortex . The cortex then synthesizes a dream in reaction to these signals in order to try to make sense of why the brain is sending them . However , the hypothesis does not state that dreams are meaningless , it just downplays the role that emotional factors play in determining dreams . Contemporary cognitive psychology ( edit ) Research ( edit ) While , historically , the psychoanalytic research tradition was the first to focus on the phenomenon of unconscious mental activity , there is an extensive body of conclusive research and knowledge in contemporary cognitive psychology devoted to the mental activity that is not mediated by conscious awareness . Most of that ( cognitive ) research on unconscious processes has been done in the mainstream , academic tradition of the information processing paradigm . As opposed to the psychoanalytic tradition , driven by the relatively speculative ( in the sense of being hard to empirically verify ) theoretical concepts such as the Oedipus complex or Electra complex , the cognitive tradition of research on unconscious processes is based on relatively few theoretical assumptions and is very empirically oriented ( i.e. , it is mostly data driven ) . Cognitive research has revealed that automatically , and clearly outside of conscious awareness , individuals register and acquire more information than what they can experience through their conscious thoughts . ( See Augusto , 2010 , for a recent comprehensive survey . ) Unconscious processing of information about frequency ( edit ) For example , an extensive line of research conducted by Hasher and Zacks has demonstrated that individuals register information about the frequency of events automatically ( i.e. , outside of conscious awareness and without engaging conscious information processing resources ) . Moreover , perceivers do this unintentionally , truly `` automatically , '' regardless of the instructions they receive , and regardless of the information processing goals they have . The ability to unconsciously and relatively accurately tally the frequency of events appears to have little or no relation to the individual 's age , education , intelligence , or personality , thus it may represent one of the fundamental building blocks of human orientation in the environment and possibly the acquisition of procedural knowledge and experience , in general . See also ( edit ) Mind and Brain portal Thinking portal Adaptive unconscious Consciousness Ernst Platner Introspection illusion List of thought processes Mind 's eye Minimally conscious state Neuroscience of free will Philosophy of mind Preconscious Subconscious Transpersonal psychology Unconscious cognition Unconscious communication Instinct Books Psyche ( 1846 ) The Philosophy of the Unconscious ( 1869 ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Westen , Drew ( 1999 ) . `` The Scientific Status of Unconscious Processes : Is Freud Really Dead ? '' . Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association . 47 ( 4 ) : 1061 -- 1106 . doi : 10.1177 / 000306519904700404 . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bynum ; Browne ; Porter ( 1981 ) . The Macmillan Dictionary of the History of Science . London . p. 292 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher John Murray , Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era , 1760 - 1850 ( Taylor & Francis , 2004 : ISBN 1 - 57958 - 422 - 5 ) , pp. 1001 -- 02 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Baldwin ( 1995 ) . Ted Honderich , ed . The Oxford Companion to Philosophy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 792 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866132 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : See `` The Problem of Logic '' , Chapter 3 of Shrinking History : On Freud and the Failure of Psychohistory , published by Oxford University Press , 1980 ^ Jump up to : See `` Exploring the Unconscious : Self - Analysis and Oedipus '' , Chapter 11 of Why Freud Was Wrong : Sin , Science and Psychoanalysis , published by The Orwell Press , 2005 Jump up ^ Ernst Platner , Philosophische Aphorismen nebst einigen Anleitungen zur philosophischen Geschichte , Vol. 1 ( Leipzig : Schwickertscher Verlag , 1793 ( 1776 ) ) , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Angus Nicholls and Martin Liebscher , Thinking the Unconscious : Nineteenth - Century German Thought ( 2010 ) , Cambridge University Press , 2010 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Alexander , C.N. 1990 . Growth of Higher Stages of Consciousness : Maharishi 's Vedic Psychology of Human Development . C.N. Alexander and E.J. Langer ( eds . ) . Higher Stages of Human Development . Perspectives on Human Growth . New York , Oxford : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Meyer - Dinkgräfe , D. ( 1996 ) . Consciousness and the Actor . A Reassessment of Western and Indian Approaches to the Actor 's Emotional Involvement from the Perspective of Vedic Psychology . Peter Lang . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 3180 - X . Jump up ^ Haney , W.S. II . `` Unity in Vedic aesthetics : the self - interac , the known , and the process of knowing '' . Analecta Husserliana and Western Psychology : A comparison ' 1934 . Jump up ^ Harms , Ernest. , Origins of Modern Psychiatry , Thomas 1967 ASIN : B000NR852U , p. 20 Jump up ^ The Design Within : Psychoanalytic Approaches to Shakespeare : Edited by M.D. Faber . New York : Science House . 1970 An anthology of 33 papers on Shakespearean plays by psychoanalysts and literary critics whose work has been influenced by psychoanalysis Jump up ^ Meyer - Dinkgräfe , Daniel `` Hamlet 's Procrastination : A Parallel to the Bhagavad - Gita , in Hamlet East West , edited by . Marta Gibinska and Jerzy Limon . Gdansk : Theatrum Gedanese Foundation , 1998e , pp. 187 - 195 Jump up ^ Meyer - Dinkgräfe , Daniel ' Consciousness and the Actor : A Reassessment of Western and Indian Approaches to the Actor 's Emotional Involvement from the Perspective of Vedic Psychology . ' Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang , 1996a . ( Series 30 : Theatre , Film and Television , Vol. 67 ) Jump up ^ Yarrow , Ralph ( July -- December 1997 ) . `` Identity and Consciousness East and West : the case of Russell Hoban '' . Journal of Literature & Aesthetics. 5 ( 2 ) : 19 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Ellenberger , H. ( 1970 ) The Discovery of the Unconscious : The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry New York : Basic Books , p. 542 Jump up ^ Young , Christopher and Brook , Andrew ( 1994 ) Schopenhauer and Freud quotation : Ellenberger , in his classic 1970 history of dynamic psychology . He remarks on Schopenhauer 's psychological doctrines several times , crediting him for example with recognizing parapraxes , and urges that Schopenhauer `` was definitely among the ancestors of modern dynamic psychiatry . '' ( 1970 , p. 205 ) . He also cites with approval Foerster 's interesting claim that `` no one should deal with psychoanalysis before having thoroughly studied Schopenhauer . '' ( 1970 , p. 542 ) . In general , he views Schopenhauer as the first and most important of the many nineteenth - century philosophers of the unconscious , and concludes that `` there can not be the slightest doubt that Freud 's thought echoes theirs . '' ( 1970 , p. 542 ) . Jump up ^ . Friedrich Nietzsche , preface to the second edition of `` The Gay science '' 1886 Jump up ^ `` Un débat sur l'inconscient avant Freud : la réception de Eduard von Hartmann chez les psychologues et philosophes français '' . de Serge Nicolas et Laurent Fedi , L'Harmattan , 2008 , p. 8 Jump up ^ `` Un débat sur l'inconscient avant Freud : la réception de Eduard von Hartmann chez les psychologues et philosophes français '' . de Serge Nicolas et Laurent Fedi , L'Harmattan , Paris , 2008 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Meyer , Catherine ( edited by ) . Le livre noir de la psychanalyse : Vivre , penser et aller mieux sans Freud . Paris : Les Arènes , 2005 , p. 217 Jump up ^ Altschule , Mark . Origins of Concepts in Human Behavior . New York : Wiley , 1977 , p. 199 Jump up ^ Wozniak , Robert H. Mind and Body : Rene Déscartes to William James . Washington DC : American Psychological Association , 1992 Jump up ^ Geraskov , Emil Asenov ( November 1 , 1994 ) . `` The internal contradiction and the unconscious sources of activity '' . Journal of Psychology . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . This article is an attempt to give new meaning to well - known experimental studies , analysis of which may allow us to discover unconscious behavior that has so far remained unnoticed by researchers . Those studies confirm many of the statements by Freud , but they also reveal new aspects of the unconscious psychic . The first global psychological concept of the internal contradiction as an unconscious factor influencing human behavior was developed by Sigmund Freud . In his opinion , this contradiction is expressed in the struggle between the biological instincts and the self . Jump up ^ For example , dreaming : Freud called dream symbols the `` royal road to the unconscious '' Jump up ^ Wayne Weiten ( 2011 ) . Psychology : Themes and Variations . Cengage Learning . p. 6 . ISBN 9780495813101 . Jump up ^ Jung , Carl ; et al. ( 1964 ) . `` Man and His Symbols '' . Sigmund Freud was the pioneer who first tried to explore empirically the unconscious background of consciousness . He worked on the general assumption that dreams are not a matter of chance but are associated with conscious thoughts and problems . This assumption was not in the least arbitrary . It was based upon the conclusion of eminent neurologists ( for instance , Pierre Janet ) that neurotic symptoms are related to some conscious experience . They even appear to be split - off areas of the conscious mind , which , at another time and under different conditions , can be conscious . Jump up ^ ' Une histoire des sciences humaines , sous la direction de J. - F. Dortier , éditions Sciences humaines , 2006 , ISBN 9782912601360 - part : 1900 - 1950 `` Le temps des fondations '' ; chapter about Freud Jump up ^ `` collective unconscious ( psychology ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia . '' Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia . N.p. , n.d. Web . 4 Dec. 2011 . < http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/125572/collective-unconscious > . Jump up ^ Campbell , J. ( 1971 ) . Hero with a thousand faces . New York , NY : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Jump up ^ `` Jung , Carl Gustav . '' The Columbia encyclopedia . 6th . ed . Columbia : Columbia University Press , 2000 . 1490 . Print . Jump up ^ Vitz , Paul C. ( 1988 ) . Sigmund Freud 's Christian Unconscious . New York : The Guilford Press . pp. 59 -- 62 ; 107ff . ISBN 0 - 89862 - 673 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fromm , Erich . Beyond the Chains of Illusion : My Encounter with Marx & Freud . London : Sphere Books , 1980 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Searle , John . The Rediscovery of the Mind . MIT Press , 1994 , pp. 151 - 173 ^ Jump up to : See `` A Profession in Crisis '' , Chapter 1 of Therapy 's Delusions : The Myth of the Unconscious and the Exploitation of Today 's Walking Worried , published by Scribner , 1999 Jump up ^ Weber ET ( 2012 ) . `` James 's Critiques of the Freudian Unconscious -- 25 Years Earlier '' ( PDF ) . William James Studies . 9 : 94 -- 119 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ List of his publications at ( 1 ) retrieved April 18 , 2007 Jump up ^ Kihlstrom , J.F. ( 2002 ) . `` The unconscious '' . In Ramachandran , V.S. Encyclopedia of the Human Brain . 4 . San Diego CA : Academic . pp. 635 -- 646 . Jump up ^ Kihlstrom , J.F. ; Beer , J.S. ; Klein , S.B. ( 2002 ) . `` Self and identity as memory '' . In Leary , M.R. ; Tangney , J. Handbook of self and identity . New York : Guilford Press . pp. 68 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Wilson TD Strangers to Ourselves Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious Jump up ^ Loftus EF , Klinger MR ( June 1992 ) . `` Is the unconscious smart or dumb ? '' . Am Psychol. 47 ( 6 ) : 761 -- 5 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066X. 47.6. 761 . PMID 1616173 . Jump up ^ Greenwald AG , Draine SC , Abrams RL ( September 1996 ) . `` Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation '' . Science . 273 ( 5282 ) : 1699 -- 702 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 273.5282. 1699 . PMID 8781230 . Jump up ^ Gaillard R , Del Cul A , Naccache L , Vinckier F , Cohen L , Dehaene S ( May 2006 ) . `` Nonconscious semantic processing of emotional words modulates conscious access '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 ( 19 ) : 7524 -- 9 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0600584103 . PMC 1464371 . PMID 16648261 . Jump up ^ Kiefer M , Brendel D ( February 2006 ) . `` Attentional modulation of unconscious `` automatic '' processes : evidence from event - related potentials in a masked priming paradigm `` . J Cogn Neurosci. 18 ( 2 ) : 184 -- 98 . doi : 10.1162 / 089892906775783688 . PMID 16494680 . Jump up ^ Naccache L , Gaillard R , Adam C , et al. ( May 2005 ) . `` A direct intracranial record of emotions evoked by subliminal words '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 ( 21 ) : 7713 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0500542102 . PMC 1140423 . PMID 15897465 . Jump up ^ Smith , E.R. ; DeCoster , J. ( 2000 ) . `` Dual - Process Models in Social and Cognitive Psychology : Conceptual Integration and Links to Underlying Memory Systems '' ( PDF ) . Personality and Social Psychology Review . 4 ( 2 ) : 108 -- 131 . doi : 10.1207 / S15327957PSPR0402_01 . ^ Jump up to : Wayne Weiten ( 2011 ) . Psychology : Themes and Variations . Cengage Learning . pp. 166 -- 167 . ISBN 9780495813101 . Jump up ^ Augusto , L.M. ( 2010 ) . `` Unconscious knowledge : A survey '' . Advances in Cognitive Psychology . 6 : 116 -- 141 . doi : 10.2478 / v10053 - 008 - 0081 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hasher L , Zacks RT ( December 1984 ) . `` Automatic processing of fundamental information : the case of frequency of occurrence '' . Am Psychol. 39 ( 12 ) : 1372 -- 88 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066X. 39.12. 1372 . PMID 6395744 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Deborah Ann ( 1993 ) . A developmental evaluation of frequency information in lists , scripts , and stories ( M.A. thesis ) Wilfrid Laurier University References ( edit ) Matt Ffytche , The Foundation of the Unconscious : Schelling , Freud and the Birth of the Modern Psyche , Cambridge University Press , 2011 . Jon Mills , The Unconscious Abyss : Hegel 's Anticipation of Psychoanalysis , SUNY Press , 2002 . Jon Mills , Underworlds : Philosophies of the Unconscious from Psychoanalysis to Metaphysics . Routledge , 2014 . S.J. McGrath , The Dark Ground of Spirit : Schelling and the Unconscious , Taylor & Francis Group , 2012 . External Links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Unconscious mind Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind , `` Implicit Memory '' Nonconscious Acquisition of Information ( a reprint from American Psychologist , 1992 ) The Rediscovery of the Unconscious Hidden messages Main Hidden messages Subliminal message Audio Backmasking Reverse speech Numeric Numerology Theomatics Bible code Cryptology Visual Fnord Paranoiac - critical method Pareidolia Sacred geometry Steganography Visual cryptography Other Anagram Apophenia Asemic writing Easter egg Clustering illusion Observer - expectancy effect Pattern recognition Palindrome Synchronicity Unconscious mind Analytical psychology People Aušra Augustinavičiūtė Marie - Louise von Franz Sigmund Freud Carl Jung David Keirsey Isabel Myers Katharine Cook Briggs Concepts Archetype Collective unconscious Personal unconscious Carl Gustav Jung Theories Analytical psychology Cognitive functions Interpretation of religion Personality type Synchronicity Theory of neurosis Concepts The psyche Anima and animus Collective unconscious Complex Electra complex Inner child Personal unconscious Persona Self Shadow Jungian archetypes Apollo Trickster Wise Old Man and Wise Old Woman Wounded healer Other Active imagination Enantiodromia Extraversion and introversion Individuation Participation mystique Works and publications Early Psychology of the Unconscious Two Essays on Analytical Psychology Psychological Types Later Aion : Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self Answer to Job Synchronicity Symbols of Transformation Posthumous Man and His Symbols Memories , Dreams , Reflections Red Book Black Books Seven Sermons to the Dead The Collected Works of C.G. Jung Psychiatric Studies ( 1970 ) Experimental Researches ( 1973 ) Psychogenesis of Mental Disease ( 1960 ) Freud & Psychoanalysis ( 1961 ) Symbols of Transformation ( 1967 , a revision of Psychology of the Unconscious , 1912 ) . Psychological Types ( 1971 ) Two Essays on Analytical Psychology ( 1967 ) Structure & Dynamics of the Psyche ( 1969 ) Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious ( 1969 ) Aion : Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self ( 1969 ) Civilization in Transition ( 1970 ) Psychology and Religion : West and East ( 1970 ) Psychology and Alchemy ( 1968 ) Alchemical Studies ( 1968 ) Mysterium Coniunctionis ( 1970 ) Spirit in Man , Art , and Literature ( 1966 ) Practice of Psychotherapy ( 1966 ) Development of Personality ( 1954 ) The Symbolic Life ( 1977 ) General Bibliography ( Revised Edition ) ( 1990 ) General Index ( 1979 ) People Jungfrauen Marie - Louise von Franz Barbara Hannah Jolande Jacobi Aniela Jaffé Emma Jung Toni Wolff Colleagues Sigmund Freud Wolfgang Pauli Sabina Spielrein Victor White Richard Wilhelm Followers Joseph Campbell James Hillman Erich Neumann Laurens van der Post Sonu Shamdasani June Singer Anthony Stevens Organizations Bollingen Foundation C.G. Jung Institute in Zürich Int'l Assoc . for Analytical Psychology Int'l Assoc . for Jungian Studies Philemon Foundation Popular culture A Dangerous Method Synchronicity ( album song 1 2 ) Shadow Man The Soul Keeper Other Archetypal literary criticism Archetypal pedagogy Bollingen Prize Bollingen Tower Burghölzli Eranos I Ching The Secret of the Golden Flower BNF : cb11932099v ( data ) GND : 4186835 - 3 NDL : 00567892 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unconscious_mind&oldid=850351421 '' Categories : Unconscious Analytical psychology Neuropsychology Central nervous system Hypnosis Mental processes Psychoanalytic terminology Freudian psychology Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 09 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is comprised of material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or repressed
[ "Carl Gustav Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist, developed the concept further. He agreed with Freud that the unconscious is a determinant of personality, but he proposed that the unconscious be divided into two layers: the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is a reservoir of material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed, much like Freud's notion. The collective unconscious, however, is the deepest level of the psyche, containing the accumulation of inherited psychic structures and archetypal experiences. Archetypes are not memories but images with universal meanings that are apparent in the culture's use of symbols. The collective unconscious is therefore said to be inherited and contain material of an entire species rather than of an individual.[30] Every person shares the collective unconscious with the entire human species, as Jung puts it: [the] \"whole spiritual heritage of mankind's evolution, born anew in the brain structure of every individual\".[31]\n" ]
[ "The personal unconscious" ]
-2595452329955511136
National Food For Work Programme
National food for work programme - Wikipedia National food for work programme Jump to : navigation , search The National Food for Work Programme was launched by minister of rural development , central government on November 14 , 2004 in 150 of the most backward districts of India with the objective of generating supplementary wage employment . The programme is open for all Indian poors who are prepared to do manual unskilled labour work and are in the need of wage employment . It is implemented as a centrally - sponsored scheme . Food grains are provided to the States free of cost. The transportation cost , handling charges , and taxes on food grains will , however , be the responsibility of the States . The collector is the primary or nodal officer at the district level and has overall responsibility for planning , implementation , coordination , monitoring and supervision . For 2004 - 2005 , ₹ 2,020 crore ( US $310 million ) have been allocated for the programme in addition to 18 million tonnes of food grains . Now that the MGNREGA is in force , the NFFWP will be subsumed within this programme . Government schemes in India Active Schemes Antyodaya Anna Yojana Atal Pension Yojana Beti Bachao , Beti Padhao Yojana CGHS DAY DBT DDUGJY DDU - GKY DELP HRIDAY Housing for All ICDS Income declaration scheme , 2016 JAM Yojana KVPY Midday Meal Scheme NSAP NSS POPSK PMAGY PMAY PMGSY PMJDY Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana PMKSY Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Yojana Kendra PMMVY PMMY Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana SAGY SGSY Swasth Jeevan Sewa Guarantee Yojana Soil Health Card Scheme UDAY UDAN Missions AMRUT Mission Indradhanush NICRA National Mission for Manuscripts NRHM ASHA National Translation Mission Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan National Solar Mission Smart Cities Mission TB - Mission 2020 Projects Bharatmala Indian Rivers Inter-link Sagar Mala project Setu Bharatam Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project Campaigns Accessible India Campaign Digital India Make in India Skill India Standup India Startup India Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Unnat Bharat Abhiyan IDs Aadhaar Business identification number Indian passport Permanent account number Ration card ( India ) Unorganised Workers ' Identification Number Voter ID ( India ) State Bhamashah Yojana Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana Invest Madhya Pradesh Jyotigram Yojana Make in Maharashtra Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana Vibrant Gujarat Closed Schemes Bharat Nirman JSY JnNURM Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya MPLADS NLM NPS NRLM Pooled Finance Development Fund Scheme RNTCP RSBY Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme Saakshar Bharat Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana Swabhimaan ( campaign ) Swavalamban Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme This India - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Food_For_Work_Programme&oldid=811830507 '' Categories : India stubs Hunger relief organizations Government schemes in India Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2014 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 07 : 45 . About Wikipedia
when was the national food for work programme launched
[ "The National Food for Work Programme was launched by minister of rural development,central government on November 14, 2004 in 150 of the most backward districts of India with the objective of generating supplementary wage employment. The programme is open for all Indian poors who are prepared to do manual unskilled labour work and are in the need of wage employment. It is implemented as a centrally-sponsored scheme. Food grains are provided to the States[clarification needed] free of cost.The transportation cost, handling charges, and taxes on food grains will, however, be the responsibility of the States." ]
[ "November 14, 2004" ]
8373192561198753734
2022 FIFA World Cup
2022 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2022 FIFA World Cup This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 October 2018 . 2022 FIFA World Cup كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2022 Kaʾs al - ʿālam li - kurrat al - qadam 2022 Qatar 2022 Bid logo Tournament details Host country Qatar Dates 21 November -- 18 December Teams 32 ( from 5 or 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 8 or 12 ( in 5 or 8 host cities ) ← 2018 2026 → The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international men 's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA . It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022 . This will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim - majority country . This will be the first World Cup held entirely in geographical Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan ( the 2018 competition in Russia featured one geographically Asian venue , Yekaterinburg ) . In addition the tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams , with an increase to 48 teams scheduled for the 2026 tournament . The reigning World Cup champions are France . This will also mark the first World Cup not to be held in May , June , or July ; the tournament is instead scheduled for late November until mid-December . It is to be played in a reduced timeframe of around 28 days , with the final being held on 18 December 2022 , which is also Qatar National Day . Accusations of corruption have been made relating to how Qatar won the right to host the event . A FIFA internal investigation and report cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing , but the chief investigator Michael J. Garcia has since described FIFA 's report on his inquiry as `` materially incomplete and erroneous '' . On 27 May 2015 , Swiss federal prosecutors opened an investigation into corruption and money laundering related to the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . On 6 August 2018 , former FIFA president Sepp Blatter claimed that Qatar had used `` black ops '' , suggesting that the bid committee had cheated to win the hosting rights . Qatar has faced strong criticism due to the treatment of foreign workers involved in preparation for the World Cup , with Amnesty International referring to `` forced labour '' and stating that workers have been suffering human rights abuses , despite worker welfare standards being drafted in 2014 . Contents 1 Host selection 2 Possible expansion 3 Qualification 3.1 Qualified teams 4 Venues 5 Schedule 6 Controversies 6.1 Migrant workers , slavery allegations and deaths 6.2 Move to November and December 6.3 Bidding corruption allegations 7 Sponsorship 8 Broadcasting rights 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids and Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup bid The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups began in January 2009 , and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest . Initially , eleven bids were made for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings , and Indonesia 's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian Football Association failed to submit a letter of Indonesian government guarantee to support the bid . Indonesian officials had not ruled out a bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup , until Qatar took the 2022 cup . During the bidding process , all non-UEFA nations gradually withdrew their 2018 bids , thus making the UEFA nations ineligible for the 2022 bid . In the end , there were five bids for the 2022 FIFA World Cup : Australia , Japan , Qatar , South Korea and the United States . The twenty - two member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments . Two FIFA executive committee members were suspended before the vote in relation to allegations of corruption regarding their votes . The decision to host the 2022 World Cup in Qatar , which was graded as having `` high operational risk '' , generated criticism from media commentators . It has been criticised as many to be part of the FIFA corruption scandals . The voting patterns were as follows : 2022 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Qatar 11 10 11 14 United States 5 6 8 South Korea 5 5 Eliminated Japan Eliminated Australia Eliminated There have been allegations of bribery and corruption in the selection process involving members of FIFA 's executive committee . These allegations are being investigated by FIFA . ( See § Bidding corruption allegations , below . ) Qatar is the smallest nation by area ever to have been awarded a FIFA World Cup -- the next smallest by area is Switzerland , host of the 1954 FIFA World Cup , which is more than three times as large as Qatar and only needed to host 16 teams instead of the current 32 . Possible expansion ( edit ) On 12 April 2018 , CONMEBOL requested that FIFA expand the 2022 FIFA World Cup from 32 to 48 teams , four years before the 2026 FIFA World Cup as initially planned . FIFA President Gianni Infantino expressed willingness to consider the request . However , the FIFA congress rejected the request shortly before the beginning of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Infantino said the global football governing body would not discuss the possibility of having a 48 - team World Cup , and that they would first discuss the matter with the host country . Qualification ( edit ) The qualification process for the 2022 World Cup has not yet been announced . All FIFA member associations , of which there are currently 211 , are eligible to enter qualification . Qatar , as hosts , qualified automatically for the tournament . However , Qatar is obliged by the AFC to participate in the Asian qualifying stage as the first two rounds also act as qualification for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup . If they reach the final stage , their choice on whether to continue with World Cup qualifying is subject to FIFA approval . If the hosts choose not to compete , the next - ranked team will advance instead . For the first time after the initial two tournaments of 1930 and 1934 , the World Cup will be hosted by a country whose national team has never played a finals match before . The reigning World Cup champions France will also go through qualifying stages as normal . The allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress . The committee decided that the same allocation as 2006 would be kept for the 2010 , 2014 , 2018 and 2022 tournaments : CAF ( Africa ) : 5 AFC ( Asia ) : 4.5 ( not including host nation ) UEFA ( Europe ) : 13 CONCACAF ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) : 3.5 OFC ( Oceania ) : 0.5 CONMEBOL ( South America ) : 4.5 The qualifying draw is scheduled to take place in July 2019 . Qualified teams ( edit ) Team Qualified as Qualified on Previous appearances in tournament Previous best performance Qatar Host nation 2 December 2010 0 ( debut ) -- Bold indicates champion for that year . Italic indicates host for that year . Venues ( edit ) The first five proposed venues for the World Cup were unveiled at the beginning of March 2010 . The stadiums aim to employ cooling technology capable of reducing temperatures within the stadium by up to 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) , and the upper tiers of the stadiums will be disassembled after the World Cup and donated to countries with less developed sports infrastructure . Qatar aims to build the stadiums with the highest sustainability and environmental standards . The stadiums will be equipped with cooling systems that are environmentally friendly overcoming the challenging environmental nature of the country . The plan is to build Zero Waste stadiums using environmentally friendly materials , harmless equipment , and ecologically sustainable solutions through the implementation of renewable and low energy solutions . Qatar aspires to be compliant and certified by the Global Sustainability Assessment System ( GSAS ) for all the world cup stadiums . All of the five stadium projects launched have been designed by German architect Albert Speer & Partners . Leading football clubs in Europe wanted the World Cup to take place from 28 April to 29 May rather than the typical June and July staging , due to concerns about the heat . A report released on 9 December 2010 quoted FIFA President Sepp Blatter as stating that other nations could host some matches during the World Cup . However , no specific countries were named in the report . Blatter added that any such decision must be taken by Qatar first and then endorsed by FIFA 's executive committee . Prince Ali bin Al Hussein of Jordan told the Australian Associated Press that holding games in Bahrain , United Arab Emirates , and possibly Saudi Arabia would help to incorporate the people of the region during the tournament . According to a report released in April 2013 by Merrill Lynch , the investment banking division of Bank of America , the organisers in Qatar have requested FIFA to approve a smaller number of stadiums due to the growing costs . Bloomberg.com said that Qatar wishes to cut the number of venues to eight or nine from the twelve originally planned . Although as of April 2017 , FIFA had yet to finalise the number of stadiums Qatar must have ready in five years ' time , Qatar 's Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy said it expected there would be eight . Lusail Al Khor Al Rayyan Al Wakrah Lusail Iconic Stadium Al Bayt Stadium Al Rayyan Stadium Al Wakrah Stadium Capacity : 86,250 ( under construction ) Capacity : 60,000 ( under construction ) Capacity : 44,740 ( Expanded for World Cup ) Capacity : 40,000 ( under construction ) Lusail Doha Al - Khor Al - Wakrah Al - Rayyan Cities in Qatar being used Education Aboud Khalifa Al Thumama Stadiums in Doha Doha Education City Stadium Khalifa International Stadium Ras Abu Aboud Stadium Al Thumama Stadium Capacity : 45,350 ( under construction ) Capacity : 40,000 ( upgraded ) Capacity : 40,000 ( planned ) Capacity : 40,000 ( under construction ) Schedule ( edit ) The final draw is scheduled to take place in April 2022 . Controversies ( edit ) Main article : List of 2022 FIFA World Cup controversies A number of groups and media outlets have expressed concern over the suitability of Qatar to host the event , with regard to interpretations of human rights , particularly worker conditions , the rights of fans in the LGBT community because the status of homosexuality is illegal in Qatar , climatic conditions and accusations of Qatar for supporting terrorism both diplomatically and financially . Hassan Abdulla al Thawadi , chief executive of the Qatar 2022 World Cup bid , said the Muslim state would also permit alcohol consumption during the event , drinking in public is not permitted as Qatar 's legal system is based on Sharia . The selection of Qatar as the host country has been controversial ; FIFA officials were accused of corruption and allowing Qatar to `` buy '' the World Cup , the treatment of construction workers was called into question by human rights groups , and the high costs needed to make the plans a reality were criticised . The climate conditions caused some to call hosting the tournament in Qatar infeasible , with initial plans for air - conditioned stadiums giving way to a potential date switch from summer to winter . In May 2014 , Sepp Blatter , who was FIFA President at the time of the selection but later banned for illegal payments , remarked that awarding the World Cup to Qatar was a `` mistake '' because of the extreme heat . However , while addressing delegates from African and Asian confederations , Blatter said allegations of corruption and some of the criticism , including those from sponsors , were `` very much linked to racism and discrimination '' . Migrant workers , slavery allegations and deaths ( edit ) The issue of migrant workers ' rights has also attracted attention , with an investigation by The Guardian newspaper claiming that many workers are denied food and water , have their identity papers taken away from them , and that they are not paid on time or at all , making some of them in effect slaves . The Guardian has estimated that up to 4,000 workers may die due to lax safety and other causes by the time the competition is held . These claims are based upon the fact that 522 Nepalese workers and over 700 Indian workers have died since 2010 , when Qatar 's bid as World Cup 's host was won , about 250 Indian workers dying each year . Given that there are half a million Indian workers in Qatar , the Indian government says that is quite a normal number of deaths . In the United Kingdom , in any group of half a million 25 - to 30 - year - old men , an average of 300 die each year , a higher rate than among Indian workers in Qatar . In 2015 , a crew of four journalists from the BBC were arrested and held for two days after they attempted to report on the condition of workers in the country . The reporters had been invited to visit the country as guests of the Government of Qatar . The Wall Street Journal reported in June 2015 the International Trade Union Confederation 's claim that over 1,200 workers had died while working on infrastructure and real - estate projects related to the World Cup , and the Qatar Government 's counter-claim that none had . The BBC later reported that this often - cited figure of 1,200 workers having died in World Cup construction in Qatar between 2011 and 2013 is not correct , and that the 1,200 number is instead representing deaths from all Indians and Nepalese working in Qatar , not just of those workers involved in the preparation for the World Cup , and not just of construction workers . Most Qatar nationals avoid doing manual work or low - skilled jobs ; additionally , they are given preference at the workplace . Michael van Praag , president of Royal Dutch Football Association , requested the FIFA Executive Committee to pressure Qatar over those allegations to ensure better workers ' conditions . He also stated that a new vote on the attribution of the World Cup to Qatar would have to take place if the corruption allegations were to be proved . In March 2016 , Amnesty International accused Qatar of using forced labour and forcing the employees to live in poor conditions and withholding their wages and passports . It accused FIFA of failing to stop the stadium being built on `` human right abuses '' . Migrant workers told Amnesty about verbal abuse and threats they received after complaining about not being paid for up to several months . Nepali workers were even denied leave to visit their family after the 2015 Nepal earthquake . In October 2017 , the International Trade Union Confederation said that Qatar has signed an agreement to improve the situation of more than 2 million migrant workers in the country . According to the ITUC , the agreement provided for establishing substantial reforms in labour system , including ending the Al - Kafala system . The ITUC also stated that the agreement would positively affect the general situation of workers , especially of those who work on the 2022 FIFA World Cup infrastructure projects . The workers will no longer need their employer 's permission to leave the country or change their jobs . Move to November and December ( edit ) Owing to the climate in Qatar , concerns were expressed over holding the World Cup in its traditional timeframe of June and July . In October 2013 , a task force was commissioned to consider alternative dates and report after the 2014 World Cup in Brazil . On 24 February 2015 , the FIFA Task Force proposed that the tournament be played from late November to late December 2022 , to avoid the summer heat between May and September and also avoid clashing with the 2022 Winter Olympics in February and Ramadan in April . The notion of staging the tournament in November is controversial since it would interfere with the regular season schedules of some domestic leagues around the world . Commentators have noted the clash with the Western Christmas season is likely to cause disruption , whilst there is concern about how short the tournament is intended to be . FIFA executive committee member Theo Zwanziger said that awarding the 2022 World Cup to Qatar 's desert state was a `` blatant mistake '' . Frank Lowy , chairman of Football Federation Australia , said that if the 2022 World Cup were moved to November and thus upset the schedule of the A-League , they would seek compensation from FIFA . Richard Scudamore , chief executive of the Premier League , stated that they would consider legal action against FIFA because a move would interfere with the Premier League 's popular Christmas and New Year fixture programme . On 19 March 2015 , FIFA sources confirmed that the 2022 World Cup final would be played on 18 December . Bidding corruption allegations ( edit ) See also : Garcia Report Qatar has faced growing pressure over its hosting of the World Cup in relation to allegations over the role of former top football official Mohammed bin Hammam played in securing the bid . A former employee of the Qatar bid team alleged that several African officials were paid $1.5 million by Qatar . She retracted her claims , but later said she was coerced to do so by Qatari bid officials . More suspicions emerged in March 2014 when it was discovered that disgraced former CONCACAF president Jack Warner and his family were paid almost $2 million from a firm linked to Qatar 's successful campaign . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) is investigating Warner and his alleged links to the Qatari bid . Five of FIFA 's six primary sponsors , Sony , Adidas , Visa , Hyundai and Coca - Cola , have called upon FIFA to investigate the claims . The Sunday Times published bribery allegations based on a leak of millions of secret documents . Jim Boyce , Vice President of FIFA , has gone on record stating he would support a re-vote to find a new host if the corruption allegations are proven . FIFA completed a lengthy investigation into these allegations and a report cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing . Despite the claims , the Qataris insist that the corruption allegations are being driven by envy and mistrust while Sepp Blatter said it is fueled by racism in the British media . In the 2015 FIFA corruption case , Swiss officials , operating under information from the United States Department of Justice , arrested many senior FIFA officials in Zurich , Switzerland . They also seized physical and electronic records from FIFA 's main headquarters . The arrests continued in the United States where several FIFA officers were arrested and FIFA buildings raided . The arrests were made on the information of at least a $150 million ( USD ) corruption and bribery scandal . On 7 June 2015 , Phaedra Almajid , the former media officer for the Qatar bid team , claimed that the allegations would result in Qatar not hosting the World Cup . In an interview published on the same day , Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit and Compliance Committee , stated that `` should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled . '' Sponsorship ( edit ) FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors Adidas Coca - Cola Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways Visa Anheuser - Busch InBev Vivo Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Albania -- RTSH Armenia -- ARMTV Australia -- SBS Austria -- ORF Azerbaijan -- İTV Belarus -- BTRC Belgium -- VRT , RTBF Bosnia and Herzegovina -- BHRT Brazil -- Rede Globo , SporTV Bulgaria -- BNT Canada -- CTV , TSN , RDS Caribbean -- International Media Content , SportsMax China -- CCTV Croatia -- HRT Cyprus -- CyBC Czech Republic -- ČT Estonia -- ERR Europe -- European Broadcasting Union ( 37 countries ) France -- TF1 , beIN Sports Germany -- ARD , ZDF Georgia -- GPB Hungary -- MTVA Iceland -- RÚV India -- Sony Pictures Network Ireland -- RTÉ Israel -- IPBC Kosovo -- RTK Latvia -- LTV Lithuania -- LRT Luxembourg -- RTL Group Macedonia -- MRT Malta -- PBS Mexico -- Televisa , TV Azteca Middle East and North Africa -- beIN Sports Moldova -- TRM Montenegro -- RTCG Netherlands -- NOS New Zealand -- Sky Sport Poland -- TVP Portugal -- RTP Romania -- TVR Serbia -- RTS Slovakia -- RTVS Sweden -- SVT , TV4 Switzerland - SRF Turkey -- TRT Ukraine -- UA : PBC United Kingdom -- BBC , ITV United States -- Fox Sports , Telemundo Deportes See also ( edit ) 2020s portal Middle East portal 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup 2026 FIFA World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Amir : 2022 World Cup Qatar a tournament for all Arabs '' . Gulf Times ( in Arabic ) . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France seal second World Cup triumph with 4 -- 2 win over brave Croatia '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa , Qatar 2022 : Mondiali dal 21 novembre al 18 dicembre '' ( Fifa , Qatar 2022 : World Cup from 21 November to 18 December ) . la Repubblica ( in Italian ) . 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Executive Committee confirms November / December event period for Qatar 2022 '' . FIFA. 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa report ' erroneous ' , says lawyer who investigated corruption claims '' . BBC Sport. 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal investigation into 2018 and 2022 World Cup awards opened '' . ESPN FC . ESPN . 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland seizes documents at FIFA '' . The Federal Council . The Swiss Government . 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter says Qatar cheated to host World Cup '' . 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty says workers at Qatar World Cup stadium suffer abuse '' . 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Goff , Steve ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Future World Cups '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids begin in January 2009 '' . Archived from the original on 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 '' . 5 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia 's bid to host the 2022 World Cup bid ends '' . BBC Sport. 19 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Combined bidding confirmed '' . FIFA. 20 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Steve ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : meet Amos Adamu and Reynald Temarii , the Fifa pair suspended over corruption '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2022 : Blow to Qatar 's 2022 bid as FIFA brands it `` high risk '' `` . Bloomberg. 18 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2022 : ' Political craziness ' favours Qatar 's winning bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar world cup part of FIFA corruption scandal '' . 7 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ; Busfield , Steve ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2018 and 2022 decision day -- live ! '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Why Fifa 's 48 - team plan for the 2022 World Cup is bad news for Qatar '' . The Independent . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Goff , Steven . `` FIFA is considering a bigger World Cup in Qatar , one of the planet 's smallest countries '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA President Gianni Infantino open to CONMEBOL 's request to expand Qatar World Cup '' . ESPN . 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA President Gianni Infantino '' . Reuters. 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Dan ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Hosts Qatar to compete in qualifying for 2022 World Cup '' . insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media Company . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , David ( 6 September 2017 ) . `` World Cup failure puts Qatar back in spotlight '' . Yahoo Sports . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 World Cup odds : France favorite to repeat in Qatar ; USA behind Mexico with 16th - best odds '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup TM confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA. 30 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` INTERNATIONAL mATCH CALENDAR 2018 -- 2024 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 6 October 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bidding Nation Qatar 2022 -- Stadiums '' . Qatar2022bid.com . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Football and Sustainability in the Desert , Qatar 2022 Green World Cup 's Stadiums : Legal Perspective '' . European Journal of Social Sciences . p. 475 - 493 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup Bid Evaluation Report : Qatar '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Conway , Richard ( 30 October 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2022 : European clubs want spring finals in Qatar '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Qatar neighbors could host 2022 WC games '' . Fox Soccer / AP . 9 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA ' backs ' winter 2022 Qatar cup -- FOOTBALL '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan 's Prince Ali calls for winter WCup in Qatar '' . Yahoo ! Sports / AP . 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 2022 : Nine stadiums instead of twelve ? -- '' . Stadiumdb.com. 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Fattah , Zainab ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Qatar Is in Talks to Reduce World Cup Stadiums , BofA Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Qatar has cut its 2022 World Cup budget almost in half '' . Doha News . 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stadiums '' . Jump up ^ `` Al Bayt Stadium : A uniquely Qatari stadium , to rival the best in the world '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Al Rayyan Stadium : The gateway to the desert opens its doors to the world '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Al Wakrah Stadium : An extraordinary stadium for an adventurous city '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ras Abu Aboud Stadium : A legacy for the community '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Khalifa International Stadium : Qatar 's most historic stadium & a crucial player for 2022 '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Foundation Stadium : An amazing experience for fans & a bright future for football '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Al Thuymama Stadium : A tribute to our region '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Michelle . `` Tiny Qatar beats out America for World Cup -- Total Soccer Fútbol Total '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : James , Stuart ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2022 : ' Political craziness ' favours Qatar 's winning bid '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Geen , Jessica . `` Gay groups ' anger at ' homophobic ' World Cup hosts Russia and Qatar '' . Pink News . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 's World Cup wo n't be gay - friendly '' . news.com.au. 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Still Slaving Away . '' The Economist. 6 June 2015 : 38 -- 39 . Print . Jump up ^ Samuel , Martin ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` New Qatar controversy as World Cup hosts are linked to terrorism '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Beer on Tap for 2022 World Cup '' . Aroundtherings.com. 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2022 Alcohol Qatar '' . SportsGrid. 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol and Liquor Licenses in Qatar -- Qatar '' . Angloinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Valcke denies 2022 ' bought ' claim '' . BBC News . 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Booth , Robert . `` Qatar World Cup construction ' will leave 4,000 migrant workers dead ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter : awarding 2022 World Cup to Qatar was a mistake Football '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter admits summer World Cup in Qatar mistake -- CBC Sports -- Soccer '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 14 June 2014 ) . `` Qatar World Cup 2022 : Sepp Blatter claims critics are ' racist ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 2022 World Cup : Is Qatar doing enough to save migrant workers ' lives ? '' . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` More than 500 Indian workers have died in Qatar since 2012 , figures show '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , Wesley ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Have 1,200 World Cup workers really died in Qatar ? '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Matthew . `` Fifa to investigate arrest of BBC news team in Qatar '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jones , Rory ; Parasie , Nicolas ( 4 June 2015 ) . `` Blatter 's Resignation Raises Concerns About Qatar 's FIFA World Cup Prospects '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Rights , Migrant . `` Qatar : No country for migrant men '' . migrant-rights.org . Jump up ^ KNVB leader Michael van Praag to run for FIFA president against Sepp Blatter , ESPN , 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 2022 : ' Forced labour ' at World Cup stadium '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar World Cup workers ' rights to improve with end of kafala system , claims union '' . The Guardian . 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2022 : Fifa task force to seek new dates for tournament '' . BBC Sport. 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Late - November / late - December proposed for the 2022 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 World Cup : Qatar event set for November and December '' . BBC Sport. 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Wahl , Grant ( 18 February 2015 ) , `` Insider notes : Qatar set for winter World Cup , MLS CBA update , more '' , Planet Football , retrieved 19 February 2015 , Multiple sources say it 's a done deal that World Cup 2022 will take place in November and December of 2022 in Qatar . A FIFA task force will ... make that recommendation , and the FIFA Executive Committee is set to make the decision final ... next month . Jump up ^ `` Whether in June or November , Qatar 's World Cup is about death and money '' . The Guardian . 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar World Cup decision ' a blatant mistake ' -- RTÉ Sport '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Tom ( 17 September 2013 ) . `` World Cup 2022 : Australia wants Fifa compensation for failed bid '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Peck , Tom ( 24 February 2014 ) . `` Premier League chief Richard Scudamore threatens to sue over November / December proposal '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` World Cup final 2022 one week before Christmas '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh corruption claims over Qatar World Cup bid '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated , `` Sorry Soccer '' , 23 May 2011 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ FIFA tight - lipped over whistleblower . Al Jazeera . 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Qatar World Cup whistleblower retracts her claims of Fifa bribes . The Guardian . 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Watt , Holly ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2022 investigation : demands to strip Qatar of World Cup '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 2022 : Fifa sponsor demands ' appropriate investigation ' '' . BBC Sport. 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Blitz , Roger ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` Big sponsors pile pressure on Fifa over Qatar World Cup '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Plot to buy the World Cup '' . The Sunday Times . 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Conway , Richard ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` BBC Sport -- World Cup 2022 : Qatari officials consider legal action '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 World Cup bribery accusations denied by Qatar organizers -- World -- CBC News '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport -- Qatar 2022 : Sepp Blatter says corruption claims are racist '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen . `` Sepp Blatter launches broadside against the ' racist ' British media '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Officials Arrested Over Alleged ' Rampant , Systematic ' $150 M Bribery Scheme '' . ABC News . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Withnall , Adam ( 7 June 2014 ) . `` Fifa corruption whistleblower says Qatar will be stripped of 2022 World Cup '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` ' Russia & Qatar may lose World Cups ' -- Fifa official '' . BBC News . 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` Russia and Qatar may lose World Cups if evidence of bribery is found '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` FIFA and adidas extend partnership until 2030 '' . FIFA. 21 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Sam ( 22 November 2005 ) . `` Coca - Cola renews Fifa football sponsorship until 2022 '' . Campaign . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai - Kia drives on as FIFA Partner until 2022 '' . FIFA. 24 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Airways announced as Official Partner and Official Airline of FIFA until 2022 '' . FIFA. 7 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mickle , Tripp ( 1 April 2013 ) . `` Visa extending World Cup deal for eight years '' . Sports Business Daily . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA and Anheuser - Busch InBev announce FIFA World Cup sponsorship for 2018 / 2022 '' . FIFA. 25 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` Fifa agrees massive World Cup deal with Vivo '' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EBU in European media rights deal with FIFA for 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups TM '' ( Press release ) . European Broadcasting Union . 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Hassett , Sebastian ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` SBS locks in two more World Cups '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Globo buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups TM '' . FIFA. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bell Media lands deal for FIFA soccer from 2015 through 2022 '' . TSN. 27 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Myers , Sanjay ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` SportsMax lands long - term FIFA package '' . Jamaica BServer . Archived from the original on 29 October 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA grants media rights in China PR to CCTV until 2022 '' . FIFA. 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` FIFA grants media rights in France to TF1 and beIN SPORTS for major tournaments '' . FIFA . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BBC , ITV , ARD and ZDF sign World Cup TV deals '' . sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` Al Jazeera Sport buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups TM '' . FIFA . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports signs eight - year deal with FIFA '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Barros , Carlos . `` RTP e Seleção Nacional até 2018 '' . RTP.pt . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) . '' teraz.sk . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . `` RTVS získala vysielacie práva na zápasy EURO 2020 a MS 2022 . '' Jump up ^ Ekeliw , Jonathan . `` SVT och TV4 delar på fotbolls - VM till 2022 '' . Aftonbladet ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC and ITV win rights to 2018 and 2022 Fifa World Cup finals '' . BBC Sport. 7 June 2014 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 21 October 2011 ) . `` FIFA awards US TV Rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 21 October 2011 ) . `` Fox and Telemundo Win U.S. Rights to World Cups '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2022 . FIFA.com 2022 website Qatar 2022 official website 2022 FIFA World Cup General information Qualification Bids Controversies 2015 FIFA corruption case Garcia Report 2022 FIFA World Cup stadiums Al Bayt Stadium ( Al Khor ) Al Rayyan Stadium ( Al Rayyan ) Al Thumama Stadium ( Doha ) Al Wakrah Stadium ( Al Wakrah ) Education City Stadium ( Doha ) Khalifa International Stadium ( Doha ) Iconic Stadium ( Lusail ) Ras Abu Aboud Stadium ( Doha ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Portal Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=866463556 '' Categories : 2022 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup tournaments 2022 in association football 2022 -- 23 in Qatari football International association football competitions hosted by Qatar Scheduled association football competitions November 2022 sports events December 2022 sports events Hidden categories : CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2018 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles needing the year an event occurred from July 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 14 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where will the world cup be played in 2022
[ "The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022. This will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim-majority country.[1] This will be the first World Cup held entirely in geographical Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan (the 2018 competition in Russia featured one geographically Asian venue, Yekaterinburg). In addition the tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams, with an increase to 48 teams scheduled for the 2026 tournament. The reigning World Cup champions are France.[2]\n" ]
[ "Qatar" ]
-199652531512072212
Guardians of the Galaxy (film)
Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) - wikipedia Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 '' redirects here . For the first volume of the comic book series , see Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1969 team ) . Guardians of the Galaxy Theatrical release poster Directed by James Gunn Produced by Kevin Feige Written by James Gunn Nicole Perlman Based on Guardians of the Galaxy by Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Starring Chris Pratt Zoe Saldana Dave Bautista Vin Diesel Bradley Cooper Lee Pace Michael Rooker Karen Gillan Djimon Hounsou John C. Reilly Glenn Close Benicio del Toro Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Ben Davis Edited by Fred Raskin Craig Wood Hughes Winborne Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $232.3 million ( gross ) $195.9 million ( net ) Box office $773.3 million Guardians of the Galaxy ( retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 ) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by James Gunn , who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman , and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , Bradley Cooper , Lee Pace , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Djimon Hounsou , John C. Reilly , Glenn Close , and Benicio del Toro . In Guardians of the Galaxy , Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial misfits who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact . Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009 . Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2012 . Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September . In February 2013 , Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star - Lord , and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed . Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England , with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013 . Post-production was finished on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21 , 2014 . It was released in theaters on August 1 , 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing $773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 , as well as the third highest - grossing film of 2014 . The film garnered praise for its humor , action , soundtrack , visual effects , direction , musical score , and acting . A sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , was released on May 5 , 2017 , with a third film , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 , scheduled to be released in 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Writing 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.1. 1 Merchandise 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 7.1 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 7.2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , following his mother 's death , a young Peter Quill is abducted from Earth by the Ravagers , a group of space pirates led by Yondu Udonta . Twenty - six years later on the planet Morag , Quill steals an orb but is attacked by Korath , a subordinate to the fanatical Kree , Ronan . Although Quill escapes with the orb , Yondu discovers his theft and issues a bounty for his capture , while Ronan sends the assassin Gamora after the orb . When Quill attempts to sell the orb on Xandar , capital of the Nova Empire , Gamora ambushes him and steals it . A fight ensues , drawing in a pair of bounty hunters : the genetically and cybernetically modified raccoon Rocket , and the tree - like humanoid Groot . Nova Corps officers capture the four , detaining them in the Kyln . A powerful inmate there , Drax , attempts to kill Gamora due to her association with Ronan , who killed his family . Quill convinces Drax that Gamora can bring Ronan to him , though Gamora reveals that she has betrayed Ronan , unwilling to let him use the orb 's power . Learning that Gamora has a buyer for the orb , Quill , Rocket , Groot , and Drax work with her to escape the Kyln in Quill 's ship , the Milano . Ronan meets with Gamora 's adoptive father , Thanos , to discuss her betrayal . Quill 's group flee to Knowhere , a remote criminal outpost in space built in the giant severed head of a Celestial . A drunken Drax summons Ronan while the rest of the group meet Gamora 's contact , the collector Taneleer Tivan . Tivan opens the orb , revealing an Infinity Stone , an item of immeasurable power that destroys all but the most powerful beings who wield it . Tivan 's tormented assistant Carina grabs the Stone , triggering an explosion that engulfs Tivan 's archive . Ronan arrives and easily defeats Drax , while the others flee by ship , pursued by Ronan 's followers and Gamora 's adoptive sister Nebula . Nebula destroys Gamora 's ship , leaving her floating in space , and Ronan 's fighters capture the orb . Quill contacts Yondu before following Gamora into space , giving her his helmet to survive ; Yondu arrives and retrieves the pair . Rocket , Drax , and Groot threaten to attack Yondu 's ship to rescue them , but Quill negotiates a truce , promising the orb to Yondu . Quill 's group agrees that facing Ronan means certain death , but that they can not let him use the Infinity Stone to destroy the galaxy . On Ronan 's flagship , the Dark Aster , Ronan embeds the Stone in his warhammer , taking its power for himself . He contacts Thanos , threatening to kill him after first destroying Xandar ; hateful of her adoptive father , Nebula allies with Ronan . The Ravagers and Quill 's group join with the Nova Corps to confront the Dark Aster at Xandar , with Quill 's group breaching the Dark Aster with the Milano . Ronan uses his empowered warhammer to destroy the Nova Corps fleet . Gamora fights and defeats Nebula , who then escapes , but the group find themselves outmatched by Ronan 's power until Rocket crashes a Ravager ship through the Dark Aster . The damaged Dark Aster crash - lands on Xandar , with Groot sacrificing himself to shield the group . Ronan emerges from the wreck and prepares to destroy Xandar , but Quill distracts him , allowing Drax and Rocket to destroy Ronan 's warhammer . Quill grabs the freed Stone , and with Gamora , Drax , and Rocket sharing its burden , they use it to destroy Ronan . In the aftermath , Quill tricks Yondu into taking a container supposedly containing the Stone , and gives the real Stone to the Nova Corps . As the Ravagers leave Xandar , Yondu remarks that it turned out well that they did not deliver Quill to his father per their contract . Quill 's group , now known as the Guardians of the Galaxy , have their criminal records expunged , and Quill learns that he is only half - human , his father being part of an ancient , unknown species . Quill finally opens the last present he received from his mother : a cassette tape filled with her favorite songs . The Guardians leave in the rebuilt Milano along with a sapling cut from Groot . In a post-credits scene , Tivan sits in his destroyed archive with two of his living exhibits : a canine cosmonaut and an anthropomorphic duck . Cast ( edit ) The cast of Guardians of the Galaxy promoting the film at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . From top to bottom : Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , Hounsou , and del Toro . ( Scrollable image ) Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - alien leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Missouri as a child in 1988 and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . About the character , Pratt said , `` He had a hard time as a kid , and now he goes around space , making out with hot alien girls and just being a rogue and a bit of a jerk , and through teaming up with these guys , finds a higher purpose for himself . '' He also added that the character is a mix of Han Solo and Marty McFly . Pratt , who was mostly known for playing supporting characters , including Andy Dwyer on the television series Parks and Recreation , initially turned down the role . Pratt had lost weight to portray fit characters in films such as Moneyball and Zero Dark Thirty , and had given up ambitions to play the lead role in action films after humbling auditions for Star Trek and Avatar . Casting director Sarah Finn suggested Pratt to Gunn , who dismissed the idea despite struggling to cast that role . Despite this , Finn arranged for a meeting between the two , at which point Gunn was immediately convinced that Pratt was perfect for the role . Pratt also won over Feige , despite having gained weight again for Delivery Man . Prior to filming , Pratt underwent a strict diet and training regimen to lose 60 lb ( 27 kg ) in six months . Pratt signed a multi-film contract with Marvel , and was granted a temporary leave from his work on Parks and Recreation in order to accommodate his participation in the film . Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Quill . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : An orphan from an alien world who seeks redemption for her past crimes . She was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin . Saldana said that she became Gamora through make - up rather than computer generated imagery ( CGI ) or performance capture . On taking the role , Saldana said , `` I was just excited to be asked to join by James Gunn and to also play someone green . I 've been blue before ( in Avatar ) . '' Saldana described Gamora as `` ... a warrior , she 's an assassin and she 's very lethal but what saves her is the same thing that can doom her . She has a sense of righteousness . She 's a very righteous individual . '' Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A warrior who seeks to avenge his family 's death at the hands of Ronan . On relating to the character , Bautista said , `` I can just relate to Drax so much it 's not even funny . Just the simple things that we have in common . Simple things like the tattoos , the tragedy -- because you know , I had a bit of tragedy in my life as well . So it 's really easy for me to pull from that . '' Bautista also said that there was `` a lot of comic relief to Drax '' , but the character was not aware of it . Bautista stated that he did not do much preparation for the role , because `` Luckily , for me , I 'm a lifelong athlete and I adapted real quick . '' Bautista 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply , though it could be removed in just 90 minutes . Drax has various scarring patterns on his body , which replace the simple tattoos from the comics , each having a specific story . Additionally , his skin tone was changed from the bright green in the comics to a muddier grey , to avoid visual similarities to the Hulk . Vin Diesel as Groot : A tree - like humanoid who is the accomplice of Rocket . Diesel stated that he provided the voice and motion capture for Groot , after originally being in talks to star in a new Phase Three Marvel film . Diesel also provided Groot 's voice for several foreign - language releases of the film . Krystian Godlewski portrayed the character on set , though his acting was not used in the final character CGI . On the character , which Gunn based on his dog , Gunn said , `` All the Guardians start out the movie as bastards -- except Groot . He 's an innocent . He 's a hundred percent deadly and a hundred percent sweet . He 's caught up in Rocket 's life , really . '' Gunn added that the design and movement of Groot took `` the better part of a year '' to create . Gunn added , `` The ways in which Vin Diesel says , ' I am Groot , ' I am astounded . All of the ' I am Groots ' that were earlier voices did n't sound very good at all ... Vin came in and in one day , laid down all these ' I am Groot ' tracks , and he 's a perfectionist . He made me explain to him with ever ( sic ) ' I am Groot , ' exactly what he was saying ... It was amazing when we first put that voice in there how much the character changed and how much he influenced the character . '' Regarding the limited words used by Groot , Diesel said in many ways this was , `` ... the most challenging thing to ask an actor to do . '' Diesel found an emotional note in his performance , invoking the death of his friend and Fast and Furious co-star Paul Walker , saying , `` This was in December ( 2013 ) , and the first time I came back to dealing with human beings after dealing with death , so playing a character who celebrates life in the way Groot does was very nice . '' Groot 's form and size - changing abilities are seen , with Gunn stating that he has the ability to grow in the film . Bradley Cooper as Rocket : A genetically engineered raccoon - like bounty hunter and mercenary who is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Gunn worked with live raccoons to get the correct feel for the character , and to make sure it was `` not a cartoon character '' , saying , `` It 's not Bugs Bunny in the middle of the Avengers , it 's a real , little , somewhat mangled beast that 's alone . There 's no one else in the universe quite like him , he 's been created by these guys to be a mean - ass fighting machine . '' Gunn also based the character on himself . Describing Rocket in relation to the rest of the Guardians , Cooper said , `` I think Rocket is dynamic . He 's the sort of Joe Pesci in Goodfellas guy . '' Cooper voiced Rocket , while Sean Gunn ( James ' younger brother ) stood in for the character during filming . James Gunn said that for the role of Rocket , some physical movement from Cooper , including facial expressions and hand movements , was recorded as potential reference for the animators , though much of Sean Gunn 's acting is used throughout the film . Before Cooper was cast , James Gunn said that it was a challenge finding a voice for Rocket , that he was looking for someone that could balance `` the fast - talking speech patterns that Rocket has , but also can be funny , because he is really funny . But also has the heart that Rocket has . Because there are actually some pretty dramatic scenes with Rocket . '' Lee Pace as Ronan the Accuser : A Kree radical who agrees to retrieve an artifact for Thanos in exchange for eradicating his mortal enemies , the Xandarians . Ronan and his Sakaaran army hunt down the Guardians when they interfere with his goals . Describing Ronan , Gunn said , `` He is the primary villain , and he is a really twisted guy , he has a really religious bent in this film . He has a very sick and twisted view of what morality is ; strength is virtue and weakness is sin and that is what he lives by , and I think he is very scary because of his beliefs , which are real to him . '' Pace , who originally auditioned for Peter Quill , described Ronan as a `` psycho '' and a `` monster '' . Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta : A blue - skinned bandit who is the leader of the Ravagers and a paternal figure to Quill . Yondu helps Quill to steal the orb before Quill betrays him , leaving Yondu and the Ravagers to chase the Guardians . On the character , Rooker said , he has `` some interesting issues -- not a good guy , not a bad guy . There 's hope and there 's a heart inside Yondu . '' Gunn created the film 's version of the character specifically with Rooker in mind , while borrowing the character 's mohawk and use of a whistle - controlled arrow from the comics . Rooker fully committed to the role once he knew his role on the TV series The Walking Dead would be ending . Rooker 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings and is a loyal lieutenant in the employ of Ronan and Thanos . About the character , Gillan said , `` She is the female villain of the film ... She is very sadistic and evil , but I like to think for a very valid reason . '' She also added , `` I think she 's a really interesting character . What I like to play around with is how jealous she is . She 's Gamora 's sister , and there 's a lot of sibling rivalry . That 's the most interesting aspect to me , because jealousy can consume you and turn you bitter , and ugly . And she 's a total sadist , so that 's fun too . '' Gillan researched the ancient Spartans , shaved off her hair , and trained for two months for the role . The character 's makeup took approximately four and a half hours to be applied . Djimon Hounsou as Korath : A Kree ally of Ronan who is a feared intergalactic hunter . As to why he took the role Hounsou said , `` I have a four - year old son who loves superheroes from Spider - Man to Iron Man to Batman . He 's got all the costumes . One day he looks at me and says ' Dad , I want to be light - skinned so I could be Spider - Man . Spider - Man has light skin . ' That was sort of a shock . This is why I am excited to be a part of the Marvel Universe , so I could hopefully provide that diversity in the role of the superhero . '' John C. Reilly as Rhomann Dey : A corpsman in the Nova Corps , the Nova Empire 's military and police force . Glenn Close as Irani Rael : The leader of the Nova Corps , known as Nova Prime , whose mission is to protect the citizens of the Nova Empire and keep peace . Close stated that she `` had always wanted to be in a movie like ( Guardians of the Galaxy ) , and that it would be `` the most fun to play something like the Judi Dench ( as M or ) Samuel L. Jackson ( as Nick Fury ) role '' . She said that she took the role because she `` love ( s ) to do stuff that 's different '' and wanted to show that she `` ( has ) always been up for anything . '' She also stated that her contract has `` several '' films on it , and that she would be open to working on other Marvel Studios films in addition to returning for Guardians sequels . Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector : An obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species in the galaxy who operates out of a place in space named Knowhere . Describing del Toro 's performance , Gunn said , `` He 's like an outer - space Liberace . That 's what it says in the script , which he 's kind of doing . '' On bringing the character to life , del Toro said , `` What James ( Gunn ) wanted , that I found out little by little as I was doing it , is that he wanted me to explore and just keep pushing the character and keep creating ( him ) as I was in front of the camera . '' Additionally , Josh Brolin appears , uncredited , as Thanos through voice acting and performance capture . Sean Gunn stood in for Thanos during filming and portrays Kraglin , Yondu 's first mate in the Ravagers . Alexis Denisof reprises his role as Thanos 's vizier , `` The Other '' , from The Avengers . Ophelia Lovibond plays Carina , the Collector 's slave ; Peter Serafinowicz plays Denarian Garthan Saal , a Nova Corps officer ; Gregg Henry plays Quill 's grandfather ; Laura Haddock plays Quill 's mother , Meredith ; Melia Kreiling plays Bereet ; Christopher Fairbank plays The Broker ; Mikaela Hoover plays Nova Prime 's assistant ; Marama Corlett plays a pit boss at the bar , The Boot ; Emmett J. Scanlan plays a Nova riot guard ; Alexis Rodney plays Moloka Dar ; Tom Proctor plays Horuz , a Ravager ; and Spencer Wilding plays a prison guard who confiscates Quill 's Walkman . Canine actor Fred appears as Cosmo . Stephen Blackehart had a supporting role . Naomi Ryan also had a supporting role in the film , though it was cut in the final version . Cameos in the film include : James Gunn as a Sakaaran ; Stan Lee as a Xandarian Ladies ' Man ; Lloyd Kaufman as an inmate ; Nathan Fillion as the voice of an inmate ; Rob Zombie as the voice of the Ravager Navigator ; composer Tyler Bates as a Ravager pilot ; and Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` I think anybody ... who would have said that this would make a great main movie would have been laughed off . It 's such an unlikely thing to do . So I think it 's lovely to work on something and expose its potential to the point where a company like Marvel will say , ' Yes , this makes sense . ' '' -- Dan Abnett , co-writer of the 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy relaunch , on the project Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige first mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International , stating , `` There are some obscure titles , too , like Guardians of the Galaxy . I think they 've been revamped recently in a fun way in the ( comic ) book . '' Feige reiterated that sentiment in a September 2011 issue of Entertainment Weekly , saying , `` There 's an opportunity to do a big space epic , which Thor sort of hints at , in the cosmic side '' of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Feige added , should the film be made , it would feature an ensemble of characters , similar to X-Men and The Avengers . Feige announced that the film was in active development at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International during the Marvel Studios panel , with an intended release date of August 1 , 2014 . He stated that the film 's titular team would consist of the characters Star - Lord , Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , Groot , and Rocket Raccoon . Two pieces of concept art were also displayed , one of Rocket Raccoon , and one featuring the entire team . In August 2012 , James Gunn entered talks to direct the film , beating out other contenders , including Peyton Reed and the duo Ryan Fleck and Anna Boden . The Avengers director Joss Whedon , who signed a deal to creatively consult on all of the films leading up to The Avengers sequel , was enthusiastic about the selection of Gunn to direct , saying `` James ( Gunn ) is what makes me think it will work ... He is so off the wall , and so crazy , but so smart , such a craftsman and he builds from his heart . He loves the raccoon . Needs the raccoon ... He has a very twisted take on it , but it all comes from a real love for the material . It 's going to be hard for ( the human characters ) to keep up . '' Writing ( edit ) Nicole Perlman , who was enrolled in Marvel 's screenwriting program in 2009 , was offered several of their lesser known properties to base a screenplay on . Out of those , Perlman chose Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning 's Guardians of the Galaxy , due to her interest in space and science fiction , adding , `` I think ( Marvel ) were a little taken aback when I chose Guardians , because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic - comedy writer or something like that . '' Perlman spent two years writing a draft , immersing herself in the Guardians universe , and was asked in late 2011 to create another draft , before Gunn was brought in in early 2012 to contribute to the script . Gunn eventually rewrote the script entirely because `` it did n't work '' for him ; he would use the film The Dirty Dozen as a reference to convey his ideas of the film to Marvel . Gunn later explained that Perlman 's draft was very different from the script he used during filming , including a different story , character arcs and no Walkman ; he stated , `` In Nicole 's script everything is pretty different ... it 's not about the same stuff . But that 's how the WGA works . They like first writers an awful lot . '' In August 2012 , Marvel Studios hired writer Chris McCoy to rewrite Perlman 's script , however , it is unclear what contribution he had to the final script , since he did not receive production credit . Gunn revealed that character introductions were the `` hardest scenes to crack '' , with Thanos ' introduction being the most difficult . He felt that `` having Thanos be in that scene was more helpful to the ( MCU ) than it was to Guardians of the Galaxy , '' yet he still wanted Thanos in the film , without `` ( belittling ) the actual antagonist of the film , which is Ronan . '' To solve his dilemma , Gunn chose to have Ronan kill `` The Other '' , Thanos ' vizier , saying , `` I thought that was interesting , because we 've had the Other , who 's obviously very powerful even in comparison to Loki , and then we see Ronan wipe his ass with him . So that I liked , but even that was sort of difficult , because it played as funnier when I first wrote it , and the humor did n't work so much . '' Pre-production ( edit ) In September 2012 , Gunn confirmed that he had signed on to direct the film and rewrite the script . By the end of November , Joel Edgerton , Jack Huston , Jim Sturgess , and Eddie Redmayne signed deals to test for the role of Peter Quill , as did Lee Pace , which he confirmed a week later in early December . Other actors who were considered for the role included Thor : The Dark World 's Zachary Levi , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , Michael Rosenbaum , and John Gallagher Jr . Chris Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013 , as part of a multi-film deal that he signed with Marvel . Gunn promoting the film at 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International In January 2013 , filming was scheduled to take place at Shepperton Studios in London , United Kingdom , and Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D . Victoria Alonso , an executive producer on the film , said that filming would begin in June . She also said that both Rocket Raccoon and Groot would be created through a combination of CGI and motion capture , going on to say that `` You ca n't do any motion capture with a raccoon -- they wo n't let you put the suit on . But we will do rotomation , probably , for some of the behavior ... we definitely will have performers to emulate what James Gunn will lead to be , the behavior and the performance . He 's very clear on where he wants to take the characters . '' In March 2013 , Feige discussed Guardians of the Galaxy in relation to the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , `` It 's much more of a standalone film . It takes place in the same universe . And when we 've been on the other side of that universe in other movies , you might see those characteristics in Guardians , but the Avengers are not involved with what 's happening out there at this time . '' Feige also stated that 95 % of the film would take place in space . In mid-March , Dave Bautista was signed to play Drax the Destroyer . Other actors who had been considered for the role included Isaiah Mustafa , Brian Patrick Wade and Jason Momoa . By the following week , sculptor Brian Muir , who sculpted Darth Vader 's mask for the Star Wars films , was revealed to be working on the film . In early April 2013 , Zoe Saldana entered into negotiations to star as Gamora in the film , and it was confirmed she had been cast later that month . Also in April , Michael Rooker joined the film 's cast as Yondu , and it was announced that Ophelia Lovibond had been cast in a supporting role . By this point in time , Lee Pace was in final negotiations to play the villain of the film . In May , Marvel offered John C. Reilly the role of Rhomann Dey . At the same time , it was disclosed that filmmakers were looking at actors including Hugh Laurie , Alan Rickman , and Ken Watanabe , for another role , and that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely were providing finishing touches to the script . A few days later , Glenn Close was cast as the head of the Nova Corps in the film , followed shortly by the casting of Karen Gillan as the film 's lead female villain . By June 2013 , Benicio del Toro was cast in the film , as part of a multi-film deal with Marvel Studios . Later in the month , it was confirmed that Reilly had been cast as Rhomann Dey . Special effects makeup designer David White took head and body casts of actors , such as Bautista , to experiment with materials used to create the characters . White said , `` James always pushed for practical and makeup effects . He wanted , like me , to see the real deal there on set . '' White was careful not to use `` modern '' creature designs to ensure they did not fall short in Gunn 's uniquely envisioned world . White and his team created upwards of 1,000 prosthetic makeup applications and 2,000 molds of different colored aliens . For the specific aesthetic look to the film , Gunn wanted to create `` a colorful science - fiction world '' , and include elements of 1950s and 60s pulp movies , citing the Ravagers ' spaceships , which he compared to muscle cars , as an example of the latter . Science fiction artist Chris Foss inspired and helped design the final look of some of the spacecrafts that appear in the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began around July 6 , 2013 in London , United Kingdom , under the working title of Full Tilt . Filming took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios . Later in July , Gunn and the film 's cast flew from London to attend San Diego Comic - Con International , where it was revealed that Pace would play Ronan the Accuser , Gillan would be Nebula , del Toro as The Collector , and that Djimon Hounsou had been cast as Korath . Close was later revealed to play Nova Prime Irani Rael . Also at San Diego Comic - Con , Feige stated that Thanos would be a part of the film as the `` mastermind '' . On August 11 , 2013 , filming began at London 's Millennium Bridge , which was selected as a double for Xandar . In August 2013 , Marvel announced that Bradley Cooper would voice Rocket . On September 3 , 2013 , Gunn said that filming was `` a little over half ( way ) '' complete . Also in September , Vin Diesel stated that he was voicing Groot . However , Marvel did not confirm Diesel 's involvement in the film at the time . On October 12 , 2013 , Gunn announced on social media that filming had completed . Director of photography Ben Davis used Arri Alexa XT cameras for the film , saying , `` I 'm traditionally a photochemical fan , but going with the digital format was the right way for this movie ... the Alexa ( provided ) the right look for this particular film . '' During the opening scenes in the 1980s , Davis chose JDC Cooke Xtal ( Crystal ) Express anamorphic prime lenses because they `` had more anamorphic artifacts and aberrations , which ( he ) felt added something . '' Davis used spherical Panavision Primos for the rest of the film . Additionally , Davis worked closely with production designer Charles Wood in order to achieve the correct lighting looks for each scene . Dealing with two fully CGI characters forced Davis to shoot scenes multiple times , usually once with the references for the characters and once without them in the shot . Gunn revealed that his brother , Sean Gunn , took on multiple roles during the filming process , such as standing in for Rocket , which he noted was beneficial for the other actors , including Saldana , Pratt , and Bautista , who responded positively to Sean and his on - set performances . Special effects makeup designer David White made two life - size versions of Rocket and a bust of Groot as aids for visual effects , with White saying , `` it gives ( the filmmakers ) a good indication of where visual effects needs to pick up and whether Rocket can actually reach certain things or use certain devices . '' These busts were also used to see how the on - set lighting would affect the characters , to assist with the visual effects lighting process . In January 2015 , Disney revealed that the film came in `` slightly over the agreed budget '' at $232.3 million , with Disney receiving a rebate of $36.4 million from the British government . It was previously estimated to have had a $170 million budget . Post-production ( edit ) In November 2013 , Gunn stated that he attempted to use as many practical effects as possible while filming to aid the use of CGI and motion capture during post-production , saying , `` Our sets are enormous . We have a prison that is 350,000 pounds of steel . Anybody who knows me knows I love the mix of practical and CGI effects ... I ca n't wait for people to see it , because it 's astonishingly beautiful . '' After the release of Thor : The Dark World , Feige stated that the Infinity Stones would be a focus in the film , as well as going forward into the Phase Three slate of films within the MCU . In a separate interview for The Dark World in November , Feige added that a third , unknown Infinity Stone would be seen in the film , referred to as the `` Power Stone '' by the Collector . The mid-credits scene in The Dark World revealed Lovibond 's role as the Collector 's aide , later named Carina . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Diesel would voice Groot . A few weeks of additional filming , involving the film 's main cast and crew , occurred in March 2014 at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . In April 2014 , Gunn described Thanos as the `` head of the snake '' in the film , and confirmed he would appear via performance capture . In May 2014 , Gunn stated that the film features an `` enormous '' amount of smaller and minor characters from the Marvel Universe , adding that he felt the film had the most characters overall of any Marvel Studios film to date . Costume supervisor Dan Grace added to this by saying , `` We really , really get the feeling of the scale and scope of the galaxy . We visit five planets , we see a hundred different races . '' The film introduces the alien race Sakaaran , who act as Ronan 's mercenaries , as a replacement to the Badoon , as the Badoon film rights belonged to 20th Century Fox . By the end of May , Josh Brolin was revealed as the voice of Thanos , with Feige confirming in July that Brolin also provided the performance capture for the character . Thanos communicates via hologram for much of the film , though he does appear in a scene with Ronan and Nebula . In June 2014 , Feige added that Thanos and his followers are `` the biggest piece of connective tissue that will eventually lead us back into Avengers films in the future . '' On casting Brolin , Feige said , We reached out to him and it was one of those things that does not happen all the time but when it does it 's very nice , where he was totally intrigued . He was a fan of what we did , he met with Jeremy Latcham in a hotel in London and learned about the characters a little bit . I spoke to him on the phone a few times . We ran it by James who loved it , ran it by Joss ( Whedon ) who loved it because Thanos is in this universe because of Avengers . Then we shot him and recorded for it . On July 7 , 2014 , Gunn announced on social media that he had completed work on the film . In August , regarding the post-credit scene , Gunn revealed that the scene did not involve Howard the Duck when it was originally filmed , rather he was added during post-production , a decision made by `` some combination of ( Gunn ) and the editor Fred Raskin '' . As the decision to add the character was made late in the post-production process , he had to be designed that day , before being handed off to Sony Pictures Imageworks to animate . Also in August , regarding the pre-credit scene of Groot dancing , Gunn stated that he himself danced to provide motion reference for the animators , and that the decision was made to place the scene before the credits , rather than during or after them , because of positive responses from a test audience , which made Marvel and Gunn feel that they did not want `` people walking out and missing this thing '' . Marvel used design firm Sarofsky once again for the film 's title sequences , after liking their work for Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Sarofsky developed a custom typeface based on the font used in the teaser posters for the opening credits , which was tinted orange to offer a better contrast to the film 's blue and grey imagery . One of the typography solutions offered before the final product wound up being repurposed as the locator cards seen throughout the film . Visual effects ( edit ) The Gardens by the Bay ( top ) in Singapore helped inspire the look of the planet Xandar ( bottom ) . The film featured 2,750 visual effects shots , which make up approximately 90 % of the film . The visual effects were created by : Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) , who worked on creating Groot , as well as Morag , Xandar , the Dark Aster and the final battle on Xandar ; Framestore , who worked on creating Rocket , extending the Kyln prison set and constructing Knowhere ; Luma Pictures , who worked on Thanos ; Method Studios , who worked on creating the Orb opening and revealing its powers , as well as the holographic displays at the Nova Corps command center ; Lola VFX ; Cantina Creative ; Sony Pictures Imageworks , who worked on Howard the Duck and creating the Dark Aster shots with MPC ; CoSA VFX ; Secret Lab ; Rise Visual Effects Studios ; and Technicolor VFX . Pre - and post-visualizations were done by Proof and The Third Floor , with Proof also contributing to the creation of Rocket and Groot . Producer Nik Korda noted how helpful it was to have Sean Gunn and Krystian Godlewski portray Rocket and Groot on set , as it provided references for lighting and on - set performances to the animators . When creating Groot , MPC realized early on that his eyes would be essential in maintaining the character 's human qualities , as his face could n't move in the way that humans ' do . MPC visual effects supervisor Nicolas Aithadi explained that , `` When you look at humans what makes the eyes interesting is the imperfections -- trying to make these two irises not aimed at the same place -- trying to make them strange and look more human . '' Textures for Groot came from a number of sources , including inspiration from a botanical garden in London , and the character was modeled as individual branches , rigged individually , to simulate a muscle system for the character . One of the major challenges for Framestore in creating Rocket was his fur . Framestore 's Rachel Williams explained that , since `` raccoon fur is made up from a layer of short fine hair and a layer of longer thicker hairs '' , these layers were separated and animated individually , removing the need to use `` guide hairs '' to control the movements of thick sections of fur . Framestore and MPC worked closely sharing assets , to ensure shots of Rocket at MPC would match the Rocket created by Framestore , and vice versa for when Groot was needed by the other studio . In order to give Thanos `` the performance and the weight that he deserved '' , Luma Pictures created a new facial animation system to re-create Josh Brolin as a fully CG character , using his `` eyes , some of his cheek , how his muscles move when he talks '' . The character 's large jaw , and the deep groves that run down his face , had `` to be carefully planned out with the movement of his face . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( soundtrack ) In August 2013 , Gunn revealed that Tyler Bates would be composing the film 's score . Gunn stated that Bates would write some of the score first so that he can film to the music , as opposed to scoring to the film . In February 2014 , Gunn revealed that the film would incorporate songs from the 1960s and 1970s , such as `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , on a mixtape in Quill 's Walkman , which acts as a way for him to stay connected to the Earth , home , and family he lost . In May 2014 , Gunn added that using the songs from the 60s and 70s were `` cultural reference points '' , saying , `` It 's striking the balance throughout the whole movie , through something that is very unique , but also something that is easily accessible to people at the same time . The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that , yeah , ( Quill ) is a real person from planet Earth who 's just like you and me . Except that he 's in this big outer space adventure . '' When choosing the songs , Gunn revealed he `` started the process by reading the Billboard charts for all of the top hits of the ' 70s '' , downloading `` a few hundred '' songs that were `` semi-familiar -- ones you recognize but might not be able to name off the top of your head '' and creating a playlist for all the songs that would fit the film tonally . He added that he `` would listen to the playlist on my speakers around the house -- sometimes I would be inspired to create a scene around a song , and other times I had a scene that needed music and I would listen through the playlist , visualizing various songs , figuring out which would work the best . '' Most of the songs were played on set to help `` the actors and the camera operators find the perfect groove for the shot '' , with David Bowie 's `` Moonage Daydream '' the only song chosen and added during post-production . Gunn also said that the opening scenes were designed with `` Hooked on a Feeling '' in mind ; however once Gunn discovered `` Come and Get Your Love '' , the song used in the sequence , Gunn felt it was a `` better fit . '' Three albums were released by Hollywood Records on July 29 , 2014 : The film 's score , Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) , which features the music composed by Bates for the film ; Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , which comprises the twelve songs from Quill 's mixtape ; and a deluxe edition featuring both albums . By August 2014 , the album which mirrored Quill 's mixtape had reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart , becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart . Hollywood Records also released a cassette version of the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack on November 28 , 2014 , as an exclusive to Record Store Day participants . The cassette , which is the first cassette Disney Music Group has released since 2003 , comes with a digital download version of the album . Release ( edit ) Karen Gillan at the London premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy . The world premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy was held on July 21 , 2014 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood . The film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in the United States on August 1 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was released in 4,080 theaters in the United States , making it the widest August release , breaking the five year record held by G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra ( 4,007 theatres ) . The breakdown of venues was : 354 IMAX screens , 3,200 3D screens , 350 large format screens and 240 D - Box screens . In its sixth weekend , Guardians of the Galaxy was playing in 69 territories , its most . In June 2014 , Gunn stated that the film had always been planned as a 3D film , and `` Unlike many directors , I 've been actively involved with converting every shot to 3D , making sure it works perfectly for the story and the film , making sure it 's spectacular and immersive without being silly , distracting , or overly showy . '' Gunn also revealed that the IMAX 3D version would include shifting aspect ratios , to make the viewing experience `` even fuller and more encompassing . I 've personally chosen all the places where the changes occur ... The changing aspect ratios in this case are actually a part of the storytelling . '' In July 2014 , Gunn revealed that there were multiple scenes he had cut from the film , and he was investigating how to release them , either in an extended cut of the film , or as bonus features on the film 's home media release . Marketing ( edit ) The cast and crew of Guardians of the Galaxy at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . ( L-R : producer Kevin Feige , Bautista , director James Gunn , del Toro , Saldana , Hounsou , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , and Pratt ) At Disney 's D23 Expo in August 2013 , Feige presented footage first revealed at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2013 . The first trailer for the film debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on February 18 , 2014 , with a special introduction by Chris Pratt . The Los Angeles Times said the trailer delivered `` some spirited alien action , with exploding spaceships and muscled bad guys , not to mention a few purely comedic moments , '' while spotlighting `` a number of the offbeat characters . '' Total Film noted the similarity of the trailer 's opening clip to the 1981 film , Raiders of the Lost Ark , which Gunn stated was a big influence for Guardians , and made note of the `` edgy '' humor used throughout . Total Film also noted the similarity of the trailer to the one debuted at Comic - Con and D23 , with a few new shots featuring Nebula and the Collector . Social media response to the trailer was strong , with 88,000 mentions across Twitter , Facebook and various blogs in a 12 - hour period . Those numbers were comparable to trailers for other superhero films like Man of Steel and The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , and noteworthy for the late night time period in which it premiered . The trailer received 22.8 million views in the 24 hours after it debuted . After the debut of the trailer , Blue Swede 's version of `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , which was prominently used throughout the trailer , went up 700 % in sales the following day . The line from Serafinowicz 's character , `` What a bunch of A-holes . '' , was only intended to be featured in the trailers , but due to its positive reception , was included in the final cut of the film . Gunn noted that a different teaser was almost released `` that was very cheesy ( and ) sold the movie as something different than what it was '' , as it tested better than the version that was ultimately released . Gunn credited the marketing teams at Marvel and Disney for having faith in the latter version , despite how it tested , over choosing the version that would have mis - marketed the film . In March 2014 , the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' introduced the Kree race to the MCU , which began a storyline that recurs throughout the series and involves finding a hidden Kree city . Also in March , ABC aired a one - hour television special titled , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Guardians of the Galaxy . Starting in April 2014 , a two - part comic was released , titled Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude . Written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning , with art by Wellington Alves , the first issue focused on the background of Nebula and her bond with Thanos ; the second issue featured the adventures of Rocket and Groot before they join forces with the other Guardians . In June 2014 , Mike Pasciullo , senior VP of Marvel Studios , described the marketing approach for Guardians of the Galaxy by saying that Marvel had `` built a robust marketing program for the theatrical release that carefully integrates traditional advertising , social media , digital marketing , strategic promotional partnerships , organic entertainment integrations ( and ) publicity . '' In July 2014 , Marvel launched a viral marketing campaign for the film called `` Galaxy Getaways '' , a fictional travel website that allows users to book passage to some of the planets depicted in the film , including Xandar , Morag , and Knowhere . Beginning July 4 , 2014 , a sneak peek of the film was presented at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios in the Magic Eye and ABC Sound Studio theaters , respectively . Approximately 14 minutes of the film was screened on July 7 , 2014 , in IMAX 3D in the United States , and 3D theaters and IMAX 3D in Canada , along with two trailers . The screening was met with positive reviews , praising the humor , the 3D and IMAX conversion , and Cooper 's portrayal of Rocket . However , it was criticized for beginning partway through the film , not allowing viewers to easily acclimate to the film 's tone , and for how the general audience might respond to a film within the MCU without established characters making appearances . On July 12 , 2014 , Gunn and the actors from the film promoted Guardians of the Galaxy at the Lido 8 Cineplex in Singapore . On July 17 , 2014 , Disney Interactive released an action RPG video game titled Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon for iOS , Android and Windows devices . The game 's original story was written by Dan Abnett , and was meant to complement the film . On July 21 , Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel and Cooper appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! to promote the film and debut some additional exclusive content . On July 29 , Pratt and Saldana rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange as part of the film 's marketing strategy . On August 14 , Marvel released the scene of Groot dancing , which was shortly followed by an announcement from Funko that they were releasing a toy `` Dancing Groot '' . The Hollywood Reporter noted that the quick release of the scene from Marvel two weeks after the film 's theatrical release , along with the rush announcement from Funko , indicated the popularity of both the character and the scene . The scene also produced the word `` grooting '' , coined by Michael Rooker , in which a person dances similar to Groot , with the word entering the social media lexicon . Also in August , Marvel held a special screening of the film at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles , where Pratt dressed as Star - Lord to entertain the patients . Merchandise ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel filed eleven trademark applications for Guardians of the Galaxy , covering a variety of consumer products , from video games to cosmetics . Disney Consumer Products partnered with Mad Engine , C - Life , New Era , Hasbro , Disguise , Rubies , Sideshow Collectibles , Lego , KIDdesigns , iHome , Funko , Freeze , Fast Forward , and Innovative Designs to produce merchandise for the film , with releases starting in June 2014 . Mad Engine and C - Life were partnered as the core apparel outfitters , producing a line of T - shirts and fleece jackets , while New Era produced headwear and hats . Hasbro produced toys for the film ; Disguise and Rubies produced the costumes ; and Sideshow Collectibles was given charge of the collectibles . Lego announced three toy sets based on scenes from the film , while iHome created character speakers , Funko made vinyl bobble heads , Freeze crafted 1980s - inspired apparel , and backpacks and stationery were made by Fast Forward and Innovative Designs . Despite first films in a potential new franchise usually being off - limits to licensees , Marvel used Iron Man 's success as evidence of unknown characters becoming hits with audiences to attract partnerships . Licensees embraced Rocket as the film 's potential breakout character , with Drax and Gamora being used for older demographics ; Star - Lord 's obsession with 1980s nostalgia , including his `` Awesome Mix Vo. 1 '' cassette , has also served as a basis for tie - in products . In August 2014 , Funko announced a toy based on `` Dancing Groot '' , while in October 2014 , Marvel and KID designs announced a replica of dancing Groot , for release in December 2014 . In December 2014 , Disney made a second marketing push , to coincide with the film 's home media release with additional merchandise . Merchandise partners included : KID designs with its replica dancing Groot ; Funko 's Fabrikations line with a plush Rocket ; Mattel 's Hot Wheels character cars ; C - Life , Hybrid - Jem Sportswear , Freeze , MZ Berger , Accutime , AME and Her Universe with apparel ; ThinkGeek with jewelry and watches ; American Greetings with cards ; Jay Franco with homegoods ; and Vandor with drinkware . Additional partners included Mad Engine , Just Play and Dragon Models . Paul Gitter , senior vice president of Marvel licensing at Disney Consumer Products said , `` The demand for Guardians of the Galaxy merchandise has been truly out of this world . Our merchandising and retail partners are doing a tremendous job of providing creative and innovative ways for fans to continue interacting with these popular characters and showcase their fandom year round . '' Home media ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 18 , 2014 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and DVD on November 24 , 2014 , in the United Kingdom and on December 9 in the United States . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , a blooper reel , and an exclusive preview of Avengers : Age of Ultron . As of October 4 , 2015 , the film has earned over $118 million in sales in the US . The film was also included in the 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $333.2 million in North America and an estimated $440.2 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $773.3 million . The film became the third highest - grossing film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , behind The Avengers and Iron Man 3 . It was the third highest - grossing 2014 film ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ) and the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 . It had a worldwide opening weekend of $160.7 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit for the film to be $204.2 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it fifth on their list of 2014 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $11.2 million on its Thursday night pre-opening , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier 's gross ( $10.2 million ) for the biggest Thursday evening start for a movie in 2014 . IMAX accounted for 17 % of the total gross ( $1.9 million ) , which was the biggest August pre-release in IMAX format . On its opening day , the film earned $37.8 million , including the Thursday night earnings . Guardians of the Galaxy was the number one movie during its opening weekend and grossed $94.3 million , setting an August weekend record . During the opening weekend , IMAX earnings amounted to $11.7 million and 3 - D showings accounted for 45 % of ticket sales . The film 's success was partially attributed to its appeal to both genders : the opening weekend audience was 44 % female , which is the biggest proportion ever for a MCU film ; 55 % of the opening - weekend audience was over the age of 25 . Although the film fell to second place in its second and third weekends , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the film was number one in its fourth , fifth and sixth weekend . By doing so , it became the first film in 2014 to top the domestic box office in non-consecutive weeks , the first film of the summer ( May -- August ) to be the number one film in three weekends and the first MCU film to be the top film for four weeks , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier and The Avengers , both of which were number one for three weeks , and tied The Dark Knight for the most weeks at number one among comic book - based films . Phil Contrino , vice president and chief analyst of BoxOffice.com felt Guardians success was `` unconventional '' and was `` shattering expectations '' . The film remained in the top 10 for ten weekends . The film was the top grossing film of summer 2014 ( ahead of Transformers : Age of Extinction ) , first of 2014 to pass $300 million for its domestic gross , and was the third highest - grossing domestic film of 2014 ( behind American Sniper and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ) . The film was said to have `` injected life '' into an otherwise lower than normal summer box office . Outside North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released in 42 international markets and grossed $66.4 million on its opening weekend . The biggest debuts came from Russia ( $13 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $10.8 million ) , Mexico ( $6.5 million ) , Brazil ( $6.5 million ) and South Korea ( $4.7 million ) . The film topped the weekend box office two times , in its first and second weekends . In its eleventh weekend , the film opened in China , earning $29.8 million , its largest , and became the third highest opening in the country for any Disney release , behind Iron Man 3 and Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and was an all - time industry record opening in October . The following weekend saw an additional $21.3 million from China , making China the highest grossing market with $69 million . The film 's three biggest markets in total earnings were : China ( $96.5 million ) ; the UK ( $47.4 million ) ; and Russia ( $37.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 based on 288 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is just as irreverent as fans of the frequently zany Marvel comic would expect -- as well as funny , thrilling , full of heart , and packed with visual splendor . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 52 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore audiences gave Guardians of the Galaxy an `` A '' grade rating on an A+ to F scale , while earning an `` A + '' among under - 18 and 25 - to 34 - year - old viewers . Scott Foundas of Variety said `` James Gunn 's presumptive franchise - starter is overlong , overstuffed and sometimes too eager to please , but the cheeky comic tone keeps things buoyant -- as does Chris Pratt 's winning performance '' , and praised the film 's look created by cinematographer Ben Davis , production designer Charles Wood , and special effects makeup designer David White . Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the film 's look , and felt `` A well - matched ensemble rises to the challenge of launching a heroic origin film with distinctive style , abundant thrills and no shortage of humor . '' The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin said , `` A brand new summer family blockbuster this may be , but it plays by old , half - forgotten rules ; trimming out the clutter and cross-referencing for snappy , streamlined , Saturday - cartoon fun '' . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` Blessed with a loose , anarchic B - picture soul that encourages you to enjoy yourself even when you 're not quite sure what 's going on , the scruffy Guardians is irreverent in a way that can bring the first Star Wars to mind , in part because it has some of the most unconventional heroes this side of the Mos Eisley Cantina . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said , `` While Guardians takes you down one after another crazy narrative turn , it also pulls you into -- and , for the most part , keeps you in -- a fully realized other world . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is a late summer treat -- a mostly lighthearted and self - referential comic - book movie with loads of whiz - bang action , some laugh - out - loud moments and a couple of surprisingly beautiful and touching scenes as well , '' calling it `` a refreshing confection of entertainment . '' Jim Starlin , creator of Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , and Thanos , said it `` might be Marvel 's best movie yet '' . Jake Coyle of the Associated Press was more critical of the film , calling it `` terribly overstuffed and many of the jokes get drowned out by the special effects ... The pervasive movie references detract from the stab at freshness , and Guardians depends all too much on the whimsy of ' 70s anthems for an original beat . '' He also felt that Close , Reilly and del Toro were underused in the film . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said , `` In place of wit , Guardians offers a sort of generalized willingness to be amusing , an atmosphere of high spirits that feels like lots of people pumping air into a tire that has a hole in it . Everyone is clearly working , but nothing is really happening -- and yet the effort is so evident that there 's an impulse to reward it . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post also had a negative response to the film , comparing it to Howard the Duck and Green Lantern , and criticizing the dialogue , villains , soundtrack , lack of suspense , and the characters of Quill , Rocket , and Drax . The film received mixed reviews in China , where viewers complained that the film 's `` poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it , but also made it difficult to understand its humor . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2014 CinemaCon Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Chris Pratt Won Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Guardians of the Galaxy Won Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Blockbuster Award Guardians of the Galaxy Won Young Hollywood Awards Super Superhero Chris Pratt Nominated 2015 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Actor in an Action Movie Chris Pratt Nominated Best Actress in an Action Movie Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Makeup David White Won Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Empire Awards Best Female Newcomer Karen Gillan Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Contemporary Hair Styling in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Nominated Best Contemporary Make - Up in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Make - Up Effects in Feature Length Motion Picture David White Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actress Zoe Saldana Nominated MTV Movie Awards Movie of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Male Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Duo Bradley Cooper and Vin Diesel Nominated Best Shirtless Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best Musical Moment Chris Pratt Nominated Best Comedic Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Transformation Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Hero Chris Pratt Nominated Satellite Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Top 10 Films of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Ensemble Acting Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Live Action Family Film Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Awards Best Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Poster Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Charles Wood Won Writers Guild of America Awards Best Adapted Screenplay James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Paul Corbould , Jonathan Fawkner , Nicolas Aithadi Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Director James Gunn Won Best Writing James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated Best Actor Chris Pratt Won Best Editing Fred Raskin , Craig Wood and Hughes Winborne Nominated Best Production Design Charles Wood Nominated Best Costume Alexandra Byrne Nominated Best Make - up David White and Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Hugo Awards ( Science Fiction Achievement Awards ) Best Dramatic Presentation ( Long Form ) James Gunn ( director , screenplay ) , Nicole Perlman ( screenplay ) Won Sequels ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was released on May 5 , 2017 , again written and directed by James Gunn . Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel , Cooper , Rooker , Gillan , and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film , and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha , Chris Sullivan as Taserface , and Kurt Russell as Quill 's father Ego . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( edit ) In April 2017 , Gunn announced he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . It is scheduled to be released in 2020 . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring extraterrestrials Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Identified offscreen as Cosmo the Spacedog and Howard the Duck . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( IMAX ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sylt , Christian ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Reveals Guardians Of The Galaxy Was Over Budget At $232 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals Why Taserface Is In Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marston , George ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Star - Lord 's Father Revealed ... James Gunn Explains in Detail '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cameos , Hints at MCU 's Future ( Heavy Spoilers ) '' . Stitch Kingdom . July 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Charles ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Who Was That Voice In The Guardians of The Galaxy End Credits Scene ? ( Massive Spoilers ) '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : From the Set of the Marvel Studios Adaptation '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Official Character Descriptions ( minor spoilers ) '' . Stitch Kingdom . May 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' crew comes down to Earth '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of The Galaxy ' Connects to ' Avengers 3 ; ' Plus New Image '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con : Marvel 's ' Age of Ultron , ' ' Guardians of the Galaxy , ' more '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Next Movie Star '' . Entertainment Weekly : 24 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Christopher ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` How Chris Pratt Dropped 60 Pounds in Six Months '' . Men 's Fitness . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Mike ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt on Heartbreak , ' Delivery Man ' And Gearing Up For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Why Are Rob Lowe And Rashida Jones Leaving ' Parks And Rec ' ? EP Mike Schur Says Decision Was Mutual '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy : The Expendables In Outer Space '' . Time . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vespe , Eric ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Quint describes the funny and awesomely weird first footage from Marvel 's GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ! Comic - Con 2013 ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Chief Kevin Feige On Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Zoe Saldana updates on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Exclusive : Zoe Saldana Gets Honest About Gamora 's Look '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Dave Bautista Talks Fight Scenes and Finding The Humor in Drax on the Set of Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Q&A Highlights : James Gunn 's Influences , the Soundtrack , the Sequel , Avengers Crossovers , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , James ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` '' Guardians Of The Galaxy '' Set Visit Puts Concerns To Rest `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Read the Official Synopsis For Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel . January 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel Reveals Details of His Marvel Meetings for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel in Talks To Join ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : conversationsMM ( September 5 , 2013 ) . Vin Diesel Conversations with Maria Menounos September 4 , 2013 . YouTube . Event occurs at 1 : 00 : 35 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Listen To Vin Diesel Voice Groot In Five Other Languages '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dietsch , TJ ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals His Brother 's Roles in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Acuna , Kristen ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's How Groot And Rocket Raccoon Look Without Visual Effects In ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn says Groot was inspired by his dog '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Dawww , Groot '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Larson , Jared ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` What Can Fans Expect from Vin Diesel 's Groot ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leyland , Nick ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Vine Diesel talks ' Guardians ' and playing Groot '' . The Movie Network . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLauchlin , Jim ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Liberating ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Not in the Regular ' Marvel Scheme of Things ' '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : From the Set of the Marvel Studios Adaptation '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official : Bradley Cooper to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . August 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Bradley Cooper in Talks to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director James Gunn Explains Rocket Raccoon as a `` Mangled Little Beast '' `` . / Film . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Reminds Bradley Cooper Of ' Goodfellas ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P. ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel on Stilts Is n't Even The Weirdest Thing About This Video '' . MTV . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Latest on Vin , Bradley and the Scene Everyone 's Talking About '' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Why The Success Of Guardians Of The Galaxy Depends On A Talking Raccoon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : From the Set of the Marvel Studios Adaptation '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AMC Theatres ( July 24 , 2013 ) . Comic Con ' 13 -- Guardians of the Galaxy Cast Chats with AMC . YouTube . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn : Guardians of the Galaxy are Rolling Stones to Avengers ' Beatles '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Lee Pace Confirms He 's Auditioning For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ; ' Says Script Is ' Great ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Daniel ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace on His Guardians of the Galaxy Character -- ' He 's af * * king psycho ! ' '' . Click . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Rooker Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com. April 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Rooker 's feeling blue as ' Guardians ' alien Yondu '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Actor Michael Rooker Talks Yondu And The Future of Guardians Of The Galaxy ! '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IAR VIDEO : Director James Gunn and Karen Gillan Talk ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . IAmRogue . November 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , James ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Gillan Discusses `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' Nebula , Ronan 's Intimidation Factor `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` SDCC ' 13 : Marvel Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron , Guardians Cast , More '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ibarra , Sabina ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con 2013 : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast Talk Rocket Raccoon and Playing Badasses '' . ScreenCrave . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` John C. Reilly Firmed For Rhomann Dey , leader of the Nova Corps , In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Glenn Close Is Head Cop in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Glenn Close on Donning ' Full Drag ' for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Serious actress ' Glenn Close embraces ' Guardians ' fun '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Benicio Del Toro Takes Lead Role in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Benicio del Toro Talks Guardians Of The Galaxy , Playing the Collector , His Marvel Contract , Inherent Vice , Paradise Lost LOST , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin to Play Thanos in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin Voicing Thanos in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Feige Talks GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY , THOR 3 , CAPTAIN AMERICA 3 , DOCTOR STRANGE , Casting Josh Brolin as Thanos , Comic - Con Plans , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Alyssa Milano , Howard the Duck , and Other Secrets of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Adds One More to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sunu , Steve ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Comic Reel : `` Justice League '' Movie Confirmed ; New Look At `` Guardians of the Galaxy 's '' Nebula `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serafinowicz , Peter ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Re Guardians , I 'm a Nova Corps Officer with John C Reilly . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Edward ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Original Guardians Of The Galaxy Ending Was Removed For Being Too Sad '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diabolique Magazine ( November 28 , 2013 ) . NYCC 2013 : Laura Haddock on Da Vinci 's Demons , Season 2 . YouTube . Event occurs at 2 : 37 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Posting this one as I land in Singapore . It 's @ meliakreiling as Bereet and @ prattprattpratt as I think you know by now . Thanks for all your kind messages about the 17 minute preview . Glad you all enjoyed it ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knight , Chris ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , reviewed : Marvel 's new film franchise is off to a promising start '' . National Post . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Happy Birthday to one of my very best friends ( and Nova Prime 's assistant ) @ mikaelahoover ! Love you lots , Mikaela ! Follow her ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- Plenty Had To Be Removed From The Final Cut '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scanlan , Emmett J. ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Myself & the brilliant @ KarenGillan2 in @ JamesGunn AWESOME LOOKING # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` '' Constantine '' Brings Jim Corrigan To Television `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gunn , James ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Also # FF AMAZING # gotg supporting cast @ Thejudgegunn @ MaramaCorlett @ AlexisRodney @ Melia_Kreiling @ GreggHenry88 @ BigSpenWilding '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodney , Alexis ( August 30 , 2014 ) . `` Great unseen image from Guardians of the Galaxy featuring myself as ( Moloka Dar ) . From the dude himself ... '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians Tom Headshot '' . TomProctor.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bussey , Ben ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Teases Deleted Guardians Of The Galaxy Musical Scene '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Filming a scene with my old pal @ blackehart , who is unfortunately about to tangle with Drax the Destroyer @ DaveBautista . # gotg '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Says He Will Cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Cannes Interview : Lloyd Kaufman on Nuke ' Em High '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday I was grateful when my old boss , the president of Troma Entertainment , @ lloydkaufman , came to London to do a cameo in the film -- as a prisoner in the Kyln . Lloyd taught me more than anyone else about making films . One of the things that keeps me sane in this business is staying true to my roots -- whether with friends , family , or co-workers . As the world around me changes it 's nice to have some consistency in my personal life ( even if that consistency is as crazy as @ michael_rooker ) . Have a great day , folks ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotgFollow '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to make cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( July 21 , 2014 ) . Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Red Carpet Premiere . YouTube . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning : A cosmic odyssey from `` Legion '' to `` Guardians '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Considering ' Iron Fist ' & ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Movies , ' Black Panther ' & ' Guardians of the Galaxy , ' Too ! '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel 's next 5 movies after The Avengers could include some weird surprises '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names ' Avengers ' Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` The Marvel Panel : Ant - Man Smackdown , Iron Man 's Downfall , and Rocket Raccoon ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn in Talks to Direct Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon will return for ' The Avengers 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Mastermind Believes In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shetty , Sharan ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Who Deserves Credit for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Great Script ? '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Mark ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Nicole Perlman Writes the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` How Nicole Perlman Became the First Woman to Write a Marvel Movie '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Badass Interview : James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Badass Digest . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madison , Charles ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 -- the promise of Nebula , Yondu and Peter Quill 's father '' . Film Divider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Hires Three - Time Black List Writer for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ; Buchanan , Kyle ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Toughest Scene I Wrote : James Gunn on Writing Thanos Into Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn Confirmed to Direct and Rewrite Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Testing Short List of Actors For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Leader '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' tests male leads '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Joseph Gordon - Levitt Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Race '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Smallville 's Michael Rosenbaum Up for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn on ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : ' It 's a Richer , More Emotional Film ' '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Lead '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , Andreas ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy due to land at Shepperton '' . Screen International . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America & Guardians Coming in 3D '' . Marvel.com . January 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` How The Avengers Made A Motion Capture Hulk And Snagged An Oscar Nomination '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` SFX 233 Preview : Marvel Boss On Phase 2 '' . SFX . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Signs WWE 's Dave Bautista for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Man Who Carved Darth Vader 's Mask Is Busy on the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Zoe Saldana in Talks to Star in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace in Final Negotiations to Play Villain in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McWeeny , Drew ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` Will John C. Reilly join the Marvel Universe for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ? '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Star Joins Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Under the Skin of `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' With Makeup FX Wizard David White `` . Fast Company Co. Create . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is n't weird ( and the sequel he 'd like to make ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Foss Designed Spaceships For Guardians of the Galaxy ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy . '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Head Talks Thanos & Ultron -- Comic - Con 2013 . IGN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shahid , Sharnaz ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` PHOTOS : Guardians Of The Galaxy Cast Get Physical In London Shoot '' . Entertainmentwise . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Filming Schedule Passes Halfway Mark '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige Says Vin Diesel 's ' Guardians ' Role Is ' Close ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` And after our last shot with @ DaveBautista that 's a full wrap on # GotG ! It 's been a long strange wonderful trip ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy . '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tracking for $60 Million Opening '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matt ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians : Thanos , SFX & More '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin Feige on Thor and Marvel 's Future '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` / Film Interview : ' Thor : The Dark World ' Producer Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` How Much Thanos Will You See in Guardians of the Galaxy ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Diente , Tanya ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Spoilers : Thanos , Gamora And The Infinity Stones '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Vin Diesel to Voice Groot in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dwarves at Twilight . Disney lot , additional shooting , early as hell . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Wrapping additional photography on # GotG with @ prattprattpratt @ Michael_Rooker & @ Thejudgegunn -- 3 dudes I love working with . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saldana , Zoe ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` Seriously , do you guys like @ Guardians trailer ? We shot some more stuff last weekend . @ JamesGunn @ prattprattpratt @ DaveBautista @ KarenGillan2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tilly , Chris ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Reasons To Get Excited About Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige updates on Guardians Of The Galaxy , Thanos , Ant - Man , TV shows and Doctor Strange '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Just Finished Work on ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Benicio Del Toro may not know he 's in a scene with you - know - who '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Story Behind Howard The Duck 's Credit Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Pre-Credits Dancing Was Performed By James Gunn Himself '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy : Erin Sarofsky -- President , Owner And Executive Creative Director -- Sarofsky '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` The VFX of Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Fxguide . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( October 18 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Exec Talks ' Avengers 2 ' and Why the Studio `` Wants to Make Movies in L.A. '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` SHH 's Exclusive Interview with James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Foundas , Scott ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holman , Jordyn ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Method Studios Taps VFX Veteran Marc Weigert to Spearhead Growth '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( August 2013 ) . `` James Gunn On ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Composer Tyler Bates ' Approach '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Star Lord 's Walkman '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suskind , Alex ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Director James Gunn on How He Chose the Music in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Original Score '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Records And Marvel Set To Release Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Deluxe Soundtrack , Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 1 And Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Digital Score Soundtrack '' . Digital Journal via PR Newswire . July 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Greg ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Becomes First Soundtrack in History Without New Songs to Land No. 1 Spot '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Guardians ' Soundtrack To Be Released On Cassette Tape '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` On the Red Carpet at the ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Premiere '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Hilary ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast to Appear on ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office Friday : Summer Savior As ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' $92.2 M to $95.5 M ; ' Get On Up ' Down Low With $14.7 M '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Intl Box Office : ' Lucy ' Tops Chart ; ' Expendables 3 ′ In China ; Pics From Korea , Spain , Argentina Get A Look - In ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` First `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' TV Spot Released , Gunn Hypes 3D Experience `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` D23 : Disney Brings Out Angelina Jolie for ' Maleficent , ' Screens New Footage of ' Saving Mr. Banks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ; McIntyre , Gina ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' trailer : Marvel unveils cosmic action comedy '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Indiana Jones ' Influence '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Edgy Humour '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Nebula 's introduction '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : The Collector '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer a Social Media Smash , Bigger Than ' Man of Steel ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Despite leak , ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' trailer breaks Marvel record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer Sends ' Hooked On a Feeling ' Sales Through the Roof '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- ' What A Bunch Of A-Holes ' Was Originally Only Meant For The Trailer '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn on Trailer Pressures and Nearly Shelving the First ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Teaser '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Blue Alien Confirmed As Kree '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to air Marvel special with ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' sneak peek -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning Put the Band Back Together for Guardians of the Galaxy Movie Prequel '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Does n't Scare Licensing Partners '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Offers Fans Interstellar Travel Via Galaxy Getaways '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sneak Peek Landing in Disney Parks July 4 '' . DisneyParks Blog . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get an Early Look at Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy in IMAX July 7 '' . Marvel.com . June 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Missed Guardians Of The Galaxy Sneak Peek ? Here 's a New Trailer ! '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Evan ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Footage Review : Evan 's Reaction to Marvel Screening 17 Minutes of Footage '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Screened 17 Minutes Of Guardians Of The Galaxy And This Is What We Saw '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Hooked On A Preview : `` Guardians '' Sneak Preview Footage Is Deliriously Fun `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` 17 Minute ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' IMAX 3D Presentation Elicits Cheers And Some Confusion ; Watch An Extended Clip '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leong , John ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` '' Guardians of the Galaxy '' cast thrill fans in Singapore `` . Channel NewsAsia . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Play Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon '' . Marvel . July 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alex ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Mobile Game ? You 're Welcome '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt and Zoe Saldana Join Marvel Entertainment Executives To Ring The Opening Bell at the NYSE to Promote the Highly - Anticipated Summer Film , Marvel s Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Stock Exchange . July 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Polowy , Kevin ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Here 's That Clip of Dancing Baby Groot in All Its Galactic Glory '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Dancing Groot Is the Breakout Character of Summer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grooting ' has entered the lexicon '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Pratt Visits Children 's Hospital Los Angeles in Costume as Star - Lord From Guardians of the Galaxy '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Ramps Up Guardians of the Galaxy Trademarks '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Rallies New Merchandise Partners Around ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krupa , Daniel ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy LEGO Toy Sets Coming Soon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Lego Sets Officially Unveiled '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dancing Baby Groot of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' to Hit Shelves in December '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` New Wave of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Merchandise Launches Around Homevideo Release '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel UK ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy comes to 3D / 2D Blu - ray & DVD in the UK November 24 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' on Blu - Ray 12 / 9 with Deleted Scenes , Audio Commentary and More ; Digital HD in November '' . Stitch Kingdom . October 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - DVD and Blu - ray Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Guardians ' Now 3rd Biggest Marvel Movie Ever ; ' Dracula Untold ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Annabelle ' Hold Well ; Action In France , Mexico ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office FINAL : ' Happy New Year ' Uncorks Record Bollywood Bow ; ' Annabelle ' Still A Doll With $26.2 M ; ' Lucy ' Outmuscles ' Hercules ' In China ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : Milestones For ' Godzilla ' , ' 22 Jump Street ' , ' Transformers ' + ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $67.4 M ; Local Pics Make Waves In Asia ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` No. 5 ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Soars to Biggest Thursday Box Office Opening of the Year '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $37.8 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suber , Ray ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Obliterates August Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Nets $65 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( August 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles ' tops ' Expendables 3 , ' ' Let 's Be Cops ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brett ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Back on Top , ' Sin City 2 ′ Flops '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tops Weak Labor Day Box Office , Summer Stumbles to Close '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Wins Cold U.S. Box Office with $10.2 Million , ' The Identical ' Tanks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackmon , Joe ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Becomes Only Summer Movie To Top Box Office For Three Weekends '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Among Marvel Titles , ' Guardians ' Has The Most No. 1 Weekends '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gone Girl ' Edges Out ' Annabelle ' In Race That Energizes Box Office : Monday Actuals '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians ' Becomes Biggest Movie of the Summer '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office End of Summer : Some Profitable Hits In An Overall Blah Season '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Hits $600 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' retakes box office , passes ' Transformers ' for summer 's top film '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 -- via U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : ' Turtles ' Kicks In $29 M Opening ; ' Guardians ' At $313 M WW ; ' Maleficent ' Tops $500 M ; ' InBetweeners 2 ′ Smashes UK Records '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Annabelle ' Wins Over ' Gone Girl ' At Overseas Box Office In Hair - Pulling Race ; ' Dracula ' Drinks Up $34 M+ ; ' Guardians ' Strong In China ; More -- Int'l B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Zooms to $37.8 M Friday for Likely $92 M Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Zooms To $94 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Justin ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , review : ' a pop - culture gem ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turran , Kenneth ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy 's ' heroes are n't what you 'd expect '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Yee - Ha ! Space Cowboy Rides to the Rescue '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : A giddy space oddity makes the summer sunnier '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Greg ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Is Marvel 's Best Movie Yet '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' relaxes Marvel 's seriousness , but not enough '' . Associated Press via Star Tribune . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' review : Space jaunt no marvel '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is space junk '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poor subtitles may deal blow to superhero film '' . China Daily . October 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaCon honour for Chris Pratt '' . Screen Daily . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Emily ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2014 : And the winners are ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YHA Nominees list '' . Young Hollywood Awards . June 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Boyhood ' Wins Best Picture ; ' Birdman ' Leads With 7 Nods '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Jameson Empire Awards 2015 Live Blog '' . empireonline.com . Jump up ^ O'Mally , Zach ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Grammy Nominees 2015 : The Full List '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grand Budapest ' , ' Guardians ' , ' AHS : Freak Show ' Top Make - Up & Hair Stylists Awards '' . Deadline.com . Deadline Hollywood . February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 hosts , nominees announced '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' Leads Satellite Awards Nominations '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Society 2014 Awards '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Announce Nominees '' . AwardsDaily . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman ' , ' Foxcatcher ' Among Art Directors Guild Nominees '' . Deadline.com . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Writers Guild Awards Nominations : ' Whiplash ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Guardians ' On Diverse List '' . Deadline.com . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Leads With 11 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations Unveiled -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . January 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel Gets Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Marvel.com . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Compton 's Neil Brown Jr . Signs On For ' Sand Castle ' ; Pom Klementieff Joins ' Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 3 ' : James Gunn Returning to Write and Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 Coming In 2020 , According To Gunn '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) . Official website Guardians of the Galaxy on IMDb Guardians of the Galaxy at AllMovie Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Guardians of the Galaxy ( Epcot Attraction ) Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher Hulu Runaways Freeform Cloak & Dagger Unaired pilot Most Wanted Other Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Book Category Portal Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Ant - Man Ant - Man Ant - Man and the Wasp Avengers The Avengers Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Infinity War Untitled Avengers film production Blade Blade Blade II Blade : Trinity Captain America Captain America ( serial ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger Captain America : The Winter Soldier Captain America : Civil War Daredevil Daredevil Elektra Deadpool Deadpool Deadpool 2 Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four ( 1994 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Hulk Hulk The Incredible Hulk Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Punisher The Punisher ( 1989 ) The Punisher ( 2004 ) Punisher : War Zone Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse X-Men : Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Red Sonja Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther The New Mutants Venom Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed James Gunn Films written and directed Slither ( 2006 ) Super ( 2010 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) Films written Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) The Specials ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) LolliLove ( 2004 ) The Belko Experiment ( 2017 ) TV and web series created The Tromaville Cafe ( 1997 -- 2000 ) James Gunn 's PG Porn ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Other All I Need to Know about Filmmaking I Learned from the Toxic Avenger Lollipop Chainsaw Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Action Movie The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Drive ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Incredibles ( 2005 ) Serenity ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) WALL - E ( 2009 ) Moon ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2015 ) The Martian ( 2016 ) Arrival ( 2017 ) Nebula Award for Best Script / Ray Bradbury Award Nebula Award for Best Script Soylent Green -- Stanley R. Greenberg ( 1973 ) Sleeper -- Woody Allen ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein -- Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder ( 1975 ) Star Wars -- George Lucas ( 1977 ) The Sixth Sense -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest -- David Howard and Robert Gordon ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon James Schamus , Kuo Jung Tsai , and Hui - Ling Wang ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Stephen Sinclair , and Peter Jackson ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2004 ) Serenity -- Joss Whedon ( 2005 ) Howl 's Moving Castle -- Hayao Miyazaki , Cindy Davis Hewitt , and Donald H. Hewitt ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth -- Guillermo del Toro ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton , Jim Reardon , and Pete Docter ( 2008 ) Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation Terminator 2 : Judgment Day -- James Cameron ( 1992 ) Babylon 5 -- J. Michael Straczynski ( 1999 ) 2000X -- Tales of the Next Millennia -- Yuri Rasovsky and Harlan Ellison ( 2001 ) Joss Whedon ( 2008 ) District 9 -- Neill Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell ( 2009 ) Inception -- Christopher Nolan ( 2010 ) Doctor Who : `` The Doctor 's Wife '' -- Richard Clark and Neil Gaiman ( 2011 ) Beasts of the Southern Wild -- Benh Zeitlin , Lucy Alibar ( 2012 ) Gravity -- Alfonso Cuarón and Jonás Cuarón ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy -- James Gunn and Nicole Perlman ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- George Miller , Brendan McCarthy , and Nico Lathouris ( 2015 ) Arrival -- Eric Heisserer ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Ant - Man ( 2015 ) Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal Comics portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)&oldid=807132872 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s science fiction films 2010s superhero films 2014 3D films Alien abduction films American comedy science fiction films American action comedy films American adventure comedy films American films American science fiction action films American space adventure films Film scores by Tyler Bates Films directed by James Gunn Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring Howard the Duck Films set in 1988 Films set in 2014 Films set in Missouri Films set in prison Films set on fictional planets Films shot at Longcross Studios Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films shot in London Films shot in Los Angeles Films using computer - generated imagery Guardians of the Galaxy films Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form winning works IMAX films Marvel Cinematic Universe films Performance capture in film Rotoscoped films Screenplays by James Gunn Superhero comedy films Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Good articles Use mdy dates from July 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Перем Коми Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 03 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays the evil sister in guardians of the galaxy
[ "Karen Gillan as Nebula:\nAn adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings and is a loyal lieutenant in the employ of Ronan and Thanos.[9][11] About the character, Gillan said, \"She is the female villain of the film ... She is very sadistic and evil, but I like to think for a very valid reason.\"[53] She also added, \"I think she's a really interesting character. What I like to play around with is how jealous she is. She's Gamora's sister, and there's a lot of sibling rivalry. That's the most interesting aspect to me, because jealousy can consume you and turn you bitter, and ugly. And she's a total sadist, so that's fun too.\"[54] Gillan researched the ancient Spartans, shaved off her hair, and trained for two months for the role.[54][55] The character's makeup took approximately four and a half hours to be applied.[54]\n" ]
[ "Karen Gillan" ]
2996307141926744015
Dosti
Dosti - Wikipedia Dosti Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Dosti ( disambiguation ) . Dosti Film poster Directed by Satyen Bose Produced by Tarachand Barjatya Written by Ban Bhatt ( story ) Govind Moonis ( screenplay & dialogues ) Starring Sudhir Kumar Sawant Sushil Kumar Somaya Sanjay Khan Music by Laxmikant Pyarelal Cinematography Marshall Braganza Distributed by Rajshri Productions Release date 6 November 1964 ( 1964 - 11 - 06 ) Running time 163 minutes Country India Language Hindi Box office ₹ 2 , 00 , 00,000 Dosti ( English : Friendship ) is a 1964 Indian black - and - white Hindi film directed by Satyen Bose and produced by Tarachand Barjatya under his Rajshri Productions banner . It was Sanjay Khan 's debut film and had Sudhir Kumar Sawant , and Sushil Kumar Somaya in lead roles . The film focuses on the friendship between two boys , one blind and the other a cripple . Dosti was amongst the top 10 grossers of 1964 and was declared a `` Super Hit '' at the box office . It was entered into the 4th Moscow International Film Festival . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Box office 5 Awards 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Dosti is the story of Ramnath or Ramu ( Sushil Kumar ) and Mohan ( Sudhir Kumar ) . Ramu 's father Mr. Gupta , a factory worker dies in an accident . When the factory refuses to pay compensation , his mother passes out in shock by falling from the stairs . Ramu is injured in an accident and he becomes crippled . Thrown out of his home , crippled and penniless , he roams around the streets of Mumbai . Here he comes across Mohan , a boy who is blind and has a similar tale of woe . Mohan comes from a village . His sister , Meena had migrated from the village to Mumbai to find work as a nurse so that she could pay for her brother 's treatment . Mohan left the village after his caretaker died . Ramu is good at playing the harmonica , while Mohan is a good singer . They team up and sing songs on the roadside and start earning money from passers - by . Ramu wants to finish his studies , and both of them befriend a small girl , Manjula ( Baby Farida ) , who is the sister of a rich man , Ashok ( Sanjay Khan ) . Manjula suffers from Rheumatoid Heart Disease and both the boys hope she would help them out . Ramu and Mohan visit Manjula and ask for a loan of sixty rupees which is the amount required for Ramu 's admission in school . But Manjula 's brother rebuffs them and gives only five rupees . Feeling insulted , Mohan decides that he will raise the money by singing , which he successfully does . Ramu is admitted in the school after performing brilliantly in entrance test ( he scores 294 out of 300 ) . They move to a new house in a slum after someone tries to steal their hard earned money while they were sleeping on the footpath . Their new neighbor is Mausi , who lives with her teenage daughter and school going son , Nandu . Mausi treats them as her own sons . In school , Ramu excels in studies despite being a regular target of ridicule of richer students who do not consider him their equal and often degrade him for being a `` street beggar '' . The headmaster and teacher Sharma ji takes Ramu under their wings . Sharma ji also declared himself the guardian of Ramu . During a visit to Ramu 's house , Sharmaji notices that the neighborhood is not fit for study and suggests that Ramu move in with him but Ramu does not leave Mohan . Meanwhile , one day while singing , Mohan hears someone ( Ashok ) calling out to Meena and rushes to embrace his long lost sister . But Meena is ashamed that Mohan has become a beggar and refuses to recognize him . Meena is looking after Manjula and there is a budding romance between her and Ashok . However , soon Meena confesses to Ashok . Ashok is sorry for her and consoles her that soon she will be together with her brother . Mohan senses Manjula while sleeping and tells Ramu about it . Both decide to go and meet her , but she died . Ashok brings Mohan home one day and gives him Manjula 's chime as her remembrance . When he tries to tell Mohan about Meena , Mohan lashes out in rage and says that he considers himself alone in this world , save for his friend Ramu . Soon after , Ramu gets in trouble with some ruffians and as a result is mistakenly arrested by police during a burglary . Sharma ji goes to police station and bails out Ramu on the condition that he will live with Sharma ji and keep no contact with Mohan . Mohan is heartbroken and decides to visit him . But Sharma ji did n't allow him to talk to Mohan . Sad , Mohan roams the streets singing sad songs . Sharmaji suddenly dies , leaving Ramu shattered . Ramu decides not to appear for the final exam as he can not pay the fees . Hearing this , Mohan decides to raise the money once again by singing in streets in spite of his ill health . He successfully earns the money and pays the fees without Ramu knowing , but himself falls prey to illness and is admitted in hospital . In hospital , without telling him , Meena cares for Mohan as he recuperates . Ramu comes first in the exams and comes to know of Mohan 's sacrifice . He rushes to Mohan in hospital to ask for forgiveness where Mohan says that he was never angry with him . The doctor tells Mohan about Meena and he forgives her . The movie ends with all of them in a loving embrace . Cast ( edit ) Sushil Kumar ( real name Sushil Belani ) as Ramnath ' Ramu ' Gupta Sudhir Kumar ( real name Sudhir Sawant ) as Mohan Baby Farida as Manjula ' Manju ' Sanjay Khan as Ashok Leela Mishra as Mausi Leela Chitnis as Ramu 's mother , Mrs. Gupta Abhi Bhattacharya as Headmaster Uma Rajoo as Nurse Meena ( Mohan 's sister ) Aziz Nana Palsikar as School Teacher Sharma ji Moolchand as Ashok 's employee Soundtrack ( edit ) The lyrics of the film are written by Majrooh Sultanpuri on music composed by Laxmikant Pyarelal . Dosti stands as a landmark in the career history of the musical duo as this won them their first Filmfare Award and made them popular in the film industry . Mohammad Rafi is the main vocalist for the songs . No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Chahoonga Main Tujhe Saanj Savere '' Mohammad Rafi 04 : 55 2 . `` Meri Dosti Mera Pyar '' Mohammad Rafi 04 : 23 3 . `` Rahi Manwa Dukh Ki Chinta '' Mohammad Rafi 04 : 07 4 . `` Mera To Jo Bhi Kadam '' Mohammad Rafi 04 : 03 5 . `` Gudiya Humse Roothi Rahogi Kab Tak Na Hasogi '' Lata Mangeshkar 03 : 31 6 . `` Jaanewalo Zara '' Mohammad Rafi 04 : 06 Box office ( edit ) Dosti collected Rs. 2 crore in the Indian box office and stood as third highest grosser of 1964 . The first and second weekend collection was excellent . Awards ( edit ) The film stood out at the 12th Filmfare Awards in 1965 by winning six awards from seven nominations that it received . Dosti won maximum awards at the ceremony . Won Best Film - Tarachand Barjatya Best Music Director - Laxmikant Pyarelal Best Story - Ban Bhatt Best Dialogue - Govind Moonis Best Playback Singer - Mohammad Rafi for the song `` Chahoonga Main Tujhe Saanj Savere '' Best Lyricist - Majrooh Sultanpuri for the song `` Chahoonga Main Tujhe Saanj Savere '' Nominated Best Director - Satyen Bose References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Box office 1964 '' . Boxofficeindia.com . Retrieved 21 Jan 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 4th Moscow International Film Festival ( 1965 ) '' . MIFF . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Ashok Da . Ranade ( 2006 ) . Hindi Film Song : Music Beyond Boundaries . Bibliophile South Asia . p. 310 . ISBN 81 - 85002 - 64 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Dosti on IMDb Watch Dosti on YouTube National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi 1954 -- 1960 Mirza Ghalib ( 1954 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1955 ) No Award ( 1956 ) Do Aankhen Barah Haath ( 1957 ) Madhumati ( 1958 ) Anari ( 1959 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1960 ) Certificate of Merit Jagriti ( 1954 ) Shree 420 and Devdas ( 1955 ) Basant Bahar ( 1956 ) Mother India and Musafir ( 1957 ) Lajwanti and Karigar ( 1958 ) No Award ( 1959 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai and Kanoon ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 Dharmputra ( 1961 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1962 ) Bandini ( 1963 ) Dosti ( 1964 ) Shaheed ( 1965 ) -- ( 1966 ) Hamraaz ( 1967 ) Aashirwad ( 1968 ) Satyakam ( 1969 ) Anand ( 1970 ) -- ( 1971 ) Maya Darpan ( 1972 ) 27 Down ( 1973 ) No Award ( 1974 ) Nishant ( 1975 ) -- ( 1976 ) Shatranj Ke Khilari ( The Chess Players ) ( 1977 ) Kasturi and Junoon ( 1978 ) Sparsh ( 1979 ) Aakrosh ( 1980 ) Certificate of Merit Gunga Jumna and Pyaar Ki Pyaas ( 1961 ) No Award ( 1962 ) Mere Mehboob and Gumrah ( 1963 ) Yaadein and Geet Gaya Patharon Ne ( 1964 ) Oonche Log and Guide ( 1965 ) Discontinued after 1965 1981 -- 2000 Arohan ( 1981 ) Katha ( 1982 ) Ardh Satya ( 1983 ) Paar ( 1984 ) Anantyatra ( 1985 ) Mirch Masala ( 1986 ) Pestonjee ( 1987 ) Salaam Bombay ! ( 1988 ) Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro ( 1989 ) Drishti ( 1990 ) Diksha and Dharavi ( 1991 ) Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda ( 1992 ) Patang ( 1993 ) Mammo ( 1994 ) Bandit Queen ( 1995 ) Gudia ( 1996 ) Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa ( 1997 ) Godmother ( 1998 ) Shool ( 1999 ) Zubeidaa ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Dil Chahta Hai ( 2001 ) The Legend of Bhagat Singh ( 2002 ) Raghu Romeo ( 2003 ) Raincoat ( 2004 ) Black ( 2005 ) Khosla Ka Ghosla ( 2006 ) 1971 ( 2007 ) Rock On ! ! ( 2008 ) Paa ( 2009 ) Do Dooni Chaar ( 2010 ) I Am ( 2011 ) Filmistaan ( 2012 ) Jolly LLB ( 2013 ) Queen ( 2014 ) Dum Laga Ke Haisha ( 2015 ) Neerja ( 2016 ) Filmfare Award for Best Film 1954 -- 1975 Do Bigha Zamin ( 1954 ) Boot Polish ( 1955 ) Jagriti ( 1956 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1957 ) Mother India ( 1958 ) Madhumati ( 1959 ) Sujata ( 1960 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1961 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai ( 1962 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1963 ) Bandini ( 1964 ) Dosti ( 1965 ) Himalay Ki Godmein ( 1966 ) Guide ( 1967 ) Upkar ( 1968 ) Brahmachari ( 1969 ) Aradhana ( 1970 ) Khilona ( 1971 ) Anand ( 1972 ) Be-Imaan ( 1973 ) Anuraag ( 1974 ) Rajnigandha ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Deewaar ( 1976 ) Mausam ( 1977 ) Bhumika ( 1978 ) Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki ( 1979 ) Junoon ( 1980 ) Khubsoorat ( 1981 ) Kalyug ( 1982 ) Shakti ( 1983 ) Ardh Satya ( 1984 ) Sparsh ( 1985 ) Ram Teri Ganga Maili ( 1986 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1989 ) Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1990 ) Ghayal ( 1991 ) Lamhe ( 1992 ) Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar ( 1993 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1994 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1995 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1996 ) Raja Hindustani ( 1997 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1999 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2016 ) Dangal ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dosti&oldid=800581075 '' Categories : 1964 films Hindi - language films 1960s Hindi - language films Indian films Film scores by Laxmikant -- Pyarelal Rajshri Productions films Films about poverty in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी नेपाल भाषा Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 12 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays the blind friend in the 1964 film dosti
[ "Dosti is the story of Ramnath or Ramu (Sushil Kumar) and Mohan (Sudhir Kumar). Ramu’s father Mr. Gupta, a factory worker dies in an accident. When the factory refuses to pay compensation, his mother passes out in shock by falling from the stairs. Ramu is injured in an accident and he becomes crippled. Thrown out of his home, crippled and penniless, he roams around the streets of Mumbai. Here he comes across Mohan, a boy who is blind and has a similar tale of woe. Mohan comes from a village. His sister, Meena had migrated from the village to Mumbai to find work as a nurse so that she could pay for her brother’s treatment. Mohan left the village after his caretaker died." ]
[ "Sudhir Kumar" ]
-2893502742594118499
The Death of Stalin
The Death of Stalin - wikipedia The Death of Stalin Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Death of Joseph Stalin . The Death of Stalin British theatrical release poster Directed by Armando Iannucci Produced by Yann Zenou Laurent Zeitoun Nicolas Duval Adassovsky Kevin Loader Screenplay by Armando Iannucci David Schneider Ian Martin Peter Fellows Based on The Death of Stalin by Fabien Nury and Thierry Robin Starring Steve Buscemi Simon Russell Beale Paddy Considine Rupert Friend Jason Isaacs Michael Palin Andrea Riseborough Jeffrey Tambor Music by Chris Willis Cinematography Zac Nicholson Edited by Peter Lambert Production company Main Journey Quad Productions Distributed by eOne Films ( United Kingdom ) Gaumont ( France ) Release date 8 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) ( TIFF ) 20 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) ( United Kingdom ) 9 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 107 minutes Country United Kingdom France Language English The Death of Stalin is a 2017 political satire film directed and co-written by Armando Iannucci . Based on the French graphic novel La mort de Staline , it depicts the Soviet power struggles following the death of dictator Joseph Stalin in 1953 . It was released by eOne Films in the United Kingdom on 20 October 2017 and is set to be released in the United States by IFC Films on 9 March 2018 . The Death of Stalin was screened in the Platform section at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival and received critical acclaim . It caused controversy in Russia and many other former members of the Soviet Union , and was banned in Russia , Kyrgyzstan , Azerbaijan , and Kazakhstan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Critical response 6 Historical accuracy 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) After a live Radio Moscow broadcast of a Mozart recital , Joseph Stalin orders a recording . The station rapidly restages the performance , bringing in passersby to replicate the acoustics , replacing the conductor , and bribing the disgruntled lead pianist Maria Yudina . Maria hides a note in the pressing of the recording telling Stalin he has ruined the country . As Stalin reads it in his dacha , he is paralysed by a cerebral haemorrhage . He is discovered the next day and the members of the Central Committee are alerted . The first to arrive are NKVD head Lavrentiy Beria , who discovers Maria 's note , and Deputy General Secretary Georgy Malenkov . As Malenkov panics , Beria guides him to take leadership , hoping to use him as a puppet . Moscow Party head Nikita Khrushchev arrives with the rest of the Committee , except for Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov , whom Stalin added to one of his lists of enemies the night previously . Beria closes off Moscow , has the NKVD take over city security duties from the Red Army , and replaces Stalin 's enemy lists with his own , reprieving Molotov . Khrushchev and Beria struggle for symbolic victories such as control over Stalin 's unstable son Vasily and daughter Svetlana . When Stalin dies , the Committee members rush back to Moscow as the NKVD loot Stalin 's dacha and execute witnesses . Khrushchev goes to Molotov 's home and attempts to enlist him , but Molotov , a true believer in Stalinism , opposes any factionalism within the Party . Beria buys his loyalty by releasing his wife Polina Zhemchuzhina from confinement . Malenkov is named as nominal Premier while being largely controlled by Beria . At the first Committee meeting following Stalin 's death , Beria sidelines Khrushchev by putting him in charge of Stalin 's funeral and suggesting many of the liberal reforms which Khrushchev had planned to introduce . Stalin 's body is laid in state in the Hall of Columns , while many political prisoners are released and restrictions on the Russian Orthodox Church are loosened , earning Beria more popular support . Field Marshal Georgy Zhukov demands to know why his Red Army has been confined to barracks within Moscow . Beria learns that Khrushchev has a passing acquaintance with Maria , who was hired to play at the funeral , and threatens them both with the note . Khrushchev approaches Zhukov , who agrees to provide the Army 's support in a coup to overthrow Beria , but only if the Committee agrees . To undermine Beria 's popularity , Khrushchev orders the trains into Moscow to resume , allowing thousands of mourners into the city . As he planned , the NKVD guards around the Hall fire on the crowd , killing 1,500 people . The Committee suggests scapegoating low - level NKVD officers ; as Beria believes blame attached to security services will tarnish him , he angrily threatens the Committee with incriminating documents he has collected on them . Molotov secretly tells Khrushchev and Kaganovich he will support the coup if they can enlist the support of the others , including Malenkov . On the day of Stalin 's funeral , Khrushchev lies to the Committee and Zhukov that he has Malenkov 's support . The Red Army overwhelms the NKVD and takes up positions outside the conference room . Zhukov and his men arrest Beria , and Khrushchev coerces Malenkov into signing the papers for Beria 's trial . Krushchev and his allies find Beria guilty of treason in a kangaroo court and execute him . As Beria 's body is burnt , Khrushchev gives Svetlana Stalina a ticket to Vienna and assurances that her brother will be cared for . Several years later , Khrushchev , now supreme leader of the Soviet Union after removing his coconspirators , attends a concert given by Maria , while future leader Leonid Brezhnev watches him . Cast ( edit ) Steve Buscemi as Nikita Khrushchev Simon Russell Beale as Lavrentiy Beria Paddy Considine as Comrade Andreyev Rupert Friend as Vasily Stalin Jason Isaacs as Georgy Zhukov Michael Palin as Vyacheslav Molotov Andrea Riseborough as Svetlana Stalina Jeffrey Tambor as Georgy Malenkov Adrian Mcloughlin as Joseph Stalin Olga Kurylenko as Maria Yudina Paul Whitehouse as Anastas Mikoyan Paul Chahidi as Nikolai Bulganin Dermot Crowley as Lazar Kaganovich Justin Edwards as Spartak Sokolov , conductor Richard Brake as Tarasov Jonathan Aris as Mezhnikov Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Musician James Barriscale as The General Production ( edit ) The project began development during the 2016 Cannes Film Festival . Armando Iannucci was set as director and co-writer , alongside regular collaborators David Schneider , The Thick of It co-writer Ian Martin , and Peter Fellows . Production began 20 June 2016 . Release ( edit ) The film was released by eOne Films in the United Kingdom on 20 October 2017 and is set to be released in the United States by IFC Films on 9 March 2018 . The film was screened in the Platform section at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival . Nikolai Starikov , head of the Russian Great Fatherland Party , said The Death of Stalin was an `` unfriendly act by the British intellectual class '' , and part of an `` anti-Russian information war '' . In September 2017 , the head of the Public Council of the Russian Ministry of Culture said Russian authorities were considering a ban on the film which , they alleged , could be part of a `` western plot to destabilise Russia by causing rifts in society '' . On 23 January 2018 , two days before film 's scheduled release in Russia , a screening was attended by State Duma MPs , representatives of the Russian Historical Society , members of the Culture Ministry 's Public Board , and film industry members . Two days later , the Ministry of Culture withdrew the film 's distribution certificate . Russian Culture Ministry 's lawyers , including the daughter of Marshal Zhukov , Era Zhukova , cinematographers Nikita Mikhalkov , Vladimir Bortko , Sergei Miroshnichenko , Igor Ugolnikov , Alexander Galibin , and Head of the Russian State Historical Museum Alexey Levykin , petitioned Culture Minister Vladimir Medinsky to withdraw the film 's certification , saying `` The Death of Stalin is aimed at inciting hatred and enmity , violating the dignity of the Russian ( Soviet ) people , promoting ethnic and social inferiority , which points to the movie 's extremist nature . We are confident that the movie was made to distort our country 's past so that the thought of the 1950s Soviet Union makes people feel only terror and disgust . '' The authors said the film denigrated the memory of Russian World War II fighters . They pointed out that the National Anthem was accompanied with obscene expressions and offensive attitude , decorations were historically inaccurate , and that the planned release on the eve of the 75th Anniversary of the Battle of Stalingrad was `` a spit in the face of all those who died there , and all those who are still alive '' . The film was was banned in Russia , Kyrgyzstan and Azerbaijan . Armenia and Kazakhstan are the only members of the Eurasian Economic Union to show it . Critical response ( edit ) At the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , The Death of Stalin has a score of 97 % with an average score of 8.3 / 10 sampled from 67 reviews . It summarises : `` The Death of Stalin finds director / co-writer Arnando Iannucci in riotous form , bringing his scabrous political humor to bear on a chapter in history with painfully timely parallels . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 88 out of 100 , calculated from 13 critics ' reviews , signifying `` universal acclaim '' . Donald Clarke , writing for The Irish Times , wrote that the film `` starts in a state of mortal panic and continues in that mode towards its inevitably ghastly conclusion '' . In The Guardian , Peter Bradshaw wrote that `` fear rises like gas from a corpse in Armando Iannucci 's brilliant horror - satire '' . Historical accuracy ( edit ) A number of academics commented on the historical accuracy of The Death of Stalin . Historian Richard Overy noted in The Guardian that the film `` is littered with historical errors '' , which can be `` viewed as cinematic licence '' , but was most critical that the film did not appropriately honour Stalin 's victims . Director Iannucci stated that he `` chose to tone down real - life absurdity '' to make the work more believable . Samuel Goff , at the Department of Slavonic Studies , University of Cambridge , cited several justifiable historical inaccuracies with the ranks and roles of Stalin 's inner circle , but thought the film missed the overall point and was unable to locate any of the inherent humour contained in Stalinism . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` THE DEATH OF STALIN '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( 11 February 2017 ) . `` ' The Death of Stalin ' : IFC Films Buys Armando Iannucci 's Upcoming Drama '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Armando Iannucci 's ' The Death Of Stalin ' Starts Shoot , Rupert Friend Joins Cast , Closes Deals '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 2017 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Armando Iannucci 's ' The Death Of Stalin ' Acquired By IFC Films -- Berlin '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Death Of Stalin ' Author Says Trumpian Comedies Must Wait For Final Tweet -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( 3 August 2017 ) . `` ' The Death Of Stalin ' to open Toronto Film Festival Platform programme '' . ScreenDaily . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Shaun ( 14 October 2017 ) . `` In Russia , nobody 's laughing at Iannucci 's The Death of Stalin '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bennetts , Marc ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` Russia considers ban on Armando Iannucci 's film The Death of Stalin '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kozlov , Vladimir ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` Russian ' Death of Stalin ' Distributor Plans January Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Culture Ministry yanks distribution certificate for The Death of Stalin '' . TASS Russian News Agency . 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Деятели культуры обратились в министерство с просьбой провести экспертизу фильма `` Смерть Сталина '' ( на предмет соответствия законодательству РФ ) '' ( Cultural figures appealed to the Ministry with a request to conduct an examination of the film `` The Death of Stalin '' ) ( in Russian ) . Official website of the Russian Ministry of Culture . 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Армения ударила по России `` смертью Сталина '' ( Armenia struck Russia over the `` Death of Stalin '' ) ( in Russian ) . Sputnik News . Jump up ^ `` The Death of Stalin '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Death of Stalin '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Overy , Richard ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Carry on up the Kremlin : how The Death of Stalin plays Russian roulette with the truth '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ White , Adam ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) . `` The Death of Stalin : what really happened on the night that forever changed Soviet history ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Goff , Samuel ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) . `` The Death of Stalin : a black comic masterpiece ? Do n't make me laugh '' . The Calvert Journal . London . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . External links ( edit ) The Death of Stalin on IMDb ( hide ) Armando Iannucci TV series The Day Today Knowing Me Knowing You with Alan Partridge The Saturday Night Armistice I 'm Alan Partridge The Armando Iannucci Shows Gash The Thick of It Time Trumpet Mid Morning Matters with Alan Partridge Veep Films Clinton : His Struggle with Dirt Tube Tales ( segment `` Mouth '' ) 2004 : The Stupid Version In the Loop Alan Partridge : Alpha Papa The Death of Stalin Other work On the Hour ( radio ) Knowing Me Knowing You with Alan Partridge ( radio ) I , Partridge : We Need to Talk About Alan ( novel ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Death_of_Stalin&oldid=827920457 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s black comedy films Black comedy films British comedy films British political satire films French comedy films French political satire films Cold War films Cultural depictions of Nikita Khrushchev Cultural depictions of Georgy Zhukov Cultural depictions of Leonid Brezhnev Cultural depictions of Joseph Stalin Films about Joseph Stalin Films set in 1953 Films set in Moscow Political films based on actual events Films based on French comics Live - action films based on comics Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 14 : 49 . About Wikipedia
when will the death of stalin be released
[ "The Death of Stalin is a 2017 political satire film directed and co-written by Armando Iannucci. Based on the French graphic novel La mort de Staline, it depicts the Soviet power struggles following the death of dictator Joseph Stalin in 1953. It was released by eOne Films in the United Kingdom on 20 October 2017 and is set to be released in the United States by IFC Films on 9 March 2018." ]
[ "in the United Kingdom on 20 October 2017 and is set to be released in the United States by IFC Films on 9 March 2018" ]
-4115494831659650719
Constantine the Great
Constantine the Great - wikipedia Constantine the Great Jump to : navigation , search `` Constantine '' and `` Constantine I '' redirect here . For other uses , see Constantine ( disambiguation ) and Constantine I ( disambiguation ) . `` Constantine of Constantinople '' redirects here . For the Patriarchs of Constantinople , see Patriarch Constantine of Constantinople . Constantine the Great Saint Constantine Constantine I Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας Marble head representing Emperor Constantine the Great , at the Capitoline Museums 57th Emperor of the Roman Empire Reign 25 July 306 AD -- 29 October 312 AD ( Caesar in the west ; self - proclaimed Augustus from 309 ; recognized as such in the east in April 310 . ) 29 October 312 -- 19 September 324 ( Undisputed Augustus in the west , senior Augustus in the empire . ) 19 September 324 -- 22 May 337 ( As emperor of whole empire . ) Predecessor Constantius I Successor Constantine II Constantius II Constans 27 February c. 272 Naissus , Moesia Superior , Roman Empire ( present - day Niš , Serbia ) 22 May 337 ( 337 - 05 - 22 ) ( aged 65 ) Nicomedia , Bithynia , Roman Empire Burial Church of the Holy Apostles , Constantinople Spouse Minervina Fausta Issue Constantina Helena Crispus Constantine II Constantius II Constans Full name Flavius Valerius Aurelius Dynasty Constantinian dynasty Father Constantius Chlorus Mother Helena Religion Nicene Christianity Roman Religion ( previously ) Saint Constantine the Great Emperor and Equal to the Apostles Venerated in Eastern Orthodox Church Lutheran Church Oriental Orthodoxy Eastern Catholicism Feast 21 May Attributes Christogram Patronage new discoveries Constantine the Great ( Latin : Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus ; Greek : Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας ; 27 February c. 272 AD -- 22 May 337 AD ) , also known as Constantine I or Saint Constantine ( in the Orthodox Church as Saint Constantine the Great , Equal - to - the - Apostles ) , was a Roman Emperor of Illyrian - Greek origin from 306 to 337 AD . He was the son of Flavius Valerius Constantius , a Roman Army officer , and his consort Helena . His father became Caesar , the deputy emperor in the west , in 293 AD . Constantine was sent east , where he rose through the ranks to become a military tribune under Emperors Diocletian and Galerius . In 305 , Constantius raised himself to the rank of Augustus , senior western emperor , and Constantine was recalled west to campaign under his father in Britannia ( Britain ) . Constantine was acclaimed as emperor by the army at Eboracum ( modern - day York ) after his father 's death in 306 AD , and he emerged victorious in a series of civil wars against Emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become sole ruler of both west and east by 324 AD . As emperor , Constantine enacted many administrative , financial , social , and military reforms to strengthen the empire . The government was restructured , and the civil and military authorities were separated . A new gold coin was introduced to combat inflation known as the solidus . It became the standard for Byzantine and European currencies for more than a thousand years . Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity , and he played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313 , which declared religious tolerance for Christianity in the Roman empire . He called the First Council of Nicaea in 325 , at which the Nicene Creed was adopted by Christians . In military matters , the Roman army was reorganised to consist of mobile field units and garrison soldiers capable of countering internal threats and barbarian invasions . Constantine pursued successful campaigns against the tribes on the Roman frontiers -- the Franks , the Alamanni , the Goths , and the Sarmatians -- even resettling territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis of the Third Century . The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire . He built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople after himself ( the laudatory epithet of `` New Rome '' came later , and was never an official title ) . It became the capital of the Empire for more than a thousand years , and the later Eastern Empire was known as the Byzantine Empire . His more immediate political legacy was that he replaced Diocletian 's tetrarchy with the principle of dynastic succession by leaving the empire to his sons . His reputation flourished during the lifetime of his children and centuries after his reign . The medieval church upheld him as a paragon of virtue , while secular rulers invoked him as a prototype , a point of reference , and the symbol of imperial legitimacy and identity . Beginning with the Renaissance , there were more critical appraisals of his reign due to the rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources . Trends in modern and recent scholarship have attempted to balance the extremes of previous scholarship . The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built on his orders at the purported site of Jesus ' tomb in Jerusalem and became the holiest place in Christendom . The Papal claim to temporal power in the High Middle Ages was based on the supposed Donation of Constantine . He is venerated as a saint by Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholics . He has historically been referred to as the `` First Christian Emperor '' , and he did heavily promote the Christian Church . Some modern scholars , however , debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of the Christian faith itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources 2 Early life 2.1 In the East 2.2 In the West 3 Early rule 3.1 Maxentius ' rebellion 3.2 Maximian 's rebellion 4 Civil wars 4.1 War against Maxentius 4.1. 1 Constantine and his army adopt the Greek letters for Christ 's initials : Chi Rho 4.2 In Rome 4.3 Wars against Licinius 5 Later rule 5.1 Foundation of Constantinople 5.2 Religious policy 5.3 Administrative reforms 5.4 Monetary reforms 5.5 Executions of Crispus and Fausta 5.6 Later campaigns 5.7 Sickness and death 6 Legacy 6.1 Historiography 6.2 Donation of Constantine 6.3 Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 10.1 Ancient sources 10.2 Modern sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Sources ( edit ) Constantine was a ruler of major importance , and he has always been a controversial figure . The fluctuations in Constantine 's reputation reflect the nature of the ancient sources for his reign . These are abundant and detailed , but have been strongly influenced by the official propaganda of the period , and are often one - sided . There are no surviving histories or biographies dealing with Constantine 's life and rule . The nearest replacement is Eusebius 's Vita Constantini , a work that is a mixture of eulogy and hagiography . Written between 335 AD and circa 339 AD , the Vita extols Constantine 's moral and religious virtues . The Vita creates a contentiously positive image of Constantine , and modern historians have frequently challenged its reliability . The fullest secular life of Constantine is the anonymous Origo Constantini . A work of uncertain date , the Origo focuses on military and political events , to the neglect of cultural and religious matters . Lactantius ' De Mortibus Persecutorum , a political Christian pamphlet on the reigns of Diocletian and the Tetrarchy , provides valuable but tendentious detail on Constantine 's predecessors and early life . The ecclesiastical histories of Socrates , Sozomen , and Theodoret describe the ecclesiastic disputes of Constantine 's later reign . Written during the reign of Theodosius II ( 408 -- 50 AD ) , a century after Constantine 's reign , these ecclesiastic historians obscure the events and theologies of the Constantinian period through misdirection , misrepresentation and deliberate obscurity . The contemporary writings of the orthodox Christian Athanasius and the ecclesiastical history of the Arian Philostorgius also survive , though their biases are no less firm . The epitomes of Aurelius Victor ( De Caesaribus ) , Eutropius ( Breviarium ) , Festus ( Breviarium ) , and the anonymous author of the Epitome de Caesaribus offer compressed secular political and military histories of the period . Although not Christian , the epitomes paint a favorable image of Constantine , but omit reference to Constantine 's religious policies . The Panegyrici Latini , a collection of panegyrics from the late third and early fourth centuries , provide valuable information on the politics and ideology of the tetrarchic period and the early life of Constantine . Contemporary architecture , such as the Arch of Constantine in Rome and palaces in Gamzigrad and Córdoba , epigraphic remains , and the coinage of the era complement the literary sources . Early life ( edit ) Remains of the luxurious residence palace of Mediana , erected by Constantine I near his birth town of Naissus Flavius Valerius Constantinus , as he was originally named , was born in the city of Naissus , ( today Niš , Serbia ) part of the Dardania province of Moesia on 27 February , probably c. 272 AD . His father was Flavius Constantius , an Illyrian , and a native of Dardania province of Moesia ( later Dacia Ripensis ) . Constantine probably spent little time with his father who was an officer in the Roman army , part of the Emperor Aurelian 's imperial bodyguard . Being described as a tolerant and politically skilled man , Constantius advanced through the ranks , earning the governorship of Dalmatia from Emperor Diocletian , another of Aurelian 's companions from Illyricum , in 284 or 285 . Constantine 's mother was Helena , a Greek woman of low social standing from Helenopolis of Bithynia . It is uncertain whether she was legally married to Constantius or merely his concubine . His main language was Latin , and during his public speeches he needed Greek translators . Constantine 's parents and siblings , the dates in square brackets indicate the possession of minor titles In July 285 AD , Diocletian declared Maximian , another colleague from Illyricum , his co-emperor . Each emperor would have his own court , his own military and administrative faculties , and each would rule with a separate praetorian prefect as chief lieutenant . Maximian ruled in the West , from his capitals at Mediolanum ( Milan , Italy ) or Augusta Treverorum ( Trier , Germany ) , while Diocletian ruled in the East , from Nicomedia ( İzmit , Turkey ) . The division was merely pragmatic : the Empire was called `` indivisible '' in official panegyric , and both emperors could move freely throughout the Empire . In 288 , Maximian appointed Constantius to serve as his praetorian prefect in Gaul . Constantius left Helena to marry Maximian 's stepdaughter Theodora in 288 or 289 . Diocletian divided the Empire again in 293 AD , appointing two Caesars ( junior emperors ) to rule over further subdivisions of East and West . Each would be subordinate to their respective Augustus ( senior emperor ) but would act with supreme authority in his assigned lands . This system would later be called the Tetrarchy . Diocletian 's first appointee for the office of Caesar was Constantius ; his second was Galerius , a native of Felix Romuliana . According to Lactantius , Galerius was a brutal , animalistic man . Although he shared the paganism of Rome 's aristocracy , he seemed to them an alien figure , a semi-barbarian . On 1 March , Constantius was promoted to the office of Caesar , and dispatched to Gaul to fight the rebels Carausius and Allectus . In spite of meritocratic overtones , the Tetrarchy retained vestiges of hereditary privilege , and Constantine became the prime candidate for future appointment as Caesar as soon as his father took the position . Constantine went to the court of Diocletian , where he lived as his father 's heir presumptive . In the East ( edit ) Head from a statue of Diocletian , Augustus of the East Constantine received a formal education at Diocletian 's court , where he learned Latin literature , Greek , and philosophy . The cultural environment in Nicomedia was open , fluid and socially mobile , and Constantine could mix with intellectuals both pagan and Christian . He may have attended the lectures of Lactantius , a Christian scholar of Latin in the city . Because Diocletian did not completely trust Constantius -- none of the Tetrarchs fully trusted their colleagues -- Constantine was held as something of a hostage , a tool to ensure Constantius 's best behavior . Constantine was nonetheless a prominent member of the court : he fought for Diocletian and Galerius in Asia , and served in a variety of tribunates ; he campaigned against barbarians on the Danube in 296 AD , and fought the Persians under Diocletian in Syria ( 297 AD ) and under Galerius in Mesopotamia ( 298 -- 299 AD ) . By late 305 AD , he had become a tribune of the first order , a tribunus ordinis primi . Constantine had returned to Nicomedia from the eastern front by the spring of 303 AD , in time to witness the beginnings of Diocletian 's `` Great Persecution '' , the most severe persecution of Christians in Roman history . In late 302 , Diocletian and Galerius sent a messenger to the oracle of Apollo at Didyma with an inquiry about Christians . Constantine could recall his presence at the palace when the messenger returned , when Diocletian accepted his court 's demands for universal persecution . On 23 February 303 AD , Diocletian ordered the destruction of Nicomedia 's new church , condemned its scriptures to the flames , and had its treasures seized . In the months that followed , churches and scriptures were destroyed , Christians were deprived of official ranks , and priests were imprisoned . It is unlikely that Constantine played any role in the persecution . In his later writings he would attempt to present himself as an opponent of Diocletian 's `` sanguinary edicts '' against the `` worshippers of God '' , but nothing indicates that he opposed it effectively at the time . Although no contemporary Christian challenged Constantine for his inaction during the persecutions , it remained a political liability throughout his life . On 1 May 305 AD , Diocletian , as a result of a debilitating sickness taken in the winter of 304 -- 305 AD , announced his resignation . In a parallel ceremony in Milan , Maximian did the same . Lactantius states that Galerius manipulated the weakened Diocletian into resigning , and forced him to accept Galerius ' allies in the imperial succession . According to Lactantius , the crowd listening to Diocletian 's resignation speech believed , until the very last moment , that Diocletian would choose Constantine and Maxentius ( Maximian 's son ) as his successors . It was not to be : Constantius and Galerius were promoted to Augusti , while Severus and Maximinus Daia , Galerius ' nephew , were appointed their Caesars respectively . Constantine and Maxentius were ignored . Some of the ancient sources detail plots that Galerius made on Constantine 's life in the months following Diocletian 's abdication . They assert that Galerius assigned Constantine to lead an advance unit in a cavalry charge through a swamp on the middle Danube , made him enter into single combat with a lion , and attempted to kill him in hunts and wars . Constantine always emerged victorious : the lion emerged from the contest in a poorer condition than Constantine ; Constantine returned to Nicomedia from the Danube with a Sarmatian captive to drop at Galerius ' feet . It is uncertain how much these tales can be trusted . In the west ( edit ) Constantine recognized the implicit danger in remaining at Galerius 's court , where he was held as a virtual hostage . His career depended on being rescued by his father in the west . Constantius was quick to intervene . In the late spring or early summer of 305 AD , Constantius requested leave for his son to help him campaign in Britain . After a long evening of drinking , Galerius granted the request . Constantine 's later propaganda describes how he fled the court in the night , before Galerius could change his mind . He rode from post-house to post-house at high speed , hamstringing every horse in his wake . By the time Galerius awoke the following morning , Constantine had fled too far to be caught . Constantine joined his father in Gaul , at Bononia ( Boulogne ) before the summer of 305 AD . Bronze statue of Constantine I in York , England , near the spot where he was proclaimed Augustus in 306 From Bononia they crossed the Channel to Britain and made their way to Eboracum ( York ) , capital of the province of Britannia Secunda and home to a large military base . Constantine was able to spend a year in northern Britain at his father 's side , campaigning against the Picts beyond Hadrian 's Wall in the summer and autumn . Constantius 's campaign , like that of Septimius Severus before it , probably advanced far into the north without achieving great success . Constantius had become severely sick over the course of his reign , and died on 25 July 306 in Eboracum ( York ) . Before dying , he declared his support for raising Constantine to the rank of full Augustus . The Alamannic king Chrocus , a barbarian taken into service under Constantius , then proclaimed Constantine as Augustus . The troops loyal to Constantius ' memory followed him in acclamation . Gaul and Britain quickly accepted his rule ; Hispania , which had been in his father 's domain for less than a year , rejected it . Marble bust of Constantine the Great from Stonegate , York Constantine sent Galerius an official notice of Constantius 's death and his own acclamation . Along with the notice , he included a portrait of himself in the robes of an Augustus . The portrait was wreathed in bay . He requested recognition as heir to his father 's throne , and passed off responsibility for his unlawful ascension on his army , claiming they had `` forced it upon him '' . Galerius was put into a fury by the message ; he almost set the portrait on fire . His advisers calmed him , and argued that outright denial of Constantine 's claims would mean certain war . Galerius was compelled to compromise : he granted Constantine the title `` Caesar '' rather than `` Augustus '' ( the latter office went to Severus instead ) . Wishing to make it clear that he alone gave Constantine legitimacy , Galerius personally sent Constantine the emperor 's traditional purple robes . Constantine accepted the decision , knowing that it would remove doubts as to his legitimacy . Early rule ( edit ) The portrait of Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus on a Roman coin . The inscription around the portrait is `` Constantinus Aug ( ustus ) '' . Constantine 's share of the Empire consisted of Britain , Gaul , and Spain . He therefore commanded one of the largest Roman armies , stationed along the important Rhine frontier . After his promotion to emperor , Constantine remained in Britain , driving back the tribes of the Picts and secured his control in the northwestern dioceses . He completed the reconstruction of military bases begun under his father 's rule , and ordered the repair of the region 's roadways . He soon left for Augusta Treverorum ( Trier ) in Gaul , the Tetrarchic capital of the northwestern Roman Empire . The Franks , after learning of Constantine 's acclamation , invaded Gaul across the lower Rhine over the winter of 306 -- 307 AD . Constantine drove them back beyond the Rhine and captured two of their kings , Ascaric and Merogaisus . The kings and their soldiers were fed to the beasts of Trier 's amphitheater in the adventus ( arrival ) celebrations that followed . Public baths ( thermae ) built in Trier by Constantine . More than 100 metres ( 328 ft ) wide by 200 metres ( 656 ft ) long , and capable of serving several thousand at a time , the baths were built to rival those of Rome . Constantine began a major expansion of Trier . He strengthened the circuit wall around the city with military towers and fortified gates , and began building a palace complex in the northeastern part of the city . To the south of his palace , he ordered the construction of a large formal audience hall , and a massive imperial bathhouse . Constantine sponsored many building projects across Gaul during his tenure as emperor of the West , especially in Augustodunum ( Autun ) and Arelate ( Arles ) . According to Lactantius , Constantine followed his father in following a tolerant policy towards Christianity . Although not yet a Christian , he probably judged it a more sensible policy than open persecution , and a way to distinguish himself from the `` great persecutor '' , Galerius . Constantine decreed a formal end to persecution , and returned to Christians all they had lost during the persecutions . Because Constantine was still largely untried and had a hint of illegitimacy about him , he relied on his father 's reputation in his early propaganda : the earliest panegyrics to Constantine give as much coverage to his father 's deeds as to those of Constantine himself . Constantine 's military skill and building projects soon gave the panegyrist the opportunity to comment favorably on the similarities between father and son , and Eusebius remarked that Constantine was a `` renewal , as it were , in his own person , of his father 's life and reign '' . Constantinian coinage , sculpture and oratory also shows a new tendency for disdain towards the `` barbarians '' beyond the frontiers . After Constantine 's victory over the Alemanni , he minted a coin issue depicting weeping and begging Alemannic tribesmen -- `` The Alemanni conquered '' -- beneath the phrase `` Romans ' rejoicing '' . There was little sympathy for these enemies . As his panegyrist declared : `` It is a stupid clemency that spares the conquered foe . '' Maxentius ' rebellion ( edit ) Dresden bust of Maxentius Following Galerius ' recognition of Constantine as caesar , Constantine 's portrait was brought to Rome , as was customary . Maxentius mocked the portrait 's subject as the son of a harlot , and lamented his own powerlessness . Maxentius , envious of Constantine 's authority , seized the title of emperor on 28 October 306 AD . Galerius refused to recognize him , but failed to unseat him . Galerius sent Severus against Maxentius , but during the campaign , Severus ' armies , previously under command of Maxentius ' father Maximian , defected , and Severus was seized and imprisoned . Maximian , brought out of retirement by his son 's rebellion , left for Gaul to confer with Constantine in late 307 AD . He offered to marry his daughter Fausta to Constantine , and elevate him to Augustan rank . In return , Constantine would reaffirm the old family alliance between Maximian and Constantius , and offer support to Maxentius ' cause in Italy . Constantine accepted , and married Fausta in Trier in late summer 307 AD . Constantine now gave Maxentius his meagre support , offering Maxentius political recognition . Constantine remained aloof from the Italian conflict , however . Over the spring and summer of 307 AD , he had left Gaul for Britain to avoid any involvement in the Italian turmoil ; now , instead of giving Maxentius military aid , he sent his troops against Germanic tribes along the Rhine . In 308 AD , he raided the territory of the Bructeri , and made a bridge across the Rhine at Colonia Agrippinensium ( Cologne ) . In 310 AD , he marched to the northern Rhine and fought the Franks . When not campaigning , he toured his lands advertising his benevolence , and supporting the economy and the arts . His refusal to participate in the war increased his popularity among his people , and strengthened his power base in the West . Maximian returned to Rome in the winter of 307 -- 308 AD , but soon fell out with his son . In early 308 AD , after a failed attempt to usurp Maxentius ' title , Maximian returned to Constantine 's court . On 11 November 308 AD , Galerius called a general council at the military city of Carnuntum ( Petronell - Carnuntum , Austria ) to resolve the instability in the western provinces . In attendance were Diocletian , briefly returned from retirement , Galerius , and Maximian . Maximian was forced to abdicate again and Constantine was again demoted to Caesar . Licinius , one of Galerius ' old military companions , was appointed Augustus in the western regions . The new system did not last long : Constantine refused to accept the demotion , and continued to style himself as Augustus on his coinage , even as other members of the Tetrarchy referred to him as a Caesar on theirs . Maximinus Daia was frustrated that he had been passed over for promotion while the newcomer Licinius had been raised to the office of Augustus , and demanded that Galerius promote him . Galerius offered to call both Maximinus and Constantine `` sons of the Augusti '' , but neither accepted the new title . By the spring of 310 AD , Galerius was referring to both men as Augusti . Maximian 's rebellion ( edit ) A gold multiple of `` Unconquered Constantine '' with Sol Invictus , struck in 313 AD . The use of Sol 's image stressed Constantine 's status as his father 's successor , appealed to the educated citizens of Gaul , and it was considered less offensive than the traditional pagan pantheon to the Christians . In 310 AD , a dispossessed Maximian rebelled against Constantine while Constantine was away campaigning against the Franks . Maximian had been sent south to Arles with a contingent of Constantine 's army , in preparation for any attacks by Maxentius in southern Gaul . He announced that Constantine was dead , and took up the imperial purple . In spite of a large donative pledge to any who would support him as emperor , most of Constantine 's army remained loyal to their emperor , and Maximian was soon compelled to leave . Constantine soon heard of the rebellion , abandoned his campaign against the Franks , and marched his army up the Rhine . At Cabillunum ( Chalon - sur - Saône ) , he moved his troops onto waiting boats to row down the slow waters of the Saône to the quicker waters of the Rhone . He disembarked at Lugdunum ( Lyon ) . Maximian fled to Massilia ( Marseille ) , a town better able to withstand a long siege than Arles . It made little difference , however , as loyal citizens opened the rear gates to Constantine . Maximian was captured and reproved for his crimes . Constantine granted some clemency , but strongly encouraged his suicide . In July 310 AD , Maximian hanged himself . In spite of the earlier rupture in their relations , Maxentius was eager to present himself as his father 's devoted son after his death . He began minting coins with his father 's deified image , proclaiming his desire to avenge Maximian 's death . Constantine initially presented the suicide as an unfortunate family tragedy . By 311 AD , however , he was spreading another version . According to this , after Constantine had pardoned him , Maximian planned to murder Constantine in his sleep . Fausta learned of the plot and warned Constantine , who put a eunuch in his own place in bed . Maximian was apprehended when he killed the eunuch and was offered suicide , which he accepted . Along with using propaganda , Constantine instituted a damnatio memoriae on Maximian , destroying all inscriptions referring to him and eliminating any public work bearing his image . The death of Maximian required a shift in Constantine 's public image . He could no longer rely on his connection to the elder emperor Maximian , and needed a new source of legitimacy . In a speech delivered in Gaul on 25 July 310 AD , the anonymous orator reveals a previously unknown dynastic connection to Claudius II , a 3rd Century emperor famed for defeating the Goths and restoring order to the empire . Breaking away from tetrarchic models , the speech emphasizes Constantine 's ancestral prerogative to rule , rather than principles of imperial equality . The new ideology expressed in the speech made Galerius and Maximian irrelevant to Constantine 's right to rule . Indeed , the orator emphasizes ancestry to the exclusion of all other factors : `` No chance agreement of men , nor some unexpected consequence of favor , made you emperor , '' the orator declares to Constantine . The oration also moves away from the religious ideology of the Tetrarchy , with its focus on twin dynasties of Jupiter and Hercules . Instead , the orator proclaims that Constantine experienced a divine vision of Apollo and Victory granting him laurel wreaths of health and a long reign . In the likeness of Apollo Constantine recognized himself as the saving figure to whom would be granted `` rule of the whole world '' , as the poet Virgil had once foretold . The oration 's religious shift is paralleled by a similar shift in Constantine 's coinage . In his early reign , the coinage of Constantine advertised Mars as his patron . From 310 AD on , Mars was replaced by Sol Invictus , a god conventionally identified with Apollo . There is little reason to believe that either the dynastic connection or the divine vision are anything other than fiction , but their proclamation strengthened Constantine 's claims to legitimacy and increased his popularity among the citizens of Gaul . Civil wars ( edit ) See also : Civil wars of the Tetrarchy War against Maxentius ( edit ) Battles of Constantine I Turin Verona Milvian Bridge Cibalae Mardia Adrianople Hellespont Chrysopolis By the middle of 310 AD , Galerius had become too ill to involve himself in imperial politics . His final act survives : a letter to provincials posted in Nicomedia on 30 April 311 AD , proclaiming an end to the persecutions , and the resumption of religious toleration . He died soon after the edict 's proclamation , destroying what little remained of the tetrarchy . Maximinus mobilized against Licinius , and seized Asia Minor . A hasty peace was signed on a boat in the middle of the Bosphorus . While Constantine toured Britain and Gaul , Maxentius prepared for war . He fortified northern Italy , and strengthened his support in the Christian community by allowing it to elect a new Bishop of Rome , Eusebius . Maxentius ' rule was nevertheless insecure . His early support dissolved in the wake of heightened tax rates and depressed trade ; riots broke out in Rome and Carthage ; and Domitius Alexander was able to briefly usurp his authority in Africa . By 312 AD , he was a man barely tolerated , not one actively supported , even among Christian Italians . In the summer of 311 AD , Maxentius mobilized against Constantine while Licinius was occupied with affairs in the East . He declared war on Constantine , vowing to avenge his father 's `` murder '' . To prevent Maxentius from forming an alliance against him with Licinius , Constantine forged his own alliance with Licinius over the winter of 311 -- 312 AD , and offered him his sister Constantia in marriage . Maximinus considered Constantine 's arrangement with Licinius an affront to his authority . In response , he sent ambassadors to Rome , offering political recognition to Maxentius in exchange for a military support . Maxentius accepted . According to Eusebius , inter-regional travel became impossible , and there was military buildup everywhere . There was `` not a place where people were not expecting the onset of hostilities every day '' . Constantine 's advisers and generals cautioned against preemptive attack on Maxentius ; even his soothsayers recommended against it , stating that the sacrifices had produced unfavorable omens . Constantine , with a spirit that left a deep impression on his followers , inspiring some to believe that he had some form of supernatural guidance , ignored all these cautions . Early in the spring of 312 AD , Constantine crossed the Cottian Alps with a quarter of his army , a force numbering about 40,000 . The first town his army encountered was Segusium ( Susa , Italy ) , a heavily fortified town that shut its gates to him . Constantine ordered his men to set fire to its gates and scale its walls . He took the town quickly . Constantine ordered his troops not to loot the town , and advanced with them into northern Italy . At the approach to the west of the important city of Augusta Taurinorum ( Turin , Italy ) , Constantine met a large force of heavily armed Maxentian cavalry . In the ensuing battle Constantine 's army encircled Maxentius ' cavalry , flanked them with his own cavalry , and dismounted them with blows from his soldiers ' iron - tipped clubs . Constantine 's armies emerged victorious . Turin refused to give refuge to Maxentius ' retreating forces , opening its gates to Constantine instead . Other cities of the north Italian plain sent Constantine embassies of congratulation for his victory . He moved on to Milan , where he was met with open gates and jubilant rejoicing . Constantine rested his army in Milan until mid-summer 312 AD , when he moved on to Brixia ( Brescia ) . Brescia 's army was easily dispersed , and Constantine quickly advanced to Verona , where a large Maxentian force was camped . Ruricius Pompeianus , general of the Veronese forces and Maxentius ' praetorian prefect , was in a strong defensive position , since the town was surrounded on three sides by the Adige . Constantine sent a small force north of the town in an attempt to cross the river unnoticed . Ruricius sent a large detachment to counter Constantine 's expeditionary force , but was defeated . Constantine 's forces successfully surrounded the town and laid siege . Ruricius gave Constantine the slip and returned with a larger force to oppose Constantine . Constantine refused to let up on the siege , and sent only a small force to oppose him . In the desperately fought encounter that followed , Ruricius was killed and his army destroyed . Verona surrendered soon afterwards , followed by Aquileia , Mutina ( Modena ) , and Ravenna . The road to Rome was now wide open to Constantine . The Milvian Bridge ( Ponte Milvio ) over the Tiber , north of Rome , where Constantine and Maxentius fought in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge Maxentius prepared for the same type of war he had waged against Severus and Galerius : he sat in Rome and prepared for a siege . He still controlled Rome 's praetorian guards , was well - stocked with African grain , and was surrounded on all sides by the seemingly impregnable Aurelian Walls . He ordered all bridges across the Tiber cut , reportedly on the counsel of the gods , and left the rest of central Italy undefended ; Constantine secured that region 's support without challenge . Constantine progressed slowly along the Via Flaminia , allowing the weakness of Maxentius to draw his regime further into turmoil . Maxentius ' support continued to weaken : at chariot races on 27 October , the crowd openly taunted Maxentius , shouting that Constantine was invincible . Maxentius , no longer certain that he would emerge from a siege victorious , built a temporary boat bridge across the Tiber in preparation for a field battle against Constantine . On 28 October 312 AD , the sixth anniversary of his reign , he approached the keepers of the Sibylline Books for guidance . The keepers prophesied that , on that very day , `` the enemy of the Romans '' would die . Maxentius advanced north to meet Constantine in battle . Constantine and his army adopt the Greek letters for Christ 's initials : Chi Rho ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the Milvian Bridge Further information : Ponte Milvio The Battle of the Milvian Bridge by Giulio Romano Maxentius organized his forces -- still twice the size of Constantine 's -- in long lines facing the battle plain , with their backs to the river . Constantine 's army arrived at the field bearing unfamiliar symbols on either its standards or its soldiers ' shields . According to Lactantius , Constantine was visited by a dream the night before the battle , wherein he was advised `` to mark the heavenly sign of God on the shields of his soldiers ... by means of a slanted letter X with the top of its head bent round , he marked Christ on their shields . '' Eusebius describes another version , where , while marching at midday , `` he saw with his own eyes in the heavens a trophy of the cross arising from the light of the sun , carrying the message , In Hoc Signo Vinces or `` with this sign , you shall win '' ; in Eusebius 's account , Constantine had a dream the following night , in which Christ appeared with the same heavenly sign , and told him to make a standard , the labarum , for his army in that form . Eusebius is vague about when and where these events took place , but it enters his narrative before the war against Maxentius begins . Eusebius describes the sign as Chi ( Χ ) traversed by Rho ( Ρ ) : ☧ , a symbol representing the first two letters of the Greek spelling of the word Christos or Christ . In 315 AD a medallion was issued at Ticinum showing Constantine wearing a helmet emblazoned with the Chi Rho , and coins issued at Siscia in 317 / 318 AD repeat the image . The figure was otherwise rare , however , and is uncommon in imperial iconography and propaganda before the 320s . Constantine deployed his own forces along the whole length of Maxentius ' line . He ordered his cavalry to charge , and they broke Maxentius ' cavalry . He then sent his infantry against Maxentius ' infantry , pushing many into the Tiber where they were slaughtered and drowned . The battle was brief : Maxentius ' troops were broken before the first charge . Maxentius ' horse guards and praetorians initially held their position , but broke under the force of a Constantinian cavalry charge ; they also broke ranks and fled to the river . Maxentius rode with them , and attempted to cross the bridge of boats , but he was pushed by the mass of his fleeing soldiers into the Tiber , and drowned . In Rome ( edit ) Colossal head of Constantine , from a seated statue : a youthful , classicising , other - worldly official image ( Metropolitan Museum of Art ) Constantine entered Rome on 29 October 312 . He staged a grand adventus in the city , and was met with popular jubilation . Maxentius ' body was fished out of the Tiber and decapitated . His head was paraded through the streets for all to see . After the ceremonies , Maxentius ' disembodied head was sent to Carthage ; at this , Carthage would offer no further resistance . Unlike his predecessors , Constantine neglected to make the trip to the Capitoline Hill and perform customary sacrifices at the Temple of Jupiter . He did , however , choose to honor the Senatorial Curia with a visit , where he promised to restore its ancestral privileges and give it a secure role in his reformed government : there would be no revenge against Maxentius ' supporters . In response , the Senate decreed him `` title of the first name '' , which meant his name would be listed first in all official documents , and acclaimed him as `` the greatest Augustus '' . He issued decrees returning property lost under Maxentius , recalling political exiles , and releasing Maxentius ' imprisoned opponents . An extensive propaganda campaign followed , during which Maxentius ' image was systematically purged from all public places . Maxentius was written up as a `` tyrant '' , and set against an idealized image of the `` liberator '' , Constantine . Eusebius , in his later works , is the best representative of this strand of Constantinian propaganda . Maxentius ' rescripts were declared invalid , and the honors Maxentius had granted to leaders of the Senate were invalidated . Constantine also attempted to remove Maxentius ' influence on Rome 's urban landscape . All structures built by Maxentius were re-dedicated to Constantine , including the Temple of Romulus and the Basilica of Maxentius . At the focal point of the basilica , a stone statue of Constantine holding the Christian labarum in its hand was erected . Its inscription bore the message the statue had already made clear : By this sign Constantine had freed Rome from the yoke of the tyrant . Where he did not overwrite Maxentius ' achievements , Constantine upstaged them : the Circus Maximus was redeveloped so that its total seating capacity was twenty - five times larger than that of Maxentius ' racing complex on the Via Appia . Maxentius ' strongest supporters in the military were neutralized when the Praetorian Guard and Imperial Horse Guard ( equites singulares ) were disbanded . The tombstones of the Imperial Horse Guard were ground up and put to use in a basilica on the Via Labicana . On November 9 , 312 AD , barely two weeks after Constantine captured the city , the former base of the Imperial Horse Guard was chosen for redevelopment into the Lateran Basilica . The Legio II Parthica was removed from Alba ( Albano Laziale ) , and the remainder of Maxentius ' armies were sent to do frontier duty on the Rhine . Wars against Licinius ( edit ) In the following years , Constantine gradually consolidated his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling Tetrarchy . In 313 , he met Licinius in Milan to secure their alliance by the marriage of Licinius and Constantine 's half - sister Constantia . During this meeting , the emperors agreed on the so - called Edict of Milan , officially granting full tolerance to Christianity and all religions in the Empire . The document had special benefits for Christians , legalizing their religion and granting them restoration for all property seized during Diocletian 's persecution . It repudiates past methods of religious coercion and used only general terms to refer to the divine sphere -- `` Divinity '' and `` Supreme Divinity '' , summa divinitas . The conference was cut short , however , when news reached Licinius that his rival Maximin had crossed the Bosporus and invaded European territory . Licinius departed and eventually defeated Maximin , gaining control over the entire eastern half of the Roman Empire . Relations between the two remaining emperors deteriorated , as Constantine suffered an assassination attempt at the hands of a character that Licinius wanted elevated to the rank of Caesar ; Licinius , for his part , had Constantine 's statues in Emona destroyed . In either 314 or 316 AD , the two Augusti fought against one another at the Battle of Cibalae , with Constantine being victorious . They clashed again at the Battle of Mardia in 317 , and agreed to a settlement in which Constantine 's sons Crispus and Constantine II , and Licinius ' son Licinianus were made caesars . After this arrangement , Constantine ruled the dioceses of Pannonia and Macedonia and took residence at Sirmium , whence he could wage war on the Goths and Sarmatians in 322 , and on the Goths in 323 . In the year 320 , Licinius allegedly reneged on the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan in 313 and began to oppress Christians anew , generally without bloodshed , but resorting to confiscations and sacking of Christian office - holders . Although this characterization of Licinius as anti-Christian is somewhat doubtful , the fact is that he seems to have been far less open in his support of Christianity than Constantine . Therefore , Licinius was prone to see the Church as a force more loyal to Constantine than to the Imperial system in general , as the explanation offered by the Church historian Sozomen . This dubious arrangement eventually became a challenge to Constantine in the West , climaxing in the great civil war of 324 . Licinius , aided by Goth mercenaries , represented the past and the ancient pagan faiths . Constantine and his Franks marched under the standard of the labarum , and both sides saw the battle in religious terms . Outnumbered , but fired by their zeal , Constantine 's army emerged victorious in the Battle of Adrianople . Licinius fled across the Bosphorus and appointed Martius Martinianus , the commander of his bodyguard , as Caesar , but Constantine next won the Battle of the Hellespont , and finally the Battle of Chrysopolis on 18 September 324 . Licinius and Martinianus surrendered to Constantine at Nicomedia on the promise their lives would be spared : they were sent to live as private citizens in Thessalonica and Cappadocia respectively , but in 325 Constantine accused Licinius of plotting against him and had them both arrested and hanged ; Licinius 's son ( the son of Constantine 's half - sister ) was also killed . Thus Constantine became the sole emperor of the Roman Empire . Later rule ( edit ) Foundation of Constantinople ( edit ) Coin struck by Constantine I to commemorate the founding of Constantinople Licinius ' defeat came to represent the defeat of a rival center of pagan and Greek - speaking political activity in the East , as opposed to the Christian and Latin - speaking Rome , and it was proposed that a new Eastern capital should represent the integration of the East into the Roman Empire as a whole , as a center of learning , prosperity , and cultural preservation for the whole of the Eastern Roman Empire . Among the various locations proposed for this alternative capital , Constantine appears to have toyed earlier with Serdica ( present - day Sofia ) , as he was reported saying that `` Serdica is my Rome '' . Sirmium and Thessalonica were also considered . Eventually , however , Constantine decided to work on the Greek city of Byzantium , which offered the advantage of having already been extensively rebuilt on Roman patterns of urbanism , during the preceding century , by Septimius Severus and Caracalla , who had already acknowledged its strategic importance . The city was thus founded in 324 , dedicated on 11 May 330 and renamed Constantinopolis ( `` Constantine 's City '' or Constantinople in English ) . Special commemorative coins were issued in 330 to honor the event . The new city was protected by the relics of the True Cross , the Rod of Moses and other holy relics , though a cameo now at the Hermitage Museum also represented Constantine crowned by the tyche of the new city . The figures of old gods were either replaced or assimilated into a framework of Christian symbolism . Constantine built the new Church of the Holy Apostles on the site of a temple to Aphrodite . Generations later there was the story that a divine vision led Constantine to this spot , and an angel no one else could see , led him on a circuit of the new walls . The capital would often be compared to the ' old ' Rome as Nova Roma Constantinopolitana , the `` New Rome of Constantinople '' . Religious policy ( edit ) Further information : Constantine I and Christianity , Constantine I and paganism , and Constantine the Great and Judaism Constantine the Great , mosaic in Hagia Sophia , c. 1000 Constantine was the first emperor to stop Christian persecutions and to legalise Christianity along with all other religions and cults in the Roman Empire . In February 313 , Constantine met with Licinius in Milan , where they developed the Edict of Milan . The edict stated that Christians should be allowed to follow the faith without oppression . This removed penalties for professing Christianity , under which many had been martyred previously , and returned confiscated Church property . The edict protected from religious persecution not only Christians but all religions , allowing anyone to worship whichever deity they chose . A similar edict had been issued in 311 by Galerius , then senior emperor of the Tetrarchy ; Galerius ' edict granted Christians the right to practise their religion but did not restore any property to them . The Edict of Milan included several clauses which stated that all confiscated churches would be returned as well as other provisions for previously persecuted Christians . Scholars debate whether Constantine adopted his mother St. Helena 's Christianity in his youth , or whether he adopted it gradually over the course of his life . Constantine possibly retained the title of pontifex maximus , a title emperors bore as heads of the ancient Roman religion priesthood until Gratian ( r . 375 -- 383 ) renounced the title . According to Christian writers , Constantine was over 40 when he finally declared himself a Christian , writing to Christians to make clear that he believed he owed his successes to the protection of the Christian High God alone . Throughout his rule , Constantine supported the Church financially , built basilicas , granted privileges to clergy ( e.g. exemption from certain taxes ) , promoted Christians to high office , and returned property confiscated during the Diocletianic persecution . His most famous building projects include the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , and Old Saint Peter 's Basilica . Apparently Constantine did not patronize Christianity alone . After gaining victory in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge ( 312 ) , a triumphal arch -- the Arch of Constantine -- was built ( 315 ) to celebrate his triumph . The arch is decorated with images of the goddess Victoria . At the time of its dedication , sacrifices to gods like Apollo , Diana , and Hercules were made . Absent from the Arch are any depictions of Christian symbolism . However , as the Arch was commissioned by the Senate , the absence of Christian symbols may reflect the role of the Curia at the time as a pagan redoubt . In 321 , he legislated that the venerable Sunday should be a day of rest for all citizens . In the year 323 , he issued a decree banning Christians from participating in state sacrifices . After the pagan gods had disappeared from his coinage , Christian symbols appeared as Constantine 's attributes : the chi rho between his hands or on his labarum , as well on the coin itself . Constantine burning Arian books . Drawing from a 9th - century manuscript . The reign of Constantine established a precedent for the position of the emperor as having great influence and ultimate regulatory authority within the religious discussions involving the early Christian councils of that time , e.g. , most notably the dispute over Arianism . Constantine himself disliked the risks to societal stability that religious disputes and controversies brought with them , preferring where possible to establish an orthodoxy . His influence over the early Church councils was to enforce doctrine , root out heresy , and uphold ecclesiastical unity ; what proper worship and doctrines and dogma consisted of was for the Church to determine , in the hands of the participating bishops . Most notably , from 313 to 316 bishops in North Africa struggled with other Christian bishops who had been ordained by Donatus in opposition to Caecilian . The African bishops could not come to terms and the Donatists asked Constantine to act as a judge in the dispute . Three regional Church councils and another trial before Constantine all ruled against Donatus and the Donatism movement in North Africa . In 317 Constantine issued an edict to confiscate Donatist church property and to send Donatist clergy into exile . More significantly , in 325 he summoned the Council of Nicaea , effectively the first Ecumenical Council ( unless the Council of Jerusalem is so classified ) , most known for its dealing with Arianism and for instituting the Nicene Creed . Constantine enforced the prohibition of the First Council of Nicaea against celebrating the Lord 's Supper on the day before the Jewish Passover ( 14 Nisan ) ( see Quartodecimanism and Easter controversy ) . This marked a definite break of Christianity from the Judaic tradition . From then on the Roman Julian Calendar , a solar calendar , was given precedence over the lunisolar Hebrew Calendar among the Christian churches of the Roman Empire . Constantine made some new laws regarding the Jews , but while some of his edicts were unfavorable towards Jews , they were not harsher than those of his predecessors . It was made illegal for Jews to seek converts or to attack other Jews who had converted to Christianity . They were forbidden to own Christian slaves or to circumcise their slaves . On the other hand , Jewish clergy were given the same exemptions as Christian clergy . Administrative reforms ( edit ) The surviving head , measuring more than 2 meters , of Constantine 's colossal statue at the Capitoline Museums . The original statue of marble was acrolithic with the torso consisting of a cuirass in bronze . Beginning in the mid-3rd century the emperors began to favor members of the equestrian order over senators , who had had a monopoly on the most important offices of state . Senators were stripped of the command of legions and most provincial governorships ( as it was felt that they lacked the specialized military upbringing needed in an age of acute defense needs ) , such posts being given to equestrians by Diocletian and his colleagues -- following a practice enforced piecemeal by their predecessors . The emperors , however , still needed the talents and the help of the very rich , who were relied on to maintain social order and cohesion by means of a web of powerful influence and contacts at all levels . Exclusion of the old senatorial aristocracy threatened this arrangement . In 326 , Constantine reversed this pro-equestrian trend , raising many administrative positions to senatorial rank and thus opening these offices to the old aristocracy , and at the same time elevating the rank of already existing equestrian office - holders to senator , degrading the equestrian order -- at least as a bureaucratic rank -- in the process , so that by the end of the 4th century the title of perfectissimus was granted only to mid-low officials . By the new Constantinian arrangement , one could become a senator , either by being elected praetor or ( in most cases ) by fulfilling a function of senatorial rank : from then on , holding of actual power and social status were melded together into a joint imperial hierarchy . At the same time , Constantine gained with this the support of the old nobility , as the Senate was allowed itself to elect praetors and quaestors , in place of the usual practice of the emperors directly creating new magistrates ( adlectio ) . In one inscription in honor of city prefect ( 336 -- 337 ) Ceionius Rufus Albinus , it was written that Constantine had restored the Senate `` the auctoritas it had lost at Caesar 's time '' . The Senate as a body remained devoid of any significant power ; nevertheless , the senators , who had been marginalized as potential holders of imperial functions during the 3rd century , could now dispute such positions alongside more upstart bureaucrats . Some modern historians see in those administrative reforms an attempt by Constantine at reintegrating the senatorial order into the imperial administrative elite to counter the possibility of alienating pagan senators from a Christianized imperial rule ; however , such an interpretation remains conjectural , given the fact that we do not have the precise numbers about pre-Constantine conversions to Christianity in the old senatorial milieu -- some historians suggesting that early conversions among the old aristocracy were more numerous than previously supposed . Constantine 's reforms had to do only with the civilian administration : the military chiefs , who since the Crisis of the Third Century had risen from the ranks , remained outside the senate , in which they were included only by Constantine 's children . Monetary reforms ( edit ) A Nummus of Constantine After the runaway inflation of the third century , associated with the production of fiat money to pay for public expenses , Diocletian had tried unsuccessfully to re establish trustworthy minting of silver and billon coins . The failure of the various Diocletianic attempts at the restoration of a functioning silver coin resided in the fact that the silver currency was overvalued in terms of its actual metal content , and therefore could only circulate at much discounted rates . Minting of the Diocletianic `` pure '' silver argenteus ceased , therefore , soon after 305 , while the billon currency continued to be used until the 360s . From the early 300s on , Constantine forsook any attempts at restoring the silver currency , preferring instead to concentrate on minting large quantities of good standard gold pieces -- the solidus , 72 of which made a pound of gold . New ( and highly debased ) silver pieces would continue to be issued during Constantine 's later reign and after his death , in a continuous process of retariffing , until this bullion minting eventually ceased , de jure , in 367 , with the silver piece being de facto continued by various denominations of bronze coins , the most important being the centenionalis . These bronze pieces continued to be devalued , assuring the possibility of keeping fiduciary minting alongside a gold standard . The anonymous author of the possibly contemporary treatise on military affairs De Rebus Bellicis held that , as a consequence of this monetary policy , the rift between classes widened : the rich benefited from the stability in purchasing power of the gold piece , while the poor had to cope with ever - degrading bronze pieces . Later emperors like Julian the Apostate tried to present themselves as advocates of the humiles by insisting on trustworthy mintings of the bronze currency . Constantine 's monetary policies were closely associated with his religious ones , in that increased minting was associated with measures of confiscation -- taken since 331 and closed in 336 -- of all gold , silver and bronze statues from pagan temples , who were declared as imperial property and , as such , as monetary assets . Two imperial commissioners for each province had the task of getting hold of the statues and having them melted for immediate minting -- with the exception of a number of bronze statues who were used as public monuments for the beautification of the new capital in Constantinople . Executions of Crispus and Fausta ( edit ) On some date between 15 May and 17 June 326 , Constantine had his eldest son Crispus , by Minervina , seized and put to death by `` cold poison '' at Pola ( Pula , Croatia ) . In July , Constantine had his wife , the Empress Fausta , killed in an over-heated bath . Their names were wiped from the face of many inscriptions , references to their lives in the literary record were eradicated , and the memory of both was condemned . Eusebius , for example , edited praise of Crispus out of later copies of his Historia Ecclesiastica , and his Vita Constantini contains no mention of Fausta or Crispus at all . Few ancient sources are willing to discuss possible motives for the events ; those few that do offer unconvincing rationales , are of later provenance , and are generally unreliable . At the time of the executions , it was commonly believed that the Empress Fausta was either in an illicit relationship with Crispus , or was spreading rumors to that effect . A popular myth arose , modified to allude to Hippolytus -- Phaedra legend , with the suggestion that Constantine killed Crispus and Fausta for their immoralities . One source , the largely fictional Passion of Artemius , probably penned in the eighth century by John of Damascus , makes the legendary connection explicit . As an interpretation of the executions , the myth rests on only `` the slimmest of evidence '' : sources that allude to the relationship between Crispus and Fausta are late and unreliable , and the modern suggestion that Constantine 's `` godly '' edicts of 326 and the irregularities of Crispus are somehow connected rests on no evidence at all . Although Constantine created his apparent heirs `` Caesars '' , following a pattern established by Diocletian , he gave his creations a hereditary character , alien to the tetrarchic system : Constantine 's Caesars were to be kept in the hope of ascending to Empire , and entirely subordinated to their Augustus , as long as he was alive . Therefore , an alternative explanation for the execution of Crispus was , perhaps , Constantine 's desire to keep a firm grip on his prospective heirs , this -- and Fausta 's desire for having her sons inheriting instead of their half - brother -- being reason enough for killing Crispus ; the subsequent execution of Fausta , however , was probably meant as a reminder to her children that Constantine would not hesitate in `` killing his own relatives when he felt this was necessary '' . Later campaigns ( edit ) The Roman Empire in 337 , showing Constantine 's conquests in Dacia across the lower Danube ( shaded purple ) and other Roman dependencies ( light purple ) . Constantine considered Constantinople his capital and permanent residence . He lived there for a good portion of his later life . In 328 the emperor Constantine the Great inaugurated the Constantine 's Bridge ( Danube ) at Sucidava , ( today Celei in Romania ) in hopes of reconquering Dacia , a province that had been abandoned under Aurelian . In the late winter of 332 , Constantine campaigned with the Sarmatians against the Goths . The weather and lack of food cost the Goths dearly : reportedly , nearly one hundred thousand died before they submitted to Rome . In 334 , after Sarmatian commoners had overthrown their leaders , Constantine led a campaign against the tribe . He won a victory in the war and extended his control over the region , as remains of camps and fortifications in the region indicate . Constantine resettled some Sarmatian exiles as farmers in Illyrian and Roman districts , and conscripted the rest into the army . The new frontier in Dacia was along the Brazda lui Novac line supported by new castra . Constantine took the title Dacicus maximus in 336 . Gold medallion struck at Nicomedia in 336 -- 337 to celebrate the 30th anniversary of his rule In the last years of his life Constantine made plans for a campaign against Persia . In a letter written to the king of Persia , Shapur , Constantine had asserted his patronage over Persia 's Christian subjects and urged Shapur to treat them well . The letter is undatable . In response to border raids , Constantine sent Constantius to guard the eastern frontier in 335 . In 336 , prince Narseh invaded Armenia ( a Christian kingdom since 301 ) and installed a Persian client on the throne . Constantine then resolved to campaign against Persia himself . He treated the war as a Christian crusade , calling for bishops to accompany the army and commissioning a tent in the shape of a church to follow him everywhere . Constantine planned to be baptized in the Jordan River before crossing into Persia . Persian diplomats came to Constantinople over the winter of 336 -- 337 , seeking peace , but Constantine turned them away . The campaign was called off , however , when Constantine became sick in the spring of 337 . Sickness and death ( edit ) The Baptism of Constantine , as imagined by students of Raphael Constantine had known death would soon come . Within the Church of the Holy Apostles , Constantine had secretly prepared a final resting - place for himself . It came sooner than he had expected . Soon after the Feast of Easter 337 , Constantine fell seriously ill . He left Constantinople for the hot baths near his mother 's city of Helenopolis ( Altinova ) , on the southern shores of the Gulf of Nicomedia ( present - day Gulf of İzmit ) . There , in a church his mother built in honor of Lucian the Apostle , he prayed , and there he realized that he was dying . Seeking purification , he became a catechumen , and attempted a return to Constantinople , making it only as far as a suburb of Nicomedia . He summoned the bishops , and told them of his hope to be baptized in the River Jordan , where Christ was written to have been baptized . He requested the baptism right away , promising to live a more Christian life should he live through his illness . The bishops , Eusebius records , `` performed the sacred ceremonies according to custom '' . He chose the Arianizing bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia , bishop of the city where he lay dying , as his baptizer . In postponing his baptism , he followed one custom at the time which postponed baptism until after infancy . It has been thought that Constantine put off baptism as long as he did so as to be absolved from as much of his sin as possible . Constantine died soon after at a suburban villa called Achyron , on the last day of the fifty - day festival of Pentecost directly following Pascha ( or Easter ) , on 22 May 337 . The Constantinian dynasty down to Gratian ( r . 367 -- 383 ) Although Constantine 's death follows the conclusion of the Persian campaign in Eusebius 's account , most other sources report his death as occurring in its middle . Emperor Julian ( a nephew of Constantine ) , writing in the mid-350s , observes that the Sassanians escaped punishment for their ill - deeds , because Constantine died `` in the middle of his preparations for war '' . Similar accounts are given in the Origo Constantini , an anonymous document composed while Constantine was still living , and which has Constantine dying in Nicomedia ; the Historiae abbreviatae of Sextus Aurelius Victor , written in 361 , which has Constantine dying at an estate near Nicomedia called Achyrona while marching against the Persians ; and the Breviarium of Eutropius , a handbook compiled in 369 for the Emperor Valens , which has Constantine dying in a nameless state villa in Nicomedia . From these and other accounts , some have concluded that Eusebius 's Vita was edited to defend Constantine 's reputation against what Eusebius saw as a less congenial version of the campaign . Following his death , his body was transferred to Constantinople and buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles there . His body survived the plundering of the city during the Fourth Crusade in 1204 . Constantine was succeeded by his three sons born of Fausta , Constantine II , Constantius II and Constans . A number of relatives were killed by followers of Constantius , notably Constantine 's nephews Dalmatius ( who held the rank of Caesar ) and Hannibalianus , presumably to eliminate possible contenders to an already complicated succession . He also had two daughters , Constantina and Helena , wife of Emperor Julian . Legacy ( edit ) Bronze head of Constantine , from a colossal statue ( 4th century ) Although he earned his honorific of `` The Great '' ( `` Μέγας '' ) from Christian historians long after he had died , he could have claimed the title on his military achievements and victories alone . Besides reuniting the Empire under one emperor , Constantine won major victories over the Franks and Alamanni in 306 -- 308 , the Franks again in 313 -- 314 , the Goths in 332 and the Sarmatians in 334 . By 336 , Constantine had reoccupied most of the long - lost province of Dacia , which Aurelian had been forced to abandon in 271 . At the time of his death , he was planning a great expedition to end raids on the eastern provinces from the Persian Empire . Serving for a total of almost 31 years ( combining his years as co-ruler and sole ruler ) , he was also the longest serving emperor since Augustus and the second longest serving emperor in Roman history . In the cultural sphere Constantine contributed to the revival of the clean shaven face fashion of the Roman emperors from Augustus to Trajan , which was originally introduced among the Romans by Scipio Africanus . This new Roman imperial fashion lasted until the reign of Phocas . The Byzantine Empire considered Constantine its founder and the Holy Roman Empire reckoned him among the venerable figures of its tradition . In the later Byzantine state , it had become a great honor for an emperor to be hailed as a `` new Constantine '' . Ten emperors , including the last emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire , carried the name . Monumental Constantinian forms were used at the court of Charlemagne to suggest that he was Constantine 's successor and equal . Constantine acquired a mythic role as a warrior against `` heathens '' . The motif of the Romanesque equestrian , the mounted figure in the posture of a triumphant Roman emperor , became a visual metaphor in statuary in praise of local benefactors . The name `` Constantine '' itself enjoyed renewed popularity in western France in the eleventh and twelfth centuries . The Orthodox Church considers Constantine a saint ( Άγιος Κωνσταντίνος , Saint Constantine ) , having a feast day on 21 May , and calls him isapostolos ( Ισαπόστολος Κωνσταντίνος ) -- an equal of the Apostles . The Niš Airport is named `` Constantine the Great '' in honor of him . A large Cross was planned to be built on a hill overlooking Niš , but the project was cancelled . In 2012 , a memorial was erected in Niš in his honor . The Commemoration of the Edict of Milan was held in Niš in 2013 . Historiography ( edit ) Part of a series on Christianity Jesus Christ ( show ) Jesus in Christianity Son of God Virgin birth Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Bible Foundations ( show ) Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Books Church Creed New Covenant Theology ( show ) God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Catholicism Christology History of theology Mission Patriology Pneumatology Salvation History Tradition ( show ) Mary Joseph Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Christianity Constantine Councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Luther Protestant Reformation Radical Reformation Related topics ( show ) Art Holidays ( list ) Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Denominations Groups ( show ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witness Latter Day Saint Oneness Pentecostal Christianity portal During his life and those of his sons , Constantine was presented as a paragon of virtue . Pagans such as Praxagoras of Athens and Libanius showered him with praise . When the last of his sons died in 361 , however , his nephew ( and son - in - law ) Julian the Apostate wrote the satire Symposium , or the Saturnalia , which denigrated Constantine , calling him inferior to the great pagan emperors , and given over to luxury and greed . Following Julian , Eunapius began -- and Zosimus continued -- a historiographic tradition that blamed Constantine for weakening the Empire through his indulgence to the Christians . Constantius appoints Constantine as his successor by Peter Paul Rubens , 1622 In both medieval East and West , Constantine was presented as an ideal ruler , the standard against which any king or emperor could be measured . The Renaissance rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources prompted a re-evaluation of Constantine 's career . The German humanist Johann Löwenklau , discoverer of Zosimus ' writings , published a Latin translation thereof in 1576 . In its preface , he argued that Zosimus ' picture of Constantine was superior to that offered by Eusebius and the Church historians , offered a more balanced view . Cardinal Caesar Baronius , a man of the Counter-Reformation , criticized Zosimus , favoring Eusebius ' account of the Constantinian era . Baronius ' Life of Constantine ( 1588 ) presents Constantine as the model of a Christian prince . For his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1776 -- 89 ) , Edward Gibbon , aiming to unite the two extremes of Constantinian scholarship , offered a portrait of Constantine built on the contrasted narratives of Eusebius and Zosimus . In a form that parallels his account of the empire 's decline , Gibbon presents a noble war hero corrupted by Christian influences , who transforms into an Oriental despot in his old age : `` a hero ... degenerating into a cruel and dissolute monarch '' . Modern interpretations of Constantine 's rule begin with Jacob Burckhardt 's The Age of Constantine the Great ( 1853 , rev. 1880 ) . Burckhardt 's Constantine is a scheming secularist , a politician who manipulates all parties in a quest to secure his own power . Henri Grégoire , writing in the 1930s , followed Burckhardt 's evaluation of Constantine . For Grégoire , Constantine developed an interest in Christianity only after witnessing its political usefulness . Grégoire was skeptical of the authenticity of Eusebius ' Vita , and postulated a pseudo-Eusebius to assume responsibility for the vision and conversion narratives of that work . Otto Seeck , in Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt ( 1920 -- 23 ) , and André Piganiol , in L'empereur Constantin ( 1932 ) , wrote against this historiographic tradition . Seeck presented Constantine as a sincere war hero , whose ambiguities were the product of his own naïve inconsistency . Piganiol 's Constantine is a philosophical monotheist , a child of his era 's religious syncretism . Related histories by A.H.M. Jones ( Constantine and the Conversion of Europe , 1949 ) and Ramsay MacMullen ( Constantine , 1969 ) gave portraits of a less visionary , and more impulsive , Constantine . These later accounts were more willing to present Constantine as a genuine convert to Christianity . Beginning with Norman H. Baynes ' Constantine the Great and the Christian Church ( 1929 ) and reinforced by Andreas Alföldi 's The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome ( 1948 ) , a historiographic tradition developed which presented Constantine as a committed Christian . T.D. Barnes 's seminal Constantine and Eusebius ( 1981 ) represents the culmination of this trend . Barnes ' Constantine experienced a radical conversion , which drove him on a personal crusade to convert his empire . Charles Matson Odahl 's recent Constantine and the Christian Empire ( 2004 ) takes much the same tack . In spite of Barnes ' work , arguments over the strength and depth of Constantine 's religious conversion continue . Certain themes in this school reached new extremes in T.G. Elliott 's The Christianity of Constantine the Great ( 1996 ) , which presented Constantine as a committed Christian from early childhood . A similar view of Constantine is held in Paul Veyne 's recent ( 2007 ) work , Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien , which does not speculate on the origins of Constantine 's Christian motivation , but presents him , in his role as Emperor , as a religious revolutionary who fervently believed himself meant `` to play a providential role in the millenary economy of the salvation of humanity '' . Donation of Constantine ( edit ) Main article : Donation of Constantine Latin Rite Catholics considered it inappropriate that Constantine was baptized only on his death - bed and by an unorthodox bishop , as it undermined the authority of the Papacy . Hence , by the early fourth century , a legend had emerged that Pope Sylvester I ( 314 -- 335 ) had cured the pagan emperor from leprosy . According to this legend , Constantine was soon baptized , and began the construction of a church in the Lateran Palace . In the eighth century , most likely during the pontificate of Stephen II ( 752 -- 757 ) , a document called the Donation of Constantine first appeared , in which the freshly converted Constantine hands the temporal rule over `` the city of Rome and all the provinces , districts , and cities of Italy and the Western regions '' to Sylvester and his successors . In the High Middle Ages , this document was used and accepted as the basis for the Pope 's temporal power , though it was denounced as a forgery by Emperor Otto III and lamented as the root of papal worldliness by the poet Dante Alighieri . The 15th century philologist Lorenzo Valla proved the document was indeed a forgery . Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia ( edit ) During the medieval period , Britons regarded Constantine as a king of their own people , particularly associating him with Caernarfon in Gwynedd . While some of this is owed to his fame and his proclamation as Emperor in Britain , there was also confusion of his family with Magnus Maximus 's supposed wife Saint Elen and her son , another Constantine ( Welsh : Custennin ) . In the 12th century Henry of Huntingdon included a passage in his Historia Anglorum that the emperor Constantine 's mother was a Briton , making her the daughter of King Cole of Colchester . Geoffrey of Monmouth expanded this story in his highly fictionalized Historia Regum Britanniae , an account of the supposed Kings of Britain from their Trojan origins to the Anglo - Saxon invasion . According to Geoffrey , Cole was King of the Britons when Constantius , here a senator , came to Britain . Afraid of the Romans , Cole submitted to Roman law so long as he retained his kingship . However , he died only a month later , and Constantius took the throne himself , marrying Cole 's daughter Helena . They had their son Constantine , who succeeded his father as King of Britain before becoming Roman Emperor . Historically , this series of events is extremely improbable . Constantius had already left Helena by the time he left for Britain . Additionally , no earlier source mentions that Helena was born in Britain , let alone that she was a princess . Henry 's source for the story is unknown , though it may have been a lost hagiography of Helena . See also ( edit ) Byzantine Empire portal Colossus of Constantine Constantinian shift Fifty Bibles of Constantine German and Sarmatian campaigns of Constantine List of Byzantine Emperors Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ With the possible exception of Philip the Arab ( r . 244 -- 249 ) . See Philip the Arab and Christianity . Jump up ^ Constantine was not baptised until just before his death . Citations ( edit ) Essays from The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine are marked with a `` ( CC ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Birth dates vary but most modern historians use c. 272 `` . Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 59 . Jump up ^ In Classical Latin , Constantine 's official imperial title was IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS , Imperator Caesar Flavius Constantine Augustus , the pious , the fortunate , the undefeated . After 312 , he added MAXIMVS ( `` the greatest '' ) , and he replaced ( `` undefeated '' ) with VICTOR after 325 , as invictus reminded many of Sol Invictus , the Sun God . Jump up ^ Among Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , and Byzantine Catholic Christians . The Byzantine liturgical calendar observed by the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine rite lists both Constantine and his mother Helena as saints . He is not included in the Latin Church 's list of saints , which does recognise several other Constantines as saints , although he is revered under the title `` The Great '' for his contributions to Christianity . Jump up ^ I. Shahîd , Rome and the Arabs ( Washington , D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks , 1984 ) , 65 -- 93 ; H.A. Pohlsander , `` Philip the Arab and Christianity '' , Historia 29 : 4 ( 1980 ) : 463 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Gregory , A History of Byzantium , 49 . Jump up ^ Van Dam , Remembering Constantine at the Milvian Bridge , 30 . Jump up ^ `` Constantine the Great '' . About.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Jonathan ( 2017 ) . Constantinople : Capital of Byzantium ( 2nd ed . ) . Bloomsbury Academic . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Bleckmann , `` Sources for the History of Constantine '' ( CC ) , p. 14 ; Cameron , p. 90 -- 91 ; Lenski , `` Introduction '' ( CC ) , 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bleckmann , `` Sources for the History of Constantine '' ( CC ) , p. 23 -- 25 ; Cameron , 90 -- 91 ; Southern , 169 . Jump up ^ Cameron , 90 ; Southern , 169 . Jump up ^ Bleckmann , `` Sources for the History of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 14 ; Corcoran , Empire of the Tetrarchs , 1 ; Lenski , `` Introduction '' ( CC ) , 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 265 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Drake , `` What Eusebius Knew , '' 21 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Vita Constantini 1.11 ; Odahl , 3 . Jump up ^ Lenski , `` Introduction '' ( CC ) , 5 ; Storch , 145 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 265 -- 71 ; Cameron , 90 -- 92 ; Cameron and Hall , 4 -- 6 ; Elliott , `` Eusebian Frauds in the `` Vita Constantini '' `` , 162 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Lieu and Montserrat , 39 ; Odahl , 3 . Jump up ^ Bleckmann , `` Sources for the History of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 26 ; Lieu and Montserrat , 40 ; Odahl , 3 . Jump up ^ Lieu and Montserrat , 40 ; Odahl , 3 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 12 -- 14 ; Bleckmann , `` Sources for the History of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 24 ; Mackay , 207 ; Odahl , 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 225 ; Bleckmann , `` Sources for the History of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 28 -- 29 ; Odahl , 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 225 ; Bleckmann , `` Sources for the History of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 26 -- 29 ; Odahl , 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Odahl , 6 , 10 . Jump up ^ Bleckmann , `` Sources for the History of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 27 -- 28 ; Lieu and Montserrat , 2 -- 6 ; Odahl , 6 -- 7 ; Warmington , 166 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Bleckmann , `` Sources for the History of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 24 ; Odahl , 8 ; Wienand , Kaiser als Sieger , 26 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Bleckmann , `` Sources for the History of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 20 -- 21 ; Johnson , `` Architecture of Empire '' ( CC ) , 288 -- 91 ; Odahl , 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Bleckmann , `` Sources for the History of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 17 -- 21 ; Odahl , 11 -- 14 ; Wienand , Kaiser als Sieger , 43 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 3 , 39 -- 42 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 17 ; Odahl , 15 ; Pohlsander , `` Constantine I '' ; Southern , 169 , 341 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 3 ; Barnes , New Empire , 39 -- 42 ; Elliott , `` Constantine 's Conversion , '' 425 -- 6 ; Elliott , `` Eusebian Frauds , '' 163 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 17 ; Jones , 13 -- 14 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 59 ; Odahl , 16 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 14 ; Rodgers , 238 ; Wright , 495 , 507 . Jump up ^ Odahl , Charles M. ( 2001 ) . Constantine and the Christian empire . London : Routledge . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 17485 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gabucci , Ada ( 2002 ) . Ancient Rome : art , architecture and history . Los Angeles , CA : J. Paul Getty Museum . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89236 - 656 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 3 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 59 -- 60 ; Odahl , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Constantine , 21 . Jump up ^ Panegyrici Latini 8 ( 5 ) , 9 ( 4 ) ; Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 8.7 ; Eusebius , Vita Constantini 1.13. 3 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 13 , 290 . Jump up ^ Drijvers , J.W. Helena Augusta : The Mother of Constantine the Great and the Legend of Her finding the True Cross ( Leiden , 1991 ) 9 , 15 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 3 ; Barnes , New Empire , 39 -- 40 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 17 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 59 , 83 ; Odahl , 16 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 14 . Jump up ^ Tejirian , Eleanor H. ; Simon , Reeva Spector ( 2012 ) . Conflict , conquest , and conversion two thousand years of Christian missions in the Middle East . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 51109 - 4 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , p. 8 -- 14 ; Corcoran , `` Before Constantine '' ( CC ) , 41 -- 54 ; Odahl , 46 -- 50 ; Treadgold , 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 70 ; Potter , 283 ; Williams , 49 , 65 . Jump up ^ Potter , 283 ; Williams , 49 , 65 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 3 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 20 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 59 -- 60 ; Odahl , 47 , 299 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 14 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 7.1 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 13 , 290 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 3 , 8 ; Corcoran , `` Before Constantine '' ( CC ) , 40 -- 41 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 20 ; Odahl , 46 -- 47 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 8 -- 9 , 14 ; Treadgold , 17 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 8 -- 9 ; Corcoran , `` Before Constantine '' ( CC ) , 42 -- 43 , 54 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 3 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 59 -- 60 ; Odahl , 56 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 73 -- 74 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 60 ; Odahl , 72 , 301 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 47 , 73 -- 74 ; Fowden , `` Between Pagans and Christians , '' 175 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Constantine , Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum , 16.2 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine. , 29 -- 30 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 60 ; Odahl , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 29 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 61 ; Odahl , 72 -- 74 , 306 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 15 . Contra : J. Moreau , Lactance : `` De la mort des persécuteurs '' , Sources Chrétiennes 39 ( 1954 ) : 313 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 297 . Jump up ^ Constantine , Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 25 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 30 ; Odahl , 73 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.6 -- 11 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 21 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 35 -- 36 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 24 ; Odahl , 67 ; Potter , 338 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Vita Constantini 2.49 -- 52 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 21 ; Odahl , 67 , 73 , 304 ; Potter , 338 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 22 -- 25 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 24 -- 30 ; Odahl , 67 -- 69 ; Potter , 337 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Constantine , 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 25 ; Odahl , 73 . Jump up ^ Drake , `` The Impact of Constantine on Christianity '' ( CC ) , 126 ; Elliott , `` Constantine 's Conversion , '' 425 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Drake , `` The Impact of Constantine on Christianity '' ( CC ) , 126 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 25 -- 27 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 60 ; Odahl , 69 -- 72 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 15 ; Potter , 341 -- 342 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 19.2 -- 6 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 26 ; Potter , 342 . Jump up ^ Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 60 -- 61 ; Odahl , 72 -- 74 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 15 . Jump up ^ Origo 4 ; Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.3 -- 9 ; Praxagoras fr . 1.2 ; Aurelius Victor 40.2 -- 3 ; Epitome de Caesaribus 41.2 ; Zosimus 2.8. 3 ; Eusebius , Vita Constantini 1.21 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 61 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 32 ; Odahl , 73 . Jump up ^ Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 61 . Jump up ^ Odahl , 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 27 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 39 -- 40 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 61 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 32 ; Odahl , 77 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 15 -- 16 ; Potter , 344 -- 5 ; Southern , 169 -- 70 , 341 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Constantine , 32 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 27 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 39 -- 40 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 61 ; Odahl , 77 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 15 -- 16 ; Potter , 344 -- 45 ; Southern , 169 -- 70 , 341 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 27 , 298 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 39 ; Odahl , 77 -- 78 , 309 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Mattingly , 233 -- 34 ; Southern , 170 , 341 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 27 -- 28 ; Jones , 59 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 61 -- 62 ; Odahl , 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jones , 59 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 28 -- 29 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 62 ; Odahl , 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Jones , 59 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 39 . Jump up ^ Treadgold , 28 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 28 -- 29 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 62 ; Odahl , 79 -- 80 ; Rees , 160 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 29 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 41 ; Jones , 59 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 39 ; Odahl , 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Odahl , 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 29 . Jump up ^ Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Odahl , 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Odahl , 81 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Constantine , 39 ; Odahl , 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 29 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 41 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 63 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 39 -- 40 ; Odahl , 81 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Odahl , 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Odahl , 82 -- 83 . See also : William E. Gwatkin , Jr . Roman Trier . '' The Classical Journal 29 ( 1933 ) : 3 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.9 ; Barnes , `` Lactantius and Constantine '' , 43 -- 46 ; Odahl , 85 , 310 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Odahl , 86 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 28 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , 236 . Jump up ^ Panegyrici Latini 7 ( 6 ) 3.4 ; Eusebius , Vita Constantini 1.22 , qtd. and tr . Odahl , 83 ; Rodgers , 238 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Constantine , 40 . Jump up ^ Qtd. in MacMullen , Constantine , 40 . Jump up ^ Zosimus , 2.9. 2 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 62 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 39 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 29 ; Odahl , 86 ; Potter , 346 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 30 -- 31 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 41 -- 42 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 62 -- 63 ; Odahl , 86 -- 87 ; Potter , 348 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 31 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 64 ; Odahl , 87 -- 88 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 30 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 62 -- 63 ; Odahl , 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 34 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 63 -- 65 ; Odahl , 89 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 32 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 64 ; Odahl , 89 , 93 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 32 -- 34 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 42 -- 43 ; Jones , 61 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 65 ; Odahl , 90 -- 91 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 17 ; Potter , 349 -- 50 ; Treadgold , 29 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 33 ; Jones , 61 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 36 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 34 -- 35 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 43 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 65 -- 66 ; Odahl , 93 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 17 ; Potter , 352 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 34 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 43 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 68 ; Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 20 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 45 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 68 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 30.1 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 40 -- 41 , 305 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 41 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 68 . Jump up ^ Potter , 352 . Jump up ^ Panegyrici Latini 6 ( 7 ) ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 35 -- 37 , 301 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 66 ; Odahl , 94 -- 95 , 314 -- 15 ; Potter , 352 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Panegyrici Latini 6 ( 7 ) 1 . Qtd. in Potter , 353 . Jump up ^ Panegyrici Latini 6 ( 7 ). 21.5 . Jump up ^ Virgil , Ecologues 4.10 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 36 -- 37 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 67 ; Odahl , 95 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 36 -- 37 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 50 -- 53 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 66 -- 67 ; Odahl , 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 31 -- 35 ; Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.16 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 43 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 68 ; Odahl , 95 -- 96 , 316 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 34 ; Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.17 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 304 ; Jones , 66 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 39 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 43 -- 44 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 68 ; Odahl , 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 41 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 45 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 69 ; Odahl , 96 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 39 -- 40 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 44 ; Odahl , 96 . Jump up ^ Odahl , 96 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 38 ; Odahl , 96 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 37 ; Curran , 66 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 68 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 62 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 37 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 37 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 38 -- 39 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 62 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 40 ; Curran , 66 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 41 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 41 ; Elliott , Christianity of Constantine , 44 -- 45 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 69 ; Odahl , 96 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Historia Ecclesiastica 8.15. 1 -- 2 , qtd. and tr. in MacMullen , Constantine , 65 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 41 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 71 . Jump up ^ Panegyrici Latini 12 ( 9 ) 2.5 ; Curran , 67 . Jump up ^ Curran , 67 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Constantine , 70 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 41 ; Odahl , 101 . Jump up ^ Panegyrici Latini 12 ( 9 ) 5.1 -- 3 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 41 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 71 ; Odahl , 101 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 41 ; Jones , 70 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 71 ; Odahl , 101 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Panegyrici Latini 12 ( 9 ) 5 -- 6 ; 4 ( 10 ) 21 -- 24 ; Jones , 70 -- 71 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 71 ; Odahl , 102 , 317 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 41 ; Jones , 71 ; Odahl , 102 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 41 -- 42 ; Odahl , 103 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 42 ; Jones , 71 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 71 ; Odahl , 103 . Jump up ^ Jones , 71 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 71 ; Odahl , 103 . Jump up ^ Jones , 71 ; Odahl , 103 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 42 ; Jones , 71 ; Odahl , 103 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 42 ; Jones , 71 ; Odahl , 103 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 42 ; Jones , 71 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 69 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 71 ; Odahl , 104 . Jump up ^ Jones , 71 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 71 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Constantine , 71 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 42 ; Curran , 67 ; Jones , 71 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 42 ; Jones , 71 ; Odahl , 105 . Jump up ^ Jones , 71 . Jump up ^ Odahl , 104 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 42 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Constantine , 72 ; Odahl , 107 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 42 ; Curran , 67 ; Jones , 71 -- 72 ; Odahl , 107 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 42 -- 43 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 78 ; Odahl , 108 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 44.8 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 43 ; Curran , 67 ; Jones , 72 ; Odahl , 108 . ^ Jump up to : Odahl , 108 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 43 ; Digeser , 122 ; Jones , 72 ; Odahl , 106 . Jump up ^ Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 44.4 -- 6 , tr . J.L. Creed , Lactantius : De Mortibus Persecutorum ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1984 ) , qtd. in Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 71 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Vita Constantini 1.28 , tr . Odahl , 105 . Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 43 ; Drake , `` Impact of Constantine on Christianity '' ( CC ) , 113 ; Odahl , 105 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Vita Constantini 1.27 -- 29 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 43 , 306 ; Odahl , 105 -- 6 , 319 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Drake , `` Impact of Constantine on Christianity '' ( CC ) , 113 . Jump up ^ Cameron and Hall , 208 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 306 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 73 ; Odahl , 319 . Jump up ^ Cameron and Hall , 206 -- 7 ; Drake , `` Impact of Constantine on Christianity '' ( CC ) , 114 ; Nicholson , 311 . Jump up ^ Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 71 , citing Roman Imperial Coinage 7 Ticinum 36 . Jump up ^ R. Ross Holloway , Constantine and Rome ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2004 ) , 3 , citing Kraft , `` Das Silbermedaillon Constantins des Grosses mit dem Christusmonogram auf dem Helm , '' Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 5 -- 6 ( 1954 / 55 ) : 151 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 71 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 43 ; Curran , 68 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Constantine , 78 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 43 ; Curran , 68 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 70 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 78 ; Odahl , 108 . Jump up ^ `` Portrait Head of the Emperor Constantine , Metropolitan Museum of Art , 26.229 '' . Metmuseum.org. 2017 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Barnes 1981 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Constantine , 81 ; Odahl , 108 . Jump up ^ Cameron , 93 ; Curran , 71 -- 74 ; Odahl , 110 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 44 ; Curran , 72 ; Jones , 72 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 70 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 78 ; Odahl , 108 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 44 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 81 ; Odahl , 111 . Cf. also Curran , 72 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 45 ; Curran , 72 ; MacMullen , Constantine , 81 ; Odahl , 109 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 45 -- 46 ; Odahl , 109 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 46 ; Odahl , 109 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 46 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 44 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 45 -- 47 ; Cameron , 93 ; Curran , 76 -- 77 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 70 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 45 . Jump up ^ Curran , 80 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 47 . Jump up ^ Curran , 83 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 45 ; Curran , 76 ; Odahl , 109 . Jump up ^ Curran , 101 . Jump up ^ Krautheimer , Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romanorum , 5.90 , cited in Curran , 93 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Odahl , 109 . Jump up ^ The term is a misnomer as the act of Milan was not an edict , while the subsequent edicts by Licinius -- of which the edicts to the provinces of Bythinia and Palestine are recorded by Lactantius and Eusebius , respectively -- were not issued in Milan . Jump up ^ Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 25 . Jump up ^ Drake , `` Impact , '' 121 -- 123 . ^ Jump up to : Carrié & Rousselle , L'Empire Romain , 229 Jump up ^ Byfield , Ted , ed . The Christians : Their First Two Thousand Years . vol . III . p. 148 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , p. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , p. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Carrié & Rousselle , L'Empire Romain , p. 229 / 230 Jump up ^ Timothy E. Gregory , A History of Byzantium . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8471 - 7 , page 54 Jump up ^ Philip Schaff , ed. , Nicene and Post-nicene Fathers : Second Series . New York : Cosimo , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60206 - 508 - 6 , page 418 , footnote 6 . Jump up ^ Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Scarre , Chronicle of the Roman Emperors , 215 . ^ Jump up to : MacMullen , Constantine . Jump up ^ Gilbert Dagron , Naissance d'une Capitale , 24 Jump up ^ Petrus Patricius excerpta Vaticana , 190 : Κωνσταντίνος εβουλεύσατο πρώτον εν Σαρδική μεταγαγείν τά δημόσια φιλών τε τήν πόλιν εκείνην συνεχώς έλεγεν `` η εμή Ρώμη Σαρδική εστι . '' Jump up ^ Ramsey MacMullen , Constantine , Routledge ed. , 1987 , 149 Jump up ^ Dagron , Naissance d'une Capitale , 15 / 19 ^ Jump up to : `` Constantinople '' in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1991 , p. 508 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504652 - 8 Jump up ^ Sardonyx cameo depicting constantine the great crowned by Constantinople , 4th century AD Archived 16 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine . at `` The Road to Byzantium : Luxury Arts of Antiquity '' . The Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House ( 30 March 2006 -- 3 September 2006 ) Jump up ^ Philostorgius , Historia Ecclesiastica 2.9 Jump up ^ According to the Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum , vol. 164 ( Stuttgart : A. Hiersemann , 2005 ) , column 442 , there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city `` New Rome '' ( Nova Roma or Nea Rhome ) . Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as Constantinopolis ( Michael Grant , The Climax of Rome ( London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , 1968 ) , 133 ) . It is possible that the emperor called the city `` Second Rome '' ( Deutera Rhome ) by official decree , as reported by the 5th - century church historian Socrates of Constantinople . Jump up ^ Bowder , Diana . The Age of Constantine and Julian . New York : Barnes & Noble , 1978 Jump up ^ See Lactantius , De Mortibus Persecutorum 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ R. Gerberding and J.H. Moran Cruz , Medieval Worlds ( New York : Houghton Mifflin Company , 2004 ) p. 55 . Also , Percival J. On the Question of Constantine 's Conversion to Christianity Archived 14 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , Clio History Journal , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gratian '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Feb 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pontifex Maximus Livius.org article by Jona Lendering retrieved August 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ Peter Brown , The Rise of Christendom 2nd edition ( Oxford , Blackwell Publishing , 2003 ) p. 60 Jump up ^ R. Gerberding and J.H. Moran Cruz , Medieval Worlds ( New York : Houghton Mifflin Company , 2004 ) pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Robin Lane Fox , apud Jonathan Bardill , Constantine , Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age . Cambridge University Press , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76423 - 0 , page 307 , note 27 Jump up ^ Codex Justinianus 3.12. 2 Jump up ^ Codex Theodosianus 16.2. 5 Jump up ^ Cf . Paul Veyne , Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien , 163 . Jump up ^ R. MacMullen , `` Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D. 100 - 400 , Yale University Press , 1984 , p. 44 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 03642 - 6 Jump up ^ Richards , Jeffrey . The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476 -- 752 ( London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1979 ) 14 -- 15 ; The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476 -- 752 ( London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1979 ) 15 . Jump up ^ Richards , Jeffrey . The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476 -- 752 ( London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1979 ) p. 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. , `` The Donatist Church ; A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa , '' ( 1952 Oxford ) , pp. 156 -- 162 Jump up ^ `` CHURCH FATHERS : Life of Constantine , Book III ( Eusebius ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Cf . Adrian Goldsworthy , How Rome Fell , 187 Jump up ^ Stemberger , Gunter . Jews and Christians in the Holy Land , A&C Black , 1999 , p. 37 - 38 , ISBN 0 - 567 - 23050 - 3 Jump up ^ Schäfer , Peter . The History of the Jews in the Greco - Roman World , Routledge , 2003 , p. 182 , ISBN 1 - 134 - 40317 - 8 Jump up ^ Cameron , 107 . Jump up ^ Jás Elsner , Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph , 64 , fig. 32 Jump up ^ Christol & Nony , Rome et son Empire , 241 Jump up ^ As equestrian order refers to people of equestrian census -- thousands of which had no state function -- that had an actual position in the state bureaucracy : cf . Claude Lepelley , `` Fine delle ' ordine equestre : le tappe delle'unificazione dela classe dirigente romana nel IV secolo '' , IN Giardina , ed. , Società romana e impero tardoantico , Bari : Laterza , 1986 , V. 1 , quoted by Carrié & Rouselle , p. 660 Jump up ^ Christol & Nony , Rome et son Empire , 247 ; Carrié & Rousselle L'Empire Romain , 658 . Jump up ^ Carrié & Rousselle L'Empire Romain , 658 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae , archived from the original on 20 July 2012 , retrieved 5 February 2016 ; Carrié & Rousselle , L'Empire Romain , p. 659 Jump up ^ Carrié & Rousselle , L'Empire Romain , 660 . Jump up ^ Cf . Arnhein , The Senatorial Aristocracy in the Later Roman Empire , quoted by Perry Anderson , Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism , 101 . Jump up ^ Carrié & Rousselle , p. 657 citing T.D. Barnes , `` Statistics and the Conversion of the Roman Aristocracy '' , Journal of Roman Studies , 85 , 1995 Jump up ^ Cf . Paul Veyne , L'Empire Gréco - Romain , 49 . Jump up ^ Christol & Nony , Rome et son Empire , 247 . Jump up ^ Walter Scheidel , `` The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires '' , 174 / 175 Jump up ^ De Rebus Bellicis , 2 . Jump up ^ Sandro Mazzarino , according to Christol & Nony , Rome et son Empire , 246 Jump up ^ Carrié & Rousselle , L'Empire Romain , 245 -- 246 Jump up ^ Guthrie , 325 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , 326 ; Woods , `` Death of the Empress , '' 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , 326 ; Woods , `` Death of the Empress , '' 72 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Roman Empire . MobileReference.com. 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60501 - 314 - 5 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Guthrie , 326 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Art . Pass 45 ; Woods , `` Death of the Empress , '' 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Christol & Nony , Rome et son Empire , 237 / 238 Jump up ^ Cf . Adrian Goldsworthy , How Rome Fell , 189 & 191 Jump up ^ Madgearu , Alexandru ( 2008 ) . Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275 - 376 . Cetatea de Scaun . ISBN 978 - 973 - 8966 - 70 - 3 , p. 64 - 126 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 250 . Jump up ^ Madgearu , Alexandru ( 2008 ) . Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275 - 376 . Cetatea de Scaun . ISBN 978 - 973 - 8966 - 70 - 3 , p. 64 - 126 Jump up ^ Odahl , 261 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , VC 4.9 ff , cited in Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 259 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 258 -- 59 . See also : Fowden , `` Last Days '' , 146 -- 48 , and Wiemer , 515 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Vita Constantini 4.58 -- 60 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 259 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Vita Constantini 4.61 ; Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 259 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Vita Constantini 4.62 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Vita Constantini 4.62. 4 . Jump up ^ Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 75 -- 76 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 82 . Jump up ^ Because he was so old , he could not be submerged in water to be baptised , and therefore , the rules of baptism were changed to what they are today , having water placed on the forehead alone . In this period infant baptism , though practiced ( usually in circumstances of emergency ) had not yet become a matter of routine in the west . Thomas M. Finn , Early Christian Baptism and the Catechumenate : East and West Syria ( Collegeville : The Liturgical Press / Michael Glazier , 1992 ) ; Philip Rousseau , `` Baptism , '' in Late Antiquity : A Guide to the Post Classical World , ed . G.W. Bowersock , Peter Brown , and Oleg Grabar ( Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press , 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Marilena Amerise , ' Il battesimo di Costantino il Grande . '' Jump up ^ Eusebius , Vita Constantini 4.64 ; Fowden , `` Last Days of Constantine , '' 147 ; Lenski , `` Reign of Constantine '' ( CC ) , 82 . Jump up ^ Julian , Orations 1.18. b . Jump up ^ Origo Constantini 35 . Jump up ^ Sextus Aurelius Victor , Historiae abbreviatae XLI. 16 . Jump up ^ Eutropius , Breviarium X. 8.2 . Jump up ^ Fowden , `` Last Days of Constantine , '' 148 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries -- Google Knihy . Books.google.cz . January 1 , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 884 - 02101 - 7 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 71 , figure 9 . Jump up ^ Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 72 . Jump up ^ `` Byzantine first & last times '' . Byzantium.xronikon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Barba -- NumisWiki , The Collaborative Numismatics Project '' . Forumancientcoins.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 91 . Jump up ^ Seidel , 237 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Pohlsander , Emperor Constantine , 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Lieu , `` Constantine in Legendary Literature '' ( CC ) , 305 . Jump up ^ `` Niš : Vinik osta pusto brdo '' . Jump up ^ `` Edict of Milan celebration to begin in Niš '' . 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 272 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 273 . Jump up ^ Johannes Leunclavius , Apologia pro Zosimo adversus Evagrii , Nicephori Callisti et aliorum acerbas criminationes ( Defence of Zosimus against the Unjustified Charges of Evagrius , Nicephorus Callistus , and Others ) ( Basel , 1576 ) , cited in Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 273 , and Odahl , 282 . Jump up ^ Caesar Baronius , Annales Ecclesiastici 3 ( Antwerp , 1623 ) , cited in Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 274 , and Odahl , 282 . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon , The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 18 , cited in Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 274 , and Odahl , 282 . See also Lenski , `` Introduction '' ( CC ) , 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Decline and Fall , 1.256 ; David P. Jordan , `` Gibbon 's ' Age of Constantine ' and the Fall of Rome '' , History and Theory 8 : 1 ( 1969 ) : 71 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Jacob Burckhardt , Die Zeit Constantins des Grossen ( Basel , 1853 ; revised edition , Leipzig , 1880 ) , cited in Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 274 ; Lenski , `` Introduction '' ( CC ) , 7 . Jump up ^ Lenski , `` Introduction '' ( CC ) , 7 . Jump up ^ Lenski , `` Introduction '' ( CC ) , 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Constantine and Eusebius , 274 . Jump up ^ Lenski , `` Introduction '' ( CC ) , 8 . Jump up ^ Lenski , `` Introduction '' ( CC ) , 8 -- 9 ; Odahl , 283 . Jump up ^ Odahl , 283 ; Mark Humphries , `` Constantine , '' review of Constantine and the Christian Empire , by Charles Odahl , Classical Quarterly 56 : 2 ( 2006 ) , 449 . Jump up ^ Averil Cameron , `` Introduction , '' in Constantine : History , Historiography , and Legend , ed . Samuel N.C. Lieu and Dominic Montserrat ( New York : Routledge , 1998 ) , 3 . Jump up ^ Lenski , `` Introduction '' ( CC ) , 10 . Jump up ^ Quand notre monde est devenu chretien , Fabian E. Udoh , review , Theological Studies , June 2008 Jump up ^ Lieu , `` Constantine in Legendary Literature '' ( CC ) , 298 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Constitutum Constantini 17 , qtd. in Lieu , `` Constantine in Legendary Literature '' ( CC ) , 301 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Henry Charles Lea , `` The ' Donation of Constantine ' '' . The English Historical Review 10 : 37 ( 1895 ) , 86 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Inferno 19.115 ; Paradisio 20.55 ; cf . De Monarchia 3.10 . Jump up ^ Fubini , 79 -- 86 ; Lenski , `` Introduction '' ( CC ) , 6 . Jump up ^ Henry of Huntingdon , Historia Anglorum , Book I , ch. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Greenway , Diana ( Ed . ) ; Henry of Huntingdon ( 1996 ) . Historia Anglorum : The History of the English People . Oxford University Press . p. civ . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822224 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) References ( edit ) Ancient Sources ( edit ) Athanasius of Alexandria . Apologia contra Arianos ( Defence against the Arians ) c. 349 . Atkinson , M. , and Archibald Robertson , trans . Apologia Contra Arianos . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , Vol. 4 . Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1892 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . Athanasius ) ) of Alexandria Epistola de Decretis Nicaenae Synodi ( Letter on the Decrees of the Council of Nicaea ) c. 352 . Newman , John Henry , trans . De Decretis . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , Vol. 4 . Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1892 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Online at New Advent . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Athanasius ) ) of Alexandria Historia Arianorum ( History of the Arians ) c. 357 . Atkinson , M. , and Archibald Robertson , trans . Historia Arianorum . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , Vol. 4 . Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1892 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . Sextus Aurelius Victor , Liber de Caesaribus ( Book on the Caesars ) c. 361 . Codex Theodosianus ( Theodosian Code ) 439 . Mommsen , T. and Paul M. Meyer , eds . Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes ( in Latin ) . Berlin : Weidmann , ( 1905 ) 1954 . Complied by Nicholas Palmer , revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive , 1984 . Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway , 1999 . Preface , books 1 -- 8 . Online at University College London and the University of Grenoble . Retrieved 25 August 2009 . Unknown edition ( in Latin ) . Online at AncientRome.ru . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . Codex Justinianus ( Justinianic Code or Code of Justinian ) . Scott , Samuel P. , trans . The Code of Justinian , in The Civil Law . 17 vols. 1932 . Online at the Constitution Society . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . Krueger , Paul , ed. ( 1954 ) , Codex Justinianus ( in Latin ) , Berlin , retrieved 28 September 2009 -- via University of Grenoble CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Epitome de Caesaribus ( Epitome on the Caesars ) c. 395 . Banchich , Thomas M. , trans . A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores . Canisius College Translated Texts 1 . Buffalo , NY : Canisius College , 2009 . Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . De Rebus Bellicis ( On Military Matters ) fourth / fifth century . Eunapius , History from Dexippus first edition c. 390 , second edition c. 415 . ( Fragmentary ) Eusebius of Caesarea . Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) first seven books c. 300 , eighth and ninth book c. 313 , tenth book c. 315 , epilogue c. 325 . Williamson , G.A. , trans . Church History . London : Penguin , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044535 - 8 McGiffert , Arthur Cushman , trans . Church History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , Vol. 1 . Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1890 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Online at New Advent . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Oratio de Laudibus Constantini ( Oration in Praise of Constantine , sometimes the Tricennial Oration ) 336 . Richardson , Ernest Cushing , trans . Oration in Praise of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , Vol. 1 . Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1890 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Online at New Advent . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . Vita Constantini ( The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine ) c. 336 -- 339 . Richardson , Ernest Cushing , trans . Life of Constantine . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , Vol. 1 . Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1890 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Online at New Advent . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine. 2009 . Reprint of Bagster edition ( 1845 ) . Evolution Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 889758 - 93 - 0 . Cameron , Averil and Stuart Hall , trans . Life of Constantine. 1999 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814924 - 7 . Eutropius , Breviarium ab Urbe Condita ( Abbreviated History from the City 's Founding ) c. 369 . Watson , John Henry , trans . Justin , Cornelius Nepos and Eutropius . London : George Bell & Sons , 1886 . Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Rufus Festus , Breviarium Festi ( The Abbreviated History of Festus ) c. 370 . Banchich , Thomas M. , and Jennifer A. Meka , trans . Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People . Canisius College Translated Texts 2 . Buffalo , NY : Canisius College , 2001 . Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . Jerome , Chronicon ( Chronicle ) c. 380 . Pearse , Roger , et al ... , trans . The Chronicle of St. Jerome , in Early Church Fathers : Additional Texts . Tertullian , 2005 . Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . Jordanes , De origine actibusque Getarum ( Getica ) ( The Origin and Deeds of the Goths ) c. 551 . Mierow , Charles C. , trans . The Origins and Deeds of the Goths . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1915 . Online at the University of Calgary . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . The Gothic History of Jordanes. 2006 . Reprint of 1915 edition . Evolution Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 889758 - 77 - 0 . ( 1 ) Lactantius , Liber De Mortibus Persecutorum ( Book on the Deaths of the Persecutors ) c. 313 -- 315 . Fletcher , William , trans . Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died . From Ante - Nicene Fathers , Vol. 7 . Edited by Alexander Roberts , James Donaldson , and A. Cleveland Coxe . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1886 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Online at New Advent . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Libanius , Orationes ( Orations ) c. 362 -- 365 . Optatus , Libri VII de Schismate Donatistarum ( Seven Books on the Schism of the Donatists ) first edition c. 365 -- 367 , second edition c. 385 . Vassall - Phillips , O.R. , trans . The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists . London : Longmans , Green , & Co. , 1917 . Transcribed at tertullian.org by Roger Pearse , 2006 . Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Edwards , Mark , trans . Optatus : Against the Donatists . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press , 1997 . Origo Constantini Imperiatoris ( The Lineage of the Emperor Constantine ) c. 340 -- 390 . Rolfe , J.C. , trans . Excerpta Valesiana , in vol. 3 of Rolfe 's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus ' History . Loeb ed . London : Heinemann , 1952 . Online at LacusCurtius . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . Orosius , Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII ( Seven Books of History Against the Pagans ) c. 417 . XII Panegyrici Latini ( Twelve Latin Panegyircs ) relevant panegyrics dated 289 , 291 , 297 , 298 , 307 , 310 , 311 , 313 and 321 . Philostorgius , Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) c. 433 . Walford , Edward , trans . Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius , Compiled by Photius , Patriarch of Constantinople . London : Henry G. Bohn , 1855 . Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . Praxagoras of Athens , Historia ( History of Constantine the Great ) c. 337 . ( Fragmentary ) Socrates of Constantinople ( Socrates Scholasticus ) , Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) c. 443 . Zenos , A.C. , trans . Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , Vol. 2 . Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1890 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Online at New Advent . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . Sozomen , Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) c. 445 . Hartranft , Chester D. Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , Vol. 2 . Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1890 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Online at New Advent . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . Theodoret , Historia Ecclesiastica ( Church History ) c. 448 . Jackson , Blomfield , trans . Ecclesiastical History . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , Vol. 3 . Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace . Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , 1892 . Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight . Online at New Advent . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . Zosimus , Historia Nova ( New History ) c. 500 . Unknown , trans . The History of Count Zosimus . London : Green and Champlin , 1814 . Online at Tertullian . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . Modern Sources ( edit ) Alföldi , Andrew . The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome . Translated by Harold Mattingly . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1948 . Anderson , Perry . Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism . London : Verso , 1981 ( 1974 ) . ISBN 0 - 86091 - 709 - 6 Arjava , Antii . Women and Law in Late Antiquity . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815233 - 7 Armstrong , Gregory T. `` Church and State Relations : The Changes Wrought by Constantine . '' Journal of Bible and Religion 32 ( 1964 ) : 1 -- 7 . Armstrong , Gregory T. `` Constantine 's Churches : Symbol and Structure . '' The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 33 ( 1974 ) : 5 -- 16 . Barnes , Timothy D. `` Lactantius and Constantine . '' The Journal of Roman Studies 63 ( 1973 ) : 29 -- 46 . Barnes , Timothy D. ( 1981 ) . Constantine and Eusebius . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 16531 - 1 . Barnes , Timothy D . The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 7837 - 2221 - 4 Barnes , Timothy D. `` Constantine and the Christians of Persia . '' The Journal of Roman Studies 75 ( 1985 ) : 126 -- 136 . Barnes , Timothy . Constantine : dynasty , religion and power in the later Roman Empire . Oxford : Blackwell 2011 Bowman , Alan K. `` Diocletian and the First Tetrarchy . '' In The Cambridge Ancient History , Volume XII : The Crisis of Empire , edited by Alan Bowman , Averil Cameron , and Peter Garnsey , 67 -- 89 . Cambridge University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 30199 - 8 Cameron , Averil . `` The Reign of Constantine , A.D. 306 -- 337 . '' In The Cambridge Ancient History , Volume XII : The Crisis of Empire , edited by Alan Bowman , Averil Cameron , and Peter Garnsey , 90 -- 109 . Cambridge University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 30199 - 8 Cameron , Averil and Stuart G. Hall . Life of Constantine . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1999 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 19 - 814917 - 4 Paperback ISBN 0 - 19 - 814924 - 7 Carrié , Jean - Michel & Rousselle , Aline . L'Empire Romain en mutation - des Sévères à Constantin , 192 -- 337 . Paris : Seuil , 1999 . ISBN 2 - 02 - 025819 - 6 Christol , M. & Nony , D. Rome et son Empire . Paris : Hachette , 2003 . ISBN 2 - 01 - 145542 - 1 Cooper , K . The Long Shadow of Constantine , Journal of Roman Studies , 2014 Corcoran , Simon . The Empire of the Tetrarchs : Imperial Pronouncements and Government , AD 284 -- 324 . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815304 - X Curran , John . Pagan City and Christian Capital . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 2000 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 19 - 815278 - 7 Paperback ISBN 0 - 19 - 925420 - 6 Dagron , Gilbert . Naissance d'une Capitale : Constantinople et ses instititutions de 330 a 451 . Paris : Presses Universitaires de France , 1984 . ISBN 2 - 13 - 038902 - 3 Digeser , Elizabeth DePalma . The Making of A Christian Empire : Lactantius and Rome . London : Cornell University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3594 - 3 Downey , Glanville . `` Education in the Christian Roman Empire : Christian and Pagan Theories under Constantine and His Successors . '' Speculum 32 ( 1957 ) : 48 -- 61 . Drake , H.A. `` What Eusebius Knew : The Genesis of the `` Vita Constantini '' . '' Classical Philology 83 ( 1988 ) : 20 -- 38 . Drake , H.A. `` Constantine and Consensus . '' Church History 64 ( 1995 ) : 1 -- 15 . Drake , H.A. `` Lambs into Lions : Explaining Early Christian Intolerance . '' Past & Present 153 ( 1996 ) : 3 -- 36 . Drake , H.A. Constantine and the Bishops : The Politics of Intolerance . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6218 - 3 Elliott , T.G. `` Constantine 's Conversion : Do We Really Need It ? '' Phoenix 41 ( 1987 ) : 420 -- 438 . Elliott , T.G. `` Eusebian Frauds in the `` Vita Constantini '' . '' Phoenix 45 ( 1991 ) : 162 -- 171 . Elliott , T.G. The Christianity of Constantine the Great . Scranton , PA : University of Scranton Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 940866 - 59 - 5 Elsner , Jás . Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press ( Oxford History of Art ) , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 284201 - 3 Fowden , Garth . `` Between Pagans and Christians . '' The Journal of Roman Studies 78 ( 1988 ) : 173 -- 182 . Fowden , Garth . `` The Last Days of Constantine : Oppositional Versions and Their Influence . '' The Journal of Roman Studies 84 ( 1994 ) : 146 -- 170 . Fubini , Riccardo . `` Humanism and Truth : Valla Writes against the Donation of Constantine . '' Journal of the History of Ideas 57 : 1 ( 1996 ) : 79 -- 86 . Gibbon , Edward . Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , 1952 ( `` Great Books '' collection ) , in 2 volumes . Goldsworthy , Adrian . How Rome Fell . New Haven & London : Yale University Press , 2009 . Hardcover ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 13719 - 4 Grant , Robert M. `` Religion and Politics at the Council at Nicaea . '' The Journal of Religion 55 ( 1975 ) : 1 -- 12 . Guthrie , Patrick . `` The Execution of Crispus . '' Phoenix 20 : 4 ( 1966 ) : 325 -- 331 . Harries , Jill . Law and Empire in Late Antiquity . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2004 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 521 - 41087 - 8 Paperback ISBN 0 - 521 - 42273 - 6 Hartley , Elizabeth . Constantine the Great : York 's Roman Emperor . York : Lund Humphries , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85331 - 928 - 3 . Heather , Peter J. `` Foedera and Foederati of the Fourth Century . '' In From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms , edited by Thomas F.X. Noble , 292 -- 308 . New York : Routledge , 2006 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 415 - 32741 - 5 Paperback ISBN 0 - 415 - 32742 - 3 Helgeland , John . `` Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173 -- 337 . '' Church History 43 ( June 1974 ) : 149 -- 163 . Jones , A.H.M. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe . Buffalo : University of Toronto Press , 1978 ( 1948 ) . Jordan , David P. `` Gibbon 's `` Age of Constantine '' and the Fall of Rome '' History and Theory 8 : 1 ( 1969 ) , 71 -- 96 . Lenski , Noel , ed . The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2006 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 521 - 81838 - 9 Paperback ISBN 0 - 521 - 52157 - 2 Leithart , Peter J. Defending Constantine : The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom . Downers Grove : IL , InterVarsity Press 2010 Lieu , Samuel N.C. and Dominic Montserrat . From Constantine to Julian : Pagan and Byzantine Views ; A Source History . New York : Routledge , 1996 . Mackay , Christopher S. `` Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian . '' Classical Philology 94 : 2 ( 1999 ) : 198 -- 209 . MacMullen , Ramsay . Constantine . New York : Dial Press , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 7099 - 4685 - 6 MacMullen , Ramsay . Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100 -- 400 . New Haven , CT ; London : Yale University Press , 1984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 03642 - 8 MacMullen , Ramsay . Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07148 - 5 Mattingly , David . An Imperial Possession : Britain in the Roman Empire . London : Penguin , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014822 - 0 Nicholson , Oliver . `` Constantine 's Vision of the Cross . '' Vigiliae Christianae 54 : 3 ( 2000 ) : 309 -- 323 . Odahl , Charles Matson . Constantine and the Christian Empire . New York : Routledge , 2004 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 415 - 17485 - 6 Paperback ISBN 0 - 415 - 38655 - 1 Pears , Edwin . `` The Campaign against Paganism A.D. 324 . '' The English Historical Review 24 : 93 ( 1909 ) : 1 -- 17 . Pohlsander , Hans . `` Crispus : Brilliant Career and Tragic End '' . Historia 33 ( 1984 ) : 79 -- 106 . Pohlsander , Hans . The Emperor Constantine . London & New York : Routledge , 2004a . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 415 - 31937 - 4 Paperback ISBN 0 - 415 - 31938 - 2 Pohlsander , Hans . `` Constantine I ( 306 -- 337 A.D. ) . '' De Imperatoribus Romanis ( 2004b ) . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Potter , David S . The Roman Empire at Bay : AD 180 -- 395 . New York : Routledge , 2005 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 415 - 10057 - 7 Paperback ISBN 0 - 415 - 10058 - 5 Rees , Roger . Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric : AD 289 -- 307 . New York : Oxford University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924918 - 0 Rodgers , Barbara Saylor . `` The Metamorphosis of Constantine . '' The Classical Quarterly 39 ( 1989 ) : 233 -- 246 . Scheidel , Walter . `` The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires '' . In Scheidel , ed. , Rome and China : Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975835 - 7 Seidel , Lisa . `` Constantine ' and ' Charlemagne . '' Gesta 15 ( 1976 ) : 237 -- 239 . Southern , Pat . The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine . New York : Routledge , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23944 - 3 Storch , Rudolph H. `` The `` Eusebian Constantine '' . '' Church History 40 ( 1971 ) : 1 -- 15 . Treadgold , Warren . A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford : Stanford University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2630 - 2 Udoh , Fabian E. `` Quand notre monde est devenu chretien '' , review , Theological Studies , June 2008 Veyne , Paul . L'Empire Gréco - Romain , Paris : Seuil , 2005 . ISBN 2 - 02 - 057798 - 4 Veyne , Paul. Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien , Paris : Albin Michel , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 226 - 17609 - 7 Warmington , Brian . `` Some Constantinian References in Ammianus . '' In The Late Roman World and its Historian : Interpreting Ammianus Marcellinus , edited by Jan Willem Drijvers and David Hunt , 166 -- 177 . London : Routledge , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 20271 - X Weiss , Peter . `` The Vision of Constantine . '' Translated by A.R. Birley in Journal of Roman Archaeology 16 ( 2003 ) : 237 -- 59 . Wiemer , Hans - Ulrich . `` Libanius on Constantine . '' The Classical Quarterly 44 ( 1994 ) : 511 -- 524 . Wienand , Johannes . Der Kaiser als Sieger . Metamorphosen triumphaler Herrschaft unter Constantin I. Berlin : Akademie - Verlag 2012 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 05 - 005903 - 7 Wienand , Johannes ( ed . ) . Contested Monarchy . Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD . Oxford : Oxford University Press 2015 . Williams , Stephen . Diocletian and the Roman Recovery . New York : Routledge , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 91827 - 8 Woods , David . `` On the Death of the Empress Fausta . '' Greece & Rome 45 ( 1988 ) : 70 -- 86 . Woods , David . `` Where Did Constantine I Die ? '' Journal of Theological Studies 48 : 2 ( 1997 ) : 531 -- 535 . Wright , David H. `` The True Face of Constantine the Great . '' Dumbarton Oaks Papers 41 ( 1987 ) : 493 -- 507 Further reading ( edit ) Baynes , Norman H. ( 1930 ) . Constantine the Great and the Christian Church . London : Milford . Burckhardt , Jacob ( 1949 ) . The Age of Constantine the Great . London : Routledge . Cameron , Averil ( 1993 ) . The later Roman empire : AD 284 -- 430 . London : Fontana Press . ISBN 0 - 00 - 686172 - 5 . Eadie , John W. , ed. ( 1971 ) . The conversion of Constantine . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston . ISBN 0 - 03 - 083645 - X . Pelikán , Jaroslav ( 1987 ) . The excellent empire : the fall of Rome and the triumph of the church . San Francisco : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 254636 - 8 . Velikov , Yuliyan ( 2013 ) . Imperator et Sacerdos . Veliko Turnovo University Press . ISBN 978 - 954 - 524 - 932 - 7 ( in Bulgarian ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constantine I . Complete chronological list of Constantine 's extant writings Firth , John B. `` Constantine the Great , the Reorganisation of the Empire and the Triumph of the Church '' . Archived from the original ( BTM ) on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . Letters of Constantine : Book 1 , Book 2 , & Book 3 Encyclopædia Britannica , Constantine I 12 Byzantine Rulers by Lars Brownworth of Stony Brook School ( grades 7 -- 12 ) . 40 minute audio lecture on Constantine . `` Constantine I . '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . p. 988 . Constantine the Great A site about Constantine the Great and his bronze coins . House of Constantine bronze coins Illustrations and descriptions of coins of Constantine the Great and his relatives . BBC North Yorkshire 's site on Constantine the Great This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Constantine I relating to Christianity . Constantine 's time in York on the ' History of York ' Constantine 's place in World history Commemorations Constantine the Great Constantinian dynasty Born : 10 February 272 Died : 22 May 337 Regnal titles Preceded by Constantius I Roman Emperor 306 -- 337 with Galerius , Licinius and Maximinus Daia Succeeded by Constantine II Political offices Preceded by Constantius Chlorus , Galerius Consul of the Roman Empire 307 with Maximian , Flavius Valerius Severus , Maximinus Daia , Galerius Succeeded by Diocletian , Galerius , Maxentius , Valerius Romulus Preceded by Diocletian , Galerius , Maxentius , Valerius Romulus Consul of the Roman Empire 309 with Licinius , Maxentius , Valerius Romulus Succeeded by Titus Andronicus ( general ) , Pompeius Probus , Maxentius Preceded by Galerius , Maximinus Daia , Gaius Caeionius Rufius Volusianus , Aradius Rufinus Consul of the Roman Empire 312 -- 313 with Licinius , Maxentius , Maximinus Daia Succeeded by Gaius Caeionius Rufius Volusianus , Petronius Annianus Preceded by Gaius Caeionius Rufius Volusianus , Petronius Annianus Consul of the Roman Empire 315 with Licinius Succeeded by Antonius Caecinius Sabinus , Vettius Rufinus Preceded by Licinius , Crispus Consul of the Roman Empire 319 -- 320 with Licinius II , Constantine II Succeeded by Crispus , Constantine II , Licinius , Licinius II Preceded by Sextus Anicius Faustus Paulinus , Julius Julianus Consul of the Roman Empire 326 with Constantius II Succeeded by Lucius Valerius Maximus Basilius , Flavius Constantius Preceded by Ianuarinus , Vettius Iustus Consul of the Roman Empire 329 with Constantine II Succeeded by Gallicanus , Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus Legendary titles Preceded by Constantius Chlorus King of Britain Succeeded by Octavius Roman and Byzantine emperors Principate 27 BC -- 235 AD Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus ( Pescennius Niger ) ( Clodius Albinus ) Septimius Severus Caracalla with Geta Macrinus with Diadumenian Elagabalus Severus Alexander Crisis 235 -- 284 Maximinus Thrax Gordian I and Gordian II Pupienus and Balbinus Gordian III Philip the Arab with Philippus II Decius with Herennius Etruscus Hostilian Trebonianus Gallus with Volusianus Aemilianus Valerian Gallienus with Saloninus and Valerian II Claudius Gothicus Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florian Probus Carus Carinus and Numerian Gallic Emperors : Postumus ( Laelianus ) Marius Victorinus ( Domitianus II ) Tetricus I with Tetricus II as Caesar Dominate 284 -- 395 Diocletian ( whole empire ) Diocletian ( East ) and Maximian ( West ) Diocletian ( East ) and Maximian ( West ) with Galerius ( East ) and Constantius Chlorus ( West ) as Caesares Galerius ( East ) and Constantius Chlorus ( West ) with Severus ( West ) and Maximinus Daia ( East ) as Caesares Galerius ( East ) and Severus ( West ) with Constantine the Great ( West ) and Maximinus Daia ( East ) as Caesares Galerius ( East ) and Maxentius ( West ) with Constantine the Great ( West ) and Maximinus Daia ( East ) as Caesares Galerius ( East ) and Licinius I ( West ) with Constantine the Great ( West ) and Maximinus Daia ( East ) as Caesares Maxentius ( alone ) Licinius I ( West ) and Maximinus Daia ( East ) with Constantine the Great ( Self - proclaimed Augustus ) and Valerius Valens Licinius I ( East ) and Constantine the Great ( West ) with Licinius II , Constantine II , and Crispus as Caesares ( Martinian ) Constantine the Great ( whole empire ) with son Crispus as Caesar Constantine II Constans I Magnentius with Decentius as Caesar Constantius II with Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian the Great Valens Gratian Valentinian II Magnus Maximus with Flavius Victor Theodosius the Great ( Eugenius ) Western Empire 395 -- 480 Honorius ( Constantine III with son Constans II ) Constantius III Joannes as Western usurper in Ravenna Valentinian III Petronius Maximus with Palladius Avitus Majorian then Libius Severus then Anthemius then Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos ( de jure ) Romulus Augustulus ( Usurper ) Eastern / Byzantine Empire 395 -- 1204 Arcadius Theodosius II Pulcheria Marcian Leo I the Thracian Leo II Zeno ( first reign ) Basiliscus with son Marcus as co-emperor Zeno ( second reign ) Anastasius I Dicorus Justin I Justinian the Great Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice with son Theodosius as co-emperor Phocas Heraclius Constantine III Heraklonas Constans II Constantine IV with brothers Heraclius and Tiberius and then Justinian II as co-emperors Justinian II ( first reign ) Leontios Tiberios III Justinian II ( second reign ) with son Tiberius as co-emperor Philippikos Anastasios II Theodosius III Leo III the Isaurian Constantine V Artabasdos Leo IV the Khazar Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe with son Theophylact as co-emperor Leo V the Armenian with Symbatios - Constantine as junior emperor Michael II the Amorian Theophilos Michael III Basil I the Macedonian Leo VI the Wise Alexander Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos Romanos I Lekapenos with sons Christopher , Stephen and Constantine as junior co-emperors Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoe ( first reign ) and Romanos III Argyros Zoe ( first reign ) and Michael IV the Paphlagonian Michael V Kalaphates Zoe ( second reign ) with Theodora Zoe ( second reign ) and Constantine IX Monomachos Constantine IX Monomachos ( sole emperor ) Theodora Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Romanos IV Diogenes Michael VII Doukas with brothers Andronikos and Konstantios and son Constantine Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos John II Komnenos with Alexios Komnenos as co-emperor Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Nicholas Kanabos as usurper chosen by the Senate Alexios V Doukas Empire of Nicaea 1204 -- 1261 Constantine Laskaris Theodore I Laskaris John III Doukas Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Eastern / Byzantine Empire 1261 -- 1453 Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos with Michael IX Palaiologos as co-emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos John VI Kantakouzenos with John V Palaiologos and Matthew Kantakouzenos as co-emperors John V Palaiologos Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos Andronikos V Palaiologos Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos Italics usually indicate an usurper or co-emperor . VIAF : 97746098 LCCN : n79055925 ISNI : 0000 0001 2096 6935 GND : 118565184 SELIBR : 192445 SUDOC : 030409810 BNF : cb12182910j ( data ) NLA : 53004737 NDL : 00960780 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 169366 IATH : w6hf0558 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&oldid=804959522 '' Categories : Constantine the Great 272 births 337 deaths 3rd - century births Ancient Roman saints 4th - century Christian saints 4th - century Roman emperors Ancient Romans in Britain Angelic visionaries Aurelii Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles Byzantine saints Characters in works by Geoffrey of Monmouth Christian royal saints Constantinian dynasty Converts to Christianity from pagan religions Flavii Gothicus Maximus Illyrian people Imperial Roman consuls People from Niš Valerii Military saints Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Welsh - language text CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 04 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
he was roman emperor from 306-337 ce becoming the first emperor to convert to christianity
[ "Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity,[notes 1] and he played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which declared religious tolerance for Christianity in the Roman empire. He called the First Council of Nicaea in 325, at which the Nicene Creed was adopted by Christians. In military matters, the Roman army was reorganised to consist of mobile field units and garrison soldiers capable of countering internal threats and barbarian invasions. Constantine pursued successful campaigns against the tribes on the Roman frontiers—the Franks, the Alamanni, the Goths, and the Sarmatians—even resettling territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis of the Third Century." ]
[ "Constantine" ]
-7798348239506934828
Camshaft
Camshaft - wikipedia Camshaft Jump to : navigation , search For the fictional characters of the same name , see Camshaft ( Transformers ) . Computer animation of a camshaft operating valves A camshaft is a shaft to which a cam is fastened or of which a cam forms an integral part . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Uses 2.1 Automotive 2.1. 1 Materials 2.1. 2 Timing 2.1. 3 Duration 2.1. 4 Lift 2.1. 5 Position 2.1. 6 Number of camshafts 2.1. 7 Maintenance 2.1. 8 Alternatives 2.1. 9 Ignition systems 2.2 Electrical 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The camshaft was first described in Turkey ( dyarbakr ) by Al - Jazari in 1206 . He employed it as part of his automata , water - raising machines , and water clocks such as the castle clock . The camshaft later appeared in European mechanisms from the 14th century . Among the first cars to utilize engines with single overhead camshafts were the Maudslay designed by Alexander Craig and introduced in 1902 and the Marr Auto Car designed by Michigan native Walter Lorenzo Marr in 1903 . Uses ( edit ) In internal combustion engines with pistons , the camshaft is used to operate poppet valves . It consists of a cylindrical rod running the length of the cylinder bank with a number of oblong lobes protruding from it , one for each valve . The cam lobes force the valves open by pressing on the valve , or on some intermediate mechanism , as they rotate . Automotive ( edit ) Materials ( edit ) Camshafts can be made out of several types of material . These include : Chilled iron castings : Commonly used in high volume production , chilled iron camshafts have good wear resistance since the chilling process hardens them . Other elements are added to the iron before casting to make the material more suitable for its application . Billet Steel : When a high quality camshaft or low volume production is required , engine builders and camshaft manufacturers choose steel billet . This is a much more time consuming process , and is generally more expensive than other methods . However , the finished product is far superior . CNC lathes , CNC milling machines , and CNC camshaft grinders will be used during production . Different types of steel bar can be used , one example being EN40b . When manufacturing a camshaft from EN40b , the camshaft will also be heat treated via gas nitriding , which changes the micro-structure of the material . It gives a surface hardness of 55 - 60 HRC . These types of camshafts can be used in high - performance engines . Timing ( edit ) A steel billet racing camshaft with noticeably broad lobes ( very long duration ) The relationship between the rotation of the camshaft and the rotation of the crankshaft is of critical importance . Since the valves control the flow of the air / fuel mixture intake and exhaust gases , they must be opened and closed at the appropriate time during the stroke of the piston . For this reason , the camshaft is connected to the crankshaft either directly , via a gear mechanism , or indirectly via a belt or chain called a timing belt or timing chain . Direct drive using gears is unusual because of the cost . The frequently reversing torque caused by the slope of the cams tends to cause gear rattle which for an all - metal gear train requires further expense of a cam damper . Rolls - Royce V8 ( 1954 ) used gear drive as , unlike chain , it could be made silent and to last the life of the engine . Where gears are used in cheaper cars , they tend to be made from resilient fibre rather than metal , except in racing engines that have a high maintenance routine . Fibre gears have a short life span and must be replaced regularly , much like a timing belt . In some designs the camshaft also drives the distributor and the oil and fuel pumps . Some vehicles may have the power steering pump driven by the camshaft . With some early fuel injection systems , cams on the camshaft would operate the fuel injectors . Honda redesigned the VF750 motorcycle from chain drive to the gear drive VFR750 due to insurmountable problems with the VF750 Hi - Vo inverted chain drive . An alternative used in the early days of OHC engines was to drive the camshaft ( s ) via a vertical shaft with bevel gears at each end . This system was , for example , used on the pre-World War I Peugeot and Mercedes Grand Prix cars . Another option was to use a triple eccentric with connecting rods ; these were used on certain W.O. Bentley - designed engines and also on the Leyland Eight . In a two - stroke engine that uses a camshaft , each valve is opened once for every rotation of the crankshaft ; in these engines , the camshaft rotates at the same speed as the crankshaft . In a four - stroke engine , the valves are opened only half as often ; thus , two full rotations of the crankshaft occur for each rotation of the camshaft . The timing of the camshaft can be advanced to produce better low RPM torque , or retarded for better high RPM power . Changing cam timing moves the overall power produced by the engine down or up the RPM scale . The amount of change is very little ( usually < 5 deg ) , and affects valve to piston clearances . Refer to this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hz1RE0ugcfU Duration ( edit ) Duration is the number of crankshaft degrees of engine rotation during which the valve is off the seat . In general , greater duration results in more horsepower . The RPM at which peak horsepower occurs is typically increased as duration increases at the expense of lower rpm efficiency ( torque ) . Duration specifications can often be misleading because manufacturers may select any lift point from which to advertise a camshaft 's duration and sometimes will manipulate these numbers . The power and idle characteristics of a camshaft rated at a . 006 '' lift point will be much different from one with the same rating at a . 002 '' lift point . Many performance engine builders gauge a race profile 's aggressiveness by looking at the duration at . 020 `` , . 050 '' and . 200 `` . The . 020 '' number determines how responsive the motor will be and how much low end torque the motor will make . The . 050 '' number is used to estimate where peak power will occur , and the . 200 '' number gives an estimate of the power potential . A secondary effect of increased duration can be increased overlap , which is the number of crankshaft degrees during which both intake and exhaust valves are off their seats . It is overlap which most affects idle quality , inasmuch as the `` blow - through '' of the intake charge immediately back out thru the exhaust valve which occurs during overlap reduces engine efficiency , and is greatest during low RPM operation . In general , increasing a camshaft 's duration typically increases the overlap , unless the intake and exhaust lobe centers are moved apart to compensate . Lift ( edit ) The camshaft `` lift '' is the resultant net rise of the valve from its seat . The farther the valve rises from its seat the more airflow can be provided , which is generally more beneficial . Greater lift has some limitations . Firstly , lift is limited by the increased proximity of the valve head to the piston crown and secondly , greater effort is required to move the valve springs to a higher state of compression . Increased lift can also be limited by lobe clearance in the cylinder head casting . Higher valve lift can have the same effect as increased duration where valve overlap is less desirable . Higher lift allows greater airflow ; although even by allowing a larger volume of air to pass thru the larger opening , the brevity of the typical duration with a higher lift cam results in less airflow than with a cam with lower lift but more duration , all else being equal . On forced induction motors this higher lift could yield better results than longer duration , particularly on the intake side . Notably though , higher lift has more potential problems than increased duration , in particular as valve train rpm rises which can result in less efficient running or loss of torque . Cams that have excessive valve lift , running at high rpm , can cause what is called `` valve float '' , where the valve spring tension is insufficient to keep the valve following the cam at its apex . This could also be a result of a very steep rise of the lobe , where the valve is effectively shot off the end of the cam rather than following the cams ' profile . This is typically what happens when a motor over revs . This is where the engine rpm exceeds the maximum design rpm . The valve train is typically the limiting factor in determining the maximum rpm the engine can maintain either for a prolonged period or temporarily . Sometimes an over rev can cause engine failure when the valves become bent as a result of colliding with the piston crowns . Position ( edit ) Depending on the location of the camshaft , the cam operates the valves either directly or through a linkage of pushrods and rockers . Direct operation involves a simpler mechanism and leads to fewer failures , but requires the camshaft to be positioned at the top of the cylinders . In the past when engines were not as reliable as today this was seen as too much trouble , but in modern gasoline engines the overhead cam system , where the camshaft is on top of the cylinder head , is quite common . Number of camshafts ( edit ) Main articles : overhead valve and overhead cam While today some engines rely on a single camshaft per cylinder bank , which is known as a single overhead camshaft ( SOHC ) , most modern engines are driven by a two camshafts per cylinder bank arrangement ( one camshaft for the intake valves and another for the exhaust valves ) ; such camshaft arrangement is known as a double or dual overhead cam ( DOHC ) , thus , a V engine , which has two separate cylinder banks , may have four camshafts ( colloquially known as a quad - cam engine ) . More unusual is the modern W engine ( also known as a ' VV ' engine to distinguish itself from the pre-war W engines ) that has four cylinder banks arranged in a `` W '' pattern with two pairs narrowly arranged with a 15 - degree separation . Even when there are four cylinder banks ( that would normally require a total of eight individual camshafts ) , the narrow - angle design allows the use of just four camshafts in total . For the Bugatti Veyron , which has a 16 - cylinder W engine configuration , the four camshafts are driving a total of 64 valves . The overhead camshaft design adds more valvetrain components that ultimately result in more complexity and higher manufacturing costs , but this is easily offset by many advantages over the older design : multi-valve design , higher RPM limit , and design freedom to better place valves , spark plugs ( Spark - ignition engine ) , and intake / exhaust ports . Maintenance ( edit ) The rockers or cam followers sometimes incorporate a mechanism to adjust the valve lash through manual adjustment , but most modern auto engines have hydraulic lifters , eliminating the need to adjust the valve lash at regular intervals as the valvetrain wears , in particular the valves and valve seats in the combustion chamber . Sliding friction between the surface of the cam and the cam follower which rides upon it can be considerable . In order to reduce wear at this point , the cam and follower are both surface hardened , and modern lubricant motor oils contain additives specifically to reduce sliding friction . The lobes of the camshaft are usually slightly tapered and the faces of the valve lifters slightly domed , causing the lifters to rotate to distribute wear on the parts . The surfaces of the cam and follower are designed to `` wear in '' together , and therefore each follower should stay with its original cam lobe and never be moved to a different lobe . You can put new lifters on an old cam but never old lifters on a new cam . In some engines the followers have rollers which eliminate the sliding friction and wear but add mass to the valvetrain . Camshaft bearings are similar to crankshaft main bearings , being pressure - fed with oil . However , overhead camshaft bearings do not always have replaceable bearing shells , meaning that a new cylinder head is required if the bearings suffer wear due to insufficient or dirty oil . Alternatives ( edit ) In addition to mechanical friction , considerable force is required to compress the valve springs used to close the engine 's valves . This can amount to an estimated 25 % of an engine 's total output at idle , reducing overall efficiency . Some approaches to reclaiming this `` wasted '' energy include : Springless valves , like the desmodromic system employed today by Ducati Camless valvetrains using solenoids or magnetic systems have long been investigated by BMW and Fiat , and are currently being prototyped by Valeo and Ricardo The Wankel engine , a rotary engine which uses neither pistons nor valves , best known for being used by Mazda in the RX - 7 and RX - 8 sports cars . Koenigsegg has developed an electric valve actuator as a more fuel efficient and space saving alternative to the traditional camshaft . Ignition systems ( edit ) Main article : Ignition system § Mechanically timed ignition In mechanically timed ignition systems , a separate cam in the distributor is geared to the engine and operates a set of breaker points that trigger a spark at the correct time in the combustion cycle . Electrical ( edit ) Before the advent of solid state electronics , camshaft controllers were used to control the speed of electric motors . A camshaft , driven by an electric motor or a pneumatic motor , was used to operate contactors in sequence . By this means , resistors or tap changers were switched in or out of the circuit to vary the speed of the main motor . This system was mainly used in electric multiple units and electric locomotives . Gallery ( edit ) Components of a typical , four - stroke cycle , DOHC piston engine . ( E ) Exhaust camshaft , ( I ) Intake camshaft , ( S ) Spark plug , ( V ) Valves , ( P ) Piston , ( R ) Connecting rod , ( C ) Crankshaft , ( W ) Water jacket for coolant flow . Double overhead cams control the opening and closing of a cylinder 's valves . Intake Compression Power Exhaust Repeat Valve timing gears on a Ford Taunus four - cylinder engine -- the small gear is on the crankshaft , the larger gear is on the camshaft . The gear ratio causes the camshaft to run at half the RPM of the crankshaft . See also ( edit ) Sleeve valve Crankshaft References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Camshaft definition by Merriam - Webster '' . Merriam-webster.com. 2010 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Georges Ifrah ( 2001 ) . The Universal History of Computing : From the Abacus to the Quatum Computer , p. 171 , Trans . E.F. Harding , John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ( See ( 1 ) ) Jump up ^ A. Lehr ( 1981 ) , De Geschiedenis van het Astronomisch Kunstuurwerk , p. 227 , Den Haag . ( See ( 2 ) ) Jump up ^ References : Georgano , G.N. ( 1982 ) ( 1968 ) . `` Maudslay '' . In Georgano , G.N. The New Encyclopedia of Motorcars 1885 to the Present ( Third ed . ) . New York : E.P. Dutton . p. 407 . ISBN 0525932542 . LCCN 81 - 71857 . Culshaw & Horrobin 2013 , p. 210 Boddy 1972 , p. 906 Jump up ^ Marr Auto Car Company Jump up ^ Kimes , Beverly Rae ( 2007 ) . Walter L Marr : Buick 's Amazing Engineer . Racemaker Press . p. 40 . ISBN 0976668343 . Jump up ^ http://www.rrec.org.uk/Cars/Rolls-Royce_Motor_Car_Engines/The_V8_Engine_Birth_&_Beginnings.php Jump up ^ Carspector definition : Quad - cam http://carspector.com/dictionary/Q/quad-cam-engine/ Jump up ^ The Future of the Internal Combustion Engine - Inside Koenigsegg on YouTube Jump up ^ http://www.railway-technical.com/trains/rolling-stock-index-l/electric-locomotives.html External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of camshaft at Wiktionary Media related to Camshafts at Wikimedia Commons Automotive engine Part of the Automobile series Basic terminology Bore Compression ratio Crank Cylinder Dead centre Diesel engine Dry sump Engine balance Engine configuration Engine displacement Engine knocking Firing order Hydrolock Petrol engine Power band Redline Spark - ignition engine Stroke Stroke ratio Wet sump Main components Connecting rod Crankcase Crankpin Crankshaft Crossplane Cylinder bank Cylinder block Cylinder head ( crossflow , reverse - flow ) Flywheel Head gasket Hypereutectic piston Main bearing Piston Piston ring Starter ring gear Sump Valvetrain Cam Cam follower Camshaft Desmodromic valve Hydraulic tappet Multi-valve Overhead camshaft Overhead valve Pneumatic valve springs Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Timing belt Timing mark Valve float Variable valve timing Aspiration Air filter Blowoff valve Boost controller Butterfly valve Centrifugal - type supercharger Cold air intake Dump valve Electronic throttle control Forced induction Inlet manifold Intake Intercooler Manifold vacuum Naturally aspirated engine Ram - air intake Scroll - type supercharger Short ram air intake Supercharger Throttle Throttle body Turbocharger Twin - turbo Variable - geometry turbocharger Variable - length intake manifold Warm air intake Fuel system Carburetor Common rail Direct injection Fuel filter Fuel injection Fuel pump Fuel tank Gasoline direct injection Indirect injection Injection pump Lean - burn Stratified charge engine Turbo fuel stratified injection Unit injector Ignition Contact breaker Magneto Distributor Electrical ballast High tension leads Ignition coil Spark plug Wasted spark Electrics and engine management Air -- fuel ratio meter Alternator Automatic Performance Control Car battery ( lead -- acid battery ) Crankshaft position sensor Dynamo Drive by wire Electronic control unit Engine control unit Engine coolant temperature sensor Glow plug Idle air control actuator MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Oxygen sensor Starter motor Throttle position sensor Exhaust system Automobile emissions control Catalytic converter Diesel particulate filter Exhaust manifold Glasspack Muffler Engine cooling Air cooling Antifreeze ( ethylene glycol ) Core plug Electric fan Fan belt Radiator Thermostat Water cooling Viscous fan ( fan clutch ) Other components Balance shaft Block heater Combustion chamber Cylinder head porting Gasket Motor oil Oil filter Oil pump Oil sludge PCV valve Seal Synthetic oil Underdrive pulleys Portal Aircraft piston engine components , systems and terminology Piston engines Mechanical components Camshaft Connecting rod Crankpin Crankshaft Cylinder Cylinder head Gudgeon pin Hydraulic tappet Main bearing Obturator ring Oil pump Piston Piston ring Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Electrical components Alternator Capacitor discharge ignition Dual ignition Electronic fuel injection Generator Ignition system Magneto Spark plug Starter Terminology Air - cooled Aircraft engine starting Bore Compression ratio Dead centre Engine displacement Four - stroke engine Horsepower Ignition timing Manifold pressure Mean effective pressure Naturally aspirated Monosoupape Overhead camshaft Overhead valve engine Rotary engine Shock cooling Stroke Time between overhaul Two - stroke engine Valve timing Volumetric efficiency Propellers Components Propeller governor Propeller speed reduction unit Spinner Terminology Autofeather Blade pitch Constant - speed Contra - rotating Counter-rotating Scimitar Single - blade Variable - pitch Engine instruments Annunciator panel EFIS EICAS Flight data recorder Glass cockpit Hobbs meter Tachometer Engine controls Carburetor heat Throttle Fuel and induction system Avgas Carburetor Fuel injection Gascolator Inlet manifold Intercooler Pressure carburetor Supercharger Turbocharger Updraft carburetor Other systems Auxiliary power unit Coffman starter Hydraulic system Ice protection system Recoil start GND : 4120808 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camshaft&oldid=817057490 '' Categories : Valvetrain Engine components Turkish inventions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 20 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what does a camshaft do for your car
[ "In internal combustion engines with pistons, the camshaft is used to operate poppet valves. It consists of a cylindrical rod running the length of the cylinder bank with a number of oblong lobes protruding from it, one for each valve. The cam lobes force the valves open by pressing on the valve, or on some intermediate mechanism, as they rotate." ]
[ "used to operate poppet valves" ]
-7996350836517256937
Horizon Zero Dawn
Horizon Zero Dawn - wikipedia Horizon Zero Dawn Horizon Zero Dawn Developer ( s ) Guerrilla Games Publisher ( s ) Sony Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Mathijs de Jonge Producer ( s ) Lambert Wolterbeek Muller Programmer ( s ) Michiel van der Leeuw Artist ( s ) Jan - Bart van Beek Writer ( s ) John Gonzalez Ben McCaw Composer ( s ) Joris de Man The Flight Niels van der Leest Jonathan Williams Engine Decima Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 Release NA : 28 February 2017 PAL : 1 March 2017 Genre ( s ) Action role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player Horizon Zero Dawn is an action role - playing video game developed by Guerrilla Games and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment . It was released for the PlayStation 4 in early 2017 . The plot revolves around Aloy , a hunter living in a world overrun by machines . Having been an outcast her whole life , she sets out to discover the dangers that kept her sheltered . The player uses ranged weapons , a spear and stealth tactics to combat the mechanised creatures , whose remains can be looted for resources . A skill tree provides the player with new abilities and passive bonuses . The game features an open world environment for Aloy to explore , while undertaking side and main story quests . Development began in 2011 after the studio completed production of Killzone 3 , with game director Mathijs de Jonge considering it `` the most risky '' idea of those that were pitched at the time . The concept explores the contrast between the beauty and danger of the game 's setting . The game engine , Decima , was developed for Killzone Shadow Fall and altered for Horizon Zero Dawn . Anthropologists were consulted to authenticate the world 's decay over a millennium . The game is the first new intellectual property ( IP ) developed by Guerrilla Games since Killzone in 2004 , and also the studio 's first attempt at developing a role - playing video game . The soundtrack , led by Joris de Man , contains experimental instrumentation to distinguish the themes . Horizon Zero Dawn was well received by critics , who praised the open world , story , visuals , combat , the character of Aloy and the performance provided by her voice actress Ashly Burch , whilst giving criticism to the dialogue , melee combat and character models . It won various awards and accolades and was the best - selling launch of an original IP on the PlayStation 4 ; selling over seven million copies by February 2018 , which ranks it among the best - selling games on the PlayStation 4 . An expansion , The Frozen Wilds , was released in November 2017 . Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Plot 2.2. 1 The Frozen Wilds 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Aloy using her spear in combat against a Watcher , one of the many robotic creatures found in the game . Horizon Zero Dawn is an action role - playing game played from a third - person view . Players take control of Aloy , a hunter who ventures through a post-apocalyptic land ruled by robotic creatures . Aloy can kill enemies in a variety of ways : setting traps like tripwires using the Tripcaster , shooting them with arrows , using explosives , and a spear . Machine components , including electricity and the metal they are composed of , are vital to Aloy 's survival ; she can loot their remains for crafting resources . Ammo , resource satchels , pouches , quivers ; resistance , antidotes , health potions , and traps can all be crafted . Weapons have modification slots for dealing more damage . Aloy wears a Focus , a small head piece that scans machines to determine their susceptibilities , identify their location , their level , and the nature of loot they will drop . One machine , the Stalker , can enable cloaking technology to avert the gaze of Aloy 's Focus scan . Machines attack with defensive and offensive measures , and will in either case react to a perceived threat by charging at it with brute force or projectiles . Exhibiting the behaviour of wild animals , some machines are inclined to move in herds and others , with the ability to fly , do so in flocks . Unless hacked with the Override Tool , machines will not exert aggressive force against each other . Aloy engages in battle with the cult known as the Eclipse . She can dodge , sprint , slide , or roll to evade her enemies ' advances . Hiding in foliage to ambush nearby enemies can ensure immediate takedowns . Swimming may reach enemies stealthily or places otherwise unreachable on foot . She is able to hack a selection of machines with the Override Tool , some of which can be turned into makeshift mounts . Explorable ruins called Cauldrons exist to unlock additional machines to override . There are three categories in the skill tree : `` Prowler '' concerns stealth , `` Brave '' improves combat , and `` Forager '' increases healing and gathering capabilities . To level up , Aloy attains experience points from individual kills and completing quests . Upgrades in each category result in more adept use of the skills learned , with `` Prowler '' leading to silent takedowns , `` Brave '' to aiming a bow in slow motion , and `` Forager '' to an enlarged medicine pouch . The Frozen Wilds added `` Traveller '' , which unlocks the ability to jump off a mount to attack enemies . The game features an open world environment with a day - night cycle and dynamic weather system which can be seamlessly explored . The map is composed of forest , jungle , desert , and snowy mountain regions . Mountainous terrain is traversed with the employment of parkour , and aided by the use of zip - lines installed throughout the world . Corruption Zones constitute areas that heighten difficulty and are populated by corrupted machines that behave with more aggression . To uncover more of the map , one must scale large giraffe - like machines known as Tallnecks . Twenty - five robotic creature designs are present in the game . Save points and fast travel can be accessed by interacting with campfires , once discovered . The quest structure unfolds to accommodate the exploration of tribes , while the main story covers the entire world . Side quests involve Aloy completing tasks , like gathering materials , coming to the aid of individuals in danger of being killed , solving mysteries , assuming control of bandit camps , eliminating criminals and more difficult machines , accomplishing various challenges at any of the five Hunting Grounds , and obtaining an ancient armour that makes Aloy almost impervious to damage . A dialogue wheel is used to communicate with non-player characters . Collectibles include vantages that offer visual information of the Old World , metal flowers , which when acquired contain poetry , and old relics , such as ancient mugs and tribal artefacts . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The story is set in the 31st century , in a world where humans have regressed to primitive tribal societies as a result of some unspecified calamity . Their technologically advanced predecessors are vaguely remembered as the `` Old Ones . '' Large robotic creatures known merely as `` machines '' now dominate the Earth . For the most part , they peacefully coexist with humans , who occasionally hunt them for parts . However , a phenomenon known as the `` Derangement '' has caused machines to become more aggressive towards humans , and larger and deadlier machines have begun to appear . There are three tribes that are prominently featured : the Nora , the Carja , and the Oseram . The Nora are fierce hunter - gatherers who live in the mountains and worship nature as the `` All - Mother . '' The Carja are desert - dwelling city builders who worship the Sun . The Oseram are tinkerers known for their metalworking , brewing , and arguing . Plot ( edit ) Aloy was cast out from the Nora tribe at birth , raised by an outcast named Rost ( JB Blanc ) . As a child , she obtained a Focus , a small augmented reality device that gives her special perceptive abilities . After coming of age , Aloy ( Ashly Burch ) enters a competition called the Proving to win the right to become a Nora Brave , and by extension , a member of the Nora tribe . Aloy wins the competition , but the Nora are suddenly attacked by cultists . Aloy is almost killed by their leader Helis ( Crispin Freeman ) , but is saved by Rost , who sacrifices himself to save Aloy from a bomb . When Aloy awakes , a Matriarch explains that the cultists had gained control of corrupted machines . Aloy also learns that as an infant , she was found at the foot of a sealed door . An Oseram foreigner called Olin ( Chook Sibtain ) informs Aloy that the cultists are part of a group calling themselves the Eclipse . Olin indicates that the reason Aloy was targeted by the Eclipse was due to her resemblance to an Old World scientist named Dr. Elisabet Sobeck ( also voiced by Burch ) . Aloy locates the remnants of the company Faro Automated Solutions and discovers that the old world was destroyed nearly 1,000 years ago after Faro lost control of its automated `` peacekeeper '' military robots . The robots , which could self - replicate and consumed biomass as fuel , overran the planet and consumed the biosphere , stripping Earth of all life . Project Zero Dawn , a top secret project spearheaded by Dr. Sobeck , was a plan to create an automated terraforming system to eventually shut the robots down and restore life to Earth . Aloy is then contacted by Sylens ( Lance Reddick ) , a secretive figure interested in uncovering what happened to the `` Old Ones '' . Aloy eventually learns that Dr. Sobeck was sent to an Orbital Launch Base to complete Zero Dawn and Sylens reveals that the base is located under the Citadel , the centre of Eclipse power . Aloy heads for the base and inside , she learns that Zero Dawn was a vast underground system of databases , factories , and cloning facilities all controlled by a single artificial intelligence named GAIA ( Lesley Ewen ) . Once all life had been extinguished , GAIA developed a countermeasure to deactivate all of the Faro robots and then build its own robots to restore the Earth 's biosphere . Once the planet was habitable again , GAIA reseeded life on Earth based on stored DNA and taught the first human clones not to repeat their predecessors ' past mistakes . However , APOLLO , the system designed to teach the new humans , was sabotaged by Faro in a fit of nihilism , and the Cradle - born humans were therefore reduced to a tribal , subsistence society . HADES was one of GAIA 's subsystems designed to enact controlled extinction if the outcome of Zero Dawn was not favourable for human existence . Aloy reaches Dr. Sobeck 's office , where she downloads a registry to give her access to the door from which she was born . She is captured by Helis and sentenced to death at the Citadel , but escapes with the help of Sylens . Aloy helps the Nora tribe fight off the Eclipse and then enters the door beneath the Nora mountain . She finds a recording left behind by GAIA , revealing that a signal of unknown origin caused HADES to activate and seize control of her functions . As a last resort , GAIA self - destructed in order to stop HADES . Without GAIA to maintain the terraforming process , the entire system began to break down . As a contingency plan , GAIA created a clone of Dr. Sobeck in the form of Aloy , in the hope that she would find GAIA 's message , destroy HADES , and restore GAIA 's functions . Aloy learns that Dr. Sobeck sacrificed her life to ensure the Faro robot swarm would not find GAIA . Aloy manages to obtain the System Override necessary to destroy HADES . Sylens admits that he was the original founder of the Eclipse , originally tempted by HADES ' promises of knowledge . With Sylens 's help , Aloy surmises that HADES wants to send a signal to reactivate the Faro robots so that they can once again extinguish all life on Earth . Aloy kills Helis and helps fight off waves of corrupted machines , before stabbing HADES with Sylens ' lance , ending the war . Aloy then journeys to Dr. Sobeck 's old home , where she finds her corpse , and has a moment of mourning for her predecessor . In a post-credits scene , HADES is shown to still be alive , but trapped by Sylens , who intends to interrogate HADES to find out who sent the signal that activated it in the first place . The Frozen Wilds ( edit ) Aloy travels to The Cut , the home of the Banuk Tribe after hearing word of dangerous machines appearing and a mountain belching smoke . There , she learns from a local chieftain named Aratak that the Banuk have been attempting to battle a Daemon on the mountain , `` Thunder 's Drum '' , which is apparently the cause of the machines in the area attacking the Banuk . However , their first attack had been a failure , and their shaman , Ourea , had disappeared afterwards . Aloy searches for Ourea , coming across strange robotic towers which corrupt any nearby machines . She finds Ourea in an Old World facility that had been converted into a Banuk shrine , and is housing an artificial intelligence called the Spirit , which she believes is a machine spirit . Aloy is able to establish communications with the Spirit , which warns Ourea that the Daemon is blocking its transmissions before being cut off . Aloy and Ourea agree to work together to save the Spirit . However , Aloy must first oust Aratak and replace him as chieftain , since he refuses to let Ourea go to Thunder 's Drum . It is also revealed that Ourea and Aratak are siblings . Aloy challenges Aratak , but daemonic machines ambush them in the final stretch of the challenge . They both team up to fight off the machines , and impressed by Aloy 's skills , Aratak concedes leadership to her . Aloy , Ourea , and Aratak head for Thunder 's Drum . They infiltrate the Old World facility built inside the mountain where Aloy discovers that the Spirit is actually CYAN , an AI designed to prevent the Yellowstone Caldera from erupting . Traveling further inside , they discover that the Daemon has already overtaken much of the facility , but CYAN suggests using lava from the caldera to destroy the infected areas while preserving the facility . It is also revealed that the Daemon is in fact HEPHAESTUS , another of GAIA 's subsystems . The group fights through HEPHAESTUS ' defenses and Ourea sacrifices herself to override CYAN 's core , allowing it to transfer to an auxiliary data center and initiate destruction of the facility . Aloy and Aratak are able to narrowly escape . Aloy returns to the Banuk Shrine , where CYAN has transferred herself to , and CYAN provides additional information about the Old World but warns that HEPHAESTUS is still active somewhere , and will continue to build machines designed specifically to kill humans , which is why it tried to seize control of CYAN and its facilities . Aratak thanks Aloy for all of the help she has provided to the Banuk , and Aloy puts him back in charge of his people before parting ways . Development ( edit ) Guerrilla Games began developing Horizon Zero Dawn in 2011 , following the release of Killzone 3 . When conceiving the idea for a new game , about 40 concepts were pitched . Among these was Horizon Zero Dawn , which game director Mathijs de Jonge considered `` the most risky '' of the concepts and was first pitched in 2010 by art director Jan - Bart van Beek . When this concept was chosen , a team of 10 -- 20 began building prototypes of the game . Approximately 20 different stories were written for the game , exploring varying concepts for the game , such as different player characters . John Gonzalez , who previously acted as lead writer for Fallout : New Vegas ( 2010 ) , was hired to write the game 's story as narrative director , with Ben McCaw as lead writer . The main elements of the story and the character of Aloy remained intact since early development . Upon the completion of Killzone Shadow Fall in late 2013 , the remainder of the staff began working on Horizon Zero Dawn . Guerrilla also cancelled work on another title so as to allow the entire team to focus on the development of Horizon . Sony would later admit to being reluctant about having the main character be female and conducted focus testing to see if such a decision was marketable . It had an estimated budget of over € 45 million . The game 's concept explores the juxtaposition between the danger and beauty of the world , particularly analysing the concept of humanity not being the dominant species . The team aimed to emphasise the game 's exploration element by featuring a quest system , as well as including items throughout the world that can be used to craft or replenish health . The team wished for the game to have a simple user interface design , specifically avoiding complicated menus for crafting , and considered the game to be a technical challenge . They felt that the game engine , Decima , which was designed for games such as the Killzone series and was previously used for Killzone Shadow Fall , was difficult to alter for Horizon , in terms of draw distance and loading . To discover how some game elements work differently in open world games , the team sought help from talent in the design , art and technical fields . In extrapolating the game world , Guerrilla turned to anthropologists and researched the formation of tribal cultures as well as how building materials would decay over a millennium . The game 's quest system and narrative design took inspiration from other role - playing video games , ranging from the `` Relaxed '' quest design of RPG Maker games to the `` Strict '' quest design of hack and slash games . They defined `` Relaxed '' quest design as having few centralised systems for managing quest progression , and `` Strict '' quest design as having a rigid structure and predefined elements , with the team deciding the latter . Lead composer Joris de Man used experimental instrumentation in the score The involvement of Lance Reddick and Ashly Burch was revealed in January 2017 . Burch voiced Aloy , whose likeness was portrayed by Hannah Hoekstra and motion capture was performed by Amanda Piery in London . Following an auditioning process in 2014 , Burch was called in to do the E3 2015 trailer and worked on the game for two years , providing facial motion capture as well . Her work was done in Los Angeles , with the Dutch developer brought in via Skype . The game 's soundtrack was composed by Joris de Man , The Flight , Niels van der Leest , and Jonathan Williams , with vocalist Julie Elven serving as the primary performer . Lucas van Tol , music supervisor and senior sound designer , provided the composers with a game design document , insisting on an intimate sound for the score . For the tribal theme , they experimented with bows on piano wire and resonator guitars ( with layered tracks of harmonicas on top of the latter ) and playing cellos with plectrums or the back of a bow to convey how contemporary instruments would be played by someone to whom the instruments were unknown ; de Man also used a contrabass flute and made synth pads from blowing on a Thai bamboo flute , noting `` distant pads and ambiences , and wide , spread out chords seemed to work well '' . Circuit - bent synthesizers and percussive loops , run through impulse responses of metal and iron being beaten , were devoted to making a thematic identifier for the machines based on technology and metal . Van Tol required that the music be supplied in stems so that different pieces could be combined . The positive response to the first E3 trailer 's main theme led it to be included in the main menu . The composers also did the motion capture for diegetic music vignettes , portraying in - game tribal musicians . The 4 - hour score was released across digital music platforms on 10 March 2017 . Release ( edit ) The concept art as well as the game 's codename , Horizon , were leaked in September 2014 . Horizon Zero Dawn was officially announced during Sony Interactive Entertainment 's E3 2015 press conference . The game was featured as the cover story in the September 2015 issue of Edge and the October 2016 issue of Game Informer . At E3 2016 , Sony had a life - sized cosplay version of one of the machines greet the trade show attendees . Originally set to be released in 2016 , the game was later delayed to February 2017 so as to give additional time for the development team to polish the game . It was released to manufacturing in late January 2017 . The game launched to North American markets on 28 February 2017 , in Europe , Australia and New Zealand on 1 March and Asia on 2 March for the PlayStation 4 . Horizon Zero Dawn is forward compatible with the PS4 Pro , allowing it to run up to 4K resolution . In April 2017 , a 47 - minute documentary about the making of Horizon Zero Dawn was released by Dutch public television . By March 2017 , a story expansion had already been set in motion . New Game Plus , an Ultra Hard difficulty mode , additional trophies and aesthetic features were introduced with a patch released in July 2017 . The expansion , The Frozen Wilds , was released on 7 November 2017 . Horizon Zero Dawn : Complete Edition , which contains the base game , The Frozen Wilds , and all additional downloadable content , was released on 5 December 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 89 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7.5 / 10 EGM 9 / 10 Game Informer 8.75 / 10 GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar+ Giant Bomb IGN 9.3 / 10 Polygon 9.5 / 10 VideoGamer.com 8 / 10 Horizon Zero Dawn received `` generally favorable '' reviews from critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic . The open world exploration , the story 's depth , the visual aesthetics , the challenging combat , the character development of Aloy and voice actress Ashly Burch 's performance were acclaimed by reviewers , while contradicting dialogue , aspects of the melee combat and character models faced the most reproval . Destructoid 's Chris Carter commended Ashly Burch and Lance Reddick for their performances , with the character of Aloy receiving credit for maintaining a `` captivating '' and `` interesting '' consistency in the narrative and action sequences . Carter also lauded the focus on exploration and discovery , which he said grew more effective as he traversed more of the land . The game world itself was subject to compliment for its `` beautiful '' day - night cycle and weather system . According to Carter , the challenging nature of the machines and varied methods with which to battle them brought a real sense of fun to the combat . Matt Buchholtz of EGMNow likewise praised Burch as well as the game world , which he found to be mesmerising . Thought as the most powerful part of the game , the Focus feature gained approval for complementing the combat in a way that `` forces you to become a hunter '' . Writing for Game Informer , Jeff Marchiafava opined that , unlike with other open world video games , searching for audio logs and emails provided the plot with a `` remarkable sense of discovery '' . He was thankful that story - based missions dominated the overall experience , arguing that they worked to detail the game world and inspired variation in the gameplay . Peter Brown at GameSpot reflected on Aloy 's character development with amazement , adding that the process matured Aloy and grew her confidence . One constant thrill to Brown came from combating the machines , which he said took the spotlight and never lost its flair . He appreciated also that the main quests encouraged one to explore the environment . Zoe Delahunty - Light , writing for GamesRadar+ , was fascinated with the intricacies of the game world and found integral value in the lore scattered among the ruins . She echoed Brown 's view that fighting machines maintained excitement throughout . Giant Bomb 's Jeff Gerstmann declared Horizon Zero Dawn as `` a near - perfect story '' with a satisfying conclusion , and emphasised that it contained substantial depth . Lucy O'Brien at IGN admired its weight in meaning , while welcoming the charm of the protagonist 's personality . A considerable impression was made with the combat , which was stated as the game 's most compelling accomplishment . Writing for Polygon , Philip Kollar applauded the game as what he dubbed the `` refutation '' of Guerrilla Games ' past work , a change of pace he described as `` refreshing '' . Aloy was observed to be perfectly coupled with the story in that she offered the curiosity to seek out its many mysteries . Kollar perceived the Focus as `` key to combat '' and the machines as engaging foes in battle . Colm Ahern of VideoGamer.com wrote in his verdict , `` Destroying large robot beasts while frantically switching between weapons is intoxicating , but the strength of Horizon Zero Dawn is in Aloy 's engaging quest to find out who she really is '' . Conversely , Carter saw the characters beyond Aloy and Sylens as uninteresting and bland in their designs . He also disparaged the human artificial intelligence as being worse than that of the machines . To Buchholtz , the weapon system in relation to ammunition appeared convoluted ; the ability to only purchase one item at a time `` a massive oversight '' ; and Aloy 's ability to only grab marked ledges was confusing for a `` parkour master '' . Marchiafava 's only major criticism was that it held too familiar roots with established open world formula . Although Brown drew enjoyment from other aspects of combat , he disparaged the melee for its ineffectiveness and simplicity . Delahunty - Light concurred that the melee fell short of its potential , and also took issue with the jumping mechanic . O'Brien felt the dialogue occasionally contradicted the otherwise intelligent narrative . Kollar bemoaned the character models as Horizon Zero Dawn 's one visual shortcoming . Japanese game director Yoko Taro listed Horizon Zero Dawn as one of his favourite PlayStation 4 games . Entertainment Weekly ranked it as the fourth best game of 2017 , GamesRadar+ ranked it second on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 , and Eurogamer ranked it 31st on their list of the `` Top 50 Games of 2017 '' . The Verge named Horizon Zero Dawn as one of the 15 Best Games of 2017 . In Game Informer 's Reader 's Choice Best of 2017 Awards , it took the lead for `` Best Sony Game '' , coming up in second place for both `` Best Action Game '' and `` Game of the Year '' . Game Informer also awarded it `` Best Sony Exclusive '' in their Best of 2017 Awards , and also gave it the awards for `` Best Story '' and `` Best Character '' ( Aloy ) in their 2017 Action Game of the Year Awards . EGMNow ranked the game third in their list of 25 Best Games of 2017 , while Polygon ranked it eighth on their list of the 50 best games of 2017 . The game won the Gold Prize and Users Choice Prize at the 2017 PlayStation Awards . It was nominated for `` Best PS4 Game '' at Destructoid 's Game of the Year Awards 2017 . It also won the awards for `` Best PlayStation 4 Game '' and `` Best Graphics '' at IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards , whereas its other nominations were for `` Game of the Year '' , `` Best Action - Adventure Game '' , and `` Best Art Direction '' . It was nominated for `` Best Looking Game '' at Giant Bomb 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards . In 2018 , it won the awards for Best PS4 Game , Best Performance for Ashly Burch , Best Art Direction , Best Soundtrack , Best Story , Best Post-Release Content , Best PlayStation Console Exclusive , and Best Use of PS4 Pro at PlayStation Blog 's Game of the Year Awards . In addition , a tabletop game based on Horizon Zero Dawn is being developed by Steamforged Games . Sales ( edit ) Horizon Zero Dawn was the best - selling game during its release week in the UK . It surpassed No Man 's Sky as the biggest launch of a new intellectual property on the PlayStation 4 and was the most successful launch of any kind on the PlayStation 4 since Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End , as well as Guerrilla Games ' biggest debut to date . The game sold close to 117,000 copies in its first week in Japan , becoming the second best - selling game that week . Horizon Zero Dawn was the second most downloaded game on the American PlayStation 4 store for February . Because its launch day occurred on the last day of February , only one day of sales was counted . It was the best - selling game in its week of release in Australia . In March 2017 , it was the second best - selling game in the United Kingdom and the highest - selling PlayStation 4 game . Horizon Zero Dawn was also the best - selling game on PlayStation Store that month . It was ranked number one in the UK sales chart in April 2017 , and eighth place in the Japanese chart of the same time period . By February 2018 , over 7.6 million copies had been sold worldwide . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Result show Ref 2015 Game Critics Awards Best of Show Nominated Best Original Game Won Best Console Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated 2016 Best of Show Nominated Best Original Game Won Best Console Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated Gamescom 2016 Best Preview / Vision Won Golden Joystick Awards Most Wanted Game Nominated The Game Awards Most Anticipated Game Nominated 2017 Develop Awards Animation Won Golden Joystick Awards Best Storytelling Won Best Visual Design Runner - Up Best Gaming Performance ( Ashly Burch ) Won Best PlayStation Game Won Ultimate Game of the Year Runner - Up Best Audio Nominated The Game Awards Game of the Year Nominated Best Game Direction Nominated Best Narrative Nominated Best Art Direction Nominated Best Performance ( Ashly Burch ) Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated 2018 New York Game Awards Big Apple Award for Best Game of the Year Nominated Herman Melville Award for Best Writing Nominated Statue of Liberty Award for Best World Nominated Great White Way Award for Best Acting in a Game ( Ashly Burch ) Nominated 45th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement for Character Animation in a Video Game Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing Won D.I.C.E. Awards Game of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Character ( Aloy ) Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Story Won Outstanding Technical Achievement Won Adventure Game of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Nominated NAVGTR Awards Animation , Technical Won Art Direction , Period Influence Nominated Character Design Nominated Control Precision Nominated Direction in a Game Cinema Nominated Game Design , New IP Won Game Engineering Won Game of the Year Nominated Game , Original Action Won Graphics , Technical Won Innovation in Game Technology Won Lighting / Texturing Nominated Original Dramatic Score , New IP Won Performance in a Drama , Lead ( Ashly Burch ) Nominated Sound Effects Nominated Use of Sound , New IP Nominated Writing in a Drama Nominated SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Visual Achievement Won Excellence in Animation Nominated Most Promising New Intellectual Property Won Excellence in Gameplay Nominated Excellence in Design Nominated Video Game of the Year Nominated Game Developers Choice Awards Best Audio Nominated Best Design Nominated Best Narrative Nominated Best Technology Won Best Visual Art Nominated Game of the Year Nominated 16th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards Audio of the Year Nominated Music of the Year Nominated Sound Design of the Year Nominated Best Original Soundtrack Album Nominated Best Cinematic / Cutscene Audio Nominated Best Dialogue Nominated Best Original Instrumental Won Best Original Choral Compostion Won 14th British Academy Games Awards Artistic Achievement Nominated Audio Achievement Nominated Best Game Nominated Game Design Nominated Music Nominated Narrative Nominated Original Property Won Performer ( Ashly Burch ) Nominated Ivor Novello Awards Best Original Video Game Score Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Donaldson , Alex ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` Horizon : Zero Dawn appears to be a proper RPG , and an exciting one '' . VG247 . Videogaming247 Ltd . Archived from the original on 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn aims to fill the open - world gap between GTA and Skyrim '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` Robot dinos , archery and mystery in ' Horizon : Zero Dawn ' '' . Engadget . AOL . Archived from the original on 18 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn and the Thrill of the Hunt '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Oli ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` Looking to the Horizon : how Guerrilla moved on '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Guerrilla Games ( 28 February 2017 ) . Horizon Zero Dawn . PlayStation 4 . Sony Interactive Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Hulst , Hermen ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn announced for PS4 , from Guerrilla Games '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ USgamer Team ( 12 April 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn Guide : How to Get the Best Weapons in the Game '' . USgamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn hands - on '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 30 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fulton , Will ( 17 June 2015 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn is even better than the mind - blowing trailer made you think '' . Digital Trends . Archived from the original on 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Parkin , Jeffrey ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn guide to crafting and resources '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parkin , Jeffrey ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn how to get the best weapons and outfit '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , James ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn gameplay demo shown at E3 '' . VG247 . Videogaming247 Ltd . Archived from the original on 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Parkin , Jeffrey ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn guide : How to kill every machine '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapsell , Chris ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn : To Curse the Darkness -- Infiltrate the Eclipse Base , find the Derelict Tallneck and crash the Eclipse Focus Network '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapsell , Chris ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn walkthrough : Guide and tips for completing the post-apocalyptic adventure '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Mahboubian - Jones , Justin ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` Horizon : Zero Dawn 's monsters can become your BFF '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Communications . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tapsell , Chris ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn Override Cauldron locations -- how to ride machines with Sigma , Rho , Xi , and Zeta mounts '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McAllister , Gillen ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` 19 new things we discovered from playing Horizon Zero Dawn '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` 6 ways to get easy XP in Horizon : Zero Dawn '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Parkin , Jeffrey ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn beginner 's guide '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( 28 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn : Beginner Tips , Upgrade Guides , And Other Valuable Lessons '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ( 1 November 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn : Frozen Wild 's new skill tree is focused on making your mount more useful '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Te , Zorine ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` Horizon : Zero Dawn Is Prehistoric and Modern All At Once '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` What is Guerrilla Games ' Horizon : Zero Dawn ? '' . VG247 . Videogaming247 Ltd . Archived from the original on 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Prell , Sam ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` Leaked Horizon : Zero Dawn map looks huge and gives us hints at what Aloy will encounter '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buchholtz , Matt ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn review '' . EGMNow . EGM Media , LLC . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prell , Sam ( 9 September 2015 ) . `` Horizon : Zero Dawn in 4K is the trailer you need to see if you 're thinking about a PS4 Pro '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Sony 's Horizon : Zero Dawn recharges the open - world genre with herd mentality '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Aoife ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Can Horizon : Zero Dawn really be a AAA game without cynicism ? '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lemne , Bengt ( 6 July 2016 ) . `` Guerrilla Games on Horizon : Zero Dawn 's quest structure '' . Gamereactor . Gamez Publishing A / S. Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Parkin , Jeffrey ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn quest guide '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn collectibles : vantages , ancient vessels , metal flowers and Banuk artifacts '' . VG247 . Videogaming247 Ltd . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Guerrilla Games ( 28 February 2017 ) . Horizon Zero Dawn . PlayStation 4 . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Level / area : Credits . ^ Jump up to : Guerrilla Games ( 7 November 2017 ) . The Frozen Wilds . PlayStation 4 . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Jump up ^ Sliva , Marty ( 17 June 2015 ) . `` E3 2015 : Horizon : Zero Dawn 's Incredible Balance of Action and RPG '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kato , Matthew ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` The Origins & World Of Horizon Zero Dawn '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Harrison ( 3 February 2017 ) . `` 1 Hour with Horizon Zero Dawn : A total noob 's perspective '' . GamesBeat . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Roding , Jeroen ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Building a Tribe : How Guerrilla Created the Banuk '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Killzone dev Guerrilla confirms work on new IP has begun '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( 19 September 2016 ) . `` Guerrilla cancelled work on a second project to focus on Horizon : Zero Dawn '' . VideoGamer.com . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` Sony was worried about a female protagonist in Killzone dev 's new IP '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kist , Reinier ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn : hoe de grootste Nederlandse mediaproductie tot stand kwam '' . NRC Handelsblad ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kato , Matthew ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` The Origins & World Of Horizon Zero Dawn '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Jem ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Decima Engine : New Horizons '' . Develop . NewBay Media . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` Horizon : Zero Dawn is 1080p / 30fps , runs on modified version of Killzone : Shadow Fall engine '' . VideoGamer.com . Archived from the original on 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Kat ( 28 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn 's Quest Design Was Inspired By Everything From Vampire the Masquerade to Skyrim '' . USgamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GDC Vault -- Building Non-linear Narratives in ' Horizon : Zero Dawn ' '' . GDC Vault . UBM plc . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` New Horizon Zero Dawn Trailer Reveals More Of Aloy 's Weird World '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` How Horizon Zero Dawn 's game world was inspired by Planet Earth , tribal culture , and a Dutch actress '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Podcast : The Voice Of Horizon Zero Dawn '' . Kotaku . Univision Communications . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Emily ( 16 June 2016 ) . `` Composers revealed for Horizon Zero Dawn '' . Video Game Music Online . Archived from the original on 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Roding , Jeroen ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn soundtrack white vinyl edition box set launches today '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Jump up ^ Cleaver , Sean ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Behind the music of Horizon Zero Dawn '' . Develop . NewBay Media . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Chris ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Q&A : Creating Horizon : Zero Dawn 's neo-prehistoric soundtrack '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Greening , Chris ( 4 March 2017 ) . `` Four - hour soundtrack for Horizon Zero Dawn pre-released on Spotify '' . Video Game Music Online . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Listen To Horizon Zero Dawn 's Amazing Soundtrack Right Here '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Guerrilla Games New Project Could Feature Robot Dinosaurs '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hilliard , Kyle ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Killzone Creators Announce Horizon : Zero Dawn '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Edge # 283 '' . Edge . Front cover : Future plc . September 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberley ( 6 September 2016 ) . `` October Cover Revealed -- Horizon Zero Dawn '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` This Horizon : Zero Dawn cosplay is wreaking havoc at E3 '' . GamesBeat . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( 6 June 2016 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn delayed to February 2017 '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` Horizon : Zero Dawn Goes Gold '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn sales top 2.6 M units in under two weeks '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Alex ( 21 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn 's Photo Mode Is Great Fun '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2 October 2016 ) . `` Inside PlayStation 4 Pro : How Sony made the first 4K games console '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Dean ( 17 April 2017 ) . `` Horizon : Zero Dawn 's new documentary shows how Guerrilla made such an impactful game '' . GamesBeat . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Mahboubian - Jones , Justin ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn to receive an expansion '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Communications . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Krishna , Swapna ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Play ' Horizon Zero Dawn ' all over again with New Game + '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 12 June 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Horizon Zero Dawn Expansion Gets A Snowy First Trailer '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Roding , Jeroen ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn : The Frozen Wilds Launches November 7 '' . PlayStation Blog . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Connor ( 4 October 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn : Complete Edition bundles the vanilla game and Frozen Wilds for the holidays '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Horizon : Zero Dawn PlayStation 4 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris ( 20 February 2017 ) . `` Review : Horizon Zero Dawn '' . Destructoid . ModernMethod . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marchiafava , Jeff ( 20 February 2017 ) . `` Hunting Bigger Game -- Horizon Zero Dawn -- PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter ( 20 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon : Zero Dawn Review '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Delahunty - Light , Zoe ( 20 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon : Zero Dawn review : `` A world that begs you to explore every corner '' `` . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gerstmann , Jeff ( 20 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon : Zero Dawn Review '' . Giant Bomb . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 21 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Lucy ( 20 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon : Zero Dawn Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Philip ( 20 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn review '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 12 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ahern , Colm ( 20 February 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn Review '' . VideoGamer.com . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Taro , Yoko ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Discover the Creators : Yoko Taro 's Favorite PS4 Games '' . PlayStation Blog . Archived from the original on 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Morales , Aaron ; Abrams , Natalie ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` The Year 's Best Games '' . Entertainment Weekly . No. 1496 - 97 . pp. 92 -- 94 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 22 December 2017 ) . `` The best games of 2017 : Page 3 '' . GamesRadar+ . Archived from the original on 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 27 December 2017 ) . `` Eurogamer 's Top 50 Games of 2017 : 40 - 31 '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` The 15 best games of 2017 '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` Reader 's Choice Best of 2017 Awards '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` Reader 's Choice Best of 2017 Awards ( Page 5 ) '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` Game Informer 's Best Of 2017 Awards '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` 2017 Action Game of the Year Awards '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 31 December 2017 ) . `` EGM 's Best of 2017 : Part Five : # 5 ~ # 1 '' . EGMNow . Archived from the original on 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` The 50 best games of 2017 '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Moyse , Chris ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Here are the winners of the official PlayStation Awards 2017 '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Devore , Jordan ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` Nominees for Destructoid 's Best PS4 Game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best PlayStation 4 Game '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Graphics '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Game of the Year '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Action - Adventure Game '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Art Direction '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 25 December 2017 ) . `` Game of the Year 2017 Day One : Old , Disappointing , Shopkeepers , and Looks '' . Giant Bomb . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Massongill , Justin ( 11 January 2018 ) . `` Game of the Year 2017 : The Winners , As Voted By You '' . PlayStation Blog . Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Avard , Alex ( 3 August 2018 ) . `` An official Horizon Zero Dawn board game is in the works , with adorable robot dino figures and everything '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Ben ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn beats Zelda to No. 1 '' . MVC . NewBay Media . Archived from the original on 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Horizon : Zero Dawn is Sony 's biggest PS4 franchise debut '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Devore , Jordan ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` Record - breaking launch for Sony and Guerrilla '' . Destructoid . ModernMethod . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` Media Create Sales : 2 / 27 / 17 -- 3 / 5 / 17 '' . Gematsu . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Massongill , Justin ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` PlayStation Store : February 's Top Downloads '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Grixti , Shannon ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn Beats Zelda : Breath of the Wild To The Top Spot In Australia '' . Press Start . Southern Cross Austereo . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dring , Christopher ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Ghost Recon : Wildlands was the UK 's best - selling game of March '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn was the best - selling game on PlayStation Store in March '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon Zero Dawn returns to UK number one -- Games charts 22 April '' . Metro . DMG Media . 24 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( 28 February 2018 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn has sold over 7.6 million units , celebrates first anniversary with goodies '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 5 July 2015 ) . `` Fallout 4 Gets E3 2015 Best of Show Award ; Full List of Winners Revealed '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` All of 2016 's Best of E3 nominees '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( 5 July 2016 ) . `` Here Are E3 2016 's Game Critics Award Winners '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gamescom 2016 '' . IGN. 21 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ( 15 September 2016 ) . `` Golden Joystick Awards 2016 voting now open to the public '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Communications . Archived from the original on 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Connor ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` Overwatch scoops five awards , Firewatch wins Best Indie Game : Here are all the Golden Joystick 2016 winners '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Stark , Chelsea ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` The Game Awards : Here 's the full winners list '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Cleaver , Sean ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` Guerrilla Games win Studio of the Year at the Develop Awards 2017 '' . Develop . Archived from the original on 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Emma ( 4 October 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn is going for gold at this year 's Golden Joystick Awards '' . TechRadar . Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` Here are your 2017 Golden Joystick Award winners '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwan , Hannah ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Last chance to vote for your favourite video games of the year '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards crowns The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild best game of 2017 '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Kayla ( 25 January 2018 ) . `` Complete list of winners of the New York Game Awards 2018 '' . AXS . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 4 December 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 11 January 2018 ) . `` Best Video Game Writing Nominees Announced , See Them All Here '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( 11 February 2018 ) . `` WGA Awards : Updated Winners List '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 14 January 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced for DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( 23 February 2018 ) . `` Breath Of The Wild Wins Big At 2018 DICE Awards '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. 9 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon wins 7 ; Mario GOTY '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. 13 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Andrew ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists ! '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed '' . IGN. 17 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` Breath of the Wild & Horizon Zero Dawn lead GDC 2018 Choice Awards nominees ! '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Another Game Of The Year Award '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Awards '' . Game Audio Network Guild . Archived from the original on 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ deAlessandri , Marie ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( 12 April 2018 ) . `` BAFTA names What Remains of Edith Finch its best game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Announced for the Ivor Novello Awards 2018 '' . Ivor Novello Awards . 31 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Horizon Zero Dawn Official website Guerrilla Games Guerrilla Games Killzone series Killzone Killzone : Liberation Killzone 2 Killzone 3 Killzone Shadow Fall Other games Shellshock : Nam ' 67 Horizon Zero Dawn Technology Decima Guerrilla Cambridge MediEvil series MediEvil MediEvil 2 MediEvil : Resurrection Other games Beast Wars : Transformers Frogger C - 12 : Final Resistance Primal Ghosthunter 24 : The Game LittleBigPlanet TV Superstars Killzone : Mercenary RIGS : Mechanized Combat League Contributions Heavenly Sword Wipeout series PlayStation Home EyeToy franchise PlayTV 2010s portal Role - playing games portal Sony Playstation portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horizon_Zero_Dawn&oldid=857070942 '' Categories : 2017 video games 4th millennium in fiction Action - adventure games Action role - playing video games Action video games Adventure games Augmented reality in fiction Decima ( game engine ) games Dystopian video games Family in fiction Guerrilla Games games Mass murder in fiction Open world video games Parkour video games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 - only games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games PlayStation Network games Post-apocalyptic video games Robot video games Science fantasy video games Science fiction video games Single - player video games Sony Interactive Entertainment games Stealth video games Video games developed in the Netherlands Video games featuring female protagonists Video games set in Colorado Video games set in the future Video games set in the United States Video games set in Utah Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Good articles EngvarB from March 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contributions Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 11 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when is the story set in horizon zero dawn
[ "The story is set in the 31st century, in a world where humans have regressed to primitive tribal societies as a result of some unspecified calamity. Their technologically advanced predecessors are vaguely remembered as the \"Old Ones.\" Large robotic creatures known merely as \"machines\" now dominate the Earth. For the most part, they peacefully coexist with humans, who occasionally hunt them for parts. However, a phenomenon known as the \"Derangement\" has caused machines to become more aggressive towards humans, and larger and deadlier machines have begun to appear. There are three tribes that are prominently featured: the Nora, the Carja, and the Oseram. The Nora are fierce hunter-gatherers who live in the mountains and worship nature as the \"All-Mother.\" The Carja are desert-dwelling city builders who worship the Sun. The Oseram are tinkerers known for their metalworking, brewing, and arguing.[6]\n" ]
[ "the 31st century" ]
-172275583964721570
Hoi polloi
Hoi polloi - Wikipedia Hoi polloi Jump to : navigation , search For the Three Stooges film , see Hoi Polloi ( 1935 film ) . For the Scottish punk band , see Oi Polloi . For other uses , see HOI ( disambiguation ) . Hoi polloi ( Ancient Greek : οἱ πολλοί , hoi polloi , `` the many '' ) is an expression from Greek that means the many or , in the strictest sense , the majority . In English , it has been corrupted by being given a negative connotation to signify deprecation of the working class , commoners , the masses or common people in a derogatory or ( more often today ) ironic sense . Synonyms for hoi polloi , which also express the same or similar distaste for the common people felt by those who believe themselves to be superior , include `` the great unwashed '' , `` the plebeians '' or `` plebs '' , `` the rabble '' , `` the masses '' , `` the dregs of society '' , `` riffraff '' , `` the herd '' , `` the canaille '' , `` the proles '' ( proletariat ) , `` sheeple '' , and `` peons '' . The phrase probably became known to English scholars through Pericles ' Funeral Oration , as mentioned in Thucydides ' History of the Peloponnesian War . Pericles uses it in a positive way when praising the Athenian democracy , contrasting it with hoi oligoi , `` the few '' ( Greek : οἱ ὀλίγοι , see also oligarchy ) . Its current English usage originated in the early 19th century , a time when it was generally accepted that one must be familiar with Greek and Latin in order to be considered well educated . The phrase was originally written in Greek letters . Knowledge of these languages served to set apart the speaker from hoi polloi in question , who were not similarly educated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pronunciation 2 Usage 3 Appearances in the nineteenth century 4 Appearances in the twentieth century 5 Appearances in the twenty - first century 5.1 List of twenty - first century commercial uses 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Pronunciation ( edit ) Pronunciation depends on the speaker : English speakers pronounce it / ˌhɔɪ pəˈlɔɪ / . Ancient Greek speakers pronounced it ( hoi polloi ˨ ˦ ) . Double - λ is pronounced as such . Modern Greek speakers pronounce it ( i poˈli ) since in Modern Greek there is no voiceless glottal / h / phoneme and οι is pronounced ( i ) ( all Ancient Greek diphthongs are now pronounced as monophthongs ) . Greek Cypriots still pronounce the double - λ ( ( i polˈli ) ) . Usage ( edit ) Some linguistic prescriptivists and students of ancient Greek argue that , given that hoi is a definite article , the phrase `` the hoi polloi '' is redundant , akin to saying `` the the masses '' . Others argue that this is inconsistent with other English loanwords . The word `` alcohol '' , for instance , derives from the Arabic al - kuhl , al being an article , yet `` the alcohol '' is universally accepted as good grammar . Appearances in the nineteenth century ( edit ) See also : Macaronic verse Lord Byron 's view of the hoi polloi There have been numerous uses of the term in English literature . James Fenimore Cooper , author of The Last of the Mohicans , is often credited with making the first recorded usage of the term in English . The first recorded use by Cooper occurs in his 1837 work Gleanings in Europe where he writes `` After which the oi polloi are enrolled as they can find interest . '' Lord Byron had , in fact , previously used the term in his letters and journal . In one journal entry , dated 24 November 1813 , Byron writes `` I have not answered W. Scott 's last letter , -- but I will . I regret to hear from others , that he has lately been unfortunate in pecuniary involvements . He is undoubtedly the Monarch of Parnassus , and the most English of bards . I should place Rogers next in the living list ( I value him more as the last of the best school ) -- Moore and Campbell both third -- Southey and Wordsworth and Coleridge -- the rest , οι πολλοί ( hoi polloi in Greek ) -- thus : -- ( see image reproduced on this page ) . Byron also wrote an 1821 entry in his journal `` ... one or two others , with myself , put on masks , and went on the stage with the ' oi polloi . '' While Charles Darwin was at the University of Cambridge from 1828 to 1831 , undergraduates used the term `` hoi polloi '' or `` Poll '' for those reading for an ordinary degree , the `` pass degree '' . At that time only capable mathematicians would take the Tripos or honours degree . In his autobiography written in the 1870s , Darwin recalled that `` By answering well the examination questions in Paley , by doing Euclid well , and by not failing miserably in Classics , I gained a good place among the οἱ πολλοί , or crowd of men who do not go in for honours . '' W.S. Gilbert used the term in 1882 when he wrote the libretto of the comic opera Iolanthe . In Act I , the following exchange occurs between a group of disgruntled fairies who are arranging to elevate a lowly shepherd to the peerage , and members of the House of Lords who will not hear of such a thing : PEERS : Our lordly style You shall not quench With base canaille ! FAIRIES : ( That word is French . ) PEERS : Distinction ebbs Before a herd Of vulgar plebs ! FAIRIES : ( A Latin word . ) PEERS : ' Twould fill with joy , And madness stark The hoi polloi ! FAIRIES : ( A Greek remark . ) Gilbert 's parallel use of canaille , plebs ( plebeians ) , and hoi polloi makes it clear that the term is derogatory of the lower classes . In many versions of the vocal score , it is written as `` οἱ πολλοί '' , likely confusing generations of amateur choristers who had not had the advantages of a British Public School education . John Dryden used the phrase in his Essay of Dramatick Poesie , published in 1668 . Dryden spells the phrase with Greek letters , but the rest of the sentence is in English ( and he does precede it with `` the '' ) . Appearances in the twentieth century ( edit ) The term has appeared in several films and radio programs . For example , one of the earliest short films from the Three Stooges , Hoi Polloi ( 1935 ) , opens in an exclusive restaurant where two wealthy gentlemen are arguing whether heredity or environment is more important in shaping character . They make a bet and pick on nearby trashmen ( the Stooges ) to prove their theory . At the conclusion of three months in training , the Stooges attend a dinner party , where they thoroughly embarrass the professors . The University of Dayton 's Don Morlan says , `` The theme in these shorts of the Stooges against the rich is bringing the rich down to their level and shaking their heads . '' A typical Stooges joke from the film is when someone addresses them as `` gentlemen '' , and they look over their shoulders to see who is being addressed . The Three Stooges turn the tables on their hosts by calling them `` hoi polloi '' at the end . At the English public school ( i.e. , private school ) Haileybury and Imperial Service College , in the 1950s and ' 60s , grammar schoolboys from nearby Hertford were referred to as `` oips '' , from `` hoi polloi '' , to distinguish them from comprehensive and secondary modern schoolboys , the lowest of the low , who were called `` oiks '' . The term continues to be used in contemporary writing . In his 1983 introduction to Robert Anton Wilson 's Prometheus Rising , Israel Regardie writes , `` Once I was even so presumptuous as to warn ( Wilson ) in a letter that his humor was much too good to waste on hoi polloi who generally speaking would not understand it and might even resent it . '' The term `` hoi polloi '' was used in a dramatic scene in the film Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) . In this scene , Professor Keating speaks negatively about the use of the article `` the '' in front of the phrase : Keating : This is battle , boys . War ! Your souls are at a critical juncture . Either you will succumb to the hoi polloi and the fruit will die on the vine -- or you will triumph as individuals . It may be a coincidence that part of my duties are to teach you about Romanticism , but let me assure you that I take the task quite seriously . You will learn what this school wants you to learn in my class , but if I do my job properly , you will also learn a great deal more . You will learn to savor language and words because they are the stepping stones to everything you might endeavor to do in life and do well . A moment ago I used the term ' hoi polloi . ' Who knows what it means ? Come on , Overstreet , you twirp . ( laughter ) Anderson , are you a man or a boil ? Anderson shakes his head `` no '' , but Meeks raises his hands and speaks : `` The hoi polloi . Does n't it mean the herd ? '' Keating : Precisely , Meeks . Greek for the herd . However , be warned that , when you say `` the hoi polloi '' you are actually saying `` the the herd . '' Indicating that you too are `` hoi polloi '' . Keating 's tone makes clear that he considers this statement to be an insult . He used the phrase `` the hoi polloi '' , to demonstrate the mistake he warned against . The term was also used in the c ; comedy film Caddyshack ( 1980 ) . In a rare moment of cleverness , Spaulding Smails greets Danny Noonan as he arrives for the christening of The Flying Wasp , the boat belonging to Judge Elihu Smails ( Spaulding 's grandfather ) , with `` Ahoy , polloi ! Where did you come from , a scotch ad ? '' This is particularly ironic , because Danny has just finished mowing the Judge 's lawn , and arrives overdressed , wearing a sailboat captain 's outfit ( as the girl seated next to him points out , Danny `` looks like Dick Cavett '' ) . Todd Rundgren 's band Utopia recorded a song titled `` Hoi Polloi '' on their album Deface the Music ( 1980 ) , in which all of the songs are written and performed in the style of the Beatles . The Lovin ' Spoonful 's song `` Jug Band Music '' includes the line : `` He tried to mooch a towel from the hoi polloi . '' In the song `` Risingson '' on Massive Attack 's Mezzanine album , the singer apparently appeals to his company to leave the club they 're in , deriding the common persons ' infatuation with them , and implying that he 's about to slide into antisocial behaviour : Toy - like people make me boy - like ( ... ) And everything you got , hoi polloi like Now you 're lost and you 're lethal And now 's about the time you got ta leave all These good people ... dream on . In an episode of This American Life , radio host Ira Glass uses the term hoi polloi while relaying a story about a woman who believes the letter ' q ' should occur later in the alphabet . He goes on to say that `` Q does not belong in the middle of the alphabet where it is , with the hoi polloi of the alphabet , with your ' m ' ' n ' and ' p ' . Letters that will just join any word for the asking . '' The term was used in a first - series episode ( The New Vicar , aired 5 November 1990 ) of the British sitcom Keeping Up Appearances . The main character , Hyacinth Bucket , gets into a telephone argument with a bakery employee . When the employee abruptly hangs up in frustration , Hyacinth disparagingly refers to him as `` hoi polloi '' . This is in keeping with her character ; she looks down upon those she considers to be of lesser social standing , including working - class people . Hoi Polloi was used in Larry Marder 's Tales of the Beanworld to name the unusual group of creatures that lived beneath the Beanworld . In the first scene of The PlayStation ad `` Double Life , '' a British man says , `` In the day , I do my job , I ride the bus , Roll up my sleeves with the Hoi polloi '' . Sue Townsend 's Adrian Mole writes a poem called `` The Hoi Polloi Reception '' and later works as a cook `` offal chef '' in a Soho restaurant called Hoi Polloi . Appearances in the twenty - first century ( edit ) The August 14 , 2001 episode of CNN 's Larry King Live program included a discussion about whether the sport of polo was an appropriate part of the image of the British Royal Family . Joining King on the program were `` best - selling biographer and veteran royal watcher Robert Lacey '' and Kitty Kelley , author of the book The Royals . Their discussions focused on Prince Charles and his son Prince William : Lacey said , `` There is another risk that I see in polo . Polo is a very nouveau riche , I think , rather vulgar game . I can say that having played it myself , and I do n't think it does Prince Charles 's image , or , I dare say , this is probably arrogant of me , his spirit any good . I do n't think it is a good thing for him to be involved in . I also , I 'm afraid , do n't think ( polo ) is a good thing for ( Charles ) to be encouraging his sons to get involved in . It is a very `` playboy '' set . We saw Harry recently all night clubbing , and why not , some might say , playing polo down in the south of Spain . I think the whole polo syndrome is something that the royal family would do very well to get uninvolved with as soon as possible . King turned the question to Kelley , saying , `` Kitty , it is kind of hoi polloi , although it is an incredible sport in which , I have been told , that the horse is 80 percent of the game , the rider 20 percent . But it is a great sport to watch . But it is hoi polloi is n't it ? '' To which Kelley replied , `` Yes , I do agree with Robert . The time is come and gone for the royals to be involved with polo . I mean it is -- it just increases that dissipated aristo - image that they have , and it is too bad to encourage someone like Prince William to get involved . '' The term also appears in the 2003 Broadway musical Wicked , where it is used by the characters Elphaba and Glinda to refer to the many inhabitants of the Emerald City : `` ... I wan na be in this hoi polloi ... '' Jack Cafferty , a CNN anchorman , was caught misusing the term . On 9 December 2004 he retracted his statement , saying `` And hoi - polloi refers to common people , not those rich morons that are evicting those two red - tail hawks ( ph ) from that fifth Avenue co-op . I misused the word hoi - polloi . And for that I humbly apologize . '' New media and new inventions have also been described as being by or for the hoi polloi . Bob Garfield , co-host of NPR 's On the Media program , 8 November 2005 , used the phrase in reference to changing practices in the media , especially Wikipedia , `` The people in the encyclopedia business , I understand , tend to sniff at the wiki process as being the product of the mere hoi polloi . '' In `` Sunk Costs '' ( season 3 episode 3 ) of `` Better Call Saul '' , Jimmy has been arrested and the DDA ( Oakley ) teases him `` getting fingerprinted with the hoi polloi '' . List of twenty - first century commercial uses ( edit ) The phrase `` hoi polloi '' has been used to promote products and businesses . As described by the Pittsburgh Dish , the name `` Hoi Polloi '' may be chosen to indicate that the brand or service will appeal to the `` common people '' . Hoi Polloi is the name of many businesses , including a restaurant in the United Kingdom , Hoipolloi a theatre company based in Cambridge in the United Kingdom , a dance group based in New York City , a woman 's boutique in New Orleans , Louisiana , a Cafe - Bar in Agia Galini , Greece , a film crew in the United Kingdom , and a global telecommunications company . Oi Polloi is a Scottish anarcho - punk group , whose name is a pun on the term , and also Oi ! music . Hoi Polloi was an alternative gospel band from New Zealand . Hoi Polloi is a Marketing Communications blog by Angelo Fernando , a business writer covering technology , marketing , and interactive media . Hoi Polloi is the title of a literary journal produced by Dog Days Press in Massachusetts . Ahoi Polloi is the name of a well - known German cartoon blog . The phrase has also been used in commercial works as the name a race of people . hoi polloi is used by the character Kindle in the video game Advance Wars : Dual Strike . Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard claimed the existence of a race of extraterrestrial invaders known as the Hoipolloi . See also ( edit ) Dominant ideology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roget 's New Millennium Thesaurus . Lexico Publishing Group , LLC . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Thucydides , History of the Peloponnesian War , Book 2.34 - 46 : `` καὶ ὄνομα μὲν διὰ τὸ μὴ ἐς ὀλίγους ἀλλ _̓ ἐς πλείονας οἰκεῖν δημοκρατία κέκληται '' ( `` It is true that we are called a democracy , for the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few '' ) . Jump up ^ Rexine , John E. ( September -- October 1978 ) . Review of The Scientist 's Thesaurus : A Treasury of the Stock Words of Science by George F. Steffanides . The Modern Language Journal . 62 . p. 291 . Jump up ^ `` British studies : the eighteenth century , a guide to topics in the Michigan state university libraries ' collections '' . July 15 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Colloquialisms starting with `` H '' `` . Translation Directory.com . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Maven 's Word of the Day '' . Random House . November 13 , 1998 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Editors of Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary , Tenth Edition `` Blue plate special '' ; how to use `` hoi polloi ; `` Peck 's Bad Boy October 28 , 2003 , Jewish World Review . Jump up ^ Lord Byron Lord Byron 's Letters and Journals November 24 , 1813 . Jump up ^ `` The chicken and the egg : the pluralism of Greek spelling '' . Athens News . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/183475.html Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition . Jump up ^ The Literature Network . Jump up ^ Cooper , James Fenimore Gleanings in Europe : England 1837 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hoi polloi : Word of the Day '' . November 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Byron , George Gordon , sixth Baron Byron . `` Byron 's 1813 diary '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 13 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lord Byron Detached Thoughts , 1821 . Jump up ^ `` Letter 1189 -- Darwin , C.R. to Henslow , J.S. , 2 July ( 1848 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . 2012 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Barlow , Nora ed. 1958 . The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809 -- 1882 . With the original omissions restored . Edited and with appendix and notes by his grand - daughter Nora Barlow . London : Collins . p. 59 . Jump up ^ New York Times Movies Jump up ^ von Busack , Richard , Pure Slap Shtik Metro Santa Cruz - January 16 -- 22 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Regardie , Israel Introduction Prometheus 1983 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Tom Excerpts from the script of Dead Poets Society . Jump up ^ Alwaysontherun.net . Risingson . Retrieved 14 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Keeping Up Appearances 02 - Welcoming The Dishy Vicar Divxmoviesenglishsubtitles.com Accessed on 11 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Marder 's Tales of the Beanworld - The Beanworld Glossary '' . RDrop.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Larry King Live Jump up ^ Schwartz , Stephen . `` Wicked Lyrics - `` One Short Day '' `` . musicalschwartz.com . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ American Morning Transcript Jump up ^ On the Media Jump up ^ http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/alliances-form-better-call-saul-heads-two-front-wa-254155 Jump up ^ `` The Dish on Dish : Hoi Polloi '' . Pittsburgh Dish . January 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hoi Polloi Bar and Restaurant . Jump up ^ Hoipolloi Theatre . Jump up ^ Hoi Polloi dance group . Jump up ^ Hoi Polloi boutique . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Hoi Polloi film crew . Jump up ^ `` Hoi Polloi Makes It Possible for Free Calls to China , Hong Kong ( Mobile ) , Singapore , and Numerous Other Countries from the U.S. '' . ECNext.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Hoi Polloi '' . Typepad.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Robert . `` hoi polloi - A Literary Journal for the Rest of Us '' . Lulu.com . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ahoi Polloi '' . blogger.de . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Advance Wars : Dual Strike - Game Script v1. 01 '' . GameFaqs.com . December 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Look up hoi polloi in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoi_polloi&oldid=808096892 '' Categories : English phrases Greek words and phrases Social classes Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 21 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the term hoi polloi come from
[ "Hoi polloi (Ancient Greek: οἱ πολλοί, hoi polloi, \"the many\") is an expression from Greek that means the many or, in the strictest sense, the majority. In English, it has been corrupted by being given a negative connotation to signify deprecation of the working class, commoners, the masses or common people in a derogatory or (more often today) ironic sense. Synonyms for hoi polloi, which also express the same or similar distaste for the common people felt by those who believe themselves to be superior, include \"the great unwashed\", \"the plebeians\" or \"plebs\", \"the rabble\", \"the masses\",\"the dregs of society\", \"riffraff\", \"the herd\", \"the canaille\", \"the proles\" (proletariat), \"sheeple\", and \"peons\".[1]" ]
[ "Greek" ]
6683923150105245308
Chandra Wilson
Chandra Wilson - wikipedia Chandra Wilson Jump to : navigation , search Chandra Wilson Wilson at the 2014 Voice Awards , August 2014 Chandra Danette Wilson ( 1969 - 08 - 27 ) August 27 , 1969 ( age 48 ) Houston , Texas , U.S. Alma mater New York University Occupation Actress , singer , director Years active 1989 -- present Children Chandra Danette Wilson ( born August 27 , 1969 ) is an American actress , known for her role as Dr. Miranda Bailey in the ABC television drama Grey 's Anatomy since 2005 , for which she has been nominated for the Emmy for Best Supporting Actress four times . She made her New York stage debut in 1991 and began to land guest spots on a variety of prime - time television shows . She made her first film appearance in the 1993 film Philadelphia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 3.1 Activism 4 Credits 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Theatre 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Wilson was born and raised in Houston , Texas . Her mother , a postal worker , wanted to keep her daughter active , so she enrolled Chandra in a litany of after - school activities that would set the course for her show business career . `` Starting at age four , my mom decided that she was not going to have an idle child in the house , '' Wilson recalls . `` So I started taking dance lessons on Tuesdays and Thursdays , and then I was in acting classes on Mondays , Wednesdays and Fridays , and I was also modeling on Saturdays . And that was my childhood . '' By the age of five , Wilson was performing in musicals with Houston 's Theatre Under the Stars company . She attended Houston 's High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and continued on to New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts , graduating with a BFA in drama in 1991 . For the next four years , from 1991 -- 95 , she studied at the Lee Strasberg Theatre & Film Institute while at the same time racking up professional theater credits . She made her New York debut in a 1991 production of The Good Times Are Killing Me and won a Theater World Award for Outstanding Debut Performance . Her other early stage credits include off - Broadway productions of Paper Moon : The Musical and Little Shop of Horrors . While she was making a name for herself on the New York stage , Wilson also began to land guest spots on a variety of prime - time television shows . She appeared on The Cosby Show ( 1989 ) , Law & Order ( 1992 ) and CBS ' Schoolbreak Special ( 1992 ) . She made her big - screen debut alongside Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington in the highly acclaimed 1993 film Philadelphia . Despite receiving high praise for nearly all of her performances , however , Wilson struggled for many years to gain more prominent roles . For eight years , while she tried to break into major stardom , Wilson worked part - time as a teller at Deutsche Bank in order to make ends meet . Throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s , Wilson continued to turn in memorable , if brief , performances on popular TV shows . She appeared on Third Watch ( 2001 ) , Sex and the City ( 2002 ) , The Sopranos ( 2004 ) and in sporadic episodes of Law And Order : SVU . And while struggling to land recurring roles on television , Wilson managed to attain considerable prominence on the Broadway stage in musicals such as On the Town ( 1998 ) , Avenue Q ( 2003 ) and Caroline , or Change ( 2004 ) . In 2005 , Wilson landed her breakthrough role as Dr. Miranda Bailey on the hit ABC show Grey 's Anatomy . Career ( edit ) Wilson 's first regular network TV role was in the short - lived series Bob Patterson ( 2001 ) , a post-Seinfeld vehicle for Jason Alexander . In a review for USA Today , Robert Bianco called Wilson `` the only person in the show you can imagine wanting to see again '' . Similarly , the Los Angeles Times said , `` The only character here that 's amusingly written is Bob 's new assistant , Claudia ( Chandra Wilson ) '' . She also appeared on Law & Order SVU , Sex and the City , and The Sopranos , and had a small role in Lone Star ( 1996 ) . Wilson also had career in theater , where she played Bonna Willis in The Good Times Are Killing Me , and was featured in the Tony - nominated musical Caroline , or Change . Wilson is an accomplished singer , and has sung in several productions . Wilson worked as a temp at Deutsche Bank Alex. Brown where she made presentations for the investment banking units . She worked at the Banker 's Trust location on 130 Liberty Street , right across the street from the South Tower of the World Trade Center through 9 - 11 when that building was lost to the terrorist attacks . Wilson was still working at a bank when she auditioned for the Grey 's Anatomy pilot . She was cast as Miranda Bailey , a role initially envisioned as a blond Caucasian woman . The show became a success . Wilson was nominated in 2006 , 2007 , 2008 and 2009 for an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama . She was nominated and won the Screen Actors Guild Award in 2007 for Outstanding Female Actor in a Drama Series ; she also won a SAG Award as part of the Grey 's Anatomy cast , which won Best Ensemble in a Drama Series . Wilson made her television directing debut with the episode `` Give Peace a Chance '' , the 7th episode in season 6 of Grey 's Anatomy . She also directed episode 17 , `` Push '' , of the same season and the fifth episode of season 7 , `` Almost Grown '' , the 21st episode of eight season , `` Moment of Truth '' , `` Second Opinion '' , the 6th episode of ninth season and `` Transplant Wasteland '' , the 17th episode of ninth season . The part of Dr. Bailey , supervisor to the hospital interns , had been written for a petite , Caucasian blonde , but Wilson , a full - figured African - American woman , gave such an impressive audition that the show 's producers decided to give her the part . `` Besides , '' she later joked , `` I knew the casting director . '' Wilson earned rave reviews for her performance as the tough - as - nails Dr. Bailey . Wilson was nominated for four consecutive Emmy Awards ( 2006 - 2009 ) and won four consecutive NAACP Image Awards ( 2007 - 2010 ) for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She also won the 2008 People 's Choice Award for Favorite Scene - Stealing Star . In 2009 , while still starring on Grey 's Anatomy , Wilson took a brief hiatus from the show to return to Broadway as Mama Morton in a revival of Chicago . Wilson said the only difference between her acting career now and her acting career a decade ago is that people actually recognize her on the street . `` The only difference in my career now is the visibility I have , '' she insisted . `` People say I made it now , but I feel like I made it doing summer stock . '' She is also clear - headed about the fragility of her new - found fame and fortune . Upon finally leaving her job at Deutsche Bank to focus solely on her role in Grey 's Anatomy , Wilson was careful not to burn any bridges . She said , `` They told me I could come back if acting does n't work out . I told them , ' Keep my seat warm . ' '' Personal Life ( edit ) In Parade May 6 , 2007 edition Wilson described herself as `` I 'm in a relationship but I 'm not married '' . She has been with her boyfriend for 9 years as of 2007 . Wilson and her partner have 3 children ; their daughter Sarina was born in 1992 , daughter Joylin was born in 1998 , and son Michael was born on October 31 , 2005 . Activism ( edit ) Wilson is an activist for the cause of cyclic vomiting syndrome and serves as the spokesperson for the Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Association , as well as , the celebrity ambassador for CureMito ! after her teenage daughter , Sarina , developed the disease in 2010 . For the ninth season of Grey 's Anatomy Wilson met with the producers and pitched the idea of featuring cyclic vomiting syndrome in an upcoming episode . The episode , `` Second Opinion '' , aired on November 15 , 2012 and was directed by Wilson . She also is an advocate for people with mental and / or substance use disorders . In 2015 , she hosted the 10th Annual Voice Awards event for the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . Credits ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Peer Pressure , Drugs and ... You 1993 Mad Dog and Glory 1993 Philadelphia Chandra Lone Star Athena 2003 Head of State Jaime Uncredited 2005 I Love the 80 's 3 - D Herself 2008 A Single Woman Coretta Scott King 2008 Accidental Friendship Yvonne Caldwell Frankie and Alice Maxine Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Cosby Show Dina Episode : `` The Lost Weekend '' 1992 CBS Schoolbreak Special Gloria Episode : `` Sexual Considerations '' 1992 Law & Order Serena Price Episode : `` Cradle to Grave '' 2000 Cosby Unknown Episode : `` It 's a Wonderful Wife '' 2001 Third Watch Volunteer Episode : `` Man Enough '' 2001 100 Centre Street Unknown Episode : `` No Good Deed Goes Unpunished '' 2001 Bob Patterson Claudia Unknown episodes 2002 Sex and the City Police Officer Episode : `` Anchors Away '' 2002 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Nurse Jenkins Episode : `` Waste '' 2003 Queens Supreme Dolores Episode : `` The House Next Door '' The Sopranos Evelyn Greenwood Episode : `` Cold Cuts '' 2005 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Rachel Sorannis Episode : `` 911 '' 2005 -- present Grey 's Anatomy Dr. Miranda Bailey Main Cast ( Season 1 -- present ) NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( 2007 -- 08 ) People 's Choice Award for Favorite Scene Stealing Star Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated -- BET Award for Best Actress on Television ( 2007 -- 08 ) Nominated -- Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actress -- Drama Series Nominated -- NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series ( 2010 -- 14 ) Nominated -- NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( 2006 -- 09 ) Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( 2007 -- 08 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2006 , 2008 ) 2008 Accidental Friendship Yvonne Television movie Prism Award for Performance in a Television Movie or Miniseries Nominated -- NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie 2009 Private Practice Dr. Miranda Bailey 2 episodes Theatre ( edit ) Chicago ( 2009 ) Caroline , or Change ( 2004 ) Avenue Q ( 2003 ) On The Town ( 1998 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) BET Awards 2008 , Best Actress : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) 2007 , Best Actress : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) Emmy Awards 2009 , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) 2009 , Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie : Accidental Friendship ( nominated ) 2008 , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) 2007 , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) 2006 , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) Image Awards 2014 , Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) 2013 , Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) 2012 , Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) 2011 , Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) 2010 , Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy - Give Peace a Chance ( winner ) 2010 , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) 2009 , Outstanding Actress in a Mini-Series / Television Movie : Accidental Friendship ( nominated ) 2009 , Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( Winner ) 2008 , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( winner ) 2007 , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( winner ) 2006 , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) People 's Choice Awards 2008 , Favorite Scene Stealing Star : Grey 's Anatomy ( winner ) Satellite Awards 2008 , Best Supporting Actress in a Television Vision / Mini-Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) 2007 , Best Supporting Actress in a Television Vision / Mini-Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) 2008 , Best Ensemble Cast in a Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( Winner ) Screen Actors Guild Awards 2008 , Outstanding Cast in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( nominated ) 2007 , Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( winner ) 2007 , Outstanding Cast in a Drama Series : Grey 's Anatomy ( winner ) Theatre World Award 1991 , Performance as Bonna Willis in The Good Times are Killing Me References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chandra Wilson : Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chandra Wilson - Biography '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chandra Wilson biography '' . The Biography Channel . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander 's sitcom lacks character '' . USA Today . 2001 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Howard ( 2001 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Comic Timing Ca n't Save ' Bob Patterson ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ MacMedan , Dan ( 2006 - 03 - 01 ) . `` At TV fest , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' cast has as much fun as characters '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Transplant Wasteland '' . Zap2It . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Freydkin , Donna ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Grey 's ladies '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chandra Wilson '' . curemito.org . Jump up ^ Salahi , Lara ( 2011 - 04 - 11 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Chandra Wilson : Real - Life Stomach Migraine Mystery '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy , Chandra Wilson - CVSA '' . cvsaonline.org . Jump up ^ `` Second Opinion '' . 15 November 2012 -- via IMDb . ^ Jump up to : http://www.samhsa.gov/newsroom/press-announcements/201503090430 Jump up ^ `` The Good Times Are Killing Me '' . ( McGinn - Cazale ) Loretel Archives / The Off - Broadway Database ( Lucille Lortel Foundation ) . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) Chandra Wilson on IMDb Chandra Wilson at the Internet Broadway Database Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W. Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Kathy Baker ( 1994 ) Gillian Anderson ( 1995 ) Gillian Anderson ( 1996 ) Julianna Margulies ( 1997 ) Julianna Margulies ( 1998 ) Edie Falco ( 1999 ) Allison Janney ( 2000 ) Allison Janney ( 2001 ) Edie Falco ( 2002 ) Frances Conroy ( 2003 ) Jennifer Garner ( 2004 ) Sandra Oh ( 2005 ) Chandra Wilson ( 2006 ) Edie Falco ( 2007 ) Sally Field ( 2008 ) Julianna Margulies ( 2009 ) Julianna Margulies ( 2010 ) Jessica Lange ( 2011 ) Claire Danes ( 2012 ) Maggie Smith ( 2013 ) Viola Davis ( 2014 ) Viola Davis ( 2015 ) Claire Foy ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) VIAF : 26825755 LCCN : no2006103300 MusicBrainz : 217156c7 - 28fc - 4d7f - 8fed - 8afb99b1cd63 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandra_Wilson&oldid=798516925 '' Categories : 1969 births Living people Tisch School of the Arts alumni Actresses from Houston Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Women television directors African - American television directors American television directors American television actresses African - American actresses American actresses American film actresses African - American female singers American musical theatre actresses American stage actresses 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses High School for the Performing and Visual Arts alumni Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 09 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays miranda bailey on grey's anatomy
[ "Chandra Danette Wilson (born August 27, 1969) is an American actress, known for her role as Dr. Miranda Bailey in the ABC television drama Grey's Anatomy since 2005, for which she has been nominated for the Emmy for Best Supporting Actress four times. She made her New York stage debut in 1991 and began to land guest spots on a variety of prime-time television shows. She made her first film appearance in the 1993 film Philadelphia." ]
[ "Chandra Danette Wilson" ]
7009031422063590529
List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders
List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders Jump to : navigation , search This article provides two lists : A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season three - point field goals made . A progressive list of three - point leaders showing how the record has increased through the years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Three - point field goals made leaders 2 Progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders 3 Notes 4 External links Three - point field goals made leaders ( edit ) This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular - season three - point field goals made . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the regular 2016 -- 17 NBA season . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration § 1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2018 Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . Win Shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . Rank Name Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total 3 - point field goals made Total 3 - point field goals attempted 3 - point field goal percentage Allen , Ray Ray Allen SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 2,972 7,429 . 400 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 2,560 6,486 . 395 Terry , Jason Jason Terry ^ SG / PG Atlanta Hawks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Boston Celtics ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Houston Rockets ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2016 -- present ) 2,243 5,895 . 380 Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce SF Boston Celtics ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 2,143 5,816 . 368 Korver , Kyle Kyle Korver ^ SG / SF Philadelphia 76ers ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Utah Jazz ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) 2,049 4,754 . 431 Carter , Vince Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1998 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- present ) 2,049 5,485 . 374 Crawford , Jamal Jamal Crawford ^ SG / PG Chicago Bulls ( 2000 -- 2004 ) New York Knicks ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2017 -- present ) 2,049 5,861 . 350 8 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd PG Dallas Mavericks ( 1994 -- 1996 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 2001 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2001 -- 2008 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 1,988 5,701 . 349 9 Johnson , Joe Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- present ) 1,938 5,186 . 374 10 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ PG Golden State Warriors ( 2009 -- present ) 1,917 4,379 . 438 11 Billups , Chauncey Chauncey Billups PG / SG Boston Celtics ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Toronto Raptors ( 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 19 99 , 2008 -- 2011 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2002 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 1,830 4,725 . 387 12 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 1,827 5,546 . 330 13 Lewis , Rashard Rashard Lewis SF / PF Seattle SuperSonics ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Orlando Magic ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Washington Wizards ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,787 4,625 . 386 14 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF Dallas Mavericks ( 1998 -- present ) 1,780 4,668 . 381 15 Smith , J.R. J.R. Smith ^ SG New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2015 -- present ) 1,774 4,747 . 374 16 Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković SF Sacramento Kings ( 1998 -- 2006 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2006 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 ) 1,760 4,392 . 401 17 Ellis , Dale Dale Ellis SF / SG Dallas Mavericks ( 1983 -- 1986 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1986 -- 1991 , 1997 -- 1999 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1992 , 1999 -- 2000 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 2000 ) 1,719 4,266 . 403 18 Nash , Steve Steve Nash PG Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2004 -- 2012 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1,685 3,939 . 428 19 Richardson , Jason Jason Richardson SG Golden State Warriors ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Orlando Magic ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1,608 4,344 . 370 20 Miller , Mike Mike Miller ^ SF / SG Orlando Magic ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2003 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Washington Wizards ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 1,590 3,910 . 407 21 Rice , Glen Glen Rice SF Miami Heat ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1999 -- 2000 ) New York Knicks ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Houston Rockets ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 1,559 3,896 . 400 22 Jones , Eddie Eddie Jones SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Miami Heat ( 2000 -- 2005 , 2007 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,546 4,147 . 373 23 Hardaway , Tim Tim Hardaway PG Golden State Warriors ( 1989 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2002 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2003 ) 1,542 4,345 . 355 24 Van Exel , Nick Nick Van Exel PG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2004 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 1,528 4,278 . 357 25 Bibby , Mike Mike Bibby PG Vancouver Grizzlies ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Washington Wizards ( 2011 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 1,517 3,999 . 379 26 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ SF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- present ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) 1,467 4,295 . 342 27 Finley , Michael Michael Finley SF Phoenix Suns ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 ) 1,454 3,880 . 375 28 Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ SG San Antonio Spurs ( 2002 -- present ) 1,431 3,863 . 370 29 Barry , Brent Brent Barry SG Los Angeles Clippers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1998 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2004 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Houston Rockets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 1,395 3,442 . 405 30 Walker , Antoine Antoine Walker PF Boston Celtics ( 1996 -- 2003 , 2005 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,386 4,264 . 325 31 Harden , James James Harden ^ SG Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Houston Rockets ( 2012 -- present ) 1,382 3,801 . 364 32 Majerle , Dan Dan Majerle SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1995 , 2001 -- 2002 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) 1,360 3,798 . 358 33 Davis , Baron Baron Davis PG Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 ) 1,332 4,159 . 320 34 Thompson , Klay Klay Thompson ^ SG Golden State Warriors ( 2011 -- present ) 1,328 3,171 . 419 35 Richmond , Mitch Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 1,326 3,419 . 388 36 Houston , Allan Allan Houston SG Detroit Pistons ( 1993 -- 1996 ) New York Knicks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 1,305 3,247 . 402 37 Dunleavy Jr. , Mike Mike Dunleavy Jr. ^ SF / SG Golden State Warriors ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2016 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2017 ) 1,304 3,460 . 377 38 Porter , Terry Terry Porter PG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1999 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,297 3,360 . 386 39 Blaylock , Mookie Mookie Blaylock PG New Jersey Nets ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1992 -- 1999 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,283 3,816 . 336 40 Redick , J.J. J.J. Redick ^ SG Orlando Magic ( 2006 -- 2014 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2017 -- present ) 1,271 3,064 . 415 41 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ SF Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 1,260 3,321 . 379 42 Maxwell , Vernon Vernon Maxwell SG San Antonio Spurs ( 1988 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 1997 ) Houston Rockets ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1995 -- 1996 , 2000 ) Orlando Magic ( 1998 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1998 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 ) 1,256 3,931 . 320 43 Robinson , Clifford Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 1,253 3,515 . 356 44 Matthews , Wesley Wesley Matthews ^ SG Utah Jazz ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2015 -- present ) 1,252 3,265 . 383 Jackson , Stephen Stephen Jackson SG / SF New Jersey Nets ( 2000 -- 2001 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2001 -- 2003 , 2012 -- 2013 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 1,252 3,763 . 333 46 Battier , Shane Shane Battier SF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2006 , 2011 ) Houston Rockets ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 1,250 3,254 . 384 47 Fisher , Derek Derek Fisher PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 , 2007 -- 2012 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Utah Jazz ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2012 , 2013 -- 2014 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2012 ) 1,248 3,341 . 374 48 Türkoğlu , Hedo Hedo Türkoğlu SF Sacramento Kings ( 2000 -- 2003 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Orlando Magic ( 2004 -- 2009 , 2010 -- 2013 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 1,246 3,246 . 384 49 Curry , Dell Dell Curry SG Utah Jazz ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1988 -- 1998 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1999 ) Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,245 3,098 . 402 50 Williams , Jason Jason Williams PG Sacramento Kings ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2005 , 2011 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2011 ) 1,238 3,784 . 327 Progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders showing how the record has increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the regular 2016 -- 17 NBA season . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Team Abbreviations Team listed is the one player was on when he established the record . BOS Boston Celtics HOU Houston Rockets ORL Orlando Magic SEA Seattle SuperSonics CHA Charlotte Bobcats IND Indiana Pacers PHI Philadelphia 76ers TOR Toronto Raptors CHI Chicago Bulls LAL Los Angeles Lakers PHO Phoenix Suns UTA Utah Jazz CLE Cleveland Cavaliers MIA Miami Heat SAC Sacramento Kings WAS Washington Wizards DEN Denver Nuggets MIL Milwaukee Bucks SAS San Antonio Spurs WSB Washington Bullets GSW Golden State Warriors NYK New York Knicks SDC San Diego Clippers Progressive 3 point Leaders Season Year - by - year leader 3P Active player leader 3P Career record 3P Single season record 3P Season 1979 -- 80 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Mike Bratz 000CLE 57 134 134 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 Don Buse 000IND 73 Joe Hassett 000GSW 193 Joe Hassett 000GSW 193 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Mike Dunleavy 000 SAS 67 194 194 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 91 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 154 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 91 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 92 246 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 246 92 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Larry Bird * 000BOS 82 Larry Bird * 000BOS 267 Larry Bird * 000BOS 267 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 90 357 357 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 Danny Ainge 000BOS 148 455 455 Danny Ainge 000BOS 148 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 Michael Adams 000DEN 166 Dale Ellis 000SEA 472 Dale Ellis 000SEA 472 Michael Adams 000DEN 166 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 158 568 568 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 Vernon Maxwell 000HOU 172 Michael Adams 000DEN 1990 -- 91 000WSB 1991 -- 92 658 Michael Adams 000DEN 1990 -- 91 000WSB 1991 -- 92 658 Vernon Maxwell 000HOU 172 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 162 783 783 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 Reggie Miller * 000IND Dan Majerle 000PHO 167 Dale Ellis 000 SAS 1992 -- 94 000 DEN 1994 -- 97 882 Dale Ellis 000 SAS 1992 -- 94 000 DEN 1994 -- 97 882 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 Dan Majerle 000PHO 192 1,013 1,013 Dan Majerle 000PHO 192 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 John Starks 000NYK 217 1,119 1,119 John Starks 000NYK 217 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Dennis Scott 000ORL 267 1,269 1,269 Dennis Scott 000ORL 267 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 Reggie Miller * 000IND 229 1,461 1,461 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 Wesley Person 000CLE 192 Reggie Miller * 000IND 1,596 Reggie Miller * 000IND 1,596 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Dee Brown 000TOR 135 1,702 1,702 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 Gary Payton * 000SEA 177 1,867 1,867 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Antoine Walker 000BOS 221 2,037 2,037 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000MIL 229 2,217 2,217 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 201 2,330 2,330 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Peja Stojaković 000SAC 240 2,464 2,464 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Quentin Richardson 0PHO Kyle Korver ^ 00PHI 226 2,560 2,560 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000SEA 269 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000SEA 2005 -- 07 000BOS 2007 -- 12 000MIA 2012 -- 14 1,755 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000SEA 269 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 Gilbert Arenas 00WAS Raja Bell 00PHO 205 1,920 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 Jason Richardson 000CHA 243 2,100 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Rashard Lewis 000ORL 220 2,299 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Aaron Brooks ^ 000HOU 209 2,444 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 Dorell Wright 000GSW 194 2,612 Allen , Ray Ray Allen 000BOS 2010 -- 12 000MIA 2012 -- 14 2,612 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 Ryan Anderson ^ 000ORL 166 2,718 2,718 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 Stephen Curry ^ 000GSW 272 2,857 2,857 Stephen Curry ^ 000GSW 272 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 261 2,973 2,973 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 286 Jason Terry ^ 000HOU 2014 -- 16 000MIL 2016 -- 17 2,076 286 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 402 2,169 402 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 324 2,242 2016 -- 17 Season Year - by - Year Leader 3P Active Player Leader 3P Career Record 3P Single Season Record 3P Season Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The National Basketball Association did not record 3 - point field goals until the 1979 -- 80 season Jump up ^ `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for four calendar years ( reduced from five in 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Hall of Fame Candidates '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in 3 - point field goals made ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_3-point_scoring_leaders&oldid=801469110 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 21 : 14 . About Wikipedia
who has the most three pointers of all time
[ "\n\nRank\nName\nPosition(s)\nTeam(s) played for (years)[6]\nTotal 3-point field\ngoals made\nTotal 3-point field\ngoals attempted\n3-point field goal\npercentage\n\n\n1\nAllen, RayRay Allen†\nSG\nMilwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)\nSeattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)\nBoston Celtics (2007–2012)\nMiami Heat (2012–2014)\n2,972\n7,429\n\n.400\n\n\n\n2\nMiller, ReggieReggie Miller*\nSG\nIndiana Pacers (1987–2005)\n2,560\n6,486\n.395\n\n\n3\nTerry, JasonJason Terry^\nSG/PG\nAtlanta Hawks (1999–2004)\nDallas Mavericks (2004–2012)\nBoston Celtics (2012–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2014)\nHouston Rockets (2014–2016)\nMilwaukee Bucks (2016–present)\n2,243\n5,895\n.380\n\n\n4\nPierce, PaulPaul Pierce†\nSF\nBoston Celtics (1998–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2014)\nWashington Wizards (2014–2015)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)\n2,143\n5,816\n.368\n\n\n5\nKorver, KyleKyle Korver^\nSG/SF\nPhiladelphia 76ers (2003–2007)\nUtah Jazz (2007–2010)\nChicago Bulls (2010–2012)\nAtlanta Hawks (2012–2017)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2017–present)\n2,049\n4,754\n.431\n\n\nCarter, VinceVince Carter^\nSG/SF\nToronto Raptors (1998–2004)\nNew Jersey Nets (2004–2009)\nOrlando Magic (2009–2010)\nPhoenix Suns (2010–2011)\nDallas Mavericks (2011–2014)\nMemphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)\nSacramento Kings (2017–present)\n2,049\n5,485\n.374\n\n\nCrawford, JamalJamal Crawford^\nSG/PG\nChicago Bulls (2000–2004)\nNew York Knicks (2004–2008)\nGolden State Warriors (2008–2009)\nAtlanta Hawks (2009–2011)\nPortland Trail Blazers (2011–2012)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2012–2017)\nMinnesota Timberwolves (2017–present)\n2,049\n5,861\n.350\n\n\n8\nKidd, JasonJason Kidd§\nPG\nDallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)\nPhoenix Suns (1996–2001)\nNew Jersey Nets (2001–2008)\nNew York Knicks (2012–2013)\n1,988\n5,701\n.349\n\n\n9\nJohnson, JoeJoe Johnson^\nSG/SF\nBoston Celtics (2001–2002)\nPhoenix Suns (2002–2005)\nAtlanta Hawks (2005–2012)\nBrooklyn Nets (2012–2016)\nMiami Heat (2016)\nUtah Jazz (2016–present)\n1,938\n5,186\n.374\n\n\n10\nCurry, StephenStephen Curry^\nPG\nGolden State Warriors (2009–present)\n1,917\n4,379\n.438\n\n\n11\nBillups , ChaunceyChauncey Billups †\nPG/SG\nBoston Celtics (1997–1998)\nToronto Raptors (1998)\nDenver Nuggets (1999, 2008–2011)\nMinnesota Timberwolves (2000–2002)\nDetroit Pistons (2002–2008, 2013–2014)\nNew York Knicks (2011)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2011–2013)\n1,830\n4,725\n.387\n\n\n12\nBryant, KobeKobe Bryant†\nSG\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)\n1,827\n5,546\n.330\n\n\n13\nLewis, RashardRashard Lewis†\nSF/PF\nSeattle SuperSonics (1998–2007)\nOrlando Magic (2007–2010)\nWashington Wizards (2010–2012)\nMiami Heat (2012–2014)\n1,787\n4,625\n.386\n\n\n14\nNowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^\nPF\nDallas Mavericks (1998–present)\n1,780\n4,668\n.381\n\n\n15\nSmith, J. R.J. R. Smith^\nSG\nNew Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets (2004–2006)\nDenver Nuggets (2006–2011)\nNew York Knicks (2011–2015)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2015–present)\n1,774\n4,747\n.374\n\n\n16\nStojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković\nSF\nSacramento Kings (1998–2006)\nIndiana Pacers (2006)\nNew Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets (2006–2010)\nToronto Raptors (2010–2011)\nDallas Mavericks (2011)\n1,760\n4,392\n.401\n\n\n17\nEllis, DaleDale Ellis\nSF/SG\nDallas Mavericks (1983–1986)\nSeattle SuperSonics (1986–1991, 1997–1999)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1991–1992, 1999–2000)\nSan Antonio Spurs (1992–1994)\nDenver Nuggets (1994–1997)\nCharlotte Hornets (2000)\n1,719\n4,266\n.403\n\n\n18\nNash, SteveSteve Nash†\nPG\nPhoenix Suns (1996–1998, 2004–2012)\nDallas Mavericks (1998–2004)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2012–2015)\n1,685\n3,939\n.428\n\n\n19\nRichardson, JasonJason Richardson†\nSG\nGolden State Warriors (2001–2007)\nCharlotte Bobcats (2007–2008)\nPhoenix Suns (2008–2010)\nOrlando Magic (2010–2012)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (2012–2015)\n1,608\n4,344\n.370\n\n\n20\nMiller, MikeMike Miller^\nSF/SG\nOrlando Magic (2000–2003)\nMemphis Grizzlies (2003–2008, 2013–2014)\nMinnesota Timberwolves (2008–2009)\nWashington Wizards (2009–2010)\nMiami Heat (2010–2013)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2014–2015)\nDenver Nuggets (2015–2017)\n1,590\n3,910\n.407\n\n\n21\nRice, GlenGlen Rice\nSF\nMiami Heat (1989–1995)\nCharlotte Hornets (1995–1998)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1999–2000)\nNew York Knicks (2000–2001)\nHouston Rockets (2001–2003)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2003–2004)\n1,559\n3,896\n.400\n\n\n22\nJones, EddieEddie Jones\nSG\nLos Angeles Lakers (1994–1999)\nCharlotte Hornets (1999–2000)\nMiami Heat (2000–2005, 2007)\nMemphis Grizzlies (2005–2007)\nDallas Mavericks (2007–2008)\n1,546\n4,147\n.373\n\n\n23\nHardaway, TimTim Hardaway\nPG\nGolden State Warriors (1989–1996)\nMiami Heat (1996–2001)\nDallas Mavericks (2001–2002)\nDenver Nuggets (2002)\nIndiana Pacers (2003)\n1,542\n4,345\n.355\n\n\n24\nVan Exel, NickNick Van Exel\nPG\nLos Angeles Lakers (1993–1998)\nDenver Nuggets (1999–2002)\nDallas Mavericks (2002–2003)\nGolden State Warriors (2003–2004)\nPortland Trail Blazers (2004–2005)\nSan Antonio Spurs (2005–2006)\n1,528\n4,278\n.357\n\n\n25\nBibby, MikeMike Bibby\nPG\nVancouver Grizzlies (1998–2001)\nSacramento Kings (2001–2008)\nAtlanta Hawks (2008–2011)\nWashington Wizards (2011)\nMiami Heat (2011)\nNew York Knicks (2011–2012)\n1,517\n3,999\n.379\n\n\n26\nJames, LeBronLeBron James^\nSF\nCleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–present)\nMiami Heat (2010–2014)\n1,467\n4,295\n.342\n\n\n27\nFinley, MichaelMichael Finley\nSF\nPhoenix Suns (1995–1996)\nDallas Mavericks (1996–2005)\nSan Antonio Spurs (2005–2010)\nBoston Celtics (2010)\n1,454\n3,880\n.375\n\n\n28\nGinóbili, ManuManu Ginóbili^\nSG\nSan Antonio Spurs (2002–present)\n1,431\n3,863\n.370\n\n\n29\nBarry, BrentBrent Barry\nSG\nLos Angeles Clippers (1995–1998)\nMiami Heat (1998)\nChicago Bulls (1999)\nSeattle SuperSonics (1999–2004)\nSan Antonio Spurs (2004–2008)\nHouston Rockets (2008–2009)\n1,395\n3,442\n.405\n\n\n30\nWalker, AntoineAntoine Walker\nPF\nBoston Celtics (1996–2003, 2005)\nDallas Mavericks (2003–2004)\nAtlanta Hawks (2004–2005)\nMiami Heat (2005–2007)\nMinnesota Timberwolves (2007–2008)\n1,386\n4,264\n.325\n\n\n31\nHarden, JamesJames Harden^\nSG\nOklahoma City Thunder (2009–2012)\nHouston Rockets (2012–present)\n1,382\n3,801\n.364\n\n\n32\nMajerle, DanDan Majerle\nSG/SF\nPhoenix Suns (1988–1995, 2001–2002)\nCleveland Cavaliers (1995–1996)\nMiami Heat (1996–2001)\n1,360\n3,798\n.358\n\n\n33\nDavis, BaronBaron Davis\nPG\nCharlotte Hornets (1999–2002)\nNew Orleans Hornets (2002–2005)\nGolden State Warriors (2005–2008)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2008–2011)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2011)\nNew York Knicks (2012)\n1,332\n4,159\n.320\n\n\n34\nThompson, KlayKlay Thompson^\nSG\nGolden State Warriors (2011–present)\n1,328\n3,171\n.419\n\n\n35\nRichmond, MitchMitch Richmond*\nSG\nGolden State Warriors (1988–1991)\nSacramento Kings (1991–1998)\nWashington Wizards (1998–2001)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)\n1,326\n3,419\n.388\n\n\n36\nHouston, AllanAllan Houston\nSG\nDetroit Pistons (1993–1996)\nNew York Knicks (1996–2005)\n1,305\n3,247\n.402\n\n\n37\nDunleavy Jr., MikeMike Dunleavy Jr.^\nSF/SG\nGolden State Warriors (2002–2007)\nIndiana Pacers (2007–2011)\nMilwaukee Bucks (2011–2013)\nChicago Bulls (2013–2016)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2016)\nAtlanta Hawks (2017)\n1,304\n3,460\n.377\n\n\n38\nPorter, TerryTerry Porter\nPG\nPortland Trail Blazers (1985–1995)\nMinnesota Timberwolves (1995–1998)\nMiami Heat (1999)\nSan Antonio Spurs (1999–2002)\n1,297\n3,360\n.386\n\n\n39\nBlaylock, MookieMookie Blaylock\nPG\nNew Jersey Nets (1989–1992)\nAtlanta Hawks (1992–1999)\nGolden State Warriors (1999–2002)\n1,283\n3,816\n.336\n\n\n40\nRedick, J.J.J.J. Redick^\nSG\nOrlando Magic (2006–2014)\nMilwaukee Bucks (2013–2014)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2013–2017)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (2017–present)\n1,271\n3,064\n.415\n\n\n41\nDurant, KevinKevin Durant^\nSF\nSeattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)\nGolden State Warriors (2016–present)\n1,260\n3,321\n.379\n\n\n42\nMaxwell, VernonVernon Maxwell\nSG\nSan Antonio Spurs (1988–1990, 1996–1997)\nHouston Rockets (1990–1995)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1995–1996, 2000)\nOrlando Magic (1998)\nCharlotte Hornets (1998)\nSacramento Kings (1999)\nSeattle SuperSonics (1999–2000)\nDallas Mavericks (2001)\n1,256\n3,931\n.320\n\n\n43\nRobinson, CliffordClifford Robinson\nPF/SF\nPortland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)\nPhoenix Suns (1997–2001)\nDetroit Pistons (2001–2003)\nGolden State Warriors (2003–2005)\nNew Jersey Nets (2005–2007)\n1,253\n3,515\n.356\n\n\n44\nMatthews, WesleyWesley Matthews^\nSG\nUtah Jazz (2009–2010)\nPortland Trail Blazers (2010–2015)\nDallas Mavericks (2015–present)\n1,252\n3,265\n.383\n\n\nJackson, StephenStephen Jackson†\nSG/SF\nNew Jersey Nets (2000–2001)\nSan Antonio Spurs (2001–2003, 2012–2013)\nAtlanta Hawks (2003–2004)\nIndiana Pacers (2004–2007)\nGolden State Warriors (2007–2009)\nCharlotte Bobcats (2009–2011)\nMilwaukee Bucks (2011–2012)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)\n1,252\n3,763\n.333\n\n\n46\nBattier, ShaneShane Battier†\nSF\nMemphis Grizzlies (2001–2006, 2011)\nHouston Rockets (2006–2011)\nMiami Heat (2011–2014)\n1,250\n3,254\n.384\n\n\n47\nFisher, DerekDerek Fisher†\nPG/SG\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2004, 2007–2012)\nGolden State Warriors (2004–2006)\nUtah Jazz (2006–2007)\nOklahoma City Thunder (2012, 2013–2014)\nDallas Mavericks (2012)\n1,248\n3,341\n.374\n\n\n48\nTürkoğlu, HedoHedo Türkoğlu†\nSF\nSacramento Kings (2000–2003)\nSan Antonio Spurs (2003–2004)\nOrlando Magic (2004–2009, 2010–2013)\nToronto Raptors (2009–2010)\nPhoenix Suns (2010)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2014–2015)\n1,246\n3,246\n.384\n\n\n49\nCurry, DellDell Curry\nSG\nUtah Jazz (1986–1987)\nCleveland Cavaliers (1987–1988)\nCharlotte Hornets (1988–1998)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1999)\nToronto Raptors (1999–2002)\n1,245\n3,098\n.402\n\n\n50\nWilliams, JasonJason Williams\nPG\nSacramento Kings (1999–2001)\nMemphis Grizzlies (2001–2005, 2011)\nMiami Heat (2005–2008)\nOrlando Magic (2009–2011)\n1,238\n3,784\n.327\n\n" ]
[ "Ray Allen" ]
1550301064531117145
Matilda the Musical
Matilda the Musical - wikipedia Matilda the Musical Jump to : navigation , search Matilda The Musical 2011 West End illustration Music Tim Minchin Lyrics Tim Minchin Book Dennis Kelly Basis Matilda by Roald Dahl Premiere 9 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 09 ) : Courtyard Theatre , Stratford - Upon - Avon Productions 2010 Stratford - upon - Avon 2011 West End 2013 Broadway 2015 US National Tour 2015 Australia & NZ Tour 2016 Toronto 2017 Philippines 2018 UK and Ireland Tour 2018 Korea Awards Critics ' Circle Theatre Award for Best Musical Theatre Awards UK Best Musical Production 2011 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical New York Drama Critics ' Circle Best Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical Matilda the Musical is a stage musical based on the 1988 children 's novel of the same name by Roald Dahl . It was adapted by Dennis Kelly , with music and lyrics by Tim Minchin . The musical 's narrative centres on Matilda , a precocious 5 - year - old girl with the gift of telekinesis , who loves reading , overcomes obstacles caused by her family and school , and helps her teacher to reclaim her life . After a twelve - week trial run staged by the Royal Shakespeare Company ( RSC ) at Stratford - upon - Avon from November 2010 to January 2011 , it received its West End premiere on 24 November 2011 at the Cambridge Theatre and its Broadway premiere on 11 April 2013 at the Shubert Theatre . Matilda has received widespread critical acclaim and box - office popularity , winning seven 2012 Olivier Awards , including Best New Musical -- at the time , the most such awards ever won by a single show . At the 2013 Olivier Awards , the show jointly held the record with the play The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time before both were overtaken by Harry Potter and the Cursed Child in 2017 with 9 awards , however Matilda still holds the record for most Olivier awards won by a musical , tying with Hamilton in 2018 . At the 2013 Tony Awards , the show won five awards , including the Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical . Contents ( hide ) 1 Productions 1.1 Stratford - upon - Avon 1.2 London 1.3 Broadway 1.4 US National Tour 1.5 Australian and New Zealand Tour 1.6 Toronto 1.7 UK and Ireland tour 1.8 Philippines 1.9 Korea 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 3 Musical numbers 3.1 Orchestration 4 Recordings 5 Principal roles and original cast members 6 Planned film adaptation 7 Critical reception 7.1 2010 RSC Stratford production 7.2 London 7.3 New York 8 Awards and nominations 8.1 London production 8.2 Broadway production 8.3 Australian production 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Productions ( edit ) Stratford - upon - Avon ( edit ) In 2009 , the Royal Shakespeare Company announced its intention to stage a musical adaptation of Matilda , engaging Dennis Kelly as playwright , Tim Minchin as the composer and lyricist , Matthew Warchus as director , Chris Nightingale as orchestrator and music supervision , Rob Howell as set designer and Paul Kieve as illusionist and special effects creator . The musical ( originally titled Matilda , A Musical ) opened at the Courtyard Theatre in Stratford - upon - Avon , England , on 9 December 2010 following previews from 9 November . The show was choreographed by Peter Darling . Bertie Carvel played Miss Trunchbull , with Paul Kaye and Josie Walker as Matilda 's parents Mr and Mrs Wormwood , and Lauren Ward as Miss Honey . Three young actresses , Adrianna Bertola , Josie Griffiths and Kerry Ingram , alternated in the title role . The show ended its premiere engagement on 30 January 2011 . Since 2011 , Matilda the Musical is playing in the Cambridge Theatre in West End , London London ( edit ) In 2011 , the musical received its West End debut ( under the new title of Matilda the Musical ) at London 's Cambridge Theatre . The show was originally scheduled to begin previews on 18 October 2011 , but because of structural and installation work at the theatre , the start of the performances was delayed until 25 October . The opening night was postponed from 22 November to 24 November . The musical opened in London to uniformly positive reviews ; Kaye and Carvel received high praise for their performances . Many of the principal adult cast from the Stratford run reprised their roles in London . Eleanor Worthington Cox , Cleo Demetriou , Sophia Kiely and Kerry Ingram -- the only one to reprise her role from Stratford -- rotated in the title role . In October 2011 , Matilda won Best Musical and Best Actor ( Bertie Carvel ) in the Theatre Awards UK , and in November 2011 it won the Ned Sherrin Award for Best Musical as part of The Evening Standard Awards . The production was nominated in all 10 categories for which it was eligible at the 2012 Olivier Awards . The ' Four Matildas ' performed `` Naughty '' at the awards show . Matilda won 7 Oliviers : Best New Musical , Best Director ( Warchus ) , Best Actor in a Musical ( Carvel ) , Best Actress in a Musical ( all four Matildas ) , Best Theatre Choreographer ( Darling ) , Best Set Design ( Howell ) and Best Sound Design ( Baker ) . This was a record number for any show in the event 's 36 - year history . In April 2012 , Steve Furst and Haley Flaherty took over the roles of Mr. Wormwood and Miss Honey from Kaye and Ward . Two of the original London Matildas ( Ingram and Kiely ) were replaced by Jade Marner and Isobelle Molloy ( Molloy originally played Amanda in the original London cast before being cast as Matilda ) . Bertie Carvel left in July 2012 and the role of Miss Trunchbull was filled by David Leonard , although he did not start until the main cast change in August because of injury . At this cast change four new girls took over as Matilda ; Lucy - Mae Beacock , Hayley Canham , Chloe Hawthorn and Lara Wollington . On 19 November 2012 , the London cast were invited to perform at the 100th `` Royal Variety Performance '' for television station ITV which was broadcast live on 3 December . They performed `` When I Grow Up '' and `` Naughty '' with Chloe in the lead role , with the other 3 girls appearing in the announcement of the performance . In March 2013 , Hayley Canham left the show and was replaced as Matilda by Elise Blake and Cristina Fray . Lucy - Mae Beacock left in early May 2013 . The next cast change occurred in September 2013 . This time most of the adult cast changed , along with Chloe Hawthorn who left on 1 September . Two new Matildas -- Lollie McKenzie and Georgia Pemberton -- started the following week . Lara Wollington stayed for another four weeks , finishing on 29 September -- making her run the longest of any Matilda , and she held that title until October 2017 . The cast opened the 2013 Children in Need appeal . They performed a medley , with Georgia as Matilda . Of the Matildas only Lollie McKenzie stayed during the cast change in March 2014 . This cast change started with the departure of Elise Blake on 9 March along with other child cast members . She was replaced by Tasha Chapple . Fray and Pemberton were replaced by two new Matildas , Cara Jenkins and Lottie Sicilia , who debuted in the role in the following weeks , on 18 March and 25 March respectively . McKenzie and Jenkins departed the show on 7 September and 5 October . Two new Matildas -- Matilda Shapland and Violet Tucker -- debuted in the roles on 09 and 19 September . Shapland was previously in Les Misérables , while Tucker had her West End debut in the title role . Of the Matildas only Shapland and Tucker stayed during the cast change in March 2015 . This cast change started with the departure of Tasha Chapple and Lottie Sicilia along with other child cast members . They have been replaced by Anna - Louise Knight and Lara McDonnell . Over September 2015 , Tucker and Shapland departed the show and were replaced by Evie Hone and Lizzie Wells . On 27 January 2016 , three new Matildas - Clara Read , Emily - May Stephenson and Zaris - Angel Hator - were announced and joined Hone in the role in March . In late September 2016 it was confirmed that Hone would be leaving along with Stephenson after her relatively short stint . The two girls would be replaced by two new Matildas - Sara Sheen and Abbie Vena . Both of whom , Sara on 13 September ( also Roald Dahl day ) and Abbie on 22 September , made their Matilda debut . On 21 December 2016 the 7 : 30pm performance was cancelled due to multiple illnesses in the cast , including principal child performers and their understudies . Because of this Lara McDonnell and Emily May Stephenson ( both past Matildas ) came back to cover the few performances 22 -- 24 December . This illness coincided with similar incidents at nearby musicals Dreamgirls and Rent which caused disruptions to their primary cast members , but it is unclear as to whether these events are linked or not . On 2 March 2017 , it was announced that from 14 March 2017 the lead role would be shared by Lillian Hardy , Emma Moore , Eva - Marie Saffrey , and Abbie Vena , upon the departure of Sheen , Hator , and Read . This team had two public appearances . Abbie performed `` Naughty '' at West End Live on 24 June 2017 , and Emma performed the same song on day two of West End Live on 25 June 2017 . Hardy , Saffrey , and Vena departed the production on 12 September 2017 . On 5 September 2017 , the RSC announced that three new girls would be stepping into the role of Matilda following the departure of Hardy , Saffrey , and Vena : Lily - Mae Evans , Kitty Peterkin , and Savannah Read . They join Emma Moore who is staying through the cast change . Additional cast changes include David Shannon as Miss Trunchbull , Gina Beck as Miss Honey , and Tom Edden and Marianne Benedict as Mr. and Mrs. Wormwood . This team began performances on 12 September 2017 . Past Matilda Abbie Vena , however , performed `` Naughty '' on CCBC 's Blue Peter on 19 October 2017 to accompany an interview with the new Matildas ( Evans , Peterkin and Read ) , making her the longest running Matilda to date , having taken the title from Lara Wollington who also performed in the West End . The next cast change was announced on 2 March 2018 . Read and Evans would be continuing in the role of Matilda , while Peterkin and Moore were replaced by Sara Munday and Olivia Wells . Much of the children 's cast also changed at this time . This new team began performances on 13 March 2018 . Also at this time , the RSC announced a new online ticket lottery , giving audience members the opportunity to purchase `` the best seats in the house '' at reduced prices . On 28 May 2018 , the London cast was invited to perform on Britain 's Got Talent . They performed a medley of songs from the show , including `` Naughty '' and `` Revolting Children '' , and received a standing ovation . Lily - Mae played the role of Matilda in this performance . Broadway ( edit ) On 29 February 2012 , the RSC announced the show would transfer to Broadway in spring 2013 ; it would still be set in England despite initial pressure for the show to be Americanised . On 19 July 2012 , it was announced that the show would open on 11 April 2013 at the Shubert Theatre , with previews commencing on 4 March 2013 . Bertie Carvel and Lauren Ward reprised their roles as Miss Trunchbull and Miss Honey . Ted Wilson also continued as Eric . A four girl cast consisting of Sophia Gennusa , Oona Laurence , Bailey Ryon , and Milly Shapiro played the titular role of Matilda . Matilda the Musical marquee at the Shubert Theatre The transfer cost US $16 million to produce ; it opened as planned on 11 April 2013 , with Sophia Gennusa playing the leading role . Small changes were made from the London production ; some lyrics were changed to suit American audiences and more scenes used the orchestra pit / front stalls area of the theatre . The Broadway production also introduced an overture and pre-show curtain , as of June 2013 . On 1 September 2013 , Carvel and Ward played their final performances , Jill Paice joined the cast as Miss Honey and played her first performance on 3 September . Craig Bierko took over as Miss Trunchbull on 17 September , after recovering from an injury . In October 2013 , Matilda broke the box office record for the Shubert Theatre . On 19 November , it was announced that Bierko will not return to the role of Miss Trunchbull due to `` medical circumstances '' , following a shoulder injury sustained during rehearsals . Chris Hoch , understudy for Miss Trunchbull , has been given a contract to perform the role for the duration of Bierko 's absence into January . On 25 November 2013 , The Wall Street Journal reported that the original Matildas would be bowing out `` in the next two months '' . On 11 December , it was announced that Paige Brady , Gabriella Pizzolo , Ripley Sobo and Ava Ulloa would take over the title role . Brady , Pizzolo and Ulloa were making their Broadway debuts ; Sobo previously appeared in Once . On 31 January 2014 , it was reported that Christopher Sieber and Matt Harrington would be joining the company as Miss Trunchbull and Mr Wormwood , respectively . Harrington made his debut on 4 March . Sieber would initially join the company on 18 March but , after sustaining a hand injury during rehearsals , would have his debut in the role sometime in April . While Sieber recovered from his injury , understudy Ben Thompson played the role for a limited engagement . Sieber finally stepped into the role on 18 April . On 21 August 2014 , it was reported that Tori Feinstein , Eliza Holland Madore , Brooklyn Shuck and Fina Strazza would take over the title role . Feinstein and Strazza made their Broadway debuts ; Madore and Shuck had previously appeared in Once and Annie , respectively . Strazza and Shuck debuted in the role on 24 and 31 August while Madore and Feinstein had their debuts on 7 and 14 September . The Broadway production recouped its $16 million investment in December after more than a year and a half . Between 4 and 26 July 2015 , the production introduced four new girls , Mattea Conforti , Rileigh McDonald , Mimi Ryder , and Alexandra Vlachos , in the title role . On 8 September , Allison Case , Amy Spanger , Rick Holmes , and Natalie Venetia Belcon joined the production as Miss Honey , Mrs. Wormwood , Mr. Wormwood , and Mrs. Phelps , taking over Alison Luff , Lesli Margherita , Matt Harrington , and Karen Aldridge . In April and May 2016 , three new girls , Ava Briglia , Willow McCarthy , and Aviva Winick were cast in the title role . Lesli Margherita and Karen Aldridge also returned to reprise their roles as Mrs. Wormwood and Mrs. Phelps , respectively . In December 2016 , it was announced that Winick had sustained an injury and would not be continuing with the rest of her run . Former Matilda Tori Feinstein rejoined the cast for the remaining run time . The Broadway production closed on 1 January 2017 after 1,555 performances . US National tour ( edit ) On 1 June 2013 , Tim Minchin announced during an interview that the show was preparing for a US national tour . Minchin said , `` We just got it up in New York , there 's a touring version that is meant to be going on in America ... '' . Once again produced by the Royal Shakespeare Company and The Dodgers , the tour began technical rehearsals and performances in May 2015 at the Shubert Theatre in New Haven , Connecticut , before its official launch on 7 June at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles , California . Announced stops included the SHN Orpheum Theare in San Francisco , California , the 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle , Washington , the AT&T Performing Arts Center in Dallas , Texas , the Kennedy Center Opera House in Washington , DC , and the Straz Center for the Performing Arts in Tampa , Florida . The cast was announced on 21 April 2015 . Three girls would alternate in the lead role : Mia Sinclair Jenness , Gabby Gutierrez , and Mabel Tyler . Gutierrez and Tyler made their tour debuts ; Jenness had appeared in the Original Broadway Cast and 25th Anniversary Tour of Les Misérables . Other principal cast members included Jennifer Blood as Miss Honey , Bryce Ryness as Miss Trunchbull , and Quinn Mattfeld and Cassie Silva as Mr. and Mrs. Wormwood . The national tour of Matilda had its first official performance on 7 June 2015 at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles , California . Mia Sinclair Jenness played the title role . On 15 June 2015 , the three Matildas along with Tim Minchin performed on Conan . On 29 November 2015 , Jenness left the touring cast and was replaced by former Broadway Matilda Tori Feinstein on 5 December 2015 . Shortly after , it was announced that three new girls would be stepping into the role of Matilda : Lily Brooks O'Briant , Savannah Grace Elmer , and Sarah McKinley Austin . Matilda was the tour debut for both Elmer and Brooks ; Austin had previously toured with Once . Tyler , Feinstein , and Gutierrez bowed out over the next few weeks , with Tyler playing her last performance on 20 December , Feinstein departing on 28 December , and Gutierrez ending her run on 10 January 2016 . Elmer , Brooks , and Austin debuted on 19 December 2015 , 2 January 2016 , and 9 January 2016 , respectively . This second cast concluded touring on 26 June 2016 , with the tour scheduled to resume again later for another six months . After the closing of the Toronto production of Matilda , the cast went directly into the 2017 touring season . Hannah Levinson , Jaime MacLean , and Jenna Weir played Matilda until Levinson left the cast on 12 February 2017 , and was replaced by former tour Matilda Gabby Gutierrez . Other lead roles were played by Paula Brancati ( Miss Honey ) , Dan Chameroy ( Miss Trunchbull ) , Keisha T. Fraser ( Mrs. Phelps ) , Brandon McGibbon ( Mr. Wormwood ) , and Darcy Stewart ( Mrs. Wormwood ) . The tour launched on 12 January 2017 at the Popejoy Hall in Albuquerque , New Mexico . The US National Tour took its final bow on 25 June 2017 at the Chapman Music Hall in Tulsa , OK . Australian and new zealand tour ( edit ) Sydney : In July 2013 , Minchin said that an Australian production is planned for 2015 . The production , produced by Louise Withers , had preview performances from 28 July before opening at the Sydney Lyric theatre on 20 August 2015 . The ticketing release date ( October 2014 ) was announced at Pier 2 / 3 in Walsh Bay , with Minchin , International Executive Producer André Ptaszynski , NSW Deputy Premier Andrew Stoner and Sydney press in attendance . The cast included Marika Aubrey and Daniel Frederiksen as Mr. and Mrs. Wormwood , Elise McCann as Miss Honey and James Millar as Miss Trunchbull . Sasha Rose ( 12 ) , Georgia Taplin ( 11 ) , Molly Barwick ( 10 ) and Bella Thomas ( 13 ) shared the title role with Thomas playing Matilda on the opening night . The Sydney season ended on Sunday 29 February with Georgia Taplin playing the title role , before transferring to Melbourne . Melbourne : For the Melbourne season , Dusty Bursill , Alannah Parfett , Tiana Mirra and Ingrid Torelli were announced to rotate playing the title role . On 3 January , Sydney Matilda Bella Thomas was injured and Parfett began her run early in Sydney , covering Thomas until she was better and joining the girls in a rotation until the end of the Sydney run . Mirra and Torelli made their debuts in Sydney 's final week on 24 and 27 February respectively . The show opened at Melbourne 's Princess Theatre on 13 March and was extended to perform until 11 November 2016 . Some of the Sydney child cast members reprised their roles for selected performances in Melbourne ; for example , certain performances featured Molly Barwick as Matilda and Ryan Kepper as Bruce . Brisbane , Perth , Adelaide and Auckland : A new season was announced to start in Brisbane , Perth , Adelaide , and Auckland . Izellah Connelly , Annabella Cowley , Venice Harris , Eva Murawski rotated the leading role of Matilda . The Matilda tour continued on to Brisbane from 25 November 2016 to 12 February 2017 at the Queensland Performing Arts Centre ( QPAC ) before moving on to perform at the Crown Theatre in Perth from 28 February until 7 May 2017 and from 21 May to 16 July 2017 at the Adelaide Festival Theatre in South Australia . The show ran in at the Civic Theatre in Auckland until 22 October 2017 . Lucy Maunder was initially scheduled to take on the role of Miss Honey from McCann beginning the Brisbane leg . However , due to Maunder 's pregnancy , the transition was postponed until 20 March 2017 midway through the Perth leg . Toronto ( edit ) After the successful launches of Once and the Tony Award - winning Kinky Boots , Mirvish Productions chose to open a Canadian production of Matilda the Musical . The company opened at the Ed Mirvish Theatre beginning in July 2016 , closing on 7 January 2017 . Hannah Levinson , Jenna Weir , and Jaime MacLean rotated playing the title role . In October 2016 , Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and family attended a performance . UK and Ireland tour ( edit ) On 11 April 2017 , a tour was announced to begin at Curve , Leicester from 5 -- 24 March 2018 before touring to Bord Gáis Energy Theatre , Dublin ( 4 - 28 April ) , Sunderland Empire ( 8 May - 2 June ) , Milton Keynes Theatre ( 5 - 30 June ) , Birmingham Hippodrome ( 3 July - 8 September ) , Manchester Palace Theatre ( 18 September - 24 November ) and Wales Millennium Centre , Cardiff ( 4 December - 12 January 2019 ) . Further venues are to be announced . On 17 October 2017 , the adult cast was announced , to include Craige Els as Miss Trunchbull , Carly Thoms as Miss Honey , Sebastien Torkia as Mr Wormwood and Rebecca Thornhill as Mrs Wormwood . On 16 January 2018 , the children 's cast was announced , with the role of Matilda being shared between Annalise Bradbury , Lara Cohen , Poppy Jones and Nicola Turner . . The tour officially opened as scheduled on 5 March 2018 at the Curve theatre in Leicester , with Poppy Jones in the title role on opening night . The tour completed its Leicester run on 24 March 2018 . On 4 April 2018 , the tour opened at the Bord Gais Theatre in Dublin , with Jones again playing the leading role . This run marked Matilda the Musical 's Irish debut . Philippines ( edit ) Matilda had its Asian premiere in the Philippines on 10 November 2017 . The production closed on 10 December 2017 . This production was the first licenced production ; it was not produced by the Royal Shakespeare Company , and has no links to the original production . The show featured Esang de Torres , Uma Martin , and Felicity Kyle Napuli alternating the title role . The Manila production also had a 16 - child strong cast alternating 8 other student roles . Korea ( edit ) In July 2017 , Seensee Company announced they would be producing a production of Matilda the Musical in September 2018 . The production will be in arrangement with the RSC and be the first non-English version of Matilda produced . Synopsis ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) As a chorus of children boast about being their parents ' miracles , the ballroom dancing obsessed Mrs. Wormwood gives birth to a baby girl called Matilda . The doctor thinks Matilda is the most beautiful child he has ever seen , but Mrs. Wormwood is only worried about a dancing contest she has missed . Similarly shallow , Mr. Wormwood -- a used - car salesman and television addict -- dismisses the child when he realizes she is a girl ( ' Miracle ' ) . Five years later , Matilda is an avid reader and lives unhappily with her parents and her older , gormless brother Michael . The Wormwoods are oblivious to her genius and frequently mock and verbally abuse her . Matilda adds some of her mother 's hydrogen peroxide to her father 's hair oil , leaving Mr. Wormwood with bright green hair ( ' Naughty ' ) . At the local library Matilda tells Mrs. Phelps a story about a world - famous acrobat and escapologist couple who long to have a child but can not . To distract themselves from their sadness they announce to the world 's press that they will perform an exciting and dangerous new act . The next day is Matilda 's first day at school ( ' School Song ' ) . Her teacher Miss Honey is impressed by Matilda 's precociousness and ability , so she recommends that Matilda is moved to the top class with the older children ( ' Pathetic ' ) . However , the child - hating , disciplinarian headmistress Miss Trunchbull dismisses Miss Honey 's suggestion and lectures her on the importance of following rules ( ' The Hammer ' ) . At the Wormwood 's house , Mr. Wormwood is frustrated about losing a sale of worn - out cars to a group of rich Russians . He takes his frustration out on Matilda and destroys one of her library books , prompting her to put superglue around the rim of his hat and fix it to his head . At school , Matilda learns of Miss Trunchbull 's cruel punishments , including Chokey : a tiny cupboard lined with sharp objects in which she locks disobedient children for hours ( ' Chokey Chant ' ) . Matilda sees Miss Trunchbull spin a small girl around by her pigtails and throw her across the playing field . Meanwhile , Miss Honey decides to visit the Wormwoods to express her recommendation that Matilda be put in an advanced class . She meets Mrs. Wormwood and her dance partner Rudolpho . It soon becomes apparent that Mrs. Wormwood does not care about her daughter 's intelligence , and she mocks Miss Honey and Matilda 's interest in books and intellect ( ' Loud ' ) . Alone outside the Wormwood 's house , Miss Honey is desperate to help Matilda but feels powerless to do so ( ' This Little Girl ' ) . Matilda tells Mrs. Phelps more about the acrobat and the escapologist . The acrobat 's sister , a former world champion hammer - thrower who loved to scare small children , has arranged their performance . The escapologist announces that the performance has been cancelled because the acrobat is pregnant . The crowd is thrilled but the acrobat 's sister is furious at the prospect of refunding the crowd 's money and produces a contract binding them to perform the act or go to jail . At school , Bruce Bogtrotter , a boy in Matilda 's class , has stolen a slice of Miss Trunchbull 's personal chocolate cake . Miss Trunchbull punishes Bruce by forcing him to eat the entire cake in front of the class , who bravely support him ( ' Bruce ' ) . After Bruce has finished the cake , the class celebrates his success but Miss Trunchbull drags Bruce away to the Chokey . Act ii ( edit ) Mr. Wormwood advises the audience against reading in favour of watching television ( ' Telly ' ) . Lavender , a girl in Matilda 's class , tells the audience that she is going to put a newt in Miss Trunchbull 's jug of water later on in the show . The children gather and sing about their hopes for when they grow up ( ' When I Grow Up ' ) . Matilda resolves to end Miss Trunchbull 's cruelty . She tells Mrs. Phelps more of the story of the acrobat and the escapologist . Bound by their contract , they perform their feat , which goes well until the last moment when the acrobat is fatally injured , living just long enough to give birth to a girl . The escapologist invites the acrobat 's sister to move in with him to help look after his daughter . Unknown to the escapologist , the girl 's aunt is secretly cruel to her , forcing her to perform menial tasks and abusing her verbally and physically . Mr. Wormwood returns home from work pleased because he has sold his worn - out cars to the wealthy Russians , having used an automatic drill to wind back their speedometers . Matilda is annoyed at her father 's deceit and scolds him , which angers him and he locks her in her bedroom . That night , Matilda continues the story of the acrobat and the escapologist . After years of cruelty , the aunt 's rage has grown ; one day she beats the child , locks her in the cellar and goes out . That evening , the escapologist returns home early and discovers the extent of the aunt 's cruelty . As he comforts his daughter , he promises her he will always be there for her . Filled with rage , he runs out to find the aunt but is never seen again ( ' I 'm Here ' ) . The next day , Miss Trunchbull forces Miss Honey 's class to undergo a gruelling physical education lesson ( ' The Smell of Rebellion ' ) . Miss Trunchbull discovers the newt in her jug ; she accuses one of the boys , Eric , who has already riled her during the lesson . She starts to punish him . Matilda scolds Miss Trunchbull for being a bully . Miss Trunchbull verbally abuses Matilda , but Matilda discovers she can move objects with her mind ( ' Quiet ' ) . She tips over the water jug and the newt lands on Miss Trunchbull , and climbs up her leg . After Miss Trunchbull leaves Matilda demonstrates her powers to Miss Honey , who is surprised and invites Matilda to her house for tea . On the way Matilda admits that her father is not proud of her and calls her names . Miss Honey tells Matilda of her cruel and abusive aunt , who looked after her as a child after her parents died . When Miss Honey first became a teacher , her aunt produced a bill detailing everything Miss Honey consumed as a child , along with other expenses , and forced her to sign a contract binding her to pay it all back . Desperate to escape , Miss Honey found refuge in an old farm shed which she moved into and lives in abject poverty . Despite this , Miss Honey finds beauty in her meagre living conditions ( ' My House ' ) . As Miss Honey tells her story , she produces a scarf which Matilda recognises from her story of the acrobat and the escapologist -- which she realises is the true story of Miss Honey 's childhood , and that her wicked aunt is Miss Trunchbull . Back at school , Miss Trunchbull forces the children to take a spelling test ; anyone who misspells a word will be sent to Chokey . The children fail to misspell a single word , so Miss Trunchbull invents a word in order to be able to punish Lavender . As Lavender is about to be taken to Chokey , her classmates deliberately misspell simple words , telling her she can not send them all to Chokey . However , Miss Trunchbull has built many more Chokeys . Matilda uses her powers to write on the blackboard and convinces Miss Trunchbull that it is the ghost of Miss Honey 's father , demanding that she gives his daughter back her house or he will get her . Miss Trunchbull runs from the school screaming and the children celebrate their freedom ( ' Revolting Children ' ) . At the library , Miss Honey and Mrs. Phelps relay the aftermath of the events . A few days after Miss Trunchbull ran away , Miss Honey 's parents ' will has been found ; they left all their money and their house to her . Miss Trunchbull is never seen again and Miss Honey becomes the new headmistress of the school . Matilda can not use her powers again and Miss Honey is sad that a child who has helped others this way is stuck in an unloving home . The Wormwoods arrive at the library in a panic , telling Matilda that she must leave with them because they are fleeing to Spain . The wealthy Russians Mr. Wormwood was dealing with are the Russian Mafia , who are unhappy about being sold broken cars . Miss Honey asks if Matilda can stay with her , but the mafia arrive before a decision can be made . Sergei , the head of the Mafia , is impressed and moved by Matilda 's intellect and respect , and he agrees not to harm the Wormwoods providing he never has to deal with Mr. Wormwood again ( ' This Little Girl Reprise ' ) . Mr. Wormwood agrees to let Matilda live with Miss Honey . ( ' When I Grow Up Reprise ' ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Overture '' -- Orchestra `` Miracle '' -- Children , Party Entertainer , Doctor , Mrs. Wormwood , Mr. Wormwood , Matilda , Company `` Naughty '' -- Matilda `` Story 1 : Once Upon A Time '' -- Matilda , Mrs. Phelps , Acrobat , Escapologist `` School Song '' -- Children , Older Children `` Pathetic '' -- Miss Honey `` The Hammer '' -- Miss Trunchbull , Miss Honey , Children `` The Chokey Chant '' -- Older Children `` Loud '' -- Mrs. Wormwood , Rudolpho , Company `` This Little Girl '' -- Miss Honey `` Story 2 : The Great Day Arrived ... '' -- Matilda , Mrs. Phelps , Escapologist , Acrobat 's Sister `` Bruce '' -- Children Act II `` Telly '' -- Mr. Wormwood , Michael `` Entr'acte '' -- Orchestra `` When I Grow Up '' -- Children , Miss Honey , Matilda , Company `` Story 3 : The Trick Started Well ... '' -- Matilda , Mrs. Phelps , Acrobat , Escapologist `` Story 4 : I 'm Here '' -- Matilda , Escapologist `` The Smell of Rebellion '' -- Miss Trunchbull , Children `` Quiet '' -- Matilda `` My House '' -- Miss Honey , Escapologist `` Revolting Children '' -- Children , Older Children `` This Little Girl '' ( reprise ) # -- Sergei `` When I Grow Up '' ( reprise ) -- All # Not present on any of the cast recordings except the ITunes exclusive extended American cast recording The instrumentation uses a ten - to - thirteen - piece orchestra , including keyboards , reeds , brass , strings and percussion . The performances run 2 hours and 40 minutes , including one interval . The `` Overture '' is included in the Broadway production only while the `` Entr'acte '' was only used in the London production where it has now been cut apart from the final bars which lead into `` When I Grow Up '' . Orchestration ( edit ) A comparison between the Stratford , West End and Broadway orchestrations Stratford West End Broadway Reed 1 : Flute , Alto Saxophone , Clarinet Reed 2 : Tenor Saxophone , Clarinet , Bass Clarinet Reed 1 : Flute , Alto Saxophone , Clarinet Reed 2 : Tenor Saxophone , Clarinet , Bass Clarinet Reed 1 : Flute , Alto Saxophone , Clarinet Reed 2 : Tenor Saxophone , Clarinet , Bass Clarinet Trumpet 1 ( doubling Flugelhorn ) Trumpet 2 ( doubling Cornet , Flugelhorn ) Trombone ( doubling Bass Trombone ) Trumpet 1 ( doubling Flugelhorn , Piccolo Trumpet ) Trumpet 2 ( doubling Cornet , Piccolo Trumpet ) Trombone ( doubling Bass Trombone ) Trumpet 1 Trumpet 2 Trombone ( doubling Bass Trombone ) Percussion Drum Kit / Percussion Drum Kit / Percussion Guitars Cello Bass Guitar / Double Bass Guitars Cello Upright Bass / Electric Bass Guitars Violin I Violin II Viola ( doubling Violin III ) Cello Bass 2 Keyboards 2 Keyboards 2 Keyboards Recordings ( edit ) The cast album recorded by the original Stratford company was released on CD in September 2011 and a month later as a Digital Download . It features a hidden spoken track which follows `` When I Grow Up '' ( Reprise ) . This is the full version speech that is heard in part , before , during and after `` Quiet '' in the show A new Original Broadway cast album was released on 22 September 2013 as a CD . This contains more tracks than the UK recording and includes `` The Chokey Chant '' . The deluxe version features Matilda 's stories of the Acrobat and the Escapologist , the song `` Perhaps a Child '' sung by Sergei , which was cut from the show early on in the Stratford previews due to time constraints , and `` Naughty '' with all four Broadway Matildas singing . Principal roles and original cast members ( edit ) Character Original Stratford Cast Original West End Cast Original Broadway Cast Original Australian Cast First US National Tour Cast Original Toronto Cast First UK and Ireland Tour Cast Matilda Wormwood Adrianna Bertola Josie Griffiths Kerry Ingram Cleo Demetriou Eleanor Worthington Cox Sophia Kiely Kerry Ingram Sophia Gennusa Oona Laurence Bailey Ryon Milly Shapiro Molly Barwick Sasha Rose Georgia Taplin Bella Thomas Gabby Gutierrez Mia Sinclair Jenness Mabel Tyler Hannah Levinson Jaime Maclean Jenna Weir Annalise Bradbury Lara Cohen Poppy Jones Nicola Turner Miss Agatha Trunchbull Bertie Carvel James Millar Bryce Ryness Dan Chameroy Craige Els Jennifer Honey Lauren Ward Elise McCann Jennifer Bowles Paula Brancati Carly Thoms Mr. Wormwood Paul Kaye Gabriel Ebert Daniel Frederiksen Quinn Mattfeld Brandon McGibbon Sebastien Torkia Mrs. Wormwood Josie Walker Lesli Margherita Marika Aubrey Cassie Silva Darcy Stewart Rebecca Thornhill Michael Wormwood Peter Howe Taylor Trensch Daniel Raso Danny Tieger Darren Burkett Matthew Caputo Mrs. Phelps Melanie La Barrie Karen Aldridge Cle Morgan Ora Jones Keisha T. Fraser Michelle Chantelle Hopewell Rudolpho Michael Rouse Phillip Spaeth Travis Khan Jaquez André Sims Stephen Diaz Matt Gillett The Escapologist Matthew Malthouse Ben Thompson Glenn Hill Justin Packard Steffan Lloyd - Evans Sergei Alistair Parker John Sanders Stephen Anderson Ian Michael Stuart Eric Craig Adam Vaughan Henchmen Marc Antolin Nick Searle Thayne Jasperson Ryan Steele Andrew Cook Eli Cooper John Michael Fiumara Darius Wright Swing to be announced Henchwoman did not appear Lucy Thatcher Tamika Sonja Lawrence Nadia Komazec Rachel Cole Shonica Gooden to be announced The Acrobat Emily Shaw Samantha Sturm Cristina D'Agostino Wesley Fauncher Kim Sava Emily Bull Teacher Michael Rouse Tim Walton does not appear to be announced Doctor Michael Rouse Tim Walton John Arthur Greene Reece Budin Ian Michael Stuart Justin Packard Peter Bindloss Party Entertainer does not appear John Sanders Stephen Anderson Jaquez André Sims Stephen Diaz Adam Vaughan Bruce Bogtrotter Kuan Frye Jake Bailey James Beesley Jake Bailey James Beesley Zachary Harris Jack Broderick Anthony Abrakmanov Joshua Park Ethan Puse Jack Reason Evan Gray Aiden Bushey Raphael Higgins - Humes Elliot Stiff Dylan Hughes ( also plays Tommy ) Jaden Meek ( also plays Tommy ) Lavender Ruby Bridle Rebecca Stoll Misty May Tindall Ruby Bridle Jemima Eaton Ellie Simons Frenie Acoba Zoe Ingram Ruby Lahoud Shanice Lim Kaci Walfall Riley O'Donnell Louella Asante - Owusu Scarlett Weegram Isobelle Chalmers ( also plays Amanda ) Madeline Gilby ( also plays Amanda ) Amanda Thripp Katie Lee Jadie - Rose Hobson Lara Weaver Lily Laight Isobelle Molloy Lucy May Pollard Beatrice Tulchin Amber May Paris Naumovski Mei Yamada Kayla Amistad Isabella Stuebing Kiana Dumbaya Lyla Toplass Isobelle Chalmers ( also plays Lavender ) Madeline Gilby ( also plays Lavender ) Nigel Arthur Byrne Adam Scotland Jake Pratt William Keeler Alfie Manser Jaydon Vijn Jared Parker Ewan Herdman Jacob Licastro Regan Walker Cal Alexander Will Coombs Sheldon Golding Nicholas Seal Jobe Hart ( also plays Eric ) Harrison Wilding ( also plays Eric ) Eric Shivum Gupta Jack Christou Toby Murray Toby Murray Louis Suc Ted Wilson Ted Wilson Kyle Banfield Joey Gadin Callum Rogers Aristotle Rock Tanner Quirk Alfie Murray George Varley Jobe Hart ( also plays Nigel ) Harrison Wilding ( also plays Nigel ) Alice Jessica Daugirda Ellie Simons Annabel Parsons Alicia Gould Jemima Morgan Annabel Parsons Ava DeMary Abigail Adriano Ayanda Dladla Erika Palma Cassidy Hagel Abigail Nicholson Tayah Marshall Brewster Sophie Young Hortensia Jessica Adair Daisy Brophy Shyanne Sanders Oonagh Cox Fleur Houdijk Katie Lee Emma Howard Maya Arya Eliza Carolan Alyssa Goodall Megan McGuff Kendyl Ito Daisy Sequerra Maisy - May Woods - Smeeth Tommy Charlie Callaghan Callum Henderson Denzil Sampson Thomas Atkinson Jamie Kaye Callum Henderson Judah Bellamy Cody Ettingshausen Leyton Holmes Zyon Rangi Meliki Hurd Drew Davis Shaquahn Crowe Sam Lovelock Dylan Hughes ( also plays Bruce ) Jaden Meek ( also plays Bruce ) ^ Role originally ' The Escapologist ' in Broadway run but was later changed to ' The Escape Artist ' . Notable West End replacements Matilda -- Isobelle Molloy , Chloe Hawthorn , Lara Wollington Mr Wormwood -- Steve Furst Notable Broadway replacements Matilda - Gabriella Pizzolo , Brooklyn Shuck , Fina Strazza Miss Trunchbull -- Craig Bierko , Christopher Sieber Miss Honey -- Jill Paice Mrs Phelps -- Natalie Venetia Belcon Mr Wormwood -- Matt Harrington Mrs Wormwood -- Amy Spanger Michael Wormwood -- Alex Brightman Planned film adaptation ( edit ) In June 2013 , Tim Minchin said a future film adaption was being planned . Minchin said during an interview , `` We just got ( the show ) up in New York , there 's a touring version that is meant to be going on in America , concurrently the English version is up , there 's a film that will probably be made in the next 4 or 5 years and all this sort of stuff . '' Mara Wilson , who played Matilda in the original 1996 film adaptation of Dahl 's novel , has expressed an interest in having a cameo in a film version if asked . On 15 November 2013 , in an article in the Daily Mail it was revealed that Dennis Kelly , who won the Tony for Best Book for Matilda , will write the movie 's script , with Minchin penning any additional music required and Warchus , returning to direct . The movie will be released in 2019 at the earliest , due to a Broadway contract stipulating that any film version can not be released before six years have expired following the show 's opening there . Critical reception ( edit ) 2010 RSC Stratford production ( edit ) Michael Billington , writing for The Guardian , gave the musical four stars out of five . He praised the adaptation of the book , the `` ebullient music and lyrics '' , the direction , the stage design and the performances -- especially Bertie Carvel as Miss Trunchbull . The Independent also gave the show four out of five stars and said , `` The Royal Shakespeare Company has struck gold with this wildly entertaining musical ... Kelly 's clever adaptation and the witty , intricate songs by ... Minchin create a new , improved version of Dahl 's story ... Warchus 's wondrously well - drilled production finds just the right balance between gleeful grotesque humour and heart - warming poignancy . '' Charles Spencer , writing for The Daily Telegraph awarded the show all five stars and praised the `` splendidly witty , instantly hummable songs , dazzling choreography , a cast of impossibly cute and delightful children and a fantastic star turn from Bertie Carvel ... ( Kelly 's ) script has both deepened the emotion of Dahl 's story while adding loads of splendid jokes of his own '' , and concluded , `` It is funny , heart - warming , and bang - on target '' . Matt Wolf of The Arts Desk said : `` I was struck by the sight of many a child grinning as openly as their adult companions were wiping away tears '' . Henry Hitchings of the London Evening Standard also praised the performances , direction and design and commented on Minchin 's `` witty songs ( in which ) he switches between styles with remarkable dexterity '' . He continued , `` There 's a playfulness throughout ( the book ) that proves intoxicating ... In this lovingly created show , Matilda 's magic positively sparkles . There 's a cleverness in the writing which ensures that , while it appeals to children , there is plenty for adults to savour ... it 's blissfully funny . '' London ( edit ) The reviews of the London performances were also very positive . Julie Carpenter of the Daily Express awarded the show all five stars and called the musical `` ( g ) loriously over the top '' , and said , `` it 's an irresistible and ingenious mix of fun , fizz , cruelty , incredible choreography and above all warmth which means we root for the kids from the start . Fantastic . '' Henry Hitchings ' review in the Evening Standard ranked the piece five stars , praising the music and lyrics , book , set design , choreography , direction and performances . The review in The Guardian said , `` You 'd be a nitwit to miss this hit show . '' The only complaint in Quentin Letts ' five - star review in the Daily Mail was about `` overdone amplification '' . The Stage also gave Matilda five stars , as did Spencer , writing again for The Telegraph . Confirming his impression of the 2010 production , he wrote about the West End transfer : `` I suspect it will delight audiences for years to come ... ( Kelly 's ) script actually improves and deepens Dahl 's original ... ( Minchin 's ) smashing score ... combines take - home melodies with delicious lyrical wit in songs that consistently develop both the plot and our understanding of the characters . There is an exuberant sense here of two writers who have clicked together ... ( Matilda ) so wittily excoriates the cruelty and crassness of our age ... Warchus 's thrilling , warm - hearted production , exuberantly designed by Rob Howell and with pin - sharp choreography by Peter Darling , constantly combines comedy with a sense of wonder . The children ( and the adult performances are ' hilarious ' ( Bailey ) , ' memorable ' ( Walker and Kaye ) and ' touchingly sweet ' ( Ward ) ) ... But the star turn is Bertie Carvel '' . The Financial Times , The Times and The Sunday Times each awarded the show four stars out of five , but found little to criticise . Ben Brantley , writing for The New York Times , called the adaptation `` a sweet and sharp - witted work of translation , which ... turns dark and sodden anxieties into bright and buoyant fantasies ( that address ) a raging thirst these days for ( such ) tonics '' . A year after the show opened , Time Out gave the production four stars out of five , noting the departure of Carvel and calling the show `` a little too long and , dramatically , a tad wayward '' , but nevertheless `` wise , wicked , glorious fun . '' New York ( edit ) Most of the New York critics gave the Broadway transfer their highest marks . Brantley wrote : `` Matilda works with astonishing slyness and grace to inculcate us with its radical point of view . ( It ) is about words and language , books and stories , and their incalculable worth as weapons of defense , attack and survival ... Above all it 's an exhilarating tale of empowerment '' . He also said the child actors `` strengthen their diction '' so that the `` tasty lyrics '' could be clearly heard . Richard Zoglin , in Time magazine said that the show is `` a fresh start for the Broadway musical '' with `` a score that seems all but woven into the scenery -- simple but distinctive tunes ... intricate lyrics ... Every element of the show seems hand - crafted and right '' . He said that director Warchus `` lets the characters go gloriously over the top ( the way children see them ) , but also brings a hushed intensity '' . He also said that the second act `` runs a bit too long '' and that `` the combination of shrill child voices , British accents and heavy miking causes many of the lyrics to get muddled '' . Elisabeth Vincentelli 's review in the New York Post said , `` Once in a blue moon , a show comes out blazing and restores your faith in Broadway . Matilda The Musical is that show . '' David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter said the stage show captured `` the unique flavor of Roald Dahl 's classic 1988 children 's novel '' , and added , `` this funhouse fairy tale is by turns riotous and poignant , grotesque and menacing , its campy comic exaggeration equaled only by its transporting emotional power '' . David Cote , in Time Out New York wondered whether the show was too English for Broadway tastes ; he wrote , `` Matilda is a kids ' musical , not a musical that happens to be about a kid . As such , its attractions may be limited to younger spectators and die - hard Dahl fans . That would be a pity , since Matilda is wickedly smart and wildly fun '' . A review in USA Today said the show tries too hard to be clever , but it is affecting and enchanting . Of the British papers reviewing the transfer , The Telegraph gave the show four stars out of five , and said , `` There 's a harder - edged quality to the New York staging : the general tenor is louder and more exaggerated , and the Gilbertian finesse of ( the ) astonishing lyrics did n't translate for my companion ... But the tremendous heart and intelligence of the piece remains undimmed . '' A review by Brendan Lemon in the Financial Times also gave the piece four stars out of five . Awards and nominations ( edit ) London production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result Ref 2011 Critics ' Circle Theatre Awards Best Musical Won Theatre Awards UK Best Musical Won Best Performance Bertie Carvel Won Evening Standard Awards Best Musical Won Best Actor Bertie Carvel Nominated Best Director Matthew Warchus Nominated British Composer Awards Best Stage Work Tim Minchin Nominated 2012 Whatsonstage.com Awards Best New Musical Won Best Actor in a Musical Bertie Carvel Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Cleo Demetriou Kerry Ingram Eleanor Worthington Cox Sophia Kiely Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Musical Paul Kaye Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Musical Lauren Ward Nominated London Newcomer of the Year Tim Minchin Won Best Choreographer Peter Darling Won Best Director Matthew Warchus Nominated Best Set Designer Rob Howell Won Laurence Olivier Awards Best New Musical Won Best Actor in a Musical Bertie Carvel Won Best Actress in a Musical Cleo Demetriou Kerry Ingram Eleanor Worthington Cox Sophia Kiely Won Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Paul Kaye Nominated Best Director Matthew Warchus Won Best Theatre Choreographer Peter Darling Won Best Set Design Rob Howell Won Best Costume Design Nominated Best Lighting Design Hugh Vanstone Nominated Best Sound Design Simon Baker Won 2013 Whatsonstage.com Awards Best West End Show Nominated Laurence Olivier Awards Audience Award for Most Popular Show Nominated 2014 Whatsonstage.com Awards Best West End Show Won Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result Ref 2013 Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Book of a Musical Dennis Kelly Won Best Original Score Tim Minchin Nominated Best Actor in a Musical Bertie Carvel Nominated Best Featured Actor in a Musical Gabriel Ebert Won Best Featured Actress in a Musical Lauren Ward Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Matthew Warchus Nominated Best Choreography Peter Darling Nominated Best Orchestrations Christopher Nightingale Nominated Best Scenic Design of a Musical Rob Howell Won Best Costume Design of a Musical Nominated Best Lighting Design of a Musical Hugh Vanstone Won Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre Sophia Gennusa Oona Laurence Bailey Ryon Milly Shapiro Won Drama League Awards Outstanding Production of a Broadway or off - Broadway Musical Nominated Distinguished Performance Award Bertie Carvel Nominated Outer Critics Circle Awards Outstanding New Broadway Musical Nominated Outstanding Book of a Musical ( Broadway or Off - Broadway ) Won Outstanding Choreographer Peter Darling Nominated Outstanding Set Design ( Play or Musical ) Rob Howell Won Outstanding Actor in a Musical Bertie Carvel Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Book of a Musical Dennis Kelly Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Bertie Carvel Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Matthew Warchus Nominated Outstanding Choreography Peter Darling Nominated Outstanding Lyrics Tim Minchin Won Outstanding Set Design Rob Howell Won New York Drama Critics ' Circle Best Musical Won Theatre World Award Bertie Carvel Won 2014 Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Bertie Carvel , Sophia Gennusa , Oona Laurence , Bailey Ryon , Milly Shapiro & Lauren Ward ( principal soloists ) ; Michael Croiter , Van Dean & Chris Nightingale ( producers ) ; Tim Minchin ( composer and lyricist ) Nominated Australian production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result Ref 2015 Sydney Theatre Awards Best production of a mainstream musical Won Best performance by an actress in a supporting role in a musical Elise McCann Won Best performance by an actress in a supporting role in a musical Marika Aubrey Nominated Best performance by an actor in a supporting role in a musical James Millar Won Best performance by an actor in a supporting role in a musical Daniel Frederiksen Nominated Special achievement award Molly Barwick Sasha Rose Georgia Taplin Bella Thomas Won 2016 Helpmann Awards Best Musical Won Best Original Score Tim Minchin Won Best Direction of a Musical Matthew Warchus Won Best Female Actor in a Musical Molly Barwick Dusty Bursill Tiana Mirra Alannah Parfett Sasha Rose Georgia Taplin Bella Thomas Ingrid Torelli Won Best Male Actor in a Musical James Millar Won Best Choreography in a Musical Peter Darling Won Best Music Direction Stephen Amos Won Best Sound Design Simon Baker Won Best Scenic Design Rob Howell Won Best Costume Design Won Best Lighting Design Hugh Vanstone Won Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Daniel Frederiksen Won Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Elise McCann Won Green Room Awards Outstanding Music Theatre Award for Production Won Music Theatre Award for Direction Matthew Warchus Won Betty Pounder Award for Excellence in Choreography Peter Darling Won Music Theatre Award for Musical Direction / Supervision Stephen Amos Won Music Theatre Award for Sound Design Simon Baker Won Music Theatre Award for Costume Design Rob Howell Won Music Theatre Award for Set Design Won Music Theatre Award for Lighting Design Hugh Vanstone Won Music Theatre Award for Male in a Supporting Role Daniel Frederiksen Nominated Music Theatre Award for Female in a Supporting Role Elise McCann Nominated Music Theatre Award for Male Lead James Millar Nominated Music Theatre Award for Female Lead Dusty Bursill Tiana Mirra Alannah Parfett Ingrid Torelli Nominated 2017 Helpmann Awards Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Lucy Maunder Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth . `` Clybourne Park , Matilda and Suchet Honored in London 's Critics ' Circle Theatre Awards '' Archived 19 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Hall and Derek Jacobi among winners at Theatre Awards UK '' . The Stage. 30 October 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Matilda musical breaks Olivier awards record '' . BBC . 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Matilda ' Wins Top Musical With Critics ' Circle Distinction '' . The Huffington Post . 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Play about maths genius equals Matilda 's record '' . The Guardian . 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Olivier Awards : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child wins record nine prizes '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Shakespeare Company stages world premiere of Roald Dahl 's Matilda in winter 2010 '' . Royal Shakespeare Company . 30 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2009 . Retrieved 7 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark . `` RSC Presents Premiere of New Musical Matilda , Opening Dec. 9 ; Matthew Warchus Directs '' Archived 20 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill. 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Magical Matilda is just a Dahl - ling of a show '' . dailymail.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Matilda , Courtyard Theatre , Stratford - upon - Avon '' . independent.co.uk. 14 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Serena Alllot . Waltzing Matilda : Dahl 's classic dances on to the stage The Daily Telegraph , 26 November 2010 Jump up ^ Billington , Michael . `` Review - ' Matilda ' '' The Guardian , 10 December 2010 Jump up ^ `` West End Musical Matilda Will Now Begin Performances October 25 '' . Theatre Mania. 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda - review Cambridge Theatre , London '' . The Guardian . 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda at the Cambridge Theatre is hilarious , moving and magical '' . The Telegraph . 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` peter hall and derek jacobi among winners '' . The Stage . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frankensteins Share Best Actor in Standard Awards , Smith Wins with Flare Date : 20 November 2011 '' . Whats on Stage. 20 November 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Latest News - Matilda The Musical London '' . Matilda The Musical London . Jump up ^ `` RSC announces four new girls for West End Matilda '' . WhatsOnStage. 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda Meets Her Maj At 100th Royal Variety Bash '' . theatrepeople.com. 27 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the West End Cast of Matilda Perform a ' Naughty ' Medley at Royal Variety Performance '' . broadway.com. 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MATILDA To Open Broadcast of BBC Children In Need ! With Georgia Pemberton as Matilda '' . broadwayworld.com. 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RSC 's Matilda cast kick - off Children in Need '' . Leamington Observer . leamingtonobserver.co.uk. 15 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda is forced off stage after bug strikes down the cast '' . dailymail.co.uk . Jump up ^ Matilda The Musical ( @ MatildaMusical ) ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` pbs.twimg.com/media/C0NzsvZXcAAKqA -. png '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Fury as Dream Girls goes ahead as cast being struck down by illness '' . dailymail.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Musical Rent reduced to concert staging after company illness - News - The Stage '' . thestage.co.uk. 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda the Musical announces new cast for the West End production '' . London Theatre . Londontheatre.co.uk . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Matildas Announced '' . Matilda the Musical . Royal Shakespeare Company . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda the Musical to transfer to Broadway '' . BBC . 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The battle to keep award - winning musical Matilda British '' . Daily Mail . 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MATILDA THE MUSICAL to Play Shubert Theatre on Broadway ! Previews Begin March 2013 , Opens April 2013 '' . Broadway World . 19 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olivier Winner Bertie Carvel to Reprise Role as Evil Headmistress Miss Trunchbull in Matilda on Broadway '' . broadway.com. 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carvel stars in N.Y. ' Matilda ' '' . Variety . 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RSC 's Matilda : the Musical a hit on Broadway '' . The Guardian . 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The extraordinary power of Matilda : hit musical waltzes to more success on Broadway '' . The Independent . 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda : Oh , You Beautiful Dahl '' . Playbill. 11 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda the Musical is ' thinned out ' for Americans '' . The Daily Telegraph . 17 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda Teaches Broadway a Thing or Two '' . The Huffington Post . 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Bertie Carvel and Lauren Ward Exit Broadway 's ' Matilda The Musical ' Sept. 1 '' Archived 4 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , 1 September 2013 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Injury Delays Craig Bierko 's Arrival in ' Matilda ' ; Chris Hoch Steps in as Trunchbull Sept. 3 '' Archived 7 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , 3 September 2013 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` Tim Minchin 's Matilda breaks Broadway record '' -- via The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 November 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Playbill , 19 November 2013 Jump up ^ Hollander , Sophia ( 1 ) The Wall Street Journal , 26 November 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Get Naughty ! Matt Harrington & Tony Nominee Christopher Sieber Join the Revolting Cast of Matilda '' . Broadway.com. 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rehearsal Injury Delays Christopher Sieber 's Bow in Broadway 's Matilda The Musical '' . Playbill. 14 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Trunchbull Curse Continues : Christopher Sieber Delays First Matilda Performance Again '' . Broadway.com. 4 April 2014 . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maggots Beware ! Christopher Sieber ( Finally ) Steps Into Matilda as Miss Trunchbull '' . Broadway.com. 18 April 2014 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Four New Magical Maggots Join the Cast of Matilda in Title Role on Broadway '' . Broadway.com. 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark . `` ' Matilda the Musical ' recoups on Broadway '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd Webber , Imogen . `` Amy Spanger , Allison Case & More Begin Performances in Matilda on Broadway '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` Matilda Musical Ends Broadway Run January 1 ; Tour Is Next '' playbill.com , 1 January 2017 ^ Jump up to : Desk , BWW News . `` Tim Minchin Reveals Plans for MATILDA US Tour , Film ? '' . broadwayworld.com . Jump up ^ `` Matilda The Musical Will Launch National Tour in 2015 '' . Playbill. 6 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Tour Cast Announced '' . uk.matildathemusical.com . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda the Musical National US Tour Premieres 2015 '' . us.matildathemusical.com . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Broadway Hit Matilda Casts Stars for National Tour '' . Playbill . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ itis2l84u ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Tim Minchin and Matildas Perform `` When I Grow Up '' on Conan '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` Matilda Musical Launches National Tour January 12 '' . Jump up ^ `` Matilda Eyes Australian Premiere ; Tim Minchin at Work on New Musical '' . Playbill. 24 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda the Musical waltzes into Australia '' . RSC . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Blake , Elissa ( 19 July 2015 ) . `` Matilda and Me : Tim Minchin tells '' -- via The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Matilda The Musical Opened Last Night in Sydney , Australia ! '' . timminchin.com . Jump up ^ `` Matilda the Musical - Australian Launch '' . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Casting announced for the Australian production of Roald Dahl 's Matilda The Musical '' . roalddahl.com . RoaldDahl.com . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Blake , Elissa . `` Matilda the Musical casts its young stars : Molly Barwick , Sasha Rose , George Taplin and Bella Thomas '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Cast Announced '' . uk.matildathemusical.com . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ daniyo44 ( 18 August 2015 ) . `` Matilda the Musical Sydney Channel 10 Interview '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Maunder joins Matilda cast as new Miss Honey , Brisbane - News '' . aussietheatre.com.au. 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Biography - Elise McCann '' . elisemccann.com . Jump up ^ `` Honey Handover : Maunder takes over from McCann in Matilda - News '' . aussietheatre.com.au. 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda the Musical to tour the UK in 2018 Carousel , News The Stage '' . The Stage. 2017 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Dates for tour of Matilda the Musical announced '' . WhatsOnStage.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cast announced for tour of Matilda '' . WhatsOnStage.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Desk , BWW News . `` Child Casting Announced For The UK and Ireland Tour Of MATILDA '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Atlantis Theatrical ( 22 January 2018 ) . `` She 's back ! 2017 's SOLD OUT HIT will return for a limited run this March . Shine your boots and celebrate YOU in KINKY BOOTS ! '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` 뮤지컬 < 마틸다 ( Matilda ) > , 대한민국 에 상륙 하다 . - 우먼 데일리 '' ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda the Musical '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda the Musical '' . Royal Shakespeare Company . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Playbill : Matilda The Musical - Opening Night at Shubert Theatre Page 4 '' . playbillvault.com . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Matilda '' -- Original Cast Recording `` . Theatreaficionado.com. 19 October 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Matilda The Musical Track Listing Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Casting Update '' . Royal Shakespeare Company . 10 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda Stratford archvie '' . The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Archive Catalogue . Archived from the original on 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda 's announced '' . Tim Minchin. 13 September 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda London Adult Cast '' . Tim Minchin. 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olivier Winner Bertie Carvel Will Make Broadway Debut in Matilda The Musical '' . Playbill. 8 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2012 . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Matilda ' Musical Names Four Stars '' . The New York Times . 15 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Lesli Margherita , Gabriel Ebert , Lauren Ward and More Join Broadway Cast of Matilda '' Archived 22 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill ( 19 December 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Matilda the Musical at the Shubert Theatre '' . playbillvault.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Leading Ladies of MATILDA THE MUSICAL National Tour Revealed ; Bryce Ryness , Cassie Silva & More Among Cast ! '' . broadwayworld.com . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Crawford , Trish ( 20 April 2016 ) . `` All Canadian principal cast in Mirvish musical Matilda '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mirvish Press '' ( PDF ) . www.mirvish.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the Playbill : Matilda The Musical - Opening Night at Shubert Theatre '' . Playbill . playbillvault.com . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda The Musical '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Lucy - Mae Beacock , Hayley Canham , Chloe Hawthorn and Lara Wollington to Step in as Title Role in MATILDA in August '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Log In or Sign Up to View '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Meet our new Matildas - Matilda The Musical London '' . Matilda The Musical London . 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` CASTING UPDATE FOR SEPTEMBER 2014 - Matilda The Musical London '' . Matilda The Musical London . 2014 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` New Matildas - Matilda The Musical London '' . Matilda The Musical London . 2015 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Casting update for September 2015 - Matilda The Musical London '' . Matilda The Musical London . 2015 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` New young stars join Matilda '' . www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Announcement Sept 2016 Matilda The Musical '' . Matilda The Musical London . 2016 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` March 2017 New Matildas Matilda The Musical '' . Matilda The Musical London . 2017 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NEW MATILDAS ANNOUNCED - Matilda The Musical London '' . Matilda The Musical London . 2017 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Hayley Flaherty and Steve Furt Will Join Cast of West End 's Matilda the Musical ; New Matildas Also '' . Playbill. 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Say Hello to Four Magical Maggots ! New Title Performers Announced for Broadway 's Matilda '' . broadway.com. 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Craig Bierko and Jill Paice Join Cast of Broadway 's Matilda Sept. 3 '' . Playbill. 3 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions : Mara Wilson Writes Stuff '' . marawilsonwritesstuff.com . Jump up ^ `` Tony Winner Dennis Kelly to Pen Screenplay for New Matilda Movie Musical Adaptation '' . broadway.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Matilda heads for Hollywood '' . Daily Mail . 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael . `` Matilda -- review '' , The Guardian , 9 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul . `` Matilda , Courtyard Theatre , Stratford - upon - Avon '' , The Independent , 14 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 Jump up ^ `` Matilda , Courtyard Theatre , review '' , The Daily Telegraph , 10 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt . `` Matilda the Musical , RSC / Stratford - upon - Avon '' , The Arts Desk , 10 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 Jump up ^ Hitchings , Henry . `` Triumph of classroom wit in Matilda '' , London Evening Standard , 10 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Matilda the Musical '' , The Omnivore . Retrieved 2 October 2013 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Julie . `` Theatre review -- Matilda the Musical , Cambridge Theatre , London '' , Daily Express , 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2013 Jump up ^ `` Matilda the Musical '' , Cambridge Theatre -- review , The Standard , 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2013 Jump up ^ Carter , Imogen . `` Matilda the Musical -- review '' , The Guardian , 26 November 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2013 Jump up ^ Letts , Quentin . `` Wart a show ! A beasty baddie and stonking songs '' , Daily Mail , 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2013 Jump up ^ Martland , Lisa . `` Matilda the Musical '' , The Stage , 26 November 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2013 Jump up ^ `` Matilda , Cambridge Theatre , review '' , The Telegraph , 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2013 Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben . `` Sugar and Spice , and Something Sinister '' , The New York Times , 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2013 Jump up ^ `` Matilda the Musical '' , Time Out , 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2013 Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben . `` Children of the World , Unite ! '' The New York Times , 11 April 2013 Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard . `` Matilda : The Best Musical Since The Lion King '' , Time magazine , 11 April 2013 Jump up ^ Vincentelli , Elisabeth . `` Matilda is one for the books '' , New York Post , 12 April 2013 Jump up ^ Rooney , David . `` Matilda : Theater Review '' , The Hollywood Reporter , 11 April 2013 Jump up ^ Cote , David . `` Matilda '' , Time Out New York , 13 April 2013 Jump up ^ Gardner , Elysa . `` Broadway musical Matilda is marvelously magical '' , USA Today , 12 April 2013 Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt . `` Matilda the Musical , Shubert Theatre , New York , review '' , The Telegraph , 12 April 2013 Jump up ^ Lemon , Brendan . `` Matilda , Shubert Theatre , New York -- review '' , Financial Times , 11 April 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Critics ' Circle Theatre Awards 2011 '' . The Critics ' Circle. 25 January 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THEATRE AWARDS UK 2011 '' . THEATRE AWARDS UK . Archived from the original on 29 December 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda waltzes into the West End '' . London Evening Standard . 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BRITISH COMPOSER AWARDS Tim '' . Matilda the Musical . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the 2011 British Composer Awards '' . British Composer Awards . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda musical wins four theatre audience awards '' . BBC . 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for 2009 Tony Awards Announced ; Billy Elliot Earns 15 Nominations '' ^ Jump up to : `` Whats on stage 2012 '' . Whatsonstage.com Awards . 19 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Minchin 's Matilda wins four Whatsonstage Awards '' . The Telegraph . 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Matilda - the Musical Sweeps Olivier Awards ; Benedict Cumberbatch , Jonny Lee Miller Are Also Winners '' . Playbill. 15 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda the Musical top of the class with 10 Olivier awards nominations '' . BBC . 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FULL LIST : WINNERS ANNOUNCED OF THE 2013 WHATSONSTAGE.COM AWARDS '' . whatsonstage.com. 17 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` VOTE MATILDA FOR BEST WEST END SHOW '' . matildathemusical . Matilda the Musical . 10 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Olivier awards 2013 : winners in full '' . The Guardian . 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC RADIO 2 AUDIENCE AWARD SHOWS : THE LITTLE KNOWN FACTS '' . officiallondontheatre.co.uk. 31 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Olivier awards 2013 -- full nominations '' . The Guardian . 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint win at WhatsOnStage Awards '' . The Daily Telegraph . 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda Shortlisted For Best West End Show '' . matildathemusical.com . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kinky Boots and Matilda musicals lead Tony Awards field '' . BBC . 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Select list of nominees for 2013 Tony Awards '' . The Washington Post . 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Will Matilda be the toast of the town at the Tonys ? '' . The Guardian . 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drama League Awards Nominations Announced '' . theatermania.com. 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 13 Outer Critics Circle Award Winners Announced - PIPPIN Tops List with 7 , Followed by KINKY BOOTS '' . broadwayworld.com. 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for 58th Annual Drama Desk Awards '' . Playbill. 29 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critics ' Circle names ' Matilda ' top musical '' . The Wall Street Journal . 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Theatre World Award Winners Announced '' . broadwayworld.com. 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Theatre Awards : 2015 Nominations and Winners '' . 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Helpmann Awards 2016 : Matilda the Musical sweeps the board with 13 wins '' . 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Green Room Award winners announced '' . 27 March 2017 . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Nominees Helpmann Awards '' . www.helpmannawards.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Further reading ( edit ) `` A Novel Approach , '' by Keith Loria , `` Backstage '' column , Make - Up Artist magazine , Number 102 , June / July 2013 , pp 74 -- 75 , Key Publishing Group , Vancouver , Washington , US . A two - page article with three color photos discussing the musical 's make - up and hair / wig requirements for the New York and London productions , with quotes by key personnel . External links ( edit ) Official website Matilda The Musical at the Internet Broadway Database Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 2010 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Phoebe Dahl ( granddaughter ) Roald Dahl 's Matilda Characters Matilda Wormwood Miss Trunchbull Adaptations Matilda ( 1996 film ) Matilda the Musical ( 2010 musical ) Tim Minchin Albums Sit ( 2001 ) Darkside ( 2005 ) So Rock ( 2006 ) Ready for This ? ( 2009 ) Live at the O2 ( 2010 ) Tim Minchin and The Heritage Orchestra ( 2011 ) So Fucking Rock ( 2013 ) Singles `` Drowned '' ( 2008 ) `` White Wine in the Sun '' ( 2009 , 2012 ) `` The Pope Song '' ( 2010 ) `` The Fence '' ( 2011 ) Musicals Matilda the Musical ( 2010 ) Groundhog Day ( 2016 ) Songs `` Naughty '' `` When I Grow Up '' `` Quiet '' `` Revolting Children '' DVD So F * * king Rock Live Awards for Matilda the Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical The Wiz ( 1975 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1983 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1986 ) Les Miserables ( 1987 ) Into the Woods ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) The Life ( 1997 ) Ragtime ( 1998 ) Parade ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Wicked ( 2004 ) Spamalot ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) Passing Strange ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Hamilton ( 2015 ) Shuffle Along ( 2016 ) Come from Away ( 2017 ) Helpmann Award for Best Musical The Boy from Oz ( 2001 ) Mamma Mia ! ( 2002 ) Cabaret ( 2003 ) The Lion King ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee ( 2006 ) Keating ! ( 2007 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2008 ) Wicked ( 2009 ) Jersey Boys ( 2010 ) Mary Poppins ( 2011 ) A Chorus Line ( 2012 ) Legally Blonde ( 2013 ) The King and I ( 2014 ) Les Misérables ( 2015 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2016 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Comedy of Errors ( 1977 ) Evita ( 1978 ) Songbook ( 1979 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1980 ) Cats ( 1981 ) Poppy ( 1982 ) Blood Brothers ( 1983 ) 42nd Street ( 1984 ) Me and My Girl ( 1985 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Follies ( 1987 ) Candide ( 1988 ) Return to the Forbidden Planet ( 1989 / 1990 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1991 ) Carmen Jones ( 1992 ) Crazy for You ( 1993 ) City of Angels ( 1994 ) Once on This Island ( 1995 ) Jolson ( 1996 ) Martin Guerre ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1998 ) Kat and the Kings ( 1999 ) Honk ! ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Merrily We Roll Along ( 2001 ) Our House ( 2003 ) Jerry Springer : The Opera ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) Billy Elliot ( 2006 ) Caroline , or Change ( 2007 ) Hairspray ( 2008 ) Jersey Boys ( 2009 ) Spring Awakening ( 2010 ) Legally Blonde ( 2011 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2012 ) Top Hat ( 2013 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2014 ) Sunny Afternoon ( 2015 ) Kinky Boots ( 2016 ) Groundhog Day ( 2017 ) Hamilton ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical 1950 -- 1975 South Pacific by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joshua Logan ( 1950 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Michael Stewart ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein ( 1965 ) Company by George Furth ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona by John Guare and Mel Shapiro ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Hugh Wheeler ( 1973 ) Candide by Hugh Wheeler ( 1974 ) Shenandoah by James Lee Barrett , Peter Udell and Philip Rose ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line by James Kirkwood Jr. and Nicholas Dante ( 1976 ) Annie by Thomas Meehan ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Betty Comden and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Hugh Wheeler ( 1979 ) Evita by Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by Peter Stone ( 1981 ) Dreamgirls by Tom Eyen ( 1982 ) Cats by T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Harvey Fierstein ( 1984 ) Big River by William Hauptman ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by James Lapine ( 1988 ) No Award ( 1989 ) City of Angels by Larry Gelbart ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden by Marsha Norman ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn and James Lapine ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by Terrence McNally ( 1993 ) Passion by James Lapine ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Don Black and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Peter Stone ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Terrence McNally ( 1998 ) Parade by Alfred Uhry ( 1999 ) James Joyce 's The Dead by Richard Nelson ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Producers by Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Jeff Whitty ( 2004 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee by Rachel Sheinkin ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Bob Martin and Don McKellar ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Steven Sater ( 2007 ) Passing Strange by Stew ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical by Lee Hall ( 2009 ) Memphis by Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Once by Enda Walsh ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical by Dennis Kelly ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder by Robert L. Freedman ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Steven Levenson ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matilda_the_Musical&oldid=843396554 '' Categories : 2010 musicals Broadway musicals Roald Dahl Matilda ( novel ) Critics ' Circle Theatre Award - winning musicals Evening Standard Award for Best Musical winners Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Musicals based on works by Roald Dahl West End musicals Plays set in England British musicals Musicals based on novels Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use British English from April 2012 Pages with timeline metadata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 21 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays miss honey in matilda the musical
[ "\n\nCharacter\nOriginal Stratford Cast\n[83][84]\nOriginal West End Cast\n[85][86]\nOriginal Broadway Cast\n[87][88][89][90]\nOriginal Australian Cast\n[65][66][67]\nFirst US National Tour Cast\n[55][91]\nOriginal Toronto Cast\n[92][93]\n\nFirst UK and Ireland Tour Cast\n[74][75]\n\n\n\nMatilda Wormwood\nAdrianna Bertola\nJosie Griffiths\nKerry Ingram\nCleo Demetriou\nEleanor Worthington Cox\nSophia Kiely\nKerry Ingram\nSophia Gennusa\nOona Laurence\nBailey Ryon\nMilly Shapiro[94]\nMolly Barwick\nSasha Rose\nGeorgia Taplin\nBella Thomas[66]\nGabby Gutierrez\nMia Sinclair Jenness\nMabel Tyler[91]\nHannah Levinson\nJaime Maclean\nJenna Weir [92]\nAnnalise Bradbury\nLara Cohen\nPoppy Jones\nNicola Turner\n\n\nMiss Agatha Trunchbull\nBertie Carvel\nJames Millar[65]\nBryce Ryness[91]\nDan Chameroy [92]\nCraige Els\n\n\nJennifer Honey\nLauren Ward\nElise McCann[65]\nJennifer Bowles[91]\nPaula Brancati [92]\nCarly Thoms\n\n\nMr. Wormwood\nPaul Kaye\nGabriel Ebert[94]\nDaniel Frederiksen[65]\nQuinn Mattfeld[91]\nBrandon McGibbon\nSebastien Torkia\n\n\nMrs. Wormwood\nJosie Walker\nLesli Margherita[94]\nMarika Aubrey[65]\nCassie Silva[91]\nDarcy Stewart\nRebecca Thornhill\n\n\nMichael Wormwood\nPeter Howe\nTaylor Trensch[94]\nDaniel Raso\nDanny Tieger\nDarren Burkett\nMatthew Caputo\n\n\nMrs. Phelps\nMelanie La Barrie\nKaren Aldridge[94]\nCle Morgan\nOra Jones\nKeisha T. Fraser\nMichelle Chantelle Hopewell\n\n\nRudolpho\nMichael Rouse\nPhillip Spaeth\nTravis Khan\nJaquez André Sims\nStephen Diaz\nMatt Gillett\n\n\nThe Escapologista\nMatthew Malthouse\nBen Thompson[94]\nGlenn Hill\nJustin Packard\nSteffan Lloyd-Evans\n\n\nSergei\nAlistair Parker\nJohn Sanders[94]\nStephen Anderson\nIan Michael Stuart\nEric Craig\nAdam Vaughan\n\n\nHenchmen\nMarc Antolin\nNick Searle\nThayne Jasperson\nRyan Steele\nAndrew Cook\nEli Cooper\nJohn Michael Fiumara\nDarius Wright\nSwing\nto be announced\n\n\nHenchwoman\ndid not appear\nLucy Thatcher\nTamika Sonja Lawrence\nNadia Komazec\nRachel Cole\nShonica Gooden\nto be announced\n\n\nThe Acrobat\nEmily Shaw\nSamantha Sturm[94]\nCristina D'Agostino\nWesley Fauncher\nKim Sava\nEmily Bull\n\n\nTeacher\nMichael Rouse\nTim Walton\ndoes not appear\nto be announced\n\n\nDoctor\nMichael Rouse\nTim Walton\nJohn Arthur Greene\nReece Budin\nIan Michael Stuart\nJustin Packard\nPeter Bindloss\n\n\nParty Entertainer\ndoes not appear\nJohn Sanders\nStephen Anderson\nJaquez André Sims\nStephen Diaz\nAdam Vaughan\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBruce Bogtrotter\nKuan Frye\nJake Bailey\nJames Beesley\nJake Bailey\nJames Beesley\nZachary Harris\nJack Broderick [94]\nAnthony Abrakmanov\nJoshua Park\nEthan Puse\nJack Reason\nEvan Gray\nAiden Bushey\nRaphael Higgins-Humes\nElliot Stiff\nDylan Hughes (also plays Tommy)\nJaden Meek (also plays Tommy)\n\n\nLavender\nRuby Bridle\nRebecca Stoll\nMisty May Tindall\nRuby Bridle\nJemima Eaton\nEllie Simons\nFrenie Acoba [94]\nZoe Ingram\nRuby Lahoud\nShanice Lim\nKaci Walfall\nRiley O'Donnell\nLouella Asante-Owusu\nScarlett Weegram\nIsobelle Chalmers (also plays Amanda)\nMadeline Gilby (also plays Amanda)\n\n\nAmanda Thripp\nKatie Lee\nJadie-Rose Hobson\nLara Weaver\nLily Laight\nIsobelle Molloy\nLucy May Pollard\nBeatrice Tulchin [94]\nAmber May\nParis Naumovski\nMei Yamada\nKayla Amistad\nIsabella Stuebing\nKiana Dumbaya\nLyla Toplass\nIsobelle Chalmers (also plays Lavender)\nMadeline Gilby (also plays Lavender)\n\n\nNigel\nArthur Byrne\nAdam Scotland\nJake Pratt\nWilliam Keeler\nAlfie Manser\nJaydon Vijn\nJared Parker [94]\nEwan Herdman\nJacob Licastro\nRegan Walker\nCal Alexander\nWill Coombs\nSheldon Golding\nNicholas Seal\nJobe Hart (also plays Eric)\nHarrison Wilding (also plays Eric)\n\n\nEric\nShivum Gupta\nJack Christou\nToby Murray\nToby Murray\nLouis Suc\nTed Wilson\nTed Wilson [94]\nKyle Banfield\nJoey Gadin\nCallum Rogers\nAristotle Rock\nTanner Quirk\nAlfie Murray\nGeorge Varley\nJobe Hart (also plays Nigel)\nHarrison Wilding (also plays Nigel)\n\n\nAlice\nJessica Daugirda\nEllie Simons\nAnnabel Parsons\nAlicia Gould\nJemima Morgan\nAnnabel Parsons\nAva DeMary [94]\nAbigail Adriano\nAyanda Dladla\nErika Palma\nCassidy Hagel\nAbigail Nicholson\nTayah Marshall Brewster\nSophie Young\n\n\nHortensia\nJessica Adair\nDaisy Brophy\nShyanne Sanders\nOonagh Cox\nFleur Houdijk\nKatie Lee\nEmma Howard [94]\nMaya Arya\nEliza Carolan\nAlyssa Goodall\nMegan McGuff\nKendyl Ito\nDaisy Sequerra\nMaisy-May Woods-Smeeth\n\n\nTommy\nCharlie Callaghan\nCallum Henderson\nDenzil Sampson\nThomas Atkinson\nJamie Kaye\nCallum Henderson\nJudah Bellamy [94]\nCody Ettingshausen\nLeyton Holmes\nZyon Rangi\nMeliki Hurd\nDrew Davis\nShaquahn Crowe\nSam Lovelock\nDylan Hughes (also plays Bruce)\nJaden Meek (also plays Bruce)\n\n" ]
[ "Lauren Ward" ]
3395571154086375134
Dark Ages (historiography)
Dark Ages ( historiography ) - wikipedia Dark Ages ( historiography ) This article is about the history of the concept . For a history of the period , see Early Middle Ages . For other uses , see Dark Ages ( disambiguation ) . Petrarch , who conceived the idea of a European `` Dark Age '' . From Cycle of Famous Men and Women , Andrea di Bartolo di Bargilla , c. 1450 The `` Dark Ages '' is a historical periodization traditionally referring to the Middle Ages , that asserts that a demographic , cultural , and economic deterioration occurred in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire . The term employs traditional light - versus - darkness imagery to contrast the era 's `` darkness '' ( lack of records ) with earlier and later periods of `` light '' ( abundance of records ) . The concept of a `` Dark Age '' originated in the 1330s with the Italian scholar Petrarch , who regarded the post-Roman centuries as `` dark '' compared to the light of classical antiquity . The phrase `` Dark Age '' itself derives from the Latin saeculum obscurum , originally applied by Caesar Baronius in 1602 to a tumultuous period in the 10th and 11th centuries . The concept thus came to characterize the entire Middle Ages as a time of intellectual darkness between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance ; this became especially popular during the 18th - century Age of Enlightenment . As the accomplishments of the era came to be better understood in the 18th and 20th centuries , scholars began restricting the `` Dark Ages '' appellation to the Early Middle Ages ( c. 5th -- 10th century ) . The majority of modern scholars avoid the term altogether due to its negative connotations , finding it misleading and inaccurate . The original definition remains in popular use , and popular culture often employs it as a vehicle to depict the Middle Ages as a time of backwardness , extending its pejorative use and expanding its scope . Contents 1 History 1.1 Petrarch 1.2 Reformation 1.3 Baronius 1.4 Enlightenment 1.5 Romanticism 2 Modern academic use 3 Modern popular use 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Late antiquity , Fall of the Roman Empire , Migration period , and Early Middle Ages See also : Medievalism Petrarch ( edit ) Triumph of Christianity by Tommaso Laureti ( 1530 -- 1602 ) , ceiling painting in the Sala di Constantino , Vatican Palace . Images like this one celebrate the triumph of Christianity over the paganism of Antiquity . The idea of a Dark Age originated with the Tuscan scholar Petrarch in the 1330s . Writing of the past , he said : `` Amidst the errors there shone forth men of genius ; no less keen were their eyes , although they were surrounded by darkness and dense gloom '' . Christian writers , including Petrarch himself , had long used traditional metaphors of ' light versus darkness ' to describe ' good versus evil ' . Petrarch was the first to give the metaphor secular meaning by reversing its application . He now saw Classical Antiquity , so long considered a ' dark ' age for its lack of Christianity , in the ' light ' of its cultural achievements , while Petrarch 's own time , allegedly lacking such cultural achievements , was seen as the age of darkness . From his perspective on the Italian peninsula , Petrarch saw the Roman and classical period as an expression of greatness . He spent much of his time travelling through Europe , rediscovering and republishing classic Latin and Greek texts . He wanted to restore the Latin language to its former purity . Renaissance humanists saw the preceding 900 years as a time of stagnation , with history unfolding not along the religious outline of Saint Augustine 's Six Ages of the World , but in cultural ( or secular ) terms through progressive development of classical ideals , literature , and art . Petrarch wrote that history had two periods : the classic period of Greeks and Romans , followed by a time of darkness in which he saw himself living . In around 1343 , in the conclusion of his epic Africa , he wrote : `` My fate is to live among varied and confusing storms . But for you perhaps , if as I hope and wish you will live long after me , there will follow a better age . This sleep of forgetfulness will not last forever . When the darkness has been dispersed , our descendants can come again in the former pure radiance . '' In the 15th century , historians Leonardo Bruni and Flavio Biondo developed a three - tier outline of history . They used Petrarch 's two ages , plus a modern , ' better age ' , which they believed the world had entered . Later the term ' Middle Ages ' - Latin media tempestas ( 1469 ) or medium aevum ( 1604 ) - was used to describe the period of supposed decline . Reformation ( edit ) During the Reformations of the 16th and 17th centuries , Protestants generally had a similar view to Renaissance Humanists such as Petrarch , but also added an Anti-Catholic perspective . They saw classical antiquity as a golden time , not only because of its Latin literature , but also because it witnessed the beginnings of Christianity . They promoted the idea that the ' Middle Age ' was a time of darkness also because of corruption within the Roman Catholic Church , such as : Popes ruling as kings , veneration of saints ' relics , a celibate priesthood , and institutionalized moral hypocrisy . Baronius ( edit ) In response to the Protestants , Catholics developed a counter-image to depict the High Middle Ages in particular as a period of social and religious harmony , and not ' dark ' at all . The most important Catholic reply to the Magdeburg Centuries was the Annales Ecclesiastici by Cardinal Caesar Baronius . Baronius was a trained historian who produced a work that the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1911 described as `` far surpassing anything before '' and that Acton regarded as `` the greatest history of the Church ever written '' . The Annales covered the first twelve centuries of Christianity to 1198 , and was published in twelve volumes between 1588 and 1607 . It was in Volume X that Baronius coined the term `` dark age '' for the period between the end of the Carolingian Empire in 888 and the first stirrings of Gregorian Reform under Pope Clement II in 1046 : Volumes of Patrologia Latina per century Century Migne Volume Nos Volumes 7th 80 -- 88 9 8th 89 -- 96 8 9th 97 -- 130 34 10th 131 -- 138 8 11th 139 -- 151 13 12th 152 -- 191 40 13th 192 -- 217 26 `` The new age ( saeculum ) which was beginning , for its harshness and barrenness of good could well be called iron , for its baseness and abounding evil leaden , and moreover for its lack of writers ( inopia scriptorum ) dark ( obscurum ) '' . Significantly , Baronius termed the age ' dark ' because of the paucity of written records . The `` lack of writers '' he referred to may be illustrated by comparing the number of volumes in Migne 's Patrologia Latina containing the work of Latin writers from the 10th century ( the heart of the age he called ' dark ' ) with the number containing the work of writers from the preceding and succeeding centuries . A minority of these writers were historians . Medieval production of manuscripts . The beginning of the Middle Ages was also a period of low activity in copying . Note that this graph does not include the Byzantine Empire . There is a sharp drop from 34 volumes in the 9th century to just 8 in the 10th . The 11th century , with 13 , evidences a certain recovery , and the 12th century , with 40 , surpasses the 9th , something the 13th , with just 26 , fails to do . There was indeed a ' dark age ' , in Baronius 's sense of a `` lack of writers '' , between the Carolingian Renaissance in the 9th century and the beginnings , some time in the 11th , of what has been called the Renaissance of the 12th century . Furthermore , there was an earlier period of `` lack of writers '' during the 7th and 8th centuries . So , in Western Europe , two ' dark ages ' can be identified , separated by the brilliant but brief Carolingian Renaissance . Baronius 's ' dark age ' seems to have struck historians , for it was in the 17th century that the term started to proliferate in various European languages , with his original Latin term saeculum obscurum being reserved for the period he had applied it to . But while some , following Baronius , used ' dark age ' neutrally to refer to a dearth of written records , others used it pejoratively , lapsing into that lack of objectivity that has discredited the term for many modern historians . The first British historian to use the term was most likely Gilbert Burnet , in the form ' darker ages ' which appears several times in his work during the later 17th century . The earliest reference seems to be in the `` Epistle Dedicatory '' to Volume I of The History of the Reformation of the Church of England of 1679 , where he writes : `` The design of the reformation was to restore Christianity to what it was at first , and to purge it of those corruptions , with which it was overrun in the later and darker ages . '' He uses it again in the 1682 Volume II , where he dismisses the story of `` St George 's fighting with the dragon '' as `` a legend formed in the darker ages to support the humour of chivalry '' . Burnet was a bishop chronicling how England became Protestant , and his use of the term is invariably pejorative . Enlightenment ( edit ) During the Age of Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries , many critical thinkers saw religion as antithetical to reason . For them the Middle Ages , or `` Age of Faith '' , was therefore the opposite of the Age of Reason . Kant and Voltaire were vocal in attacking the Middle Ages as a period of social regress dominated by religion , while Gibbon in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire expressed contempt for the `` rubbish of the Dark Ages '' . Yet just as Petrarch , seeing himself at the cusp of a `` new age '' , was criticising the centuries before his own time , so too were Enlightenment writers . Consequently , an evolution had occurred in at least three ways . Petrarch 's original metaphor of light versus dark has expanded over time , implicitly at least . Even if later humanists no longer saw themselves living in a dark age , their times were still not light enough for 18th - century writers who saw themselves as living in the real Age of Enlightenment , while the period to be condemned stretched to include what we now call Early Modern times . Additionally , Petrarch 's metaphor of darkness , which he used mainly to deplore what he saw as a lack of secular achievement , was sharpened to take on a more explicitly anti-religious and anti-clerical meaning . Nevertheless , the term ' Middle Ages ' , used by Biondo and other early humanists after Petrarch , was in general use before the 18th century to denote the period before the Renaissance . The earliest recorded use of the English word `` medieval '' was in 1827 . The concept of the Dark Ages was also in use , but by the 18th century it tended to be confined to the earlier part of this period . The earliest entry for a capitalized `` Dark Ages '' in the Oxford English Dictionary is a reference in Henry Thomas Buckle 's History of Civilization in England in 1857 . Starting and ending dates varied : the Dark Ages were considered by some to start in 410 , by others in 476 when there was no longer an emperor in Rome , and to end about 800 , at the time of the Carolingian Renaissance under Charlemagne , or alternatively to extend through to the end of the 1st millennium . Romanticism ( edit ) In the late 18th and early 19th centuries , the Romantics reversed the negative assessment of Enlightenment critics with a vogue for medievalism . The word `` Gothic '' had been a term of opprobrium akin to `` Vandal '' until a few self - confident mid-18th - century English `` Goths '' like Horace Walpole initiated the Gothic Revival in the arts . This stimulated interest in the Middle Ages , which for the following generation began to take on the idyllic image of an `` Age of Faith '' . This , reacting to a world dominated by Enlightenment rationalism , expressed a romantic view of a Golden Age of chivalry . The Middle Ages were seen with nostalgia as a period of social and environmental harmony and spiritual inspiration , in contrast to the excesses of the French Revolution and , most of all , to the environmental and social upheavals and utilitarianism of the developing Industrial Revolution . The Romantics ' view is still represented in modern - day fairs and festivals celebrating the period with ' merrie ' costumes and events . Just as Petrarch had twisted the meaning of light versus darkness , so the Romantics had twisted the judgment of the Enlightenment . However , the period they idealized was largely the High Middle Ages , extending into Early Modern times . In one respect , this negated the religious aspect of Petrarch 's judgment , since these later centuries were those when the power and prestige of the Church were at their height . To many , the scope of the Dark Ages was becoming divorced from this period , denoting mainly the centuries immediately following the fall of Rome . Modern academic use ( edit ) See also : Medieval studies The term was widely used by 19th - century historians . In 1860 , in The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy , Jacob Burckhardt delineated the contrast between the medieval ' dark ages ' and the more enlightened Renaissance , which had revived the cultural and intellectual achievements of antiquity . However , the early 20th century saw a radical re-evaluation of the Middle Ages , which called into question the terminology of darkness , or at least its more pejorative use . The historian Denys Hay spoke ironically of `` the lively centuries which we call dark '' . More forcefully , a book about the history of German literature published in 2007 describes `` the dark ages '' as `` a popular if ignorant manner of speaking '' . Most modern historians do not use the term `` dark ages '' , preferring terms such as Early Middle Ages . But when used by some historians today , the term `` Dark Ages '' is meant to describe the economic , political , and cultural problems of the era . For others , the term Dark Ages is intended to be neutral , expressing the idea that the events of the period seem ' dark ' to us because of the paucity of the historical record . The term is used in this sense ( often in the singular ) to reference the Bronze Age collapse and the subsequent Greek Dark Ages , the dark ages of Cambodia ( c. 1450 - 1863 ) , and also a hypothetical Digital Dark Age which would ensue if the electronic documents produced in the current period were to become unreadable at some point in the future . Some Byzantinists have used the term `` Byzantine Dark Ages '' to refer to the period from the earliest Muslim conquests to about 800 , because there are no extant historical texts in Greek from this period , and thus the history of the Byzantine Empire and its territories that were conquered by the Muslims is poorly understood and must be reconstructed from other contemporaneous sources , such as religious texts . The term `` dark age '' is not restricted to the discipline of history . Since the archaeological evidence for some periods is abundant and for others scanty , there are also archaeological dark ages . Since the Late Middle Ages significantly overlap with the Renaissance , the term ' Dark Ages ' has become restricted to distinct times and places in medieval Europe . Thus the 5th and 6th centuries in Britain , at the height of the Saxon invasions , have been called `` the darkest of the Dark Ages '' , in view of the societal collapse of the period and the consequent lack of historical records . Further south and east , the same was true in the formerly Roman province of Dacia , where history after the Roman withdrawal went unrecorded for centuries as Slavs , Avars , Bulgars , and others struggled for supremacy in the Danube basin , and events there are still disputed . However , at this time the Arab Empire is often considered to have experienced its Golden Age rather than Dark Age ; consequently , usage of the term must also specify a geography . While Petrarch 's concept of a Dark Age corresponded to a mostly Christian period following pre-Christian Rome , today the term mainly applies to the cultures and periods in Europe that were least Christianized , and thus most sparsely covered by chronicles and other contemporary sources , at the time mostly written by Catholic clergy . However , from the later 20th century onwards , other historians became critical even of this nonjudgmental use of the term , for two main reasons . Firstly , it is questionable whether it is ever possible to use the term in a neutral way : scholars may intend this , but ordinary readers may not understand it so . Secondly , 20th - century scholarship had increased understanding of the history and culture of the period , to such an extent that it is no longer really ' dark ' to us . To avoid the value judgment implied by the expression , many historians now avoid it altogether . Modern popular use ( edit ) Medieval artistic illustration of the spherical Earth in a 14th - century copy of L'Image du monde ( c. 1246 ) Science historian David C. Lindberg criticised the public use of ' dark ages ' to describe the entire Middle Ages as `` a time of ignorance , barbarism and superstition '' for which `` blame is most often laid at the feet of the Christian church , which is alleged to have placed religious authority over personal experience and rational activity '' . Historian of science Edward Grant writes that `` If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed in the Age of Reason , they were made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities '' . Furthermore , Lindberg says that , contrary to common belief , `` the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the church and would have regarded himself as free ( particularly in the natural sciences ) to follow reason and observation wherever they led '' . Because of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire due to the Migration Period a lot of classical Greek texts were lost there , but part of these texts survived and they were studied widely in the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate . Around the eleventh and twelfth centuries in the High Middle Ages stronger monarchies emerged ; borders were restored after the invasions of Vikings and Magyars ; technological developments and agricultural innovations were made which increased the food supply and population . And the rejuvenation of science and scholarship in the West was due in large part to the new availability of Latin translations of Aristotle . Another view of the period is reflected by more specific notions such as the 19th - century claim that everyone in the Middle Ages thought the world was flat . In fact , lecturers in medieval universities commonly advanced the idea that the Earth was a sphere . Lindberg and Ronald Numbers write : `` There was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge ( Earth 's ) sphericity and even know its approximate circumference '' . Other misconceptions such as : `` the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages '' , `` the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science '' , and `` the medieval Christian church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy '' , are cited by Numbers as examples of myths that still pass as historical truth , although unsupported by current research . See also ( edit ) Barbarian kingdoms Conflict thesis and Continuity thesis Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . 1989 . a term sometimes applied to the period of the Middle Ages to mark the intellectual darkness characteristic of the time ; often restricted to the early period of the Middle Ages , between the time of the fall of Rome and the appearance of vernacular written documents . ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of DARK AGE '' . www.merriam-webster.com . ^ Jump up to : Mommsen , Theodore ( 1942 ) . `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' '' . Speculum . Cambridge MA : Medieval Academy of America . 17 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 228 . doi : 10.2307 / 2856364 . JSTOR 2856364 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Bard ( 1996 ) . Humanists and Reformers : A History of the Renaissance and Reformation . Grand Rapids , MI : Erdmans . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6348 - 5 . Petrarch was the very first to speak of the Middle Ages as a ' dark age ' , one that separated him from the riches and pleasures of classical antiquity and that broke the connection between his own age and the civilization of the Greeks and the Romans . Jump up ^ Dwyer , John C. , Church history : twenty centuries of Catholic Christianity , ( 1998 ) p. 155 . Baronius , Caesar . Annales Ecclesiastici , Vol . X . Roma , 1602 , p. 647 Jump up ^ Mommsen , Theodore ( 1942 ) . `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' '' . Speculum . Cambridge MA : Medieval Academy of America . 17 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 227 . doi : 10.2307 / 2856364 . JSTOR 2856364 . Jump up ^ Ker , W.P. ( 1904 ) . The dark ages . New York : C. Scribner 's Sons , p. 1 . `` The Dark Ages and the Middle Ages -- or the Middle Age -- used to be the same ; two names for the same period . But they have come to be distinguished , and the Dark Ages are now no more than the first part of the Middle Age , while the term mediaeval is often restricted to the later centuries , about 1100 to 1500 , the age of chivalry , the time between the first Crusade and the Renaissance . This was not the old view , and it does not agree with the proper meaning of the name . '' Jump up ^ Syed Ziaur Rahman , Were the `` Dark Ages '' Really Dark ? In : Grey Matter . The Co-curricular Journal of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , 2003 : 7 - 10 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Christopher A. ( 1998 ) . An Age of Tyrants : Britain and the Britons A.D. 400 -- 600 . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . pp. xiii&ndash , xiv . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01780 - 5 ... In explaining his approach to writing the work , Snyder refers to the `` so - called Dark Ages '' , noting that `` Historians and archaeologists have never liked the label Dark Ages ... there are numerous indicators that these centuries were neither ' dark ' nor ' barbarous ' in comparison with other eras . '' ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Chester William ( 2004 ) . Dictionary of the Middle Ages , Supplement 1 . Verdun , Kathleen , `` Medievalism '' pp. 389 -- 397 . Sections ' Victorian Medievalism ' , ' Nineteenth - Century Europe ' , ' Medievalism in America 1500 -- 1900 ' , ' The 20th Century ' . Same volume , Freedman , Paul , `` Medieval Studies '' , pp. 383 -- 389 . Jump up ^ Raico , Ralph . `` The European Miracle '' . Retrieved 14 August 2011 . `` The stereotype of the Middle Ages as ' the Dark Ages ' fostered by Renaissance humanists and Enlightenment philosophes has , of course , long since been abandoned by scholars . '' ^ Jump up to : Franklin , James ( 1982 ) . `` The Renaissance Myth '' . Quadrant. 26 ( 11 ) : 51 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Tainter , Joseph A. ( 1999 ) . `` Post Collapse Societies '' . In Barker , Graeme . Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology . Abingdon , England : Routledge . p. 988 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06448 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Mommsen , Theodore ( 1942 ) . `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' '' . Speculum . Cambridge MA : Medieval Academy of America . 17 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 242 . doi : 10.2307 / 2856364 . JSTOR 2856364 . Jump up ^ Petrarch ( 1367 ) . Apologia cuiusdam anonymi Galli calumnias ( Defence against the calumnies of an anonymous Frenchman ) , in Petrarch , Opera Omnia , Basel , 1554 , p. 1195 . This quotation comes from the English translation of Mommsen 's article , where the source is given in a footnote . Cf. also Marsh , D , ed. , ( 2003 ) , Invectives , Harvard University Press , p. 457 . Jump up ^ Petrarch ( 1343 ) . Africa , IX , 451 - 7 . This quotation comes from the English translation of Mommsen 's article . Jump up ^ Albrow , Martin , The global age : state and society beyond modernity ( 1997 ) , p. 205 . Jump up ^ F. Oakley , The medieval experience : foundations of Western cultural singularity ( University of Toronto Press , 1988 ) , pp. 1 - 4 . Jump up ^ Daileader , Philip ( 2001 ) . The High Middle Ages . The Teaching Company . ISBN 1 - 56585 - 827 - 1 . `` Catholics living during the Protestant Reformation were not going to take this assault lying down . They , too , turned to the study of the Middle Ages , going back to prove that , far from being a period of religious corruption , the Middle Ages were superior to the era of the Protestant Reformation , because the Middle Ages were free of the religious schisms and religious wars that were plaguing the 16th and 17th centuries . '' Jump up ^ Shotwell , James Thomson ( 1911 ) . `` History '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 ) ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 530 . Jump up ^ Lord Acton ( 1906 ) . Lectures on Modern History , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Baronius 's actual starting - point for the `` dark age '' was 900 ( annus Redemptoris nongentesimus ) , but that was an arbitrary rounding off due mainly to his strictly annalistic approach . Later historians , e.g. Marco Porri in his Catholic History of the Church ( Storia della Chiesa ) or the Lutheran Christian Cyclopedia ( `` Saeculum Obscurum '' ) , have tended to amend it to the more historically significant date of 888 , often rounding it down further to 880 . The first weeks of 888 witnessed both the final break - up of the Carolingian Empire and the death of its deposed ruler Charles the Fat . Unlike the end of the Carolingian Empire , however , the end of the Carolingian Renaissance can not be precisely dated , and it was the latter development that was responsible for the `` lack of writers '' that Baronius , as a historian , found so irksome . Jump up ^ Schaff , Philip ( 1882 ) . History of the Christian Church , Vol. IV : Mediaeval Christianity , A.D. 570 -- 1073 , Ch . XIII , § 138 . `` Prevailing Ignorance in the Western Church '' Jump up ^ Baronius , Caesar ( 1602 ) . Annales Ecclesiastici , Vol . X . Roma , p. 647 . `` Novum incohatur saeculum quod , sua asperitate ac boni sterilitate ferreum , malique exudantis deformitate plumbeum , atque inopia scriptorum , appellari consuevit obscurum . '' Jump up ^ Buringh , Eltjo ; van Zanden , Jan Luiten : `` Charting the `` Rise of the West '' : Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe , A Long - Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries `` , The Journal of Economic History , Vol. 69 , No. 2 ( 2009 ) , pp. 409 -- 445 ( 416 , table 1 ) Jump up ^ Burnet , Gilbert ( 1679 ) . The History of the Reformation of the Church of England , Vol . I. Oxford , 1929 , p. ii . Jump up ^ Burnet , Gilbert ( 1682 ) . The History of the Reformation of the Church of England , Vol. II . Oxford , 1829 , p. 423 . Burnet also uses the term in 1682 in The Abridgement of the History of the Reformation of the Church of England ( 2nd Edition , London , 1683 , p. 52 ) and in 1687 in Travels through France , Italy , Germany and Switzerland ( London , 1750 , p. 257 ) . The Oxford English Dictionary erroneously cites the last of these as the earliest recorded use of the term in English . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Robert ( 2001 ) . `` Introduction : Perspectives on the Medieval World '' , in Medieval Panorama . ISBN 0 - 89236 - 642 - 7 . `` Disdain about the medieval past was especially forthright amongst the critical and rationalist thinkers of the Enlightenment . For them the Middle Ages epitomized the barbaric , priest - ridden world they were attempting to transform . '' Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward ( 1788 ) . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , Vol. 6 , Ch . XXXVII , paragraph 619 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Michael ( 2007 ) . Medievalism : The Middle Ages in Modern England . Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Chandler , Alice K. ( 1971 ) . A Dream of Order : The Medieval Ideal in Nineteenth - Century English Literature . University of Nebraska Press , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Barber , John ( 2008 ) . The Road from Eden : Studies in Christianity and Culture . Palo Alto , CA : Academica Press , p. 148 , fn 3 . Jump up ^ Hay , Denys ( 1977 ) . Annalists and Historians . London : Methuen , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Dunphy , Graeme ( 2007 ) . `` Literary Transitions , 1300 -- 1500 : From Late Mediaeval to Early Modern '' in : The Camden House History of German Literature vol IV : `` Early Modern German Literature '' . The chapter opens : `` A popular if uninformed manner of speaking refers to the medieval period as `` the dark ages . '' If there is a dark age in the literary history of Germany , however , it is the one that follows : the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries , the time between the Middle High German Blütezeit and the full blossoming of the Renaissance . It may be called a dark age , not because literary production waned in these decades , but because nineteenth - century aesthetics and twentieth - century university curricula allowed the achievements of that time to fade into obscurity . '' Jump up ^ Review Article : Travel and Trade in the Dark Ages , Treadgold , Warren , Journal The International History Review Volume 26 , 2004 - Issue 1 Jump up ^ Globalisation , Ecological Crisis , and Dark Ages , Sing C. Chew , Journal of Global Society , Volume 16 , 2002 - Issue 4 Jump up ^ ' Digital Dark Age ' May Doom Some Data , Science Daily , October 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lemerle , Paul ( 1986 ) . Byzantine Humanism , translated by Helen Lindsay and Ann Moffat . Canberra , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Whitby , Michael ( 1992 ) . `` Greek historical writing after Procopius '' in Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East , ed . Averil Cameron and Lawrence I. Conrad , Princeton , pp. 25 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Lemerle , Paul ( 1986 ) . Byzantine Humanism , translated by Helen Lindsay and Ann Moffat . Canberra , p. 81 - 84 . Jump up ^ Project : Exploring the Early Holocene Occupation of North - Central Anatolia : New Approaches for Studying Archaeological Dark Ages Period of Project : 09 / 2007 - 09 / 2011 Jump up ^ Cannon , John and Griffiths , Ralph ( 2000 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy ( Oxford Illustrated Histories ) , 2nd Revised edition . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press , p. 1 . The first chapter opens with the sentence : `` In the darkest of the Dark Ages , the fifth and sixth centuries , there were many kings in Britain but no kingdoms . '' Jump up ^ Welch , Martin ( 1993 ) . Discovering Anglo - Saxon England . University Park , PA : Penn State Press . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica `` It is now rarely used by historians because of the value judgment it implies . Though sometimes taken to derive its meaning from the fact that little was then known about the period , the term 's more usual and pejorative sense is of a period of intellectual darkness and barbarity . '' Jump up ^ Kyle Harper ( 2017 ) . The Fate of Rome : Climate , Disease , and the End of an Empire ( The Princeton History of the Ancient World ) . Princeton University Press . p. 12 . These used to be called the Dark Ages . That label is best set aside . It is hopelessly redolent of Renaissance and Enlightenment prejudices . It altogether underestimates the impressive cultural vitality and enduring spiritual legacy of the entire period that has come to be known as `` late antiquity '' . At the same time we do not have to euphemize the realities of imperial disintegration , economic collapse and societal disintegration . Jump up ^ David C. Lindberg , `` The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition : Saint Augustine , Roger Bacon , and the Handmaiden Metaphor '' , in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers , ed . When Science & Christianity Meet , ( Chicago : University of Chicago Pr. , 2003 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Edward Grant . God and Reason in the Middle Ages , Cambridge 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ quoted in the essay of Ted Peters about Science and Religion at `` Lindsay Jones ( editor in chief ) . Encyclopedia of Religion , Second Edition . Thomson Gale. 2005 . p. 8182 '' Jump up ^ Lindberg , D. ( 1992 ) The Beginnings of Western Science Chicago . University of Chicago Press . p. 204 . Jump up ^ Historian Jeffrey Burton Russell , in his book Inventing the Flat Earth `` ... shows how nineteenth - century anti-Christians invented and spread the falsehood that educated people in the Middle Ages believed that the earth was flat '' Russell 's summary of his book ^ Jump up to : Russell , Jeffey Burton ( 1991 ) . Inventing the Flat Earth -- Columbus and Modern Historians . Westport , CT : Praeger . pp. 49&ndash , 58 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95904 - X . Jump up ^ A recent study of medieval concepts of the sphericity of the Earth notes that `` since the eighth century , no cosmographer worthy of note has called into question the sphericity of the Earth . '' Klaus Anselm Vogel , `` Sphaera terrae - das mittelalterliche Bild der Erde und die kosmographische Revolution '' , PhD dissertation , Georg - August - Universität Göttingen , 1995 , p. 19 Jump up ^ E. Grant , Planets . Stars , & Orbs : The Medieval Cosmos , 1200 - 1687 , ( Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Pr. , 1994 ) , pp. 626 - 630 . Jump up ^ Lindberg , David C. ; Numbers , Ronald L. ( 1986 ) . `` Beyond War and Peace : A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science '' . Church History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 3 ) : 338 -- 354 . doi : 10.2307 / 3166822 . JSTOR 3166822 . Jump up ^ Ronald Numbers ( Lecturer ) ( May 11 , 2006 ) . Myths and Truths in Science and Religion : A historical perspective ( Video Lecture ) . University of Cambridge ( Howard Building , Downing College ) : The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion . External links ( edit ) `` Dark Ages '' in Encyclopædia Britannica Online . `` Decline and fall of the Roman myth '' by Terry Jones . `` Why the Middle Ages are called the Dark Ages '' . `` Learning about Dark Ages by Kru Interactive '' . European Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Decline of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Decline of Hellenistic religion Christianization Rise of Islam First Bulgarian Empire Frankish Empire Kingdom of Croatia Anglo - Saxon England Viking Age Carolingian Empire Old Church Slavonic Civitas Schinesghe Kievan Rus ' Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire High Middle Ages Holy Roman Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Georgian Empire Kingdom of Poland Feudalism Great Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Scholasticism Monasticism Communalism Manorialism Medieval Warm Period Mongol invasion of Europe Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Wars of the Roses Hussite Wars Burgundy House of Habsburg Western Schism Fall of Constantinople Rise of the Ottoman Empire Swiss mercenaries Chivalry Renaissance Humanism Universities Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Little Ice Age Culture Architecture Art Church and State Cuisine Demography Household Literature Medicine Music Philosophy Poetry Science Slavery Technology Warfare See also Dark Ages Disability in the Middle Ages Basic topics list Medievalism Medieval reenactment Medieval studies Neo-medievalism Timeline Global history of same period of time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark_Ages_(historiography)&oldid=865194600 '' Categories : Historiography of the Middle Ages Philosophy of history Early Middle Ages Historical eras Urban decay Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español Esperanto Français Gaeilge Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 11 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the dark ages start and finish
[ "In response to the Protestants, Catholics developed a counter-image to depict the High Middle Ages in particular as a period of social and religious harmony, and not 'dark' at all.[19] The most important Catholic reply to the Magdeburg Centuries was the Annales Ecclesiastici by Cardinal Caesar Baronius. Baronius was a trained historian who produced a work that the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1911 described as \"far surpassing anything before\"[20] and that Acton regarded as \"the greatest history of the Church ever written\".[21] The Annales covered the first twelve centuries of Christianity to 1198, and was published in twelve volumes between 1588 and 1607. It was in Volume X that Baronius coined the term \"dark age\" for the period between the end of the Carolingian Empire in 888[22] and the first stirrings of Gregorian Reform under Pope Clement II in 1046:\n" ]
[ "between the end of the Carolingian Empire in 888[22] and the first stirrings of Gregorian Reform under Pope Clement II in 1046" ]
110356409497690728
You Don't Own Me
You Do n't Own Me - wikipedia You Do n't Own Me `` You Do n't Own Me '' Single by Lesley Gore from the album Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed - Up Hearts B - side `` Run Bobby , Run '' Released December 1963 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1963 Genre Pop R&B Length 2 : 31 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) John Madara Dave White Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Lesley Gore singles chronology `` She 's a Fool '' ( 1963 ) `` You Do n't Own Me '' ( 1963 ) `` That 's the Way Boys Are '' ( 1964 ) `` She 's a Fool '' ( 1963 ) `` You Do n't Own Me '' ( 1963 ) `` That 's the Way Boys Are '' ( 1964 ) `` You Do n't Own Me '' is a popular song written by Philadelphia songwriters John Madara and David White and recorded by Lesley Gore in 1963 , when Gore was 17 years old . The song was Gore 's second most successful recording and her last top - ten single . On November 27 , 2016 , the Grammy Hall of Fame announced its induction , along with that of another 24 songs . Contents 1 Lyrics 2 Chart performance 3 Covers 3.1 Joan Jett version 3.2 André Hazes version 3.3 Grace and G - Eazy version 3.3. 1 Charts and certifications 3.3. 1.1 Weekly charts 3.3. 1.2 Year - end charts 3.3. 1.3 Certifications 4 References 5 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The song expresses a threatened emancipation , as the singer tells a lover that he does not own her , that he is not to tell her what to do or what to say , and that he is not to put her on display . The song 's lyrics became an inspiration for younger women and are sometimes cited as a factor in the second wave feminist movement . Gore said , `` My take on the song was : I 'm 17 , what a wonderful thing , to stand up on a stage and shake your finger at people and sing you do n't own me . '' In Gore 's obituary , The New York Times referred to `` You Do n't Own Me '' as `` indelibly defiant '' . Chart performance ( edit ) The song reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . The song remained at number two for three consecutive weeks on February 1 , 1964 , unable to overcome the Beatles ' hit , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' and it became Gore 's second most successful hit , next to `` It 's My Party '' . The song was Gore 's last top - ten single . Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 Covers ( edit ) Joan Jett version ( edit ) Joan Jett released a cover of the song on her debut album , originally titled Joan Jett , but re-released as Bad Reputation . The first release of her well known single I Love Rock ' n ' Roll was a Europe only release double A side with You Do n't Own Me released in 1979 . Joan 's version is fairly true to the original , the level of defiant independence remains in the vocals although with Joan 's distinct vocal style . André Hazes version ( edit ) André Hazes recorded a Dutch - language version of the song in 1981 for his album Gewoon André ; `` Zeg Maar Niets Meer '' was popular in Europe , and reached number 2 in the Dutch charts in early 1982 . In 1998 , Eva Pilarová sung a Czech version under the name `` Cesta končí '' on the album Requiem . Grace and G - Eazy version ( edit ) `` You Do n't Own Me '' Single by Grace featuring G - Eazy from the album FMA Released March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Hip hop soul R&B Length 3 : 19 Label RCA SME Songwriter ( s ) John Madara David White Gerald Gillum Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Parker Ighile Grace singles chronology `` You Do n't Own Me '' ( 2015 ) `` Dirty Harry '' ( 2015 ) `` You Do n't Own Me '' ( 2015 ) `` Dirty Harry '' ( 2015 ) G - Eazy singles chronology `` Fuck with U '' ( 2014 ) Fuck with U2014 `` You Do n't Own Me '' ( 2015 ) You Do n't Own Me2015 `` You Got Me '' ( 2015 ) You Got Me2015 The song was covered by Australian singer and songwriter Grace and was released as her debut single . It features American rapper G - Eazy. Grace 's version was produced by Quincy Jones , who also produced the original recording by Lesley Gore , and Parker Ighile . It was released on March 17 , 2015 one month after Lesley Gore died , and peaked at number one on the ARIA Charts , later being certified 3 × Platinum by the ARIA . The song was also a success in New Zealand , peaking at number five for two consecutive weeks , and in the United Kingdom , peaking at number four . In an interview with House of Fraser , Grace said `` ( Quincy Jones ) told me how the song came out during the feminist movement and how it was such a strong statement . I loved the song , started researching Lesley Gore and fell in love with her as an artist . ( You Do n't Own Me ) really inspired me . '' The song was released worldwide on March 17 , 2015 . It grew to prominence in the UK when it was used in the 2015 House of Fraser Christmas advert . It was also performed by The X Factor contestant Lauren Murray on November 28 , 2015 and Matt Terry on October 8 , 2016 . The increased exposure for the song helped it rise to a peak of number four on the UK Singles Chart . The song was featured in the third trailer for the 2016 film Suicide Squad and appeared on the film 's soundtrack album . The song was featured in the opening of Riverdale 's eighth episode in March 2017 . A music video directed by Taylor Cohen was released on June 1 , 2015 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 55 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 42 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 45 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 52 France ( SNEP ) 182 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 32 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Italy ( FIMI ) 89 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Portugal ( AFP ) 62 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 50 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 38 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 19 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 60 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 57 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 22 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 43 Chart ( 2016 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 87 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nirvana , Bowie , R.E.M. Songs Among Grammy Hall of Fame 's 2017 Inductees '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Will Stos ( 2012 ) . `` Bouffants , Beehives , and Breaking Gender Norms : Rethinking ' Girl Group ' Music of the 1950s and 1960s '' . Journal of Popular Music Studies . 24 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 154 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1533 - 1598.2012. 01322. x . Jump up ^ `` Biography - Lesley Gore '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Lesley Gore , Teenage Voice of Heartbreak , Dies at 68 '' . The New York Times . February 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger . `` You Do n't Own Me - Lesley Gore Song Info '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` You Do n't Own Me Song Facts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Lesley Gore Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Store ( AU ) - Music - Grace - You Do n't Own Me ( feat . G - Eazy ) - Single '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grace - The Voice Behind our Christmas Avert '' . House of Fraser . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This is who covers Lesley Gore 's You Do n't Own Me in the Suicide Squad trailer '' . Metro . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Soundtrack : Skrillex & Rick Ross , Panic ! at the Disco Cover ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace - You Do n't Own Me ft . G - Eazy '' . YouTube . 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201634 into search . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 32 , 2016 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 2 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 34 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201539 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201633 into search . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Grace -- You Do n't Own Me ( Feat . G - Eazy ) '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Grace -- You Do n't Own Me ( Feat . G - Eazy ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter You Do n't Own Me in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Grace feat . G - Eazy -- You Do n't Own Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Lesley Gore Studio albums I 'll Cry If I Want To Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed - Up Hearts Boys , Boys , Boys Girl Talk My Town , My Guy & Me California Nights Someplace Else Now Ever Since Compilations Lesley Gore : It 's My Party Singles `` It 's My Party '' `` Judy 's Turn to Cry '' `` She 's a Fool '' `` You Do n't Own Me '' `` That 's the Way Boys Are '' `` I Do n't Wanna Be a Loser '' `` Maybe I Know '' `` Look of Love '' `` Sunshine , Lollipops and Rainbows '' `` California Nights '' Related articles Discography Michael Gore Bette Midler Discography Studio albums The Divine Miss M Bette Midler Songs for the New Depression Broken Blossom Thighs and Whispers No Frills Some People 's Lives Bette of Roses Bathhouse Betty Bette Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook Cool Yule It 's the Girls ! Soundtracks The Rose Beaches For the Boys Gypsy Live albums Live at Last Divine Madness Mud Will Be Flung Tonight Compilations The Best of Bette The Best of Bette ( II ) Just Hits Experience the Divine : Greatest Hits ( Jackpot ! ) The Best Bette Memories of You A Gift of Love Video albums Divine Madness The Bette Midler Show Diva Las Vegas The Showgirl Must Go On Singles `` Do You Want to Dance ? '' `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' `` Friends '' `` In the Mood '' `` Strangers in the Night '' `` Old Cape Cod '' `` Buckets of Rain '' `` Hang On in There Baby '' `` Big Noise from Winnetka '' `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' `` The Rose '' `` Chapel of Love '' `` All I Need to Know '' `` Favorite Waste of Time '' `` Beast of Burden '' `` Under the Boardwalk '' `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' `` From a Distance '' `` Night and Day '' `` In My Life '' `` In This Life '' `` You Do n't Own Me '' `` I 'm Beautiful '' `` White Christmas '' `` Fever '' `` Be My Baby '' Other songs `` We Are the World '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` It 's Gonna Take a Miracle '' `` Somewhere Along the Way '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Greatest Ears in Town '' Tours Experience the Divine Diva Las Vegas Kiss My Brass The Showgirl Must Go On Divine Intervention Tour Books The Saga of Baby Divine Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Don%27t_Own_Me&oldid=854718601 '' Categories : 1963 singles 1963 songs 1964 singles Bette Midler songs Lesley Gore songs Mercury Records singles Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones Songs with feminist themes Songs written by David White ( musician ) Songs written by John Medora Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 09 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote the song you dont own me
[ "\"You Don't Own Me\" is a popular song written by Philadelphia songwriters John Madara and David White and recorded by Lesley Gore in 1963, when Gore was 17 years old. The song was Gore's second most successful recording and her last top-ten single. On November 27, 2016, the Grammy Hall of Fame announced its induction, along with that of another 24 songs.[1]\n", "\"You Don't Own Me\" is a popular song written by Philadelphia songwriters John Madara and David White and recorded by Lesley Gore in 1963, when Gore was 17 years old. The song was Gore's second most successful recording and her last top-ten single. On November 27, 2016, the Grammy Hall of Fame announced its induction, along with that of another 24 songs.[1]\n" ]
[ "John Madara", "David White" ]
7393602286319953447
Pangaea
Pangaea - wikipedia Pangaea Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Pangaea ( disambiguation ) . Map of Pangaea with modern continental outlines Pangaea or Pangea ( / pænˈdʒiːə / ) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras . It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago , and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago . In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass , much of Pangaea was in the southern hemisphere and surrounded by a superocean , Panthalassa . Pangaea was the most recent supercontinent to have existed and the first to be reconstructed by geologists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the concept 2 Formation 3 Evidence of existence 4 Rifting and break - up 5 Tectonic plate shift 6 Life 7 Climate change after Pangaea 8 Implications of extinction 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Origin of the concept Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years . Orange labels : known ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline The name `` Pangaea / Pangea '' is derived from Ancient Greek pan ( πᾶν , `` all , entire , whole '' ) and Gaia ( Γαῖα , `` Mother Earth , land '' ) . The concept that the continents once formed a continuous land mass was first proposed by Alfred Wegener , the originator of the scientific theory of continental drift , in his 1912 publication The Origin of Continents ( Die Entstehung der Kontinente ) . He expanded upon his hypothesis in his 1915 book The Origin of Continents and Oceans ( Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane ) , in which he postulated that , before breaking up and drifting to their present locations , all the continents had formed a single supercontinent that he called the `` Urkontinent '' . The name `` Pangea '' occurs in the 1920 edition of Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane , but only once , when Wegener refers to the ancient supercontinent as `` the Pangaea of the Carboniferous '' . Wegener used the Germanized form `` Pangäa '' , but the name entered German and English scientific literature ( in 1922 and 1926 , respectively ) in the Latinized form `` Pangaea '' ( of the Greek `` Pangaia '' ) , especially due to a symposium of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists in November 1926 . Formation Appalachian orogeny The forming of supercontinents and their breaking up appears to have been cyclical through Earth 's history . There may have been many others before Pangaea . The fourth - last supercontinent , called Columbia or Nuna , appears to have assembled in the period 2.0 -- 1.8 Ga . Columbia / Nuna broke up and the next supercontinent , Rodinia , formed from the accretion and assembly of its fragments . Rodinia lasted from about 1.1 billion years ago ( Ga ) until about 750 million years ago , but its exact configuration and geodynamic history are not nearly as well understood as those of the later supercontinents , Pannotia and Pangaea . When Rodinia broke up , it split into three pieces : the supercontinent of Proto - Laurasia , the supercontinent of Proto - Gondwana , and the smaller Congo craton . Proto - Laurasia and Proto - Gondwana were separated by the Proto - Tethys Ocean . Next Proto - Laurasia itself split apart to form the continents of Laurentia , Siberia and Baltica . Baltica moved to the east of Laurentia , and Siberia moved northeast of Laurentia . The splitting also created two new oceans , the Iapetus Ocean and Paleoasian Ocean . Most of the above masses coalesced again to form the relatively short - lived supercontinent of Pannotia . This supercontinent included large amounts of land near the poles and , near the equator , only a relatively small strip connecting the polar masses . Pannotia lasted until 540 Ma , near the beginning of the Cambrian period and then broke up , giving rise to the continents of Laurentia , Baltica , and the southern supercontinent of Gondwana . In the Cambrian period , the continent of Laurentia , which would later become North America , sat on the equator , with three bordering oceans : the Panthalassic Ocean to the north and west , the Iapetus Ocean to the south and the Khanty Ocean to the east . In the Earliest Ordovician , around 480 Ma , the microcontinent of Avalonia -- a landmass incorporating fragments of what would become eastern Newfoundland , the southern British Isles , and parts of Belgium , northern France , Nova Scotia , New England , South Iberia and northwest Africa -- broke free from Gondwana and began its journey to Laurentia . Baltica , Laurentia , and Avalonia all came together by the end of the Ordovician to form a minor supercontinent called Euramerica or Laurussia , closing the Iapetus Ocean . The collision also resulted in the formation of the northern Appalachians . Siberia sat near Euramerica , with the Khanty Ocean between the two continents . While all this was happening , Gondwana drifted slowly towards the South Pole . This was the first step of the formation of Pangaea . The second step in the formation of Pangaea was the collision of Gondwana with Euramerica . By Silurian time , 440 Ma , Baltica had already collided with Laurentia , forming Euramerica . Avalonia had not yet collided with Laurentia , but as Avalonia inched towards Laurentia , the seaway between them , a remnant of the Iapetus Ocean , was slowly shrinking . Meanwhile , southern Europe broke off from Gondwana and began to move towards Euramerica across the newly formed Rheic Ocean . It collided with southern Baltica in the Devonian , though this microcontinent was an underwater plate . The Iapetus Ocean 's sister ocean , the Khanty Ocean , shrank as an island arc from Siberia collided with eastern Baltica ( now part of Euramerica ) . Behind this island arc was a new ocean , the Ural Ocean . By late Silurian time , North and South China split from Gondwana and started to head northward , shrinking the Proto - Tethys Ocean in their path and opening the new Paleo - Tethys Ocean to their south . In the Devonian Period , Gondwana itself headed towards Euramerica , causing the Rheic Ocean to shrink . In the Early Carboniferous , northwest Africa had touched the southeastern coast of Euramerica , creating the southern portion of the Appalachian Mountains , the Meseta Mountains and the Mauritanide Mountains . South America moved northward to southern Euramerica , while the eastern portion of Gondwana ( India , Antarctica and Australia ) headed toward the South Pole from the equator . North and South China were on independent continents . The Kazakhstania microcontinent had collided with Siberia . ( Siberia had been a separate continent for millions of years since the deformation of the supercontinent Pannotia in the Middle Carboniferous . ) Western Kazakhstania collided with Baltica in the Late Carboniferous , closing the Ural Ocean between them and the western Proto - Tethys in them ( Uralian orogeny ) , causing the formation of not only the Ural Mountains but also the supercontinent of Laurasia . This was the last step of the formation of Pangaea . Meanwhile , South America had collided with southern Laurentia , closing the Rheic Ocean and forming the southernmost part of the Appalachians and Ouachita Mountains . By this time , Gondwana was positioned near the South Pole and glaciers were forming in Antarctica , India , Australia , southern Africa and South America . The North China block collided with Siberia by Late Carboniferous time , completely closing the Proto - Tethys Ocean . By early Permian time , the Cimmerian plate split from Gondwana and headed towards Laurasia , thus closing the Paleo - Tethys Ocean , but forming a new ocean , the Tethys Ocean , in its southern end . Most of the landmasses were all in one . By the Triassic Period , Pangaea rotated a little and the Cimmerian plate was still travelling across the shrinking Paleo - Tethys , until the Middle Jurassic time . The Paleo - Tethys had closed from west to east , creating the Cimmerian Orogeny . Pangaea , which looked like a C , with the new Tethys Ocean inside the C , had rifted by the Middle Jurassic , and its deformation is explained below . Evidence of existence The distribution of fossils across the continents is one line of evidence pointing to the existence of Pangaea . Fossil evidence for Pangaea includes the presence of similar and identical species on continents that are now great distances apart . For example , fossils of the therapsid Lystrosaurus have been found in South Africa , India and Antarctica , alongside members of the Glossopteris flora , whose distribution would have ranged from the polar circle to the equator if the continents had been in their present position ; similarly , the freshwater reptile Mesosaurus has been found in only localized regions of the coasts of Brazil and West Africa . Additional evidence for Pangaea is found in the geology of adjacent continents , including matching geological trends between the eastern coast of South America and the western coast of Africa . The polar ice cap of the Carboniferous Period covered the southern end of Pangaea . Glacial deposits , specifically till , of the same age and structure are found on many separate continents which would have been together in the continent of Pangaea . Paleomagnetic study of apparent polar wandering paths also support the theory of a supercontinent . Geologists can determine the movement of continental plates by examining the orientation of magnetic minerals in rocks ; when rocks are formed , they take on the magnetic properties of the Earth and indicate in which direction the poles lie relative to the rock . Since the magnetic poles drift about the rotational pole with a period of only a few thousand years , measurements from numerous lavas spanning several thousand years are averaged to give an apparent mean polar position . Samples of sedimentary rock and intrusive igneous rock have magnetic orientations that are typically an average of the `` secular variation '' in the orientation of magnetic north because their remanent magnetizations are not acquired instantaneously . Magnetic differences between sample groups whose age varies by millions of years is due to a combination of true polar wander and the drifting of continents . The true polar wander component is identical for all samples , and can be removed , leaving geologists with the portion of this motion that shows continental drift and can be used to help reconstruct earlier continental positions . The continuity of mountain chains provides further evidence for Pangaea . One example of this is the Appalachian Mountains chain which extends from the southeastern United States to the Caledonides of Ireland , Britain , Greenland , and Scandinavia . Rifting and break - up Animation of the rifting of Pangaea There were three major phases in the break - up of Pangaea . The first phase began in the Early - Middle Jurassic ( about 175 Ma ) , when Pangaea began to rift from the Tethys Ocean in the east to the Pacific in the west . The rifting that took place between North America and Africa produced multiple failed rifts . One rift resulted in a new ocean , the North Atlantic Ocean . The Atlantic Ocean did not open uniformly ; rifting began in the north - central Atlantic . The South Atlantic did not open until the Cretaceous when Laurasia started to rotate clockwise and moved northward with North America to the north , and Eurasia to the south . The clockwise motion of Laurasia led much later to the closing of the Tethys Ocean and the widening of the `` Sinus Borealis '' , which later became the Arctic Ocean . Meanwhile , on the other side of Africa and along the adjacent margins of east Africa , Antarctica and Madagascar , new rifts were forming that would lead to the formation of the southwestern Indian Ocean that would open up in the Cretaceous . The second major phase in the break - up of Pangaea began in the Early Cretaceous ( 150 -- 140 Ma ) , when the minor supercontinent of Gondwana separated into multiple continents ( Africa , South America , India , Antarctica , and Australia ) . The subduction at Tethyan Trench probably caused Africa , India and Australia to move northward , causing the opening of a `` South Indian Ocean '' . In the Early Cretaceous , Atlantica , today 's South America and Africa , finally separated from eastern Gondwana ( Antarctica , India and Australia ) . Then in the Middle Cretaceous , Gondwana fragmented to open up the South Atlantic Ocean as South America started to move westward away from Africa . The South Atlantic did not develop uniformly ; rather , it rifted from south to north . Also , at the same time , Madagascar and India began to separate from Antarctica and moved northward , opening up the Indian Ocean . Madagascar and India separated from each other 100 -- 90 Ma in the Late Cretaceous . India continued to move northward toward Eurasia at 15 centimeters ( 6 in ) a year ( a plate tectonic record ) , closing the eastern Tethys Ocean , while Madagascar stopped and became locked to the African Plate . New Zealand , New Caledonia and the rest of Zealandia began to separate from Australia , moving eastward toward the Pacific and opening the Coral Sea and Tasman Sea . The third major and final phase of the break - up of Pangaea occurred in the early Cenozoic ( Paleocene to Oligocene ) . Laurasia split when North America / Greenland ( also called Laurentia ) broke free from Eurasia , opening the Norwegian Sea about 60 -- 55 Ma . The Atlantic and Indian Oceans continued to expand , closing the Tethys Ocean . Meanwhile , Australia split from Antarctica and moved quickly northward , just as India had done more than 40 million years before . Australia is currently on a collision course with eastern Asia . Both Australia and India are currently moving northeast at 5 -- 6 centimeters ( 2 -- 3 in ) a year . Antarctica has been near or at the South Pole since the formation of Pangaea about 280 Ma . India started to collide with Asia beginning about 35 Ma , forming the Himalayan orogeny , and also finally closing the Tethys Seaway ; this collision continues today . The African Plate started to change directions , from west to northwest toward Europe , and South America began to move in a northward direction , separating it from Antarctica and allowing complete oceanic circulation around Antarctica for the first time . This motion , together with decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations , caused a rapid cooling of Antarctica and allowed glaciers to form . This glaciation eventually coalesced into the kilometers - thick ice sheets seen today . Other major events took place during the Cenozoic , including the opening of the Gulf of California , the uplift of the Alps , and the opening of the Sea of Japan . The break - up of Pangaea continues today in the Red Sea Rift and East African Rift . Tectonic plate shift The breakup of Pangaea over time Pangaea 's formation is now commonly explained in terms of plate tectonics . The involvement of plate tectonics in Pangaea 's separation helps to show how it did not separate all at once , but at different times , in sequences . Additionally , after these separations , it has also been discovered that the separated land masses may have also continued to break apart multiple times . The formation of each environment and climate on Pangaea is due to plate tectonics , and thus , it is as a result of these shifts and changes different climatic pressures were placed on the life on Pangaea . Although plate tectonics was paramount in the formation of later land masses , it was also essential in the placement , climate , environments , habitats , and overall structure of Pangaea . What can also be observed in relation to tectonic plates and Pangaea , is the formations to such plates . Mountains and valleys form due to tectonic collisions as well as earthquakes and chasms . Consequentially , this shaped Pangaea and animal adaptations . Furthermore , plate tectonics can contribute to volcanic activity , which is responsible for extinctions and adaptations which have evidently affected life over time , and without doubt on Pangaea . Life Example of an ammonite For the approximately 160 million years Pangaea existed , many species had fruitful times whereas others struggled . The Traversodontidae is an example of such prospering animals , eating a diet of only plants . Plants dependent on spore reproduction had been taken out of the ecosystems , and replaced by the gymnosperm plant , which reproduces through the use of seeds instead . Later on , insects ( beetles , dragonflies , mosquitos ) also thrived during the Permian period 299 to 252 million years ago . However , the Permian extinction at 252 Mya greatly impacted these insects in mass extinction , being the only mass extinction to affect insects . When the Triassic Period came , many reptiles were able to also thrive , including Archosaurs , which were an ancestor to modern - day crocodiles and birds . Little is known about marine life during the existence of Pangaea . Scientists are unable to find substantial evidence or fossilized remains in order to assist them in answering such questions . However , a couple of marine animals have been determined to have existed at the time - the Ammonites and Brachiopods . Additionally , evidence pointing towards massive reefs with varied ecosystems , especially in the species of sponges and coral , have also been discovered . Climate change after Pangaea Pangaea has tremendously affected the setup of the world now . In the post Pangaea time period , the reconfiguration of continents and oceans has changed the climate of many areas . There is scientific evidence that proves that climate was drastically altered . When the continents separated and reformed themselves , it changed the flow of the oceanic currents and winds . The scientific reasoning behind all of the changes is Continental Drift . The theory of Continental Drift , created by Alfred Wegener , explained how the continents shifted Earth 's surface and how that affected many aspects such as climate , rock formations found on different continents and plant and animal fossils . Wegener studied plant fossils from the frigid Arctic of Svalbard , Norway . He determined that such plants were not meant to adapt to a glacial climate . The fossils he found were from tropical plants that were meant to adapt and thrive in warmer and tropical climate . Because we would not assume that the plant fossils were capable of traveling to a different place we suspect that Svalbard possibly had a warmer , less frigid climate in the past . When Pangaea separated , the reorganization of the continents changed the function of the oceans and seaways . The restructuring of the continents , changed and altered the distribution of warmth and coolness of the oceans . When North America and South America connected , it stopped equatorial currents from passing from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean . Researchers have found evidence by using computer hydrological models to show that this strengthened the Gulf Stream by diverting more warm currents towards Europe . Warm waters at high latitudes led to an increased evaporation and eventually atmospheric moisture . Increased evaporation and atmospheric moisture resulted in increased precipitation . Evidence of increased precipitation is the development of snow and ice that covers Greenland , which led to an accumulation of the icecap . Greenland 's growing ice cap led to further global cooling . Scientists also found evidence of global cooling through the separation of Australia and Antarctica and the formation of the Antarctic Ocean . Ocean currents in the newly formed Antarctic or Southern Ocean created a circumpolar current . The creation of the new ocean that caused a circumpolar current eventually led to atmospheric currents that rotated from west to east . Atmospheric and oceanic currents stopped the transfer of warm , tropical air and water to the higher latitudes . As a result of the warm air and currents moving northward , Antarctica cooled down so much that it became frigid . Although many of Alfred Wegener 's theories and conclusions were valid , scientists are constantly coming up with new innovative ideas or reasoning behind why certain things happen . Wegener 's theory of Continental Drift was later replaced by the theory of tectonic plates . Implications of extinction There is evidence to suggest that the deterioration of northern Pangaea contributed to the Permian Extinction , one of Earth 's five major mass extinction events , which resulted in the loss of over 90 % of marine and 70 % of terrestrial species . There were three main sources of environmental deterioration which are believed to have had a hand in the extinction event . The first of these sources is a loss of oxygen concentration in the ocean which caused deep water regions called the lysocline to grow shallower . With the lysocline shrinking , there were fewer places for calcite to dissolve in the ocean , considering calcite only dissolves at deep ocean depths . This led to the extinction of carbonate producers such as brachiopods and corals that relied on dissolved calcite to survive . The second source is the eruption of the Siberian Traps , a large volcanic event which is argued to be the result of Pangaean tectonic movement . This had several negative repercussions on the environment , including metal loading and excess atmospheric carbon . Metal loading , the release of toxic metals from volcanic eruptions into the environment , led to acid rain and general stress on the environment . These toxic metals are known to infringe on vascular plants ' ability to photosynthesize , which may have resulted in the loss of Permian - era flora . Excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is believed to be the main cause of the shrinking of lysocline areas . The third cause of this extinction event that can be attributed to northern Pangaea is the beginnings of anoxic ocean environments , or oceans with very low oxygen concentrations . The mix of anoxic oceans and ocean acidification due to metal loading led to increasingly acidic oceans , which ultimately led to the extinction of benthic species . See also Africa portal Antarctica portal Asia portal Australia portal Europe portal North America portal South America portal History of the Earth List of supercontinents Potential future supercontinents : Pangaea Ultima , Novopangaea & Amasia PANGAEA , a data library for earth system science , operated by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research ( AWI ) Supercontinent cycle References Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionaries Jump up ^ Lovett , Richard A. ( September 5 , 2008 ) . `` Supercontinent Pangaea Pushed , Not Sucked , Into Place '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ `` Pangea '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2015 . Jump up ^ Rogers , J.J.W. ; Santosh , M. ( 2004 ) , Continents and Supercontinents , Oxford : Oxford University Press , p. 146 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 516589 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Pangaea '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Vergilius Mario , Publius . Georgicon , IV. 462 Jump up ^ Lucan . Pharsalia , I. 679 Jump up ^ Lewis , C.T. & al. `` Pangaeus '' in A Latin Dictionary . ( New York ) , 1879 . Jump up ^ Usener , H. Scholia in Lucani Bellum Civile , Vol . I. ( Leipzig ) , 1869 . Jump up ^ As `` Pangaea '' , it appears in Greek mythology as a mountain battle site during the Titanomachia . As `` Pangaeus '' , it was the name of a specific mountain range in southern Thrace . `` Pangaea '' also appears in Vergil 's Georgics and Lucan 's Pharsalia The scholiast on Lucan glossed Pangaea id est totum terra -- `` Pangaea : that is , all land '' -- as having received its name on account of its smooth terrain and unexpected fertility . Jump up ^ Alfred Wegener : Die Entstehung der Kontinente . Dr. A. Petermann 's Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes ' Geographischer Anstalt , 58 ( 1 ) : Gotha 1912 Jump up ^ See : Wegener , Alfred , Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane , 2nd ed . ( Braunschweig , Germany : F. Vieweg , 1920 ) , p. 120 : `` Schon die Pangäa der Karbonzeit hatte so einen Vorderrand ... '' ( Already the Pangea of the Carboniferous era had such a leading edge ... ) ( In the 1922 edition , see p. 130 . ) Wegener , A. ; Krause , R. ; Thiede , J. ( 2005 ) . `` Kontinental - Verschiebungen : Originalnotizen und Literaturauszüge '' ( Continental drift : the original notes and quotations ) . Berichte zur Polar - und Meeresforschung ( Reports on Polar and Marine Research ) 516 . Alfred - Wegener - Institut : Bremerhaven , p. 4 , n . 2 Jump up ^ Jaworski , Erich ( 1922 ) . `` Die A. Wegenersche Hypothese der Kontinentalverschiebung '' . Geologische Rundschau. 13 : 273 -- 296 . doi : 10.1007 / bf01799790 . Jump up ^ Willem A.J.M. van Waterschoot van der Gracht ( and 13 other authors ) : Theory of Continental Drift : a Symposium of the Origin and Movements of Land - masses of both Inter-Continental and Intra-Continental , as proposed by Alfred Wegener . X + 240 S. , Tulsa , Oklahoma , USA , The American Association of Petroleum Geologists & London , Thomas Murby & Co . Jump up ^ Zhao , Guochun ; Cawood , Peter A. ; Wilde , Simon A. ; Sun , M. ( 2002 ) . `` Review of global 2.1 -- 1.8 Ga orogens : implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 59 : 125 -- 162 . Bibcode : 2002ESRv ... 59 ... 125Z . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 02 ) 00073 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zhao , Guochun ; Sun , M. ; Wilde , Simon A. ; Li , S.Z. ( 2004 ) . `` A Paleo - Mesoproterozoic supercontinent : assembly , growth and breakup '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 67 : 91 -- 123 . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2004.02. 003 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Steven ( 1998 ) . Earth System History . USA . pp. 355 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Steven ( 1998 ) . Earth System History . USA . pp. 386 -- 392 . Jump up ^ Benton , M.J. ( 2005 ) Vertebrate Palaeontology . Third edition , Oxford , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Murck , Barbara W. and Skinner , Brian J. ( 1999 ) Geology Today : Understanding Our Planet , Study Guide , Wiley , ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 32323 - 5 Jump up ^ Kearey , Philip ; Klepeis , Keith A. and Vine , Frederick J. ( 2009 ) . Global Tectonics ( 3rd . ed ) , pp. 66 -- 67 . Chichester : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0777 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Merali , Zeeya and Skinner , Brian J. ( 2009 ) Visualizing Earth Science , Wiley , ISBN 047174705X Jump up ^ Deconto , Robert M. ; Pollard , David ( 2003 ) . `` Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO '' . Nature . 421 ( 6920 ) : 245 -- 9 . PMID 12529638 . doi : 10.1038 / nature01290 . Jump up ^ `` Pangea supercontinent '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About Pangaea , Ancient Supercontinent '' . LiveScience.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Pangaea to the Present Lesson # 2 Volcano World Oregon State University '' . volcano.oregonstate.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ranivoharimanana , Lovasoa ; Kammerer , Christian F. ; Flynn , John J. ; Wyss , André R. ( 2011 ) . `` New material of Dadadon isaloi ( Cynodontia , Traversodontidae ) from the Triassic of Madagascar '' . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 ( 6 ) : 1292 -- 1302 . doi : 10.1080 / 02724634.2011. 618154 . Jump up ^ `` Permian Period : Climate , Animals & Plants '' . LiveScience.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred Wegener '' . www.ucmp.berkeley.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Tabor , Neil J. ; Poulsen , Christopher J. ( 2008 ) . `` Palaeoclimate across the Late Pennsylvanian -- Early Permian tropical palaeolatitudes : A review of climate indicators , their distribution , and relation to palaeophysiographic climate factors '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 268 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 293 -- 310 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2008.03. 052 . Jump up ^ `` continental drift '' . National Geographic Education . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sea Level Change '' . cgge.aag.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Continental Drift : Theory & Definition '' . LiveScience.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ivanov , A.V. ( 2007 ) . `` Evaluation of different models for the origin of the Siberian traps '' . GSA Special Papers. 430 : 669 -- 691 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8137 - 2430 - 0 . doi : 10.1130 / 2007.2430 ( 31 ) . Jump up ^ Beauchamp , Benoit ; Grasby , Stephen E. ( 2012 ) . `` Permian lysocline shoaling and ocean acidification along NW Pangea led to carbonate eradication and chert expansion '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 350 -- 352 : 73 -- 90 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2012.06. 014 . Jump up ^ Grasby , Stephen E. ; Beauchamp , Benoit ; Bond , David P.G. ; Wignall , Paul ; Talavera , Cristina ; Galloway , Jennifer M. ; Piepjohn , Karsten ; Reinhardt , Lutz ; Blomeier , Dierk ( 2015 ) . `` Progressive environmental deterioration in northwestern Pangea leading to the latest Permian extinction '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 127 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 1331 -- 1347 . doi : 10.1130 / B31197. 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pangaea . Look up Pangaea in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . USGS Overview Map of Triassic Pangaea at Paleomaps NHM Gallery ( hide ) Continents of the world Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Afro - Eurasia America Eurasia Oceania Former supercontinents Gondwana Laurasia Pangaea Pannotia Rodinia Columbia Kenorland Nena Sclavia Ur Vaalbara Historical continents Amazonia Arctica Asiamerica Atlantica Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria Congo craton Euramerica Kalaharia Kazakhstania Laurentia North China Siberia South China East Antarctica India Submerged continents Kerguelen Plateau Zealandia Possible future supercontinents Pangaea Ultima Amasia Novopangaea Mythical and hypothesised continents Atlantis Kumari Kandam Lemuria Meropis Mu Hyperborea Terra Australis See also Regions of the world Continental fragment Book BNF : cb12500043k ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pangaea&oldid=804919850 '' Categories : Geological history of Earth Historical continents Carboniferous paleogeography Permian paleogeography Triassic paleogeography Jurassic paleogeography Plate tectonics Supercontinents Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 22 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what were the names of the two smaller supercontinents that formed when pangaea broke apart
[ "The third major and final phase of the break-up of Pangaea occurred in the early Cenozoic (Paleocene to Oligocene). Laurasia split when North America/Greenland (also called Laurentia) broke free from Eurasia, opening the Norwegian Sea about 60–55 Ma. The Atlantic and Indian Oceans continued to expand, closing the Tethys Ocean.", "The third major and final phase of the break-up of Pangaea occurred in the early Cenozoic (Paleocene to Oligocene). Laurasia split when North America/Greenland (also called Laurentia) broke free from Eurasia, opening the Norwegian Sea about 60–55 Ma. The Atlantic and Indian Oceans continued to expand, closing the Tethys Ocean." ]
[ "Laurasia", "Eurasia" ]
-2744273431512529719
Hallmark Movies & Mysteries
Hallmark Movies & Mysteries - wikipedia Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Jump to : navigation , search Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Launched January 20 , 2004 ; 13 years ago ( 2004 - 01 - 20 ) Owned by Crown Media Holdings Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) ( HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTVs ) Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Studio City , Los Angeles , California Formerly called Hallmark Movie Channel ( 2004 -- 2014 ) Sister channel ( s ) Hallmark Channel Website Official website Availability Satellite DirecTV 565 ( HD ) Dish Network 187 ( HD / SD ) 9444 ( HD ) Cable Spectrum Cable 629 ( HD ) Cox Communications 390 ( SD ) 1390 ( HD ) IPTV Sky Angel 302 ( SD ) Verizon FiOS 739 ( HD ) 239 ( SD ) AT&T U-verse 1366 ( HD ) 366 ( SD ) Streaming media Sling TV Internet Protocol television Hallmark Movies & Mysteries ( formerly known as Hallmark Movie Channel , but also known by HMM ) is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Crown Media Holdings . The channel was spun off from sister network Hallmark Channel , and airs family - oriented feature and made - for - TV movies along with a limited number of mystery - themed television series . As of February 2015 , Hallmark Movies & Mysteries is available to approximately 55,827,000 pay television households ( 48 % of households with television ) in the United States . The channel launched on January 20 , 2004 as Hallmark Movie Channel . On March 14 , 2014 , Crown Media Holdings announced that Hallmark Movie Channel would be rebranded as Hallmark Movies & Mysteries in late 2014 . The name change took place on September 29 , 2014 . On July 28 , 2017 , it was reported that Crown Media is launching a brand new cable network titled Hallmark Drama on October 1 and a subscription video on demand streaming service titled Hallmark Movies Now on October 3 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Programming 2 High definition 3 Website 4 AT&T U-verse carriage dispute 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Programming ( edit ) The channel features mystery , western , and family - friendly movies and mini-series mainly from the Hallmark Channel library , notably original films that had once premiered on Hallmark Channel at an earlier date . The channel also features a small number of films from Hallmark Hall of Fame , Walt Disney Pictures and Touchstone Pictures . Hallmark Movie Channel also broadcasts the McBride , Murder 101 , Jane Doe , and Mystery Woman film series , as well as later Perry Mason and Matlock made - for - TV movies produced after the end of those series . Hallmark Movie Channel logo , 2004 -- 2014 The first original movie to premiere on the channel was Son of the Dragon on April 2 , 2008 , and a handful of movies have since premiered on the channel . In July 2010 , the channel begin airing scripted television series to its schedule . These series currently include Murder , She Wrote , Matlock , The Good Wife , Hart to Hart , and Perry Mason . In March 2009 , the network announced that it is partnering with the NYU Tisch School of the Arts ' Maurice Kanbar Institute of Film and TV to showcase short films by the school 's students and alumni . The shorts will begin airing in October , and will also be available for viewing online at the network website www.hallmarkmoviechannel.com . Actor Alec Baldwin is a Tisch alum who will be one of the judges to determine which films appear on the network . High definition ( edit ) HMC began broadcasting in 1080i high definition to a small audience as early as April 2 , 2008 , but expanded nationally on May 12 , 2008 on Dish Network and recently has been added many markets , including DirecTV , DISH , Comcast , Cox Communications and Time Warner Cable . DirecTV added the channel for the first time in HD only on May 19 , 2010 . Sometime in 2013 Crown Media ended their distribution of the standard definition versions of their networks , and now all providers downscale the HD version with letterboxing for the standard definition versions of the Hallmark networks . Website ( edit ) Shortly after its sister network Hallmark Channel updated its consumer website , the company updated hallmarkmoviechannel.com to make it more interactive for the viewer . On January 29 , 2009 the company announced the development of an online movie shop at both www.hallmarkchannel.com and www.hallmarkmoviechannel.com featuring DVD movies and movie - related products from its library . The shop is powered by the Amazon Associates program . Since its soft launch in mid-2008 , Hallmark Channel has already generated sales of over 10,000 items . The network earns a commission on each sale . AT&T U-verse carriage dispute ( edit ) AT&T U-verse dropped Hallmark Channel and sister channel Hallmark Movie Channel on September 1 , 2010 due to a carriage dispute . As of July 23 , 2015 , the Hallmark Channel and Hallmark Movies & Mysteries have returned to U-verse . See also ( edit ) List of Hallmark Channel original films List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` List of how many homes each cable network is in as of February 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Hilary ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Hallmark Movie Channel Rebranding ; The network will become Hallmark Movies & Mysteries and will get a new tagline and logo , starting in the fourth quarter of 2014 . '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Umstead , Thomas ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` TCA17 : Crown Media to Launch Hallmark Drama Cable Network '' . MultiChannel News . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Umstead , Thomas ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` TCA17 : Crown Media to Launch Hallmark Drama Cable Network '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hallmark Channel Press Release 8 / 8 / 07 '' . Hallmark Channel Press Site . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Plans More Originals , Adds Short Films From NYU Students '' . EntertainmentCareers.net . Jump up ^ `` Tisch Partners with Hallmark Movie Channel '' . Tisch.NYU.edu . ^ Jump up to : `` Corporate : Company Milestones '' . Hallmark Channel Press Site . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Online Shop '' . Hallmark Channel.com . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Press Release 1 / 29 / 09 '' . Hallmark Channel Press Site . Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` Hallmark Channels Go Dark On AT&T U-verse '' . Multichannel News . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Hallmark Channel Returns to U-verse After Nearly Five Years '' . Variety . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Hallmark Channel Hallmark Cards Key personnel Joyce Hall ( founder ) Donald J. Hall Sr. ( chairman ) Donald J. Hall Jr . ( CEO ) Divisions Crayola Crown Media Holdings Hallmark Channel Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Hallmark Drama Feeln Hallmark Business Expressions Halls Kansas City Related topics Crown Center Hallmark Hall of Fame Rainbow Brite Movie - oriented television services in the United States Over-the - air digital television Escape GetTV Grit Movies ! This TV Cable television Cable and satellite television only AMC Chiller Cinelatino FX Movie Channel HDNet Movies Hallmark Movies & Mysteries IFC LMN MGM HD PixL ShortsHD Sony Movie Channel SundanceTV Turner Classic Movies ViendoMovies Premium television HBO ( Multiplex ) Cinemax ( Multiplex ) Showtime ( Multiplex ) The Movie Channel ( Multiplex ) Flix Starz ( Multiplex ) Starz Encore ( Multiplex ) MoviePlex ( Multiplex ) Epix ( Multiplex ) Defunct Cable , satellite and terrestrial TV Documentary Channel Fearnet Festival Home Theater Network Spotlight Star Channel Take 2 White Springs TV Subscription TV MovieBeam ONTV Phonevision Preview PRISM SelecTV Spectrum SuperTV VEU Wometco Home Theater Z Channel Additional resources on North American television North America List of local television stations in North America DTV transition North American TV mini-template Canada Canadian networks List of Canadian television networks List of Canadian television channels List of Canadian specialty channels Local Canadian TV stations List of United States stations available in Canada 2001 Vancouver TV realignment 2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment Mexico Mexican networks Local Mexican TV stations United States American networks List of American cable and satellite networks List of American over-the - air networks Local American TV stations ( W ) Local American TV stations ( K ) Spanish - language TV networks 1994 United States broadcast TV realignment 2006 United States broadcast TV realignment List of Canadian television stations available in the United States Insular Areas TV See also U.S. premium channels Canadian movie channels Canadian premium channels Family - oriented television channels in the United States Preschoolers BabyFirst BabyTV Disney Junior Nick Jr . PBS Kids Smile Pre-teens and teens Cartoon Network Disney Channel Disney XD Kids & Teens TV Nickelodeon NickMusic Nicktoons ¡ Sorpresa ! TeenNick Universal Kids General audiences Boomerang Decades Discovery Family Hallmark Channel Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Hallmark Drama HBO Family INSP PixL Qubo Showtime Family Zone Starz Kids & Family Up Former Nick GaS PBJ Toon Disney Jetix Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hallmark_Movies_%26_Mysteries&oldid=801865642 '' Categories : Television channels and stations established in 2004 Movie channels in the United States English - language television stations in the United States Hallmark Cards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 11 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what channel is hallmark movies and mystery on directv
[ "\n\nHallmark Movies & Mysteries\n\n\n\n\n\nLaunched\nJanuary 20, 2004; 13 years ago (2004-01-20)\n\n\nOwned by\nCrown Media Holdings\n\n\nPicture format\n\n\n\n1080i (HDTV)\n(HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTVs)\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBroadcast area\nNationwide\n\n\nHeadquarters\nStudio City, Los Angeles, California\n\n\nFormerly called\nHallmark Movie Channel (2004–2014)\n\n\nSister channel(s)\nHallmark Channel\n\n\nWebsite\nOfficial website\n\n\n\nAvailability\n\n\n\nSatellite\n\n\nDirecTV\n565 (HD)\n\n\nDish Network\n\n\n\n187 (HD/SD)\n9444 (HD)\n\n\n\n\n\nCable\n\n\nSpectrum Cable\n629 (HD)\n\n\nCox Communications\n\n\n\n390 (SD)\n1390 (HD)\n\n\n\n\n\nIPTV\n\n\nSky Angel\n302 (SD)\n\n\nVerizon FiOS\n\n\n\n739 (HD)\n239 (SD)\n\n\n\n\n\nAT&T U-verse\n\n\n\n1366 (HD)\n366 (SD)\n\n\n\n\n\nStreaming media\n\n\nSling TV\nInternet Protocol television\n\n" ]
[ "565" ]
-4445277985546322694
Stretch (band)
Stretch ( band ) - wikipedia Stretch ( band ) Jump to : navigation , search Stretch Origin United Kingdom Genres Blues rock , pop rock Years active 1974 -- 79 , 2007 -- present Labels Anchor , Repertoire Associated acts Fleetwood Mac , Curved Air , Elmer Gantry 's Velvet Opera , Status Quo Members Kirby Gregory Elmer Gantry Jim Scadding Justin Hildreth Past members Paul Martinez Craig Collinge John Wilkinson Jim Russell Hiroshi Kato Dave Evans John Cook Steve Emery Jeff Rich Nicko McBrain Chris Mercer Why Did You Do It ? `` Why Did You Do It ? '' , 1975 Problems playing this file ? See media help . Stretch were a 1970s British rock band that grew from the collaboration between Elmer Gantry ( real name Dave Terry ) and Kirby ( real name Graham ) Gregory . Gantry had been the frontman of Elmer Gantry 's Velvet Opera . Kirby had been a member of Curved Air . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation 2 Music career 3 Cover versions 4 Personnel 5 Discography 5.1 Albums 5.2 Singles 6 References 7 External links Formation ( edit ) The band was put together in 1974 with help from Fleetwood Mac manager Clifford Davis and drummer Mick Fleetwood , to perform as Fleetwood Mac on a US tour because the existing Fleetwood Mac were not in a position to fulfil outstanding contractual obligations . However , Fleetwood did not join the tour as planned , and later denied any knowledge or involvement , and partway through the tour it became obvious to audiences that there was no original member of Fleetwood Mac in the band , and the tour collapsed . Bass player Paul Martinez claimed , `` Mick Fleetwood pulled out at the last minute claiming not to know who we were ! '' Music career ( edit ) Stretch rose from the ashes of this debacle , and soon had a No. 16 hit single in November 1975 with `` Why Did You Do It ? '' , the lyric of which was a direct attack on Mick Fleetwood for his failure to join the band on the ill - fated US tour . In the official video for the record bass player Paul Martinez wore a traditional keffiyeh head - dress . Besides bass player Martinez , guitarist Kirby and Jim Russell on drums and tambourine , the single featured electric guitar by Hiroshi Kato and horns by Bud Beadle , Chris Mercer , Mick Eve , Mike Bailey and Ron Carthy . The band followed the single up with the album Elastique , but during the recording of this album , Martinez was sacked . Drummer Jim Russell left the band before the recording of the second album , You Ca n't Beat Your Brain for Entertainment , due to musical differences . He was replaced by future Status Quo drummer Jeff Rich . Two more albums were made , but Gantry left before the last album , Forget the Past . Another blow came in 1979 when manager Davis decided to withdraw his financial input , and the band eventually split up . In 1999 Italian DJ Gigi D'Agostino used distorted vocal samples from the first line of the song `` Why Did You Do It ? '' , in order to produce his own track Bla Bla Bla . The samples were deliberately used in a way that made the vocals make no sense . Stretch reformed in 2007 to coincide with a `` Greatest Hits '' collection , and toured in support of the Jeff Healey Band . In 2011 Stretch released the album Unfinished Business , an 11 - track recording for Repertoire Records including original songs , covers and a new version of `` Why Did You Do It ? '' . Cover versions ( edit ) In 2012 , German producer Ferry Ultra recorded a version of `` Why Did You Do It ? '' featuring Canadian vocalist Ashley Slater for the album `` Ferry Ultra and the Homeless Funkers '' . Personnel ( edit ) Current members Elmer Gantry -- ( Elmer Terry ) vocals , guitar ( 1974 -- 78 , 2007 -- present ) Kirby Gregory ( Graham Gregory ) -- guitar , vocals ( 1974 -- 79 , 2007 -- present ) Jim Scadding -- bass guitar ( 2007 -- present ) Justin Hildreth -- drums ( 2009 -- present ) Former members Paul Martinez -- bass guitar ( 1974 -- 75 ) Craig Collinge -- drums ( 1974 ) John Wilkinson -- keyboards ( 1974 ) Jim Russell -- drums ( 1974 -- 76 ) Hiroshi Kato -- guitar ( 1974 ) John Cook -- keyboards ( 1975 ) Dave Evans -- bass guitar ( 1975 -- 76 ) Steve Emery -- bass guitar ( 1976 -- 79 ) Jeff Rich -- drums ( 1976 -- 78 , 2007 -- 09 ) Nicko McBrain -- drums ( 1978 -- 79 ) * The band that toured as Fleetwood Mac consisted of Gantry , Kirby , Martinez , Wilkinson and Collinge . The absence of a female member also contributed to audiences realising that this was not the authentic group , since Fleetwood Mac featured Christine McVie on keyboards . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Elastique ( 1975 ) ( Anchor ) You Ca n't Beat Your Brain for Entertainment ( 1976 ) ( Anchor ) Lifeblood ( 1977 ) ( Anchor ) Forget the Past ( 1978 ) ( Hot Wax - not the US label of the same name ) Ca n't Judge a Book ... The Peel Sessions ( 1996 ) ( Strange Fruit ) Stretch : The Story of Elmer Gantry ( 1996 ) ( Repertoire ) Why Did You Do It : The Best of Stretch ( 2007 ) ( Repertoire ) That 's the Way the Wind Blows -- A Collection ( 2011 ) ( Repertoire ) Unfinished Business ( 2011 ) ( Repertoire ) Singles ( edit ) `` Why Did You Do It ? '' ( 1975 ) -- UK No. 16 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MusicMight Jump up ^ `` Paul Martinez Homepage '' . paulmartinezmusic.com . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Seaton , Matt ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` Old music : Stretch -- Why Did You Do it ? '' . Retrieved 14 September 2017 -- via www.theguardian.com . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 536 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : The Story of Stretch Jump up ^ Elastique , Stretch , Anchor Records : ANCL 2014 , 1975 - sleeve notes Jump up ^ How Stretch Bounced Back Jump up ^ `` Stretch - Unfinished Business '' . Discogs . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ferry Ultra feat . Ashley Slater - Why Did You Do It '' . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Story of Stretch ( 1 ) The Musician 's Olympus ( Jim Russell ) ( 2 ) MusicMight ( 3 ) Unfinished Business / Oktober 2011 official web site MusicBrainz : c93f8807 - c30b - 44b6 - 8f05 - 6a62ec024c2e Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stretch_(band)&oldid=803076514 '' Categories : Musical groups established in 1974 Musical groups reestablished in 2007 Musical groups disestablished in 1979 English blues rock musical groups English pop rock music groups Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2014 Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 08 : 54 . About Wikipedia
who sang why did you do that thing to me
[ "Stretch were a 1970s British rock band that grew from the collaboration between Elmer Gantry (real name Dave Terry) and Kirby (real name Graham) Gregory. Gantry had been the frontman of Elmer Gantry's Velvet Opera. Kirby had been a member of Curved Air.[1]" ]
[ "Stretch" ]
5837492780628512239
The Mamas & the Papas
The Mamas & the Papas - wikipedia The Mamas & the Papas The Mamas & the Papas ( L-R ) : Michelle Phillips , Cass Elliot , Denny Doherty and John Phillips on the Ed Sullivan Show telecast of June 11 , 1967 Background information Origin Los Angeles , California , U.S. Genres Folk rock psychedelic pop sunshine pop Years active 1965 -- 1971 Labels Dunhill Associated acts The New Journeymen and The Mugwumps Past members Denny Doherty Cass Elliot John Phillips Michelle Phillips Jill Gibson The Mamas & the Papas were an American folk rock vocal group who recorded and performed from 1965 to 1968 . The group was a defining force in the music scene of the Counterculture of the 1960s . The group was composed of John Phillips , Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , and Michelle Phillips née Gilliam . Their sound was based on vocal harmonies arranged by John Phillips , the songwriter , musician , and leader of the group who adapted folk to the new beat style of the early sixties . The Mamas & the Papas released a total of five studio albums and seventeen singles over a four - year period , six of which made the Billboard top ten , and have sold close to 40 million records worldwide . The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 for their contributions to the music industry . The band reunited briefly in 1971 to record the album People Like Us but did not perform outside their recording studio at that time . Contents 1 Background and formation 2 Career 2.1 1965 : Beginnings and debut 2.2 1966 : The Mamas & the Papas 2.3 1967 : The Mamas & the Papas Deliver 2.4 1968 : The Papas & the Mamas 2.5 1968 -- 1969 : Break - up and People Like Us 3 Aftermath 3.1 Cass Elliot 3.2 John Phillips 3.3 Denny Doherty 3.4 Michelle Phillips 3.5 The New Mamas and the Papas 3.5. 1 Members 4 Later recognition 5 Discography 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background and formation ( edit ) The group was formed by husband and wife John and Michelle Phillips , formerly of the New Journeymen , and Denny Doherty , formerly of the Mugwumps . Both of these earlier acts were folk groups active from 1964 to 1965 . The last member to join was Cass Elliot , Doherty 's bandmate in the Mugwumps , who had to overcome John Phillips ' concern that her voice was too low for his arrangements , that her physical appearance would be an obstacle to the band 's success , and that her temperament was incompatible with his . The group considered calling itself the Magic Cyrcle before switching to the Mamas and the Papas as apparently inspired by the Hells Angels , whose female associates were called `` mamas '' . The quartet spent the period from early spring to midsummer 1965 in the Virgin Islands `` to rehearse and just put everything together '' , as John Phillips later recalled . Phillips acknowledged that he was reluctant to abandon folk music . Others , including Doherty and guitarist Eric Hord , have said he hung on to it `` like death '' . Roger McGuinn 's more measured view is that `` It was hard for John to break out of folk music , because I think he was real good at it , conservative , and successful , too . '' Phillips also acknowledged that it was Doherty and Elliot who awakened him to the potential of contemporary pop , as epitomized by the Beatles . While previously , the New Journeymen had played acoustic folk , with banjo ; and the Mugwumps played something closer to folk rock , with bass and drums . Their rehearsals in the Virgin Islands were `` the first time that we tried playing electric '' . The band then traveled from New York to Los Angeles for an audition with Lou Adler , co-owner of Dunhill Records . The audition was arranged by Barry McGuire , who had befriended Cass Elliot and John Phillips independently over the previous two years , and who had recently signed with Dunhill himself . It led to `` a deal in which they would record two albums a year for the next five years '' , with a royalty of 5 percent on 90 percent of retail sales . Dunhill also tied the band to management and publishing deals , commonly known as a `` triple hat '' relationship . Cass Elliot 's membership was not formalized until the paperwork was signed , with Adler , Michelle Phillips , and Doherty overruling John Phillips . Career ( edit ) 1965 : beginnings and debut ( edit ) The Mamas and the Papas made their inaugural recording singing backing vocals on McGuire 's album This Precious Time , although they had already released a single of their own by the time the album appeared in December 1965 . This single was `` Go Where You Wanna Go '' , which was given a limited release in November but failed to chart . There are few copies of this single extant and the follow - up , `` California Dreamin ' '' , has the same B - side , suggesting that `` Go Where You Wanna Go '' had been withdrawn . `` California Dreamin ' '' was released in December , supported by a full - page ad in Billboard on the 18th of that month . It peaked at number four in the United States and number twenty - three in the United Kingdom . `` Go Where You Wanna Go '' was subsequently covered by the 5th Dimension , who included it on their album Up , Up and Away and it became a Top 20 pop hit for them . The quartet 's debut album , If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears , followed in February 1966 and became its only number - one on the Billboard 200 . The third and final single from the album , `` Monday , Monday '' , was released in March 1966 . It became the band 's only number - one hit in the US , reached number three in the UK , and was the first number - one on Spain 's new Los 40 Principales . `` Monday , Monday '' won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals in 1967 . It was also nominated for Best Performance by a Vocal Group , Best Contemporary Song , and Record of the Year . 1966 : the Mamas & the Papas ( edit ) Their second album , The Mamas & the Papas , is sometimes referred to as Cass , John , Michelle , Dennie , whose names appear thus above the band 's name on the cover , including the unexplained misspelling of Doherty 's first name . Recording was reportedly interrupted when Michelle Phillips became indiscreet about her affair with Gene Clark of the Byrds . A liaison the previous year between Michelle Phillips and Denny Doherty had been forgiven by her husband John Phillips ; Doherty and John Phillips had reconciled and written `` I Saw Her Again '' about the episode . They later disagreed about how much Doherty contributed to the song . But after Michelle 's affair with Clark , John Phillips was determined to fire her . After consulting their attorney and record label , he , Elliot , and Doherty served Michelle Phillips with a letter expelling her from the group on June 28 , 1966 . Jill Gibson was hired to replace Michelle . Gibson was a visual artist and singer - songwriter who had recorded with Jan and Dean . After being introduced to the band by its producer , Lou Adler , she was soon taking part in concerts ( at Forest Hills , New York , Denver , Colorado , and Phoenix , Arizona ) television appearances ( Hollywood Palace on ABC ) , and recording sessions While Gibson was a quick study and well - regarded , the three original members concluded that she lacked her predecessor 's `` stage charisma and grittier edge '' , and Michelle Phillips was reinstated on August 23 , 1966 . `` Jill Gibson , so nearly a full - time Mama , left and was paid a lump sum from the group 's funds . '' The Mamas & the Papas peaked at number four in the US , continuing the band 's success , but only made number twenty - four in the UK . `` I Saw Her Again '' was released as a single in June 1966 and reached number five in the US and number eleven in the UK . There is a false start to the final chorus of the song at 2'42 `` . While mixing the record , Bones Howe inadvertently punched in the coda vocals too early . He then rewound the tape and inserted the vocals in their proper position . On playback , the mistaken early entry could still be heard , making it sound as though Doherty repeated the first three words , singing `` I saw her ... I saw her again last night '' . Lou Adler liked the effect , and told Howe to leave it in the final mix . `` That has to be a mistake : nobody 's that clever , '' Paul McCartney told the group . The device was imitated by John Sebastian in the Lovin ' Spoonful song , `` Darlin ' Be Home Soon '' ( 1966 ) , and by Kenny Loggins in the song `` I 'm Alright '' ( 1980 ) . `` Words of Love '' was the second single from the album , appearing in November 1966 . In the US it was released as a double A-side with `` Dancing in the Street '' and reached number five ( `` Dancing in the Street , '' which had been a hit two years earlier for Martha and the Vandellas , struggled to number seventy - three ) . In the UK it was backed with `` I Ca n't Wait '' and peaked at number forty - seven . With Michelle Phillips reinstated , the group embarked on a small tour on the East coast to promote the record in the fall of 1966 , playing a series of precarious and reportedly bizarre shows . At a September 1966 concert at Fordham University in New York City , the band was noted by Gus Duffy and Jim Mason of their co-headlining band , Webster 's New Word , as being clearly `` high , drunk , or tripping . When they got on stage , it was clear that these people should n't be on stage ... They tumbled onto the stage , shambled around , and just got nowhere . 1967 : the Mamas & the Papas deliver ( edit ) The Mamas & the Papas on ABC 's The Songmakers , 1967 After completing their brief East coast tour , the group started work immediately on its third album , The Mamas & The Papas Deliver , which was recorded in the autumn of 1966 . The first single from the album , `` Look Through My Window '' , was released in September 1966 ( before the last single from The Mamas and the Papas ) . It reached number twenty - four in the US , but did not chart in the UK . The second single , `` Dedicated to the One I Love '' ( February 1967 ) , did much better , peaking at number two in both the US and the UK . That success helped the album , also released in February 1967 , reach number two in the US and number four in the UK . The third single , `` Creeque Alley '' ( April 1967 ) , chronicled the band 's early history . It peaked at number five in the US and number nine in the UK . The strain on the group was apparent when they performed indifferently at the first Monterey International Pop Festival in June 1967 , as can be heard on Historic Performances Recorded at the Monterey International Pop Festival ( 1970 ) . The band was badly under - rehearsed -- partly because John and Michelle Phillips and Lou Adler were preoccupied with organizing the festival , partly because Doherty arrived at the last minute from another sojourn in the Virgin Islands , and partly , it is said , because he was drinking heavily in the aftermath of his affair with Michelle Phillips . They rallied for their performance before 18,000 people at the Hollywood Bowl in August ( with Jimi Hendrix as the opener ) , which both John and Michelle Phillips would remember as the apex of the band 's career : `` There would never be anything quite like it again . '' Deliver was followed in October 1967 by the non-album single `` Glad to Be Unhappy '' , which reached number twenty - six in the US . `` Dancing Bear '' from the group 's second album was released as a single in November . It peaked at number fifty - one in the US . Neither of these singles charted in the UK . 1968 : the Papas & the Mamas ( edit ) The Mamas and the Papas cut their first three albums at United Western Recorders in Hollywood , while the group 's subsequent releases were recorded at the eight - track studio John and Michelle Phillips built at their home in Bel Air -- this at a time when four - track recording was still the norm . John Phillips said , `` I got the idea to transform the attic into my own recording studio , so I could stay high all the time and never have to worry about studio time . I began assembling the state - of - the - art equipment and ran the cost up to about a hundred grand . '' While this gave him the autonomy he craved , it also removed the external discipline that may have been beneficial to a man who described himself as an `` obsessive perfectionist '' . Doherty , Elliot , and Adler all found the arrangement uncongenial , with Elliot later complaining to Rolling Stone ( October 26 , 1968 ) : `` We spent one whole month on one song , just the vocals for ' The Love of Ivy ' took one whole month . I did my ( debut solo ) album in three weeks , a total of ten days in the studio . Live with the band , not prerecorded tracks sitting there with earphones . '' The recording sessions for the fourth album eventually stalled completely , and in September 1967 John Phillips called a press conference to announce that The Mamas and the Papas were taking a break , which they confirmed on the Ed Sullivan Show on the 24th of that month . The plan was to give concerts at the Royal Albert Hall in London and the Olympia in Paris , before taking time out on Majorca to `` get the muse going again '' , as John Phillips put it . When they docked at Southampton on October 5 , Elliot was arrested on a charge of having stolen two blankets and a hotel key worth ten guineas ( US $28 ) when in England the previous February . Elliot was transferred to London , strip - searched , and spent a night in custody , before the case was dismissed in the West London Magistrates ' Court the next day . The hotel was actually less interested in the blankets than in an unpaid bill ; it transpired that Elliot had entrusted the money to her companion , Pic Dawson ( 1943 -- 1986 ) , who neglected to settle the account . The police , in turn , were less interested in the blankets or the bill than in Dawson , who was suspected of international drug trafficking and was `` the sole subject '' of their questioning . Later , at a party hosted by the band to celebrate Elliot 's acquittal , John Phillips interrupted Elliot as she was telling Mick Jagger about her arrest and trial : `` Mick , she 's got it all wrong , that 's not how it was at all . '' Elliot `` screamed '' at Phillips `` before storming out of the room '' . Elliot was ready to quit , the Royal Albert Hall and Olympia dates were cancelled , and the four went their separate ways ; John and Michelle Phillips to Morocco , Doherty back to the United States , and Elliot either back to the United States ( according to John Phillips ) or to a rendezvous in Paris with Pic Dawson ( according to Michelle Phillips ) . In an interview with Melody Maker , Elliot unilaterally announced that The Mamas and the Papas had disbanded : `` We thought this trip would give the group some stimulation , but this has not been so . '' In fact , Phillips and Elliot did patch things up sufficiently to complete The Papas & The Mamas , which was released in May 1968 . It was relatively successful in both the UK and US , although it was their first not to go gold or reach the top ten in America . `` 12 : 30 ( Young Girls Are Coming to the Canyon ) '' had been released as a single in August 1967 ; it peaked at number twenty in the US , but failed to chart in the UK . After the second single , `` Safe in My Garden '' ( May 1968 ) , made it only to number fifty - three , Dunhill released Elliot 's solo feature from the album , a remake of `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' , as a single credited to `` Mama Cass with the Mamas and the Papas '' in June 1968 -- against John Phillips ' wishes . It reached number twelve in the US and became the band 's first single to chart in the UK after five failures , peaking at number eleven . It was the only Mamas and Papas single to chart higher in the UK than in the US . The fourth and final single from The Papas and the Mamas was `` For the Love of Ivy '' ( July 1968 ) , which peaked at number eighty - one in the US and did not chart in the UK . For the second time , Dunhill returned to their earlier work for a single . In this case it was `` Do You Wanna Dance '' from the debut album , released as a single in October 1968 . It failed to chart in the UK and reached number seventy - six in the US . 1968 -- 1969 : break - up and people like US ( edit ) The success of `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' confirmed Elliot 's desire to embark on a solo career , and by the end of 1968 it appeared that the group had split . Its chart performance had become increasingly erratic , with three of its last four singles failing on both sides of the Atlantic . As John Phillips recalled , `` Times had changed . The Beatles showed the way . Music itself was heading toward a technological and compositional complexity that would leave many of us behind . It was tough to keep up . '' The group `` made it official '' at the beginning of 1969 : `` Dunhill released us from our contracts and we were history , though we still owed the label another album . '' Elliot ( billed as Mama Cass ) had released her solo debut Dream a Little Dream in 1968 , Phillips released John Phillips ( John , the Wolf King of L.A. ) in 1970 , and Denny Doherty followed with Watcha Gonna Do ? in 1971 . Dunhill maintained momentum by releasing The Best of the Mamas and the Papas : Farewell to the First Golden Era in 1967 , Golden Era Vol. 2 in 1968 , 16 of Their Greatest Hits in 1969 , and the Monterey live album in 1970 . It was also determined to get the promised last LP , for which it had given the band an extension until September 1971 . It warned that each member of the group would be sued for $250,000 if they did not deliver ( about $1.4 million apiece in 2010 values ) . There was suit and counter suit but these were settled out of court and it was reported that the band would record under John Phillips 's own label , Warlock Records , distributed by Dunhill . Phillips wrote another collection of songs , which was arranged , rehearsed , and recorded in fits and starts over about a year , depending on the availability of the other group members : `` It was rare we were all together . Most tracks were dubbed , one vocal at a time . '' The Mamas and the Papas ' last album of new material , People Like Us , was released in November 1971 . The only single , `` Step Out '' ( January 1972 ) , reached number eighty - one in the US . The album peaked at number eighty - four on the Billboard 200 , making it the only Mamas and Papas LP not to reach the top twenty in the US . Neither single nor album charted in the UK . Contractual obligations fulfilled , the band 's split was now final . Aftermath ( edit ) Cass Elliot ( edit ) Main article : Cass Elliot Cass Elliot had a successful solo career , touring the U.S. and Europe ; appearing frequently on television , including in two specials ( The Mama Cass Television Program on ABC in January 1969 and Do n't Call Me Mama Anymore on CBS in September 1973 ) ; and producing hits such as `` Make Your Own Kind of Music '' and `` It 's Getting Better '' . That said , she never surpassed her two Dunhill albums , Dream a Little Dream ( 1968 ) and Bubblegum , Lemonade , and ... Something for Mama ( 1969 ) . None of the three albums she recorded for RCA -- Cass Elliot ( 1972 ) , The Road Is No Place for a Lady ( 1972 ) , and Do n't Call Me Mama Anymore ( 1973 ) -- produced a charting single . Elliot died of heart failure in London on July 29 , 1974 , after completing a two - week engagement at the Palladium . The shows were mostly sold out and prompted standing ovations . Her former bandmates and Lou Adler attended her funeral in Los Angeles . Elliot was survived by her only child , Owen Vanessa Elliot ( b . 1967 ) . John Phillips ( edit ) Main article : John Phillips ( musician ) John Phillips ' country - influenced solo album , John Phillips ( John , the Wolf King of L.A. ) , was not a commercial success , despite featuring the single `` Mississippi '' , which reached number thirty - two in the US . Nevertheless , it continues to enjoy critical favor . Rolling Stone gave it four stars when it was reissued in 2006 , calling it `` a genuine lost treasure '' . Denny Doherty said that if the Mamas and the Papas had recorded the album , it might have been their best . Phillips wrote songs for the soundtrack to Brewster McCloud ( Robert Altman , 1970 ) and original music for the soundtracks to Myra Breckinridge ( Michael Sarne , 1970 ) and The Man Who Fell to Earth ( Nicolas Roeg , 1976 ) . He also wrote the ill - fated stage musical Man on the Moon ( 1975 ) and songs with and for other artists , including most of the tracks on the album Romance Is on the Rise ( 1974 ) by his then wife Geneviève Waïte , which he also produced ; and he co-wrote `` Kokomo '' ( 1988 ) , which was a number - one hit for the Beach Boys . Phillips was lost to heroin addiction through much of the 1970s , a period that culminated in his arrest and conviction in 1980 on a charge of conspiring to distribute narcotics , for which he spent a month in jail in 1981 . In later years he performed with the New Mamas and the Papas ( see below ) and appeared in revival shows and television specials . He told his side of the Mamas and Papas ' story in the memoir Papa John ( 1986 ) , and in the PBS television documentary , Straight Shooter : The True Story of John Phillips and the Mamas and the Papas ( 1988 ) . John Phillips died of heart failure in Los Angeles on March 18 , 2001 . Two albums were released immediately after his death : Pay Pack and Follow ( April 2001 ) , which included material recorded in London and New York with members of the Rolling Stones in 1976 and 1977 ; and Phillips 66 ( August 2001 ) , an album of new material and reworkings that `` takes its title from the age Phillips would have been when the album was originally slated for its release '' . A later archival series on Varèse Sarabande included a reissue of John Phillips ( John , the Wolf King of L.A. ) with bonus tracks ( 2006 ) ; the sessions he recorded for Columbia with the Crusaders in 1972 and 1973 , released as Jack of Diamonds ( 2007 ) ; his preferred mix of the Rolling Stones sessions , released with other material as Pussycat ( 2008 ) ; and his demos for Man on the Moon , released as Andy Warhol Presents Man on the Moon : The John Phillips Space Musical ( 2009 ) . Phillips had five children : businessman Jeffrey Phillips ( b . 1957 ) and actor and singer Laura Mackenzie Phillips ( b . 1959 ) by his first wife Susan Adams Phillips ; singer Chynna Gilliam Phillips ( b . 1968 ) of the band Wilson Phillips by his second wife Michelle Gilliam Phillips ; songwriter Tamerlane Orlando Phillips ( b . 1971 ) and actor and model Bijou Phillips ( b . 1980 ) by his third wife Geneviève Waïte . In 2009 , Mackenzie Phillips wrote in her memoir , High on Arrival , that she had been in a long - term sexual relationship with her late father . Denny Doherty ( edit ) Main article : Denny Doherty Denny Doherty 's solo career faltered after the appearance of Whatcha Gonna Do ? in 1971 . The follow - up , Waiting for a Song ( 1974 ) , was not released in the US , although a 2001 reissue by Varèse Sarabande gained wider distribution and the album is now available as a digital download . It features Michelle Phillips and Cass Elliot as backing vocalists , the latter in what proved to be her last recorded performances . A single from the album , `` You 'll Never Know '' , made the adult contemporary charts . Doherty then turned to the stage , making a disastrous start in John Phillips ' Man on the Moon ( 1975 ) . In 1977 , he returned to his birthplace , Halifax , Nova Scotia , and started playing legitimate roles , including Shakespeare , at the Neptune Theatre under the tutelage of John Neville . This led to television work , beginning with a variety program , Denny 's Sho * , which ran for one season in 1978 . He went on to host and voice parts in the children 's program , Theodore Tugboat , and to act in various series , including twenty - two episodes of the drama Pit Pony . Doherty also performed with the New Mamas and the Papas ( see below ) . An alcoholic through the 1960s and 1970s , Doherty recovered in the early 1980s and stayed sober for the remainder of his life.In 1996 , he was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame . Doherty answered John Phillips ' PBS documentary with the autobiographical stage musical Dream a Little Dream ( the Nearly True Story of the Mamas and the Papas ) , which he wrote with Paul Ledoux and performed sporadically , starting in Halifax in 1997 , and eventually reaching the off - Broadway Village Theater in New York in 2003 . The original cast recording -- featuring Doherty and supporting band -- was released by Lewlacow in 1999 . Doherty died of an abdominal aortic aneurysm at his home in Mississauga , Ontario , on January 19 , 2007 . He was survived by his three children , Jessica Woods , Emberly Doherty , and John Doherty . A documentary by Paul Ledoux , Here I Am : Denny Doherty and the Mamas and the Papas , premiered at Halifax 's Atlantic Film Festival in September 2009 and screened on the Bravo cable network as part of the Great Canadian Biographies series in February 2010 . Michelle Phillips ( edit ) Main article : Michelle Phillips While Michelle Phillips ' only solo album , Victim of Romance ( 1977 ) , made little impact , she went on to build a successful career as an actress . Her film credits include The Last Movie ( 1971 ) , Dillinger ( 1973 ) , Valentino ( 1977 ) , Bloodline ( 1979 ) , The Man with Bogart 's Face ( 1980 ) , American Anthem ( 1986 ) , Let It Ride ( 1989 ) , and Joshua Tree ( 1993 ) . Her television credits include Hotel , Knots Landing , Beverly Hills , 90210 , and many others . Phillips published a memoir , California Dreamin ' , in 1986 , the same year John Phillips published his . Reading the two books together was , according to one reviewer , `` like reading the transcripts in a divorce trial . '' As the co-writer and owner of the copyright to California Dreamin ' , Phillips was an important contributor to the 2005 PBS television documentary California Dreamin ' : The Songs of the Mamas and the Papas . The New Mamas and the Papas ( edit ) The New Mamas and the Papas were a by - product of John Phillips ' desire to `` round out the picture of reform '' as he awaited sentencing on narcotics charges in 1980 . He invited his children Jeffrey and Mackenzie , both living in Los Angeles , and Denny Doherty , who was living in Canada , to join him at the Fair Oaks Hospital in Summit , New Jersey , where he was undergoing rehabilitation . The children arrived around Thanksgiving and Doherty around Christmas . The idea of reviving the group was born at this time , with Phillips and Doherty in their original roles , Mackenzie Phillips taking Michelle Phillips ' part and Elaine `` Spanky '' McFarlane of Spanky and Our Gang taking the part of Cass Elliot . Little progress was made until after Phillips had been sentenced and served his time in jail . The quartet began rehearsing in earnest and recording demos in the summer of 1981 . Their first performances were in March 1982 , when they were praised for their `` verve and expertise '' , the `` impressive precision '' of the harmonies , and the `` feeling ... of genuine celebration '' on stage . The group toured the United States , including residencies in Las Vegas and Atlantic City , but lost $150,000 in their first eighteen months . Phillips called a halt in August 1983 and the New Mamas and the Papas did not perform again until February 1985 . They then resumed touring , with concerts in Europe , East Asia , and South America , as well as in Canada and the United States ; at their height , they were playing up to 280 nights a year . John Phillips stayed off heroin , but remained addicted to alcohol , cocaine , and pills , as did his daughter . This affected the group 's performance , as they were occasionally booed off stage . Doherty quit in 1987 and was replaced by Scott McKenzie ( 1939 -- 2012 ) . In 1991 , Mackenzie Phillips was replaced by Laurie Beebe Lewis , a former vocalist with the Buckinghams who had earlier ( 1986 -- 1987 ) temped with the band when Mackenzie Phillips was pregnant . John Phillips dropped out after a liver transplant in 1992 and Doherty returned . Lewis and McFarlane left in 1993 , to be replaced by Lisa Brescia and Deb Lyons . The band continued to perform with varying line - ups , including Barry McGuire ( 1997 -- 1998 ) and the recovering Phillips , until 1998 , by which time , according to one critic , `` the jingle singers who sang those fabulous Cass , Michelle , John , and Denny parts were an aural cartoon '' . In 1998 the lineup was Phillips , Scott McKenzie , Chrissy Faith , David Baker and Janelle Sadler . After Phillips and McKenzie retired permanently from touring , another singer , Mark Williamson , was brought in . Phillips wanted the New Mamas and the Papas to make an album , `` but I just could n't bring myself to commit to it '' . Varèse Sarabande released the 1981 demos with other material as Many Mamas , Many Papas in 2010 . Beyond that , the band is represented on record only by live albums of uncertain provenance , including The Mamas and the Papas Reunion Live ( 1987 ) featuring the Phillips - Doherty - Phillips - McFarlane line - up and released by Teichiku in Japan ; and Dreamin ' Live ( 2005 ) on a label called Legacy ( not the Columbia - Sony imprint ) , which features John and Mackenzie Phillips , Spanky McFarlane , and ( probably ) Scott McKenzie . Members ( edit ) John Phillips -- Vocals , guitar ( 1982 -- 1992 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Denny Doherty -- Vocals ( 1982 -- 1987 , 1992 -- 1995 ) Scott McKenzie -- Vocals , guitar ( 1987 -- 1998 ) Mackenzie Phillips -- Vocals ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1987 -- 1991 ) Spanky McFarlane -- Vocals ( 1982 -- 1993 ) Laurie Beebe Lewis -- Vocals ( 1986 -- 1987 ) ( Interim 1988 -- 1990 ) ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Lisa Brescia -- Vocals ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Deb Lyons -- Vocals ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Barry McGuire -- Vocals ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Chrissy Faith -- Vocals ( 1998 -- 2000 ) David Baker -- Vocals ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Janelle Sadler -- Vocals ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Mark Williamson -- Vocals ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Later recognition ( edit ) In 1986 , John and Michelle Phillips were featured in the music video for the Beach Boys ' second recording of `` California Dreamin ' '' , which appeared on the album Made in U.S.A. Denny Doherty was unavailable . The Mamas and the Papas ' own version of `` California Dreamin ' '' was reissued in the UK and peaked at number nine in 1997 . The song received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 2001 . The Mamas and the Papas were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 , the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2000 , and the Hit Parade Hall of Fame in 2009 . Cass Elliot and Michelle Phillips , as `` the Mamas '' , were ranked number twenty - one on the VH1 network 's list of the 100 Greatest Women of Rock . In a review by Matthew Greenwald , he stated , `` One of the best anthologies of the Mamas & the Papas , A Gathering of Flowers was put together immediately after the group 's demise , and gives the listener an excellent overview of one of the most revolutionary and appealing groups to emerge from the folk - rock era . Although it may seem slim at first , with only 20 tracks spread out over two LPs , there is much more to be found . In between most cuts there are not only rehearsals and outtakes , but also interview snippets from John Phillips and Cass Elliot . These interviews create an aural documentary of the group in between great cuts such as `` California Dreamin ' '' , `` Monday , Monday '' , `` I Saw Her Again '' , and others . Excellent liner notes by Andy Wickham and a generous collection of rare photos top this collection off in grand style . '' This anthology was never produced on CD but was available on vinyl and cassette tape for many years . Some companies are offering a CDR ripped version of this engaging look into the history of the Mamas & the Papas , normally including the source material to preserve copyrights . The band finally received a box set when the four - CD Complete Anthology was released in the UK in September 2004 and in the US in January 2005 . It contains the five studio albums , the live album from Monterey , selections from their solo work , and rarities including their first sessions with Barry McGuire , all in `` uniformly excellent '' sound . A blogger on BBC Music called it `` a treasure chest of pop gold '' . In addition to the three documentaries ( Straight Shooter , California Dreamin ' and Here I Am ) , Doherty 's musical , and the memoirs by John , Michelle , and Mackenzie Phillips , the group is the subject of Doug Hall 's The Mamas and the Papas : California Dreamin ' ( 2000 ) and Matthew Greenwald 's Go Where You Wanna Go : The Oral History of the Mamas and the Papas ( 2002 ) . Cass Elliot is the subject of Jon Johnson 's Make Your Own Kind of Music : A Career Retrospective of Cass Elliot ( 1987 ) and Eddi Fiegel 's Dream a Little Dream of Me : The Life of Mama Cass Elliot ( 2005 ) . John Phillips ' estate has authorized Chris Campion to write a biography of the group 's leader , provisionally called Wolfking . Fox acquired the rights to make a film about the Mamas and the Papas in 2000 . It was reported in 2007 that `` The right script is in the process of being written . '' Peter Fitzpatrick 's stage musical , Flowerchildren : The Mamas and Papas Story , was produced by Magnormos in Melbourne , Australia , in 2011 and revived in 2013 . Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Mamas & the Papas discography Studio albums If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears ( 1966 ) The Mamas & the Papas ( 1966 ) The Mamas & The Papas Deliver ( 1967 ) The Papas & the Mamas ( 1968 ) People Like Us ( 1971 ) See also ( edit ) Book : The Mamas & the Papas Mama and papa References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Mamas and the Papas Biography '' . Rock Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 36 - The Rubberization of Soul : The great pop music renaissance . ( Part 2 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas and the Papas '' , Last.fm . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ M. Phillips 1986 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Greenwald 2002 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , pp. 37 ; 45 . Jump up ^ Greenwald 2002 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ M. Phillips 1986 , p. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Greenwald 2002 , pp. 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , pp. 168 -- 169 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , pp. 138 ; 142 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , pp. 164 ; 168 . Jump up ^ `` Biography : California Dreamin ' '' , Barry McGuire Website . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I Wanna Be a Star : The 45s '' , David Redd 's Mamas and Papas Pages . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : J. Phillips 1986 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Greenwald 2002 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ `` Does anyone here own the `` Go Where You Wanna Go '' 45 ( Dunhill 4018 ) ? '' Steve Hoffman Music Forums , 26 -- 27 July 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : M. Phillips 1986 , pp. 84 -- 87 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , pp. 140 -- 141 ; 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ M. Phillips 1986 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Doherty said , `` I wrote the tune . John Phillips wrote the lyric . '' See Dream a Little Dream ( the Nearly True Story of the Mamas and the Papas ) , Denny Doherty Website . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Phillips said he wrote everything , but gave Doherty a co-composer credit because he had inspired the song . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Greenwald 2002 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Hall 2000 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ M. Phillips 1986 , pp. 91 -- 100 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Gibson 's Vocals on the 2nd Mamas and Papas LP '' , Steve Hoffman Music Forums . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ M. Phillips 1986 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Bones Howe Interview Archived July 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wrecking Crew Website . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Spencer ( January 22 , 2007 ) . `` Denny Doherty : Genre - crossing Singer with the Mamas and the Papas '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Greenwald 2002 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ `` Dream a Little Dream '' , Denny Doherty Website . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Rock Family Trees , Season Two , Episode One : California Dreamin ' Archived June 16 , 2013 , at Archive.is , first broadcast on BBC 2 , September -- October 1998 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ M. Phillips 1986 , pp. 145 -- 146 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , pp. 172 , 192 , 215 . Jump up ^ Greenwald 2002 , pp. 217 - 220 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , pp. 237 - 238 ; 327 - 328 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , pp. 164 ; 189 . Jump up ^ Quoted in `` The Legacy of the Mamas and the Papas '' , Third Estate . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ `` The Ed Sullivan Show , September 24 , 1967 '' , TV.com . Jump up ^ Hall 2000 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ M. Phillips 1986 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Singer Cleared of Theft '' , The Times , October 7 , 1967 . Jump up ^ Harris Pickens Dawson III , b . 4 January 1943 , d . 16 August 1986 in Long Beach , Brunswick County , North Carolina ; see North Carolina , Deaths , 1931 - 1994 , at Family Search . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Dawson is routinely described by contemporaries as a drug dealer ; he was also briefly ( and wrongly ) suspected of involvement in the Manson murders . Fiegel says he was born in 1942 and that his middle name was Pickins , both of which details appear to be incorrect . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , pp. 241 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : J. Phillips 1986 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ M. Phillips 1986 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & the Papas -- Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ J. Philips 1986 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ The purchasing power conversion from 1970 to 2010 is based on the Consumer Price Index as calculated by Measuring Worth . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mamas , Papas , Minus Cass , Record Again '' . Billboard : 3 . April 12 , 1969 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ James Hunter , `` John Phillips ( John the Wolfking of L.A. ) '' , Rolling Stone , 2 November 2006 . Matthew Greenwald of Allmusic also gave the album four stars . See John Phillips , John Phillips ( John , The Wolf King of L.A. ) , Allmusic . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quoted in the television special Straight Shooter : The True Story of John Phillips and the Mamas and the Papas . Jump up ^ Brewster McLeod , IMDB . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Myra Breckenridge , IMDB . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Man Who Fell to Earth , IMDB . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Geneviève Waïte : Romance Is on the Rise , Discogs . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips 1986 , pp. 19 - 20 , 388 - 397 . Jump up ^ Page , Tim . `` The ' 60s Melody Man : John Phillips Made the Mamas and the Papas Sing '' , Washington Post , 20 March 2001 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Neil . `` John Phillips , 65 , a Papa of the 1960s Group , Dies '' , New York Times , March 19 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Phillips , John with Jim Jerome ( 1986 ) . Papa John : The Autobiography of John Phillips . New York : Doubleday . Jump up ^ The documentary was released as The Mamas and the Papas : Straight Shooter on VHS videocassette by Rhino Home Video in 1989 and on DVD by Standing Room Only in 2008 . Amazon . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cromelin , Richard . `` Obituaries : John Phillips -- Singer - Songwriter Led the Mamas and the Papas '' , Los Angeles Times , March 19 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy . `` New , Solo Album from the Late John Phillips Gets Released , at Last '' , Los Angeles Times , May 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Phillips 1986 , pp. 302 - 310 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Lee . `` John Phillips : Phillips 66 and Denny Doherty : Waiting for a Song '' , Goldmine , November 16 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Klein , Joshua . `` John Phillips : Jack of Diamonds `` , Pitchfork , 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Phillips forgetfully refers to the ( Jazz ) Crusaders as the `` Jazz Messengers '' ; see John Phillips , Papa John , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Parrish , Michael . `` John Phillips : Pussycat '' , Dirty Linen , March 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , Craig . `` Andy Warhol Presents Man on the Moon : The John Phillips Space Musical '' , Dirty Linen , March 2010 . Jump up ^ M. Phillips & Lifton 2009 , pp. 108 , 169 ; 186 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean . `` Daughter of the Mamas and the Papas ' John Phillips reveals incestuous affair '' , The Guardian , September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jennings , Nicholas . `` Blasts from the Past '' , Maclean 's , March 11 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Brian . `` Papa Denny and His Rock ' n ' Roll Adventure '' , Maclean 's , November 17 , 1997 . Jump up ^ McDonald , William . `` A Rock Music Papa Finds Calmer Waters As a Children 's Host '' , New York Times , January 30 , 2000 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2005 , pp. 103 ; 306 . Jump up ^ `` Papa , Tell Us Another One '' , Maclean 's , 9 July 2001 Jump up ^ Sisario , Ben . `` Denny Doherty , Mamas and Papas Singer , Is Dead at 66 '' , New York Times , 20 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Denny Doherty Discography '' , Mama Cass Elliot Pages . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mamas and Papas Member Denny Doherty '' , Washington Post , January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Here I Am : Denny Doherty and the Mamas and the Papas , Denny Doherty Website . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Here I Am : Denny Doherty and the Mamas and the Papas . IMDB . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michelle Phillips , IMDB . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michelle . California Dreamin ' : The True Story of the Mamas and the Papas ( New York : Warner Books , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Julia Cameron , `` Papa John by John Phillips with Jim Jerome and California Dreamin ' by Michelle Phillips , '' Los Angeles Times , 21 September 1986 . Jump up ^ `` California Dreamin ' : The Songs of the Mamas and the Papas '' , IMDB . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 388 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen . `` The Mamas and the Papas '' , New York Times , March 15 , 1982 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , pp. 403 - 414 , 422 . Jump up ^ M. Phillips & Liftin 2009 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ M. Phillips & Liftin 2009 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Laurie Beebe Lewis Website . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenwald 2002 , p. x . Jump up ^ J. Phillips 1986 , p. 413 . Jump up ^ Hall 2000 , pp. 187 - 189 . Jump up ^ The Mamas and the Papas : Dreamin ' Live , Allmusic . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Mamas and the Papas : Complete Anthology , Allmusic . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jaime Gill `` Mamas and the Papas Anthology Review '' , BBC Music , October 10 , 2004 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hall , Doug . The Mamas and the Papas : California Dreamin ' ( Kingston , Ontario : Quarry Music Books , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Matthew . Go Where You Wanna Go : The Oral History of the Mamas and the Papas ( New York : Cooper Square Press , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jon . Make Your Own Kind of Music : A Career Retrospective of Cass Elliot ( Hollywood , CA : Music Archives Press , 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Fiegel , Eddi . Dream a Little Dream of Me : The Life of Mama Cass Elliot ( London : Sidgwick & Jackson , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Rachel Deahl , `` Deals '' , Publishers Weekly , December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campion , Chris . `` King of the Wild Frontier '' , The Observer , March 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campion , Chris . `` John Phillips : A Lifetime of Debauched and Reckless Behaviour '' , The Daily Telegraph , September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael . `` Fox Rocks Mamas and Papas Pix '' , Daily Variety , August 22 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Weller , Sheila . `` California Dreamgirl '' , Vanity Fair , December 2007 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Flowerchildren Website . Archived July 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liversidge , Reuben . `` Flowerchildren : The Mamas and the Papas Story '' , Arts Hub , May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Sources : Hall , Doug ( 2000 ) . The Mamas and the Papas : California DreamIn ' . Kingston , Ontario : Quarry Music Books . ISBN 1 - 88052 - 216 - 0 . Greenwald , Matthew ( 2002 ) . Go Where You Wanna Go : The Oral History of the Mamas & the Papas . Cooper Square Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 815 - 41204 - 5 . Johnson , Jon ( 1987 ) . Make Your Own Kind of Music : A Career Retrospective of Cass Elliot . Hollywood , C.A. : Archives Press . ISBN 0 - 94084 - 901 - 1 . Fiegel , Eddie ( 2005 ) . Dream a Little Dream of Me : The Life of Mama Cass Elliot . London : Sidgwick & Jackson . ISBN 0 - 283 - 07331 - 4 . Blazek , Matthias ( 2014 ) . The Mamas and The Papas : Flower - Power - Ikonen , Psychedelika und sexuelle Revolution . Stuttgart : ibidem - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8382 - 0577 - 9 . Phillips , Mackenzie ; Liftin , Hilary ( 2009 ) . High on Arrival : A Memoir . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 439 - 15385 - 7 . Phillips , Michelle ( 1986 ) . California Dreamin ' : The True Story of the Mamas and the Papas . New York , NY : Warner Books . ISBN 0 - 44634 - 430 - 3 . Phillips , John ( 1986 ) . Papa John -- An Autobiography . Garden City , NY : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 0 - 44016 - 783 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Mamas & the Papasat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata Cass Elliot Website . Dream a Little Dream : The History of the Mamas and the Papas as Remembered by Denny Doherty . The John EA Phillips Appreciation Group on Facebook . Transcription of an Interview with Scott McKenzie and John Phillips . The Mamas & the Papas interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) The Mamas and the Papas Vocal Group Hall of Fame Page . Analysis of the lyrics of `` Creeque Alley '' . The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty Cass Elliot John Phillips Michelle Phillips Jill Gibson Studio albums If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears ( 1966 ) The Mamas & the Papas ( 1966 ) The Mamas & The Papas Deliver ( 1967 ) The Papas & The Mamas ( 1968 ) People Like Us ( 1971 ) Compilations Farewell to the First Golden Era ( 1967 ) Golden Era , Vol. 2 ( 1968 ) Hits of Gold ( 1969 ) 16 Greatest Hits ( 1969 ) 20 Golden Hits ( 1973 ) The Best Of ( 1982 ) Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) All the Leaves Are Brown ( 2001 ) Singles `` Go Where You Wanna Go '' ( 1965 ) `` California Dreamin ' '' ( 1965 ) `` Monday , Monday '' ( 1966 ) `` I Saw Her Again '' ( 1966 ) `` Words of Love '' ( 1966 ) `` Dancing in the Street '' ( 1966 ) `` Look Through My Window '' ( 1966 ) `` Dedicated to the One I Love '' ( 1967 ) `` Creeque Alley '' ( 1967 ) `` My Girl '' ( 1967 ) `` Glad to Be Unhappy '' ( 1967 ) `` Dancing Bear '' ( 1967 ) `` Twelve Thirty '' ( 1967 ) `` Safe in My Garden '' ( 1968 ) `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' ( 1968 ) `` For the Love of Ivy '' ( 1968 ) `` Do You Wanna Dance '' ( 1968 ) `` Step Out '' ( 1972 ) Related Chynna Phillips Mackenzie Phillips Bijou Phillips Wilson Phillips The Beach Boys Geneviève Waïte The Journeymen Book Cass Elliot Albums Dream a Little Dream Bubblegum , Lemonade , and ... Something for Mama Make Your Own Kind of Music Cass Elliot The Road Is No Place for a Lady Collaborations Dave Mason & Cass Elliot Compilations Mama 's Big Ones Live Do n't Call Me Mama Anymore Singles `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' `` California Earthquake '' `` Move in a Little Closer , Baby '' `` It 's Getting Better '' `` Make Your Own Kind of Music '' `` New World Coming '' `` One Way Ticket '' `` A Song That Never Comes '' `` The Good Times Are Coming '' `` Do n't Let the Good Life Pass You By '' `` Baby I 'm Yours '' `` That Song '' `` If You 're Gonna Break Another Heart '' `` Does Anybody Love You ? '' `` I Think a Lot About You '' Related articles The Mamas & the Papas Wilson Phillips Chynna Phillips Carnie Wilson Wendy Wilson Studio albums Wilson Phillips ( 1990 ) Shadows and Light ( 1992 ) California ( 2004 ) Christmas in Harmony ( 2010 ) Dedicated ( 2012 ) Compilation albums Greatest Hits ( 2000 ) Singles `` Hold On '' `` Release Me '' `` Impulsive '' `` You 're in Love '' `` The Dream Is Still Alive '' `` Daniel '' `` You Wo n't See Me Cry '' `` Give It Up '' `` Flesh and Blood '' `` Go Your Own Way '' `` Already Gone '' `` Get Together '' Related topics Hey Santa ! Naked and Sacred The Wilsons Christmas with Carnie Carnie Wilson : Unstapled Book Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 1998 Performers Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , Joe Walsh ) Fleetwood Mac ( Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , Jeremy Spencer ) The Mamas & the Papas ( Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , Michelle Phillips ) Lloyd Price Santana ( José Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , Michael Shrieve ) Gene Vincent Early influences Jelly Roll Morton Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Allen Toussaint BNF : cb139048140 ( data ) GND : 5534784 - 8 ISNI : 0000 0001 2289 7849 LCCN : n85213584 MusicBrainz : ff294730 - 0315 - 440d - a543 - 54005779c15b SUDOC : 081715757 VIAF : 229179345 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mamas_%26_the_Papas&oldid=854669352 '' Categories : The Mamas & the Papas Counterculture of the 1960s Dunhill Records artists Folk rock groups from California Grammy Award winners Musical groups from Los Angeles Psychedelic pop music groups Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Vocal quartets Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Use mdy dates from May 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 00 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the mamas & papas break up
[ "The success of \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" confirmed Elliot's desire to embark on a solo career, and by the end of 1968 it appeared that the group had split. Its chart performance had become increasingly erratic, with three of its last four singles failing on both sides of the Atlantic. As John Phillips recalled, \"Times had changed. The Beatles showed the way. Music itself was heading toward a technological and compositional complexity that would leave many of us behind. It was tough to keep up.\"[70] The group \"made it official\" at the beginning of 1969: \"Dunhill released us from our contracts and we were history, though we still owed the label another album.\"[71] Elliot (billed as Mama Cass) had released her solo debut Dream a Little Dream in 1968, Phillips released John Phillips (John, the Wolf King of L.A.) in 1970, and Denny Doherty followed with Watcha Gonna Do? in 1971.\n" ]
[ "beginning of 1969" ]
7685291543941675545
Captain America: The Winter Soldier
Captain America : the Winter Soldier - wikipedia Captain America : the Winter Soldier `` Captain America 2 '' and `` The Winter Soldier ( film ) '' redirect here . For the 1979 film , see Captain America II : Death Too Soon . For the 1972 documentary , see Winter Soldier ( film ) . 2014 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios Captain America : The Winter Soldier Theatrical release poster Directed by Anthony Russo Joe Russo Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely Based on Captain America by Joe Simon Jack Kirby Starring Chris Evans Scarlett Johansson Sebastian Stan Anthony Mackie Cobie Smulders Frank Grillo Emily VanCamp Hayley Atwell Robert Redford Samuel L. Jackson Music by Henry Jackman Cinematography Trent Opaloch Edited by Jeffrey Ford Matthew Schmidt Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) ( United States ) Running time 136 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $177 million Box office $714.3 million Captain America : The Winter Soldier is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger and the ninth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , with a screenplay by the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely . It stars Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America , alongside Scarlett Johansson , Sebastian Stan , Anthony Mackie , Cobie Smulders , Frank Grillo , Emily VanCamp , Hayley Atwell , Robert Redford , and Samuel L. Jackson . In Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Captain America , Black Widow , and Falcon join forces to uncover a conspiracy within S.H.I.E.L.D. while facing a mysterious assassin known as the Winter Soldier . A major influence in The Winter Soldier was conspiracy fiction from the 1970s such as Three Days of the Condor , with the script also drawing from the Winter Soldier story arc written by Ed Brubaker . The script was written in 2011 , with the Russo brothers entering negotiations to direct in June 2012 and casting beginning the following month . Principal photography commenced in April 2013 in Los Angeles , California before moving to Washington , D.C. and Cleveland , Ohio . While the directors aimed for more realism , with focus on practical effects and intense stunt work , 2,500 visual effects shots were done by six different companies . Captain America : The Winter Soldier premiered in Los Angeles on March 13 , 2014 , and was released in the United States on April 4 , 2014 , in 2D , 3D , and IMAX 3D . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing over $714 million worldwide , and making it the seventh highest - grossing film of 2014 . It also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects . A sequel titled Captain America : Civil War , also directed by the Russo brothers , was released on May 6 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Writing 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years after the Battle of New York , Steve Rogers works in Washington , D.C. for the espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. under Director Nick Fury , while adjusting to contemporary society . Rogers and Agent Natasha Romanoff are sent with S.H.I.E.L.D. 's counter-terrorism S.T.R.I.K.E. team , led by Agent Rumlow , to free hostages aboard a S.H.I.E.L.D. vessel from Georges Batroc and his mercenaries . Mid-mission , Rogers discovers Romanoff has another agenda : to extract data from the ship 's computers for Fury. Rogers returns to the Triskelion , S.H.I.E.L.D. 's headquarters , to confront Fury and is briefed about Project Insight : three Helicarriers linked to spy satellites , designed to preemptively eliminate threats . Unable to decrypt the data recovered by Romanoff , Fury becomes suspicious about Insight and asks senior S.H.I.E.L.D. official Alexander Pierce to delay the project . On his way to rendezvous with Maria Hill , Fury is ambushed by assailants led by a mysterious assassin called the Winter Soldier . Fury escapes to Rogers ' apartment , and warns Rogers that S.H.I.E.L.D. is compromised . Fury is gunned down by the Winter Soldier , before handing Rogers a flash drive containing data from the ship . Fury is pronounced dead during surgery , and Hill recovers the body . The next day , Pierce summons Rogers to the Triskelion . When Rogers withholds Fury 's information , Pierce brands him a fugitive . Hunted by S.T.R.I.K.E. , Rogers meets with Romanoff . Using data in the flash drive , they discover a secret S.H.I.E.L.D. bunker in New Jersey , where they activate a supercomputer containing the preserved consciousness of Arnim Zola . Zola reveals that ever since S.H.I.E.L.D. was founded after World War II , Hydra has secretly operated within its ranks , sowing global chaos with the objective of making humanity surrender its freedom in exchange for security . The pair narrowly escape death when a S.H.I.E.L.D. missile destroys the bunker , and realize that Pierce is Hydra 's leader within S.H.I.E.L.D. Rogers and Romanoff enlist the help of former USAF pararescueman Sam Wilson , whom Rogers befriended , and acquire his powered `` Falcon '' wingpack . Deducing that S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Jasper Sitwell is a Hydra mole , they force him to divulge that Zola developed a data - mining algorithm that can identify individuals becoming threats to Hydra . The Insight Helicarriers will sweep the globe , using satellite - guided guns to eliminate these individuals . Rogers , Romanoff , and Wilson are ambushed by the Winter Soldier , who kills Sitwell . During the fight , Rogers recognizes the Winter Soldier as Bucky Barnes , his childhood best friend who supposedly fell to his death on a mission , but actually was captured and experimented upon after WWII . Hill manages to extract the trio to a safehouse where Fury , who had faked his death , is waiting with plans to sabotage the Helicarriers by replacing their controller chips . After the World Security Council members arrive for the Helicarriers ' launch , Rogers broadcasts Hydra 's plot to everyone at the Triskelion . Romanoff , disguised as one of the Council members , disarms Pierce . Fury arrives and forces Pierce to unlock S.H.I.E.L.D. 's database so that Romanoff can leak classified information , exposing Hydra to the public . Following a struggle , Fury kills Pierce . Meanwhile , Rogers and Wilson storm two Helicarriers and replace the controller chips , but the Winter Soldier destroys Wilson 's suit and fights Rogers on the third . Rogers fends him off and replaces the final chip , allowing Hill to take control and have the vessels destroy each other . Rogers refuses to fight the Winter Soldier in an attempt to reach his friend , but as the ship collides with the Triskelion , Rogers is thrown out into the Potomac River . The Winter Soldier rescues the unconscious Rogers before disappearing into the woods . With S.H.I.E.L.D. in disarray , Romanoff appears before a Senate subcommittee and Fury , under the cover of his apparent death , heads to Eastern Europe in pursuit of Hydra 's remaining cells . Rogers and Wilson decide to find the Winter Soldier , while Rumlow , who was a double agent for Hydra , is hospitalized following the Triskelion 's destruction . In a mid-credits scene , Baron Wolfgang von Strucker , at a Hydra lab , proclaims that the `` age of miracles '' has begun as scientists examine an energy - filled scepter and two test subjects : one with superhuman speed , the other with telekinetic powers . In a post-credits scene , the Winter Soldier visits a Bucky memorial at the Smithsonian Institution . Cast ( edit ) The cast and crew of Captain America : The Winter Soldier at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . ( L-R : producer Kevin Feige , VanCamp , Mackie , Smulders , Jackson , Johansson , directors Anthony and Joe Russo , Evans , Grillo , Stan ) Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America : A World War II veteran who was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum , frozen in suspended animation , and is now struggling to adjust to the modern world . Describing his character 's adjustment to the modern world , Evans said , `` It 's not so much about his shock with ( technology ) ... It 's more about the societal differences . He 's gone from the ' 40s to today ; he comes from a world where people were a little more trusting , the threats not as deep . Now , it 's harder to tell who 's right and wrong . Actions you take to protect people from threats could compromise liberties and privacy . That 's tough for Steve to swallow . '' Evans trained in parkour , Brazilian jiu - jitsu , karate , boxing , kickboxing , and gymnastics , as the Russo brothers believed that bringing Rogers into the modern day also meant that he had studied and mastered modern fighting styles and techniques . The filmmakers also looked to make the character 's shield , which has traditionally been used for defense , a more offensive weapon . Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow : A highly trained spy working for S.H.I.E.L.D. , who partners with Rogers . Screenwriter Christopher Markus said that Black Widow was a `` great contrast '' to Captain America , describing her as `` incredibly modern , not very reverent , and just very straightforward whereas Steve is , you know a man from the 40s . He 's not a boy scout , but he is reserved and has a moral center , whereas her moral center moves . '' The Russos added , `` She 's a character who lies for a living . That 's what she does . He 's a character who tells the truth . Give them a problem and they 'll have different ways of approaching it . She 's pushing him to modernize , and he 's pushing her to add a certain level of integrity to her life . '' When asked about Romanoff 's relationship with Rogers , Johansson responded , `` By a series of unfortunate encounters , they will be in a situation in which their friendship becomes more intimate . They share many similarities because they live on the defensive without relying on anyone . Also , the two have been working for the government throughout their professional careers . With their friendship they begin to question what they want and what is their true identity . '' Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier : Steve Rogers ' best friend , who has re-emerged as an enhanced brainwashed assassin after being thought killed in action during World War II . About the character , Feige said , `` Winter Soldier has been methodically , almost robotically , following orders for 70 years . '' Stan said despite his nine - picture deal with Marvel Studios including his appearance in The First Avenger , he was not sure about an imminent return for Bucky , and only heard the sequel was named after the Winter Soldier through a friend attending San Diego Comic - Con . The actor endured five months of physical training to prepare for the role and did historical research stating , `` I dove into the whole Cold War thing . I looked at the KGB . I looked at all kinds of spy movies , and all kinds of documentaries about that time , and what it was about . I grabbed anything from that time period . Anything about brainwashing . '' Stan also practiced daily with the knife used by the Winter Soldier . Regarding Bucky 's transition into the Winter Soldier , Stan said , `` You know , the truth of the situation is although he looks very different and there 's different things about him , it still comes from the same person . I think you 'll get to see that no matter what . I think part of my goal here was to make sure that you see an extension of that version but just a different color of that same version in a way . I think he 's still the same guy ; he 's cut from the same cloth . '' Stan stated he felt the character 's introduction in The Winter Soldier was `` a preview of the guy , '' with more to the character being explored in the film 's sequel Captain America : Civil War . Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon : A former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack . About the role , Mackie said `` ( Wilson is ) a really smart guy who went through major military training and becomes a tactical leader . '' Remarking , `` He 's the first African - American superhero . It makes me feel all the work I 've done has been paying off . I have a son , nephews and nieces , and I love the idea that they can dress up as the Falcon on Halloween . They now have someone they can idolize . That 's a huge honor for me . '' Marvel , who cast Mackie because of his `` energy and sense of fun , '' did not let him read a script before signing on . Mackie spent five months doing two - a-day workouts and eating an 11,000 calorie per day diet to get into shape for the role . Commenting on Rogers ' relationship with Wilson , Evans said , `` Meeting Mackie 's character , he used to serve , now he works at the VA counseling guys who come home with PTSD -- they connect on that level . I think they 're both wounded warriors who do n't bleed on other people . Cap has no one to bleed on . I think Mackie knows how to handle people like that. ... Sometimes when things are bad , trusting a stranger is the way to go . '' Cobie Smulders as Maria Hill : A high - ranking S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who works closely with Nick Fury . Smulders said she performed some of her own stunts in the film , explaining , `` I try to do my own stunts whenever I can . You 're only allowed to do certain stunts . There is an amazing team of stunt people that do most of the work in this film . But , I studied a lot of tae kwon do . I also did a lot of training just with weapons because I 'm not very comfortable around guns . I had to get comfortable because that 's my character 's thing ... I like to get really physical so I feel empowered when I am on set and even though you do n't see it on screen , maybe I am taking people out that you do n't see off camera . '' Frank Grillo as Brock Rumlow : Commander of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's counter-terrorism S.T.R.I.K.E. team . About the character , Grillo said , `` He is a bad - ass guy . ( He ) pretty much beats the shit out of everyone in the movie and that 's really it . '' Regarding Rumlow 's alter ego , Grillo said , `` Very early on the Russos said , ' Look , this is an origin film for this character . We 're gon na discover who this is and this is a big movie with a lot of moving parts , but we 're gon na discover you in this film and , you know , here 's the information about who Brock Rumlow turns into and blah , blah , blah . ' And so we 've had multiple discussions about what comes after that , that thing . So , you know , it 's obvious Rumlow is covered in rubble and burned to crisp at the end , but you see he 's still there . They do n't do that for no reason . '' Emily VanCamp as Sharon Carter / Agent 13 : A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent assigned to guard Rogers without his knowledge . About the character , VanCamp said , `` I play Agent 13 / Sharon Carter which everyone knows but we do n't really touch on that in this film . We 're just sort of introducing her . When we first see her we realize she 's living next to Captain America ... they sort of have a little thing going on and as we all know in the comic books they had a love affair off and on for years . They had a very complicated relationship . It 's almost as if they are planting the seeds now . Sort of leaving room to go wherever they want to go with it . '' Regarding her casting , Joe Russo said , `` We wanted someone that Cap would have an immediate interest in . It had to be a strong - willed person , and we felt that Emily 's work on Revenge was a great test tube for what this character could be . She 's obviously very credible with physicality , she holds the screen really well , and she even looks like the character from the books . '' Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter : A retired officer with the Strategic Scientific Reserve and a co-founder of S.H.I.E.L.D. , who is a former love interest of Steve Rogers . On receiving the script , Atwell realized the character `` would be 96 , and I would be up to the eyeballs in prosthetics . '' The visual effects team was not satisfied with the initial make - up used to make Atwell look older , and eventually resorted to aging her through CGI methods . Robert Redford as Alexander Pierce : A senior leader within S.H.I.E.L.D. , a member of the World Security Council and an old comrade of Nick Fury . Redford was cast in part as an homage to his roles in 1970s thrillers such as Three Days of the Condor , and for what the directors described as `` an acting legend playing a villainous role '' akin to Henry Fonda in Once Upon a Time in the West . As to what attracted him to the film , Redford said it interested him by being different from his usual work , and that he `` wanted to experience this new form of filmmaking that 's taken over where you have kind of cartoon characters brought to life through high technology . '' Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury : The director of S.H.I.E.L.D. Regarding Fury 's questionable code of ethics , Jackson said , `` Almost everything that comes out of Nick Fury 's mouth is a lie in some sense . He has to ask , is he even lying to himself , too ? He has a very good idea of what 's going on but his paranoia keeps him from believing some of it . '' Jackson added , `` You see Nick Fury the office guy , him going about the day - to - day work of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the politics as opposed to that other stuff . It 's great to have him dealing with Captain America in terms of being able to speak to him soldier to soldier and try to explain to him how the world has changed in another way while he was frozen in time . Some of the people who used to be our enemies are now our allies -- him trying to figure out , ' Well , how do we trust those guys ? ' or ' How do we trust the guys that you did n't trust who do n't trust you ? ' And explaining to him that the black and white of good guys / bad guys has now turned into this gray area . '' McFeely said , `` Fury represents an obstacle for Steve in some ways . They do n't always agree on how S.H.I.E.L.D. ought to be used . '' The writers gave Fury a more prominent role in The Winter Soldier , since within a plot featuring S.H.I.E.L.D. being dismantled , Fury would `` take the brunt of it '' . They also intended on having a character that had so far been depicted as a self - assured man in charge being depicted as vulnerable , to enhance the sense of danger of the Hydra conspiracy . Additionally , Toby Jones , Maximiliano Hernández , and Garry Shandling reprise their roles from previous MCU films as Arnim Zola , Jasper Sitwell , and Senator Stern , respectively . Georges St - Pierre plays Georges Batroc , a mercenary and a master of the French form of kickboxing known as savate . Callan Mulvey plays Jack Rollins , a member of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's S.T.R.I.K.E. unit . Chin Han , Jenny Agutter ( who previously appeared in The Avengers ) , Alan Dale , and Bernard White appear as members of the World Security Council . Comedic actors Danny Pudi and DC Pierson have small roles as a S.H.I.E.L.D. technician and an Apple Store employee , respectively . Gary Sinise narrates a Captain America - themed Smithsonian Institution exhibit , and Stan Lee cameos as a security guard there . Winter Soldier creator Ed Brubaker makes a cameo as a scientist working on the Winter Soldier . Co-director Joe Russo cameos as a doctor , and Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely cameo as two S.H.I.E.L.D. interrogators . Thomas Kretschmann , Henry Goodman , Elizabeth Olsen and Aaron Taylor - Johnson appear , uncredited , as Baron Wolfgang von Strucker , Dr. List , the Scarlet Witch , and Quicksilver , respectively , in the mid-credits scene . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) We hired our directors on Cap because they loved our explanation that we really want to make a ' 70s political thriller masquerading as a big superhero movie . Just like with the first film -- we got Joe Johnston because we said , `` We want to do a ' 40s World War II movie masquerading as a big superhero movie . '' I love that we 're doing a sequel to a film that 's a completely different genre than the first film . I think that 's fun . And the comics do it all the time . -- Kevin Feige , producer of Captain America : The Winter Soldier In April 2011 , before Captain America : The First Avenger was released in theaters , screenwriters Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely announced that Marvel had already hired the duo to work on the film 's sequel . In September 2011 , Chris Evans said that a sequel may not be released until 2014 . In January 2012 , Neal McDonough , who played Dum Dum Dugan in Captain America : The First Avenger , mentioned that a sequel would likely be filmed after the completion of Thor : The Dark World , which would likely have been before the end of 2012 . By March 2012 , Marvel whittled down the possible directors for the sequel to three candidates : George Nolfi , F. Gary Gray , and brothers Anthony and Joseph Russo . Walt Disney Studios announced the planned release of the sequel to Captain America : The First Avenger on April 4 , 2014 . Disney stated , `` The second installment will pick - up where ... The Avengers leaves off , as Steve Rogers continues his affiliation with Nick Fury and S.H.I.E.L.D. and struggles to embrace his role in the modern world . '' Markus later elaborated , `` I think S.H.I.E.L.D. is the water ( Rogers is ) swimming in . It 's definitely a Captain America movie . You know , if the first movie was a movie about the US Army , then this is a movie about S.H.I.E.L.D. ... You will learn about S.H.I.E.L.D. You will learn about where it came from and where it 's going and some of the cool things they have . '' In April , F. Gary Gray withdrew his name from consideration , choosing instead to direct the N.W.A biographical film Straight Outta Compton . Writing ( edit ) McFeely said the writing process began in the middle of 2011 , around the release of The First Avenger , with him and Markus `` noodling on in hopes that there would be a second one and we did a lot of just throwing stuff at the wall and seeing what stuck '' . The first few months of writing were a back and forth process with Marvel , but after an outline was finished , the story did not change much . They opted to set the story in the present day , and , after `` experimenting with flashback elements for more period World War II stuff '' , decided to abandon the flashbacks as `` it became unwieldy . '' The film would be `` Cap versus the world we all live in today '' , while averting excessive comedy regarding the hero 's time displacement , as Markus considered the Captain `` the most adaptive man on the planet . '' The tone would be more grounded in reality despite the advanced technology to contrast the fantasy elements from both the first Captain America and The Avengers . Despite that , the comic book origins guaranteed that the film would not have verisimilitude . This still proved a challenge in the reveal of Arnim Zola , that had to be extensively rewritten to convey how `` this grounded espionage paranoid thriller suddenly screeches to a halt and you switch gears really quickly with this ghost in the machine '' that introduces more science fiction elements . Markus and McFeely wanted to adapt Ed Brubaker 's Winter Soldier storyline from the comics , which they described as `` the tone of Cap 's modern franchise '' , but it took the duo six months to convince themselves that they could do it . In the meantime , while thinking how to progress from the war film tone of The First Avenger , the writers settled on the conspiracy genre for the screenplay , and cited Three Days of the Condor , The Parallax View , and Marathon Man as influences , feeling it better conveyed Captain America 's trust issues and contrasting values in the new world he was living in , with Markus saying , `` If you put that 1940s man into present day geo - politics everything is going to seem like a conspiracy . It 's just going to seem dirty and underhanded and shifty , and people wo n't be telling the truth . '' Three Days of the Condor in particular was used as the main source of the script structure , following the idea that the protagonist is being chased by a threat they , along with the audience , only discover halfway through the film . The writers felt this approach was similar to how Stan Lee reinvented Captain America in the 1960s and 1970s , with `` the Captain dealing with all sorts of the same things that the country ( was ) dealing with -- Vietnam , Watergate and all that stuff -- so he gets to have opinions on that '' , thus making the `` guy who is ostensibly from the more black and white 1940s react to this ultimately grey world that we live in . '' Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige described the film as a political thriller , and as the duo struggled to figure out a third act , Feige suggested that S.H.I.E.L.D. be brought down and have Captain America fight the agency . The writers thought this was a great story point , for implementing `` the physical manifestation of Cap changing the world . '' Markus even noted how the 1970s comics had similar conspiracies . The Hydra reveal made sure to include returning characters among the undercover villains , as well as references to the comics such as Arnim Zola being kept alive as a machine . Feige later elaborated on the political thriller nature of the film saying , In our attempt to make all of our films feel unique and feel different we found ourselves going back to things like ( Three Days of the Condor ) . Also the other political thrillers of the ' 70s : The Parallax View , All the President 's Men . This was a time that Cap existed in the comics . He found himself in the swinging ' 60s followed by the Watergate Era followed by the Reagan Era followed by where we are today . In the comics it was a hell of a journey for Steve . And we could n't take him through those years because in our cinematic universe he was asleep . But we wanted to force him to confront that kind of moral conundrum , something with that ' 70s flavor . And in our film that takes the form of S.H.I.E.L.D. Feige stated that Steve Rogers would be paired with other characters from The Avengers like Black Widow and Nick Fury , because unlike Tony Stark and Thor , who could return to their own supporting casts , Rogers had nowhere else to go , `` and it just made sense that he was the one that stayed with what remains of the Avengers at the end of the film . '' The writers considered including Hawkeye , but `` he did n't have enough to do and suddenly it seemed like we were giving him short shrift '' , leading all of his parts to be fulfilled by Black Widow , and Joe Russo added that Jeremy Renner 's schedule could not be worked out for him to appear . As to why the Red Skull from The First Avenger did not appear in The Winter Soldier , Joe Russo explained , `` I know we have a guy in a computer , but the tone we were chasing was sort of that conspiracy thriller . And we wanted to try and ground the movie as much as we could . And Red Skull , he 's a fantastical character and did n't necessarily fit for Cap 2 and especially because it was about the fall of S.H.I.E.L.D. Certainly Hydra exists and that 's his legacy , but there 's something interesting about the fact that his legacy outlived the skull . And they 're still dealing with the demons of it , but not necessarily him . '' Chris McKenna , who worked with the Russo brothers on the sitcom Community , contributed to the script by writing jokes for the film . Pre-production ( edit ) It 's hard to make a political film that 's not topical . That 's what makes a political thriller different from just a thriller . And that 's what adds to the characters ' paranoia and the audience 's experience of that paranoia . But we 're also very pop - culture - obsessed and we love topicality , so we kept pushing to ( have ) scenes that , fortunately or unfortunately , played out ( during the time that Edward ) Snowden outed the NSA . That stuff was already in the zeitgeist . We were all reading the articles that were coming out questioning drone strikes , pre-emptive strikes , civil liberties -- ( Barack ) Obama talking about who they would kill ... We wanted to put all of that into the film because it would be a contrast to ( Captain America ) 's greatest - generation ( way of thinking ) . -- Anthony Russo , co-director of Captain America : The Winter Soldier By June 2012 , the Russo brothers entered negotiations to direct the sequel , and Samuel L. Jackson was confirmed to return as S.H.I.E.L.D. leader Nick Fury . Feige sought out the Russos after watching the genre - parodying season 2 finale of Community which they directed , and for the additional ideas they brought to the initial story pitch . Joe Russo detailed that since the intent was for a political thriller , `` all the great political thrillers have very current issues in them that reflect the anxiety of the audience . '' Thus the brothers opted to include references to drone warfare , targeted killing and global surveillance . Joe even noted how during principal photography , the issues became more topical due to the disclosure of several National Security Agency surveillance - related documents . At the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International , it was announced that the official title for the sequel was Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and that the Russo brothers would direct the film . After signing on to direct , the Russo brothers met with Ed Brubaker to learn more about where the Winter Soldier character came from , his thinking and the themes behind the character . In July 2012 , Anthony Mackie entered negotiations to star as Falcon alongside Chris Evans in the sequel . Sebastian Stan was also confirmed to be reprising his role as James Barnes . By August 2012 , Anna Kendrick , Felicity Jones , and Imogen Poots were being considered front - runners for a leading role in the film . In September 2012 , Chris Evans stated that filming would begin in March 2013 . Evans also stated that Rogers ' adjustment to the modern world , which was originally set to be included in The Avengers , would be better suited for Captain America : The Winter Soldier . At the end of the month , The Greater Cleveland Film Commission announced that Captain America : The Winter Soldier would film in Cleveland , Ohio after the production was approved for a $9.5 million tax credit . Producer Nate Moore said that after also serving as a location in The Avengers , Cleveland 's government was helpful in providing large locations for filming , which `` provided production value which we probably could not have built in a backlot . '' McFeely joked that while writing ambitious action scenes `` I did not realize a great American metropolis would say ' Sure , shut down three miles of freeway and go to town ' . '' Portions of the film were also scheduled to be shot in California and Washington , D.C. By October , Emilia Clarke , Jessica Brown Findlay , Teresa Palmer , Imogen Poots , and Alison Brie were being considered for Rogers ' love interest in the film , and Scarlett Johansson was brought back to reprise her role as Black Widow . Later in the month , Frank Grillo was testing for the role of the villain Crossbones in the film , and by the end of the month , Grillo closed a deal to portray the character and Cobie Smulders signed on to reprise her role as Maria Hill from The Avengers . In January 2013 , Hayley Atwell , who played Peggy Carter in Captain America : The First Avenger , said that she would not appear in the sequel . However Stanley Tucci , who played Dr. Abraham Erskine in the previous film , later said that Atwell would reappear in a flashback scene . Also in January , Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D , and Anthony Mackie said filming would begin on April 1 , 2013 . Later that month , Toby Jones , who portrayed Arnim Zola in the first film , said that he would reprise the role in the sequel . By the end of the month , stages were being built for a shoot at Raleigh Manhattan Beach Studios in Los Angeles . In February 2013 , Emily VanCamp entered negotiations to play a female lead in the film . By March 2013 , Maximiliano Hernández was signed to reprise his role as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Jasper Sitwell from Thor and The Avengers and Robert Redford entered in talks to join the cast , as a high - ranking member of S.H.I.E.L.D , which he later confirmed . Toward the end of March , UFC fighter Georges St - Pierre was cast as a character based on the comics ' Batroc the Leaper in the film . Captain America 's uniform was altered from the ones seen in previous films , with a Kevlar - based ballistic component that would protect Captain America but at the same time function like a military uniform . Joe Russo said , `` We wanted to use his Super Soldier outfit from the ( Steve Rogers : Super Soldier series ) as a way to represent , thematically , his place in the world of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the difference between working for S.H.I.E.L.D. and being Captain America . '' For the Falcon costume , the filmmakers were interested in adding more of a tactical design than was represented in the comic books , by including real - world webbing , straps and gear and stripping away the more comic book elements . Filming ( edit ) Film set for Captain America : The Winter Soldier on the National Mall . Principal photography began on April 1 , 2013 , at the Raleigh Manhattan Beach Studios in Los Angeles , under the working title Freezer Burn . Scenes taking place on the Lemurian Star were filmed on the Sea Launch Commander , docked in Long Beach , California . In early May , Dominic Cooper confirmed he would return as Howard Stark . On May 14 , 2013 , production moved to Washington , D.C. with filming taking place at the National Mall and the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge . The following day , Garry Shandling was spotted on set reprising his Iron Man 2 role of Senator Stern . Other filming locations in Washington , D.C. included the Willard Hotel and Dupont Circle . Filming in Cleveland began on May 17 and was scheduled to last until mid-June with locations scheduled on the West Shoreway , the Southerly Wastewater Treatment Plant in Cuyahoga Heights and the Lakeview Cemetery Dam . Cleveland was chosen as a stand - in for Washington , D.C , with the city 's East 6th Street doubling as 7th and D Streets in Southwest D.C. Other locations in Cleveland included the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland , the Cleveland Public Library , Cleveland State University , the Cleveland Arcade , Tower City Center , the Cleveland Museum of Art , and the Western Reserve Historical Society . Interior shots were also filmed inside private homes and the Pilgrim Congregational Church in Tremont . Filming in Cleveland concluded on June 27 , 2013 . Trent Opaloch , best known for his work on District 9 and Elysium , was brought in as the director of photography . Opaloch stated that while attempting to emulate the 1970s thrillers that served as inspiration for the writers and directors , the staging and lighting tried to bring realism through `` classic framing and naturalistic lighting '' , and the filming was done with hand - held cameras . To achieve this , Opaloch used Arri Alexa Plus 4 : 3 cameras with Panavision anamorphic lenses and Codex Digital recorders . Stunt work aimed for realistic action , prioritizing practical effects . The fight scenes were staged for months , with a choreography that aimed to highlight Captain America 's superhuman qualities , and `` move away from impressionistic action into specificity '' : the raid on the S.H.I.E.L.D. vessel had stealthiness as the Captain knocked out enemies to avert detection , and the freeway fight with Winter Soldier was more `` last minute '' to highlight the characters ' struggle to survive . In contrast to the quick editing and moving cameras of modern action films , The Winter Soldier aimed to feature longer action scenes that felt more visceral and dangerous . The Russos mentioned the bank robbing scene of Heat as a major influence , which they described as `` the most intense eight minutes of filmmaking I 've seen in a movie theater '' , and action scenes directed by Brian De Palma , such as the vault heist in Mission : Impossible , where `` very likable characters are put in impossible situations that the audience is put on the edge on how they 'd escape '' . Examples of these types of scenes include the ambushes on Nick Fury in the street and Captain America in the elevator . Post-production ( edit ) Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter before ( top ) and after ( bottom ) she was digitally altered to appear older in the film . Additional photography was filmed in December 2013 and January 2014 , in order for the Russos to accurately show the state of each character after the defeat of S.H.I.E.L.D. , having read the script of Avengers : Age of Ultron to guide their choices . Joss Whedon , director of The Avengers and Avengers : Age of Ultron , wrote and directed the mid-credits scene , which featured Quicksilver , the Scarlet Witch , and Baron Wolfgang von Strucker . The title sequences were created by design firm Sarofsky , who had worked with the Russos since Community . Sarofsky collaborated with comic book artist David W. Mack on the sequences . Anthony Mackie said the Russo brothers relied on minimal use of computer - generated imagery , stating , `` The Russos , what they did that was so great was , they wanted to stay with live action , which is a dying art form . If they can build it , they built it . If we could do it , we did it . They wanted to do as little CGI as possible . That 's why the movie looks so great . '' Nevertheless , six special effects companies are involved in creating the visual effects of the film , including Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , Scanline VFX , Lola VFX , Luma Pictures , Whiskytree and The Embassy , with previsualization completed by Proof . The film contained 2,500 visual effects shots , with 900 worked on by ILM . The film featured extensive use of digital doubles . Russell Earl , ILM visual effects supervisor , said , `` The character that we did the most work on was Falcon . We knew we were going to do CG wings . We also did some shots with wires and some with stunt doubles and head replacement . And we needed a very good digital double . '' Lola VFX , who worked on the pre-serum Steve Rogers scenes in this film and Captain America : The First Avenger , also worked on shots featuring an elderly Peggy Carter . This involved digitally transposing the facial features of an elderly actress onto the face of actress Hayley Atwell who had performed her lines with no make - up and only a few tracking markers . The Helicarriers in the film were completely digital . Earl said , `` In ( The Avengers ) it was more like an aircraft carrier , now it 's an aircraft carrier with the addition of battle ship - sized guns . We were all over the carriers ( with the virtual camera ) . We were on the decks ; we were flying next to them . We had a lot of close ups and different angles . And we did n't just have one ; we had three . On top of that , we had to destroy them all . '' This CGI environment was also used in close ups . Earl said , `` The challenge was to get in all of the detail to make it feel like it is a real , working ship . We created details down to the railings and all the human - scale stuff ... For the shots in which we were destroying them , we had to have the internals as well -- the hallways , the storage areas . '' Many of the shots of Washington , D.C. were digitally created due to numerous flight restrictions in the city which necessitated that locations be recreated by computer . However , aerial footage of the city was filmed and used for live action plate photography for shots involving the Triskelion , which is located on Theodore Roosevelt Island on the Potomac River . 350 different versions of the film were made , to accommodate for the different formats it would be released in domestically , while also accounting for international localization and formats . The versions had to be completed in 17 days , versus a normal turnaround time of three to four weeks for contemporary films , to make its theatrical release date . One of the various changes for localization was the contents of Captain America 's notebook list seen at the beginning of the film . The first five items were different depending on where the film was released , while the final five items were the same across all prints . Marvel held online polls allowing fans to select the items featured in each country 's release . Music ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( soundtrack ) In June 2013 , Henry Jackman announced that he would compose the film 's score . About the score Jackman said , `` ... it 's 50 % production and all the tricks I 've learnt from spending years in the record industry but then it 's also got the kind of injection of symphonic , thematic , heroic music that all kind of merges into one musical , and hopefully coherent piece '' . A soundtrack album was released by Hollywood Records on April 1 , 2014 . Release ( edit ) Chris Evans at the Paris premiere of Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released in 32 markets on March 26 , 2014 and in North America on April 4 , 2014 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . The film debuted on 668 IMAX screens worldwide , a record for films releasing in April . The world premiere took place on March 13 , 2014 at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California . The Paris premiere occurred on March 17 at Le Grand Rex , the London premiere took place on March 20 at Westfield London , the Beijing premiere took place on March 24 and the Cleveland premiere took place on April 1 . Chris Evans and Scarlett Johansson auctioned off passes to one of the premieres for charity . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2013 , Marvel Studios released a teaser poster depicting a damaged and discolored Captain America shield . The Los Angeles Times said , `` the image suggests that ( Captain America ) might see some serious battle in the sequel '' while Rolling Stone said , `` the image hints at darker themes in the sequel '' . Later that month , Marvel Studios head and producer Kevin Feige , directors Joe and Anthony Russo , and cast members Chris Evans , Scarlett Johansson , Samuel L. Jackson , Sebastian Stan , Anthony Mackie , Cobie Smulders , Emily VanCamp , and Frank Grillo held a panel at 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International and presented footage from the film . In addition , Marvel had booths depicting a Smithsonian - type exhibit showing Captain America and the Howling Commandos from Captain America : The First Avenger . At the end of the month , audiences were shown a glimpse of the film along with some of Marvel 's other Phase Two slate of films at Disney XD 's Disney Fandom event . In August 2013 , Feige , Evans , Stan , and Mackie presented a clip of the film at Disney 's D23 Expo . In September 2013 , Marvel announced that it is again partnering with Harley - Davidson , continuing their relationship from Captain America : The First Avenger , with Captain America riding the company 's Softail Breakout motorcycle in the film . Jackson , Johansson , Evans , and the Russo brothers promoting the film in Paris in March 2014 . In October 2013 , Marvel released the first trailer for Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The Hollywood Reporter said , `` it looks like it 'll live up to the ' political thriller ' that 's been promised for months now . '' The Los Angeles Times said , `` ( the ) trailer runs 21⁄2 minutes and teases plenty of action , conspiracy and clever banter between Captain America and his S.H.I.E.L.D. colleagues , with a smattering of the previously released Comic - Con International and D23 footage . '' The Los Angeles Times also noted that the day before the release of the trailer , the studio released `` a teaser for a trailer . '' The trailer received 23.5 million views in the 24 hours after its release . In November 2013 , Jed Whedon , the co-creator of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , said that there are plans to reference events from the film into the show , stating , `` Nick Fury is in ( Captain America : The Winter Soldier ) , and S.H.I.E.L.D. makes an appearance , so we will definitely try to tee - up some stuff and probably play a little bit of the fallout from that film . '' In January 2014 , Disney announced that in honor of the film , Captain America would be making appearances at Disneyland . The meet and greet experience opened March 7 , 2014 and is called Captain America : The Living Legend and Symbol of Courage , located at Innoventions in Tomorrowland . Also in January , Marvel Comics released a prelude digital comic titled , Marvel 's Captain America : The Winter Soldier Infinite Comic , written by Peter David , with art by Rock - He Kim . The comic sees the return of the `` Zodiac '' , the mysterious weapon first seen in the One - Shot Agent Carter , which has fallen into the wrong hands . Captain America , Black Widow , and Rumlow must track the weapon down and put it back in S.H.I.E.L.D. protection . The first televised advertisement for Captain America : The Winter Soldier aired during Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2 , 2014 . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Disney paid over $4 million per 30 - second spot . The Los Angeles Times said , `` The clip promoting the April 4 release had a recognizably melancholy tone as Chris Evans ' patriotic hero grapples with the moral ambiguities of the modern age . '' Also in February , Gameloft announced that a mobile video game , titled Captain America : The Winter Soldier -- The Official Game , would be released in conjunction with the release of the film in late March 2014 for iOS and Android platforms . A few days later General Motors announced that Chevrolet partnered with Marvel Entertainment and provided a specially designed Corvette Stingray C7 for use by the Black Widow in the film . The vehicle debuted at the 2014 Chicago Auto Show , where fans received limited - edition Captain America comic books . Evans was named the grand marshal of the 2014 Daytona 500 to promote the film 's release . Later in the month , a 30 - second television spot received `` a lot of attention on social media '' for a line featured in the clip . The line , which was said by Captain America , suggests that Nick Fury would die in the film . The Hollywood Reporter noted that it all seemed `` a bit too obvious '' , noting the fact that Jackson , who plays Fury , is reprising the role in Avengers : Age of Ultron , although pointing out that it could be in a postmortem flashback appearance . In March 2014 , Marvel released the Captain America Experience app , that allowed fans to capture a pictures of themselves with Captain America , and let them share it on Instagram and Twitter using specific hashtags to unlock 10 early screenings of the film across the United States , which took place on March 20 . On March 18 , ABC aired a one - hour television special titled , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Captain America : The Winter Soldier . On April 1 , 2014 , Evans and Stan rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange in honor of the film 's theatrical release . Jackson appeared in advertisements for Sky Broadband . Home media ( edit ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment for digital download on August 19 , 2014 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and DVD on September 9 , 2014 . The physical media releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , and a blooper reel . The film was also collected in a 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier earned $259.8 million in North America and $454.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $714.3 million . It became the seventh - highest - grossing film of 2014 worldwide . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit for the film to be $166.2 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it ninth on their list of 2014 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . Captain America : The Winter Soldier made $10.2 million in Thursday night showings , more than double the midnight gross of its predecessor . It set an April single - day ( $36.9 million ) and April opening - weekend record ( $95.0 million ) , while its opening weekend was a 46 % increase over its predecessor . The film held the number one spot at the box office for three consecutive weekends , before being overtaken by The Other Woman in its fourth weekend . It achieved the largest total gross among films released in the month of April . At the end of its theatrical run , the film became the fourth highest - grossing film of 2014 behind American Sniper , The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 1 , and Guardians of the Galaxy . Captain America : The Winter Soldier topped the box office on its opening weekend with $75.2 million from 32 overseas markets . The film debuted at number one in many territories , including Australia , China , and Russia and set a 3 - day opening - weekend record in China among Disney films , with $38.81 million . It topped the box office outside North America on two consecutive weekends , followed by two weeks in second , behind Rio 2 . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 89 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 based on 274 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Suspenseful and politically astute , Captain America : The Winter Soldier is a superior entry in the Avengers canon and is sure to thrill Marvel diehards . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 70 out of 100 based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore audiences gave Captain America : The Winter Soldier an `` A '' grade rating on an A+ to F scale . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said the film `` takes the bold ( for Marvel ) step of reducing CGI spectacle to a relative minimum in favor of reviving the pleasures of hard - driving old - school action , surprising character development and intriguing suspense . '' Scott Foundas of Variety said it is `` chockfull of the breathless cliffhangers dictated by the genre , but equally rich in the quiet , tender character moments that made the first film unique among recent Marvel fare . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said , `` While not on a par with The Avengers or the first and third Iron Man movies , this is another rock - solid chapter in the big - screen story of Marvel . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly noted the topicality of the film , stating , `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier is the first superhero film since the terrorist - inflected The Dark Knight that plugs you right into what 's happening now . '' Ty Burr of The Boston Globe said the film `` delivers all the 3D CGI mayhem audiences have come to expect from the Marvel entertainment juggernaut , but there 's darkness and confusion just under its comic - book surface . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal said , `` What makes The Winter Soldier so enjoyable , and what will make it so profitable , is its emotional bandwidth -- all the vivid , nuanced life lived by its characters in between their frenzied escapades , '' and felt it fixed all the shortcomings of The First Avenger `` and then some '' . Conversely , Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` ( Captain America : The Winter Soldier ) is everything a big budget superhero film should be -- except inspired . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said , `` Like many others of its type , ( Captain America : The Winter Soldier ) gets off to a kinetic start only to lose steam before blowing everything up . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph said , `` You ca n't help but feel disappointment that a film with a relatively spicy premise becomes , in the end , so risk - averse . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said the film `` has the usual overlong running time ( for the comic book superhero genre ) , the halfhearted feints in the direction of human feeling and the obligatory action sequences that are big without being either exciting or particularly legible . '' Joe Williams of the St. Louis Post Dispatch felt `` On paper this sequel has some promising elements , but on screen it retreats from the very issues that it raises , and on a shelf next to Captain America : The First Avenger , The Winter Soldier is pale . '' Jake Coyle of the Associated Press said the film 's biggest misstep was the handling of Stan 's Winter Soldier , and that it was `` getting difficult to tell the Marvel movies apart '' . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2014 Golden Trailer Awards Best Action Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated Best Action TV Spot Captain America : The Winter Soldier Won Best Music TV Spot Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Chris Evans Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Scarlett Johansson Nominated Choice Movie : Chemistry Chris Evans and Anthony Mackie Nominated Choice Movie : Liplock Chris Evans and Scarlett Johansson Nominated Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Anthony Mackie Nominated Young Hollywood Awards Super Superhero Chris Evans Nominated Washington D.C. Film Critics Awards The Joe Barber Award for Best Portrayal of Washington , D.C. Captain America : The Winter Soldier Won 2015 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Action Movie Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated Best Actor in an Action Movie Chris Evans Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Favorite Movie Duo Chris Evans and Scarlett Johansson Nominated Favorite Action Movie Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actor Chris Evans Won Favorite Action Movie Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Dan DeLeeuw , Russell Earl , Bryan Grill and Dan Sudick Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards Best Production Design for a Fantasy Film Peter Wenham Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated Best Director Joe Russo and Anthony Russo Nominated Best Writing Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Nominated Best Actor Chris Evans Nominated Best Supporting Actor Anthony Mackie Nominated Samuel L. Jackson Nominated Best Supporting Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Best Music Henry Jackman Nominated Best Editing Jeffrey Ford and Matthew Schmidt Nominated Best Production Design Peter Wenham Nominated Best Special Effects Dan DeLeeuw , Russell Earl , Bryan Grill , and Dan Sudick Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Created Environment in a Photoreal / Live Action Feature Motion Picture Johan Thorngren , Greg Kegel , Quentin Marmier , Luis Calero for `` Triskelion '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal / Live Action Feature Motion Picture Dan Pearson , Sheldon Serrao , Jose Burgos , Eric Jennings for `` Helicarrier broadside and crash '' Nominated Empire Awards Best Thriller Captain America : The Winter Soldier Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Fight Chris Evans vs. Sebastian Stan Nominated Best Kiss Scarlett Johansson and Chris Evans Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : Civil War Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America : Civil War was released on May 6 , 2016 , and again is directed by the Russo brothers . Evans , Johansson , Stan , Mackie , VanCamp and Grillo reprise their roles from The Winter Soldier and they are joined by Robert Downey , Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man , Paul Bettany as Vision , Jeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye , Don Cheadle as James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes / War Machine , Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch , Paul Rudd as Scott Lang / Ant - Man , and William Hurt as Thaddeus `` Thunderbolt '' Ross , all reprising roles from previous MCU films . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring surveillance List of films featuring drones Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2012 film The Avengers . Jump up ^ Kevin Feige confirmed that the scepter seen at the end of the film is the scepter used by Loki in The Avengers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2014 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 17 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Takes Place Two Years After ' The Avengers ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Feige Interview : Captain America , The Avengers 2 and Doctor Strange '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Toro , Gabe ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Chris Evans Says ' Captain America ' Sequel Might Not Arrive Until 2014 '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Russ ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Panel Recap : Falcon Flies , Cap Fights the Modern World ( Comic Con 2013 ) '' . / Film.com . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Character Bios , Fun Facts ( Minor Spoilers ) '' . Stitch Kingdom . February 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Five Actresses Testing For ' Captain America 2 ' Role ; Black Widow Might Drop By As Well '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely Talk Captain America 2 and Thor 2 ; Reveal Cap 2 Has Faster Pace & Fewer Flashbacks Than Initially Planned '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Winter Soldier : Has America Changed Too Much for Captain America ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ; Riefe , Jordan ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Scarlett Johansson Dishes on ' Top Chef ' and Porn '' . Refinery29.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Mackie mulls Falcon in ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` With ' Thor ' sequel , a dark age of Marvel villains is upon us '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McLauchlin , Jim ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier 's Sebastian Stan & His 9 Picture Deal '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` 40 Things I Learned on the ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Set '' . / Film.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Sebastian Stan Talks Captain American : The Winter Soldier '' . MovieWeb.com . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : On The Frontline : An Inside Look At Captain America 's Battlegrounds ( Featurette ) . Captain America : The Winter Soldier Blu - Ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2014 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( March 9 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America 2 : Sebastian Stan Talks About The Future of ' The Winter Soldier ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' : Sebastian Stan Talks Winter Soldier , Returns Fire at Zack Snyder '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : Anthony Mackie eager for the Falcon to take wing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beale , Lewis ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Hurt Locker 's Anthony Mackie in ' 10 Years ' '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Actor Anthony Mackie Has n't Seen His Falcon Costume Yet '' . MTV Splash Page . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Anthony Mackie Talks Captain America , Praises Channing Tatum 's Butt '' . New York Vulture Blog . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America ' : Chris Evans fights evil , and the present , in ' Winter Soldier ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Frank Grillo to play Crossbones in ' Captain America ' sequel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Couric , Katie ( April 3 , 2014 ) . Cobie Smulders on New ' Captain America ' . Katie ( video ) . YouTube . Event occurs at 1 : 25 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel : D23 debuts new scenes for ' Thor ' and ' Captain America ' sequels '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Outlaw , Kofi . `` ' Captain America : Winter Soldier ' Comic - Con Interview : Falcon , Crossbones & Agent 13 '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( June 14 , 2014 ) . `` Frank Grillo Talks KINGDOM , His Involvement in THE RAID Remake , the Potential for More Rumlow / Crossbones in CAPTAIN AMERICA 3 , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` SDCC ' 13 : Marvel Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron , Guardians Cast , More '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dennis , Carina ( September 2013 ) . `` Sweet Revenge '' . Nylon . Nylon Holding , Inc. 423 ( 6940 ) : 580 -- 2 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 423 ... 580D . doi : 10.1038 / 423580a . PMID 12789309 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' filming begins '' . Marvel. April 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ HeyUGuys ( March 20 , 2014 ) . Hayley Atwell Interview - Captain America The Winter Soldier Premiere . YouTube . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier -- reaching new heights '' . Fxguide . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( August 18 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Geekersation : Jackson unleashes the Fury '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Beyond ' Iron Man 3 ' : New images and revelations from Marvel 's Phase Two -- Captain America : The Winter Soldier '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Markus , Stephen McFeely , John and Anthony Russo ( 2014 ) . Captain America : The Winter Soldier audio commentary . Captain America : The Winter Soldier Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Olsen , Mark ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` Robert Redford 's ' new territory ' with ' Captain America ' sequel '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hertzfeld , Laura ( January 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sundance at 30 : Robert Redford opens up about the festival and his upcoming projects -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Russo brothers tapped for ' Captain America 2 ' : Disney and Marvel in final negotiations with ' Community ' producers to helm pic '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sztypuljak , David ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Critics Circle Awards 2013 -- Interviews '' . HeyUGuys.co.uk . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Castings : Seth Rogen Scores ' The Interview ' , ' Endless Love ' Remake Gets Leads & ' Winter Soldier ' Sees An Agent Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Roxanne ; Argetsinger , Amy ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Hey , is n't that ... ? : Garry Shandling in ' Captain America ' sequel '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Mike ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` UFC 's GSP lands role in Captain America sequel '' . Sportsnet . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Damon ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Georges St - Pierre walks the red carpet at the Captain America : The Winter Soldier premiere '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Callan Mulvey Rounds Out Cast of ' Kill Me Three Times ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Holly Hunter , Callan Mulvey And Tao Okamoto Join Batman Vs. Superman Cast '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Todd ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Meet Robert Redford 's S.H.I.E.L.D. Team from ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' '' . Twitch Film . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Franich , Daniel ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : A reference guide '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dyce , Andrew ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Easter Eggs , Trivia & References '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Anthony Russo and Joe Russo Talk ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier , ' Stan Lee 's Cameo , the Post-Credits Scene , and Much More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Super Bowl ad hints at major death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McWeeny , Drew ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Captain America meets his match in the smart and stylish ' Winter Soldier ' '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Milly , Jenna ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' premiere : Crossover is the word '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' ' Afterlife ' : What Does That Major Marvel Return Mean for ' Age of Ultron ' ? '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` SFX 233 Preview : Marvel Boss On Phase 2 '' . SFX . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Writers Talk Sequel , Post - ' Avengers ' Plans , And The Marvel Movie - Verse '' . MTV Splash Page . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Chat with `` Justified 's '' Neal McDonough `` . IMDb Television Blog . January 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` Community Directors Are in Running to Helm the Captain America Sequel '' . New York . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Boucher , Geoff ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Captain America ' sequel set for April 2014 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flemming , Mike ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Captain America 2 ' Helmer Job Narrows As F. Gary Gray Focuses On ' Straight Outta Compton ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` On Set Interview : ' Captain America 2 ′ Screenwriters Stephen McFeely & Christopher Markus '' . / Film.com . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Sets Up Allegiances For ' The Avengers 2 ′ '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Sequel Already in the Works '' . ScreenJunkies.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` Spoiler Bomb : All of Captain America : The Winter Soldier 's Big Twists Explained '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Joe And Anthony Russo Share 15 Captain America : The Winter Soldier Secrets - Zola 's Scene Was The Trickiest In The Film To Get Right '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Setchfield , Nick ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel Screenwriters Talk Winter Soldier And Captain America 3 '' . SFX . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Markus and McFeely on Writing Captain America : The Winter Soldier and Beyond ! '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Jerry ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Feige keeps tentpole fare fresh '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hunt , James ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Christopher Markus interview : writing Captain America 2 and 3 '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam ( February 2014 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . 1 ( 296 ) : 78 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ; Rae , Brandon ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America ' : 9 Secrets From ' The Winter Soldier ' Set '' . MTV Splash Page . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` CAPTAIN AMERICA 3 Directors Joe and Anthony Russo Talk Filming Dates , the Title , the Evolution of the Script , Marvel 's Involvement , Hawkeye , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( September 28 , 2014 ) . `` Why Red Skull Was n't In Captain America 2 '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Joe and Anthony Russo Talk COMMUNITY Season 6 ; Say `` Dan Harmon Will Make a Movie '' and Reveal Chris McKenna Wrote Jokes for CAPTAIN AMERICA 2 `` . Collider . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Soldier showdown : Joe and Anthony Russo take the helm of ' Captain America ' franchise '' . Film Journal International . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Russo Brothers in Talks For Marvel 's ' Captain America ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` A Blockbuster Landed in Their Laps Anthony and Joe Russo on ' Captain America : Winter Soldier ' '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America 2 ′ directors talk filming in D.C. , casting Robert Redford and the movie 's very timely politics '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Winter Soldier : Has America Changed Too Much for Captain America ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Suebsaeng , Asawin ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` '' Captain America : The Winter Soldier '' Is About Obama 's Terror - Suspect Kill List , Say the Film 's Directors `` . Mother Jones . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( July 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Is Official , More Marvel Movie News '' . Newsarama.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Winter Soldier : Has America Changed Too Much for Captain America ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Captain ' crunch for cast '' . New York Post . August 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` Chris Evans Says ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Starts Filming March 2013 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Chris Evans Talks ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' ; Says Sequel Will Get Into Material That Was Cut from ' The Avengers ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sangiacomo , Michael ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Captain America ' sequel to be filmed in Cleveland in 2013 '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abdusshahid , Basheerah ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Interview with Leslie Green '' . DC Office of Motion Picture and Television Development ( Podcast ) . Event occurs at 7 : 00 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . We have Captain America 2 that should be shooting here in the Spring of 2013 . So we 're very excited about Marvel and Disney coming here for that . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Frank Grillo Testing for Villain Role in ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Hayley Atwell for ' Restless ' '' . Time Out . January 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Says Hayley Atwell Will Be Making a Cameo in CAPTAIN AMERICA : THE WINTER SOLDIER '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America & Guardians Coming in 3D '' . Marvel . January 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Anthony Mackie Talks Playing Falcon in ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' ; Says He 'll Be Able to Fly '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' to Shoot at Raleigh Manhattan Beach Studios in Los Angeles '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Revenge 's Emily VanCamp Landing Lead In ' Captain America 2 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Surprise : Robert Redford In Talks To Star In ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Setchfield , Nick ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Winter Soldier Directors Talk Captain America 's New Look '' . SFX . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' filming officially underway in Los Angeles '' . On Location Vacations. April 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Social Network '' . Total Film ( 207 ) : 17 . July 2013 . Liam Baskerville : `` Are you in Captain America 2 '' ? Dominic Cooper : `` Well ... it 's hard to say . We 're shooting something for it . I 've worn the costume again . But whether they just had me put it on as a joke , I do n't know ! ( laughs ) It was good fun getting back into it and he 's got some very cool shades now . But who knows ... '' Jump up ^ McGrath , Megan ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Closes Some D.C. Streets '' . WRC - TV . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freed , Benjamin R. ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Captain America Filming Tonight in Dupont Circle '' . DCist.com / Gothamist . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sangiacomo , Michael ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' starts shooting in Cleveland '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , Clint ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' kicks off its Cleveland shoot with gunfire and Samuel L. Jackson '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morona , Joey ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' filming in Cleveland : Day 10 live blog '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nroman , Michael ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Scarlett Johansson locks lips with Chris Evans in surprise Captain America - Black Widow kiss '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Clint ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : Final week of Cleveland film shoot begins '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Clint ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : Cleveland film shoot travels back in time at Western Reserve Historical Society '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Clint ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : Interior shooting in Tremont for Scarlett Johansson and Chris Evans '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Clint ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : It 's been a gas but Marvel movie shoot wraps in Greater Cleveland today ; ' Draft Day ' also wraps '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thoroughly Modern Marvel '' . Codex Digital . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier Headed Back for Additional Filming '' . ComingSoon.net . December 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Joss Whedon Directed One of the Post-Credits Scenes in CAPTAIN AMERICA : THE WINTER SOLDiER '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Andrew ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Sarofsky Enters the Marvel Universe , Crafts Main Titles For CAPTAIN AMERICA '' . Screen . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Anthony Mackie On ' Captain America ' Sequel and the Perils of Slow - Mo Skydiving '' . MTV Splash Page . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : Winter Soldier ' Visual Effects Explained '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Imax , 4D and Dolby Atmos Mixes Trigger ' Controlled Chaos ' Distribution Demands '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Enk , Brian ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` What 's on Captain America 's To - Do List Across the Globe ? '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steve Rogers ' Notebook ( Featurette ) . Captain America : The Winter Soldier Blu - Ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2014 . Jump up ^ Composer Interview : Henry Jackman . Film Music Media . June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Warmann , Amon ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` The HeyUGuys Interview : Henry Jackman on Scoring Captain America : The Winter Soldier '' . HeyUGuys.co.uk . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . March 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Villasor , Tim G. ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel releases new theatrical posters , trailers for ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' '' . GMA Network . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kay , Jeremy ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier rules international box office on $75.2 m '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Sequel Set to Break April Record at the Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Penagos , Ryan ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Takes Over Hollywood for the Captain America : The Winter Soldier World Premiere '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Durand , Francois ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Paris Premiere At Le Grand Rex '' . Getty Images . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier UK premiere '' . Facebook . March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Captain America ' arrives in China '' . Washington Post . March 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Laura ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' jam - packed premiere shines superheroic spotlight on Cleveland '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Scarlett Johansson and Chris Evans at the Premiere of Captain America : The Winter Soldier in March 2014 '' . Charitybuzz . November 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Captain America : The Winter Soldier Teaser Poster Revealed '' . Marvel . July 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : Teaser poster revealed '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Debuts First ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Poster '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2013 : Marvel Studios Takes Over Hall H '' . Marvel . July 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Today at the Marvel booth : these costumes will be part of a fake Smithsonian exhibit in CAP 2 # ComicCon '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Disney XD Transforms into Disney Fandom , a Three - Night Event Showcasing Programming From Disney , Pixar , Star Wars , Marvel and More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` D23 : Disney Brings Out Angelina Jolie for ' Maleficent , ' Screens New Footage of ' Saving Mr. Banks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Engel , Jeff ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Captain America to ride Harley - Davidson Breakout in ' Winter Soldier ' '' . Milwaukee Business Journal . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Trailer : See the Falcon in Action ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : Teaser poster revealed '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ; McIntyre , Gina ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' clip teases upcoming trailer '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Despite leak , ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' trailer breaks Marvel record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Thor Might Not Be The Only Crossover '' . TV Guide . November 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Meet Captain America from ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' This Spring at Disneyland Park in Anaheim '' . DisneyParks Blog . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America Arrives at Disneyland Park in Anaheim March 7 '' . DisneyParks Blog . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Debuts ' Winter Soldier ' Digital Comic Prelude '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Reveals Captain America : The Winter Soldier Prelude Comic '' . ComingSoon.net . January 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl : Disney Seeking Last - Minute Ad Buy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America ' : Cap , Widow , Falcon in action in ' Winter Soldier ' ad '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gameloft to Develop Official Mobile Game for Marvel 's Captain America : The Winter Soldier '' . Wall Street Journal . February 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turkus , Brandon ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Black Widow 's Corvette from next Captain America movie is filmed noir '' . Autoblog.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gluck , Jeff ( February 16 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Daytona 500 grand marshal is Captain America '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` New ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Ad Teases Unexpected Spoiler ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bring a Cap Screening to Your Town With the Captain America Experience '' . Newsarama . March 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier Early Screenings Announced For Ten Cities '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to air Marvel special with ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' sneak peek -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Storm , Marc ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Evans & Sebastian Stan to Ring the Opening Bell at the NYSE '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Nick Fury Rages in ' Captain America 2 ' Sky Broadband TV Spot '' . Movie Web . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Order Marvel 's Captain America : The Winter Soldier on Blu - ray '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` No. 9 ' Captain America : Winter Soldier ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Captain America : Winter Soldier ' Opens to Huge $10.2 Million Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Captain America : Winter Soldier ' Nabs Record $37 Million Friday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) -- Daily Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( April 6 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : With Big ' Avengers ' Bump , ' Captain America ' Sets April Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Captain America ' Wins Close Fight with ' Rio 2 ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Captain ' Three - peats , ' Heaven ' Rises Over Easter Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Woman ' Gets Women , Ousts ' Captain America ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( May 11 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Neighbors ' Hazes ' Spider - Man ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tipton , Janelle ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America 3 ' Gets Release Date as Marvel 's ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Sets April Record '' . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rentrak Announces Worldwide Box Office Results for Weekend of April 13 , 2014 '' . Rentrak. April 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rentrak Announces Worldwide Box Office Results for Weekend of April 20 , 2014 '' . Rentrak via The Wall Street Journal . April 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` Box office update : ' Captain America ' supersizes Friday 's box office with $37 million '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' : Superhero sequel deftly mixes fantasy , drama '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Movie Review Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Things get darker for ' Captain America ' '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` In ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier , ' a Franchise Comes Alive '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' sticks to Marvel formula '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Courage , Loyalty , Honor , Kablooey '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' review : Halfhearted '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Joe ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America ' sequel pits freedom against security '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Captain America ' zippy but hollow '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 -- via Yahoo ! . Jump up ^ `` The 15th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . Golden Trailer Awards . May 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2014 Nominees Revealed ! '' . Yahoo ! Movies . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YHA Nominees list '' . Young Hollywood Awards . June 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Washington DC Area Film Critics Association names ' Boyhood ' its Best Film of 2014 '' . Uproxx . December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Boyhood ' Wins Best Picture ; ' Birdman ' Leads With 7 Nods '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 hosts , nominees announced '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations Unveiled -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual VES Awards '' . visual effects society . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Jameson Empire Awards 2015 Live Blog Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Directors Joe & Anthony Russo Confirm They 'll Direct Captain America 3 ; Say They 're Breaking the Story Now with Screenwriters Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America to Return to Theaters May 6 , 2016 '' . Marvel . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America 3 ' Takes Shape at Marvel ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Bruhl To Play Villain In ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Marvel.com . May 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Official website Captain America : The Winter Soldier on IMDb Captain America : The Winter Soldier at AllMovie Captain America : The Winter Soldier Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other media Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Tony Stark Claire Temple Music Soundtracks Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War Singles `` Live to Rise '' `` All the Stars '' `` King 's Dead '' `` Pray for Me '' MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Disney Parks Iron Man Experience Marvel - themed areas Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Other Team Thor Book Category Portal Captain America Joe Simon Jack Kirby Alter egos Steve Rogers Isaiah Bradley William Nasland Jeffrey Mace William Burnside John Walker James Buchanan Barnes Sam Wilson Supporting characters Rikki Barnes Battlestar Black Widow Bucky Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Demolition Man ( D - Man ) Diamondback Falcon Jack Flag Free Spirit Golden Girl Howling Commandos Invaders Nick Fury Redwing Rick Jones Nomad Jack Monroe S.H.I.E.L.D. Enemies Core antagonists Baron Zemo Heinrich Zemo Helmut Zemo Batroc the Leaper Crossbones Doctor Faustus Madame Hydra Red Skull Serpent Society Sin Taskmaster Arnim Zola Group enemies A.I.M. Circus of Crime Death - Throws Femme Fatales Hydra Secret Empire Serpent Squad Sleeper Watchdogs Snake - themed adversaries Anaconda Asp Black Mamba Black Racer Boomslang Bushmaster Coachwhip Cobra Constrictor Copperhead Cottonmouth Death Adder Diamondback Eel Fer - de-Lance Princess Python Puff Adder Rattler Rock Python Sidewinder Slither Viper Other Supervillains Armadillo Baron Blood Baron Strucker Blackwing Cutthroat Doughboy Dredmund the Druid Everyman Flag - Smasher Hate - Monger Jack O'Lantern Kingpin Aleksander Lukin Machinesmith Mister Hyde MODAM MODOK Mother Night Nefarius Nightshade Nuke Porcupine Protocide Scarecrow Slug Superia Tumbler Vermin Whirlwind Anti-hero rivals Grand Director Scourge of the Underworld Winter Soldier Publications Captain America Captain America ( vol. 5 ) Captain America : Reborn Captain America and the Falcon Fallen Son : The Death of Captain America Truth : Red , White & Black Tales of Suspense Adventures of Captain America Captain America and Nick Fury : Blood Truce Captain America and Nick Fury : The Otherworld War Storylines `` Captain America : The Captain '' `` Civil War '' `` The Death of Captain America '' In other media Film Captain America ( 1944 ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger soundtrack Captain America : The Winter Soldier soundtrack Captain America : Civil War soundtrack TV The Marvel Super Heroes Captain America ( 1979 ) Captain America II : Death Too Soon `` The Capture of Captain America '' Video games Captain America in : The Doom Tube of Dr. Megalomann The Amazing Spider - Man and Captain America in Dr. Doom 's Revenge ! Captain America and The Avengers Captain America : Super Soldier Miscellanea Alternative versions Ultimate Captain America Captain America 's shield Avengers S.H.I.E.L.D. Iron Patriot Category Films directed by Anthony and Joe Russo Welcome to Collinwood ( 2002 ) You , Me and Dupree ( 2006 ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) Screenplays by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) You Kill Me ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) Pain & Gain ( 2013 ) Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Ant - Man Ant - Man Ant - Man and the Wasp Avengers The Avengers Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Infinity War Untitled Avengers film production Blade Blade Blade II Blade : Trinity Captain America Captain America ( serial ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger Captain America : The Winter Soldier Captain America : Civil War Daredevil Daredevil Elektra Deadpool Deadpool Deadpool 2 Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four ( 1994 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Hulk Hulk The Incredible Hulk Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Punisher The Punisher ( 1989 ) The Punisher ( 2004 ) Punisher : War Zone Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther Venom Captain Marvel The New Mutants Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed Team Thor Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_America:_The_Winter_Soldier&oldid=845784676 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s adventure films 2010s science fiction films 2010s superhero films 2014 3D films American 3D films American action thriller films American films American political thriller films American science fiction action films American sequel films Captain America films Drone films Films scored by Henry Jackman Films about altered memories Films about amnesia Films about consciousness transfer Films about security and surveillance Films about ship hijackings Films about terrorism Films based on works by Ed Brubaker Films directed by Anthony and Joe Russo Films set in the Indian Ocean Films set in New Jersey Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in Cleveland Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Washington , D.C. Films using computer - generated imagery IMAX films Marvel Cinematic Universe films Mind control in fiction Parkour in film Science fiction adventure films Screenplays by Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Techno - thriller films Hidden categories : Articles with short description Good articles Use mdy dates from March 2014 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 03 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does captain america winter soldier take place
[ "Two years after the Battle of New York,[N 1] Steve Rogers works in Washington, D.C. for the espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. under Director Nick Fury, while adjusting to contemporary society. Rogers and Agent Natasha Romanoff are sent with S.H.I.E.L.D.'s counter-terrorism S.T.R.I.K.E. team, led by Agent Rumlow, to free hostages aboard a S.H.I.E.L.D. vessel from Georges Batroc and his mercenaries. Mid-mission, Rogers discovers Romanoff has another agenda: to extract data from the ship's computers for Fury. Rogers returns to the Triskelion, S.H.I.E.L.D.'s headquarters, to confront Fury and is briefed about Project Insight: three Helicarriers linked to spy satellites, designed to preemptively eliminate threats. Unable to decrypt the data recovered by Romanoff, Fury becomes suspicious about Insight and asks senior S.H.I.E.L.D. official Alexander Pierce to delay the project." ]
[ "Washington, D.C." ]
7288865314513892775
Ghana national under-20 football team
Ghana national under - 20 football team - wikipedia Ghana national under - 20 football team Jump to : navigation , search Ghana Under 20 Nickname ( s ) The Black Satellites Association Ghana Football Association Confederation CAF ( Africa ) Sub-confederation WAFU ( West Africa ) Head coach Mas - UD Did I Draman FIFA code GHA First colours Second colours First international Gambia 1 - 0 Ghana ( Banjul , Gambia ; 9 September 1984 ) Biggest win Ghana 6 - 0 Mali ( Accra , Ghana ; 11 November 1990 ) Biggest defeat Algeria 3 - 0 Ghana ( Algiers , Algeria ; 27 August 1988 ) Colombia 4 - 1 Ghana ( Le Pontet , France ; 29 May 2000 ) Argentina 3 - 0 Ghana ( Buenos Aires , Argentina ; 8 July 2001 ) FIFA U-20 World Cup Appearances 5 ( first in 1993 ) Best result Champions 2009 , Runner - up , 1993 , 2001 African Youth Championship Appearances 10 ( first in 1991 ) Best result Winners , 1993 , 1999 , 2009 Ghana national under - 20 football team Medal record FIFA U-20 World Cup 1993 Australia Team 2001 Argentina Team 2009 Egypt Team 2013 Turkey Team Ghana national U-20 football team known as the Black Satellites , is considered to be the feeder team for the Ghana national football team . They are the former FIFA U-20 World Cup Champions and African Youth Champions , they have also been a three - time African Champion in 1995 , 1999 , 2009 and a two - time Runner - up at the FIFA World Youth Championship in 1993 , 2001 and finished third in 2013 . Ghana has participated in only six of the past 19 World Cup events starting with their first in Australia 1993 where they lost the World Cup final 1 - 2 to Brazil in Sydney and in Argentina 2001 where they lost the World Cup final 0 - 3 to Argentina in Buenos Aires . Incredibly , in 32 FIFA World Cup matches , Ghana has not lost a game in regulation below the Semi Final level of the FIFA U20 World Cup . They however failed to qualify for 3 consecutive events in UAE 2003 , Netherlands 2005 and Canada 2007 until they made the Egypt 2009 Tournament . They won the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in the Cairo International Stadium , Cairo , Egypt after defeating Brazil 4 - 3 on Penalties when the match ended ( 0 - 0 ) After Extra Time . The first time an African Country won the FIFA U-20 World Cup Championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Superb young players 2 Competitive Record 2.1 FIFA World Youth Championship Record 3 Team honours and awards 4 Current squad 5 Previous squads 6 Notable players 7 Notable coaches 8 Former ( 2007 ) U-20 squad 9 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup World Cup Winner Squad 9.1 Ghana 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 External links Superb young players ( edit ) The Black Satellites reached the FIFA U-20 World Cup final in their 1st appearance in Australia 1993 ( Australia 1993 U-20 html Stats here ) , catching many teams on the hop with their lightning changes of pace . In fact , nine of the 22 players in the `` Black Satellites ' '' squad had lifted the FIFA U-17 World Championship two years earlier , so their performance could only really be considered a half - surprise . Still they were a joy to watch : enterprising and unpredictable . They repeated the feat in 2001 succumbing to Tournament Hosts Argentina in the Final . Previously in 1997 , they had lost 3 - 2 on a golden goal to Uruguay in Extra Time of the World Cup Semi Final . In 1999 eventual Champions Spain eliminated Ghana in the Quarter Final on sudden death penalty kicks after a 1 - 1 tied game . What makes Ghana 's footballers so dominant in their age group ? FIFA Magazine asked Otto Pfister . Football is not simply the most popular sport in this part of Africa , it is an absolute religion , he said . This is the way the game is regarded in Ghana . Young boys here think about football 24 hours a day and play for at least eight - whether on clay , rough fields or dusty streets . They develop their skills naturally , without any specific training , and end up with superb technique and ability on the ball . They are also fast and tricky , and can feint well with their bodies . Africa and South America have by far the best young footballers in the world - on a technical level they are superb . And technique is what it takes to make a good player . What else goes towards making Ghana so strong ? Otto Pfister continues ; In Africa there is often only one way for many young lads to escape from poverty and to make their way up the social scale - football . Youngsters want to become stars and to play in a top European league . That is their main aim and they will do anything to achieve it . Let me give you an example : While I was coaching in Ghana I once told my team to be ready for training at three o'clock in the morning . At half past two they were all assembled and ready to go . They want to learn and they want to play for the national team . They know that in their country a national team player is a hero and enjoys a level of prestige that is not comparable to that in Europe . Another positive point for young players in Ghana is that there are many good coaches in the country who help develop the available talent and above all want to let them play . This policy pays off . Today , many Ghanaian youngsters are in G14 Club Academies in Europe . Competitive record ( edit ) FIFA World Youth Championship record ( edit ) Ghana national u-21 team before the friendly match with Bulgarian V AFG side Slivnishki Geroi ( 1 - 1 ) , 18 - 11 - 2010 , Slivnitsa , Bulgaria . Year Round GP D * GS GA GD 1977 Did not participate - - - - - - 1979 Did not participate - - - - - - 1981 Did not participate - - - - - - Withdrew - - - - - - 1985 Did not qualify - - - - - - Disqualified - - - - - - 1989 Did not qualify - - - - - - 1991 Did not qualify - - - - - - 1993 Runners - up 6 11 6 + 5 1995 Did not qualify - - - - - - 1997 Semi finals 7 12 8 + 4 1999 Quarter finals 5 2 * 0 8 + 6 2001 Runners - up 7 5 8 5 + 3 2003 Did not qualify - - - - - - 2005 Did not qualify - - - - - - 2007 Did not qualify - - - - - - 2009 Champions 7 5 2 * 0 16 8 + 8 2011 Did not qualify - - - - - - 2013 Third Place 7 0 16 12 + 4 2015 Round of 16 5 6 - 1 Total 7 / 20 43 26 9 8 76 47 + 29 Silver background color indicates second - place finish at the World Cup . Gold background color indicates winners at the World Cup . * Denote draws including the 2009 Final match decided on penalty kicks v Brazil 4 - 3p when the match ended ( 0 - 0 ) After Extra Time , and the 1999 Quarter - Final match decided on penalty kicks v Spain ( 7 - 8p ) . FIFA U20 World Cup Record by team Ghana versus GP D * GF GA GD Brazil 1 * 0 Argentina 0 - 2 Republic of Ireland 0 0 Uruguay 0 5 6 - 1 Portugal 0 0 5 + 3 Russia 0 0 0 + 3 England 0 0 6 + 5 China PR 0 0 0 United States 0 0 5 + 4 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 + 3 Germany 0 0 0 Japan 0 0 + 1 Croatia 0 0 0 Kazakhstan 0 0 0 + 3 Costa Rica 0 0 0 + 2 Spain 0 1 * - 1 Paraguay 0 + 1 Iran 0 0 0 + 1 France 0 5 - 3 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 2 Uzbekistan 0 0 + 1 South Korea 0 0 + 1 South Africa 0 0 + 1 Hungary 0 0 + 1 Chile 0 0 + 1 Iraq 0 0 0 + 3 Total 39 24 8 * 8 71 41 + 30 * Denote draws including the 2009 Final match decided on penalty kicks v Brazil 4 - 3p when the match ended ( 0 - 0 ) After Extra Time , and the 1999 Quarter - Final match decided on penalty kicks v Spain ( 7 - 8p ) . FIFA U20 World Cup Record FIFA U20 World Cup Record GP GF GA GD World Cup Finals 39 24 8 * 8 71 41 + 30 Africa U20 Quals 71 42 15 14 106 51 + 55 U20 Total 110 66 23 * 21 177 92 + 85 Team honours and awards ( edit ) FIFA U-20 World Cup Champions : 1 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup Runners - up : 2 1993 , 2001 FIFA U-20 World Cup Third - place : 1 2013 African Youth Championship Champions : 3 1993 , 1999 , 2009 African Youth Championship Runners - up : 2 2001 , 2013 African Youth Championship Third - place : 1 1991 WAFU U-20 Championship Champions : 1 2008 FIFA Golden Ball Winners : 2 Tournament FIFA Golden Ball Award Player 2009 Gold Shoe Award Dominic Adiyiah 2013 Bronze Shoe Award Clifford Aboagye FIFA Golden Shoe Winners : 2 Tournament FIFA Golden Shoe Award 2009 Dominic Adiyiah 2013 Ebenezer Assifuah Current squad ( edit ) Head coach : Sellas Tetteh The following players were selected to take part in the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup . # Name Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Goalkeepers 12 Kwame Baah ( 1998 - 04 - 21 ) 21 April 1998 ( age 19 ) 11 0 Heart of Lions Lawrence Ati ( 1996 - 11 - 29 ) 29 November 1996 ( age 20 ) 0 FC Liefering 16 Mutawakilu Seidu ( 1995 - 08 - 08 ) 8 August 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Hearts of Oak Defenders 5 Fobi Kingsley ( 1998 - 09 - 20 ) 20 September 1998 ( age 19 ) Right to Dream Academy Joseph Bempah ( C ) ( 1995 - 09 - 05 ) 5 September 1995 ( age 22 ) 10 Hearts of Oak Emmanuel Ntim ( 1996 - 03 - 12 ) 12 March 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 Valenciennes FC Patrick Kpozo ( 1997 - 07 - 15 ) 15 July 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 Inter Allies FC 14 Joseph Aidoo ( 1995 - 09 - 29 ) 29 September 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Inter Allies FC 15 Joseph Adjei ( 1995 - 08 - 20 ) 20 August 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Wa All Stars 21 Patrick Asmah ( 1996 - 01 - 25 ) 25 January 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 0 BA Stars Midfielders 6 Godfred Donsah ( 1996 - 06 - 07 ) 7 June 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 Cagliari 8 Kofi Yeboah ( 1995 - 05 - 14 ) 14 May 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Wa All Stars 11 Abraham Attobrah ( 1995 - 03 - 15 ) 15 March 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 New Edubiase United FC 13 David Atanga ( 1996 - 12 - 25 ) 25 December 1996 ( age 20 ) 0 FC Red Bull Salzburg 18 Barnes Osei ( 1995 - 01 - 08 ) 8 January 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Pacos Ferreira Strikers 7 Samuel Tetteh ( 1996 - 07 - 28 ) 28 July 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 0 WAFA 9 Emmanuel Boateng ( 1996 - 05 - 23 ) 23 May 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 Rio Ave FC 10 Clifford Aboagye ( 1995 - 02 - 11 ) 11 February 1995 ( age 22 ) 10 0 Inter Allies FC 17 Yaw Yeboah ( 1997 - 03 - 28 ) 28 March 1997 ( age 20 ) Man City 19 Benjamin Tetteh ( 1997 - 07 - 10 ) 10 July 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 Tudu Mighty Jets FC 20 Prosper Kasim ( 1996 - 12 - 15 ) 15 December 1996 ( age 20 ) IFK Gothenburg Previous squads ( edit ) Most Recent Squad Date announced 10 July 2013 Game ( s ) Iraq , 13 July 2013 Venue ( s ) Türk Telekom Arena , Istanbul , Turkey Attendance 20,601 Referee Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Competition 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup Third Place 2009 FIFA under - 20 World Cup ( squads ) - Ghana 2001 FIFA under - 20 World Cup ( squads ) - Ghana 1999 FIFA under - 20 World Cup ( squads ) - Ghana 1997 FIFA under - 20 World Cup ( squads ) - Ghana 1993 FIFA under - 20 World Cup ( squads ) - Ghana Notable players ( edit ) The following list consist of previous Ghana U-20 national team players who have won or were influential at the FIFA U-20 World Cup with the Ghana U-20 national team or the FIFA U-17 World Cup with the Ghana U-17 national team , and those who were part of the Ghana U-23 national team that won the Bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics . The list also includes the players who have graduated from the Ghana U-20 national team and gone on to represent the senior Ghana national team at the FIFA World Cup or African Cup of Nations : Clifford Aboagye ( 2013 ) Dominic Adiyiah ( 2009 ) Nii Lamptey ( 1993 ) André Ayew ( 2009 ) Daniel Addo ( 1993 ) Samuel Kuffour ( 1993 ) Augustine Ahinful ( 1993 ) Charles Akonnor ( 1993 ) Emmanuel Duah ( 1993 ) Isaac Asare ( 1993 ) Mohammed Gargo ( 1993 ) Christian Gyan ( 1997 ) Awudu Issaka ( 1997 ) Kofi Amponsah ( 1997 ) Stephen Appiah ( 1997 , 1999 ) Peter Ofori Quaye ( 1997 , 1999 ) Patrick Allotey ( 1997 ) Baffour Gyan ( 1999 ) Laryea Kingston ( 1999 ) George Blay ( 1999 ) Owusu Afriyie ( 1999 ) Michael Essien ( 2001 ) Sulley Muntari ( 2001 ) Anthony Obodai ( 2001 ) John Mensah ( 2001 ) John Paintsil ( 2001 ) Derek Boateng ( 2001 ) Emmanuel Pappoe ( 2001 ) Razak Pimpong ( 2001 ) George Owu ( 2001 ) Notable coaches ( edit ) FIFA Tourney Manager name 2013 Sellas Tetteh 2009 Sellas Tetteh 2001 Emmanuel Akwasi Afranie 1999 Giuseppe Dossena 1997 Francis Oti Akenteng 1993 Fred Osam - Duodu Former ( 2007 ) U-20 squad ( edit ) Squad for the Toulon Tournament in France from 31 -- 9 May June 2007 . GK 1 Patrick Antwi - Liberty Professionals GK 16 Isaac Ackon - Gamba All Blacks DF 2 John Boye - Heart of Lions DF 4 Louis Quainoo - Tema Youth DF 5 Hannan Giwah - Real Tamale United DF 6 Samuel Enzemoba - Real Sportive DF 7 Solomon Addy - Ashanti Gold MF 8 Mubarak Wakaso - Elche CF MF 11 Alhaji Sani - Ashanti Gold MF 14 Mohammed - Awal Issah - Real Sportive MF 15 Yahaya Mohamed - Tema Youth MF 17 Samad Oppong - King Faisal Babes MF 18 Seidu Yahaya - PAOK FC MF 19 Yaw Frimpong - Feyenoord Academy Ghana FW 3 Felix Baffoe - Liberty Professionals FW 10 Eric Bekoe ( Captain ) - Asante Kotoko FW 9 Emmanuel Clottey - Odense Boldklub LWF 12 Douglas Nkrumah - Asante Kotoko RWF 13 Ekow Benson - Hearts of Oak FW 20 Bradley Hudson - Odoi - Hereford United F.C. This team was eliminated 4 - 3 on penalty kicks by Burkina Faso after a 1 - 1 aggregate tie in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup African Qualifiers on 22 October 2006 . 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup World Cup Winner Squad ( edit ) Ghana ( edit ) Head coach : Sellas Tetteh 0 # 0 Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Daniel Adjei ( 1989 - 11 - 10 ) 10 November 1989 ( aged 19 ) Liberty 2DF Samuel Inkoom ( 1989 - 06 - 01 ) 1 June 1989 ( aged 20 ) Basel 3MF Gladson Awako ( 1990 - 12 - 31 ) 31 December 1990 ( aged 18 ) Heart of Lions 2DF Jonathan Mensah ( 1990 - 07 - 13 ) 13 July 1990 ( aged 19 ) Free State Stars 5 2DF Daniel Addo ( 1989 - 09 - 03 ) 3 September 1989 ( aged 20 ) King Faisal 6 2DF David Addy ( 1990 - 02 - 21 ) 21 February 1990 ( aged 19 ) FC Porto 7 3MF Abeiku Quansah ( 1990 - 11 - 02 ) 2 November 1990 ( aged 18 ) Nice 8 3MF Emmanuel Agyemang - Badu ( 1990 - 12 - 02 ) 2 December 1990 ( aged 18 ) Asante Kotoko 9 3MF Opoku Agyemang ( 1989 - 06 - 07 ) 7 June 1989 ( aged 20 ) Al - Sadd 10 3MF André Ayew ( c ) ( 1989 - 12 - 17 ) 17 December 1989 ( aged 19 ) Marseille 11 4FW Latif Salifu ( 1990 - 08 - 01 ) 1 August 1990 ( aged 19 ) Liberty 12 2DF Ghandi Dassenu ( 1989 - 08 - 09 ) 9 August 1989 ( aged 20 ) Liberty 13 3MF Mohammed Rabiu ( 1989 - 12 - 31 ) 31 December 1989 ( aged 19 ) Liberty 14 2DF Daniel Opare ( 1990 - 10 - 18 ) 18 October 1990 ( aged 18 ) Real Madrid 15 2DF Philip Boampong ( 1990 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1990 ( aged 19 ) Arsenal 16 1GK Robert Dabuo ( 1990 - 11 - 10 ) 10 November 1990 ( aged 18 ) Wa All Stars 17 2DF John Benson ( 1991 - 08 - 27 ) 27 August 1991 ( aged 18 ) ASPIRE 18 4FW Ransford Osei ( 1990 - 12 - 05 ) 5 December 1990 ( aged 18 ) Medeama 19 2DF Bright Addae ( 1992 - 12 - 19 ) 19 December 1992 ( aged 16 ) Wa All Stars 20 4FW Dominic Adiyiah ( 1989 - 11 - 29 ) 29 November 1989 ( aged 19 ) A.C. Milan 21 1GK Joseph Addo ( 1990 - 11 - 02 ) 2 November 1990 ( aged 18 ) Sekondi Hasaacas See also ( edit ) Ghana portal Association football portal Ghana national football team Ghana national U23 football team Ghana national U17 football team Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Australia 1993 : Brazil make it three '' . fifa.com. 1 September 2001 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2007 . Retrieved 2001 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Superb Young Players '' . fifa.com. 2001 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2001 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ghana : talented players as far as the eye can see '' . fifa.com. 17 September 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2004 . Retrieved 2004 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/matches/round=259227/match=300232840/report.html External links ( edit ) 2007 Toulon Tournament Squad Ghana Football Association - Official website Ghana Premier League website Ghanaweb Sports Page RSSSF Archive of all FIFA U20 Matches RSSSF Archive of all African U20 Matches 2009 African U20 Final Highlights Preceded by 2007 Argentina World Champions 2009 ( First title ) Succeeded by 2011 Brazil Preceded by 1991 Egypt African Champions 1993 ( First title ) Succeeded by 1995 Cameroon Preceded by 1997 Morocco African Champions 1999 ( Second title ) Succeeded by 2001 Angola Preceded by 2007 Congo African Champions 2009 ( Third title ) Succeeded by 2011 Nigeria National sports teams of Ghana Baseball Basketball M - U19 Cricket Football M - U23 M - U20 M - U17 Futsal Hockey Rugby league Rugby union Olympics Summer Winter Paralympics Summer Commonwealth Games Volleyball Sports in Ghana Football in Ghana Ghana Football Association National teams Men 's Women 's Women 's U-17 Women 's U-20 Men 's Olympic ( U-23 ) Men 's U-20 Men 's U-17 League system Men Ghana Premier League Ghana Football Leagues Division 1 League Division 2 League Division 3 League GAFCOA Women Ghana Women 's Football League Domestic cups Men Ghanaian FA Cup Ghana Super Cup Awards Ghana Player of the year List of clubs Men 's clubs Women 's clubs Venues Champions Men 's players Women 's players Expatriate players Managers Records FIFA U-20 World Cup winners 1977 : Soviet Union 1979 : Argentina 1981 : Germany 1983 : Brazil 1985 : Brazil 1987 : Yugoslavia 1989 : Portugal 1991 : Portugal 1993 : Brazil 1995 : Argentina 1997 : Argentina 1999 : Spain 2001 : Argentina 2003 : Brazil 2005 : Argentina 2007 : Argentina 2009 : Ghana 2011 : Brazil 2013 : France 2015 : Serbia 2017 : England Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghana_national_under-20_football_team&oldid=783262701 '' Categories : Ghana national football team African national under - 20 association football teams Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Polski Português Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2017 , at 04 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did ghana win the under 20 world cup
[ "They won the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in the Cairo International Stadium, Cairo, Egypt after defeating Brazil 4-3 on Penalties when the match ended (0-0) After Extra Time. The first time an African Country won the FIFA U-20 World Cup Championship." ]
[ "2009" ]
4493709182436421109
Love Yourself
Love Yourself - wikipedia Love Yourself Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Love Yourself ( disambiguation ) . `` Love Yourself '' Single by Justin Bieber from the album Purpose Released November 8 , 2015 Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Studio Record Plant ( Los Angeles , California ) Genre Acoustic pop Length 3 : 53 Label Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Ed Sheeran Benny Blanco Justin Bieber Producer ( s ) Benny Blanco Justin Bieber singles chronology `` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Yourself '' ( 2015 ) `` Company '' ( 2016 ) `` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Yourself '' ( 2015 ) `` Company '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Love Yourself '' on YouTube `` Love Yourself '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album Purpose ( 2015 ) . The song was released first as a promotional single on November 8 , 2015 , and later was released as the album 's third single . It was written by Ed Sheeran , Benny Blanco and Bieber , and produced by Blanco . An acoustic pop song , `` Love Yourself '' features an electric guitar and a brief flurry of trumpets as its main instrumentation . During the song , Bieber uses a husky tone in the lower registers . Lyrically , the song is a kiss - off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong . On the US Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart , the song became Bieber 's third consecutive number - one , where in the United States it spent 24 non-consecutive weeks in the top ten ( later named the best - performing single of 2016 ) and was also Bieber 's first number one on the Adult Contemporary chart , while in the United Kingdom it spent six weeks at the top . `` Love Yourself '' topped the charts in fifteen countries , including Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and Sweden . `` Love Yourself '' was nominated for two Grammy Awards : Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance . It was the seventh - best - selling song of 2016 in the US . The music video for the song was released along with the Purpose : The Movement project on November 14 , 2015 . It features a couple doing an interpretive dance on their house . Bieber promoted the song with performances on TV shows , as well as awards shows throughout 2015 -- 16 , while adding it on the set list of his Purpose World Tour . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 4.1 United States 4.2 United Kingdom 4.3 Australia 5 Music video 5.1 Purpose : The Movement 6 Live performances and covers 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 See also 12 References Background and release ( edit ) Ed Sheeran ( pictured ) initially wrote `` Love Yourself '' for his album ÷ before giving it to Bieber . On September 29 , 2015 , Justin Bieber announced in an interview with Australia 's Sunrise morning show that British singer and songwriter Ed Sheeran had written a song for his then - upcoming album . Later , during an interview for Capital FM , Bieber revealed details about the song , saying : `` It 's just me and a guitar . Basically that 's how I started , playing on the street with a guitar . '' About Sheeran , he said : `` I think he 's one of the most talented writers in the game right now , so just to have his input and his stories and our stories and match them up together and say ' What have you been through ? , ' and telling the same story . '' In another interview for the same radio network , he commented about the collaboration , stating : `` It was a process . Just getting us together , you know , in the same room cause we did a lot of it separate . He is a good guy , super talented . Really good songwriter so just to be able to work with that calibre of songwriter was really , really awesome . '' In 2017 , Sheeran revealed that `` Love Yourself '' was written for his album ÷ . He said in an interview that the track would have been scrapped before Bieber took the song . On November 9 , 2015 `` Love Yourself '' premiered on Beats 1 along with `` The Feeling '' . The song was also made available on iTunes in the same day as a promotional single of Purpose , and later it was announced as the album 's official third radio single . When talking to Ryan Seacrest , Bieber said `` Love Yourself '' is `` definitely about someone in my past , someone who I do n't want to put on blast , '' he described the song as `` cool because so many people can resonate with that because how many women do we bring back that mom does n't really necessarily like ? . '' Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` Love Yourself '' A 23 - second sample of `` Love Yourself '' 's chorus , which Bieber described as relatable and `` cool '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Love Yourself '' was written by Ed Sheeran , Benny Blanco and Justin Bieber , with production being done by Benny Blanco , who was also responsible for the song 's instrumentation and programming . It features background vocals by Sheeran . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is composed in the key of E major with a moderately tempo of 100 beats per minute and a time signature of 4 4 . Bieber 's vocals range from the note of B to B. It is an acoustic pop song , featuring just vocals , an electric guitar , and a brief flurry of trumpets , which was considered `` the most subdued and least electronic of Bieber 's new tracks . '' Lyrically , `` Love Yourself '' is a kiss - off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong , with Bieber singing in a snappy and spiteful tone while `` hating on a girl for loving herself too much . '' In the pre-chorus , he sings with a husky tone in the lower registers : `` My mama do n't like you , and she likes everyone , '' `` in a style that molds well to Sheeran 's , '' according to Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos . `` And I ( never ) like to admit that I was wrong . And I 've been so caught up in my job , did n't see what 's going on , and now I know , I 'm better sleeping on my own , '' he continues . In the chorus , Bieber sings , `` Cause if you like the way you look that much , oh baby you should go and love yourself , '' which according to Digital Spy 's Amy Davidson , `` ' love yourself ' means ' go f * * k yourself ' in this context . '' On March 7 , 2017 , composer Ed Sheeran stated on the Howard Stern Show that he had Rihanna in mind for the song at first , and the original lyric was indeed `` fuck yourself . '' In the song 's bridge , Bieber uses a `` brass - and - vocalese '' style . Critical reception ( edit ) Andrew Unterberger of Spin called it `` an earth - salting , cruelly chuckling kiss - off track , it features an unprecedented - for - Bieber caliber of lyrical detail , and its minimal arrangement allows every lyrical barb to pop like one of the song 's palm - mutes . For such sour grapes , though , ' Love Yourself ' still sounds exultant ; one of many reminders this year that for all his insistence on being a good person , Bieber may ultimately be best served as a Top 40 heel . '' Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly complimented the track as one of her favourites from the album , naming it `` the world 's first campfire - folk diss track . '' Amy Davidson of Digital Spy agreed , calling it a ' deliciously evil poison - pen ballad ' . Sheldon Pearce of Complex praised `` Sorry '' and `` Love Yourself '' for `` display ( ing ) the best of Bieber in tandem : the full scope of his pop stylings -- blue - eyed soul fleshing out both electronic and acoustic spaces . '' Kenneth Partridge of Billboard wrote that Bieber `` overplay ( s ) his renewed spirituality ( ... ) mak ( ing ) like John Mayer doing Sam Smith , '' citing the track as an example . Josh Gonzalez of Music Times thought the song was `` a cool change of pace and nod musically to his 2014 duet with Cody Simpson ' Home to Mama ' , '' adding : `` Bieber is a great vocalist and does well on acoustic tracks . '' For Consequence of Sound editor Janine Schaults , `` all the credit goes to Sheeran 's cherubic magic powers . Refreshingly , just a guitar and a lonely trumpet interlude accompany Bieber 's coy delivery . '' Michelles Geslani of the same publication opined that the track `` sounds exactly what you 'd expect from a meeting of these two minds , '' considering it `` ' Thinking Out Loud ' crossed with low - key , lovelorn Bieber . '' Kitty Empire , writing for The Observer , aprecciated the song for `` strip ( ping ) everything back very effectively to a guitar line and a vocal . '' Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club was mixed , noting that `` despite being a nicely deadpan kiss - off to a snobby ex , is generic acoustic - pop . '' In a less favorable review , Pitchfork 's Brad Nelson wrote that , lyrically , `` it 's needlessly mean , neither funny nor clever , and it does n't do much to justify the severity of its perspective . '' Al Horner of NME noted that the song is `` more traditionally Bieber , and ( its ) big pop hook ( is ) out of place amidst the forward - thinking electronic scuttle . '' Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine called the lyrics `` unintentionally hilarious . '' Alex Macpherson of The National called it `` a cloying Ed Sheeran collaboration . '' Billboard ranked `` Love Yourself '' at number 34 on their `` 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 '' list . Chart performance ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Bieber became the first male artist since Justin Timberlake ( pictured ) in 2006 to achieve three number - ones in the US from an album . In the United States , the song debuted at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , giving Bieber his ninth top ten song and his third consecutive top ten debut from Purpose . It also debuted at number two and four on the Digital Songs and Streaming Songs charts , respectively , with 141,000 downloads and 17.4 million streams . The following week , it descended to number seven on the Hot 100 . Two weeks later , it ascended from seven to five on the Hot 100 , meanwhile Bieber 's `` Sorry '' and `` What Do You Mean ? '' were at number two and four , respectively . Thus , as he did three weeks prior when `` Love Yourself '' debuted at number four , Bieber had three concurrent songs in the Hot 100 's top five , becoming the third act to achieve it since 50 Cent in 2005 . Bieber and The Beatles are the only acts to earn the honor as a lead artist on all three songs . On the chart dated February 6 , 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' ascended from three to two on the Hot 100 , meanwhile Bieber 's `` Sorry '' was at number one . With the feat , Bieber became the 17th act in the Hot 100 's history to rank at numbers one and 2 simultaneously . He was also the 11th act to hold the Hot 100 's top two as a lead artist on both songs . The following week , `` Love Yourself '' replaced `` Sorry '' at number one , becoming his third consecutive number - one single . Thus , Bieber was the 12th artist to succeed himself in the Hot 100 's 57 - year history ; the last artist before Bieber was The Weeknd , who is also from Canada . Additionally , Bieber 's Purpose became the first album by a male artist to produce three number - one songs since Justin Timberlake 's FutureSex / LoveSounds did so in 2006 -- 07 . After being replaced at the top of the Hot 100 by Zayn 's debut single as a solo artist , `` Pillowtalk '' , for one week , it returned to the number one position the following date . Also , `` Love Yourself '' replaced `` Sorry '' at the top of the Radio Songs chart with 144 million weekly audience , becoming Bieber 's second number - one song on the chart . However , the next week , `` Love Yourself '' was replaced at the top by Rihanna 's `` Work '' and descended to number two . By the middle of 2016 , the song had sold 1.6 million copies in the U.S. On the chart dated 7 May 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' spent its 23rd consecutive week in the Hot 100 's top ten , breaking the record for the most consecutive weeks logged in the top 10 from a song 's debut , previously set by Nicki Minaj 's `` Starships '' , Maroon 5 's `` Sugar '' and Bieber 's both `` What Do You Mean ? '' and `` Sorry '' . It has since been passed by The Chainsmokers 's `` Closer '' ( 2016 -- 2017 ) , which spent 32 weeks in the top 10 . Additionally , the song spent an eleventh week at the top of the Radio Songs chart . Additionally , on the chart dated 14 May 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' became Bieber 's first chart - topper on the Adult Contemporary chart . The song was the most - played song in the United States in 2016 , with nearly 4 billion audience impressions . During 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' sold 1.8 million copies in the US , thus being listed seventh on the best - selling songs of the year list . Overall , it has sold 2.7 million copies in the country . `` Love Yourself '' finished at # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Year - End of 2016 released in December 2016 , becoming Bieber 's highest charting song on Hot 100 Year - End to date , surpassing `` Boyfriend '' on the Hot 100 Year - End of 2012 . This made him the youngest artist to date to receive a # 1 single on a Hot 100 Year - End chart in Billboard 's history . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , `` Love Yourself '' debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart on 19 November 2015 , after the release of Purpose . The following week , it rose to number two before replacing `` Sorry '' at the top of the chart on 4 December 2015 . Bieber is the first artist to replace themselves at the chart 's summit since Elvis Presley in 2005 . `` Love Yourself '' marked Bieber 's third consecutive chart - topping song in Britain . The following week , the song stayed at the top of the chart with 114,000 combined sales and `` Sorry '' stayed at number two , which made Bieber the first artist ever to knock himself off the top spot with both songs holding at one and 2 for two consecutive weeks . `` Love Yourself '' and `` Sorry '' remained at the same place the next week , which made Bieber the first artist ever to log four weeks at numbers one and 2 consecutively , breaking the record previously held by The Beatles , who logged three consecutive weeks at numbers one and 2 in 1967 -- 68 . `` Love Yourself '' was beaten to the top by NHS Choir 's `` A Bridge Over You '' charity single by nearly 31,000 chart sales . However , the single rose to the number - one spot the next week , logging a fourth week at the summit and claiming the first number - one song of 2016 . The following week , it remained at number one , making Bieber the first artist on the UK Singles Chart to occupy the top three spots on the chart at the same time with `` Sorry '' at number two and `` What Do You Mean ? '' climbing one place to three . `` Love Yourself '' spent six non-consecutive weeks at number one . On 4 January 2016 , the Official Charts Company announced that ' Love Yourself ' has earned 719,000 combined sales . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , `` Love Yourself '' debuted at number three on the ARIA Singles Chart , after the release of Purpose , giving Bieber his fifth top - three single in the country . That week the singer had three songs inside the top ten : `` Sorry '' ( 2 ) , `` Love Yourself '' ( 3 ) and `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( 7 ) . Two weeks later , `` Love Yourself '' was the most streamed track in the country and rose to number two , also it earned a gold certification for sales of over 35,000 copies . In its fourth week , the song ascended from two to one , dethroning Adele 's `` Hello '' and earning a platinum certification for sales of over 70,000 copies . With that , Bieber became the only act to have two number - one songs in 2015 following previous single `` What Do You Mean ? '' , which topped the chart during four consecutive weeks in September . The song stayed at the top of the chart the following two weeks . On its third week at number one , Bieber 's ' Sorry ' and `` What Do You Mean ? '' were at number two and eight , respectively . With that , Bieber became the first act to dominate the top two positions since Macklemore & Ryan Lewis did in 2013 with `` Same Love '' and `` Thrift Shop '' . He also was the first act to have three singles inside the chart 's top ten since 2012 . The song was the first number - one song of 2016 and has spent seven consecutive weeks at number one , which places Bieber at number 8 on the list for the most accumulated weeks ( 11 ) at number one in the 2010s . Also , it is his longest - running number - one single in Australia . `` Love Yourself '' also topped the charts in Sweden , Ireland , New Zealand , Netherlands and Denmark . Music video ( edit ) Purpose : the Movement ( edit ) The song 's music video was released on YouTube on November 14 , 2015 along with the other videos from `` Purpose : The Movement '' . The video starts with Bieber saying : `` Love is n't ' do this for me and I 'm going to do this for you . ' That 's not what love is . Love is just ' I 'm gon na do this for you because I wan na do this for you . ' '' Later , the video features husband and wife dancers Keone and Mari Madrid dancing their way through their house . They are later seen dancing on their phone screens . The video ends when the wife wakes up and finds a note on her husband 's pillow saying , `` Love Yourself . '' As of July 2017 , the music video has received over 1.2 billion views on YouTube . Live performances and covers ( edit ) Bieber during his show at 2016 Brit Awards Bieber first performed `` Love Yourself '' on The Ellen DeGeneres Show during ' Purpose ' week release . On November 18 , 2015 , the song was also performed on The Today Show along with other tracks from the album . Bieber also added the song to the set list of his show on Capital FM 's Jingle Bell Ball 2015 . He performed the song at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards . The singer performed an acoustic version of the track with James Bay on the guitar before performing `` Sorry '' during the 2016 Brit Awards . He also performed an acoustic version of the song during the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards before proceeding to a full performance of `` Company '' . `` Love Yourself '' is also part of the set list of his Purpose World Tour . The performance has Bieber on acoustic guitar while seated on a red velvet couch down center stage . He performed the song at Radio Disney Music Awards during a special pocket show for fans , previously recorded . On June 4 , 2017 , Bieber performed `` Love Yourself '' at the One Love Manchester benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing . Canadian singer Alessia Cara posted a video covering of the song on her YouTube channel on November 14 , 2015 . English singer Conor Maynard also posted a video covering the song on his YouTube channel on November 17 , 2015 . American singer Halsey also performed a cover version for Triple J 's Like a Version studio in Australia on February 4 , 2016 . Her version garnered attention since she replaced `` love yourself '' by `` fuck yourself . '' British singers Yo Preston and Kelly Kiara teamed up to write a reply to the song , with the version being called `` Love Yourself vs F * ck Yourself . '' In their version , Kiara responds to Bieber 's lyrics taking about the boy 's cheating habits and overwhelming jealousy . Their version charted on the ARIA Charts , reaching the top - twenty , peaking at number 16 . The song was also covered by American pop punk band Grayscale for Punk Goes Pop Vol. 7 , a compilation album of covers , which was released by Fearless Records on July 14 , 2017 . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at Record Plant , Los Angeles Mixed at Henson Recording Studios Personnel Ed Sheeran -- writing , background vocals . Benny Blanco -- writing , production , instrumentation , programming . Justin Bieber -- writing , vocals . Philip Beaudreau -- trumpet . Chris `` Anger Management '' Sclafani -- engineering . Simon Cohen -- engineering . Josh Gudwin -- engineering , mixing . Chris `` Tek '' O'Ryan -- additional engineering . Henrique Andrade -- additional engineering . Derrick Stockwell -- mixing assistant . Andrew `` McMuffin '' Luftman -- production coordinator . Seif `` Mageef '' Hussain -- production coordinator . Credits adapted from the liner notes of Purpose , Def Jam Recordings . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 10 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 6 Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 75 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Media Forest ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea Chart ( Gaon ) 57 South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 98 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 24 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 39 Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 21 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) France 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) 23 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 10 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 12 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 7 × Platinum 560,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 240,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 × Platinum 250,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 4 × Platinum + Gold 270,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 5 × Platinum 75,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 3 × Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 9 × Platinum 360,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 2,845,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Various November 9 , 2015 Digital download Def Jam Italy April 15 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio Universal See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2016 List of number - one singles of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2016 ( Australia ) List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2016 List of number - one singles of 2016 ( South Africa ) List of number - one international songs of 2016 ( South Korea ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 2016 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Spanos , Brittany ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Hear Justin Bieber 's Ed Sheeran - Penned Song , ' Love Yourself ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adelle Platon ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Shares Ed Sheeran - penned Tune ' Love Yourself , ' Announces L.A. Gig '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Best - Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Yahoo ! Music . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Wrote Song for Justin Bieber 's New Album , but Not One Direction 's '' . ABC News Radio . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Justin Bieber Tells Us ALL About His Ed Sheeran Song . We 've Got ACTUAL Chills ! '' . Capital FM . October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garibaldi , Christina ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Song With Ed Sheeran Is One Of His ' Favorites ' Off Purpose - MTV '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Justin Bieber Reveals He Wants To Perform ' Love Yourself ' Live With Ed Sheeran '' . Capital FM . November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Reveals ' Love Yourself ' Was Originally Written For His New Album ' Divide ' '' . Billboard . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Eliza ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Listen to Justin Bieber 's New Song , Cowritten by Ed Sheeran '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Sixth Week , Selena Gomez Goes Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Inocencio , Marc ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber on Finally Releasing ' Purpose , ' Explains Story Behind ' Love Yourself ' '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - `` Love Yourself '' - Digital Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes.com . Sony / ATV Music Publishing . MN0157475 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber ' Purpose ' Album Review , Track - by - Track '' . Universal Music Canada . November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Andrew ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Sorry Seems to Be the Easiest Word for Justin Bieber on ' Purpose ' '' . Spin . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Amy ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber has premiered his Ed Sheeran collaboration ' Love Yourself ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Sheldon ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Justin Bieber 's New Album Will Almost Make You Forgive Him for His Troubled Past '' . Complex . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Casey ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Purpose Is the Comeback Album Justin Bieber Needed '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Amy ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Purpose review : Track - by - track with his best album yet '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.howardstern.com/news/2017/3/7/ed-sheeran-reveals-original-nsfw-love-yourself-lyric-he-wrote-rihanna-not-justin-bieber/ ^ Jump up to : C. Mac , Sam ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Purpose Album Review Slant Magazine '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` From Boys to Men : EW reviews Justin Bieber and One Direction 's new albums '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Kenneth ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Proves His Growth on ' Purpose ' Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Music Times Staff ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber ' Purpose ' Album Review : Junk Mail '' . Musc Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaults , Janine ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber -- Purpose '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geslani , Michelle ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber premieres two new songs `` The Feeling '' and `` Love Yourself '' -- listen `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Empire , Kitty ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Purpose review -- a grown - up sorry . Sort of '' . The Observer . The Guardian . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zaleski , Annie ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's comeback narrative has a few plot holes '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Brad ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Purpose Album Reviews Pitchfork '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horner , Al ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` NME Reviews -- Justin Bieber -- ' Purpose ' NME.COM '' . NME . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Macpherson , Alex ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Album review : Does ' Purpose ' establish Justin Bieber as now cool ? '' . The National . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Adele Tops Hot 100 for Fourth Week ; Justin Bieber , Alessia Cara Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 14 December 2015 ) . `` Adele Matches Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Seventh Week at No. 1 for ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 , The Chainsmokers Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Replaces Himself at No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Retakes No. 1 Spot From Zayn on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna & Drake Rise to No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Work '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Nielsen Music Mid-Year Report '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen 2016 Mid Year Report . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Desiigner 's ' Panda ' Claws to No. 1 on Hot 100 , Bringing Americans Back to the Top '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` JJustin Bieber Earns First Adult Contemporary No. 1 With ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hugh McIntyre ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Love Yourself ' Owned Radio In 2016 , Ends The Year At No. 1 '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Year - End - 2016 '' . Billboard . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 4 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber replaces himself at the top of the Official Singles Chart with Love Yourself '' . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 11 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber extends his record breaking reign over the Official Singles Chart '' . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 18 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber sets a new Official Singles Chart record '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 25 December 2015 ) . `` NHS Choir defeat Justin Bieber to secure the UK 's Official Christmas Number 1 2015 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Love Yourself is the first Number 1 single of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber sets UK singles chart record '' . BBC News . 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` JJustin Bieber 's Love Yourself scores sixth week at Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber tops the ARIA Albums chart with ' Purpose ' '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Adele reigns supreme for sixth week in a row '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gavin , Ryan ( 12 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber snatches back # 1 spot '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 26 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber hits three weeks at # 1 with ' Love Yourself ' '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 2 January 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber holds the first # 1 for 2016 '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 23 January 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber holds onto # 1 with ' Love Yourself ' '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Ranking of Justin Bieber 's New Music Videos '' . Beautycon . November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodulfo , Kristina ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Who Is the Incredible Dancing Couple In Justin Bieber 's `` Love Yourself '' Music Video ? `` . Elle . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - Love Yourself '' . JustinBieberVEVO . YouTube . November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Now : A Full Recap of # BieberWeek So Far on Ellen '' . Universal Music Canada . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Norwin , Alyssa ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Rocks The Plaza With Hits From ' Purpose ' : Epic ' Today ' Show Concert '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We 're ALL Beliebers Now ! Justin Bieber Closes Our # CapitalJBB With An INCREDIBLE Live Show ! '' . Capital FM . December 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bayber ! How James Bay ended up playing with Justin Bieber '' . BBC . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Billboard Staff ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Performs ' Love Yourself ' & ' Company ' at the 2016 iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` The 10 wildest moments from Justin Bieber 's Purpose tour kick - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Surprised the Radio Disney Music Awards With an Acoustic Performance of `` Love Yourself '' `` . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` One Love Manchester : Ariana Grande Opens Benefit Concert With ' Be Alright , ' Joins Black Eyed Peas for ' Where Is the Love ? ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polanco , Luis ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Alessia Cara Cover Justin Bieber 's ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - Love Yourself ( Conor Maynard version ) '' . YouTube . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitz - Gerald , Sean ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Halsey Tweaked Justin Bieber 's ' Love Yourself , ' and Then Covered the Hell Out of It '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Alyssa ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Halsey Sings Bieber 's `` Love Yourself '' Even Better Than Bieber `` . Elle . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wood , Kendall ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` This Cover Of Bieber 's ' Love Yourself ' Tells The Other Side Of The Story '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-chart.com - Yo Preston feat . Kelly Kiara - Love Yourself vs. Fuck Yourself '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Purpose ( inlay cover ) . Justin Bieber . Def Jam Recordings. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Latino > Top 20 Oficial Del 25 al 31 de Julio , 2016 ( Argentina ) '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 ... MonitorLatino.com Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201610 into search . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20161 into search . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber : Love Yourself '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Justin Bieber Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 10 / 2016 '' . German Charts . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 50 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Justin Bieber '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . January 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Justin Bieber search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( SEMANA 6 ) Top nacional da semana - Section `` Top Nacional de Singles '' `` . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian International Top 10 Singles Chart '' . Media Forest . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20169 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20168 into search . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2016 - 02 - 23 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 21 , 2016 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 21 , 2016 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016 '' . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 - Single - Charts 2016 '' . oe3.orf.at . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top singles 2016 '' . Pure Charts ( in French ) . chartinfrance.net . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli airplay yearly chart 2016 '' . Media Forest . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Podsumowanie roku -- Airplay 2016 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 100 Canciones Anual 2016 '' . promusicae.es . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2016 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Justin Bieber in the field Interpret . Enter Love Yourself in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Canadian certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber `` Love Yourself '' `` . IFPI Denmark . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Justin Bieber ; ' Love Yourself ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Justin Bieber '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2016 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Justin Bieber in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Love Yourself and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Enter Love Yourself in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Love Yourself - Justin Bieber '' . JustinBieberMusic.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber `` Love Yourself '' ( Radio Date : 15 / 04 / 2015 ) `` . Radio Date . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Justin Bieber songs Discography My World `` One Time '' `` One Less Lonely Girl '' My World 2.0 `` Baby '' `` Eenie Meenie '' `` Somebody to Love '' `` U Smile '' My Worlds : The Collection `` Pray '' Never Say Never : The Remixes `` Never Say Never '' Under the Mistletoe `` Mistletoe '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' Believe `` Boyfriend '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Right Here '' `` All Around the World '' Journals `` Heartbreaker '' `` All That Matters '' `` Hold Tight '' `` Recovery '' `` Bad Day '' `` All Bad '' `` PYD '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` Change Me '' `` Confident '' Purpose `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Company '' Other singles `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' `` Home to Mama '' `` Friends '' Featured singles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Next to You '' `` Live My Life '' `` # thatPOWER '' `` Lolly '' `` Wait for a Minute '' `` Gas Pedal '' `` Cold Water '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Despacito '' ( remix ) `` I 'm the One '' `` 2U '' Promotional singles `` Love Me '' `` Favorite Girl '' `` Never Let You Go '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' `` Die in Your Arms '' `` I 'll Show You '' Other songs `` Down to Earth '' `` Bigger '' `` First Dance '' `` That Should Be Me '' `` Why You Mad ? ( Infinity Remix ) '' Ed Sheeran Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums + x ÷ Extended plays Loose Change Songs I Wrote with Amy No. 5 Collaborations Project The Slumdon Bridge Box sets 5 Videography Jumpers for Goalposts : Live at Wembley Stadium Tours x Tour ÷ Tour Related articles Nizlopi `` A Different Way '' `` Cold Water '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Yours '' `` Little Things '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Moments '' `` Strip That Down '' `` Your Song '' Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Yourself&oldid=810927702 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2015 singles 2010s ballads Justin Bieber songs Songs written by Ed Sheeran Songs written by Justin Bieber Songs written by Benny Blanco Song recordings produced by Benny Blanco Pop ballads Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden South African Airplay Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Diss tracks Def Jam Recordings singles Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Русский Scots Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 10 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote love yourself sung by justin bieber
[ "\"Love Yourself\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album Purpose (2015). The song was released first as a promotional single on November 8, 2015, and later was released as the album's third single. It was written by Ed Sheeran, Benny Blanco and Bieber, and produced by Blanco. An acoustic pop song, \"Love Yourself\" features an electric guitar and a brief flurry of trumpets as its main instrumentation. During the song, Bieber uses a husky tone in the lower registers. Lyrically, the song is a kiss-off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong." ]
[ "Ed Sheeran, Benny Blanco and Bieber" ]
8916782274532579480
List of Basketball Wives episodes
List of Basketball Wives episodes - wikipedia List of Basketball Wives episodes Basketball Wives is the original installment of the Basketball Wives reality television franchise . It premiered on April 11 , 2010 on VH1 It chronicles the lives of a group of women who are the wives and girlfriends , or have been romantically linked to , professional basketball players in the National Basketball Association , though the title of the series does not make this differentiation , solely referring to the women as `` wives '' . For the first five seasons , the show was filmed in Miami , Florida , and beginning with season four , partially in New York City . VH1 announced the original series would return after a five - year hiatus with its sixth season to premiere on April 17 , 2017 . The setting of the show has relocated to Los Angeles , effectively combining the casts of the original series and Basketball Wives LA . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2010 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2010 - 2011 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2011 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2012 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2013 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2018 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 9 April 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 11 ) June 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 20 ) 12 December 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) March 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 14 ) 12 May 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) August 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 22 ) 17 February 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 20 ) June 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) 5 10 August 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) October 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 21 ) 6 17 April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) 7 TBA May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Basketball Wives ( season 1 ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` Series Premiere '' April 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 11 ) 1.58 `` Episode 2 '' April 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 18 ) 1.39 `` Episode 3 '' April 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 25 ) 1.28 `` Episode 4 '' May 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 02 ) 1.36 5 5 `` Episode 5 '' May 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 09 ) 1.23 6 6 `` Episode 6 '' May 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 16 ) 1.30 7 7 `` Episode 7 '' May 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 23 ) 1.24 8 8 `` Season Finale '' May 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 30 ) 0.91 9 9 `` The Reunion '' June 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 20 ) 1.04 Season 2 ( 2010 - 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Basketball Wives ( season 2 ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 10 `` Season Premiere '' December 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) 1.41 11 `` Episode 2 '' December 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 19 ) 1.14 12 `` Episode 3 '' January 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 02 ) N / A 13 `` Episode 4 '' January 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 09 ) 1.38 14 5 `` Episode 5 '' January 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) 1.24 15 6 `` Episode 6 '' January 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 23 ) 1.15 16 7 `` Episode 7 '' January 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) 1.10 17 8 `` Episode 8 '' February 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 06 ) 0.98 18 9 `` Episode 9 '' February 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 20 ) 1.05 19 -- `` Top 10 Flagrant Fouls '' February 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 27 ) N / A 20 10 `` Season Finale '' March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) 2.28 21 11 `` Reunion : Part 1 '' March 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 13 ) 1.35 22 12 `` Reunion : Part 2 '' March 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 14 ) 1.89 Season 3 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Basketball Wives ( season 3 ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 23 `` Season Premiere '' May 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) 1.82 24 `` Episode 2 '' June 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 06 ) 1.75 25 `` Episode 3 '' June 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 13 ) 1.85 26 `` Episode 4 '' June 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 20 ) 1.63 27 5 `` Episode 5 '' June 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 27 ) 1.73 28 6 `` Episode 6 '' July 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 11 ) 1.85 29 7 `` Episode 7 '' July 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 18 ) 2.03 30 8 `` Episode 8 '' July 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 25 ) 2.32 31 9 `` Episode 9 '' August 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 01 ) 2.01 32 10 `` Season Finale '' August 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 08 ) 2.59 33 11 `` Reunion : Part 1 '' August 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 15 ) 2.57 34 12 `` Reunion : Part 2 '' August 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 22 ) 2.87 Season 4 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Basketball Wives ( season 4 ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 35 `` Season Premiere '' February 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 20 ) 2.50 36 `` Episode 2 '' February 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 27 ) 2.04 37 `` Episode 3 '' March 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 05 ) 1.92 38 `` Episode 4 '' March 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) 1.90 39 5 `` Episode 5 '' March 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) 1.78 40 6 `` Episode 6 '' March 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 26 ) 1.97 41 7 `` Episode 7 '' April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) 1.72 42 8 `` Episode 8 '' April 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 09 ) 1.77 43 9 `` Episode 9 '' April 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 16 ) 2.02 44 10 `` Episode 10 '' April 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 23 ) 1.87 45 11 `` Episode 11 '' April 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 30 ) 1.75 46 12 `` Episode 12 '' May 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 07 ) 1.73 47 13 `` Episode 13 '' May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) 2.02 48 14 `` Episode 14 '' May 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 21 ) 1.93 49 15 `` Season Finale '' May 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 28 ) 1.77 50 16 `` Reunion : Part 1 '' June 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 04 ) 2.23 51 17 `` Reunion : Part 2 '' June 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) 2.21 Season 5 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Basketball Wives ( season 5 ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 52 `` Season Premiere '' August 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) 2.39 53 `` Episode 2 '' August 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 26 ) 1.97 54 `` Episode 3 '' September 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 02 ) 1.71 55 `` Episode 4 '' September 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 09 ) 1.74 56 5 `` Episode 5 '' September 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 16 ) 1.97 57 6 `` Episode 6 '' September 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) 1.72 58 7 `` Episode 7 '' September 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 30 ) 1.81 59 8 `` Episode 8 '' October 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 07 ) 2.12 60 9 `` Episode 9 '' October 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 14 ) 1.92 61 10 `` Season Finale '' October 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 21 ) 2.23 Season 6 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Basketball Wives ( season 6 ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 62 `` Season Premiere '' April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 2.61 63 `` Episode 2 '' April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 2.06 64 `` Episode 3 '' May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 2.01 65 `` Episode 4 '' May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 0.65 66 5 `` Episode 5 '' May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 1.88 67 6 `` Episode 6 '' May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 1.91 68 7 `` Episode 7 '' May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 1.98 69 8 `` Episode 8 '' June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) 2.09 70 9 `` Episode 9 '' June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) 1.81 71 10 `` Episode 10 '' June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 2.06 72 11 `` Episode 11 '' June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) 1.94 73 12 `` Episode 12 '' July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) 2.25 74 13 `` Episode 13 '' July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) 2.19 75 14 `` Episode 14 '' July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) 2.05 76 15 `` Episode 15 '' July 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) 1.92 77 16 `` Season Finale '' August 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 07 ) 2.18 78 17 `` The Reunion '' August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) 2.18 Season 7 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Basketball Wives ( season 7 ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 79 `` Season Premiere '' May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) 1.86 80 `` Episode 2 '' May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) 1.71 81 `` Episode 3 '' May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) 1.59 82 `` Episode 4 '' June 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 04 ) 1.82 83 5 `` Episode 5 '' June 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 11 ) 1.96 84 6 `` Episode 6 '' June 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 1.89 85 7 `` Episode 7 '' July 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 1.86 86 8 `` Episode 8 '' July 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 08 ) 1.06 87 9 `` Episode 9 '' July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) 1.67 88 10 `` Episode 10 '' July 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 30 ) 1.59 89 11 `` Episode 11 '' August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 0.94 90 12 `` Episode 12 '' August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) 0.90 91 13 `` Episode 13 '' August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) 0.92 92 14 `` Episode 14 '' August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) 1.07 93 15 `` Episode 15 '' September 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 02 ) TBD 94 16 `` Episode 16 '' September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( December 7 , 2009 ) . `` VH1 Gets into the Game with Basketball Wives '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - basketball wives on vh1 '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending April 11 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending April 18 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending April 25 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oy `` Treme , '' `` The Pacific '' + `` Army Wives '' & Other Sunday Cable - Ratings TVbytheNumbers `` . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending May 9 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending May 16 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday Cable : Lakers / Suns NBA Playoff , America : The Story Of US Tops With 18 - 49 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2010 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Leverage , True Blood , Army Wives , Drop Dead Diva & Much More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( December 25 , 2010 ) . `` '' Sunday 12 / 19 Cable Ratings : ' Sarah Palin 's Alaska , ' ' Top Gear , ' ' Ax Men , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Kendra , ' ' Real Housewives ' & More `` '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` '' Sunday Cable Ratings : Real Housewives , Hannah Montana , Shake It Up , Sarah Palin 's Alaska , Californication and Much More `` '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` '' Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Hannah Montana ' Finale , ' Real Housewives , ' ' Top Gear , ' ' Big Love ' Final Season Premiere & More `` '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` '' Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives , ' Kardashians , ' Holly 's World ' Lead Night + ' Shameless ' & Much More `` '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` '' Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Holly 's World , ' ' Real Housewives ' Finale Up ; Plus ' Kardashians , ' ' Shameless ' & Much More `` '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` '' Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Big Love , ' ' Californication , ' ' Episodes ' and ' Shameless ' Tackled by Super Bowl `` '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` '' Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA All Stars , Housewives , Worst Cooks and Kardashians Lead Night + ' Shameless ' & More `` '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` '' Sunday Cable Ratings : Tosh Leads Night + More ' Breakout Kings ; ' ' Shameless ' Up & MUCH More `` '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` '' Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Chopped ' Rises , Leads Night ; ' Breakout Kings ; ' ' Army Wives ' Down & MUCH More `` '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` '' Monday Cable Ratings : Snookie Boosts ' WWE Raw ' ; Plus ' Skins , ' ' Stargate SGU , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More `` '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night ; Plus ' WWE Raw , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Platinum Hit , ' ' Breakout Kings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night ; Plus ' WWE Raw , ' ' Secret Life , ' NHL Stanley Cup Finals , ' American Pickers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Keeps Growing ; Plus ' WWE Raw , ' ' Secret Life , ' ' Real Housewives , ' ' American Pickers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw , ' ' Secret Life , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Teen Wolf , ' ' Sanctuary ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw , ' ' Secret Life , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Single Ladies , ' ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` Updated Monday Cable Ratings : `` ESPN Edges Out ' Pawn Stars , + ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Alphas , ' ' Eureka ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars , ' ' American Pickers ' Top Night + ' Eureka ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Alphas , ' ' Teen Wolf ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Rules + ' WWE RAW , ' ' American Pickers , ' ' Basketball Wives , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Warehouse 13 , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Alphas , ' ' Teen Wolf ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' on Top + ' WWE RAW , ' ' American Pickers , ' ' Basketball Wives , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Warehouse 13 , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Alphas , ' ' Eureka ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Updated Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars , ' ' American Pickers , ' ' WWE RAW ' Top Night + ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Switched At Birth , ' ' Eureka ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable : ' Pawn Stars , ' Jets - Texans , ' WWE RAW ' Lead + ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Warehouse 13 ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 23 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable : Bears - Giants Preseason Wins + ' WWE RAW , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' T.O. Show , ' ' Alpha 's ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Pawn Stars Rules Again + WWE RAW , T.I. and Tiny , Pretty Little Liars , Being Human & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Comes Out on Top , Closely Followed by ' WWE RAW ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Beats ' WWE ' , ' American Pickers , ' ' Basketball Wives , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` '' Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' Tops ' American Chopper ' & ' TI and Tiny ' `` '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE RAW , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' Top Night + ' American Chopper , ' ' Basketball Wives , ' ' Lost Girl ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE RAW , ' ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : WWE Bodyslams Competition , ' Basketball Wives , ' ' La Las Full Court Life , '' Secret Life of the American Teenager , ' Pawn Stars ' `` . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Hardcore History ' , ' Secret Life of the American Teen ' , ' La La 's Full Court Life '' & More `` . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars , ' ' WWE Raw , ' ' Basketball Wives , ' ' American Pickers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars , ' ' WWE Raw , ' ' Basketball Wives , ' ' American Chopper ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Lead + ' WWE Raw ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Bad Girl Club ' , ' American Chopper , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Ridiculousness ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' WWE Raw ' , ' Bad Girls Club ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' American Chopper ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Wins Night , ' WWE ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' American Chopper ' , ' Secret Life ' , ' American Pickers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball , + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' La La 's Full Court Life ' , ' Basketball Wives ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals , ' Hatfields & McCoys ' ' WWE Raw ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Cajun Pawn Stars ' , ' Basketball Wives ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' , ' Bunheads ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NFL Preseason Wins Night + ' RAW ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' TI & Tiny ' , ' Marrying the Game ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom ' , ' Real Housewives of Orange County ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' TI & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Comedy Central Roast of James Franco ' Wins Night , College Football , ' WWE Raw ' , ' T.I. & Tiny ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Teen Mom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Dominates + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Mom III ' , ' Basketball Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Teen Mom 3 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Teen Mom III ' , ' Basketball Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' T.I. & Tiny ' , ' Teen Mom 3 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Leads Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , MLB Baseball , ' Basketball Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Mom 3 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Monday Night Football Wins Night + ' CrazySexyCool : The TLC Story ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Fast N Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' hits series low , ' Bates Motel ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' series finale rises , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' takes a hit , ' Better Call Saul ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : MTV Movie & TV Awards down , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' improves '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' ticks up , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' holds steady , ' Better Call Saul ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Better Call Saul ' tick up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' wins the night , ' Better Call Saul ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' season finale ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' holds steady , ' Preacher ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Home Run Derby leads the night , ' Preacher ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' WWE Raw ' tick up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' holds steady , ' Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood ' premieres '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' holds steady '' . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' dips , ' Real Housewives of Orange County ' holds steady '' . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' and Basketball Wives ' tick up '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Basketball_Wives_episodes&oldid=847263800 '' Categories : Lists of reality television series episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 02 : 06 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
when does basketball wives season 7 episode 6 start
[ "\n\n\nNo. inseries\n\nNo. inseason\n\nTitle\n\nOriginal air date\n\nU.S. viewers(million)\n\n791\"Season Premiere\"May 14, 2018 (2018-05-14)1.86[77]\n802\"Episode 2\"May 21, 2018 (2018-05-21)1.71[78]\n813\"Episode 3\"May 28, 2018 (2018-05-28)1.59[79]\n824\"Episode 4\"June 4, 2018 (2018-06-04)1.82[80]\n835\"Episode 5\"June 11, 2018 (2018-06-11)1.96[81]\n846\"Episode 6\"June 25, 2018 (2018-06-25)1.89[82]\n857\"Episode 7\"July 2, 2018 (2018-07-02)1.86[83]\n868\"Episode 8\"July 8, 2018 (2018-07-08)1.06[84]\n879\"Episode 9\"July 16, 2018 (2018-07-16)1.67[85]\n8810\"Episode 10\"July 30, 2018 (2018-07-30)1.59[86]\n8911\"Episode 11\"August 5, 2018 (2018-08-05)0.94[87]\n9012\"Episode 12\"August 12, 2018 (2018-08-12)0.90[88]\n9113\"Episode 13\"August 19, 2018 (2018-08-19)0.92[89]\n9214\"Episode 14\"August 26, 2018 (2018-08-26)1.07[90]\n9315\"Episode 15\"September 2, 2018 (2018-09-02)TBD\n9416\"Episode 16\"September 9, 2018 (2018-09-09)TBD\n" ]
[ "June 25, 2018" ]
8147342740211441902
Air Force One
Air Force One - Wikipedia Air Force One Jump to : navigation , search For the current aircraft most commonly used as Air Force One , see Boeing VC - 25 . For the 1997 film , see Air Force One ( film ) . For other uses , see Air Force One ( disambiguation ) . SAM 28000 , one of the two VC - 25s used as Air Force One , flying over Mount Rushmore in February 2001 Air Force One is the official air traffic control call sign for a United States Air Force aircraft carrying the President of the United States . In common parlance the term describes those Air Force aircraft designed , built , and used to transport the president . The presidential aircraft is a prominent symbol of the American presidency and its power . The idea of designating specific military aircraft to transport the President arose in 1943 , when officials of the United States Army Air Forces , the predecessor to the U.S. Air Force , became concerned over the reliance on commercial airlines to transport the president . A C - 87 Liberator Express was reconfigured for use as a presidential transport , but the Secret Service rejected it because of its safety record . A C - 54 Skymaster was then converted for presidential use ; this aircraft , dubbed the Sacred Cow , carried President Franklin D. Roosevelt to the Yalta Conference in February 1945 and was subsequently used for another two years by President Harry S. Truman . The `` Air Force One '' call sign was created after a 1953 incident during which a Lockheed Constellation named Columbine II , carrying President Dwight D. Eisenhower , entered the same airspace as a commercial airline flight using the same call sign . A number of aircraft types have been used as Air Force One since the creation of the presidential fleet , starting with two Lockheed Constellations in the late 1950s : Columbine II and Columbine III . It also operated two Boeing 707s , introduced in the 1960s and 1970s ; since 1990 , the presidential fleet has been two Boeing VC - 25 As , which are specifically configured , highly customized Boeing 747 - 200B series aircraft . The Air Force plans to procure the Boeing 747 - 8 for the next version of Air Force One . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 First presidential aircraft 1.3 Late 1940s and 1950s 1.4 Boeing 707s and entry to jet age 1.4. 1 SAM 26000 1.4. 2 SAM 27000 1.5 Boeing 747s 1.5. 1 9 / 11 to present 1.6 Future replacement 2 Other presidential aircraft 3 Air Force One aircraft on display 4 Notable appearances in media 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Theodore Roosevelt and pilot Arch Hoxsey before their flight from St. Louis in October 1910 On 11 October 1910 , Theodore Roosevelt became the first U.S. president to fly in an aircraft , an early Wright Flyer from Kinloch Field near St. Louis , Missouri . He was no longer in office at the time , having been succeeded by William Howard Taft . The record - making occasion was a brief overflight of the crowd at a county fair but was nonetheless the beginning of presidential air travel . Prior to World War II , overseas and cross-country presidential travel was rare . The lack of wireless telecommunication and available modes of transportation made long - distance travel impractical , as it took much time and isolated the president from events in Washington , D.C. Railroads were a safer and more reliable option if the president needed to travel to distant states . By the late 1930s , with the arrival of aircraft such as the Douglas DC - 3 , increasing numbers of the U.S. public saw passenger air travel as a reasonable mode of transportation . All - metal aircraft , more reliable engines , and new radio aids to navigation had made commercial airline travel safer and more convenient . Life insurance companies even began to offer airline pilots insurance policies , albeit at extravagant rates , and many commercial travelers and government officials began using the airlines in preference to rail travel , especially for longer trips . First presidential aircraft ( edit ) Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to fly in an aircraft while in office . The first aircraft obtained specifically for presidential travel was a Douglas Dolphin amphibian delivered in 1933 which was designated RD - 2 by the US Navy and based at the Naval base at Anacostia D.C. The Dolphin was modified with luxury upholstery for four passengers and a small separate sleeping compartment . The aircraft remained in service as a presidential transport from 1933 until 1939 . There are no reports , however , on whether the president actually flew in the aircraft . During World War II , Roosevelt traveled on the Dixie Clipper , a Pan Am - crewed Boeing 314 flying boat to the 1943 Casablanca Conference in Morocco , a flight that covered 5,500 miles ( 8,890 km ) in three legs . The threat from the German submarines throughout the Battle of the Atlantic made air travel the preferred method of VIP transatlantic transportation . President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Douglas C - 54 Skymaster aircraft , nicknamed `` the Sacred Cow '' Concerned about relying upon commercial airlines to transport the president , USAAF leaders ordered the conversion of a military aircraft to accommodate the special needs of the Commander - in - Chief . The first dedicated aircraft proposed for presidential use was a C - 87A VIP transport aircraft . This aircraft , number 41 - 24159 , was modified in 1943 for use as a presidential VIP transport , the Guess Where II , intended to carry President Franklin D. Roosevelt on international trips . Had it been accepted , it would have been the first aircraft to be used in presidential service , in effect the first Air Force One . However , after a review of the C - 87 's highly controversial safety record in service , the Secret Service flatly refused to approve the Guess Where II for presidential carriage . As the C - 87 was a derivative of the Consolidated B - 24 Liberator bomber , it presented strong offensive impressions to enemy fighter aircraft as well as foreign destinations visited , an issue not present with airplanes that were used purely for transport . The Guess Where II was used to transport senior members of the Roosevelt administration on various trips . In March 1944 , it transported Eleanor Roosevelt on a goodwill tour of several Latin American countries . The C - 87 was scrapped in 1945 . The Secret Service subsequently reconfigured a Douglas C - 54 Skymaster for presidential transport duty . The VC - 54C aircraft , nicknamed the Sacred Cow , included a sleeping area , radio telephone , and retractable elevator to lift Roosevelt in his wheelchair . As modified , the VC - 54C was used by President Roosevelt only once before his death , on his trip to the Yalta Conference in February 1945 . Late 1940s and 1950s ( edit ) The VC - 118 Independence used primarily by President Truman After Roosevelt 's death in April 1945 , Vice President Harry S. Truman became president . The legislation that created the U.S. Air Force , the National Security Act of 1947 , was signed by Truman while on board the VC - 54C . He replaced the VC - 54C in 1947 with a modified C - 118 Liftmaster , calling it the Independence ( name of Truman 's Missouri hometown ) . This was the first aircraft acting as Air Force One that had a distinctive exterior -- a bald eagle head painted on its nose . The presidential call sign was established for security purposes during the administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower . The change stemmed from a 1953 incident where an Eastern Airlines commercial flight ( 8610 ) had the same call sign as the flight the president was on ( Air Force 8610 ) . The airliner accidentally entered the same airspace , and after the incident , the unique presidential aircraft call sign `` Air Force One '' was introduced . The first official flight of Air Force One was in 1959 , during the Eisenhower administration . The VC - 121 Columbine III used by President Eisenhower Eisenhower introduced four propeller driven aircraft to presidential service . This group included two Lockheed C - 121 Constellations , the aircraft Columbine II ( VC - 121A 48 - 610 ) -- the only primary presidential airplane ever sold -- and Columbine III ( VC - 121E 53 - 7885 ) . They were named by First Lady Mamie Eisenhower after the columbine , the official state flower of her adopted home state of Colorado . Two Aero Commanders were added to the fleet and earned the distinction of being the smallest aircraft ever to serve as Air Force One . President Eisenhower also upgraded Air Force One 's technology by adding an air - to - ground telephone and an air - to - ground teletype machine . Boeing 707s and entry to jet age ( edit ) Main articles : VC - 137C SAM 26000 and VC - 137C SAM 27000 Boeing 707 SAM 26000 served Presidents Kennedy to Clinton , and was the primary transport from Kennedy to Nixon . Toward the end of Eisenhower 's term in 1958 , the Air Force added three Boeing 707 jets ( as VC - 137s designated SAM 970 , 971 , and 972 ) , into the fleet . Eisenhower became the first president to use the VC - 137 during his `` Flight to Peace '' Goodwill tour , from 3 December through 22 December 1959 . He visited 11 Asian nations , flying 22,000 miles ( 35,000 km ) in 19 days , about twice as fast as he could have covered that distance via one of the Columbines . SAM 26000 ( edit ) Under John F. Kennedy , presidential air travel entered the jet age . He had used the Eisenhower - era jets for trips to Canada , France , Austria , and the United Kingdom . Then in October 1962 , the U.S. Air Force purchased a Boeing C - 137 Stratoliner , a modified long - range Boeing 707 -- Special Air Mission ( SAM ) 26000 . The Air Force had designed a special presidential livery in red and metallic gold , with the nation 's name in block letters . Kennedy felt the aircraft appeared too regal , and , on advice from his wife , First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy , he contacted the French - born American industrial designer Raymond Loewy for help in designing a new livery and interiors for the VC - 137 jet . Loewy met with the president , and his earliest research on the project took him to the National Archives , where he looked at the first printed copy of the United States Declaration of Independence ; he saw the country 's name set widely spaced and in upper case in Caslon typeface . He chose to expose the polished aluminum fuselage on the bottom side and used two blues -- slate - blue associated with the early republic and the presidency and a more contemporary cyan to represent the present and future . The presidential seal was added to both sides of the fuselage near the nose , a large American flag was painted on the tail , and the sides of the aircraft read `` United States of America '' in all capital letters . Loewy 's work won immediate praise from the president and the press . The VC - 137 markings were adapted for the larger VC - 25 when it entered service in 1990 . SAM 26000 was in service from 1962 to 1998 , serving Presidents Kennedy to Clinton . On 22 November 1963 , SAM 26000 carried President Kennedy to Dallas , Texas , where it served as the backdrop as the Kennedys greeted well - wishers at Dallas 's Love Field . Later that afternoon , Kennedy was assassinated , and Vice President Lyndon Johnson assumed the office of President and took the oath of office aboard SAM 26000 . At Johnson 's request , the plane carried Kennedy 's body back to Washington . A decade later , SAM 26000 took Johnson 's body home to Texas after his state funeral in Washington . Johnson used SAM 26000 to travel extensively domestically and to visit troops in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War . SAM 26000 served President Nixon on several groundbreaking overseas voyages , including his famous visit to the People 's Republic of China in February 1972 and trip to the Soviet Union later that year , both firsts for an American president . Nixon dubbed the plane the `` Spirit of ' 76 '' in honor of the forthcoming bicentennial of the United States ; that logo was painted on both sides of the plane 's nose . SAM 26000 is now on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright - Patterson AFB , Ohio . SAM 27000 ( edit ) Boeing 707 SAM 27000 served Presidents Nixon to George W. Bush ; it was the primary transport for Nixon through Reagan . SAM 26000 was replaced in December 1972 by another VC - 137 , Special Air Mission 27000 , although SAM 26000 was kept as a backup until it was finally retired in 1998 . Richard Nixon was the first president to use SAM 27000 ; the newer aircraft served every president until it was replaced by two VC - 25 aircraft ( SAM 28000 and 29000 ) in 1990 . After announcing his intention to resign the presidency , Nixon boarded SAM 27000 ( with call sign `` Air Force One '' ) to travel to California . Colonel Ralph Albertazzie , then pilot of Air Force One , recounted that after Gerald Ford was sworn in as president , the plane had to be redesignated as SAM 27000 , indicating no president was on board the aircraft . Over Jefferson City , Missouri , Albertazzie radioed : `` ' Kansas City , this was Air Force One . Will you change our call sign to Sierra Alpha Mike ( SAM ) 27000 ? ' Back came the reply : ' Roger , Sierra Alpha Mike 27000 . Good luck to the President . ' '' SAM 27000 's last flight as Air Force One , was on 29 August 2001 when it flew President George W. Bush from San Antonio to Waco , Texas . Following the flight , it was formally decommissioned , then flown to San Bernardino International Airport ( former Norton AFB ) in California . It was dismantled and taken to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley , where it was reassembled and is on permanent display . Boeing 747s ( edit ) Main article : Boeing VC - 25 SAM 28000 sits on the tarmac as Air Force One ( in the background ) descends on final approach into Hickam Field in Honolulu , Hawaii with President George W. Bush aboard . Though Ronald Reagan 's two terms as president saw no major changes to Air Force One , the manufacture of the presidential aircraft version of the 747 began during his presidency . The USAF issued a Request For Proposal in 1985 for two wide - body aircraft with a minimum of three engines and an unrefueled range of 6,000 miles ( 9,700 km ) . Boeing with the 747 and McDonnell Douglas with the DC - 10 submitted proposals , and the Reagan Administration ordered two identical 747s to replace the aging 707s he used . The interior designs , drawn up by First Lady Nancy Reagan , were reminiscent of the American Southwest . The first of two aircraft , designated VC - 25A , was delivered in 1990 , during the administration of George H.W. Bush . Delays were experienced to allow for additional work to protect the aircraft from electromagnetic pulse ( EMP ) effects . The VC - 25 is equipped with both secure and unsecure phone and computer communications systems , enabling the president to perform duties while airborne , in the event of an attack on the US . The presidential air fleet is operated by the 89th Airlift Wing at Andrews Field , Maryland . In June 1974 , while President Nixon was on his way to a scheduled stop in Syria , Syrian fighter jets intercepted Air Force One to act as escorts . However , the Air Force One crew was not informed in advance and , as a result , took evasive action including a dive . President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush walk on the parking ramp as Air Force One sits at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan , 1 March 2006 . The Air Force usually does not have fighter aircraft escort the presidential aircraft over the United States but it has occurred , for example during the attack on the World Trade Center . 9 / 11 to present ( edit ) On 11 September 2001 , President George W. Bush was interrupted as he attended an event at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota , Florida , after the attack on the World Trade Center South Tower in New York City . He took off on a VC - 25 from Sarasota - Bradenton International Airport with Colonel Mark Tillman , the senior pilot of Air Force One that day , in charge . Air traffic controllers gave Air Force One an ominous warning that a passenger jet was close to Air Force One and was unresponsive to calls . Tillman recalls : `` As we got over Gainesville , Florida , we got the word from Jacksonville Center . They said , ' Air Force One you have traffic behind you and basically above you that is descending into you , we are not in contact with them -- they have shut their responder ( sic ) off . ' And at that time it kind of led us to believe maybe someone was coming into us in Sarasota , they saw us take off , they just stayed high and are following us at this point . We had no idea what the capabilities of the terrorists were at that point . '' In response to this reported threat , Col. Tillman said he flew Air Force One over the Gulf of Mexico to test whether the other aircraft would follow . The other jet continued on its route , and Tillman said that it was later explained to him that an airliner had lost its transponder and that the pilots on - board neglected to switch to another radio frequency . An aircraft transponder broadcasts an electronic identification signal . A threat came again when Tillman received a message warning of an imminent attack on Air Force One . `` We got word from the vice president and the staff that ' Angel was next . ' Angel being the classified call sign for Air Force One . Once we got into the Gulf ( of Mexico ) and they passed to us that ' Angel was next , ' at that point I asked for fighter support . If an airliner was part of the attack , it would be good to have fighters on the wing to go ahead and take care of us . '' At this point , Tillman said that the plan to fly the president back to Washington , DC was aborted and instead Tillman landed at Barksdale Air Force Base , Louisiana and Offutt Air Force Base , Nebraska , where the president made a speech . Tillman explained that this was due to his concern that because of the reported threat , Air Force One would be attacked when he returned to Andrews Air Force Base . President Barack Obama meets with staff mid-flight aboard Air Force One , in the conference room , 3 April 2009 . After the preliminary stops , the president was returned to Washington . The next day , officials at the White House and the Justice Department explained that President Bush did this because there was `` specific and credible information that the White House and Air Force One were also intended targets . '' The White House could not confirm evidence of a threat made against Air Force One , and investigation found the original claim to be a result of miscommunication . Presidents have invited other world leaders to travel with them on Air Force One at times , including Nixon inviting Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev to travel with him to California from Washington , D.C. in June 1973 . In 1983 , President Reagan and Queen Elizabeth II toured the U.S. West Coast aboard Air Force One . In March 2012 , President Obama took British Prime Minister David Cameron to a basketball game in Ohio aboard Air Force One . When President Bush came to the end of his second term in 2009 , a VC - 25 was used to transport him to Texas . For this purpose the aircraft call sign was Special Air Mission 28000 , as the aircraft did not carry the current President of the United States . Similar arrangements were made for former Presidents Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton and Barack Obama . On 27 April 2009 , a low - flying VC - 25 circled New York City for a photo - op and training exercise and caused a scare for many in New York . Fallout from the photo op incident led to the resignation of the director of the White House Military Office . President Donald Trump arrives in Germany for the G20 Summit onboard Air Force One Future replacement ( edit ) The VC - 25As are expected to be replaced , as they have become less cost - effective to operate . On 28 January 2015 , the Air Force announced that the Boeing 747 - 8 will serve as the next presidential aircraft . On 6 December 2016 , then - President - elect Donald Trump tweeted his opposition to the Air Force One replacement due to its high cost of `` more than $4 billion '' . The U.S. Government Accountability Office estimated the total cost at $3.2 billion , and the U.S. Air Force 's budget for the program is projected to be nearly $4 billion . In December 2016 , Boeing was on contract for preliminary development worth $170 million . On 1 August 2017 , Defense One reported that in an effort to pay less for the replacement program , the U.S. Air Force has contracted to purchase two of a bankrupt Russian firm 's ( Transaero ) undelivered 747 - 8 Intercontinentals from Boeing , which is storing them in the Mojave Desert to prevent corrosion . These airplanes are to be retrofitted with telecommunications and security equipment to bring them to the required security level for the presidential aircraft . Other presidential aircraft ( edit ) Air Force One , the presidential state car , and Secret Service agents A Boeing C - 32 ( Boeing 757 ) serving as Air Force Two During the Johnson Administration , the United States Air Force acquired a Beechcraft King Air B90 which was designated VC - 6A . The aircraft was used to transport President Johnson between Bergstrom Air Force Base and his family ranch near Johnson City , Texas , and was used at least once to transport the President to Princeton , New Jersey . It was referred to as Lady Bird 's airplane and later in its service life featured a basic color scheme similar to civilian aircraft . When the President was aboard , the aircraft used the call sign Air Force One . United Airlines is the only commercial airline to have operated Executive One , the call sign given to a civilian flight on which the U.S. President is aboard . On 26 December 1973 , President Richard Nixon and his family flew as commercial passengers on an United DC - 10 from Washington Dulles to Los Angeles International Airport . His staff explained that this was done to conserve fuel by not having to fly the usual Boeing 707 Air Force aircraft . The President regularly flies in helicopters ( call sign Marine One ) operated by the U.S. Marine Corps . In November 1999 , President Bill Clinton flew from Ankara , Turkey , to Cengiz Topel Naval Air Station outside Izmit , Turkey , aboard a marked C - 20C ( Gulfstream III ) using the call sign `` Air Force One '' , escorted by three F - 16s . On 8 March 2000 , President Clinton flew to Pakistan aboard an unmarked Gulfstream III while another aircraft with the call sign `` Air Force One '' flew on the same route a few minutes later . This diversion was reported by several U.S. press outlets . On 1 May 2003 , President George W. Bush flew in the co-pilot seat of a Sea Control Squadron Thirty - Five ( VS - 35 ) S - 3B Viking from Naval Air Station North Island , California to the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln off the California coast , where Bush delivered his `` Mission Accomplished '' speech . During the flight , the aircraft used the call sign of `` Navy One '' for the first time . This aircraft is now on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola , Florida . In May 2009 , President Barack Obama took the first lady on a date to New York City in a Gulfstream C - 37B . On 16 July 2010 , the First Family flew to Maine for vacation in a USAF Gulfstream III . When required by circumstances , the President makes domestic flights using a Boeing C - 32 , sometimes to allow access to smaller airports that can not support the larger VC - 25 . Air Force One aircraft on display ( edit ) In 2005 , President George W. Bush , First Lady Laura Bush , and former First Lady Nancy Reagan toured SAM 27000 , the aircraft that served seven presidents from 1972 to 2001 ; it is now housed at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . Lockheed JetStar used by President Johnson on display at the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Several presidential aircraft that have formerly served as Air Force One ( Sacred Cow , Independence , Columbine III , SAM 26000 , and other smaller presidential aircraft ) are on display in the presidential hangar of the National Museum of the United States Air Force ( located at Wright - Patterson AFB near Dayton , Ohio ) and at the Museum of Flight in Seattle , Washington ( earlier VC - 137B SAM 970 ) . The Boeing VC - 137C that served as Air Force One from the Nixon years through the George H.W. Bush administration ( SAM 27000 ) is on display in Simi Valley , California at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . The library 's Air Force One Pavilion was opened to the public on 24 October 2005 . A VC - 118A Liftmaster used by John F. Kennedy is on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum adjacent to Davis - Monthan AFB in Tucson , Arizona . A Lockheed JetStar which was used by Lyndon Johnson during his presidency is on display at the LBJ Ranch ( now the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park ) in Stonewall , Texas . The ranch had a runway , but was too small to accommodate a large plane such as a Boeing 707 . President Johnson would take the larger Air Force One to Bergstrom AFB in Austin , where he would transfer to the smaller JetStar for the short flight to the ranch . A McDonnell Douglas VC - 9C used by Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton is on display at Castle Air Museum in Atwater , California adjacent to the former Castle Air Force Base . Notable appearances in media ( edit ) Main article : Aircraft in fiction Air Force One is shown as being equipped with a one - person escape pod and parachutes for emergency use by the President of the United States in at least five films , Escape from New York , Air Force One , `` White House Down '' , Bermuda Tentacles and Big Game . However , the actual Air Force One does not have an escape pod and parachutes . See also ( edit ) United States Air Force portal Aviation portal Air transports of heads of state and government List of official vehicles of the President of the United States Boeing E-4 `` Nightwatch '' References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Order 7110.65 R ( Air Traffic Control ) . '' Archived 12 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Federal Aviation Administration , 14 March 2007 . Retrieved : 27 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh 2003 . Jump up ^ First Air Force One plane decaying in Arizona field Jump up ^ America 's lost Air Force One Jump up ^ Price , Mark J. `` Local history : Cuyahoga Falls aviator Billy Draper named ' Air Force One ' as Eisenhower 's pilot . '' Akron Beacon Journal , 23 November 2014 . Retrieved : 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hardesty 2003 , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` Mayflower Of The Air Ready For President . '' Popular Mechanics , May 1933 . Jump up ^ Donald 1997 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Hardesty 2003 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Hardesty 2003 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : `` Factsheet : Douglas VC - 54C SACRED COW . '' National Museum of the United States Air Force . Retrieved : 19 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dorr 2002 , p. l34 . Jump up ^ Dagenhart , Jenna ( 23 March 2016 ) . `` First Air Force One Aircraft Lands in Bridgewater for Restorations '' . WVIR . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Phil . `` 1st Air Force One fades in Marana . '' Arizona Daily Star , 11 July 2013 . Retrieved : 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Ralph M. `` N9463 c / n 2602 . '' Lockheed Constellation Survivors , Retrieved : 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Ralph M. `` 53 - 7885 c / n 4151 . '' Lockheed Constellation Survivors . Retrieved : 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First of 3 Jets for President and Top Aides Is Unveiled . '' The New York Times , 28 April 1959 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Walsh 2003 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ terHorst & Albertazzie , pp. 198 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Walsh 2003 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Hardesty 2003 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1971 , pp. 11 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` LBJ buried near his Texas birthplace . '' The Boston Globe , 26 January 1973 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Body of LBJ Lies in State in Washington : Lyndon B. Johnson returned in death ... to a capital ... aboard the presidential jet ... ( that ) bore ... serial number 26000 . '' Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , 25 January 1973 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing VC - 137C SAM 26000 . '' National Museum of the United States Air Force , 8 March 2010 . Retrieved : 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Dorr 2002 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Thomma , Steve . `` Presidential Plane Heads for History ; This Air Force One Served Every President Since Kennedy . A Museum is Next . '' The Philadelphia Inquirer , 20 May 1998 , p . A14 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis . `` Ralph Albertazzie , Nixon 's Pilot , Dies at 88 . '' The New York Times , 16 August 2011 , p . B16 . Retrieved : 17 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Rudi . `` Reagan Makes First , Last Flight in Jet He Ordered . '' United States Department of Defense , 10 June 2004 . Retrieved : 23 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Post Online conversation with Kenneth Walsh on his Air Force One : A History of the Presidents and Their Planes . '' Washington Post , 22 May 2002 . Retrieved : 18 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Angel is next ' : The terrifying message pilot of Air Force One got as he flew President Bush on 9 / 11 . '' The Daily Mail , 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Press Briefing by Ari Fleischer . '' White House News releases , September 2001 . Retrieved : 18 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Allen , Mike . `` White House Drops Claim of Threat to Bush . '' The Washington Post , 27 September 2001 , p . A08 . Retrieved : 28 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Nixon en route to California with Leonid Brezhnev . '' CVCE , 22 June 1973 . Retrieved : 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Dorr , Robert . `` Air Force One . '' Zenith Imprint , 2002 . Retrieved : 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Nick . `` David Cameron , Barack Obama and the Special Relationship . '' BBC , 13 March 2012 . Retrieved : 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Rao , Mythili and Ed Henry . `` ' Furious ' Obama orders review of NY plane flyover . '' cnn.com , 28 April 2009 . Retrieved : 18 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Trimble , Stephen . `` US considers Airbus A380 as Air Force One and potentially a C - 5 replacement . '' Flight Global , 17 October 2007 . Retrieved : 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AF Identifies Boeing 747 - 8 platform for next Air Force One . '' United States Air Force , 28 January 2015 . Retrieved : 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Capaccio . Anthony . `` Boeing to build Air Force One replacement with bids for systems . '' Bloomberg News , 28 January 2015 . Retrieved : 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trump says Air Force One Boeing order should be cancelled '' . BBC News . 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Odell ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Trump speaks to Boeing chief on Air Force One replacement costs '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Aaron ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Trump Tweets US Should Cancel Air Force One Replacement '' . Defense News . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Wanted a Cheaper Air Force One . So the USAF Is Buying a Bankrupt Russian Firm 's Undelivered 747s '' . Defense One . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security Budget - in - Brief Fiscal Year 2009 . '' United States Department of Homeland Security , 2009 . Retrieved : 31 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheets : Beech V - 6A . '' National Museum of the United States Air Force , 19 June 2006 . Retrieved : 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hardesty 2005 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Richard L. `` C90 King Airs . '' Flying Magazine , Volume 127 , Issue 1 , 2000 , pp. 67 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Dorr 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Mudd , Roger and Richard Wagner . Vanderbilt Television News Archive `` President / Commercial Airline Flight . '' CBS News , 27 December 1973 . Retrieved : 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` On Board Marine One , Presidential Fleet '' . National Geographic , 2009 . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Swayne ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) . `` 6 Gulfstream Missions That Have Nothing To Do With Luxury '' . Bold Method . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sammon , Bill . `` Clinton uses decoy flight for security . '' Washington Times , 26 March 2000 , p. C. 1 . Jump up ^ Haniffa , Aziz . `` Playing hide - and - seek on trip to Islamabad . '' India Abroad . New York : 31 March 2000 , Vol . XXX , Issue 27 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton 's trip to Asia cost at least $50 million . '' Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , 9 April 2000 , p. 175 A . Jump up ^ Donald , David : Warplanes of the Fleet , pages 168 , 171 . AIRtime Publishing Inc , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 880588 - 81 - 1 Jump up ^ Hurt , Charles and Stefanie Cohen . `` Barack Obama takes Michelle on NYC Date . '' nypost.com , 30 May 2009 . Retrieved : 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Metzler , Rebekah . `` Obama arrives for MDI vacation . '' Portland Press Herald , 16 July 2010 . Retrieved : 16 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Devin . `` President Obama wraps blitz with Air Force One rally in Ohio . '' ABC News , 25 October 2012 . Retrieved : 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park . '' Aviation Museums . Retrieved : 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Douglas VC - 9C Castle Air Museum , Atwater & Merced '' . Castle Air Museum . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ J.F.O. McAllister ( 1997 - 07 - 28 ) . `` Air Force One : On the Real Thing , No Pods and No Parachutes '' . TIME & CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Russell Berman ( 2015 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Air Force One - Point - Three - After a quarter - century of service , the aging presidential airplanes are being replaced by a pair of state - of - the - art Boeing 747 - 8s '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Bibliography ( edit ) Abbott , James A. and Elaine M. Rice . Designing Camelot : The Kennedy White House Restoration . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 02532 - 7 . Albertazzie , Ralph and Jerald TerHorst Flying White House : The Story of Air Force One . New York : Coward , McCann & Geoghegan , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 698 - 10930 - 9 . Braun , David `` Q&A : U.S. Presidential Jet Air Force One . '' National Geographic News , 29 May 2003 . Donald , David , ed. , The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft , New York : Barnes & Noble Books , 1997 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 0592 - 6 . Dorr , Robert F. Air Force One . St. Paul , Minnesota : Motorbooks International , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1055 - 6 . Hardesty , Von . Air Force One : The Aircraft that Shaped the Modern Presidency . Chanhassen , Minnesota : Northword Press , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 55971 - 894 - 3 . Harris , Tom . `` How Air Force One Works . '' HowStuffWorks.com . Retrieved : 10 October 2006 . Johnson , Lyndon Baines . The Vantage Point : Perspectives of the Presidency , 1963 -- 1969 . New York : Holt , Rinehart , & Winston , 1971 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03084 - 492 - 8 . Walsh , Kenneth T. Air Force One : A History of the Presidents and Their Planes . New York : Hyperion , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0004 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air Force One . VC - 25 -- Air Force One Fact Sheet on US Air Force site SAM 26000 fact sheet on the National Museum of the United States Air Force site Presidential Gallery , featuring Boeing VC - 137C known as SAM ( Special Air Mission ) 26000 Air Force One page on WhiteHouse.gov Facts and History of 707 as Air Force One and `` Where they are Now ? '' on 707sim.com Air Force One page on WhiteHouseMuseum.org Air Force One Pavilion on ReaganFoundation.org Truman Library & Museum US Air Force image gallery Boeing History of Air Force One Technical Order 00 - 105E - 9 , Segment 9 , Chapter 7 Air Force One page on air-force-one.fr Callsigns of aircraft carrying the President and Vice President of the United States Army One Air Force One Navy One Marine One Coast Guard One Executive One Army Two Air Force Two Navy Two Marine Two Coast Guard Two Executive Two 89th Airlift Wing VC - 25 C - 32 C - 40 HMX - 1 VH - 3D VH - 60N Transportation of the President of the United States White House Transportation Agency White House Military Office White House Communications Agency Presidential Airlift Group White House Medical Unit Camp David Marine Helicopter Squadron One ( HMX - 1 ) Presidential Food Service White House Transportation Agency United States Air Force Leadership Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force 4 - star generals House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Structure Commands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major Commands Air Combat Air Education and Training Air Mobility Global Strike Materiel Reserve Space Special Operations Europe & Africa Pacific Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty - Second Twenty - Fourth Twenty - Fifth Air Forces Central Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security forces Civilian auxiliary : Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Airmen Rank Officers Enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General 's Corps RED HORSE Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training : USAF Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces `` The U.S. Air Force '' Air Force Band The Airmen of Note Tops In Blue Airman 's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Air Force One Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers Portal GND : 4745705 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Force_One&oldid=801141755 '' Categories : Transportation of the President of the United States Presidential aircraft United States special - purpose aircraft United States Air Force Call signs Boeing 707 Boeing 747 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from January 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 22 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
first us president to fly in an airplane
[ "On 11 October 1910, Theodore Roosevelt became the first U.S. president to fly in an aircraft, an early Wright Flyer from Kinloch Field near St. Louis, Missouri. He was no longer in office at the time, having been succeeded by William Howard Taft. The record-making occasion was a brief overflight of the crowd at a county fair but was nonetheless the beginning of presidential air travel.[6]" ]
[ "Theodore Roosevelt" ]
5667307929462765911
The Birth of a Nation (2016 film)
The Birth of a Nation ( 2016 film ) - wikipedia The Birth of a Nation ( 2016 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2016 film . For the 1915 silent film , see The Birth of a Nation . For the 1983 television film , see Birth of a Nation ( 1983 film ) . The Birth of a Nation Theatrical release poster Directed by Nate Parker Produced by Nate Parker Kevin Turen Jason Michael Berman Aaron L. Gilbert Preston Holmes Screenplay by Nate Parker Story by Jean McGianni Celestin Nate Parker Starring Nate Parker Armie Hammer Colman Domingo Aja Naomi King Jackie Earle Haley Penelope Ann Miller Gabrielle Union Music by Henry Jackman Cinematography Elliot Davis Edited by Steven Rosenblum Production companies Bron Studios Mandalay Pictures Phantom Four Tiny Giant Entertainment Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) ( Sundance ) October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) ( United States ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Canada Language English Budget $8.5 million Box office $16.8 million The Birth of a Nation is a 2016 American - Canadian period drama film based on the story of Nat Turner , the enslaved man who led a slave rebellion in Southampton County , Virginia , in 1831 . Co-written , co-produced and directed by Nate Parker ( in his directorial debut ) , the film stars Parker as Turner , with Armie Hammer , Mark Boone Junior , Colman Domingo , Aunjanue Ellis , Aja Naomi King , Dwight Henry , Jackie Earle Haley , Esther Scott , Penelope Ann Miller , Roger Guenveur Smith , and Gabrielle Union in supporting roles . Parker also petitioned financiers to invest in the film , ultimately getting an $8.5 million production budget , and started filming in May 2015 in Georgia . The film premiered in competition at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival on January 25 , 2016 . Fox Searchlight Pictures bought worldwide rights to the film in a $17.5 million deal , the largest deal at the film festival to date . At the end of the festival , the film won the Audience Award and Grand Jury Prize in the U.S. Dramatic Competition and was highly praised for its directing , acting , soundtrack and cinematography . The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 7 , 2016 by Fox Searchlight Pictures and grossed $16 million . Because The Birth of a Nation attracted increased attention due to possible Oscar nominations , there was significant press coverage of a 1999 alleged rape that Parker and co-writer Jean McGianni Celestin were accused of having committed , and the fact that the accuser committed suicide in 2012 . While Parker was acquitted and Celestin was not retried after his conviction was overturned on appeal , the controversy surrounding the alleged rape and Parker 's initial responses to the controversy cast a shadow over the film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Title 4 Production 5 Release 6 Controversy 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Set against the antebellum South , The Birth of a Nation follows Nat Turner ( Nate Parker ) , a literate slave preacher , whose financially strained owner , Samuel Turner ( Armie Hammer ) , accepts an offer to use Nat 's preaching to suppress the supposed unruly slaves of multiple southern plantations for profit . As he witnesses countless atrocities by white slave - owning southerners -- against himself and his fellow slaves -- Nat gathers trusted followers believing that God has selected him as his chosen instrument of freedom and orchestrates an uprising in the hopes of leading his people to freedom . Cast ( edit ) Nate Parker as Nat Turner Armie Hammer as Samuel Turner Mark Boone Junior as Rev. Walthall Colman Domingo as Hark Turner Aunjanue Ellis as Nancy Turner Dwight Henry as Isaac Turner Aja Naomi King as Cherry Turner Esther Scott as Bridget Turner Roger Guenveur Smith as Isaiah Gabrielle Union as Esther Penelope Ann Miller as Elizabeth Turner Jackie Earle Haley as Raymond Cobb Tony Espinosa as young Nat Turner Jayson Warner Smith as Hank Fowler Jason Stuart as Joseph Randall Steve Coulter as General Childs Title ( edit ) Parker , who also wrote , produced and directed the film , portrays Turner The 2016 film uses the same title as `` D.W. Griffith 's 1915 KKK propaganda film in a very purposeful way '' , said The Hollywood Reporter . Parker has said his film had the same title `` ironically , but very much by design '' . He told the magazine Filmmaker : Griffith 's film relied heavily on racist propaganda to evoke fear and desperation as a tool to solidify white supremacy as the lifeblood of American sustenance . Not only did this film motivate the massive resurgence of the terror group the Ku Klux Klan and the carnage exacted against people of African descent , it served as the foundation of the film industry we know today . I 've reclaimed this title and re-purposed it as a tool to challenge racism and white supremacy in America , to inspire a riotous disposition toward any and all injustice in this country ( and abroad ) and to promote the kind of honest confrontation that will galvanize our society toward healing and sustained systemic change . Production ( edit ) I kind of sold this project to investors and cast on legacy . I honestly think this is a film that could start a conversation that can promote healing and systemic change in our country . There 's so many things that are happening right now in 2015 -- 100 years after the original Birth of a Nation film , here we are . I 'd say that is what I hope sets my film apart , is that it 's relevant now -- that people will talk about this film with the specific intention of change . Nate Parker , 2015 The Birth of a Nation is written , produced , and directed by Nate Parker , who also stars as Nat Turner . Parker wrote the screenplay , which was based on a story he co-wrote with Jean McGianni Celestin . Parker learned about Turner from an African - American studies course at the University of Oklahoma . He began writing the screenplay for a Nat Turner film in 2009 and had a fellowship at a lab under the Sundance Institute . While he got writing feedback from filmmakers like James Mangold , he was told that a Nat Turner film could not be produced . The Hollywood Reporter said : But what he heard instead were all the reasons a movie about Nat Turner would n't work : Movies with black leads do n't play internationally ; a period film with big fight scenes would be too expensive ; it was too violent ; it would n't work without a big box - office star leading it ; Turner was too controversial -- after all , he was responsible for the deaths of dozens of well - off white landowners . After Parker finished his acting role in Beyond the Lights in late 2013 , he told his agents he would not continue acting until he had played Nat Turner in a film . He invested $100,000 of his money to hire a production designer and to pay for location scouting in Savannah , Georgia . He met with multiple financiers , and the first to invest in the film were retired basketball player Michael Finley ( who had previously invested in the film The Butler ) and active basketball player Tony Parker ( no relation ) . Parker eventually brought together 11 groups of investors to finance 60 % of the production budget , and producer Aaron L. Gilbert of Bron Studios joined to cover the remaining financing . In November 2014 , development was underway , and Armie Hammer joined the cast . By April 2015 , Aja Naomi King and Gabrielle Union joined the cast . In subsequent months , Penelope Ann Miller , Jackie Earle Haley , and Mark Boone Junior also joined . Filming took place in Georgia in May 2015 and lasted 27 days . Parker used the a cappella choir from Wiley College on the soundtrack . Parker had previously been part of a cast that portrayed historical figures from Wiley , in The Great Debaters . Release ( edit ) The Birth of a Nation premiered in competition at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival on January 25 , 2016 . Before it screened , the audience gave a standing ovation to the introduction of Nate Parker . After it premiered , Variety said it `` received the most enthusiastic standing ovation at this year 's Sundance Film Festival so far '' . Following The Birth of a Nation 's Sundance premiere , Fox Searchlight Pictures bought worldwide rights to the film in a $17.5 million deal . Competing deals also came from The Weinstein Company , Sony Pictures Entertainment , and Netflix . Variety said Fox Searchlight 's deal was `` the richest in Sundance history '' . A teaser trailer for the film was released in April 2016 , followed by an official trailer on June 21 , 2016 . On July 6 , the UK release date of January 20 , 2017 , was announced . It was actually released in the UK on December 9th , 2016 . A film poster with Parker in a noose made from an American flag was released on July 15 . 20th Century Fox canceled the planned 2017 release of the film in Japan , Switzerland , Norway , Finland , Denmark , Austria and Latin America following the disappointing results at the U.S. box office , which damaged the overall distribution budget for the film . Controversy ( edit ) In August 2016 , media attention surrounding the film resurfaced 1999 alleged rape charges against Nate Parker and co-writer Jean McGianni Celestin . While students at Pennsylvania State University , Parker and Celestin were accused of raping a female student . The woman went to a doctor , who concluded that she had been sexually assaulted , and local authorities taped a phone conversation between her and Parker in which Parker confirmed that it was he and Celestin who had sex with her . Parker and Celestin denied the accusations and said that the sexual encounter was consensual . Parker was acquitted of all charges in 2001 ; Celestin was convicted of sexual assault , but the conviction was overturned on appeal in 2005 . A subsequent retrial did not take place . In a formal complaint filed against Penn State in 2002 , the woman also stated that she was harassed by Parker and Celestin following her allegation ; the harassment allegedly `` included Parker and Celestin hiring a private investigator to publicly expose her as the accuser , and continued bullying by Parker and his friends outside buildings where she had class '' . The university settled the complaint with the woman for $17,500 . The woman committed suicide in 2012 , with her death certificate noting that she suffered from `` major depressive disorder with psychotic features , PTSD due to physical and sexual abuse , polysubstance abuse '' . The studio was reportedly taking a wait and see approach before marketing to church groups , college campuses , and Hollywood figures . Because The Birth of a Nation attracted increased scrutiny due to possible Oscar nominations , and the film itself depicts a fictional , brutal rape that does not appear in historical records , there was significant press coverage about damage control by Fox Searchlight Pictures , the studio releasing the film . Interviews in Variety and Deadline were a focus , as was Parker 's response to the event in an impassioned Facebook post . Actress and co-star of the film Gabrielle Union expressed criticisms over Parker 's past , but also expressed the importance of the film Writing in Variety , the sister of Parker 's alleged victim stated : As her sister , the thing that pains me most of all is that in retelling the story of the Nat Turner slave revolt , they invented a rape scene . The rape of Turner 's wife is used as a reason to justify Turner 's rebellion . This is fiction . I find it creepy and perverse that Parker and Celestin would put a fictional rape at the center of their film , and that Parker would portray himself as a hero avenging that rape . Given what happened to my sister , and how no one was held accountable for it , I find this invention self - serving and sinister , and I take it as a cruel insult to my sister 's memory . Gabrielle Union , a rape survivor and one of the main stars of The Birth of a Nation , wrote in the Los Angeles Times : As important and ground - breaking as this film is , I can not take these allegations lightly . On that night , 17 - odd years ago , did Nate have his date 's consent ? It 's very possible he thought he did . Yet by his own admission he did not have verbal affirmation ; and even if she never said `` no '' , silence certainly does not equal `` yes '' . Although it 's often difficult to read and understand body language , the fact that some individuals interpret the absence of a `` no '' as a `` yes '' is problematic at least , criminal at worst . After having suffered significant negative publicity for his response to the past rape allegation , Parker chose to deflect the questions about his past legal problems while doing press for The Birth of a Nation at the Toronto International Film Festival . Shortly thereafter , Parker and his handlers chose to cut press interviews short when similar questions came up about his involvement with the alleged rape and its impact on the marketing of the film . In an open letter , former members of the Penn State student body and staff who were present during Celestin and Parker 's trial defended both men 's innocence of the 1999 accusations . The group made allegations of police intimidation and a hostile racial climate on campus at the time ; both Parker and Celestin are black while their accuser was a white female . The group wrote in The Root : Misinformation suggests that a spiral into depression was triggered by the alleged incident in 1999 . However , court records and testimony by medical professionals revealed a history of chronic depression that dated back to childhood and the use of antidepressant medication that preceded this event . Actor Hal Holbrook wrote a letter to The New York Times praising the film and defending Parker Several celebrities have come out in support of Parker , including Harry Belafonte , Hal Holbrook , Harvey Weinstein ( who was later embroiled in a sexual assault scandal ) , Al Sharpton , Anthony Anderson , and Sheryl Underwood . Holbrook wrote a letter to The New York Times defending Parker and the film . In his letter , Holbrook stated : I am finding it hard to accept the apparent rebuff at the box office of `` The Birth of a Nation , '' particularly after seeing the film last weekend . It is an exceptional piece of artistry and a vital portrait of our American experience in trying to live up to ideals we say we have . No one should miss it -- no one who respects our country and its long struggle to define itself . I am sorry about the conflict with Nate Parker 's past , but let 's try for some honesty here . If you want to make a list of the directors and actors who have rather public indiscretions , and who have in some cases been acquitted of them , start counting . What troubles me is this : Are we being particular here with this extraordinary film because it 's about the racist curse we are struggling to erase from our country and its director is black ? The curse is there . Go look at it . Do we have the courage to do that ? It 's a fine work . The film suffered from vote brigading on IMDB , possibly as a result of the controversy surrounding the alleged rape . As of 11 April 2017 it holds an IMDB rating of 6.2 / 10 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , The Birth of a Nation was projected to gross around $10 million in its opening weekend . It went on to open to $7.1 million , finishing 6th at the box office . African - Americans made up 60 % of the first weekend audience . In its second weekend the film dropped 61.2 % , grossing just $2.7 million and finishing 10th at the box office . Despite making back nearly twice its budget , the film was considered a financial disappointment . In assessing the mediocre opening weekend of The Birth of a Nation , The Washington Post reported , `` While some moviegoers may have been put off by the controversy , middling reviews for the movie itself probably did n't help . Meanwhile , historic dramas can be a hard sell : It 's possible a lot of multiplex visitors just plain were n't interested . '' Adding to the film 's problems , `` Several prominent feminists decried Parker 's defiant response to the ( rape ) scandal and pledged to boycott the film , which drew a protest vigil at Hollywood 's ArcLight Cinemas . '' Gabrielle Union , one of the main stars of the film , told Essence that she understood why some film - goers were avoiding the film and stated that she , as a rape survivor , could not sell it to anyone who chose to avoid the film due to the controversy . She said , `` As a rape survivor and as an advocate , I can not shy away from this responsibility because the conversation got difficult . I do n't want to put myself above anyone 's pain or triggers . Every victim or survivor , I believe you . I support you . I support you if you do n't want to see the film . I absolutely understand and respect that . I ca n't sell the film . '' Critical response ( edit ) On review website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 216 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Birth of a Nation overpowers its narrative flaws and uneven execution through sheer conviction , rising on Nate Parker 's assured direction and the strength of its vital message . '' Metacritic gave the film a normalized score of 69 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Justin Chang at Variety compared The Birth of a Nation to 12 Years a Slave , saying : `` Parker 's more conventionally told but still searingly impressive debut feature pushes the conversation further still : A biographical drama steeped equally in grace and horror , it builds to a brutal finale that will stir deep emotion and inevitable unease . '' He concluded , `` The Birth of a Nation exists to provoke a serious debate about the necessity and limitations of empathy , the morality of retaliatory violence , and the ongoing black struggle for justice and equality in this country . It earns that debate and then some . '' The Hollywood Reporter 's Todd McCarthy said , `` The film vividly captures an assortment of slavery 's brutalities while also underlining the religious underpinnings of Turner 's justifications for his assaults on slaveholders . '' He added , `` The film offers up more than enough in terms of intelligence , insight , historical research and religious nuance as to not at all be considered a missed opportunity ; far more of the essentials made it into the film than not , its makers ' dedication and minute attention are constantly felt and the subject matter is still rare enough onscreen as to be welcome and needed , as it will be the next time and the time after that . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune was critical of Parker 's direction , saying , `` one of the drawbacks , ironically , is Parker 's own performance . Even the rape victims of the screenplay have a hard time getting their fair share of the screen time ; everything in the story , by design , keeps the focus and the anguished close - ups strictly on Parker . He 's a good actor , but not much of a director ; the visual style and approach of The Birth of a Nation tries a little of everything , and often too much of everything . '' In its October 10 issue , The New Yorker ran two reviews , `` The Cinematic Merits and Flaws of Nate Parker 's The Birth of a Nation '' , by Richard Brody , and `` The Birth of a Nation Is n't Worth Defending '' , by Vinson Cunningham . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) African - American Film Critics Association February 8 , 2017 Top 10 Films The Birth of a Nation 6th Place Austin Film Critics Association December 28 , 2016 Best First Film The Birth of a Nation Nominated BET Awards June 25 , 2017 Best Movie The Birth of a Nation Nominated Best Actress Gabrielle Union Nominated Black Reel Awards February 16 , 2017 Outstanding Actor Nate Parker Nominated Outstanding Director Nate Parker Nominated Outstanding Screenplay , Adapted or Original Nate Parker Nominated Outstanding Ensemble The cast of The Birth of a Nation Nominated Outstanding Breakthrough Performance , Female Aja Naomi King Nominated Outstanding Original Score Henry Jackman Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards February 4 , 2017 Outstanding Directing -- First - Time Feature Film Nate Parker Nominated NAACP Image Awards February 11 , 2017 Outstanding Motion Picture The Birth of a Nation Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Nate Parker Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Aja Naomi King Nominated Outstanding Independent Picture The Birth of a Nation Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Motion Picture Nate Parker Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture Nate Parker Nominated Satellite Awards February 19 , 2017 Best Film Editing Steven Rosenblum Nominated Sundance Film Festival January 29 , 2016 Audience Award : U.S. Dramatic Nate Parker Won U.S. Grand Jury Prize : Dramatic Won See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal The Confessions of Nat Turner , a 1967 Pulitzer Prize - winning novel by William Styron A House Divided : Denmark Vesey 's Rebellion , a 1982 television film about Denmark Vesey and his attempted slave rebellion List of films featuring slavery Nat Turner : A Troublesome Property , a 2003 documentary film by Charles Burnett Quilombo , a 1984 Brazilian drama film about Palmares , a fugitive community of escaped slaves Tula : The Revolt , a 2013 historical drama film about escaped slave Tula and the Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Birth of a Nation ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Birth of a Nation ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Briquelet , Kate ; Nestel , M.L. ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Nate Parker Rape Case '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , Wilson ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Wilson Morales : Nate Parker Outrage Does n't Pass the Smell Test ( Guest Column ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Variety Jump up ^ Boiseweekly.com ^ Jump up to : Chang , Justin ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Sundance Film Review : ' The Birth of a Nation ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Birth of a Nation ' : The Slave - Revolt Movie That Will Have Sundance Talking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Emma ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Nate Parker 's Future Past '' . Interview . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rezayazdi , Soheil ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Five Questions with The Birth of a Nation Director Nate Parker '' . Filmmaker . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brennan ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Birth Of A Nation ' Star Says Few Acting Roles For Black Men Have ' Integrity ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Armie Hammer Joins Nat Turner Biopic ' Birth of Nation ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Aja Naomi King Joins Armie Hammer in Nat Turner Biopic '' . Variety . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Margot Bingham Joins ' Barbershop 3 ' ; Penelope Ann Miller In Nat Turner Biopic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . McNary , Dave ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Jackie Earle Haley , Mark Boone Junior Join ' Birth of a Nation ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Obenson , Tambay A. ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Nate Parker Launches New Film School at Historically Black Wiley College ( Home of The Great Debaters ) '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartzel , Erich ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Slavery Drama ' The Birth of a Nation ' Premieres to Thunderous Applause at Sundance '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Birth of a Nation ' Premieres at Sundance With Big Standing Ovation and Oscar Buzz '' . Variety . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Patten , Dominic ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Birth Of A Nation ' Electrifies Sundance Crowd In World Premiere '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Ford , Rebecca ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Sundance : ' Birth of a Nation ' Receives Rapturous Standing Ovation at Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ; Setoodeh , Ramin ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Sundance : Fox Searchlight Lands ' Birth of a Nation ' in Massive $17.5 Million Deal '' . Variety . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mekado ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` First Teaser for ' The Birth of a Nation ' Is Released '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Birth of a Nation trailer : Nat Turner rises up '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Birth of a Nation gets UK release date and powerful new trailer as Nate Parker leads the slaves to ' Rebel ! ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Birth of a Nation ' Poster Shows Nate Parker in American Flag Noose '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toh , Erika ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` 話題 の 黒人 奴隷 史 映画 、 日本 公開 中止 に 〜 『 バース ・ オブ ・ ネイション 』 '' . Asahi Shimbun ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Nate Parker 's Rape Accuser Committed Suicide in 2012 '' . Variety . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fuster , Jeremy ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Birth of a Nation ' Scandal : Timeline of Nate Parker 's Case '' . The Wrap . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-wrestler gets new trial in assault case '' . Daily Collegian . November 1 , 2005 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Searchlight , Nate Parker Confront Old Sex Case That Could Tarnish ' The Birth Of A Nation ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Complaint - against - Penn - State - University Jump up ^ Suk Gersen , Jeannie ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Public Trial of Nate Parker '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Parker Rape Trial Could Change ' The Birth of a Nation Release ' '' . variety.com . Variety . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Birth of a Nation ' Producer on Controversy Surrounding Film '' . Baltimore Jewish Times . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth vs. Nathaniel E. Parker ( No. 1999 - 2185 ) : Verdict '' . Deadline.com . October 5 , 2001 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Birth of a Nation ' Star Nate Parker Addresses College Rape Trial '' . Variety . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ; Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Fox Searchlight , Nate Parker Confront Old Sex Case That Could Tarnish ' The Birth Of A Nation ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Anne Helen ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Nate Parker 's Alleged Rape And The Limits of Hollywood Damage Control '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loeffler , Sharon ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Nate Parker 's ' Birth of a Nation ' Exploits My Sister All Over Again ( Guest Column ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Union , Gabrielle . `` ' Birth of a Nation ' actress Gabrielle Union : I can not take Nate Parker rape allegations lightly '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ The New York Times Jump up ^ New York magazine Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Nate Parker 's Former Classmates , Penn State Alumni Speak Out in Support '' . TheRoot . August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Belafonte Questions Timing of Resurfaced Nate Parker Rape Trial , Praises ' Birth of a Nation ' '' . TheHollywoodReporter . August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hal Holbrook ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` Hal Holbrook , on ' The Birth of a Nation ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harvey Weinstein defends ' Birth of a Nation ' director as a ' good person ' amid backlash '' . CNNMoney . August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Al Sharpton on Nate Parker : Hollywood Trying to ' Smear the Messenger ' '' . TheRoot . August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ANTHONY ANDERSON I SUPPORT ' BIRTH OF A NATION ' DIRECTOR '' . TMZ . August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Underwood Has A Few Words For Nate Parker Critics '' . Essence . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Culture , Author : Brian Raftery Brian Raftery . `` IMDb Voters Are Tanking Indies Before They 're Even Released '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ The Birth of a Nation on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Does n't Slow ' Girl On The Train ' , But Overall Ticket Sales Lower Than Jonas ; Controversy Conquers ' Nation ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` The Accountant Calculates $24.7 M Opening ; Max Steel Rusts '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` The Birth of a Nation Flops Hard at Box Office Despite Damage - Control Attempts '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dickey , Josh ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Birth of a Nation ' tanks at the box office , time to cancel that awards campaign '' . Mashable . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vulture.com Jump up ^ The Washington Post Jump up ^ The Washington Post Jump up ^ The Washington Post Jump up ^ `` Filmmaker 's Controversial Past Takes Its Toll On ' Birth Of A Nation ' At The B.O '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ UPI Jump up ^ Vulture.com Jump up ^ `` The Birth of a Nation ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Birth of a Nation Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Birth of a Nation ' : Sundance Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Birth of a Nation ' review : Nate Parker 's powerful , problematic film about Nat Turner '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` The Cinematic Merits and Flaws of Nate Parker 's ' The Birth of a Nation ' '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Vinson ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Birth of a Nation ' Is n't Worth Defending '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' Named Best Picture by the African American Film Critics Association '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Erik ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Austin Film Critics Association ( AFCA ) Nominations : The Handmaiden Lands Top Mentions , Trevante Rhodes Double Nominated '' . AwardsWatch.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Neil ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Austin Film Critics Awards Nominees , ' Moonlight ' and ' Arrival ' lead the way in AFCA 's 2016 nominations '' . Medium.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé and Bruno Mars lead 2017 BET Awards nominations '' . Channel . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Clayton ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Black Reel Award Nominees -- ' Moonlight ' Leads with 13 Nominations '' . AwardsCircuit.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` DGA TV Awards Nominations : ' Stranger Things ' , ' Westworld ' & ' Atlanta ' On List ; Docus Include ' OJ : Made In America ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moonlight , ' ' Birth of a Nation ' and ' Loving ' score big with NAACP Image Award nominations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` Sundance : ' The Birth of a Nation ' Sweeps Top Prizes '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sundance Film Festival Editors ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` THE BIRTH OF A NATION '' . Sundance Film Festival . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Birth of a Nation Official website The Birth of a Nation at Metacritic The Birth of a Nation at Box Office Mojo The Birth of a Nation at Rotten Tomatoes The Birth of a Nation on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Birth_of_a_Nation_(2016_film)&oldid=815806742 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s drama films American films Canadian films African - American films American drama films Canadian drama films Directorial debut films Drama films based on actual events Films scored by Henry Jackman Films about American slavery Films set in 1809 Films set in 1831 Films set in Virginia Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Rape and revenge films Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 07 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who made the movie birth of a nation
[ "The Birth of a Nation is a 2016 American-Canadian period drama film based on the story of Nat Turner, the enslaved man who led a slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831. Co-written, co-produced and directed by Nate Parker (in his directorial debut), the film stars Parker as Turner, with Armie Hammer, Mark Boone Junior, Colman Domingo, Aunjanue Ellis, Aja Naomi King, Dwight Henry, Jackie Earle Haley, Esther Scott, Penelope Ann Miller, Roger Guenveur Smith, and Gabrielle Union in supporting roles. Parker also petitioned financiers to invest in the film, ultimately getting an $8.5 million production budget, and started filming in May 2015 in Georgia." ]
[ "Nate Parker" ]
7625048398204497512
21 Jump Street
21 Jump Street - wikipedia 21 Jump Street Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the film adaptation of the same name , see 21 Jump Street ( film ) . 21 Jump Street Genre Police crime drama Created by Patrick Hasburgh Stephen J. Cannell Starring Johnny Depp Holly Robinson Peter DeLuise Dustin Nguyen Richard Grieco Steven Williams Michael Bendetti Michael DeLuise Sal Jenco Frederic Forrest Theme music composer Liam Sternberg Opening theme `` 21 Jump Street Theme '' performed by Holly Robinson Composer ( s ) Peter Bernstein Jay Gruska Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 103 ( list of episodes ) Production Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 -- 48 minutes Production company ( s ) 20th Century Fox Television LBS Communications ( 1990 -- 91 ) Patrick Hasburgh Productions Stephen J. Cannell Productions Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Syndication ( season 5 ) Audio format Stereo Original release April 12 , 1987 ( 1987 - 04 - 12 ) -- April 27 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 27 ) Chronology Related shows Booker ( 1989 -- 90 ) 21 Jump Street is an American police procedural television series that aired on the Fox network and in first run syndication from April 12 , 1987 , to April 27 , 1991 , with a total of 103 episodes . The series focuses on a squad of youthful - looking undercover police officers investigating crimes in high schools , colleges , and other teenage venues . It was originally going to be titled Jump Street Chapel , after the deconsecrated church building in which the unit has its headquarters , but was changed at Fox 's request so as not to mislead viewers into thinking it was a religious program . Created by Patrick Hasburgh and Stephen J. Cannell , the series was produced by Patrick Hasburgh Productions and Stephen J. Cannell Productions in association with 20th Century Fox Television . Executive Producers included Hasburgh , Cannell , Steve Beers and Bill Nuss . The show was an early hit for the fledgling Fox network , and was created to attract a younger audience . The final season aired in first - run syndication mainly on local Fox affiliates . It was later rerun on the FX cable network from 1996 to 1998 . The series provided a spark to Johnny Depp 's nascent acting career , garnering him national recognition as a teen idol . Depp found this status irritating , but he continued on the series under his contract and was paid $45,000 per episode . Eventually he was released from his contract after the fourth season . A spin - off series , Booker , was produced for the character of Dennis Booker ( Richard Grieco ) ; it ran one season , from September 1989 to June 1990 . A film adaptation directed by Phil Lord and Chris Miller was released on March 16 , 2012 . The film is set in the same continuity as the series , with Johnny Depp , Holly Robinson and Peter DeLuise reprising their characters in cameo appearances . Richard Grieco and Dustin Nguyen also have cameos in the 2014 film sequel 22 Jump Street . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Guest stars 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Reception 4 Broadcast history 4.1 DVD releases 5 Film adaptation 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) See also : List of 21 Jump Street episodes The series focuses on a group of police officers headquartered at the eponymous address . These officers are all young and have especially youthful appearances , which allows them to pass for teenagers . Their assignments generally consist of undercover work in high schools or , less commonly , colleges , where they generally investigate drug trafficking and abuse . The show 's plots cover issues such as alcoholism , hate crimes , drug abuse , homophobia , AIDS , child abuse and sexual promiscuity . Similarly , each problem is often solved by the end of the hour - long episode , giving an implicit moral about the impact of a particular activity . When the show originally aired , some episodes were followed immediately by public service announcements featuring cast members . Cast ( edit ) The show starred prominent actors and actresses at the time , including : Johnny Depp as Patrolman / Officer Tom Hanson ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Holly Robinson as Sergeant Judith `` Judy '' Hoffs ( 1987 -- 1991 ) Peter DeLuise as Officer Douglas `` Doug '' Penhall ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Dustin Nguyen as Sergeant Harry Truman Ioki / Vinh Van Tran ( H.T. Ioki ) ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Frederic Forrest as Captain Richard Jenko ( season 1 , first 6 episodes ) Steven Williams as Captain Adam Fuller ( 1987 -- 1991 ) Sal Jenco as Sal `` Blowfish '' Banducci ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Richard Grieco as Detective Dennis Booker ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Yvette Nipar as Jackie Garrett ( 1988 - 1989 ) David Barry Gray as Officer Dean Garrett ( 1990 ) Alexandra Powers as Officer Kati Rocky ( 1990 ) Michael DeLuise as Officer Joseph `` Joey '' Penhall ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Michael Bendetti as Officer Anthony `` Mac '' McCann ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Jeff Yagher was originally cast as Officer Tom Hanson in the pilot . He was replaced after the original pilot episode was filmed , and his scenes were reshot with Johnny Depp . Midway through the first season , Frederic Forrest was replaced by Steven Williams . On the show , Forrest 's character Richard Jenko is killed by a drunk driver . Johnny Depp left the series at the end of the fourth season , but was credited in the first two episodes of the fifth season , despite not having appeared . David Barry Gray 's character was introduced at the end of the fourth season and starred in two episodes of season five with Alexandra Powers . Both episodes were filmed before the fourth season had ended but were not shown until the start of season five . Neither actor was approached in regards to portraying their character in the show 's fifth and final season . Michael DeLuise joined the cast part way through the fifth season and stayed on until late in the season . Guest stars ( edit ) Main article : List of guest stars on 21 Jump Street Some notable guest stars on the series include : Dom DeLuise , Josh Brolin , Mindy Cohn , Bridget Fonda , Bobby Rodriguez , Jada Pinkett Smith , Brad Pitt , Vince Vaughn , Blair Underwood , John Waters , Rosie Perez , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Mario Van Peebles , Christina Applegate , Pauly Shore , David DeLuise , Bradley Gregg , Jason Priestley , Christopher Titus , Sarah Buxton , David Paymer , Diedrich Bader , Russell Wong , Kelly Hu , Shannon Tweed , and Peter Berg . Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) Set in a fictional city and state ( Metropolis , Evergreen State ) in the United States , the series was primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia . It was one of the first major television series to use Vancouver as a filming location and helped to establish the city as a center for film production . Reception ( edit ) 21 Jump Street , along with Married ... with Children and The Tracey Ullman Show , debuted in the spring of 1987 . All three shows were hits with audiences and helped to establish the then - newly launched Fox network . 21 Jump Street was the first hit series for the Fox network . In August , 21 Jump Street became the first Fox series to win its timeslot against a Big three network series . In the United Kingdom , it was shown on the similarly nascent , and interrelated , Sky One , which had yet to reach a sizeable audience . Broadcast History ( edit ) Season Time 1986 -- 87 Sunday at 7 : 00 - 8 : 00 on FOX 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 Monday at 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 on FOX 1990 -- 91 Syndication Season 4 was the last season to air on the Fox network . In commentary on the Season 5 DVD set , Peter DeLuise said that Fox had decided to cancel the show after Season 4 because the ratings had fallen below a set limit . Following this season Johnny Depp and Dustin Nguyen left the show . The departure of their characters was never explained in the narrative of the TV series , but in the movie it is explained that Hanson was transferred to the DEA and was later joined by Officer Penhall . The Booker spin - off crossover episode , `` Wheels and Deals Part One '' , is included with 21 Jump Street 's syndication package , and is also included on the fourth season DVD set . Officer Dean Garrett ( David Barry Gray ) makes his first appearance in `` Everyday is Christmas '' . As it became harder for the original cast members to plausibly pass as high school students , his character and Officer Kati Rocky ( Alexandra Powers ) were intended to be `` youthful '' replacements , so the show could maintain its original premise of younger looking cops posing as high school students . DVD releases ( edit ) Anchor Bay Entertainment released all five seasons of 21 Jump Street on DVD in Region 1 between 2004 and 2006 . The releases contain extensive music substitutions and inaccurate cover art ( Johnny Depp appears on the season 5 cover , despite having left the series after the previous season . This is due to the finale 3 episode 's being held over to season 5 , including Depp 's finale episode `` blackout '' ) . As of 2010 , these releases have been discontinued and are now out of print . On October 14 , 2009 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to several Stephen J. Cannell series , including 21 Jump Street , and subsequently re-released the first four seasons . In addition , Mill Creek also released 21 Jump Street - The Complete Series , an 18 - disc collection featuring all 103 episodes of the series on DVD on July 27 , 2010 . In Region 2 , Anchor Bay Entertainment has released all 5 seasons on DVD in the UK . They also released a complete series set on March 5 , 2012 . In Region 4 , Madman Entertainment has released all five seasons on DVD in Australia . They also released a complete series collection on May 1 , 2013 . DVD name Ep # Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season 13 October 26 , 2004 January 19 , 2010 ( re-release ) January 31 , 2005 September 7 , 2006 The Complete Second Season 22 March 8 , 2005 May 18 , 2010 ( re-release ) June 20 , 2005 September 7 , 2006 The Complete Third Season 20 September 6 , 2005 July 27 , 2010 ( re-release ) January 23 , 2006 September 7 , 2006 The Complete Fourth Season 26 November 1 , 2005 January 18 , 2011 ( re-release ) April 10 , 2006 September 7 , 2006 The Complete Fifth Season 23 March 21 , 2006 September 18 , 2006 June 7 , 2007 The Complete Series 103 July 27 , 2010 March 5 , 2012 May 1 , 2013 Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : 21 Jump Street ( film ) On March 16 , 2012 , a feature film sequel to the television series from Sony Pictures was released starring Jonah Hill and Channing Tatum ( who are also executive producers ) and directed by Phil Lord and Chris Miller with the screenplay written by Michael Bacall from a story by both Hill and Bacall . Johnny Depp , Peter DeLuise , and Holly Robinson briefly reprise their roles as Tom Hanson , Doug Penhall , and Judy Hoffs , respectively . The film proved to be a critically hailed box office success . Described in concept by Hill as an `` R - rated , insane , Bad Boys - meets - John Hughes - type movie , '' the film departs from the dramatic style of the series and instead features a comedic tone . The film and series are also set in the same continuity . A sequel titled 22 Jump Street was released in 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Howard ( 11 April 1987 ) . `` Weekend Tv : ' Jump Street ' Bows On Fox Network '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Mansour , David ( 2005 ) . From Abba to Zoom : A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century . Kansas City , MO : Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 501 . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 5118 - 2 . OCLC 57316726 . ^ Jump up to : Blitz , Michael ; Krasniewicz , Louise ( 2008 ) . Johnny Depp : A Biography . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 34300 - 4 . OCLC 166290770 . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Josh ( 14 May 2008 ) . `` Jonah Hill To Adapt ' 21 Jump Street ' For The Big Screen : Report '' . mtv.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hilmes , Michele ( 2010 ) . Only Connect : A Cultural History of Broadcasting in the United States ( 3 ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 348 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 57051 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lapin , Claudia ( October 1988 ) . `` The Message of 21 Jump Street '' . Orange Coast Magazine . Emmis Communications . 41 ( 41 ) : 192 . ISSN 0279 - 0483 . Jump up ^ Mansour , David ( 2005 ) . From Abba to Zoom : A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century . Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 507 . ISBN 0 - 740 - 75118 - 2 . Jump up ^ Advert in The Times , 29 August 1989 , page 9 Jump up ^ `` Cannell and Mill Creek Ink New Distribution Deal '' ( Press release ) . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( 21 May 2010 ) . `` 21 Jump Street - Mill Creek to Roll Out ' Season 3 ' and ' The Complete Series ' on DVD '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Jump Street - Seasons 1 - 5 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Jump Street : The Complete Series Collection '' . Ezydvd.com.au. 2013 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Coll , Kevin ( 28 May 2009 ) . `` Jonah Hill Talks 21 Jump Street Remake Movie '' . Fused Film . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : 21 Jump Street 21 Jump Street on IMDb 21 Jump Street at TV.com 21 Jump Street at epguides.com Jump Street Television 21 Jump Street episodes guest stars Booker Films 21 Jump Street ( 2012 ) 22 Jump Street ( 2014 ) Score Television series produced or created by Stephen J. Cannell The D.A. ( 1971 ) Chase ( 1973 ) Toma ( 1973 -- 74 ) The Rockford Files ( 1974 -- 80 ) Baretta ( 1975 -- 78 ) City of Angels ( 1976 ) Baa Baa Black Sheep ( 1976 -- 78 ) Richie Brockelman , Private Eye ( 1978 ) The Duke ( 1979 ) Stone ( 1980 ) Tenspeed and Brown Shoe ( 1980 ) The Greatest American Hero ( 1981 -- 83 ) The Quest ( 1982 ) The A-Team ( 1983 -- 87 ) The Rousters ( 1983 -- 84 ) Hardcastle and McCormick ( 1983 -- 86 ) Riptide ( 1983 -- 86 ) Hunter ( 1984 -- 91 ) Stingray ( 1985 -- 87 ) The Last Precinct ( 1986 ) Wiseguy ( 1987 -- 90 ) 21 Jump Street ( 1987 -- 91 ) J.J. Starbuck ( 1987 -- 88 ) Sonny Spoon ( 1988 ) Top of the Hill ( 1989 ) Unsub ( 1989 ) Booker ( 1989 -- 90 ) Broken Badges ( 1990 -- 91 ) The 100 Lives of Black Jack Savage ( 1991 ) Palace Guard ( 1991 ) Personals ( 1991 - 92 ) Street Justice ( 1991 -- 93 ) The Commish ( 1991 -- 96 ) Silk Stalkings ( 1991 -- 99 ) The Hat Squad ( 1992 -- 93 ) Renegade ( 1992 -- 97 ) Cobra ( 1993 -- 94 ) Caesars Challenge ( 1993 - 94 ) Missing Persons ( 1993 -- 94 ) Hawkeye ( 1994 -- 95 ) Traps ( 1994 ) Marker ( 1995 ) Profit ( 1996 ) BNF : cb12295137g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=21_Jump_Street&oldid=815515841 '' Categories : 21 Jump Street 1987 American television series debuts 1991 American television series endings 1980s American drama television series 1990s American drama television series American crime drama television series English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Fox network shows American high school television series Police procedural television series Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by FremantleMedia Television series by Stephen J. Cannell Productions Television series produced in Vancouver Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 08 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where was the tv show 21 jump street filmed
[ "Set in a fictional city and state (Metropolis, Evergreen State) in the United States, the series was primarily filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia. It was one of the first major television series to use Vancouver as a filming location and helped to establish the city as a center for film production." ]
[ "Vancouver, British Columbia" ]
-8303233387391039364
Midsomer Murders
Midsomer Murders - wikipedia Midsomer Murders Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Midsomer Murders Genre Crime drama , mystery fiction Based on Chief Inspector Barnaby by Caroline Graham Directed by Luke Watson Andy Hay Renny Rye Nick Laughland Simon Langton Alex Pillai Vivaan Salvi Peter Smith Sarah Hellings Jeremy Silberston Richard Holthouse Starring John Nettles Daniel Casey Barry Jackson Jane Wymark Laura Howard Toby Jones John Hopkins Jason Hughes Kirsty Dillon Neil Dudgeon Fiona Dolman Tamzin Malleson Gwilym Lee Manjinder Virk Nick Hendrix Annette Badland Composer ( s ) Jim Parker Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 20 No. of episodes 116 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Brian True - May ( 1 -- 89 ) Jo Wright ( 90 -- 115 ) Jonathan Fisher ( 116 -- ) Michele Buck ( 116 -- ) Producer ( s ) Betty Willingale Cinematography Colin Munn Graham Frake Editor ( s ) Derek Bain Running time 89 -- 102 minutes Production company ( s ) Bentley Productions Distributor All3Media Release Original network ITV Picture format 16 mm film : 576i 4 : 3 ( SDTV ) ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Super 16 mm film : 576i 16 : 9 ( SDTV ) ( 2004 -- 09 ) High Definition Digital : 1080i 16 : 9 ( HDTV ) ( 2009 -- present ) Audio format Stereo ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( 2004 -- present ) Original release 23 March 1997 -- present External links Website Midsomer Murders is a British television detective drama that has aired on ITV since 1997 . The show is based on Caroline Graham 's Chief Inspector Barnaby book series , as originally adapted by Anthony Horowitz . The current lead character is DCI John Barnaby ( Neil Dudgeon ) , who works for Causton CID . Dudgeon 's character is the younger cousin of former lead character DCI Tom Barnaby ( John Nettles ) . Dudgeon first appeared as randy gardener Daniel Bolt in the Series 4 episode `` Garden of Death '' . Dudgeon permanently joined the show in 2011 following Nettles ' departure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Production 3 Setting 3.1 Filming locations 4 Characters 5 Episodes 6 List of fictional villages in Midsomer 7 Controversy 8 Broadcast 9 Soundtracks 9.1 Midsomer Murders 9.2 The Best of Midsomer Murders 9.3 The Music of Midsomer Murders 10 DVD releases 11 Books 12 References 13 External links Summary ( edit ) The stories are set in modern - day England and revolve around Tom Barnaby 's ( later , John Barnaby 's ) efforts to solve numerous murders that take place in the idyllic , picturesque but deadly villages of the fictional county of Midsomer . The Barnabys have worked with several different sergeants throughout the run of the show : Detective Sergeant ( DS ) Gavin Troy ( Daniel Casey ) , DS Dan Scott ( John Hopkins ) , DS Ben Jones ( Jason Hughes ) , DS Charlie Nelson ( Gwilym Lee ) and currently DS Jamie Winter ( Nick Hendrix ) . Production ( edit ) Filming of Midsomer Murders began in Autumn 1996 , with the first episode ( `` The Killings at Badger 's Drift '' ) broadcast in the United Kingdom on 23 March 1997 . The feature - length drama attracts many well - known accomplished actors from the stage and screen in guest - starring roles . Anthony Horowitz and the original producers , Betty Willingale and Brian True - May , created the series . Horowitz adapted the majority of the early episodes from the original works by Caroline Graham . Current writers include Paul Logue , Chris Murray , Lisa Holdsworth , Rachel Cuperman and Sally Griffiths . Actor John Nettles retired at the end of 2010 , after the 13th series of eight episodes ; his last episode was `` Fit for Murder '' . Neil Dudgeon replaced him in the 14th series , playing Tom Barnaby 's cousin , DCI John Barnaby , who is first seen in the episode `` The Sword of Guillaume '' . It was announced on 7 April 2017 that the show will return to ITV for a 20th series , consisting of six episodes , with Annette Badland as new pathologist , Dr Fleur Perkins . Setting ( edit ) Midsomer is an English fictional county . The county town is Causton , a middle - sized town where Detective Chief Inspector Barnaby lives with his wife , and where the Criminal Investigation Department is located . Much of the popularity of the series arises from the incongruity of sudden violence in a picturesque and peaceful rural setting . Individual episodes focus on institutions , rituals , and customs popularly seen as being characteristic of rural English counties . Various clues in several episodes hint that Midsomer might actually cover the areas of Berkshire and part of northern Hampshire . Many of the villages and small towns of the county have the word `` Midsomer '' in their name ; this is inspired in part by the real county of Somerset , and specifically the town of Midsomer Norton , and became a naming convention within the show . When Mrs Barnaby proposed they move out of Causton and suggested various villages , her husband countered with recollections of particularly grisly murders that occurred in each community . Likewise , when DS Dan Scott asked if the body count was , `` always this high around here , sir ? '' ; Barnaby replied , `` It has been remarked upon . '' Humour is a main feature of the series . There is often dark comedy , such as a woman being murdered with a wheel of cheese , and many scenes are examples of `` dramedy '' ( comic drama or dramatic comedy ) ; according to RadioTimes when describing the episode Death and the Divas ( series 15 , episode 4 ) : ' Midsomer Murders never takes itself too seriously but here it 's got its tongue so far into its cheek , it hurts . ' Filming Locations ( edit ) Causton is represented by the Town of Wallingford in Oxfordshire . Causton police station is represented by the former RAF Staff College , Bracknell . Most episodes have been filmed in villages around Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire counties . The Six Bells , a pub in Warborough , Oxfordshire , repeatedly features as the Black Swan in the Midsomer village of Badger 's Drift . Filming took place on Sunday 11 August 2013 at White Waltham Airfield , southwest of Maidenhead , England , for episode 4 of Series 16 , `` The Flying Club '' . In the Killings of Copenhagen episode , number five in the sixteenth series -- the 100th episode in all -- several scenes are filmed at location in central Copenhagen , like Rådhuspladsen ( `` the City Hall Square '' ) , Nyhavn ( `` New Port '' ) with its canal and old colourful houses , a Danish countryside church , and at the circular square inside the Copenhagen Police Headquarters building . The murder in Copenhagen is one of two within the entire series ( until episode 114 , at least ) where a murder takes place outside the fictive County of Midsomer , the other being in Brighton where Inspector John Barnaby ( Neil Dudgeon ) is introduced . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Midsomer Murders characters Characters and the seasons where they appeared Character Actor 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 DCI Tom Barnaby John Nettles Main DCI John Barnaby Neil Dudgeon Recurring Main DS Gavin Troy Daniel Casey Main Guest DS Daniel Scott John Hopkins Main DS Benjamin Jones Jason Hughes Main Guest DS Charlie Nelson Gwilym Lee Main DS Jamie Winter Nick Hendrix Main DC Gail Stephens Kirsty Dillon Recurring Main Dr George Bullard Barry Jackson Main Main Recurring Main Dr Dan Peterson Toby Jones Recurring Main Dr Kate Wilding Tamzin Malleson Recurring Main Dr Kam Karimore Manjinder Virk Main Joyce Barnaby Jane Wymark Main Sarah Barnaby Fiona Dolman Main Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Midsomer Murders episodes Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot 23 March 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 23 ) 22 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 22 ) 6 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 06 ) 20 January 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 20 ) 5 February 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 05 ) 12 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 12 ) 29 January 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 29 ) 5 10 September 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 10 ) 16 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 16 ) 5 5 23 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 23 ) 22 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 22 ) 6 5 3 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 03 ) 31 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 31 ) 7 7 2 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) 25 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 25 ) 8 8 10 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 10 ) 2 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 02 ) 9 8 9 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) 17 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) 10 8 12 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 12 ) 11 May 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) 11 7 1 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) 5 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) 12 7 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) 13 8 10 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) 2 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) 14 8 23 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 15 6 1 February 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) 30 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 16 5 24 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) 12 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) 17 28 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 18 6 6 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 19 6 18 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) 20 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 20 6 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA The pilot episode of Midsomer Murders was shown on 23 March 1997 . As of 20 May 2018 , 116 episodes have been broadcast in the UK , comprising 19 series . List of fictional villages in Midsomer ( edit ) Angels Rise Aspern Tallow Badger 's Drift Binwell Bishopwood Bleakridge Bow Clayton Broughton Burwood Mantle Calham Cross Causton ( County town ) Cooper Hill Devington Dunstan Elverton - cum - Latterley Ferne Basset Finchmere Fletcher 's Cross Ford Florey Goodman 's Land Great Auburn Great Pelfe Great Worthy Haddington Little Auburn Little Crosby Little Malton Little Upton Little Worthy Lower Crosby Lower Pampling Lower Warden Luxton Deeping Malham Bridge Malham Cross March Magna Marsh Wood Martyr Warren Midsomer Abbas Midsomer Barrow Midsomer Barton Midsomer Chettham Midsomer Cicely Midsomer Deverell Midsomer Florey Midsomer Herne Midsomer Holm Midsomer Langley Midsomer Magna Midsomer Malham Midsomer Mallow Midsomer Market Midsomer - in - the - Marsh Midsomer Mere Midsomer Morchard Midsomer Morton Midsomer Mow Midsomer Newton Midsomer Oaks Midsomer Parva Midsomer Pastures Midsomer Priors Midsomer Shallows Midsomer Sonning Midsomer St. Claire Midsomer St. Michael Midsomer Stanton Midsomer Vertue Midsomer Vinae Midsomer Wellow Midsomer Worthy Midsomer Wyvern Milton 's Cross Monks Barton Morton Fendle Morton Shallows Newton Magna Pandlefoot Bailey Shotover & Forest hill Upper Warden Whitcombe Mallet Controversy ( edit ) In March 2011 , the series ' producer , Brian True - May , was suspended by All3Media after telling the TV listings magazine Radio Times that the programme did not have any non-white characters , because the series was a `` bastion of Englishness . '' When challenged about the term `` Englishness '' and whether that would exclude different ethnic minorities , True - May responded : `` Well , it should do , and maybe I 'm not politically correct . '' He later went on to say that he wanted to make a programme `` that appeals to a certain audience , which seems to succeed . '' True - May 's comments were investigated by the production company . He was reinstated , having apologised `` if his remarks gave unintended offence to any viewers , '' but he has since stepped down as producer . The following series ( series 15 ) saw Asian characters appear on the show in the episodes `` The Dark Rider '' and `` Written in the Stars , '' though an Asian character had previously appeared in `` Orchis Fatalis '' . Series 15 also introduced more black characters , although previously they had been seen in background scenes , but had not had many speaking roles except for the Crown Prosecutor in the episode `` Last Year 's Model '' ( Series 9 , episode 8 ) , who was a black woman , and in the episode `` Dance With The Dead '' , in which two black men were among the dancers at a 1940s - themed party . In episode 3 of series 11 ( `` Left for Dead '' ) , the character Charlotte / Charlie ( played by Indra Ové as the adult version and Jade Gould as the younger version ) appeared to be of mixed race . Broadcast ( edit ) Midsomer Murders has been sold to a large number of countries and territories around the world . In 2004 , it was among the three most - sold British TV shows worldwide , whether as TV Programming or DVD . In Australia first - run episodes and repeats are screened on national free - to - air network ABC with repeats also shown on sister station ABC2 . The series was originally aired on the Nine Network . Repeat screenings are also aired on the subscription channels UKTV and 13th Street . A measure of the success of the series in Australia is that repeats of the series still rate highly and often feature in the nation 's top twenty shows in national surveys . In Canada the series is broadcast on TVOntario and Book Television in Ontario , and on Knowledge in British Columbia , which in 2014 was showing Series 16 . In Ireland , the series is shown by Be3 . In New Zealand the series was broadcast on TVNZ until it 's been broadcast for a number of years on the free - to - air channel Prime . In the United States , the series was aired by A&E for a time and is now syndicated by American Public Television for broadcast on public television stations . As of December 2017 , episodes through series 19 are available for streaming through Netflix . Soundtracks ( edit ) Composed by Jim Parker , the iconic main theme is a moderate - tempo waltz , performed ( primarily though not exclusively ) on an unusual electronic musical instrument , the theremin , which has a sound not unlike a low whistle or a human voice . The theremin part was played by Celia Sheen ( 1940 -- 2011 ) . From the 14th series onwards the soundtrack was altered so that during the closing titles a standardised version of the theme is played on a solo violin in place of the theremin . Occasionally a version with a longer introduction opens the show , using a flute rather than a theremin as the lead instrument . Three soundtrack CDs have been released so far , containing musical cues from various series . The first two sold out quickly and are now out of print , making them extremely hard to find . The most recent soundtrack is currently being given away to subscribers of the Midsomer Murders DVD / Magazine package in the UK and the Netherlands . Midsomer Murders ( edit ) Midsomer Murders Soundtrack album by Jim Parker Released 1998 Genre Soundtrack Length 65 : 15 Label Oceandeep Soundtracks Ltd The first soundtrack release contains music from the first two series . All music composed and conducted by Jim Parker No . Title Length 1 . `` Midsomer Murders '' 2 : 51 2 . `` Agnus Dei '' 2 : 05 3 . `` The Village '' 2 : 05 4 . `` An Irish Boy '' 3 : 14 5 . `` Cambridge '' 1 : 58 6 . `` Funeral Dance '' 3 : 55 7 . `` Driving Home '' 1 : 49 8 . `` Haunted Rooms '' 2 : 32 9 . `` Discovery of a Dead Body '' 3 : 55 10 . `` The Commune '' 2 : 45 11 . `` The Alcoholic Fox - trot '' 1 : 41 12 . `` Sarah 's Lament '' 1 : 59 13 . `` The Madonna 's Statue '' 2 : 47 14 . `` Milking Time '' 2 : 10 15 . `` Scratching The Paintwork '' 2 : 44 16 . `` Ancient Rome '' 2 : 47 17 . `` Looking For Clues '' 2 : 08 18 . `` Death on Stage '' 2 : 35 19 . `` Rosa '' 2 : 41 20 . `` The Village Band '' 1 : 57 21 . `` Cully 's Tune '' 1 : 57 22 . `` Bunny Cakes '' 2 : 17 23 . `` Magic Pipes '' 1 : 43 24 . `` Hunt And Kill '' 3 : 37 25 . `` Meeting in the Dark '' 2 : 22 26 . `` The Fairground '' 2 : 03 Total length : 65 : 15 The best of Midsomer Murders ( edit ) The Best of Midsomer Murders Soundtrack album by Jim Parker Released 16 September 2002 Genre Soundtrack Length 63 : 05 Label Universal Classics The second soundtrack release contains music from the first five series of Midsomer Murders , featuring both recycled cues from the previous release as well as some new material . All music was conducted by Jim Parker , except for track 17 conducted by Don Lusher . All tracks written by Jim Parker . No . Title Length 1 . `` Midsomer Murders '' 2 : 51 2 . `` Agnus Dei '' 2 : 05 3 . `` The Village '' 2 : 05 4 . `` Isobel '' 2 : 08 5 . `` Cambridge '' 1 : 58 6 . `` Libera Me '' 2 : 08 7 . `` Driving Home '' 1 : 49 8 . `` Discovery of a Dead Body '' 3 : 55 9 . `` Hunting '' 1 : 51 10 . `` The Commune '' 2 : 45 11 . `` The Alcoholic Fox -- trot '' 1 : 41 12 . `` Sarah 's Lament '' 1 : 59 13 . `` The Madonna 's Statue '' 2 : 47 14 . `` Milking Time '' 2 : 10 15 . `` Rosa '' 2 : 41 16 . `` Ancient Rome '' 2 : 47 17 . `` The Postman '' 2 : 38 18 . `` Looking For Clues '' 2 : 08 19 . `` A Roving '' 2 : 01 20 . `` The Village Band '' 1 : 57 21 . `` An Irish Boy '' 3 : 14 22 . `` Cully 's Tune '' 1 : 57 23 . `` Haunted Rooms '' 2 : 32 24 . `` Bunny Cakes '' 2 : 17 25 . `` Magic Pipes '' 1 : 43 26 . `` Meeting in the Dark '' 2 : 22 27 . `` The Fairground '' 2 : 03 Total length : 63 : 05 The music of Midsomer Murders ( edit ) The Music of Midsomer Murders Soundtrack album by Jim Parker Released 2006 Genre Soundtrack Length 43 : 39 Label Bentley Productions Ltd This third release was given away to anyone subscribing to the series ' DVD / magazine package , and once again contains a few new cues , while largely recycling old material . All music was conducted by Jim Parker except for track 14 , conducted by Don Lusher . All tracks written by Jim Parker . No . Title Length 1 . `` Midsomer Murders '' 2 : 51 2 . `` Ponies '' 2 : 50 3 . `` Isobel '' 2 : 08 4 . `` Seduction , 1953 '' 2 : 22 5 . `` Hunting '' 1 : 51 6 . `` Discovery of a Dead Body '' 3 : 55 7 . `` Driving Home '' 1 : 49 8 . `` The Alcoholic Foxtrot '' 1 : 41 9 . `` An Irish Boy '' 3 : 14 10 . `` Cambridge '' 1 : 58 11 . `` Rosa '' 2 : 41 12 . `` Milking Time '' 2 : 10 13 . `` Cully 's Tune '' 1 : 55 14 . `` The Postman '' 1 : 31 15 . `` A Roving '' 2 : 01 16 . `` Magic Pipes '' 1 : 44 17 . `` The Village Band '' 1 : 54 18 . `` Haunted Rooms '' 2 : 32 19 . `` The Fairground '' 2 : 03 Total length : 43 : 39 DVD releases ( edit ) All 114 episodes that have been aired so far have been released in the UK ( Region 2 ) including three Christmas specials . The first 18 series and `` Part 1 '' of series 19 of Midsomer Murders have been released in Australia and New Zealand ( Region 4 ) . Note that episodes 1 to 100 were originally released as 25 `` sets '' , which are now discontinued , and have been re-released as `` series '' 1 to 16 in redesigned packages . In January 2006 , Midsomer Murders started a DVD and Magazine Collection , available at newsagents in Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , and the UK . Acorn Media UK has released 24 DVD sets of Midsomer Murders in North America as well as several collections , which are : The Early Cases 10 disc collection of 18 episodes includes the pilot episode and those of series one , two , three , and four ( except the last episode ) , as well as a bonus disc featuring a behind - the - scenes documentary . Acorn 's `` Barnaby 's Casebook '' 10 disc collection has 17 episodes , including the last episode of series four , followed by those of seasons five , six , and seven . Acorn 's `` Village Case Files '' 8 disc collection includes the 16 episodes of seasons eight , and nine ; and a 4 minute bonus clip from season one . Acorn 's `` Mayhem & Mystery '' 15 disc collection includes the 17 episodes of seasons ten and eleven . Acorn 's `` Tom Barnaby 's Last Cases '' 15 disc collection includes the 17 episodes of seasons twelve and thirteen . Books ( edit ) This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( August 2017 ) Graham , Caroline ( 1987 ) . The Killings at Badger 's Drift . ISBN 978 - 0 - 917561 - 41 - 2 . Graham , Caroline ( 1989 ) . Death of a Hollow Man . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 2911 - 4 . Graham , Caroline ( 1993 ) . Death in Disguise . ISBN 0 - 7472 - 0608 - 2 . Graham , Caroline ( 1994 ) . Written in Blood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7472 - 4664 - 0 . Graham , Caroline ( 1996 ) . Faithful unto Death . ISBN 0 - 7472 - 1665 - 7 . Graham , Caroline ( 1999 ) . A Place of Safety . Graham , Caroline ( 2004 ) . A Ghost in the Machine . Evans , Jeff ( 2003 ) . Midsomer Murders : The Making of An English Crime Classic . Batsford . ISBN 9780713487688 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Guardian ( 2 January 2008 ) . `` Midsomer shines for ITV '' . London . Retrieved 9 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders -- The New Barnaby Joins John Nettles on Exclusive Acorn Media DVD Release '' . Prlog.org. 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders celebrates 20th Anniversary '' . `` ITV Press Centre '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' Midsomer Murders ' Schooled in Murder ( TV Episode 2013 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Rackham , Jane . `` Midsomer Murders '' . RadioTimes . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders Locations '' . Midsomermurders.org . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hellicar , Michael ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` Midsomer marriage : Daughter 's wedding promises toughest case yet for Detective Barnaby '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Falconer , Kieran ( 19 July 2008 ) . `` Midsomer Murders : A very English setting '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders -- The Six Bells Warborough '' . The Six Bells Warborough . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Midsomer Murders filmed at White Waltham Airfield '' . Maidenhead Advertiser News . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders -- Episode Guide '' . www.midsomermurders.org . Jump up ^ Picture of the round `` police square '' and some of the episode 's main actors at midsomermurders.org . Jump up ^ Episode 100 itself , can not determine which church it is . Jump up ^ Easton , Mark ( 15 March 2011 ) . `` Midsomer Murders producer suspended over race row '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 23 March 2011 ) . `` Midsomer Murders co-creator to step down at end of current series '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer producer to ' step down ' after current series '' . BBC News . 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Singh , Anita ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` Midsomer Murders gets two Asian characters '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Strong DVD Market Boosts UK TV Export Revenues '' . Culture.gov.uk . May 2005 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 December 2013 ) . `` Ratings '' . TV Tonight . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 December 2013 ) . `` Ratings '' . TV Tonight . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders DVD sales '' . ABC Shop . ABC Online . 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Midsomer Murders at itv.com Midsomer Murders on IMDb Midsomer Murders at TV.com `` UK Publisher for Midsomer Murders DVDs '' . Acorn DVD . ( hide ) Midsomer Murders Episodes `` Destroying Angel '' `` Electric Vendetta '' `` Ring Out Your Dead '' `` Market For Murder '' `` Painted in Blood '' `` Dead in the Water '' `` Orchis Fatalis '' `` Second Sight '' `` The Christmas Haunting '' `` The Killings of Copenhagen '' Characters Tom Barnaby Novels by Caroline Graham The Killings at Badger 's Drift ( 1987 ) Death of a Hollow Man ( 1989 ) Death in Disguise ( 1992 ) Written in Blood ( 1994 ) Faithful unto Death ( 1996 ) A Place of Safety ( 1999 ) A Ghost in the Machine ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midsomer_Murders&oldid=842198377 '' Categories : 1997 British television programme debuts 1990s British crime television series 2000s British crime television series 2010s British crime television series English - language television programs 1990s British mystery television series 2000s British mystery television series 2010s British mystery television series Detective television series ITV television dramas Midsomer Murders Television series by All3Media Television series produced at Pinewood Studios Television programs based on novels Screenplays by Anthony Horowitz Television shows set in England Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles lacking ISBNs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 22 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does the new season of midsomer murders start
[ "\n\nSeries\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\nPilot\n23 March 1997 (1997-03-23)\n\n\n\n1\n4\n22 March 1998 (1998-03-22)\n6 May 1998 (1998-05-06)\n\n\n\n2\n4\n20 January 1999 (1999-01-20)\n5 February 2000 (2000-02-05)\n\n\n\n3\n4\n12 September 1999 (1999-09-12)\n29 January 2000 (2000-01-29)\n\n\n\n4\n5\n10 September 2000 (2000-09-10)\n16 September 2001 (2001-09-16)\n\n\n\n5\n5\n23 September 2001 (2001-09-23)\n22 September 2002 (2002-09-22)\n\n\n\n6\n5\n3 January 2003 (2003-01-03)\n31 January 2003 (2003-01-31)\n\n\n\n7\n7\n2 November 2003 (2003-11-02)\n25 December 2004 (2004-12-25)\n\n\n\n8\n8\n10 October 2004 (2004-10-10)\n2 October 2005 (2005-10-02)\n\n\n\n9\n8\n9 October 2005 (2005-10-09)\n17 September 2006 (2006-09-17)\n\n\n\n10\n8\n12 November 2006 (2006-11-12)\n11 May 2008 (2008-05-11)\n\n\n\n11\n7\n1 January 2008 (2008-01-01)\n5 May 2009 (2009-05-05)\n\n\n\n12\n7\n22 July 2009 (2009-07-22)\n14 April 2010 (2010-04-14)\n\n\n\n13\n8\n10 February 2010 (2010-02-10)\n2 February 2011 (2011-02-02)\n\n\n\n14\n8\n23 March 2011 (2011-03-23)\n11 January 2012 (2012-01-11)\n\n\n\n15\n6\n1 February 2012 (2012-02-01)\n30 January 2013 (2013-01-30)\n\n\n\n16\n5\n24 December 2013 (2013-12-24)\n12 February 2014 (2014-02-12)\n\n\n\n17\n4\n28 January 2015 (2015-01-28)\n18 February 2015 (2015-02-18)\n\n\n\n18\n6\n6 January 2016 (2016-01-06)\n17 February 2016 (2016-02-17)\n\n\n\n19\n6\n18 December 2016 (2016-12-18)\n20 May 2018 (2018-05-20)\n\n\n\n20\n6\n2018 (2018)\nTBA\n\n" ]
[ "2018" ]
9086775112189676050
Slavery Abolition Act 1833
Slavery Abolition Act 1833 - wikipedia Slavery Abolition Act 1833 Slavery Abolition Act 1833 United Kingdom Long title An Act for the Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Colonies ; for promoting the Industry of the manumitted Slaves ; and for compensating the Persons hitherto entitled to the Services of such Slaves . Citation 3 & 4 Will. 4 c. 73 Dates Royal assent 28 August 1833 Commencement 1 August 1834 1 December 1834 ( Cape of Good Hope ) 1 February 1835 ( Mauritius ) Repealed 19 November 1998 Other legislation Repealed by Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1998 Relates to Slave Trade Act 1807 , Slave Trade Act 1824 , Slave Trade Act 1843 , Slave Trade Act 1873 Status : Repealed Text of statute as originally enacted The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . IV c. 73 ) abolished slavery throughout the British Empire . This Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom expanded the jurisdiction of the Slave Trade Act 1807 , making the purchase or ownership of slaves illegal within the British Empire , with the exception `` of the Territories in the Possession of the East India Company '' , Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , and Saint Helena . The Act was repealed in 1997 as a part of wider rationalisation of English statute law ; however , later anti-slavery legislation remains in force . Contents 1 Background 2 Act 3 Compensation for slave owners 4 Protests against apprenticeships 5 Exceptions and continuations 6 Repeal 7 Appearance in popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) In May 1772 , Lord Mansfield 's judgment in the Somersett 's Case emancipated a slave in England and thus helped launch the movement to abolish slavery . The case ruled that slavery was unsupported by law in England and no authority could be exercised on slaves entering English or Scottish soil . In 1785 , English poet William Cowper wrote : We have no slaves at home -- Then why abroad ? Slaves can not breathe in England ; if their lungs Receive our air , that moment they are free . They touch our country , and their shackles fall . That 's noble , and bespeaks a nation proud . And jealous of the blessing . Spread it then , And let it circulate through every vein . By 1783 , an anti-slavery movement to abolish the slave trade throughout the Empire had begun among the British public . In 1793 Lieutenant - Governor of Upper Canada John Graves Simcoe signed the Act Against Slavery . Passed by the local Legislative Assembly , it was the first legislation to outlaw the slave trade in a part of the British Empire . In 1807 , Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act of 1807 , which outlawed the slave trade , but not slavery itself . Abolitionist Henry Brougham realized that trading would continue and as a new MP successfully introduced the Slave Trade Felony Act 1811 which at last made slave trading criminal throughout the empire . The Royal Navy established the West Africa Squadron to suppress the Atlantic slave trade by patrolling the coast of West Africa . It did suppress the slave trade , but did not stop it entirely . Between 1808 and 1860 , the West Africa Squadron captured 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans . They resettled many in Jamaica and the Bahamas . Britain also used its influence to coerce other countries to agree treaties to end their slave trade and allow the Royal Navy to seize their slave ships . illustration from the book : The Black Man 's Lament , or , how to make sugar by Amelia Opie . ( London , 1826 ) In 1823 , the Anti-Slavery Society was founded in London . Members included Joseph Sturge , Thomas Clarkson , William Wilberforce , Henry Brougham , Thomas Fowell Buxton , Elizabeth Heyrick , Mary Lloyd , Jane Smeal , Elizabeth Pease , and Anne Knight . William Wilberforce had prior written in his diary in 1787 that his great purpose in life was to suppress the slave trade before waging a 20 - year fight on the industry . Protector of Slaves Office ( Trinidad ) , Richard Bridgens , 1838 . During the Christmas holiday of 1831 , a large - scale slave revolt in Jamaica , known as the Baptist War , broke out . It was organised originally as a peaceful strike by the Baptist minister Samuel Sharpe . The rebellion was suppressed by the militia of the Jamaican plantocracy and the British garrison ten days later in early 1832 . Because of the loss of property and life in the 1831 rebellion , the British Parliament held two inquiries . The results of these inquiries contributed greatly to the abolition of slavery with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 . Act ( edit ) The Act had its third reading in the House of Commons on 26 July 1833 , three days before William Wilberforce died . It received the Royal Assent a month later , on 28 August , and came into force the following year , on 1 August 1834 . In practical terms , only slaves below the age of six were freed in the colonies . Former slaves over the age of six were redesignated as `` apprentices '' , and their servitude was abolished in two stages : the first set of apprenticeships came to an end on 1 August 1838 , while the final apprenticeships were scheduled to cease on 1 August 1840 . The Act specifically excluded `` the Territories in the Possession of the East India Company , or to the Island of Ceylon , or to the Island of Saint Helena . '' The exceptions were eliminated in 1843 . Compensation for slave owners ( edit ) The Act provided for compensation for slave - owners . The amount of money to be spent on the compensation claims was set at `` the Sum of Twenty Million Pounds Sterling '' . Under the terms of the Act , the British government raised £ 20 million ( £ 16.5 billion in 2013 pounds , when calculated as wage values ) to pay out in compensation for the loss of the slaves as business assets to the registered owners of the freed slaves . In 1833 , £ 20 million amounted to 40 % of the Treasury 's annual income or approximately 5 % of the British GDP ( 5 % of the British GDP in 2016 was around £ 100 billion ) . To finance the compensation , the British government had to take on a £ 15 million loan , finalised on 3 August 1835 , with banker Nathan Mayer Rothschild and his brother - in - law Moses Montefiore . The money was not paid back until 2015 . Half of the money went to slave - owning families in the Caribbean and Africa , while the other half went to absentee owners living in Britain . The names listed in the returns for slave compensation show that ownership was spread over many hundreds of British families , many of them ( though not all ) of high social standing . For example , Henry Phillpotts ( then the Bishop of Exeter ) , with three others ( as trustees and executors of the will of John Ward , 1st Earl of Dudley ) , was paid £ 12,700 for 665 slaves in the West Indies , whilst Henry Lascelles , 2nd Earl of Harewood received £ 26,309 for 2,554 slaves on 6 plantations . The majority of men and women who were awarded compensation under the 1833 Abolition Act are listed in a Parliamentary Return , entitled Slavery Abolition Act , which is an account of all moneys awarded by the Commissioners of Slave Compensation in the Parliamentary Papers 1837 - 8 ( 215 ) vol. 48 . Protests against apprenticeships ( edit ) On 1 August 1834 , an unarmed group of mainly elderly people being addressed by the Governor at Government House in Port of Spain , Trinidad , about the new laws , began chanting : `` Pas de six ans . Point de six ans '' ( `` Not six years . No six years '' ) , drowning out the voice of the Governor . Peaceful protests continued until a resolution to abolish apprenticeship was passed and de facto freedom was achieved . Full emancipation for all was legally granted ahead of schedule on 1 August 1838 . Exceptions and continuations ( edit ) As a notable exception to the rest of the British Empire , the Act did not extend to any of the Territories administered by the East India Company , including the islands of Ceylon , and Saint Helena . Slavery was criminalised in the Company territories via the Indian Slavery Act of 1843 . A successor organisation to the Anti-Slavery Society was formed in London in 1839 , the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society , which worked to outlaw slavery worldwide . The world 's oldest international human rights organisation , it continues today as Anti-Slavery International . It is believed that after 1833 clandestine slave - trading continued within the British Empire ; in 1854 Nathaniel Isaacs , owner of the island of Matakong off the coast of Sierra Leone was accused of slave - trading by the governor of Sierra Leone , Sir Arthur Kennedy . Papers relating to the charges were lost when the Forerunner was wrecked off Madeira in October 1854 . In the absence of the papers , the English courts refused to proceed with the prosecution . In Australia , blackbirding and the holding of indigenous workers ' pay `` in trust '' continued , in some instances into the 1970s . Modern slavery , both in the form of human trafficking and people imprisoned for forced or compulsory labour , continues to this day . Repeal ( edit ) The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 was repealed in its entirety by the Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1998 . The repeal has not made slavery legal again , with sections of the Slave Trade Act 1824 , Slave Trade Act 1843 and Slave Trade Act 1873 continuing in force . In its place the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates into British Law Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights which prohibits the holding of persons as slaves . Appearance in popular Culture ( edit ) Ava DuVernay was commissioned by the Smithsonian 's National Museum of African American History and Culture to create a film which debuted at the museum 's opening on September 24 , 2016 . This film , August 28 : A Day in the Life of a People , tells of six significant events in African - American history that happened on the same date , August 28 . Events depicted include ( among others ) William IV 's royal assent to the Slavery Abolition Act . See also ( edit ) Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom Act Against Slavery , an act in Upper Canada that banned the importation of slaves there in 1793 Blockade of Africa Brussels Conference Act of 1890 , an early abolitionist treaty Slave Trade Acts Slavery in Britain Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which ended slavery or involuntary servitude in the United States in 1865 for those not convicted of a crime . 1926 Slavery Convention from which an international treaty resulted References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peter P. Inks , John R. Michigan , R. Owen Williams ( 2007 ) Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition ' , p. 643 . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2007 ' ' Blumrosen , Alfred W. and Ruth G. , Slave Nation : How Slavery United the Colonies and Sparked the American Revolution , Sourcebooks , 2005 Jump up ^ ( 1827 ) 2 Hag Adm 94 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Nick ( 2003 ) . William Cowper : Selected Poems . p. 84 . Routledge , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.history.ac.uk/1807commemorated/exhibitions/museums/chasing.html Jump up ^ `` Chasing Freedom Information Sheet '' . Royal Naval Museum . Archived from the original on 10 December 2009 . Retrieved 2 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chasing Freedom Exhibition : the Royal Navy and the Suppression of the Transatlantic Slave Trade '' . Archived from the original on 10 December 2009 . Retrieved 25 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Falola , Toyin ; Warnock , Amanda ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the middle passage . Greenwood Press . pp. xxi , xxxiii -- xxxiv . ISBN 9780313334801 . Jump up ^ `` The legal and diplomatic background to the seizure of foreign vessels by the Royal Navy '' . Jump up ^ Slavery and abolition . Oxford University Press Jump up ^ William Wilberforce : A Man for All Seasons . CBN Jump up ^ `` Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ; Section XII '' . 28 August 1833 . Retrieved 30 October 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ; Section LXIV '' . 28 August 1833 . Retrieved 3 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ; Section XXIV '' . 28 August 1833 . Retrieved 3 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez Manning ( 24 February 2013 ) . `` Britain 's colonial shame : Slave - owners given huge payouts after '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.ukpublicrevenue.co.uk/piechart_1833_UK_total Jump up ^ `` UK public spending and GDP in 1833 '' . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK public spending and GDP in 2016 '' . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kris Manjapra ( 29 March 2018 ) . `` When will Britain face up to its crimes against humanity ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ British Parliamentary Papers , session 1837 -- 38 ( 215 ) , vol. 48 . The manuscript returns and indexes to the claims are held by The National Archives . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zw8dq6f Jump up ^ `` Rt . Hon. Rev. Henry Phillpotts '' . UCL , Legacies of British slave - ownership . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Lascelles , 2nd Earl of Harewood '' . UCL , Legacies of British slave - ownership . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . Jump up ^ UCL -- Researching Slave - owners Jump up ^ Dryden , John . 1992 `` Pas de Six Ans ! '' In : Seven Slaves & Slavery : Trinidad 1777 -- 1838 , by Anthony de Verteuil , Port of Spain , pp. 371 -- 379 . Jump up ^ Sharman , Anne - Marie ( 1993 ) , ed. , Anti-Slavery Reporter vol 13 no 8 . P. 35 , London : Anti-Slavery International Jump up ^ Anti-Slavery International UNESCO . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Louis Herrman ( December 1974 ) . `` Nathaniel Isaacs '' ( PDF ) . Natalia . Pietermartizburg : The Natal Society Foundation ( 4 ) : 19 -- 22 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stolen Wages Reparation Scheme WA '' . Department of Aboriginal Affairs . Government of Western Australia . Archived from the original on 17 August 2013 . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Korff , Jens . `` Stolen Wages '' . Creative Spirits . Creative Spirits . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/13/modern-slavery-uk-traveller-site-lincolnshire-judge-timothy-spencer Jump up ^ `` Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1998 '' . 19 November 1998 . Retrieved 4 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ( repealed 19.11. 1998 ) ( c. 73 ) '' . Retrieved 19 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Slave Trade Act 1824 '' . 24 June 1824 . Retrieved 4 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Slave Trade Act 1843 '' . 24 August 1843 . Retrieved 4 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Slave Trade Act 1873 '' . 5 August 1873 . Retrieved 4 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Act 1998 '' . 11 September 1998 . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Rachaell ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Why Is August 28 So Special To Black People ? Ava DuVernay Reveals All In New NMAAHC Film '' . Essence . Further reading ( edit ) Drescher , Seymour . Abolition : A History of Slavery and Antislavery ( 2009 ) Hinks , Peter , and John McKivigan , eds . Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition ( 2 vol. 2006 ) Huzzey , Richard . Freedom Burning : Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain . ( Cornell University Press , 2012 ) 303pp . Washington , Jon - Michael . `` Ending the Slave Trade and Slavery in the British Empire : An Explanatory Case Study Utilizing Qualitative Methodology and Stratification and Class Theories . '' ( 2012 NCUR ) ( 2013 ) . online External links ( edit ) Text of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 Legacies of British slave - ownership is a database of the Parliamentary return of people who made claims for compensation under this act United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1707 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union ( formally European Communities ) 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders in Council 1994 to date for Northern Ireland 1972 -- 2009 Secondary legislation United Kingdom statutory instruments Scottish statutory instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal Protestant missions to Africa People Roland Allen William Anderson Frederick Stanley Arnot John Arthur Samuel Bill Joseph Booth Daniel Coker Daniel Kumler Flickinger George Grenfell Carl Hugo Hahn Joseph Hardcastle Joseph Crane Hartzell Johannes Ittmann Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt Johann Ludwig Krapf Margaret Nicholl Laird Christian Ignatius Latrobe David Livingstone Mary Livingstone Alexander Murdoch Mackay Joseph Merrick Robert Moffat Andrew Murray Helen Roseveare Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder John Philip Martti Rautanen Orishatukeh Faduma Alfred Saker Heinrich Schmelen William Henry Sheppard Mary Slessor John McKendree Springer Marion Scott Stevenson Charles Studd Hulda Stumpf William Taylor Gottlieb Viehe Missionary agencies American Board Africa Inland Mission Berlin Missionary Society Bethel Mission BMS World Mission Congo - Balolo Mission Christian and Missionary Alliance Church Mission Society Echoes of Service Finnish Missionary Society Heart of Africa Mission Livingstone Inland Mission London Missionary Society Mission Africa Mission to the World Paris Evangelical Missionary Society Rhenish Missionary Society USPG WEC International Wycliffe Global Alliance Pivotal events Slave Trade Act 1807 Slavery Abolition Act 1833 See also Christianity in Africa Timeline of Christian missions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833&oldid=866480745 '' Categories : United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1833 Slavery in the British Empire Abolitionism Slavery legislation Slave trade legislation August 1833 events Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Ελληνικά فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Polski Română Svenska Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 16 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was slavery abolished in the british colonies
[ "The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. IV c. 73) abolished slavery throughout the British Empire. This Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom expanded the jurisdiction of the Slave Trade Act 1807, making the purchase or ownership of slaves illegal within the British Empire, with the exception \"of the Territories in the Possession of the East India Company\", Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Saint Helena. The Act was repealed in 1997 as a part of wider rationalisation of English statute law; however, later anti-slavery legislation remains in force.\n" ]
[ "1833" ]
2625397233438832764
Cloak & Dagger (TV series)
Cloak & Dagger ( TV series ) - wikipedia Cloak & Dagger ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Cloak & Dagger Genre Action / Adventure Romance Science fiction Superhero Teen drama Created by Joe Pokaski Based on Cloak and Dagger by Bill Mantlo Ed Hannigan Starring Olivia Holt Aubrey Joseph Andrea Roth Gloria Reuben Miles Mussenden Carl Lundstedt Emma Lahana Jaime Zevallos J.D. Evermore Composer ( s ) Mark Isham Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Joe Pokaski Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Location ( s ) New Orleans Production company ( s ) ABC Signature Studios Marvel Television Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Freeform Chronology Related shows Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger , or simply Cloak & Dagger , is an upcoming American cable television series created for Freeform by Joe Pokaski , based on the Marvel Comics characters of the same name . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise . The series is produced by ABC Signature Studios and Marvel Television , with Pokaski serving as showrunner . The series stars Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak , two teenagers who acquire superpowers and form a romantic relationship . A television series featuring Cloak and Dagger entered development for ABC Family in July 2011 . In April 2016 , Cloak & Dagger received a series order for Freeform , the new name of ABC Family , and by that August , Pokaski had joined the series as showrunner and executive producer . Holt and Joseph were cast in January 2017 , with Andrea Roth , Gloria Reuben , Miles Mussenden , Carl Lundstedt , Emma Lahana , Jaime Zevallos , and J.D. Evermore also starring in the series . Filming for the series takes place in New Orleans . The series , consisting of 10 episodes , will premiere on June 7 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Music 4.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Analysis 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Tandy Bowen and Tyrone Johnson , two teenagers from different backgrounds , acquire superpowers while forming a romantic relationship . They soon realize that their powers work better when they are together , `` but their feelings for each other make their already complicated world even more challenging . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Olivia Holt as Tandy Bowen / Dagger : A teenager , who is connected to Tyrone Johnson through a shared childhood tragedy , with the ability to emit light daggers . Aubrey Joseph as Tyrone Johnson / Cloak : A teenager , who is connected to Tandy Bowen through a shared childhood tragedy , with the ability to engulf others in darkness and transport them through the Darkforce dimension . Andrea Roth as Melissa Bowen : Tandy 's optimistic mother . Gloria Reuben as Adina Johnson : Tyrone 's mother who invests heavily in making sure her son has a good life . Miles Mussenden as Michael Johnson : Tyrone 's working class father who tries to provide for his family . Carl Lundstedt as Liam : Tandy 's criminal partner and boyfriend . Emma Lahana Jaime Zevallos J.D. Evermore as Connors : An intimidating detective with a secret . Guest ( edit ) James Saito as Bernard Sanjo : Tyrone 's unusual friend who is an emotional cornerstone in his life . Ally Maki Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) TBA Gina Prince - Bythewood Joe Pokaski June 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) At San Diego Comic - Con International 2011 , head of Marvel Television Jeph Loeb announced the series Cloak & Dagger was in development at ABC Family . The series , which would be set in post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans , would follow Cloak and Dagger as the two `` find each other and realize that their powers both complement and complicate their lives . '' In April 2016 , the series received a straight - to - series order for Freeform , the new name of ABC Family , from ABC Signature Studios and Marvel Television , with the search for a showrunner underway . The order consisted of 10 episodes . By August 2016 , Joe Pokaski had signed on to the series as showrunner and executive producer , with Loeb and Jim Chory also serving as executive producers . Writing ( edit ) Writing for Cloak & Dagger began by the end of August 2016 , with Pokaski re-writing his initial script that November . When announcing the series , Freeform called it their `` first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' , and described it as a `` superhero love story '' , a premise that Variety called `` a seamless fit for Freeform '' given the channel 's target audience of `` Becomers '' ( the 14 -- 34 age demographic ) . Addressing this , Loeb said , `` It 's a love story that happens to have characters that have always traditionally been in that age group . It 's not like we took something and made it into a ( young adult fiction ( YA ) ) . It speaks to a YA audience and is a YA property . Would I do Punisher on Freeform ? I do n't think that 's going to connect the same way . '' Olivia Holt felt the series explored `` the story of what a white female is going through in 2018 and what a black young male is going through in 2018 . We see these characters unfold into themselves in the most complex ways '' . Pokaski spoke about the differences in Cloak and Dagger 's origin story from the comics , saying , `` I think the original ( comic ) stories were fantastic , but for the time , while they were a little progressive , they were a little bit sexist and racist once you got into it , for now . What we tried to do was deconstruct it and make it about Tandy and Tyrone , understand who they were . '' He also felt Loeb 's idea of having the duo live in New Orleans , opposed to New York City as in the comics , was a `` great idea '' . Casting ( edit ) Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph at WonderCon 2018 promoting ' ' Cloak & Dagger ' ' In January 2017 , it was announced that Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph had been cast as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak , respectively . The following month , Andrea Roth was cast as Melissa Bowen , Tandy 's mother ; Gloria Reuben and Miles Mussenden were cast as Tyrone 's parents , Adina and Michael Johnson ; and Carl Lundstedt and J.D. Evermore were cast as Liam and Connors , respectively . Emma Lahana and Jaime Zevallos also star . James Saito also appears as Bernard Sanjo . In January 2018 , Ally Maki revealed that she was cast in an undisclosed role . Gina Prince - Bythewood , the director of the first episode , called the casting process `` really , really tough ... it was three days before we were supposed to leave ( to begin filming ) and we did n't find ( actors for Tandy and Tyrone ) . People started getting willing to settle and the people that were on the table were 27 , 28 . They felt grown and it did n't feel right for the show . Then Aubrey and Olivia walked in the door , and they had such great chops individually '' . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the series had begun by February 8 , 2017 , in New Orleans , under the working title Shadows . In December 2016 , Disney planned to spend $11.2 million , of a total $42 million budget for the first season of the show , in Louisiana , over an 86 - day filming period . Filming on the pilot episode wrapped on February 24 , 2017 . Photography on the remainder of the first season resumed in New Orleans on July 24 . Filming locations included the Le Pavillon Hotel . Filming officially wrapped on November 2 . Music ( edit ) Mark Isham announced in May 2017 that he would compose the music for the series , having previously collaborated with the show 's premiere director Gina Prince - Bythewood on the films The Secret Life of Bees and Beyond the Lights . Isham described the series as `` extremely character driven '' and focused on the difficult childhoods of the title characters , so his score is `` dark , but also young enough to keep up with the teenage cast . '' The score is expected to have `` a jazzy New Orleans flair . '' Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins ( edit ) Freeform executive Karey Burke said in April 2017 that the series is `` not particularly connected '' to New Warriors , which was slated to air on Freeform at the time , given `` their tones are so wildly different '' , adding , `` There are many degrees of separation with where they fall in the Marvel universe . But anything is possible with Marvel . '' In July , Loeb said there were no plans to crossover , nor to crossover across networks with the similarly themed Marvel 's Runaways on Hulu . He added that Marvel wanted the series to find its footing before further connecting with other elements of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying `` You 'll see things that comment on each other ; we try to touch base wherever we can ... things that are happening in L.A. ( where Runaways is set ) are not exactly going to be affecting what 's happening in New Orleans ... It 's being aware of it and trying to find a way for it to be able to discuss in a way that makes sense . '' Roxxon Corporation , a company featured throughout the MCU , is seen in the series . The Darkforce dimension which fuels Cloak 's powers was previously established in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Agent Carter . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Cloak & Dagger is scheduled to premiere on Freeform on June 7 , 2018 , with the series consisting of 10 episodes . It was originally intended to premiere in 2017 when it was first ordered to series . Amazon Video will air the series in the United Kingdom and select additional European countries , starting on June 8 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) Loeb , Holt , Joesph , Pokaski , and Prince - Bythewood at WonderCon 2018 promoting ' ' Cloak & Dagger ' ' The first trailer for the series was released on April 19 , 2017 , ahead of Freeform 's 2017 upfront presentation . The A.V. Club 's William Hughes described the trailer as dark and moody , `` the grimmest entry we 've seen from Marvel TV to date . '' He felt that Joseph and Holt `` look like they 're game to capture the necessary ' You 're the only person on Earth who gets me ' vibe '' that is central to the comic characters . Ben Pearson at / Film said the trailer looked `` dangerously cheesy '' , and as `` over the top '' as other Freeform shows . He added , `` It also does n't look very much like other Marvel shows . So if all else fails , at least this will be an experiment to see how well Marvel 's products can transition within genres and play to different audiences . '' Rob Cave for Comic Book Resources felt setting the series in New Orleans `` gives audiences a glimpse of part of the Marvel Universe , and of America , that is seen on screen far less often than the mythical realms of Asgard or the sci - fi cities of Xandar Prime , let alone the over-exposed metropolises of New York and LA . The move also gives Cloak and Dagger 's story its own space , far from the clutter and the clamor of the multitudes of superheroes already established across '' the MCU . In August 2017 , exclusive clips from the series were shown at the Edinburgh International Television Festival . The series was part of Freeform 's `` activation zone '' at New York Comic Con 2017 . Holt , Joseph , Pokaski , and Prince - Bythewood appeared at South by Southwest 2018 on March 11 at the Central Presbyterian Church in Austin , Texas , as well as at WonderCon 2018 on March 23 , to discuss the series and screen the first episode . A trailer was released on March 20 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Early reactions to the first episode from its screening at South by Southwest 2018 were largely positive , with praise going to Joseph and Holt 's performances . Alex McLevy of The A.V. Club noted the screening debuted `` to raucous applause '' , and felt `` The show definitely looks good . It has some real issues in other areas , but the charismatic leads are the true find , and if the show succeeds , it will largely be on the back of the work they do . '' He added that there were major changes from the comics , including the relocation of the character from New York to New Orleans and the addition of `` parents , home lives , and all manner of other backstories rejiggered to serve the long - form TV storytelling framework . '' Meredith Borders of / Film gave the first episode a 9 out of 10 , calling it `` among the upper echelon of Marvel television ... ( doing ) so with style and powerful storytelling '' and felt it was `` new in every particular way '' . Borders felt the leads `` have tremendous chemistry onscreen '' that she became `` deeply invested '' in . She also called the look of the series `` much richer and more textured '' than many other superhero and Freeform series , felt the protagonists ' powers were shown `` in a really visually organic way '' , and praised Isham 's music . Borders also noted the strong divergence from the comics source material , but felt `` the spirit of the characters absolutely remains the same . '' Analysis ( edit ) Upon announcement , Abraham Riesman of Vulture felt one of the show 's potential strengths was the fact that Marvel had a unique opportunity to tell a story `` without needing to appeal to any kind of rabid fanbase or honor any iconic stories , because the characters have neither , '' nor `` any famous archnemeses '' or `` a widely read graphic novel '' that fans would be expecting to see . He concluded saying , `` Cloak & Dagger could be something unique and potentially lovely : an attempt to build a new bit of filmed superhero iconography ( mostly ) from the ground up . There 's so much to mine in this genre . It deals metaphorically with the burdens , risks , and liberations of power -- and it has the storytelling freedoms offered by high - concept science fiction , fantasy , and magical realism . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform Greenlights Marvel Romance Superhero Series ' Cloak and Dagger ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Borders , Meredith ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Cloak and Dagger ' Review : Freeform 's Marvel Pilot Promises a Great Superhero TV Show ( SXSW ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ' : Olivia Holt & Aubrey Joseph Land Title Roles In Series For Freeform '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Additional Cast for Highly Anticipated Series ' Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ' Announced '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ' : Freeform Releases Footage , Sets Premiere Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wrecked 's Ally Maki Joins Marvel 's Cloak and Dagger '' . YOMYOMF . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform 's Fraught Year : Inside the Rebranded Network 's Chase for Millennials ( and a Hit Show ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brothers , David ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel TV : ' Hulk , ' ' Alias ' and ' Cloak and Dagger ' Comics To Be Adapted for Television with ABC '' . Comics Alliance . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dredge , Stuart ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` MIP Drama pre-LA Screenings showcase : Marvel , Marc Cherry , Candy Crush and more '' . MIPTrends . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMC 's Geeking Out : Jeph Loeb Confirms Progress on CLOAK & DAGGER TV Show '' . Daily Superhero . August 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Freeform ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Freeform and Marvel Announce Lead Cast and Creative Team for Highly Anticipated Series `` Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger '' '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ' Heading To Freeform '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform Continues to Grow Its Programming Slate with New Series , Pilots , Returning Series and More '' . The Futon Critic. April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel TV 's Jeph Loeb on Fox 's `` Reimagined '' ' Hellfire Club ' Series , ' Cloak and Dagger ' , and More ( TCA 2016 ) `` . / Film . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tsao , Tommy ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` '' Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger '' Stars Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph on the Superhero Show 's Relevancy to Today 's World `` . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Jenna ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` What We Learned About Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger at WonderCon '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Economic Development ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Selects Louisiana For New Television Series '' ( Press release ) . Louisiana Economic Development . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Mike ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Disney planning to shoot ' Shadows - Season 1 ' in Louisiana '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Cloak And Dagger Working Title Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tim ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Cloak & Dagger Pilot Wraps With A Peek At Script '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Caleb ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATE : Marvel 's ' Cloak & Dagger ' Season 1 Starts Filming in July '' . Omega Underground . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New Orleans Movie & TV Tours ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Ran into the brand new Disney and Marvel tv show ' Cloak & Dagger ' yesterday on our tour ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Cloak and Dagger Season 1 Wraps Filming '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Isham to Score Freeform 's Marvel Series ' Cloak & Dagger ' '' . Film Music Reporter . May 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flook , Ray ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Musical Anatomy of a Superhero : The Best SDCC Panel That I Did n't Intend To See '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Composers for Marvel 's TV Universe Strike a Different Chord '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors , ' With Squirrel Girl , Ordered Straight - to - Series at Freeform ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' Runaways ' `` Lives in the Same World '' as Other Marvel Fare `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cave , Rob ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Cloak And Dagger Offers A Glimpse Of A Wider Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , Thomas ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Cloak & Dagger Early Reactions Praise Marvel 's Newest TV Show '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cloak & Dagger ( @ @ CloakandDagger ) ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` There 's more secrets to come ! Marvel 's # CloakandDagger is coming to @ FreeformTV in 2017 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ White , Peter ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Cloak & Dagger ' & Sci - Fi Drama ' The Crossing ' Head To Amazon Across Europe '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2018 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Freeform Release First Cloak And Dagger Trailer '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , William ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` The first Cloak And Dagger trailer is light on heroics , heavy on teenage angst '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Cloak and Dagger ' Trailer : Will This Be Marvel 's Cheesiest TV Show ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ; Szalai , Georg ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Edinburgh TV Fest : Marvel Exec Hints at Comedic Direction , Teases ' Inhumans ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Freeform Bringing Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger , Shadowhunters , And More To NYCC '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evry , Mark ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger to Premiere at SXSW '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Meares , Joel ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger Is A Teen Superhero Show Unlike Any Other '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's Cloak and Dagger : ' S -- - goes boom ' in new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLevy , Alex ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` The two likable leads of Marvel 's new Cloak And Dagger improvised a scene to get their roles '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Why the Cloak and Dagger Show Is a Huge Opportunity for Marvel -- and Superhero Fiction '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cloak & Dagger ( TV series ) . Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger on IMDb Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other media Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Soundtracks Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Singles `` Live to Rise '' `` All the Stars '' `` King 's Dead '' `` Pray for Me '' MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Other Iron Man Experience Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Team Thor Book Portal Live - action television programs based on Marvel Comics TV series Current Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Daredevil ( since 2015 ) Jessica Jones ( since 2015 ) Luke Cage ( since 2016 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Iron Fist ( since 2017 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) The Punisher ( since 2017 ) Runaways ( since 2017 ) Former Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1978 -- 82 ) Spider - Man ( Toei ) ( 1978 -- 79 ) Night Man ( 1997 -- 99 ) Mutant X ( 2001 -- 04 ) Blade : The Series ( 2006 ) Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) Powers ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Upcoming Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) New Warriors ( 2018 ) Unaired pilot Most Wanted TV films Spider - Man The Incredible Hulk The Return of the Incredible Hulk Dr. Strange Captain America Captain America II : Death Too Soon The Incredible Hulk Returns The Trial of the Incredible Hulk The Death of the Incredible Hulk Power Pack Generation X Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Man - Thing See also Marvel Television List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Freeform original programming History History of Freeform Christian Broadcasting Network ABC Family Worldwide Inc . Original programming 1990s debuts Amateur Hour ( revival ) ( 1992 ) Big Brother Jake ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Donkey Kong Country ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Great Pretenders ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Home and Family ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Monster Farm ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Ohh Nooo ! Mr. Bill Presents ( 1998 -- 1999 ) 2000s debuts 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Beautiful People ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Brat Camp ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Da Möb ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Greek ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Knock First ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Kyle XY ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Las Vegas Garden of Love ( 2005 ) Lincoln Heights ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Make It or Break It ( 2009 -- 2012 ) The Middleman ( 2008 ) Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Power Rangers S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ) Roommates ( 2009 ) Ruby & The Rockits ( 2009 ) Scariest Places On Earth ( 2000 -- 2006 ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Slacker Cats ( 2007 -- 2009 ) So Little Time ( 2001 -- 2002 ) State of Grace ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Switched ! ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Three Moons Over Milford ( 2006 ) Wildfire ( 2005 -- 2008 ) 2010s debuts Baby Daddy ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Becoming Us ( 2015 ) Ben and Lauren : Happily Ever After ? ( 2016 ) Beverly Hills Nannies ( 2012 ) Beyond ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Bunheads ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chasing Life ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Dead of Summer ( 2016 ) Freak Out ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Guilt ( 2016 ) Huge ( 2010 ) Jane by Design ( 2012 ) Job or No Job ( 2015 ) Kevin from Work ( 2015 ) The Lying Game ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Melissa & Joey ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Monica the Medium ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Mystery Girls ( 2014 ) Next Step Realty : NYC ( 2015 ) The Nine Lives of Chloe King ( 2011 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Ravenswood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Recovery Road ( 2016 ) Spell - Mageddon ( 2013 ) Startup U ( 2015 ) State of Georgia ( 2011 ) Stitchers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Switched at Birth ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Twisted ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Vineyard ( 2013 ) Current Alone Together ( since 2018 ) The Bold Type ( since 2017 ) Famous in Love ( since 2017 ) The Fosters ( since 2013 ) Grown - ish ( since 2018 ) Shadowhunters ( since 2016 ) Siren ( since 2018 ) Truth & Iliza ( since 2017 ) The Twins : Happily Ever After ? ( since 2017 ) Young & Hungry ( since 2014 ) Upcoming Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists ( TBA ) Related 13 Nights of Halloween Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas ABC Spark Jetix List of ABC Family original films Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Television in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal Comics portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloak_%26_Dagger_(TV_series)&oldid=834519581 '' Categories : American action television series 2010s American drama television series 2010s American romance television series 2010s American science fiction television series American romantic drama television series American teen drama television series English - language television programs Marvel Cinematic Universe television programs Freeform shows Serial drama television series Teen superhero television programs Television series by ABC Signature Studios Television shows filmed in Louisiana Television shows set in Louisiana Upcoming drama television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 03 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does marvel's cloak and dagger come out
[ "The series, consisting of 10 episodes, will premiere on June 7, 2018." ]
[ "June 7, 2018" ]
7150773298986636893
Cradle of civilization
Cradle of civilization - wikipedia Cradle of civilization Jump to : navigation , search Human history and prehistory ↑ before Homo ( Pliocene epoch ) Prehistory ( three - age system ) Stone Age Lower Paleolithic Homo Homo erectus Middle Paleolithic Early Homo sapiens Upper Paleolithic Behavioral modernity Neolithic Cradle of civilization Bronze Age China Europe India Near East Iron Age Bronze Age collapse China Europe India Japan Korea Near East Nigeria Recorded history Ancient history Earliest records Post-classical history Modern history Early Later Contemporary ↓ Future The term `` cradle of civilization '' refers to locations where , according to current arc gical data , civilization is understood to have emerged . Current thinking is that there was no single `` cradle '' , but several civilizations that developed independently , with the Fertile Crescent ( Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt ) understood to be the earliest . Other civilizations arose in Asia among cultures situated along large river valleys , notably the Indus River in the Indian subcontinent and the Yellow River in China . The extent to which there was significant influence between the early civilizations of the Near East and those of East Asia is disputed . Scholars accept that the civilizations of Mesoamerica , mainly in modern Mexico , and Norte Chico in present - day Peru emerged independently from those in Eurasia . Scholars have defined civilization using various criteria such as the use of writing , cities , a class - based society , agriculture , animal husbandry , public buildings , metallurgy , and monumental architecture . The term cradle of civilization has frequently been applied to a variety of cultures and areas , in particular the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic ( Ubaid period ) and Fertile Crescent , Ancient India and Ancient China . It has also been applied to ancient Anatolia , the Levant and Iran , and used to refer to culture predecessors -- such as Ancient Greece as the predecessor of Western Civilization -- even when such sites are not understood as an independent development of civilization , as well as within national rhetoric . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the idea 2 Rise of civilization 3 Single or multiple cradles 4 Old World 4.1 Mesopotamia 4.2 Egypt 4.3 Indus Valley 4.4 China 5 New World 5.1 Central Andes 5.2 Mesoamerica 6 Timeline 7 Cradle of Western civilization 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources History of the idea ( edit ) The concept `` cradle of civilization '' is the subject of much debate . The figurative use of cradle to mean `` the place or region in which anything is nurtured or sheltered in its earlier stage '' is traced by the Oxford English Dictionary to Spenser ( 1590 ) . Charles Rollin 's Ancient History ( 1734 ) has `` Egypt that served at first as the cradle of the holy nation '' . The phrase `` cradle of civilization '' plays a certain role in national mysticism . It has been used in Eastern as well as Western cultures , for instance , in Hindu nationalism ( In Search of the Cradle of Civilization 1995 ) and Taiwanese nationalism ( Taiwan -- The Cradle of Civilization 2002 ) . The terms also appear in esoteric pseudohistory , such as the Urantia Book , claiming the title for `` the second Eden '' , or the pseudoarchaeology related to Megalithic Britain ( Civilization One 2004 , Ancient Britain : The Cradle of Civilization 1921 ) . Rise of civilization ( edit ) Further information : Neolithic Revolution , Urban revolution , and Chalcolithic Ancient history Preceded by Prehistory Ancient Near East Sumer Egypt Assyria Elam Akkad Babylonia Canaan Israel and Judah Hittite Empire Arzawa Mitanni Minoan Crete Mycenaean Greece Syro - Hittite states Hayasa - Azzi Georgia Anatolia Armenia Neo-Assyrian Empire Urartu Neo-Babylonian Empire Medes Classical antiquity Greece Persia ( Achaemenid ) Hellenism Rome Africa Late Antiquity East Asia China Korea Japan South Asia Indus Valley Vedic period Maha Janapadas Maurya Empire Tamilakam Satavahana Gupta Empire Pre-Columbian Americas Mesoamerica Olmec Maya civilization Teotihuacan Aztec Andean civilizations Chavín culture Moche Inca empire See also History of the world Ancient maritime history Protohistory Axial Age Iron Age Historiography Ancient literature Ancient warfare Cradle of civilization Followed by the Postclassical Era The earliest signs of a process leading to sedentary culture can be seen in the Levant to as early as 12,000 BC , when the Natufian culture became sedentary ; it evolved into an agricultural society by 10,000 BC . The importance of water to safeguard an abundant and stable food supply , due to favourable conditions for hunting , fishing and gathering resources including cereals , provided an initial wide spectrum economy that triggered the creation of permanent villages . The earliest proto - urban settlements with several thousand inhabitants emerged in the Neolithic . The first cities to house several tens of thousands were Memphis and Uruk , by the 31st century BC ( see Historical urban community sizes ) . Historic times are marked apart from prehistoric times when `` records of the past begin to be kept for the benefit of future generations '' ; which may be in written or oral form . If the rise of civilization is taken to coincide with the development of writing out of proto - writing , the Near Eastern Chalcolithic , the transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age during the 4th millennium BC , and the development of proto - writing in Harappa in the Indus Valley of South Asia around 3300 BC are the earliest incidences , followed by Chinese proto - writing evolving into the oracle bone script , and again by the emergence of Mesoamerican writing systems from about 2000 BC . In the absence of written documents , most aspects of the rise of early civilizations are contained in archaeological assessments that document the development of formal institutions and the material culture . A `` civilized '' way of life is ultimately linked to conditions coming almost exclusively from intensive agriculture . Gordon Childe defined the development of civilization as the result of two successive revolutions : the Neolithic Revolution , triggering the development of settled communities , and the Urban Revolution , which enhanced tendencies towards dense settlements , specialized occupational groups , social classes , exploitation of surpluses , monumental public buildings and writing . Few of those conditions , however , are unchallenged by the records : dense settlements were not attested in Egypt 's Old Kingdom and were absent in the Maya area ; the Incas lacked writing altogether ; and often monumental architecture preceded any indication of village settlement . For instance , in present - day Louisiana , researchers have determined that cultures that were primarily nomadic organized over generations to build earthwork mounds at seasonal settlements as early as 3400 BC . Rather than a succession of events and preconditions , the rise of civilization could equally be hypothesized as an accelerated process that started with incipient agriculture and culminated in the Oriental Bronze Age . Single or multiple cradles ( edit ) A traditional theory of the spread of civilization is that it began in the Fertile Crescent and spread out from there by influence . Scholars more generally now believe that civilizations arose independently at several locations in both hemispheres . They have observed that sociocultural developments occurred along different timeframes . `` Sedentary '' and `` nomadic '' communities continued to interact considerably ; they were not strictly divided among widely different cultural groups . The concept of a cradle of civilization has a focus where the inhabitants came to build cities , to create writing systems , to experiment in techniques for making pottery and using metals , to domesticate animals , and to develop complex social structures involving class systems . Current scholarship generally identifies six sites where civilization emerged independently : Mesopotamia , the Nile River , the Indus River , the Yellow River , the Central Andes , and Mesoamerica . Old World ( edit ) Mesopotamia ( edit ) Main articles : History of Mesopotamia and Sumer Map showing the extent of Mesopotamia Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phases Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( 7600 to 6000 BC ) appeared in the fertile crescent and from there spread eastwards and westwards . One of the most notable PPNA settlements is Jericho in the Levant region , thought to be the world 's first town ( settled around 8500 BC and fortified around 6800 BC ) . In Mesopotamia , the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers produced rich fertile soil and a supply of water for irrigation . The civilizations that emerged around these rivers are among the earliest known non-nomadic agrarian societies . It is because of this that the fertile crescent region , and Mesopotamia in particular , are often referred to as the cradle of civilization . The period known as the Ubaid period ( c. 6500 to 3800 BC ) is the earliest known period on the alluvial plain , although it is likely earlier periods exist obscured under the alluvium . It was during the Ubaid period that the movement towards urbanization began . Agriculture and animal husbandry were widely practiced in sedentary communities , particularly in Northern Mesopotamia , and intensive irrigated hydraulic agriculture began to be practiced in the south . Eridu is the oldest Sumerian site settled during this period , around 5300 BC , and the city of Ur also first dates to the end of this period . In the south , the Ubaid period had a very long duration from around 6500 to 3800 BC ; when it is replaced by the Uruk period . Sumerian civilization coalesces in the subsequent Uruk period ( 4000 to 3100 BC ) . Named after the Sumerian city of Uruk , this period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia and , during its later phase , the gradual emergence of the cuneiform script . Proto - writing in the region dates to around 3500 BC , with the earliest texts dating to 3300 BC ; early cuneiform writing emerged in 3000 BC . It was also during this period that pottery painting declined as copper started to become popular , along with cylinder seals . Uruk trade networks started to expand to other parts of Mesopotamia and as far as North Caucasus , and strong signs of governmental organization and social stratification began to emerge leading to the Early Dynastic Period ( c. 2900 BC ) . The earliest ziggurats began near the end of the Early Dynastic Period , although architectural precursors in the form of raised platforms date back to the Ubaid period , and the second phase of the Early Dynastic Period ( c. 2700 BC ) is also when the legendary king Gilgamesh is believed to have reigned . Eannatum , the Sumerian king of Lagash , established one of the first verifiable empires in history in 2500 BC . The neighboring Elam , in modern Iran , was also part of the early urbanization during the Chalcolithic period . Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the Ancient Near East . The emergence of Elamite written records from around 3000 BC also parallels Sumerian history , where slightly earlier records have been found . During the 3rd millennium BC , there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians . Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere between the 3rd and the 2nd millennia BC . The Semitic - speaking Akkadian empire emerged around 2350 BC under Sargon the Great . The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC . Under Sargon and his successors , the Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states such as Elam and Gutium . After the fall of the Akkadian Empire , the Akkadian people of Mesopotamia eventually coalesced into two major Akkadian - speaking nations : Assyria in the north , and , a few centuries later , Babylonia in the south . Egypt ( edit ) Main articles : History of ancient Egypt and Ancient Egypt The maximum territorial extent of ancient Egypt The developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phases Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( 10,200 BC ) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( 7600 to 6000 BC ) appeared in the fertile crescent and from there spread eastwards and westwards . Contemporaneously , a grain - grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had replaced the culture of hunters , fishers , and gathering people using stone tools along the Nile . Geological evidence and computer climate modeling studies also suggest that natural climate changes around 8000 BC began to desiccate the extensive pastoral lands of northern Africa , eventually forming the Sahara . Continued desiccation forced the early ancestors of the Egyptians to settle around the Nile more permanently and to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle . By about 5500 BC , small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of inter-related cultures as far south as Sudan , demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry , and identifiable by their pottery and personal items , such as combs , bracelets , and beads . The largest of these early cultures in upper ( Southern ) Egypt was the Badari , which probably originated in the Western Desert ; it was known for its high quality ceramics , stone tools , and use of copper . The oldest known domesticated bovine in Africa are from Fayum dating to around 4400 BC . The Badari cultures was followed by the Naqada culture , which brought a number of technological improvements . As early as the first Naqada Period , Amratia , Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia , used to shape blades and other objects from flakes . By 3300 BC , just before the first Egyptian dynasty , Egypt was divided into two kingdoms , known as Upper Egypt to the south , and Lower Egypt to the north . Egyptian civilization begins during the second phase of the Naqda culture , known as the Gerzeh period , around 3500 BC and coalesces with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt around 3150 BC . Farming produced the vast majority of food ; with increased food supplies , the populace adopted a much more sedentary lifestyle , and the larger settlements grew to cities of about 5,000 residents . It was in this time that the city dwellers started using mud brick to build their cities , and the use of the arch and recessed walls for decorative effect became popular . Copper instead of stone was increasingly used to make tools and weaponry . Symbols on Gerzean pottery also resemble nascent Egyptian hieroglyphs . Early evidence also exists of contact with the Near East , particularly Canaan and the Byblos coast , during this time . Concurrent with these cultural advances , a process of unification of the societies and towns of the upper Nile River , or Upper Egypt , occurred . At the same time the societies of the Nile Delta , or Lower Egypt , also underwent a unification process . During his reign in Upper Egypt , King Narmer defeated his enemies on the Delta and merged both the Kingdom of Upper and Lower Egypt under his single rule . The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt immediately followed the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt . It is generally taken to include the First and Second Dynasties , lasting from the Naqada III archaeological period until about the beginning of the Old Kingdom , c. 2686 BC . With the First Dynasty , the capital moved from Thinis to Memphis with a unified Egypt ruled by a god - king . The hallmarks of ancient Egyptian civilization , such as art , architecture and many aspects of religion , took shape during the Early Dynastic period . The strong institution of kingship developed by the pharaohs served to legitimize state control over the land , labour , and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient Egyptian civilization . Major advances in architecture , art , and technology were made during the subsequent Old Kingdom , fueled by the increased agricultural productivity and resulting population , made possible by a well - developed central administration . Some of ancient Egypt 's crowning achievements , the Giza pyramids and Great Sphinx , were constructed during the Old Kingdom . Under the direction of the vizier , state officials collected taxes , coordinated irrigation projects to improve crop yield , drafted peasants to work on construction projects , and established a justice system to maintain peace and order . Along with the rising importance of a central administration there arose a new class of educated scribes and officials who were granted estates by the pharaoh in payment for their services . Pharaohs also made land grants to their mortuary cults and local temples , to ensure that these institutions had the resources to worship the pharaoh after his death . Scholars believe that five centuries of these practices slowly eroded the economic power of the pharaoh , and that the economy could no longer afford to support a large centralized administration . As the power of the pharaoh diminished , regional governors called nomarchs began to challenge the supremacy of the pharaoh . This , coupled with severe droughts between 2200 and 2150 BC , is assumed to have caused the country to enter the 140 - year period of famine and strife known as the First Intermediate Period . Indus Valley ( edit ) Main articles : History of India , History of Pakistan , and Indus Valley Civilization Indian cultural zone One of the earliest Neolithic sites in South Asia is Bhirrana along the ancient Saraswati riverine system in the present day state of Haryana in India , dating to around 7600 BC . Other early sites include Lahuradewa in the Middle Ganges region and Jhusi near the confluence of Ganges and Yamuna rivers , both dating to around the 7000 BC . The aceramic Neolithic at Mehrgarh lasts from 7000 to 5500 BC , with the ceramic Neolithic at Mehrgarh lasting up to 3300 BC ; blending into the Early Bronze Age . Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia . It is likely that the culture centered around Mehrgarh migrated into the Indus Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation . The Indus Valley Civilisation starts around 3300 BC with what is referred to as the Early Harappan Phase ( 3300 to 2600 BC ) . The earliest examples of the Indus Script date to this period , as well as the emergence of citadels representing centralised authority and an increasingly urban quality of life . Trade networks linked this culture with related regional cultures and distant sources of raw materials , including lapis lazuli and other materials for bead - making . By this time , villagers had domesticated numerous crops , including peas , sesame seeds , dates , and cotton , as well as animals , including the water buffalo . 2600 BC marks the Mature Harappan Phase during which Early Harappan communities turned into large urban centres including Harappa , Dholavira , Mohenjo - Daro , Lothal , and Rakhigarhi , and more than 1,000 towns and villages , often of relatively small size . Mature Harappans evolved new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper , bronze , lead , and tin and displayed advanced levels of engineering . The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus region were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in many areas of Pakistan and India today . The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards , granaries , warehouses , brick platforms , and protective walls . The massive walls of Indus cities most likely protected the Harappans from floods and may have dissuaded military conflicts . Around 1800 BC , signs of a gradual decline began to emerge , and by around 1700 BC most of the cities had been abandoned . Many scholars believe that drought and a decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia caused the collapse of the Indus Civilisation . The migration of Aryan peoples into the region at this time is also notable ; however , the idea of a violent invasion is no longer widely accepted . The Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly and many elements of the civilisation continue in later South Asian and Vedic cultures . China ( edit ) Main articles : History of China and Erlitou culture Mainland China , Taiwan , and countries linked to the Chinese cultural and political history Early evidence for Chinese millet agriculture is dated to around 7000 BC , with the earliest evidence of cultivated rice found at Chengtoushan near the Yangtze River , dated to 6500 BC . Chengtoushan may also be the site of the first walled city in China . This Neolithic Revolution gave rise to the Jiahu culture ( 7000 to 5800 BC ) . Some scholars have suggested that the Jiahu symbols ( 6600 BC ) are the earliest form of proto - writing in China . However , it is likely that they should not be understood as writing itself , but as features of a lengthy period of sign - use which led eventually to a fully - fledged system of writing . Excavation of a Peiligang culture site in Xinzheng county , Henan , found a community that flourished in 5500 to 4900 BC , with evidence of agriculture , constructed buildings , pottery , and burial of the dead . With agriculture came increased population , the ability to store and redistribute crops , and the potential to support specialist craftsmen and administrators . In late Neolithic times , the Yellow River valley began to establish itself as a center of Yangshao culture ( 5000 to 3000 BC ) , and the first villages were founded . Later , Yangshao culture was superseded by the Longshan culture , which was also centered on the Yellow River from about 3000 to 2000 BC . The earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the Majiayao culture site ( 3100 to 2700 BC ) . Chinese civilization begins during the second phase of the Erlitou period ( 1900 to 1500 BC ) , with Erlitou considered the first state level society of East Asia . There is considerable debate whether Erlitou sites correlate to the semi-legendary Xia dynasty . The Xia dynasty ( 2070 to 1600 BC ) is the first dynasty to be described in ancient Chinese historical records such as the Bamboo Annals , first published more than a millennium later during the Western Zhou period . Although Xia is an important element in Chinese historiography , there is to date no archeological evidence to corroborate the dynasty . Erlitou saw an increase in bronze metallurgy and urbanization and was a rapidly growing regional center with palatial complexes that provide evidence for social stratification . The earliest traditional Chinese dynasty for which there is both archeological and written evidence is the Shang dynasty ( 1600 to 1046 BC ) . Shang sites have yielded the earliest known body of Chinese writing , the oracle bone script , mostly divinations inscribed on bones . These inscriptions provide critical insight into many topics from the politics , economy , and religious practices to the art and medicine of this early stage of Chinese civilization . Some historians argue that Erlitou should be considered an early phase of the Shang dynasty . The U.S. National Gallery of Art defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the period between about 2000 and 771 BC ; a period that begins with the Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of Western Zhou rule . The Sanxingdui culture is another Chinese Bronze Age society , contemporaneous to the Shang dynasty , however they developed a different method of bronze - making from the Shang . The Shang dynasty was succeeded by the Zhou dynasty ( 1046 to 256 BC ) . The succession of dynasties , known as the dynastic cycle , is an important political theory in Chinese history . This theory sees a continuity in Chinese history from early times to the present by looking at the succession of empires or dynasties . Emperors would legitimize their rule by invoking the Mandate of Heaven . During the Zhou dynasty , Chinese script evolved into its almost - modern form with the use of a clerical script that emerged during the late Warring States period . In 221 BC , China became culturally and politically unified under a large centralized empire , the Qin Dynasty , founded by Emperor Qin Shi Huang Di . Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to control the large territory from the center . New World ( edit ) Central Andes ( edit ) Main articles : Ancient Peru and Norte Chico civilization Caral of the Norte Chico , the oldest known civilization in the Americas The earliest evidence of agriculture in the Andean region dates to around 4700 BC at Huaca Prieta and Paredones . The oldest evidence of canal irrigation in South America dates to 4700 to 2500 BC in the Zaña Valley of northern Peru . The earliest urban settlements of the Andes , as well as North and South America , are dated to 3500 BC at Huaricanga , in the Fortaleza area , and Sechin Bajo near the Sechin River . The Norte Chico civilization proper is understood to have emerged around 3200 BC , as it is at that point that large - scale human settlement and communal construction across multiple sites becomes clearly apparent . Since the early 21st century , it has been established as the oldest known civilization in the Americas . The civilization flourished at the confluence of three rivers , the Fortaleza , the Pativilca , and the Supe . These river valleys each have large clusters of sites . Further south , there are several associated sites along the Huaura River . Notable settlements include the cities of Caral , the largest and most complex Preceramic site , and Aspero . Norte Chico is unusual in that it completely lacked ceramics and apparently had almost no visual art . Nevertheless , the civilization exhibited impressive architectural feats , including large earthwork platform mounds and sunken circular plazas , and an advanced textile industry . The platform mounds , as well as large stone warehouses , provide evidence for a stratified society and a centralized authority necessary to distribute resources such as cotton . However , there is no evidence of warfare or defensive structures during this period . Originally , it was theorized that , unlike other early civilizations , Norte Chico developed by relying on maritime food sources in place of a staple cereal . This hypothesis , the Maritime Foundation of Andean Civilization , is still hotly debated ; however , most researches now agree that agriculture played a central role in the civilization 's development while still acknowledging a strong supplemental reliance on maritime proteins . The discovery of quipu , string - based recording devices , at Caral can be understood as a form of `` proto - writing '' at Norte Chico . However , the exact use of quipu in this and later Andean cultures has been widely debated . Additionally , the image of the Staff God has been found on a gourd dated to 2250 BC . The Staff God is a major deity of later Andean cultures . The presence of quipu and the commonality of religious symbols suggests a cultural link between Norte Chico and later Andean cultures . Circa 1800 BC , the Norte Chico civilization began to decline , with more powerful centers appearing to the south and north along the coast and to the east inside the belt of the Andes . Pottery eventually developed in the Amazon Basin and spread to the Andean culture region around 2000 BC . The next major civilization to arise in the Andes would be the Chavín culture at Chavín de Huantar , located in the Andean highlands of the present - day Ancash Region . It is believed to have been built around 900 BC and was the religious and political center of the Chavín people . Mesoamerica ( edit ) Main articles : Mesoamerican chronology and Olmec The Olmec heartland , where the Olmec reigned The Coxcatlan caves in the Valley of Tehuacán provide evidence for agriculture in components dated between 5000 and 3400 BC . Similarly , sites such as Sipacate in Guatemala provide maize pollen samples dating to 3500 BC . It is estimated that fully domesticated maize developed in Mesoamerica around 2700 BC . Mesoamericans during this period likely divided their time between small hunting encampments and large temporary villages . What would become the Olmec civilization had its roots in early farming cultures of Tabasco , which began around 5100 to 4600 BC . The emergence of the Olmec civilization has traditionally been dated to around 1600 to 1500 BC . Olmec features first emerged in the city of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán , fully coalescing around 1400 BC . The rise of civilization was assisted by the local ecology of well - watered alluvial soil , as well as by the transportation network provided by the Coatzacoalcos River basin . This environment encouraged a densely concentrated population , which in turn triggered the rise of an elite class and an associated demand for the production of the symbolic and sophisticated luxury artifacts that define Olmec culture . Many of these luxury artifacts were made from materials such as jade , obsidian , and magnetite , which came from distant locations and suggest that early Olmec elites had access to an extensive trading network in Mesoamerica . The aspect of Olmec culture perhaps most familiar today is their artwork , particularly the Olmec colossal heads . San Lorenzo was all but abandoned around 900 BC at about the same time that La Venta rose to prominence . A wholesale destruction of many San Lorenzo monuments occurred around 950 BC . La Venta continued as the center of Olmec culture until its abandonment around 400 BC ; constructing monumental architectural achievements such as the Great Pyramid of La Venta . The exact cause of the decline of the Olmec culture is uncertain . Between 400 and 350 BC , the population in the eastern half of the Olmec heartland dropped precipitously . This depopulation was probably the result of serious environmental changes that rendered the region unsuited for large groups of farmers , in particular changes to the riverine environment that the Olmec depended upon for agriculture , hunting and gathering , and transportation . These changes may have been triggered by tectonic upheavals or subsidence , or the silting up of rivers due to agricultural practices . Within a few hundred years of the abandonment of the last Olmec cities , successor cultures became firmly established . The Tres Zapotes site , on the western edge of the Olmec heartland , continued to be occupied well past 400 BC , but without the hallmarks of the Olmec culture . This post-Olmec culture , often labeled Epi - Olmec , has features similar to those found at Izapa , some 550 km ( 330 miles ) to the southeast . The Olmecs are sometimes referred to as the mother culture of Mesoamerica , as they were the first Mesoamerican civilization and laid many of the foundations for the civilizations that followed . However , the causes and degree of Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures has been a subject of debate over many decades . Practices introduced by the Olmec include ritual bloodletting and the Mesoamerican ballgame ; hallmarks of subsequent Mesoamerican societies such as the Maya and Aztec . Although the Mesoamerican writing system would fully develop later , early Olmec ceramics show representations that may be interpreted as codices . Timeline ( edit ) The following timeline shows the approximate dates of the emergence of civilization ( as discussed in the article ) in the featured areas and the primary cultures associated with these early civilizations . It is important to note that the timeline is not indicative of the beginning of human habitation , the start of a specific ethnic group , or the development of Neolithic cultures in the area ; which often occurred significantly earlier than the emergence of civilization proper . Cradle of Western civilization ( edit ) Main articles : Ancient Greece , Ancient Rome , and Classical antiquity The Colosseum and the Acropolis , symbols of the Graeco - Roman world . Via the Roman Empire , Greek culture spread throughout Europe . There is academic consensus that Classical Greece is the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture , democracy , art , theatre , philosophy and science . For this reason it is known as the cradle of Western Civilization . Along with Greece , Rome has sometimes been described as a birthplace or as the cradle of Western Civilization because of the role the city had in politics , republicanism , law , architecture , warfare and Western Christianity . See also ( edit ) Cradle of Humankind Chronology of the ancient Near East Human history Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Jump up ^ References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Charles Keith Maisels ( 1993 ) . The Near East : Archaeology in the `` Cradle of Civilization . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 04742 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Indus River Valley Civilizations '' . History-world.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cradles of Civilization - China : Ancient Culture , Modern Land , Robert E. Murowchick , gen . ed . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1994 ^ Jump up to : Mann , Charles C. ( 2006 ) ( 2005 ) . 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . Vintage Books . pp. 199 -- 212 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3205 - 9 . Jump up ^ Haviland , William ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Cultural Anthropology : The Human Challenge . Cengage Learning . p. 250 . ^ Jump up to : Understanding Early Civilizations : A Comparative Study , Trigger , Bruce G. , Cambridge University Press , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Maura Ellyn ; Maura McGinnis ( 2004 ) . Greece : A Primary Source Cultural Guide . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3999 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Lin ( 林 ) , Shengyi ( 勝義 ) ; He ( 何 ) , Xianrong ( 顯榮 ) ( 2001 ) . 臺灣 -- 人類 文明 原 鄉 ( Taiwan -- The Cradle of Civilization ) . Taiwan gu wen ming yan jiu cong shu ( 臺灣 古 文明 研究 叢書 ) ( in Chinese ) . Taipei : Taiwan fei die xue yan jiu hui ( 台灣 飛碟 學 硏 究 會 ) . ISBN 978 - 957 - 30188 - 0 - 3 . OCLC 52945170 . Jump up ^ Ofer Bar - Yosef . `` The Natufian Culture in the Levant , Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture '' ( PDF ) . Columbia.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ La protohistoire de l'Europe , Jan Lichardus et al. , Presses Universitaires de France , Paris . ISBN 84 - 335 - 9366 - 8 , 1987 , chapter II. 2 . Jump up ^ Carr , Edward H. ( 1961 ) . What is History ? , p. 108 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 020652 - 3 . Jump up ^ Britannica 15th edition , 26 : 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ `` The Rise Of Civilization In The Middle East And Africa '' . History-world.org . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of Civilizations : Mesopotamia to Mesoamerica '' , Archaeology , Wright , Henry T. , vol. 42 , no . 1 , pp. 46 -- 48 , 96 -- 100 , 1990 Jump up ^ `` AP World History '' . College Board . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` World History Course Description '' ( PDF ) . College Board . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Civilization '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Edwin , Eric ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) . `` city '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Africanafrican.com '' ( PDF ) . Africanafrican.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Ancient Hawaiian State : Origins of a Political Society , Hommon , Robert J. , Oxford University Press , 2013 Jump up ^ Kennett , Douglas J. ; Winterhalder , Bruce ( 2006 ) . Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture . University of California Press . pp. 121 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24647 - 8 . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bellwood , Peter . First Farmers : The Origins of Agricultural Societies. 2004 . Wiley - Blackwell Jump up ^ Akhilesh Pillalamarri ( 18 April 2015 ) . `` Exploring the Indus Valley 's Secrets '' . The diplomat . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jericho - Facts & History '' . Jump up ^ `` Ubaid Civilization '' . Ancientneareast.tripod.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Adams , Robert MCC. and Wright , Henry T. 1989 . ' Concluding Remarks ' in Henrickson , Elizabeth and Thuesen , Ingolf ( eds . ) Upon This Foundation - The ' Ubaid Reconsidered . Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum Press . pp. 451 - 456 . Jump up ^ Carter , Robert A. and Philip , Graham Beyond the Ubaid : Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East ( Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization , Number 63 ) The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago ( 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 885923 - 66 - 0 p. 2 , at http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html ; `` Radiometric data suggest that the whole Southern Mesopotamian Ubaid period , including Ubaid 0 and 5 , is of immense duration , spanning nearly three millennia from about 6500 to 3800 B.C '' . Jump up ^ Pollock , Susan ( 1999 ) . Ancient Mesopotamia : The Eden that Never Was . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57334 - 3 . Jump up ^ Leick , Gwendolyn ( 2002 ) , `` Mesopotamia : The Invention of the City '' ( Penguin ) Jump up ^ Carter , Robert A. and Philip , Graham . 2010 . ' Deconstructing the Ubaid ' in Carter , Robert A. and Philip , Graham ( eds . ) Beyond the Ubaid : Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East . Chicago : The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Harriet E.W. Sumer and the Sumerians . Cambridge University Press . 2nd ed. 2004 Jump up ^ Cuneiform ancient.eu Jump up ^ An Encyclopedia of World History . Langer , William L. ed . Houghton Mifflin Company . Boston , MA . 1972 ^ Jump up to : Pruß , Alexander ( 2004 ) , `` Remarks on the Chronological Periods '' , in Lebeau , Marc ; Sauvage , Martin , Atlas of Preclassical Upper Mesopotamia , Subartu , 13 , pp. 7 -- 21 , ISBN 2503991203 Jump up ^ Postgate , J.N. ( 1992 ) , Early Mesopotamia . Society and Economy at the Dawn of History , London : Routledge , ISBN 9780415110327 Jump up ^ van de Mieroop , M. ( 2007 ) , A History of the Ancient Near East , ca . 3000 - 323 BCE , Malden : Blackwell , ISBN 0631225528 Jump up ^ Crawford , page 73 - 74 Jump up ^ Georges Roux , Ancient Iraq , page 502 Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred S. ; Mamiya , Christin J. ( 2006 ) . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages : The Western Perspective -- Volume 1 ( 12th ed . ) . Belmont , California , USA : Thomson Wadsworth . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 00479 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Archaeology of Elam : Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State - by D.T. Potts , Cambridge University Press , 29 / 07 / 1999 - page 46 - ISBN 0521563585 hardback Jump up ^ Elam : surveys of political history and archaeology , Elizabeth Carter and Matthew W. Stolper , University of California Press , 1984 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Hock , Hans Heinrich ( 2009 ) . Language History , Language Change , and Language Relationship : An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics ( 2nd ed . ) . Mouton de Gruyter . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 3110214291 . Jump up ^ Gnanadesikan , Amalia ( 2008 ) . The Writing Revolution : Cuneiform to the Internet . Blackwell . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1444304688 . Jump up ^ Deutscher , Guy ( 2007 ) . Syntactic Change in Akkadian : The Evolution of Sentential Complementation . Oxford University Press US . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953222 - 3 . Jump up ^ Woods , C. ( 2006 ) . `` Bilingualism , Scribal Learning , and the Death of Sumerian '' ( PDF ) . S.L. Sanders ( ed ) Margins of Writing , Origins of Culture : 91 -- 120 . Chicago . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Munn - Rankin ( 1975 ) . `` Assyrian Military Power , 1300 -- 1200 B.C. '' . In I.E.S. Edwards . Cambridge Ancient History , Volume 2 , Part 2 , History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region , c. 1380 -- 1000 BCE . Cambridge University Press . pp. 287 -- 288 , 298 . Jump up ^ Christopher Morgan ( 2006 ) . Mark William Chavalas , ed . The ancient Near East : historical sources in translation . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 145 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Barich et al. ( 1984 ) Ecological and Cultural Relevance of the Recent New Radiocabon dates from Libyan Sahara . In : L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz ( eds . ) , Origin and Early Development of Food - Producing Cultures in Northeastern Africa , Poznan , Poznan Archaeological Museum , pp. 411 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Hayes , W.C. ( October 1964 ) . `` Most Ancient Egypt : Chapter III . The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Communities of Northern Egypt '' . JNES ( No. 4 ed . ) 23 ( 4 ) : 217 -- 272 Jump up ^ Barich , B.E. ( 1998 ) People , Water and Grain : The Beginnings of Domestication in the Sahara and the Nile Valley . Roma : L ' Erma di Bretschneider ( Studia archaeologica 98 ) . Jump up ^ Childe , V. Gordon ( 1953 ) , New Light on the Most Ancient Near East , ( Praeger Publications ) Jump up ^ Barbara G. Aston , James A. Harrell , Ian Shaw ( 2000 ) . Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw editors . `` Stone , '' in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology , Cambridge , 5 -- 77 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Also note : Barbara G. Aston ( 1994 ) . `` Ancient Egyptian Stone Vessels , '' Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 5 , Heidelberg , pp. 23 -- 26 . ( See on - line posts : ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) . ) Jump up ^ Adkins , L. and Adkins , R. ( 2001 ) The Little Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphics , p155 . London : Hodder and Stoughton Jump up ^ Shaw , Ian , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . p. 479 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Redford , Donald B. Egypt , Canaan , and Israel in Ancient Times . ( Princeton : University Press , 1992 ) Jump up ^ Gardiner , Alan H. Egypt of the Pharaohs : An Introduction . Oxford University Press . 1964 Jump up ^ Adkins , L. ; Adkins , R ( 2001 ) . The Little Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphics . London : Hodder and Stoughton . Jump up ^ Patai , Raphael ( 1998 ) , Children of Noah : Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times ( Princeton Uni Press ) Jump up ^ Roebuck , Carl ( 1966 ) . The World of Ancient Times . New York , NY : Charles Scribner 's Sons Publishing . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ `` Early Dynastic Egypt '' . Digital Egypt for Universities , University College London . Archived from the original on 4 March 2008 . Retrieved 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ James ( 2005 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ Fekri Hassan . `` The Fall of the Old Kingdom '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 10 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter A. ( 1994 ) . Chronicle of the Pharaohs . London , England : Thames and Hudson . Jump up ^ `` Haryana 's Bhirrana oldest Harappan site , Rakhigarhi Asia 's largest : ASI '' . Times of India . 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Dorian 2006 . `` Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia : A Working Synthesis '' in Journal of World Prehistory 20 , p. 42 `` Ganges Neolithic '' Jump up ^ Tewari , Rakesh et al. 2006 . `` Second Preliminary Report of the excavations at Lahuradewa , District Sant Kabir Nagar , UP 2002 - 2003 - 2004 & 2005 - 06 '' in Pragdhara No. 16 `` Electronic Version p. 28 '' Archived November 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage . 2004 . `` . Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh Jump up ^ Hirst , K. Kris . 2005 . `` Mehrgarh '' . Guide to Archaeology Jump up ^ Parpol , Asko. 2015 . The Roots of Hinduism : The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilisation . Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Peter T. Daniels . The World 's Writing Systems . Oxford University . p. 372 . Jump up ^ Parpola , Asko ( 1994 ) . Deciphering the Indus Script . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43079 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thapar , B.K. ( 1975 ) . `` Kalibangan : A Harappan Metropolis Beyond the Indus Valley '' . Expedition. 17 ( 2 ) : 19 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley ( 2600 - 1900 BCE ) : A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis '' . PLOS ONE . 10 : e0123103 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0123103 . Jump up ^ `` Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities : New study '' . Jump up ^ `` Indus re-enters India after two centuries , feeds Little Rann , Nal Sarovar '' . India Today . 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Pruthi , Raj . Prehistory and Harappan Civilization . APH Publishing . p. 260 . Jump up ^ Morris , A.E.J. ( 1994 ) . History of Urban Form : Before the Industrial Revolutions ( Third ed . ) . New York , NY : Routledge . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 30154 - 2 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indus Collapse : The End or the Beginning of an Asian Culture ? '' . Science Magazine . 320 : 1282 -- 3 . 6 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Edwin Bryant ( 2001 ) . The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture . pp. 159 -- 60 Jump up ^ White , David Gordon ( 2003 ) . Kiss of the Yogini . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 89483 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Rice and Early Agriculture in China '' . Legacy of Human Civilizations . Mesa Community College . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/17124/AP-v38n2-119-153.pdf?sequence=1 ^ Jump up to : Pringle , Heather ( 1998 ) . `` The Slow Birth of Agriculture '' . Science . 282 : 1446 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 282.5393. 1446 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rincon , Paul ( 17 April 2003 ) . `` ' Earliest writing ' found in China '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Li , X ; Harbottle , Garman ; Zhang Juzhong ; Wang Changsui ( 2003 ) . `` The earliest writing ? Sign use in the seventh millennium BCE at Jiahu , Henan Province , China '' . Antiquity. 77 ( 295 ) : 31 -- 44 . doi : 10.1017 / s0003598x00061329 . Jump up ^ `` Peiligang Site '' . Ministry of Culture of the People 's Republic of China . 2003 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2007 . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Wertz , Richard R. ( 2007 ) . `` Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures '' . Exploring Chinese History . ibiblio . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Martini , I. Peter ( 2010 ) . Landscapes and Societies : Selected Cases . Springer . p. 310 . ISBN 90 - 481 - 9412 - 1 . Jump up ^ Higham , Charles ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations . Infobase Publishing . p. 200 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4640 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived June 21 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Liu , L. & Xiu , H. , `` Rethinking Erlitou : legend , history and Chinese archaeology '' , Antiquity , 81 : 314 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Howells , William ( 1983 ) . `` Origins of the Chinese People : Interpretations of recent evidence '' . In Keightley , David N. The Origins of Chinese Civilization . University of California Press . pp. 297 -- 319 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04229 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching Chinese Archaeology , Part Two -- NGA '' . Nga.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sanxingdui Museum ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Dynastic cycle , '' in Dillon , Michael ( 1998 ) . China : A Historical and Cultural Dictionary . Richmond , Surrey : Curzon . ISBN 0700704396 . , p. 87 Jump up ^ John K. Fairbank and Edwin O. Reischauer , East Asia : The Great Tradition ( Boston , 1960 ) , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Qiu Xigui ( 2000 ) . Chinese Writing . Translation of 文字 學 概論 by Mattos and Norman . Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4 . Berkeley : The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies , University of California , Berkeley . ISBN 1 - 55729 - 071 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fairbank , John K. and Liu , Kwang - Ching , ed . The Cambridge History of China . Cambridge U. Press , 1980 . Jump up ^ Bai Yang . Records of the Genealogy of Chinese Emperors , Empresses , and Their Descendants ( 中国 帝王 皇后 亲王 公主 世系 录 ) ( in Chinese ) 1 . Friendship Publishing Corporation of China ( 中国 友谊 出版 公司 ) Jump up ^ `` Popcorn Was Popular in Ancient Peru , Discovery Suggests '' . History.com. 20 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Study suggests ancient Peruvians ' ate popcorn ' '' . BBC News . 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Grobman , A. ; Bonavia , D. ; Dillehay , T.D. ; Piperno , D.R. ; Iriarte , J. ; Holst , I. ( 2012 ) . `` Preceramic maize from Paredones and Huaca Prieta , Peru '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 109 ( 5 ) : 1755 . PMC 3277113 . PMID 22307642 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1120270109 . Jump up ^ Dillehay , Tom D. ; Eling Jr. , Herbert H. ; Rossen , Jack ( 2005 ) . `` Preceramic Irrigation Canals in the Peruvian Andes '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . National Academy of Sciences . 102 ( 47 ) : 17241 -- 44 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 1288011 . PMID 16284247 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0508583102 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest Urban Site in the Americas Found , Experts Claim '' , National Geographic News , Feb 26 , 2008 , ( 4 ) , accessed 20 Jan 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ancient ceremonial plaza found in Peru '' ANDREW WHALEN , Associated Press Writer , ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Haas , Jonathan ; Winifred Creamer ; Alvaro Ruiz ( 23 December 2004 ) . `` Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru '' . Nature . 432 ( 7020 ) : 1020 -- 1023 . PMID 15616561 . doi : 10.1038 / nature03146 . Jump up ^ detailed map of Norte Chico sites Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. ( 7 January 2005 ) . `` Oldest Civilization in the Americas Revealed '' . Science . 307 ( 5706 ) : 34 -- 35 . PMID 15637250 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 307.5706. 34 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest city in the Americas '' . BBC News . 26 April 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Haas , Jonathan ; Winifred Creamer ; Alvaro Ruiz ( 2005 ) . `` Power and the Emergence of Complex Polities in the Peruvian Preceramic '' . Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association . 14 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 52 . doi : 10.1525 / ap3a. 2004.14. 037 . Jump up ^ Sandweiss , Daniel H. ; Michael E. Moseley ( 2001 ) . `` Amplifying Importance of New Research in Peru '' . Science . 294 ( 5547 ) : 1651 -- 1653 . PMID 11724063 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 294.5547. 1651d . Jump up ^ Moseley , Michael . `` The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization : An Evolving Hypothesis '' . The Hall of Ma'at . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Michael ( 1975 ) . The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization . Menlo Park : Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8465 - 4800 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. ( 12 August 2005 ) . `` Unraveling Khipu 's Secrets '' . Science . 309 ( 5737 ) : 1008 -- 1009 . PMID 16099962 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 309.5737. 1008 . Jump up ^ Hoag , Hanna ( 15 April 2003 ) . `` Oldest evidence of Andean religion found '' . Nature News ( online ) . doi : 10.1038 / news030414 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hecht , Jeff ( 14 April 2003 ) . `` America 's oldest religious icon revealed '' . New Scientist ( online ) . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeologists shed new light on Americas ' earliest known civilization '' ( Press release ) . Northern Illinois University . 2004 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Burger ( 1992 ) , Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization Jump up ^ Nichols , Deborah L. , and Christopher A. Pool . The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology . Oxford : Oxford UP , 2012 . Print . Jump up ^ Roush , Wade ( 9 May 1997 ) . `` Archaeobiology : Squash Seeds Yield New View of Early American Farming '' . Science . American Association For the Advancement of Science . 276 ( 5314 ) : 894 -- 895 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 276.5314. 894 . Jump up ^ Trigger , Bruce G. , Wilcomb E. Washburn , and Richard E.W. Adams . The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas . Cambridge , England : Cambridge UP , 1996 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Coxcatlan phase - Mexican history '' . ^ Jump up to : Diehl , Richard A. ( 2004 ) . The Olmecs : America 's First Civilization . London : Thames and Hudson Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Linda Black , Larry S. Krieger , Phillip C. Naylor , Dahia Ibo Shabaka , ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Pool , Christopher A. ( 2007 ) . Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica . Cambridge World Archaeology . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Nagy , Christopher ( 1997 ) . `` The Geoarchaeology of Settlement in the Grijalva Delta '' . In Barbara L. Stark ; Philip J. Arnold III . Olmec to Aztec : Settlement Patterns in the Ancient Gulf Lowlands . Tucson : University of Arizona Press . pp. 253 -- 277 Jump up ^ Coe , Michael D. ( 1968 ) . America 's First Civilization : Discovering the Olmec . New York : The Smithsonian Library . ^ Jump up to : Coe , Michael D. ; Rex Koontz ( 2002 ) . Mexico : from the Olmecs to the Aztecs ( 5th edition , revised and enlarged ed . ) . London and New York : Thames & Hudson . Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble ; `` Mother Culture , or Only a Sister ? '' , The New York Times , March 15 , 2005 . Jump up ^ John E. Findling ; Kimberly D. Pelle ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wayne C. Thompson ; Mark H. Mullin . Western Europe , 1983 . Stryker - Post Publications . p. 337 . for ancient Greece was the cradle of Western culture ... Jump up ^ Frederick Copleston ( 1 June 2003 ) . History of Philosophy Volume 1 : Greece and Rome . A&C Black . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 6895 - 6 . PART I PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER II THE CRADLE OF WESTERN THOUGHT : Jump up ^ Mario Iozzo ( 2001 ) . Art and History of Greece : And Mount Athos . Casa Editrice Bonechi . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8029 - 435 - 1 . The capital of Greece , one of the world 's most glorious cities and the cradle of Western culture , Jump up ^ Marxiano Melotti ( 25 May 2011 ) . The Plastic Venuses : Archaeological Tourism in Post-Modern Society . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 3028 - 7 . In short , Greece , despite having been the cradle of Western culture , was then an `` other '' space separate from the West . Jump up ^ Library Journal . 97 . Bowker. April 1972 . p. 1588 . Ancient Greece : Cradle of Western Culture ( Series ) , disc . 6 strips with 3 discs , range : 44 -- 60 fr. , 17 -- 18 min Jump up ^ Stanley Mayer Burstein ( 2002 ) . Current Issues and the Study of Ancient History . Regina Books . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 930053 - 10 - 6 . and making Egypt play the same role in African education and culture that Athens and Greece do in Western culture . Jump up ^ Murray Milner , Jr. ( 8 January 2015 ) . Elites : A General Model . John Wiley & Sons . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 8950 - 0 . Greece has long been considered the seedbed or cradle of Western civilization . Jump up ^ Slavica viterbiensia 003 : Periodico di letterature e culture slave della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Moderne dell'Università della Tuscia . Gangemi Editore spa. 2011 - 11 - 10 . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 492 - 6909 - 3 . The Special Case of Greece The ancient Greece was a cradle of the Western culture , Jump up ^ Kim Covert ( 1 July 2011 ) . Ancient Greece : Birthplace of Democracy . Capstone . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4296 - 6831 - 6 . Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization ... Ideas from literature and science also have their roots in ancient Greece . Jump up ^ Ricardo Duchesne ( 7 February 2011 ) . The Uniqueness of Western Civilization . BRILL . p. 297 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 19248 - 4 . The list of books which have celebrated Greece as the `` cradle '' of the West is endless ; two more examples are Charles Freeman 's The Greek Achievement : The Foundation of the Western World ( 1999 ) and Bruce Thornton 's Greek Ways : How the Greeks Created Western Civilization ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Henry Turner Inman . `` Rome : the cradle of western civilisation as illustrated by existing monuments '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 9781177738538 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Michael Ed . Grant . `` The Birth Of Western Civilisation , Greece & Rome '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ HUXLEY , George ( et al ) . `` 9780500040034 : The Birth of Western Civilization : Greece and Rome '' . AbeBooks.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Athens . Rome . Jerusalem and Vicinity . Peninsula of Mt . Sinai. : Geographicus Rare Antique Maps '' . Geographicus.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Download This PDF eBooks Free '' ( PDF ) . File104.filthbooks.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Sources ( edit ) Samuel Noah Kramer ( 1959 ) . Anchor Paperback . Doubleday Anchor Books . Samuel Noah Kramer ( 1969 ) . Cradle of Civilization . Little Brown & Co . ISBN 0 - 316 - 32617 - 8 . Georg Feuerstein ( 2001 ) . In Search of the Cradle of Civilization . Quest Books . ISBN 0 - 8356 - 0741 - 0 . Ethel Hofflund ( 2001 ) . The Cradle of Civilization ( Lifepac History & Geography Grade 6 ) . Alpha Omega Publications . ISBN 0 - 86717 - 552 - 4 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cradle_of_civilization&oldid=803903893 '' Categories : Ancient Near East Civilizations History of the Mediterranean Archaeology of the Near East Archaeological terminology Hidden categories : CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Čeština Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Română Русский Slovenščina Türkçe Українська 文言 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 12 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the first civilizations in the world arise
[ "The term \"cradle of civilization\" refers to locations where, according to current arc gical data, civilization is understood to have emerged. Current thinking is that there was no single \"cradle\", but several civilizations that developed independently, with the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt) understood to be the earliest.[1] Other civilizations arose in Asia among cultures situated along large river valleys, notably the Indus River in the Indian subcontinent[2] and the Yellow River in China.[3] The extent to which there was significant influence between the early civilizations of the Near East and those of East Asia is disputed. Scholars accept that the civilizations of Mesoamerica, mainly in modern Mexico, and Norte Chico in present-day Peru emerged independently from those in Eurasia.[4]", "The term \"cradle of civilization\" refers to locations where, according to current arc gical data, civilization is understood to have emerged. Current thinking is that there was no single \"cradle\", but several civilizations that developed independently, with the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt) understood to be the earliest.[1] Other civilizations arose in Asia among cultures situated along large river valleys, notably the Indus River in the Indian subcontinent[2] and the Yellow River in China.[3] The extent to which there was significant influence between the early civilizations of the Near East and those of East Asia is disputed. Scholars accept that the civilizations of Mesoamerica, mainly in modern Mexico, and Norte Chico in present-day Peru emerged independently from those in Eurasia.[4]", "The term \"cradle of civilization\" refers to locations where, according to current arc gical data, civilization is understood to have emerged. Current thinking is that there was no single \"cradle\", but several civilizations that developed independently, with the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt) understood to be the earliest.[1] Other civilizations arose in Asia among cultures situated along large river valleys, notably the Indus River in the Indian subcontinent[2] and the Yellow River in China.[3] The extent to which there was significant influence between the early civilizations of the Near East and those of East Asia is disputed. Scholars accept that the civilizations of Mesoamerica, mainly in modern Mexico, and Norte Chico in present-day Peru emerged independently from those in Eurasia.[4]" ]
[ "Fertile Crescent", "Yellow River in China", "Indus River in the Indian subcontinent" ]
-2837432231972339561
Indian Antarctic Program
Indian Antarctic program - wikipedia Indian Antarctic program Jump to : navigation , search Col. Jatinder Kumar Bajaj , a member of one of the Indian expeditions to Antarctica , standing at the South Pole ( 17 January 1989 ) The Indian Antarctic Program is a multi-disciplinary , multi-institutional program under the control of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research , Ministry of Earth Sciences , Government of India . It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to Antarctica . The program gained global acceptance with India 's signing of the Antarctic Treaty and subsequent construction of the Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base in 1983 , superseded by the Maitri base from 1990 . The newest base commissioned in 2015 is Bharati , constructed out of 134 shipping containers . Under the program , atmospheric , biological , earth , chemical , and medical sciences are studied by India , which has carried out 30 scientific expeditions to the Antarctic as of 14 October 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 India and Antarctic Treaty 3 Organization 4 Global cooperation 5 Research 6 Research stations 6.1 Dakshin Gangotri 6.2 Maitri 6.3 Bharati 7 Indian Antarctic expeditions 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The origin of Indian missions to the Antarctic are traced to the joint Indian Space Research Organisation -- Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia agreements , which led to Indians , such as Dr. Paramjit Singh Sehra , joining the 17th Soviet Antarctic expedition of 1971 -- 1973 . India and Antarctic Treaty ( edit ) Antarctic Treaty System : signatory , consulting , territorial claim . signatory , consulting , reserved right for territorial claim . signatory , consulting . signatory , acceding status . non-signatory . India officially acceded to the Antarctic Treaty System on 1 August 1983 . On 12 September 1983 , the country became the fifteenth Consultative Member of the Antarctic Treaty . Organization ( edit ) The National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research -- a research and development body functioning under the Ministry of Earth Sciences , Government of India -- controls the Indian Antarctic program . The NCAOR and the Department of Ocean Development select the members for India 's Antarctic expeditions . After medical tests and subsequent acclimatization training at the Himalayas , these selected members are also trained in survival , environment ethics , firefighting and operating in a group . One expedition costs up to ₹ 200 million ( US $3.1 million ) . Logistical support to the various activities of the Indian Antarctic program is provided by the relevant branches of the Indian armed forces . The launching point of Indian expeditions has varied from Goa in India to Cape Town in South Africa on 19th expedition during the time of NCAOR Founding Director Dr. PC Pandey in December 1999 . Over 70 institutes in India contributed to its Antarctic program as of 2007 . Global cooperation ( edit ) The Indian Antarctic program is bound by the rules of the Antarctic Treaty System , which India signed in 1983 . Pandey ( 2007 ) outlines the various international activities that India has undertaken as a part of its Antarctic program : On 12 September 1983 , India achieved the status of Consultative Party , on 1 October became a member of Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research ( SCAR ) , and in 1986 became a member of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( CCAMLR ) . In 1997 India also ratified the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty thus reaffirming India 's commitment to protecting the Antarctic environment . India hosted the eleventh COMNAP / SCALOP ( Standing Committee on Antarctic Logistics and Operations ) meeting in Goa in 1999 , and the working group meeting on eco-system monitoring and management of CCAMLR in August 1998 at Cochin . India occupied the CCAMLR chair beginning in November 1998 for a period of 2 years . India also collaborates with the international community as a member of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission , Regional Committee of Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission in Coastal Indian Ocean ( IOCINDIO ) , International Seabed Authority ( ISBA ) , and the State Parties of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas ( UNCLOS ) . Research ( edit ) Krill distribution on a NASA SeaWIFS image -- the main concentrations are in the Scotia Sea at the Antarctic Peninsula . India carries out krill exploration in the Southern Ocean region of the Antarctic . Antarctic holds scientific interest for global research projects due to a number of reasons : ' Origin of continents , climate change , meteorology and pollution ' are among the reasons cited by S.D. Gad ( 2008 ) . Mrinalini G. Walawalkar ( 2005 ) holds that : ' ice -- ocean interaction and the global processes ; paleoenvironment and paleoclimatic studies ; geological evolution of earth and Gondwanaland reconstruction ; Antarctic ecosystems , biodiversity and environment physiology ; solar terrestrial processes and their coupling ; medical physiology , adaptation techniques and human psychology ; environment impact assessment and monitoring ; enabling low temperature technology development ; and studies on earthquakes ' are among the areas of study under the Indian Antarctic program . Close to 1,300 Indians had been to the continent as of 2001 as a part of the country 's Antarctic program . Indian expeditions to the Antarctic also study the fauna and the molecular biodiversity of the region . A total of 120 new microbes had been discovered as a result of international scientific effort in the Antarctic by 2005 . 30 of these microbes had been discovered by Indian scientists . India has also published over 300 research publications based on Antarctic studies as of 2007 . The ' ice cores ' retrieved by drilling holes in Antarctic 's vast ice - sheets yield information ' on the palaeoclimate and eco-history of the earth as records of wind - blown dust , volcanic ash or radioactivity are preserved in the ice as it gets accumulated over time ' . The NCAOR developed a polar research & development laboratory with a ' low - temperature laboratory complex at − 20 ° C for preservation and analysis of ice core and snow samples ' according to S.D. Gad ( 2008 ) . The ' ice core ' samples are held , processed , and analyzed in containment units designed by such technology . Storage cases made of poly propylene also ensure that the samples do not alter characteristics and are preserved for analysis in the form that they were recovered . Research stations ( edit ) In 1981 the Indian flag unfurled for the first time in Antarctica , marking the start of Southern Ocean expeditions under the environmental protocol of the Antarctic Treaty ( 1959 ) . Dakshin Gangotri ( edit ) Main article : Dakshin Gangotri The first and permanent settlement was built in 1983 and named Dakshin Gangotri . In 1989 it was excavated and is being used again as supply base and transit camp . Maitri ( edit ) Main article : Maitri The second permanent settlement , Maitri , was put up in 1989 on the Schirmacher Oasis and has been conducting experiments in geology , geography and medicine . India built a freshwater lake around Maitri known as Lake Priyadarshini . Maitri accomplished the mission of geomorphologic mapping of Schirmacher Oasis . Bharati ( edit ) Main article : Bharati Located beside Larsmann Hill at 69 ° S , 76 ° E , Bharati is established in 2015 . This newest research station for oceanographic research will collect evidence of continental breakup to reveal the 120 - million - year - old ancient history of the Indian subcontinent . In news sources this station was variously spelled `` Bharathi '' , `` Bharti '' and `` Bharati '' . Indian Antarctic expeditions ( edit ) Lieutenant Ram Charan , an Indian Navy meteorologist , was the first Indian to visit the Antarctica , in the South Pole , when he accompanied an Australian polar expedition in 1960 . He died in a road accident in 1961 . Date Expedition Leader Deputy Leader 1981 -- 1982 First Indian Expedition to Antarctica Dr. Sayed Zahoor Qasim C.P. Vohra , H.N. Siddiquie 1982 -- 1983 Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica V.K. Raina Dr. C.R. Sreedharan 1983 -- 1985 Third Indian Expedition to Antarctica Dr Harsh K. Gupta Lieutenant Colonel Satya Swarup Sharma 1984 Fourth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Dr. B.B. Bhattacharya Mr. D.K. Pande Fifth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Mr M.K Kaul Sixth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Seventh Indian Expedition to Antarctica 1988 -- 1990 Eighth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Dr Amitava Sen Gupta Col S Jagannathan 1989 -- 1991 Ninth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Rasik Ravindra 1990 -- 1992 Tenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica A.K. Hanjura 1991 -- 1993 Eleventh Indian Expedition to Antarctica Dr. Mukherjee Twelfth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Thirteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Fourteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Fifteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Sixteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Seventeenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Eighteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Nineteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Twentieth Indian Expedition to Antarctica 2002 -- 2003 Twenty first Indian Expedition to Antarctica Shri R.P. Lal Twenty Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica Twenty third Indian Expedition to Antarctica Twenty fourth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Twenty fifth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Twenty sixth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Twenty seventh Indian Expedition to Antarctica 2008 -- 2009 Twenty eighth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Dr. P. Malhotra Ajay Dhar 2009 -- 2010 Twenty ninth Indian Expedition to Antarctica P. Elango Rajesh Asthana 2010 -- 2011 Thirtieth Indian Expedition to Antarctica K. Jeeva Rajesh Asthana 2011 -- 2012 Thirty first Indian Expedition to Antarctica Dr. Rupesh M. Das ( Bharati ) & Shree Uttam Chand ( Maitri ) Rajesh Asthana 2013 -- 2015 Thirty third Indian Expedition to Antarctica Mohd . Yunus Shah Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Walawalkar ( 2015 ) , Gad ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Anas ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Department of Ocean Development , Government of India . Annual Report 1983 - 1984 , TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO . 3. , Printed at Dee Kay Printers Kirtinagar , New Delhi ^ Jump up to : Gad ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Pursuit and Promotion of Science -- The Indian Experience ( 2001 ) , 351 ^ Jump up to : Walawalkar ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Pursuit and Promotion of Science -- The Indian Experience ( 2001 ) , 352 Jump up ^ Pursuit and Promotion of Science -- The Indian Experience ( 2001 ) , 173 Jump up ^ Pursuit and Promotion of Science -- The Indian Experience ( 2001 ) , 213 Jump up ^ The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Cuddalore News : Third Antarctica research station by 2011 Jump up ^ `` Bharti to be 3rd Indian station in Antarctica '' , The Times of India , 6 August 2009 Jump up ^ The Hindu News Update Service References ( edit ) Gad , S.D. ( 2008 ) , `` India in the Antarctic '' , Current Science , 95 ( 2 ) : 151 , Bangalore : Indian Academy of Sciences . Pandey , P.C. ( 2007 ) in `` India : Antarctic Program '' , Encyclopedia of the Antarctic edited by Beau Riffenburgh , pp. 529 -- 530 , Abingdon and New York : Taylor & Francis , ISBN 0 - 415 - 97024 - 5 . Pursuit and Promotion of Science -- The Indian Experience ( 2001 ) , New Delhi : Indian National Science Academy . Walawalkar , M.G. ( 2005 ) , `` Antarctica and Arctic : India 's contribution '' , Current Science , 685 , Bangalore : Indian Academy of Science . `` Scientific Report of First Indian Expedition to Antartica '' ( PDF ) . Department of Ocean Development , Government of India . 2016 . External links ( edit ) National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research ( NCAOR ) , Ministry of Earth Sciences , Government of India . ( hide ) Science and technology in India Architecture Astronomy Cartography Coinage Logic Mathematics National calendar History Inventions and discoveries Maritime history Military Measurement systems Metallurgy Education Higher education Research institutes Supercomputing Science museums Sectors Automotive Biotechnology High - speed rail Information technology Software Nuclear power Technology Pharmaceuticals Renewable energy Telecommunications 4G FTTH People Engineers Inventors Nobel laureates Science writers Scientists Technology writers Institutes and programs Ministry of Science and Technology National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research Indian Space Research Organisation Defence Research and Development Organisation Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Antarctic_Program&oldid=843630382 '' Categories : Indian Antarctic Program Science and technology in India Science and technology in Antarctica Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 11 : 51 . About Wikipedia
when did the first indian expedition to antarctica take place
[ "The Indian Antarctic Program is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional program under the control of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to Antarctica.[1] The program gained global acceptance with India's signing of the Antarctic Treaty and subsequent construction of the Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base in 1983,[1] superseded by the Maitri base from 1990. The newest base commissioned in 2015 is Bharati, constructed out of 134 shipping containers. Under the program, atmospheric, biological, earth, chemical, and medical sciences are studied by India, which has carried out 30 scientific expeditions to the Antarctic as of 14 October 2010." ]
[ "1981" ]
-7476312019716451399
Jaws (film)
Jaws ( film ) - wikipedia Jaws ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Jaws Theatrical release poster by Roger Kastel Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Richard D. Zanuck David Brown Screenplay by Peter Benchley Carl Gottlieb Based on Jaws by Peter Benchley Starring Roy Scheider Robert Shaw Richard Dreyfuss Lorraine Gary Murray Hamilton Music by John Williams Cinematography Bill Butler Edited by Verna Fields Production company Zanuck / Brown Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 20 , 1975 ( 1975 - 06 - 20 ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $9 million Box office $470.7 million Jaws is a 1975 American thriller film directed by Steven Spielberg and based on Peter Benchley 's 1974 novel of the same name . In the story , a giant man - eating great white shark attacks beachgoers on Amity Island , a fictional New England summer resort town , prompting the local police chief to hunt it with the help of a marine biologist and a professional shark hunter . The film stars Roy Scheider as police chief Martin Brody , Robert Shaw as shark hunter Quint , Richard Dreyfuss as oceanographer Matt Hooper , Murray Hamilton as Larry Vaughn , the mayor of Amity Island , and Lorraine Gary as Brody 's wife , Ellen . The screenplay is credited to both Benchley , who wrote the first drafts , and actor - writer Carl Gottlieb , who rewrote the script during principal photography . Shot mostly on location on Martha 's Vineyard in Massachusetts , the film had a troubled production , going over budget and past schedule . As the art department 's mechanical sharks suffered many malfunctions , Spielberg decided to mostly suggest the animal 's presence , employing an ominous , minimalistic theme created by composer John Williams to indicate the shark 's impending appearances . Spielberg and others have compared this suggestive approach to that of classic thriller director Alfred Hitchcock . Universal Pictures gave the film what was then an exceptionally wide release for a major studio picture , over 450 screens , accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign with a heavy emphasis on television spots and tie - in merchandise . Now considered one of the greatest films ever made , Jaws was the prototypical summer blockbuster , with its release regarded as a watershed moment in motion picture history . Jaws became the highest - grossing film of all time until the release of Star Wars ( 1977 ) . It won several awards for its soundtrack and editing . Along with Star Wars , Jaws was pivotal in establishing the modern Hollywood business model , which revolves around high box - office returns from action and adventure pictures with simple `` high - concept '' premises that are released during the summer in thousands of theaters and supported by heavy advertising . It was followed by three sequels , none with the participation of Spielberg or Benchley , and many imitative thrillers . In 2001 , Jaws was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry , being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Writing 2.3 Casting 2.4 Filming 2.5 Music 3 Inspirations and themes 3.1 Scholarly criticism 4 Release 4.1 Promotion 4.2 Theatrical run 5 Reception 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Legacy 6.1 Home video releases 6.2 Sequels 6.3 Adaptations and merchandise 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Plot ( edit ) A beach party takes place at dusk on Amity Island , where a woman named Chrissie Watkins goes skinny dipping in the ocean . While treading water , she is violently pulled under . The next day , her partial remains are found on shore . The medical examiner ruling the death a shark attack leads to Police Chief Martin Brody closing the beaches . Mayor Larry Vaughn overrules him , fearing it will ruin the town 's summer economy . The coroner now concurs with the mayor 's theory that Watkins was killed in a boating accident . Brody reluctantly accepts their conclusion until another fatal shark attack occurs shortly after . A bounty is then placed on the shark , resulting in an amateur shark - hunting frenzy . Local professional shark hunter Quint offers his services for $10,000 . Meanwhile , consulting oceanographer Matt Hooper examines Watkins ' remains and confirms her death was from a shark attack . When local fishermen catch a large tiger shark , the mayor proclaims the beaches safe . Hooper disputes it being the same predator , confirming this after no human remains are found inside it . Hooper and Brody find a half - sunken vessel while searching the night waters in Hooper 's boat . Underwater , Hooper retrieves a sizable great white shark 's tooth embedded in the submerged hull . He drops it after finding a partial corpse . Vaughn discounts Brody and Hooper 's claims that a huge great white shark is responsible and refuses to close the beaches , allowing only added safety precautions . On the Fourth of July weekend , tourists fill the beaches . Following a juvenile prank , the real shark enters a nearby estuary , killing a boater and causing Brody 's son , Michael , to go into shock . Brody finally convinces a devastated Vaughn to hire Quint . Quint , Brody , and Hooper set out on Quint 's boat , the Orca , to hunt the shark . While Brody lays down a chum line , Quint waits for an opportunity to hook the shark . Without warning , it appears behind the boat . Quint examines the shark and harpoons a barrel into it , but it drags the barrel underwater and disappears . At nightfall , as the three swap stories , the great white returns unexpectedly , ramming the boat 's hull and killing the power . The men work through the night , repairing the engine . In the morning , Brody attempts to call the Coast Guard , but Quint smashes the radio . After a long chase , Quint harpoons another barrel into the shark . The line is tied to the stern cleats , but the shark drags the boat backwards , swamping the deck and flooding the engine compartment before breaking the cleats off . He then heads toward shore , intending to lure the shark to shallower waters and suffocate it , but the overtaxed engine fails . With the Orca slowly sinking , the trio attempt a riskier approach . Hooper puts on scuba gear and enters the water in a shark - proof cage , intending to lethally inject the shark with strychnine using a hypodermic spear . The shark demolishes the cage before Hooper can inject it , but he manages to escape to the seabed . The shark then attacks the boat directly , killing Quint . Trapped on the sinking vessel , Brody stuffs a pressurized scuba tank into the shark 's mouth , and , climbing the mast , shoots the tank with Quint 's rifle , destroying it . The resulting explosion kills the shark . Hooper resurfaces , and he and Brody paddle to Amity Island clinging to boat wreckage . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown , producers at Universal Pictures , independently heard about Peter Benchley 's novel Jaws . Brown came across it in the literature section of lifestyle magazine Cosmopolitan , then edited by his wife , Helen Gurley Brown . A small card written by the magazine 's book editor gave a detailed description of the plot , concluding with the comment `` might make a good movie '' . The producers each read the book over the course of a single night and agreed the next morning that it was `` the most exciting thing that they had ever read '' and that they wanted to produce a film version , although they were unsure how it would be accomplished . They purchased the movie rights in 1973 , before the book 's publication , for approximately $175,000 ( equivalent to $0.94 million in 2016 ) . Brown claimed that had they read the book twice , they would never have made the film because they would have realized how difficult it would be to execute certain sequences . To direct , Zanuck and Brown first considered veteran filmmaker John Sturges -- whose résumé included another maritime adventure , The Old Man and the Sea -- before offering the job to Dick Richards , whose directorial debut , The Culpepper Cattle Co. had come out the previous year . However , they grew irritated by Richards 's habit of describing the shark as a whale and soon dropped him from the project . Meanwhile , Steven Spielberg very much wanted the job . The 26 - year - old had just directed his first theatrical film , The Sugarland Express , for Zanuck and Brown . At the end of a meeting in their office , Spielberg noticed their copy of the still - unpublished Benchley novel , and after reading it was immediately captivated . He later observed that it was similar to his 1971 television film Duel in that both deal with `` these leviathans targeting everymen '' . After Richards 's departure , the producers signed Spielberg to direct in June 1973 , before the release of The Sugarland Express . Before production began , however , Spielberg grew reluctant to continue with Jaws , in fear of becoming typecast as the `` truck and shark director '' . He wanted to move over to 20th Century Fox 's Lucky Lady instead , but Universal exercised its right under its contract with the director to veto his departure . Brown helped convince Spielberg to stick with the project , saying that `` after ( Jaws ) , you can make all the films you want '' . The film was given an estimated budget of $3.5 million and a shooting schedule of 55 days . Principal photography was set to begin in May 1974 . Universal wanted the shoot to finish by the end of June , when the major studios ' contract with the Screen Actors Guild was due to expire , to avoid any disruptions due to a potential strike . Writing ( edit ) For the screen adaptation , Spielberg wanted to stay with the novel 's basic plot , while omitting Benchley 's many subplots . He declared that his favorite part of the book was the shark hunt on the last 120 pages , and told Zanuck when he accepted the job , `` I 'd like to do the picture if I could change the first two acts and base the first two acts on original screenplay material , and then be very true to the book for the last third . '' When the producers purchased the rights to his novel , they promised Benchley that he could write the first draft of the screenplay . The intent was to make sure a script could be done despite an impending threat of a Writer 's Guild strike , given Benchley was not unionized . Overall , he wrote three drafts before the script was turned over to other writers ; delivering his final version to Spielberg , he declared , `` I 'm written out on this , and that 's the best I can do . '' Benchley would later describe his contribution to the finished film as `` the storyline and the ocean stuff -- basically , the mechanics '' , given he `` did n't know how to put the character texture into a screenplay . '' One of his changes was to remove the novel 's adulterous affair between Ellen Brody and Matt Hooper , at the suggestion of Spielberg , who feared it would compromise the camaraderie between the men on the Orca . During the film 's production , Benchley agreed to return and play a small onscreen role as a reporter . Spielberg , who felt that the characters in Benchley 's script were still unlikable , invited the young screenwriter John Byrum to do a rewrite , but he declined the offer . Columbo creators William Link and Richard Levinson also declined Spielberg 's invitation . Tony and Pulitzer Prize -- winning playwright Howard Sackler was in Los Angeles when the filmmakers began looking for another writer and offered to do an uncredited rewrite ; since the producers and Spielberg were unhappy with Benchley 's drafts , they quickly agreed . At the suggestion of Spielberg , Brody 's characterization made him afraid of water , `` coming from an urban jungle to find something more terrifying off this placid island near Massachusetts . '' Spielberg wanted `` some levity '' in Jaws , humor that would avoid making it `` a dark sea hunt '' , so he turned to his friend Carl Gottlieb , a comedy writer - actor then working on the sitcom The Odd Couple . Spielberg sent Gottlieb a script , asking what the writer would change and if there was a role he would be interested in performing . Gottlieb sent Spielberg three pages of notes , and picked the part of Meadows , the politically connected editor of the local paper . He passed the audition one week before Spielberg took him to meet the producers regarding a writing job . While the deal was initially for a `` one - week dialogue polish '' , Gottlieb eventually became the primary screenwriter , rewriting the entire script during a nine - week period of principal photography . The script for each scene was typically finished the night before it was shot , after Gottlieb had dinner with Spielberg and members of the cast and crew to decide what would go into the film . Many pieces of dialogue originated from the actors ' improvisations during these meals ; a few were created on set , most notably Roy Scheider 's ad - lib of the line `` You 're gon na need a bigger boat . '' John Milius contributed dialogue polishes , and Sugarland Express writers Matthew Robbins and Hal Barwood also made uncredited contributions . Spielberg has claimed that he prepared his own draft , although it is unclear to what degree the other screenwriters drew on his material . One specific alteration he called for in the story was to change the cause of the shark 's death from extensive wounds to a scuba tank explosion , as he felt audiences would respond better to a `` big rousing ending '' . The director estimated the final script had a total of 27 scenes that were not in the book . Benchley had written Jaws after reading about sport fisherman Frank Mundus 's capture of an enormous shark in 1964 . According to Gottlieb , Quint was loosely based on Mundus , whose book Sportfishing for Sharks he read for research . Sackler came up with the backstory of Quint as a survivor of the World War II USS Indianapolis disaster . The question of who deserves the most credit for writing Quint 's monologue about the Indianapolis has caused substantial controversy . Spielberg described it as a collaboration between Sackler , Milius , and actor Robert Shaw , who was also a playwright . According to the director , Milius turned Sackler 's `` three - quarters of a page '' speech into a monologue , and that was then rewritten by Shaw . Gottlieb gives primary credit to Shaw , downplaying Milius 's contribution . Casting ( edit ) Actor Role Scheider , Roy Roy Scheider Chief Martin Brody Shaw , Robert Robert Shaw Quint Dreyfuss , Richard Richard Dreyfuss Matt Hooper Gary , Lorraine Lorraine Gary Ellen Brody Hamilton , Murray Murray Hamilton Mayor Larry Vaughn Gottlieb , Carl Carl Gottlieb Meadows Kramer , Jeffrey Jeffrey Kramer Deputy Hendricks Backlinie , Susan Susan Backlinie Chrissie Watkins Benchley , Peter Peter Benchley Interviewer Though Spielberg complied with a request from Zanuck and Brown to cast known actors , he wanted to avoid hiring any big stars . He felt that `` somewhat anonymous '' performers would help the audience `` believe this was happening to people like you and me '' , whereas `` stars bring a lot of memories along with them , and those memories can sometimes ... corrupt the story . '' The director added that in his plans `` the superstar was gon na be the shark '' . The first actors cast were Lorraine Gary , the wife of then - president of Universal Sid Sheinberg , as Ellen Brody , and Murray Hamilton as the mayor of Amity Island . Stuntwoman - turned - actress Susan Backlinie was cast as Chrissie ( the first victim ) as she knew how to swim and was willing to perform nude . Most minor roles were played by residents of Martha 's Vineyard , where the film was shot . One example was Deputy Hendricks , played by future television producer Jeffrey Kramer . The role of Brody was offered to Robert Duvall , but the actor was interested only in portraying Quint . Charlton Heston expressed a desire for the role , but Spielberg felt that Heston would bring a screen persona too grand for the part of a police chief of a modest community . Roy Scheider became interested in the project after overhearing Spielberg at a party talk with a screenwriter about having the shark jump up onto a boat . Spielberg was initially apprehensive about hiring Scheider , fearing he would portray a `` tough guy '' , similar to his role in The French Connection . Nine days before the start of production , neither Quint nor Hooper had been cast . The role of Quint was originally offered to actors Lee Marvin and Sterling Hayden , both of whom passed . Zanuck and Brown had just finished working with Robert Shaw on The Sting , and suggested him to Spielberg . Shaw was reluctant to take the role since he did not like the book , but decided to accept at the urging of both his wife , actress Mary Ure , and his secretary -- `` The last time they were that enthusiastic was From Russia with Love . And they were right . '' Shaw based his performance on fellow cast member Craig Kingsbury , a local fisherman , farmer , and legendary eccentric , who was playing fisherman Ben Gardner . Spielberg described Kingsbury as `` the purest version of who , in my mind , Quint was '' , and some of his offscreen utterances were incorporated into the script as lines of Gardner and Quint . Another source for some of Quint 's dialogue and mannerisms , especially in the third act at sea , was Vineyard mechanic and boat - owner Lynn Murphy . For the role of Hooper , Spielberg initially wanted Jon Voight . Timothy Bottoms , Joel Grey , and Jeff Bridges were also considered for the part . Spielberg 's friend George Lucas suggested Richard Dreyfuss , whom he had directed in American Graffiti . The actor initially passed , but changed his decision after he attended a pre-release screening of The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz , which he had just completed . Disappointed in his performance and fearing that no one would want to hire him once Kravitz was released , he immediately called Spielberg and accepted the role in Jaws . Because the film the director envisioned was so dissimilar to Benchley 's novel , Spielberg asked Dreyfuss not to read it . As a result of the casting , Hooper was rewritten to better suit the actor , as well as to be more representative of Spielberg , who came to view Dreyfuss as his `` alter ego '' . Filming ( edit ) `` We started the film without a script , without a cast and without a shark . '' -- actor Richard Dreyfuss on the film 's troubled production Principal photography began May 2 , 1974 , on the island of Martha 's Vineyard , Massachusetts , selected after consideration was given to eastern Long Island . Brown explained later that the production `` needed a vacation area that was lower middle class enough so that an appearance of a shark would destroy the tourist business . '' Martha 's Vineyard was also chosen because the surrounding ocean had a sandy bottom that never dropped below 35 feet ( 11 m ) for 12 miles ( 19 km ) out from shore , which allowed the mechanical sharks to operate while also beyond sight of land . As Spielberg wanted to film the aquatic sequences relatively close - up to resemble what people see while swimming , cinematographer Bill Butler devised new equipment to facilitate marine and underwater shooting , including a rig to keep the camera stable regardless of tide and a sealed submersible camera box . Spielberg asked the art department to avoid red in both scenery and wardrobe , so that the blood from the attacks would be the only red element and cause a bigger shock . The fishing village of Menemsha , Martha 's Vineyard , was the primary location . Three full - size pneumatically powered prop sharks -- which the film crew nicknamed `` Bruce '' after Spielberg 's lawyer , Bruce Ramer -- were made for the production : a `` sea - sled shark '' , a full - body prop with its belly missing that was towed with a 300 feet ( 91 m ) line , and two `` platform sharks '' , one that moved from camera - left to - right ( with its hidden left side exposing an array of pneumatic hoses ) , and an opposite model with its right flank uncovered . The sharks were designed by art director Joe Alves during the third quarter of 1973 . Between November 1973 and April 1974 , the sharks were fabricated at Rolly Harper 's Motion Picture & Equipment Rental in Sun Valley , California . Their construction involved a team of as many as 40 effects technicians , supervised by mechanical effects supervisor Bob Mattey , best known for creating the giant squid in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea . After the sharks were completed , they were trucked to the shooting location . In early July , the platform used to tow the two side - view sharks capsized as it was being lowered to the ocean floor , forcing a team of divers to retrieve it . The model required 14 operators to control all of the moving parts . The film had a troubled shoot and went far over budget . David Brown said that the budget `` was $4 million and the picture wound up costing $9 million '' ; the effects outlays alone grew to $3 million due to the problems with the mechanical sharks . Disgruntled crew members gave the film the nickname `` Flaws '' . Spielberg attributed many problems to his perfectionism and his inexperience . The former was epitomized by his insistence on shooting at sea with a life - sized shark ; `` I could have shot the movie in the tank or even in a protected lake somewhere , but it would not have looked the same , '' he said . As for his lack of experience : `` I was naive about the ocean , basically . I was pretty naive about mother nature and the hubris of a filmmaker who thinks he can conquer the elements was foolhardy , but I was too young to know I was being foolhardy when I demanded that we shoot the film in the Atlantic Ocean and not in a North Hollywood tank . '' Gottlieb said that `` there was nothing to do except make the movie '' , so everyone kept overworking , and while as a writer he did not have to attend the ocean set every day , once the crewmen returned they arrived `` ravaged and sunburnt , windblown and covered with salt water '' . Shooting at sea led to many delays : unwanted sailboats drifted into frame , cameras got soaked , and the Orca once began to sink with the actors on board . The prop sharks frequently malfunctioned owing to a series of problems including bad weather , pneumatic hoses taking on salt water , frames fracturing due to water resistance , corroding skin , and electrolysis . From the first water test onward , the `` non-absorbent '' neoprene foam that made up the sharks ' skin soaked up liquid , causing the sharks to balloon , and the sea - sled model frequently got entangled among forests of seaweed . Spielberg later calculated that during the 12 - hour daily work schedule , on average only four hours were actually spent filming . Gottlieb was nearly decapitated by the boat 's propellers , and Dreyfuss was almost imprisoned in the steel cage . The actors were frequently seasick . Shaw also fled to Canada whenever he could due to tax problems , engaged in binge drinking , and developed a grudge against Dreyfuss , who was getting rave reviews for his performance in Duddy Kravitz . Editor Verna Fields rarely had material to work with during principal photography , as according to Spielberg `` we would shoot five scenes in a good day , three in an average day , and none in a bad day . '' The mechanical shark , attached to the tower The delays proved beneficial in some regards . The script was refined during production , and the unreliable mechanical sharks forced Spielberg to shoot many scenes so that the shark was only hinted at . For example , for much of the shark hunt , its location is indicated by the floating yellow barrels . The opening had the shark devouring Chrissie , but it was rewritten so that it would be shot with Backlinie being dragged and yanked by cables to simulate an attack . Spielberg also included multiple shots of just the dorsal fin . This forced restraint is widely thought to have added to the film 's suspense . As Spielberg put it years later , `` The film went from a Japanese Saturday matinee horror flick to more of a Hitchcock , the less - you - see - the - more - you - get thriller . '' In another interview , he similarly declared , `` The shark not working was a godsend . It made me become more like Alfred Hitchcock than like Ray Harryhausen . '' The acting became crucial for making audiences believe in such a big shark : `` The more fake the shark looked in the water , the more my anxiety told me to heighten the naturalism of the performances . '' Footage of real sharks was shot by Ron and Valerie Taylor in the waters off Dangerous Reef in South Australia , with a short actor in a miniature shark cage to create the illusion that the sharks were enormous . During the Taylors ' shoot , a great white attacked the boat and cage . The footage of the cage attack was so stunning that Spielberg was eager to incorporate it in the film . No one had been in the cage at the time , however , and the script , following the novel , originally had the shark killing Hooper in it . The storyline was consequently altered to have Hooper escape from the cage , which allowed the footage to be used . As production executive Bill Gilmore put it , `` The shark down in Australia rewrote the script and saved Dreyfuss 's character . '' Although principal photography was scheduled to take 55 days , it did not wrap until October 6 , 1974 , after 159 days . Spielberg , reflecting on the protracted shoot , stated , `` I thought my career as a filmmaker was over . I heard rumors ... that I would never work again because no one had ever taken a film 100 days over schedule . '' Spielberg himself was not present for the shooting of the final scene in which the shark explodes , as he believed that the crew were planning to throw him in the water when the scene was done . It has since become a tradition for Spielberg to be absent when the final scene of one of his films is being shot . Afterward , underwater scenes were shot at the Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer water tank in Culver City , with stuntmen Dick Warlock and Frank James Sparks as stand - ins for Dreyfuss in the scene where the shark attacks the cage , as well as near Santa Catalina Island , California . Fields , who had completed a rough cut of the first two - thirds of the film , up until the shark hunt , finished the editing and reworked some of the material . According to Zanuck , `` She actually came in and reconstructed some scenes that Steven had constructed for comedy and made them terrifying , and some scenes he shot to be terrifying and made them comedy scenes . '' The ship used for the Orca was brought to Los Angeles so the sound effects team could record sounds for both the ship and the underwater scenes . Two scenes were altered following test screenings . As the audience 's screams had covered up Scheider 's `` bigger boat '' one - liner , Brody 's reaction after the shark jumps behind him was extended , and the volume of the line was raised . Spielberg also decided that he was greedy for `` one more scream '' , and reshot the scene in which Hooper discovers Ben Gardner 's body , using $3,000 of his own money after Universal refused to pay for the reshoot . The underwater scene was shot in Fields 's swimming pool in Encino , California , using a lifecast latex model of Craig Kingsbury 's head attached to a fake body , which was placed in the wrecked boat 's hull . To simulate the murky waters of Martha 's Vineyard , powdered milk was poured into the pool , which was then covered with a tarpaulin . Music ( edit ) Main article : Jaws ( soundtrack ) `` Main Title and First Victim '' The main theme for Jaws , revolving around an ostinato of bass notes , which composer John Williams said were meant to represent the shark as an `` unstoppable force '' of `` mindless and instinctive attacks '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . John Williams composed the film 's score , which earned him an Academy Award and was later ranked the sixth - greatest score by the American Film Institute . The main `` shark '' theme , a simple alternating pattern of two notes -- variously identified as `` E and F '' or `` F and F sharp '' -- became a classic piece of suspense music , synonymous with approaching danger ( see leading - tone ) . Williams described the theme as `` grinding away at you , just as a shark would do , instinctual , relentless , unstoppable . '' The piece was performed by tuba player Tommy Johnson . When asked by Johnson why the melody was written in such a high register and not played by the more appropriate French horn , Williams responded that he wanted it to sound `` a little more threatening '' . When Williams first demonstrated his idea to Spielberg , playing just the two notes on a piano , Spielberg was said to have laughed , thinking that it was a joke . As Williams saw similarities between Jaws and pirate movies , at other points in the score he evoked `` pirate music '' , which he called `` primal , but fun and entertaining '' . Calling for rapid , percussive string playing , the score contains echoes of La mer by Claude Debussy as well of Igor Stravinsky 's The Rite of Spring . There are various interpretations of the meaning and effectiveness of the primary music theme , which is widely described as one of the most recognizable cinematic themes of all time . Music scholar Joseph Cancellaro proposes that the two - note expression mimics the shark 's heartbeat . According to Alexandre Tylski , like themes Bernard Herrmann wrote for Taxi Driver , North by Northwest , and particularly Mysterious Island , it suggests human respiration . He further argues that the score 's strongest motif is actually `` the split , the rupture '' -- when it dramatically cuts off , as after Chrissie 's death . The relationship between sound and silence is also taken advantage of in the way the audience is conditioned to associate the shark with its theme , which is exploited toward the film 's climax when the shark suddenly appears with no musical introduction . Spielberg later said that without Williams 's score the film would have been only half as successful , and according to Williams it jumpstarted his career . He had previously scored Spielberg 's debut feature , The Sugarland Express , and went on to collaborate with the director on almost all of his films . The original soundtrack for Jaws was released by MCA Records on LP in 1975 , and as a CD in 1992 , including roughly a half hour of music that Williams redid for the album . In 2000 , two versions of the score were released : Decca / Universal reissued the soundtrack album to coincide with the release of the 25th - anniversary DVD , featuring the entire 51 minutes of the original score , and Varèse Sarabande put out a rerecording of the score performed by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra , conducted by Joel McNeely . Inspirations and themes ( edit ) Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick is the most notable artistic antecedent to Jaws . The character of Quint strongly resembles Captain Ahab , the obsessed captain of the Pequod who devotes his life to hunting a sperm whale . Quint 's monologue reveals a similar obsession with sharks ; even his boat , the Orca , is named after the only natural enemy of the white shark . In the novel and original screenplay , Quint dies after being dragged under the ocean by a harpoon tied to his leg , similar to the death of Ahab in Melville 's novel . A direct reference to these similarities may be found in Spielberg 's draft of the screenplay , which introduces Quint watching the film version of Moby - Dick ; his continuous laughter prompts other audience members to get up and leave the theater ( Wesley Strick 's screenplay for the 1991 remake of Cape Fear features a similar scene ) . However , the scene from Moby - Dick could not be licensed from the film 's star , Gregory Peck , its copyright holder . Screenwriter Carl Gottlieb also drew comparisons to Ernest Hemingway 's The Old Man and the Sea : `` Jaws is ... a titanic struggle , like Melville or Hemingway . '' The underwater scenes shot from the shark 's point of view have been compared with passages in two 1950s horror films , Creature from the Black Lagoon and The Monster That Challenged the World . Gottlieb named two science fiction productions from the same era as influences on how the shark was depicted , or not : The Thing from Another World , which Gottlieb described as `` a great horror film where you only see the monster in the last reel '' ; and It Came From Outer Space , where `` the suspense was built up because the creature was always off - camera '' . Those precedents helped Spielberg and Gottlieb to `` concentrate on showing the ' effects ' of the shark rather than the shark itself '' . Scholars such as Thomas Schatz described how Jaws melds various genres while essentially being an action film and a thriller . Most is taken from horror , with the core of a nature - based monster movie while adding elements of a slasher film . The second half provides a buddy film in the interaction between the crew of the Orca , and a supernatural horror based on the shark 's depiction of a nearly Satanic menace . Critics such as Neil Sinyard have described similarities to Henrik Ibsen 's play An Enemy of the People . Gottlieb himself said he and Spielberg referred to Jaws as `` Moby - Dick meets Enemy of the People '' . The Ibsen work features a doctor who discovers that a seaside town 's medicinal hot springs , a major tourist attraction and revenue source , are contaminated . When the doctor attempts to convince the townspeople of the danger , he loses his job and is shunned . This plotline is paralleled in Jaws by Brody 's conflict with Mayor Vaughn , who refuses to acknowledge the presence of a shark that may dissuade summer beachgoers from coming to Amity . Brody is vindicated when more shark attacks occur at the crowded beach in broad daylight . Sinyard calls the film a `` deft combination of Watergate and Ibsen 's play '' . Scholarly Criticism ( edit ) Jaws has received attention from academic critics . Stephen Heath relates the film 's ideological meanings to the then - recent Watergate scandal . He argues that Brody represents the `` white male middle class -- ( there is ) not a single black and , very quickly , not a single woman in the film '' , who restores public order `` with an ordinary - guy kind of heroism born of fear - and - decency '' . Yet Heath moves beyond ideological content analysis to examine Jaws as a signal example of the film as `` industrial product '' that sells on the basis of `` the pleasure of cinema , thus yielding the perpetuation of the industry ( which is why part of the meaning of Jaws is to be the most profitable movie ) '' . Andrew Britton contrasts the film to the novel 's post-Watergate cynicism , suggesting that its narrative alterations from the book ( Hooper 's survival , the shark 's explosive death ) help make it `` a communal exorcism , a ceremony for the restoration of ideological confidence . '' He suggests that the experience of the film is `` inconceivable '' without the mass audience 's jubilation when the shark is annihilated , signifying the obliteration of evil itself . In his view , Brody serves to demonstrate that `` individual action by the one just man is still a viable source for social change '' . Peter Biskind argues that the film does maintain post-Watergate cynicism concerning politics and politicians insofar as the sole villain beside the shark is the town 's venal mayor . Yet he observes that , far from the narrative formulas so often employed by New Hollywood filmmakers of the era -- involving Us vs. Them , hip counterculture figures vs. `` The Man '' -- the overarching conflict in Jaws does not pit the heroes against authority figures , but against a menace that targets everyone regardless of socioeconomic position . Whereas Britton states that the film avoids the novel 's theme of social class conflicts on Amity Island , Biskind detects class divisions in the screen version and argues for their significance . `` Authority must be restored '' , he writes , `` but not by Quint '' . The seaman 's `` working class toughness and bourgeois independence is alien and frightening ... irrational and out of control '' . Hooper , meanwhile , is `` associated with technology rather than experience , inherited wealth rather than self - made sufficiency '' ; he is marginalized from the conclusive action , if less terminally than Quint . Britton sees the film more as concerned with the `` vulnerability of children and the need to protect and guard them '' , which in turn helps generate a `` pervasive sense of the supreme value of family life : a value clearly related to ( ideological ) stability and cultural continuity '' . Fredric Jameson 's analysis highlights the polysemy of the shark and the multiple ways in which it can be and has been read -- from representing alien menaces such as communism or the Third World to more intimate dreads concerning the unreality of contemporary American life and the vain efforts to sanitize and suppress the knowledge of death . He asserts that its symbolic function is to be found in this very `` polysemousness which is profoundly ideological , insofar as it allows essentially social and historical anxieties to be folded back into apparently ' natural ' ones ... to be recontained in what looks like a conflict with other forms of biological existence . '' He views Quint 's demise as the symbolic overthrow of an old , populist , New Deal America and Brody and Hooper 's partnership as an `` allegory of an alliance between the forces of law - and - order and the new technocracy of the multinational corporations ... in which the viewer rejoices without understanding that he or she is excluded from it . '' Neal Gabler analyzed the film as showing three different approaches to solving an obstacle : science ( represented by Hooper ) , spiritualism ( represented by Quint ) , and the common man ( represented by Brody ) . The last of the three is the one which succeeds and is in that way endorsed by the film . Release ( edit ) Promotion ( edit ) Universal spent $1.8 million promoting Jaws , including an unprecedented $700,000 on national television spot advertising . The media blitz included about two dozen 30 - second advertisements airing each night on prime - time network TV between June 18 , 1975 , and the film 's opening two days later . Beyond that , in the description of film industry scholar Searle Kochberg , Universal `` devised and co-ordinated a highly innovative plan '' for the picture 's marketing . As early as October 1974 , Zanuck , Brown , and Benchley hit the television and radio talk show circuit to promote the paperback edition of the novel and the forthcoming film . The studio and publisher Bantam agreed on a title logo that would appear on both the paperback and in all of the advertising for the film . The centerpieces of the joint promotion strategy were John Williams 's theme and the poster image featuring the shark approaching a lone female swimmer . The poster was based on the paperback 's cover , and had the same artist , Bantam employee Roger Kastel . The Seiniger Advertising agency spent six months designing the poster ; principal Tony Seiniger explained that `` no matter what we did , it did n't look scary enough '' . Seiniger ultimately decided that `` you had to actually go underneath the shark so you could see his teeth . '' More merchandise was created to take advantage of the film 's release . In 1999 , Graeme Turner wrote that Jaws was accompanied by what was still `` probably the most elaborate array of tie - ins '' of any film to date : `` This included a sound - track album , T - shirts , plastic tumblers , a book about the making of the movie , the book the movie was based on , beach towels , blankets , shark costumes , toy sharks , hobby kits , iron - transfers , games , posters , shark 's tooth necklaces , sleepwear , water pistols , and more . '' The Ideal Toy Company , for instance , produced a game in which the player had to use a hook to fish out items from the shark 's mouth before the jaws closed . Theatrical run ( edit ) The glowing audience response to a rough cut of the film at two test screenings in Dallas on March 26 , 1975 , and one in Long Beach , on March 28 , along with the success of Benchley 's novel and the early stages of Universal 's marketing campaign , generated great interest among theater owners , facilitating the studio 's plan to debut Jaws at hundreds of cinemas simultaneously . A third and final preview screening , of a cut incorporating changes inspired by the previous presentations , was held in Hollywood on April 24 . After Universal chairman Lew Wasserman attended one of the screenings , he ordered the film 's initial release -- planned for a massive total of as many as 900 theaters -- to be cut down , declaring , `` I want this picture to run all summer long . I do n't want people in Palm Springs to see the picture in Palm Springs . I want them to have to get in their cars and drive to see it in Hollywood . '' Nonetheless , the several hundred theaters that were still booked for the opening represented what was then an unusually wide release . At the time , wide openings were associated with movies of doubtful quality ; not uncommon on the exploitation side of the industry , they were customarily employed to diminish the effect of negative reviews and word of mouth . There had been some recent exceptions , including the rerelease of Billy Jack and the original release of its sequel The Trial of Billy Jack , the Dirty Harry sequel Magnum Force , and the latest installments in the James Bond series . Still , the typical major studio film release at the time involved opening at a few big - city theaters , which allowed for a series of premieres . Distributors would then slowly forward prints to additional locales across the country , capitalizing on any positive critical or audience response . The outsized success of The Godfather in 1972 had sparked a trend toward wider releases , but even that film had debuted in just five theaters , before going wide in its second weekend . On June 20 , Jaws opened across North America on 464 screens -- 409 in the United States , the remainder in Canada . The coupling of this broad distribution pattern with the movie 's then even rarer national television marketing campaign yielded a release method virtually unheard - of at the time . ( A month earlier , Columbia Pictures had done something similar with a Charles Bronson thriller , Breakout , though that film 's prospects for an extended run were much slimmer . ) Universal president Sid Sheinberg reasoned that nationwide marketing costs would be amortized at a more favorable rate per print relative to a slow , scaled release . Building on the film 's success , the release was subsequently expanded on July 25 to nearly 700 theaters , and on August 15 to more than 950 . Overseas distribution followed the same pattern , with intensive television campaigns and wide releases -- in Great Britain , for instance , Jaws opened in December at more than 100 theaters . For its fortieth anniversary , the film was released in selected theaters ( across approximately 500 theaters ) in the United States on Sunday , June 21 and Wednesday , June 24 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Jaws opened with a $7 million weekend and recouped its production costs in two weeks . In just 78 days , it overtook The Godfather as the highest - grossing film at the North American box office , sailing past that picture 's earnings of $86 million to become the first film to earn $100 million in US theatrical rentals . Its initial release ultimately brought in $123.1 million in rentals . Theatrical re-releases in 1976 and 1979 brought its total rentals to $133.4 million . The picture entered overseas release in December 1975 , and its international business mirrored its domestic performance . It broke records in Singapore , New Zealand , Japan , Spain , and Mexico . By 1977 , Jaws was the highest - grossing international release with worldwide rentals of $193 million , equating to about $400 million of gross revenue ; it supplanted The Godfather , which had earned $145 million in rentals . Jaws was the highest - grossing film of all time until Star Wars , which debuted two years later . Star Wars surpassed Jaws for the U.S. record six months after its release and set a new global record in 1978 . As of June 2013 , it is the 127th - highest - grossing film of all time with $470.7 million worldwide , and the 66th highest domestically with a total North American gross of $260 million . Adjusted for inflation , Jaws has earned almost $2 billion worldwide at 2011 prices and is the second most successful franchise film after Star Wars . In North America , it is the seventh - highest - grossing movie of all time , with a total of $1.017 billion at current prices , based on an estimated 128,078,800 tickets sold . In the United Kingdom , it is the seventh - highest - grossing film to be released since 1975 , earning the equivalent of over £ 70 million in 2009 / 10 currency , with admissions estimated at 16.2 million . Jaws has also sold 13 million tickets in Brazil , the second - highest attendance ever in the country behind Titanic . On television , the American Broadcasting Company aired it for the first time right after its 1979 re-release . The first U.S. broadcast attracted 57 percent of the total audience , the second highest televised movie share at the time behind Gone with the Wind . In the United Kingdom , 23 million people watched its inaugural broadcast in October 1981 , the second biggest TV audience ever for a feature film behind Live and Let Die . Critical response ( edit ) Jaws received mostly positive reviews upon release . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times called it `` a sensationally effective action picture , a scary thriller that works all the better because it 's populated with characters that have been developed into human beings '' . Variety 's A.D. Murphy praised Spielberg 's directorial skills , and called Robert Shaw 's performance `` absolutely magnificent '' . According to The New Yorker 's Pauline Kael , it was `` the most cheerfully perverse scare movie ever made ... ( with ) more zest than an early Woody Allen picture , a lot more electricity , ( and ) it 's funny in a Woody Allen sort of way '' . For New Times magazine , Frank Rich wrote , `` Spielberg is blessed with a talent that is absurdly absent from most American filmmakers these days : this man actually knows how to tell a story on screen ... It speaks well of this director 's gifts that some of the most frightening sequences in Jaws are those where we do n't even see the shark . '' Writing for New York magazine , Judith Crist described the film as `` an exhilarating adventure entertainment of the highest order '' and complimented its acting and `` extraordinary technical achievements '' . Rex Reed praised the `` nerve - frying '' action scenes and concluded that `` for the most part , Jaws is a gripping horror film that works beautifully in every department '' . The film was not without its detractors . Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote , `` It 's a measure of how the film operates that not once do we feel particular sympathy for any of the shark 's victims ... In the best films , characters are revealed in terms of the action . In movies like Jaws , characters are simply functions of the action ... like stage hands who move props around and deliver information when it 's necessary '' . He did , however , describe it as `` the sort of nonsense that can be a good deal of fun '' . Los Angeles Times critic Charles Champlin disagreed with the film 's PG rating , saying that `` Jaws is too gruesome for children , and likely to turn the stomach of the impressionable at any age ... It is a coarse - grained and exploitative work which depends on excess for its impact . Ashore it is a bore , awkwardly staged and lumpily written . '' Marcia Magill of Films in Review said that while Jaws `` is eminently worth seeing for its second half '' , she felt that before the protagonists ' pursuit of the shark the film was `` often flawed by its busyness '' . William S. Pechter of Commentary described Jaws as `` a mind - numbing repast for sense - sated gluttons '' and `` filmmaking of this essentially manipulative sort '' ; Molly Haskell of The Village Voice similarly characterized it as a `` scare machine that works with computer - like precision ... You feel like a rat , being given shock therapy '' . The most frequently criticized aspect of the film has been the artificiality of its mechanical antagonist : Magill declared that `` the programmed shark has one truly phony close - up '' , and in 2002 , online reviewer James Berardinelli said that if not for Spielberg 's deftly suspenseful direction , `` we would be doubled over with laughter at the cheesiness of the animatronic creature . '' Halliwell 's Film Guide stated that `` despite genuinely suspenseful and frightening sequences , it is a slackly narrated and sometimes flatly handled thriller with an over-abundance of dialogue and , when it finally appears , a pretty unconvincing monster . '' Accolades ( edit ) Jaws won three Academy Awards for Best Film Editing , Best Original Dramatic Score , and Best Sound ( Robert Hoyt , Roger Heman , Earl Madery and John Carter ) . It was also nominated for Best Picture , losing to One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest . Spielberg greatly resented the fact that he was not nominated for Best Director . Along with the Oscar , John Williams 's score won the Grammy Award , the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music , and the Golden Globe Award . To her Academy Award , Verna Fields added the American Cinema Editors ' Eddie Award for Best Edited Feature Film . Jaws was chosen Favorite Movie at the People 's Choice Awards . It was also nominated for best Film , Director , Actor ( Richard Dreyfuss ) , Editing , and Sound at the 29th British Academy Film Awards , and Best Film -- Drama , Director , and Screenplay at the 33rd Golden Globe Awards . Spielberg was nominated by the Directors Guild of America for a DGA Award , and the Writers Guild of America nominated Peter Benchley and Carl Gottlieb 's script for Best Adapted Drama . In the years since its release , Jaws has frequently been cited by film critics and industry professionals as one of the greatest movies of all time . It was number 48 on American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies , a list of the greatest American films of all time compiled in 1998 ; it dropped to number 56 on the 10 Year Anniversary list . AFI also ranked the shark at number 18 on its list of the 50 Best Villains , Roy Scheider 's line `` You 're gon na need a bigger boat '' 35th on a list of top 100 movie quotes , Williams 's score at sixth on a list of 100 Years of Film Scores , and the film as second on a list of 100 most thrilling films , behind only Psycho . In 2003 , The New York Times included the film on its list of the best 1,000 movies ever made . The following year , Jaws placed at the top of the Bravo network 's five - hour miniseries The 100 Scariest Movie Moments . The Chicago Film Critics Association named it the sixth scariest film ever made in 2006 . In 2008 , Jaws was ranked the fifth greatest film in history by Empire magazine , which also placed Quint at number 50 on its list of the 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time . The film has been cited in many other lists of 50 and 100 greatest films , including ones compiled by Leonard Maltin , Entertainment Weekly , Film4 , Rolling Stone , Total Film , TV Guide , and Vanity Fair . In 2001 , the United States Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry as a `` culturally significant '' motion picture . In 2006 , its screenplay was ranked the 63rd best of all time by the Writers Guild of America . In 2012 , the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed the film as the eighth best - edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership . Legacy ( edit ) The entrance of the now closed Jaws ride at Universal Studios Florida Jaws was key in establishing the benefits of a wide national release backed by heavy television advertising , rather than the traditional progressive release in which a film slowly entered new markets and built support over time . Saturation booking , in which a film opens simultaneously at thousands of cinemas , and massive media buys are now commonplace for the major Hollywood studios . According to Peter Biskind , Jaws `` diminish ( ed ) the importance of print reviews , making it virtually impossible for a film to build slowly , finding its audience by dint of mere quality ... Moreover , Jaws whet corporate appetites for big profits quickly , which is to say , studios wanted every film to be Jaws . '' Scholar Thomas Schatz writes that it `` recalibrated the profit potential of the Hollywood hit , and redefined its status as a marketable commodity and cultural phenomenon as well . The film brought an emphatic end to Hollywood 's five - year recession , while ushering in an era of high - cost , high - tech , high - speed thrillers . '' Jaws also played a major part in establishing summer as the prime season for the release of studios ' biggest box - office contenders , their intended blockbusters ; winter had long been the time when most hoped - for hits were distributed , while summer was largely reserved for dumping films thought likely to be poor performers . Jaws and Star Wars are regarded as marking the beginning of the new U.S. film industry business model dominated by `` high - concept '' pictures -- with premises that can be easily described and marketed -- as well as the beginning of the end of the New Hollywood period , which saw auteur films increasingly disregarded in favor of profitable big - budget pictures . The New Hollywood era was defined by the relative autonomy filmmakers were able to attain within the major studio system ; in Biskind 's description , `` Spielberg was the Trojan horse through which the studios began to reassert their power . '' The film had broader cultural repercussions , as well . Similar to the way the pivotal scene in 1960 's Psycho made showers a new source of anxiety , Jaws led many viewers to fear going into the ocean . Reduced beach attendance in 1975 was attributed to it , as well as an increased number of reported shark sightings . It is still seen as responsible for perpetuating negative stereotypes about sharks and their behavior , and for producing the so - called `` Jaws effect '' , which allegedly inspired `` legions of fishermen ( who ) piled into boats and killed thousands of the ocean predators in shark - fishing tournaments . '' Benchley stated that he would not have written the original novel had he known what sharks are really like in the wild . Conservation groups have bemoaned the fact that the film has made it considerably harder to convince the public that sharks should be protected . Jaws set the template for many subsequent horror films , to the extent that the script for Ridley Scott 's 1979 science fiction film Alien was pitched to studio executives as `` Jaws in space '' . Scott would later reveal in a 2017 interview that Jaws had made a lasting impression , `` I was always put off from swimming ever since I watched Jaws , '' says Scott . `` I quite liked swimming , actually , and I 'd occasionally dive , but once I saw Jaws there was no way I was ever going to learn to surf -- no way ! Because I can imagine my legs , my little pinkies hanging underneath the surfboard and I know I 'm going to be the one . '' Many films based on man - eating animals , usually aquatic , were released through the 1970s and 1980s , such as Orca , Grizzly , Mako : The Jaws of Death , Barracuda , Alligator , Day of the Animals , Tintorera , Eaten Alive , and the 1996 Bollywood film Aatank . Spielberg declared Piranha , directed by Joe Dante and written by John Sayles , `` the best of the Jaws ripoffs '' . Among the various foreign mockbusters based on Jaws , three came from Italy : Great White , which inspired a plagiarism lawsuit by Universal and was even marketed in some countries as a part of the Jaws franchise ; Monster Shark , featured in Mystery Science Theater 3000 under the title Devil Fish ; and Deep Blood , that blends in a supernatural element . The 1995 thriller film Cruel Jaws even has the alternate title Jaws 5 : Cruel Jaws , and the 2009 Japanese horror film Psycho Shark was released in the United States as Jaws in Japan . Richard Dreyfuss made a cameo appearance in the 2010 film Piranha 3D , a loose remake of the 1978 film . Dreyfuss plays Matt Boyd , a fisherman who is the first victim of the title creatures . Dreyfuss later stated that his character was a parody and a near - reincarnation of Matt Hooper , his character in Jaws . During his appearance , Dreyfuss 's character listens to the song `` Show Me the Way to Go Home '' on the radio , which Hooper , Quint and Brody sing together aboard the Orca . Martha 's Vineyard celebrated the film 's 30th anniversary in 2005 with a `` JawsFest '' festival , which had a second edition in 2012 . An independent group of fans produced the feature - length documentary The Shark is Still Working , featuring interviews with the film 's cast and crew . Narrated by Roy Scheider and dedicated to Peter Benchley , who died in 2006 , it debuted at the 2009 Los Angeles United Film Festival . Home Video releases ( edit ) The first ever LaserDisc title marketed in North America was the MCA DiscoVision release of Jaws in 1978 . A second LaserDisc was released in 1992 , before a third and final version came out under MCA / Universal Home Video 's Signature Collection imprint in 1995 . This release was an elaborate boxset that included deleted scenes and outtakes , a new two - hour documentary on the making of the film directed and produced by Laurent Bouzereau , a copy of the novel Jaws , and a CD of John Williams 's soundtrack . MCA Home Video first released Jaws on VHS in 1980 . For the film 's 20th anniversary in 1995 , MCA Universal Home Video issued a new Collector 's Edition tape featuring a making - of retrospective . This release sold 800,000 units in North America . Another , final VHS release , marking the film 's 25th anniversary in 2000 , came with a companion tape containing a documentary , deleted scenes , outtakes , and a trailer . Jaws was first released on DVD in 2000 for the film 's 25th anniversary , accompanied by a massive publicity campaign . It featured a 50 - minute documentary on the making of the film ( an edited version of the one featured on the 1995 LaserDisc release ) , with interviews with Spielberg , Scheider , Dreyfuss , Benchley , and other cast and crew members . Other extras included deleted scenes , outtakes , trailers , production photos , and storyboards . The DVD shipped one million copies in just one month . In June 2005 , a 30th - anniversary edition was released at the JawsFest festival in Martha 's Vineyard . The new DVD had many extras seen in previous home video releases , including the full two - hour Bouzereau documentary , and a previously unavailable interview with Spielberg conducted on the set of Jaws in 1974 . On the second JawsFest in August 2012 , the Blu - ray Disc of Jaws was released , with over four hours of extras , including The Shark Is Still Working . The Blu - ray release was part of the celebrations of Universal 's 100th anniversary , and debuted at fourth place in the charts , with over 362,000 units sold . Sequels ( edit ) Jaws spawned three sequels , none of which approached the success of the original . Their combined domestic grosses amount to barely half of the first film 's . In October 1975 , Spielberg declared to a film festival audience that `` making a sequel to anything is just a cheap carny trick '' . Nonetheless , he did consider taking on the first sequel when its original director , John D. Hancock , was fired a few days into the shoot ; ultimately , his obligations to Close Encounters of the Third Kind , which he was working on with Dreyfuss , made it impossible . Jaws 2 ( 1978 ) was eventually directed by Jeannot Szwarc ; Scheider , Gary , Hamilton , and Jeffrey Kramer all reprised their roles . It is generally regarded as the best of the sequels . The next film , Jaws 3 - D ( 1983 ) , was directed by Joe Alves , who had served as art director and production designer , respectively , on the two preceding films . Starring Dennis Quaid and Louis Gossett , Jr. , it was released in the 3 - D format , although the effect did not transfer to television or home video , where it was renamed Jaws 3 . Jaws : The Revenge ( 1987 ) , directed by Joseph Sargent , starring Michael Caine , and featuring the return of Gary , is considered one of the worst movies ever made . While all three sequels made a profit at the box office ( Jaws 2 and Jaws 3 - D were among the top 20 highest - grossing films of their respective years ) , critics and audiences alike were generally dissatisfied with the films . Adaptations and merchandise ( edit ) The film has inspired two theme park rides : one at Universal Studios Florida , which closed in January 2012 , and one at Universal Studios Japan . There is also an animatronic version of a scene from the film on the Studio Tour at Universal Studios Hollywood . There have been at least two musical adaptations : JAWS The Musical ! , which premiered in 2004 at the Minnesota Fringe Festival , and Giant Killer Shark : The Musical , which premiered in 2006 at the Toronto Fringe Festival . Three video games based on the film were released : 1987 's Jaws , developed by LJN for the Nintendo Entertainment System ; 2006 's Jaws Unleashed by Majesco Entertainment for the Xbox , PlayStation 2 , and PC ; and 2011 's Jaws : Ultimate Predator , also by Majesco , for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii . A mobile game was released in 2010 for the iPhone . Aristocrat made an officially licensed slot machine based on the movie . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1975 List of killer shark films Film in the United States portal 1970s portal Horror fiction portal Sharks portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` JAWS ( A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 12 , 1975 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Priggé 2004 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Scanlon 2009 , p. 197 ^ Jump up to : Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1995 ) . A Look Inside Jaws ( `` From Novel to Script '' ) . Jaws : 30th Anniversary Edition DVD ( 2005 ) : Universal Home Video . ^ Jump up to : Brode 1995 , p. 50 Jump up ^ McBride 1999 , p. 231 ^ Jump up to : McBride 1999 , p. 232 ^ Jump up to : Biskind 1998 , p. 264 Jump up ^ McBride 1999 , p. 240 Jump up ^ Gottlieb 2005 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Friedman & Notbohm 2000 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Salisbury ; Ian Nathan . `` Jaws : The Oral History '' . Empire . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pangolin Pictures ( June 16 , 2010 ) . Jaws : The Inside Story ( Television documentary ) . The Biography Channel . ^ Jump up to : Friedman & Notbohm 2000 , pp. 11 -- 12 ^ Jump up to : Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1995 ) . A Look Inside Jaws ( `` Casting `` ) . Jaws : 30th Anniversary Edition DVD ( 2005 ) : Universal Home Video . Jump up ^ McBride 1999 , p. 238 Jump up ^ Fischbach , Bob ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Bob 's Take : ' Jaws ' script doctor ruthless to character played by him '' . Omaha World - Herald . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Baer 2008 , p. 198 ^ Jump up to : Baer 2008 , pp. 201 -- 202 ^ Jump up to : Friedman 2006 , p. 167 ^ Jump up to : Biskind 1998 , p. 265 ^ Jump up to : Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1995 ) . A Look Inside Jaws ( `` Climax '' ) . Jaws : 30th Anniversary Edition DVD ( 2005 ) : Universal Home Video . ^ Jump up to : Baer 2008 , p. 209 ^ Jump up to : Vespe , Eric ( Quint ) ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Spielberg and Quint have an epic chat all about JAWS as it approaches its 36th Anniversary ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb 2005 , p. 208 Jump up ^ Gottlieb 2005 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Nadler 2006 , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : McBride 1999 , p. 237 Jump up ^ McBride 1999 , pp. 236 -- 237 ^ Jump up to : Baer 2008 , p. 206 ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2007 , p. 20 ^ Jump up to : `` Summer of the Shark '' . Time . June 23 , 1975 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nadler 2006 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1995 ) . A Look Inside Jaws ( `` Production Stories '' ) . Jaws : 30th Anniversary Edition DVD ( 2005 ) : Universal Home Video . Jump up ^ Brannen , Peter ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Once Bitten : Islanders Reveal More Jaws '' . Vineyard Gazette . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2012 , pp. 250 -- 251 ^ Jump up to : McBride 1999 , p. 236 ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Neil ( June 13 , 2005 ) . `` 30 years of ' Jaws ' '' . The Roanoke Times . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Neil ( June 3 , 2005 ) . `` Shark tale that changed Hollywood '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McBride 1999 , p. 233 Jump up ^ Priggé 2004 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1995 ) . A Look Inside Jaws ( `` Location '' ) . Jaws : 30th Anniversary Edition DVD ( 2005 ) : Universal Home Video . Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1995 ) . A Look Inside Jaws ( `` Photographing Jaws '' ) . Jaws : 30th Anniversary Edition DVD ( 2005 ) : Universal Home Video . Jump up ^ Gottlieb 2005 , p. 92 ^ Jump up to : McBride 1999 , p. 241 Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1995 ) . A Look Inside Jaws ( `` The Shark '' ) . Jaws : 30th Anniversary Edition DVD ( 2005 ) : Universal Home Video . ^ Jump up to : Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1995 ) . A Look Inside Jaws ( `` The Shark Is Not Working '' ) . Jaws : 30th Anniversary Edition DVD ( 2005 ) : Universal Home Video . Jump up ^ Priggé 2004 , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Collins & Radner 1993 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1995 ) . A Look Inside Jaws ( `` The Orca '' ) . Jaws : 30th Anniversary Edition DVD ( 2005 ) : Universal Home Video . Jump up ^ Sinyard 1989 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Nadler 2006 , p. 36 - 37 . Jump up ^ Dreyfuss , Richard ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tension Between Richard Dreyfuss and Robert Shaw in `` JAWS '' '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Steven Bratter . University of Copenhagen . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1995 ) . A Look Inside Jaws ( `` Verna Field ' Mother Cutter ' '' ) . Jaws : 30th Anniversary Edition DVD ( 2005 ) : Universal Home Video . ^ Jump up to : Sinyard 1989 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Davies , Nathan ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` How a big shark and a little man forced Spielberg to make Jaws even better '' . The Advertiser . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1995 ) . A Look Inside Jaws ( `` The Live Shark Footage '' ) . Jaws : 30th Anniversary Edition DVD ( 2005 ) : Universal Home Video . Jump up ^ McBride 1999 , pp. 234 -- 235 Jump up ^ McBride 1999 , p. 235 Jump up ^ `` Interview with Richard Dreyfuss '' . The Shark Is Still Working official website . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1995 ) . A Look Inside Jaws ( `` Finishing the Film '' ) . Jaws : 30th Anniversary Edition DVD ( 2005 ) : Universal Home Video . Jump up ^ McBride 1999 , pp. 251 -- 252 Jump up ^ Yewdall 2011 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Yewdall 2011 , pp. 178 -- 179 Jump up ^ Shone 2004 , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1995 ) . A Look Inside Jaws ( `` Sneak Previews '' ) . Jaws : 30th Anniversary Edition DVD ( 2005 ) : Universal Home Video . ^ Jump up to : Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1995 ) . A Look Inside Jaws ( `` Music by John Williams '' ) . Jaws : 30th Anniversary Edition DVD ( 2005 ) : Universal Home Video . ^ Jump up to : `` The 48th Academy Awards ( 1976 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 YEARS OF FILM SCORES '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matessino , Michael ( September 24 , 1999 ) . `` Letter in response to `` A Study of Jaws ' Incisive Overture To Close Off the Century '' `` . Film Score Monthly . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2006 . Retrieved December 17 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Tylski , Alexandre . `` A Study of Jaws ' Incisive Overture To Close Off the Century '' . Film Score Monthly . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman 2006 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Chaundy , Bob ( November 6 , 2006 ) . `` Spies , sports , and sharks '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Scheurer , Timothy E. ( March 1 , 1997 ) . `` John Williams and film music since 1971 '' . Popular Music and Society . 21 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 72 . ISSN 0300 - 7766 . doi : 10.1080 / 03007769708591655 . ^ Jump up to : Berardinelli , James ( 2002 ) . `` Jaws '' . Reelviews . Retrieved August 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cancellaro 2006 , p. 170 ^ Jump up to : Freer , Ian . `` Empire 's Jaws Soundtrack Review '' . Empire . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jaws -- 25th Anniversary Collector 's Edition '' . Decca Classics . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2003 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaws '' . Varèse Sarabande . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lemkin 1984 , pp. 277 -- 289 Jump up ^ Brosnan 1978 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Brosnan 1978 , p. 129 Jump up ^ Biskind 1998 , p. 290 Jump up ^ Schatz , Thomas . `` The New Hollywood '' . Movie Blockbusters . p. 25 . In : Stringer 2003 , pp. 15 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Sinyard 1989 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Baer 2008 , p. 208 Jump up ^ Heath 1976 , p. 510 Jump up ^ Heath 1976 , p. 514 Jump up ^ Britton 1979 , p. 237 ^ Jump up to : Britton 1979 , p. 239 Jump up ^ Biskind 1998 , p. 279 Jump up ^ Biskind , Peter ( 1975 ) . `` Jaws : Between the teeth '' . Jump Cut ( 9 ) : 1 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Britton 1979 , p. 238 Jump up ^ Jameson 1979 , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Jameson 1979 , pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Hagen , Dan ( January 1988 ) . `` Neal Gabler '' . Comics Interview ( 54 ) . Fictioneer Books . pp. 61 -- 63 . Jump up ^ McBride 1999 , pp. 255 -- 256 ^ Jump up to : Kochberg 1996 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Shone 2004 , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Petersen 1975 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Horovitz , Bruce ( July 21 , 2003 ) . `` Poster king dreams up images to grab audiences '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turner 1999 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Andrews 1999 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Shone 2004 , pp. 23 -- 26 Jump up ^ McBride 1999 , p. 253 Jump up ^ McBride 1999 , p. 254 Jump up ^ Shone 2004 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Wyatt 1994 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 110 -- 112 ^ Jump up to : `` Jaws -- The Monster That Ate Hollywood '' . PBS . 2001 . Retrieved August 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 108 ^ Jump up to : Wyatt 1998 , pp. 78 -- 79 Jump up ^ Wyatt 1998 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Biskind 1998 , p. 277 Jump up ^ Pisani , Joseph ( May 22 , 2006 ) . `` The Biggest Summer Blockbusters '' . Business Week . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ayres , Alice ; Fordham , Alice ( February 14 , 2006 ) . `` Man who gave summer blockbuster its bite dies '' . The Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Siska 1980 , p. 125 This , the most detailed source , gives contradictory figures . The totals can variously be interpreted as 675 or 695 for July 25 , and 954 or 974 for August 15 . Jump up ^ Wyatt 1998 , p. 79 Jump up ^ THR Staff ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jaws ' Returning to Theaters for 40th Anniversary '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' TCM Presents ' Continues with JAWS 40th Anniversary Presentation in Select U.S. Movie Theaters This June '' . Business Insider . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jaws ( 1975 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Morris 2007 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , George ( January 21 , 1980 ) . `` Buffs Give Damn About ' Wind ' Change '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles ( AP ) ( September 10 , 1975 ) . `` ' Jaws ' Receipts Most in U.S. Film History '' . The Daytona Beach News - Journal . p. 14A . Jump up ^ `` '' Jaws '' breaks b.o. mark in Singapore `` . Variety ( 285 ) : 34 . December 8 , 1976 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jaws '' chomps into new b.o. marks at N. Zealand , Japan `` . Variety ( 281 ) : 33 . January 28 , 1976 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jaws '' in Spain : record $3.3 - mil `` . Variety ( 282 ) : 3 . February 18 , 1976 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jaws '' openings break all Mexican records `` . Box Office ( 109 ) : 8 . May 3 , 1976 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( July 5 , 1977 ) . `` Director of ' Jaws II ' Abandons His ' Ship ' '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 6B . Jump up ^ Weiler , A.H. ( April 14 , 1975 ) . `` Evans Quits as Executive at Paramount '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fenner , Pat . C. ( January 16 , 1978 ) . `` Independent Action '' . Evening Independent . p. 11 -- A . Jump up ^ New York ( AP ) ( May 26 , 1978 ) . `` Scariness of Jaws 2 unknown quantity '' . The StarPhoenix . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Economist online ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Pottering on , and on -- Highest - grossing film in franchise '' . The Economist . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation : Est . Tickets '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 3.2 Inflation - adjusted top 20 films at the UK box office '' . Statistical Yearbook 2011 . British Film Institute . 2011 . p. 24 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Chart : 1 -- 100 '' . British Film Institute . 2004 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Estudo confirma hegemonia dos EUA no cinema mundial '' . Folha de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . May 15 , 2004 . The ten most viewed films in Brazil ( million spectators ) 1 . Titanic ( 16.4 ) 2. Jaws ( 13 ) Jump up ^ `` Universal City Studios , Inc. v. Montgomery Ward & Co. , Inc '' . United States Patents Quarterly . Bureau of National Affairs . 207 ( 851 ) . 1980 . Jump up ^ Brown , Les ( November 7 , 1979 ) . `` '' Jaws '' played to 80 million on ABC `` . The New York Times . p . C29 . Jump up ^ Boshoff , Alison ( February 7 , 1998 ) . `` TV 's jewels fail to shine in list of all - time winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moritz 1978 , p. 402 Jump up ^ `` Detail view of movies : Jaws '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1975 ) . `` Jaws '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Murphy , A.D. ( June 18 , 1975 ) . `` Jaws '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kael 1976 , pp. 195 -- 196 ^ Jump up to : McBride 1999 , p. 256 Jump up ^ Crist , Judith ( June 23 , 1975 ) . `` Fish Story On a Grand Scale '' . New York . Retrieved August 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reed , Rex ( June 15 , 1975 ) . `` Film to Jaw About : ' Le Chat 's ' Meow '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( June 21 , 1975 ) . `` Entrapped by ' Jaws ' of Fear '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Champlin , Charles ( June 20 , 1975 ) . `` Do n't Go Near the Water '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 31 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Magill , Marcia ( August -- September 1975 ) . `` Jaws '' . Films in Review : 436 . Jump up ^ Halliwell 's Film Guide , 13th edition -- ISBN 0 - 00 - 638868 - X . Jump up ^ Morris 2007 , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : McBride 1999 , p. 257 Jump up ^ `` Past Winners Search '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film Nominations 1975 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 33rd Annual Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Jaws '' . E ! Entertainment Television . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2005 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` And the 2nd Annual `` Favorite Movie People 's Choice '' is ... Jaws ! `` . People 's Choice Awards . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards / History / 1975 -- 28th Annual DGA Awards '' . Directors Guild of America . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Writers Guild Foundation Library Catalog : Jaws '' . Writers Guild of America , West . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1,000 Greatest Films ( Full List ) '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . `` 102 . Jaws - Spielberg , Steven ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- 10th Anniversary Edition '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Quotes '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made '' . The New York Times . April 29 , 2003 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Scariest Movie Moments : 100 Scariest Moments in Movie History -- Official Bravo TV Site '' . Bravo Company . 2004 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CFCA 's 100 Scariest Movies of All Time '' . Chicago Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2006 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simon Braund , Glen Ferris , Ian Freer , Nev Pierce , Chris Hewitt , Dan Jolin , Ian Nathan , Kim Newman , Helen O'Hara , Olly Richards , and Owen Willams . `` The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maltin 1999 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Burr 1999 , p. 52 Jump up ^ `` Film Four 's 100 Greatest Films of All Time '' . Film4 . Published by AMC FilmSite.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 1999 ) . `` 100 Maverick Movies '' . Rolling Stone ( 830 / 831 ) . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Total Film features : 100 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . Total Film . January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Greatest Movies ( on TV and Video ) '' . TV Guide : 14 -- 33 . August 8 -- 14 , 1998 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Greatest Films '' . Vanity Fair . September 2005 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Librarian of Congress Names 25 More Films to National Film Registry '' ( Press release ) . Library of Congress . December 18 , 2001 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2009 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Screenplays '' . Writers Guild of America , West . April 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 75 Best Edited Films '' . Editors Guild Magazine . 1 ( 3 ) . May 2012 . Jump up ^ Marich 2005 , p. 79 ^ Jump up to : Biskind 1998 , p. 278 ^ Jump up to : Friedman 2006 , p. 176 Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Blockbuster '' . BBC News . November 16 , 2001 . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wyatt 1994 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Gordon 2008 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Jackson 2007 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Fisher , Luchina ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Jaws ' Launched Summer Blockbuster 35 Years Ago '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Siska 1980 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Lovgren , Stefan ( June 15 , 2005 ) . `` '' Jaws '' at 30 : Film Stoked Fear , Study of Great White Sharks `` . National Geographic . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleshler , David ( October 31 , 2010 ) . `` One - third of world 's sharks , skates and rays face extinction '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Geoff . `` Great white shark , the fragile giant '' . geoffmetcalf.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Chapple , Mike ( September 1 , 2005 ) . `` Great white hope '' . Liverpool Daily Post . p. 3 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hays , Matthew . `` A Space Odyssey '' . Montreal Mirror . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ochoa 2011 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott : ' I wanted to scare the shit out of people . That 's the job ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley 1988 , p. 220 Jump up ^ Adamson & Morrison 2011 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Mystery Science Theater 3000 Series 9 Episode 11 -- first broadcast August 15 , 1998 Jump up ^ Wheeler , Jeremy . `` Deep Blood ( 1990 ) '' . Allrovi . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Begg , Ken ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Cruel Jaws ( 1995 ) '' . Jabootu 's Bad Movie Dimension . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lamar , Cyriaque ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` '' Jaws in Japan '' promises cyclopean Selachimorphae , breasts `` . Jabootu 's Bad Movie Dimension . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Dreyfuss reveals why he made ' Piranha 3 - D : ' `` to get money '' ; -- Film.com `` . Film.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dutka , Elaine ( June 14 , 2005 ) . `` Making this cold fish hot again '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kramer Bussel , Rachel ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` Jaws Fanatics Gather to Pray to God of Sharks '' . Vulture . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hollander , Erik . `` First look : ' The Shark is Still Working ' '' . Los Angeles United Film Festival . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Shark is Still Working official website '' . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mast & Kawin 2003 , p. 198 Jump up ^ McGowan , Chris ( July 7 , 1992 ) . `` LaserScans '' . Billboard : 65 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McGowan , Chris ( March 23 , 1996 ) . `` LaserDisk Karaoke : In Titles '' . Billboard : 62 -- 63 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( July 26 , 1980 ) . `` Video Shark '' . Billboard : 64 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowker 1994 , p. 419 Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( December 1 , 1995 ) . `` Jaws ( 1995 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , Eileen ( May 13 , 2000 ) . `` Spielberg Releases ' Jaws ' on DVD as Universal Marks Shark 's 25th Anniversary '' . Billboard : 132 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( July 13 , 2000 ) . `` Feeding ' Jaws ' Fans '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Venendaal , Matt ( July 11 , 2000 ) . `` Jaws : 25th Anniversary Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Eileen ( August 5 , 2000 ) . `` Universal ' Jaws ' DVD Ships One Million Plus ; Spinal Tap Seeks Drummer Through Listen.com '' . Billboard : 85 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaws ( 12 ) '' . Total Film . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Confirms Digitally Remastered JAWS Coming to Blu - ray August 14 ; Watch Steven Spielberg Talk About the Restoration '' . Collider . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' Sweeps Sales and Rental Charts '' . Home Media Magazine . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jaws Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McBride 1999 , pp. 257 -- 258 Jump up ^ Muir 2007 , p. 555 Dinning , Mark . `` Jaws 2 '' . Empire . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Nunziata , Nick ( May 15 , 2001 ) . `` Jaws 2 -- DVD Review '' . IGN . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Alves and Jaws 3 - D '' . Fangoria ( 1 ) : 29 . August 1979 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ; Staskiewicz , Keith ( August 20 , 2010 ) . `` Introducing the PopWatch Rewind ! Week 1 : ' Jaws 3 - D ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris . `` The 25 Worst Sequels Ever Made -- 10 . Jaws : The Revenge ( 1987 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Archive '' . Golden Raspberry Awards . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Jaws 3 - D '' . Variety . January 1 , 1983 . Retrieved November 28 , 2006 . Derek , Tse ( June 10 , 2003 ) . `` Sequels we wish we 'd missed '' . The London Free Press . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . James , Caryn ( July 18 , 1987 ) . `` Film : ' Jaws the Revenge , ' The Fourth in the Series '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jaws '' . Universal Orlando . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( January 2 , 2012 ) . `` It 's the end of the line for Jaws at Universal '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaws '' . Universal Japan . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Tour '' . attractions . universalstudioshollywood.com . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Sam ( May 2 , 2007 ) . `` Giant Killer Shark And Other Meta - Musicals '' . AOL Music . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jaws ( 1987 ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dunham , Jeremy ( May 23 , 2006 ) . `` JAWS Ships Out '' . IGN . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Jaws : Ultimate Predator chomping Wii , 3DS '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaws Surfaces on the iTunes App Store '' . IGN . August 19 , 2006 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aristocrat 's newest Hyperlink Slot , JAWS TM makes world premiere at Sycuan Casino '' ( PDF ) . Aristocrat . May 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Adamson , John E. ; Morrison , Amanda ( 2011 ) . Law for Business and Personal Use . Stamford , Connecticut : Cengage Learning . ISBN 0 - 538 - 49690 - 8 . Andrews , Nigel ( 1999 ) . Nigel Andrews on Jaws . London : Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3975 - 8 . Baer , William ( 2008 ) . Classic American Films : Conversations with the Screenwriters . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 313 - 34898 - 7 . Biskind , Peter ( 1998 ) . Easy Riders , Raging Bulls . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85708 - 1 . Blake , Edith ( 1975 ) . The Making of the Movie Jaws . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 24882 - 4 . Bowker 's Complete Video Directory 1994 . New York : R.R. Bowker. 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8352 - 3391 - 0 . Britton , Andrew ( 1979 ) . `` Jaws '' . In Grant , Barry Keith . Britton on Film : The Complete Film Criticism of Andrew Britton. ( 2009 ) . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3363 - X . Brode , Douglas ( 1995 ) . The Films of Steven Spielberg . New York : Carol Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1951 - 7 . Brosnan , John ( 1978 ) . Future Tense : The Cinema of Science Fiction . London : Macdonald and Jane 's . ISBN 0 - 354 - 04222 - X . Burr , Ty ( 1999 ) . The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time . New York : Entertainment Weekly Books . ISBN 1 - 883013 - 68 - 2 . Cancellaro , Joseph ( 2006 ) . Exploring Sound Design for Interactive Media . Florence , Kentucky : Delmar Learning . ISBN 1 - 4018 - 8102 - 5 . Collins , Jim ; Radner , Hilary ( 1993 ) . Film Theory Goes to the Movies . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90576 - 1 . Friedman , Lester D. ( 2006 ) . Citizen Spielberg . Champaign : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07358 - 4 . Friedman , Lester D. ; Notbohm , Brent ( 2000 ) . Steven Spielberg : Interviews . Jackson : University Press of Mississippi . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 113 - X . Gordon , Andrew ( 2008 ) . Empire of Dreams : The Science Fiction and Fantasy Films of Steven Spielberg . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5578 - X . Gottlieb , Carl ( 2005 ) . The Jaws Log . New York : Newmarket Press . ISBN 0 - 571 - 20949 - 1 . Hall , Sheldon ; Neale , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Epics , Spectacles , and Blockbusters : A Hollywood History . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3008 - 1 . Heath , Stephen ( 1976 ) . `` Jaws , Ideology , and Film Theory '' . In Nichols , Bill . Movies and Methods : An Anthology , Volume II . ( 1985 ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05408 - 3 . Jackson , Kathi ( 2007 ) . Steven Spielberg : A Biography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33796 - 9 . Jameson , Fredric ( 1979 ) . `` Reification and Utopia in Mass Culture '' . Signatures of the Visible . New York and London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 90012 - 6 . JSTOR 466409 . Kael , Pauline ( 1976 ) . `` Notes on Evolving Heroes , Morals , Audiences '' . When the Lights Go Down . ( 1980 ) . Beverly , Massachusetts : Wadsworth . ISBN 0 - 03 - 056842 - 0 . Kochberg , Searle ( 1996 ) . `` Institutions , Audiences and Technology '' . In Nelmes , Jill . An Introduction to Film Studies . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10860 - 8 . Lemkin , Jonathan ( 1984 ) . `` Archetypal Landscapes and Jaws '' . In Grant , Barry Keith . Planks of Reason : Essays on the Horror Film . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 2156 - 7 . Maltin , Leonard ( 1999 ) . `` 100 Must - See Films of the 20th Century '' . Leonard Maltin 's Movie & Video Guide 2000 . New York : Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 452 - 28123 - 7 . Marich , Robert ( 2005 ) . Marketing to Moviegoers : A Handbook of Strategies Used by Major Studios and Independents . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Focal Press . ISBN 0 - 240 - 80687 - 5 . Mast , Gerald ; Kawin , Bruce F. ( 2003 ) . A Short History of the Movies . Harlow , Essex : Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 10603 - 2 . McBride , Joseph ( 1999 ) . Steven Spielberg : A Biography . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80900 - 1 . Moritz , Charles ( 1978 ) . Current Biography Yearbook 1978 . New York : H.W. Wilson . ISBN 99973 - 770 - 2 - 8 . Morris , Nigel ( 2007 ) . The Cinema of Steven Spielberg : Empire of Light . New York : Wallflower Press . ISBN 1 - 904764 - 88 - 6 . Muir , John Kenneth ( 2007 ) . Horror Films of the 1970s , Volume 2 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3104 - 0 . Nadler , Holly ( 2006 ) . Vineyard Confidential : 350 Years of Scandals , Eccentrics , and Strange Occurrences . Rockport , Maine : Down East Enterprise Inc . ISBN 0 - 89272 - 687 - 3 . Ochoa , George ( 2011 ) . Deformed and Destructive Beings : The Purpose of Horror Films . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 6307 - 4 . Paszylk , Bartłomiej ( 2009 ) . The Pleasure and Pain of Cult Horror Films : An Historical Survey . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3695 - 6 . Petersen , Clarence ( 1975 ) . The Bantam Story : Thirty Years of Paperback Publishing . Bantam Books . OCLC 1937339 . Priggé , Steven ( 2004 ) . Movie Moguls Speak : Interviews with Top Film Producers . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1929 - 6 . Scanlon , Jennifer ( 2009 ) . Bad Girls Go Everywhere : The Life of Helen Gurley Brown . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 534205 - 4 . Shone , Tom ( 2004 ) . Blockbuster : How Hollywood Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Summer . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 3568 - 1 . Sinyard , Neil ( 1989 ) . The Films of Steven Spielberg . London : Hamlyn Bison . ISBN 0 - 600 - 55226 - 8 . Siska , William Charles ( 1980 ) . Toward a Semiotic Theory of Visual Communication in the Cinema . Manchester , New Hampshire : Ayer Publishing . ISBN 0 - 405 - 12900 - 9 . Stanley , John ( 1988 ) . Revenge of the Creature Features Movie Guide : An A to Z Encyclopedia to the Cinema of the Fantastic , or , Is There a Mad Doctor in the House ? . Pacifica , California : Creatures at Large Press . ISBN 0 - 940064 - 08 - 1 . Stringer , Julian ( 2003 ) . Movie Blockbusters . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 25608 - 7 . Taylor , Matt ( 2012 ) . Jaws : Memories from Martha 's Vineyard . London : Titan Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78116 - 302 - 3 . Turner , Graeme ( 1999 ) . Film as Social Practice . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21595 - 1 . Wyatt , Justin ( 1994 ) . High Concept : Movies and Marketing in Hollywood . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 79091 - 0 . Wyatt , Justin ( 1998 ) . `` From Roadshowing to Saturation Release : Majors , Independents , and Marketing / Distribution Innovations '' . In Lewis , Jon . The New American Cinema . Durham , North Carolina : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 2115 - 7 . Yewdall , David Lewis ( 2011 ) . Practical Art of Motion Picture Sound . Waltham , Massachusetts : Focal Press . ISBN 0 - 240 - 81240 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jaws Jaws at DMOZ Jaws at Filmsite.org Jaws on IMDb Jaws at the TCM Movie Database Jaws at AllMovie Jaws at Box Office Mojo Jaws at Metacritic Jaws at Rotten Tomatoes Jaws Peter Benchley Books Jaws ( 1974 ) Films Jaws ( 1975 ) Jaws 2 ( 1978 ) Jaws 3 - D ( 1983 ) Jaws : The Revenge ( 1987 ) Video games Shark Jaws Jaws Jaws Unleashed Miscellaneous Soundtrack The Shark Is Still Working White Shark Creature Ride The Game of Jaws Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Frank Mundus Back to the Future Part II Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education VIAF : 228027938 LCCN : n80019727 GND : 4602474 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaws_(film)&oldid=802948095 '' Categories : 1975 films English - language films Sea adventure films 1970s adventure films 1970s thriller films American adventure films American disaster films American films American monster movies American thriller films Film scores by John Williams Films about death Films about sharks Films based on American novels Films based on thriller novels Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films produced by David Brown Films produced by Richard D. Zanuck Films set in Massachusetts Films set on beaches Films set on islands Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Massachusetts Films shot in South Australia Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Jaws ( franchise ) Martha 's Vineyard Killer shark films Screenplays by Carl Gottlieb Seafaring films United States National Film Registry films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 14 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where were the beach scenes in jaws filmed
[ "Shot mostly on location on Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts, the film had a troubled production, going over budget and past schedule. As the art department's mechanical sharks suffered many malfunctions, Spielberg decided to mostly suggest the animal's presence, employing an ominous, minimalistic theme created by composer John Williams to indicate the shark's impending appearances. Spielberg and others have compared this suggestive approach to that of classic thriller director Alfred Hitchcock. Universal Pictures gave the film what was then an exceptionally wide release for a major studio picture, over 450 screens, accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign with a heavy emphasis on television spots and tie-in merchandise." ]
[ "Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts" ]
1273508011828090696
Darth Vader
Darth Vader - wikipedia Darth Vader Jump to : navigation , search Darth Vader Anakin Skywalker Star Wars character David Prowse as Darth Vader in The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) First appearance Star Wars : A New Hope ( 1977 ) Created by George Lucas Darth Vader Portrayed by David Prowse ( Episodes IV - VI ) Hayden Christensen ( Episode III ) Gene Bryant ( Episode III ) Spencer Wilding ( Rogue One ) Daniel Naprous ( Rogue One ) Voiced by James Earl Jones ( voice ) Ben Burtt ( vocal effects ) Stunt double Bob Anderson ( Episodes V - VI ; stunts ) In other media Brock Peters ( radio drama ) Scott Lawrence ( video games ) Matt Sloan ( video games ) Anakin Skywalker Portrayed by Jake Lloyd ( Episode I ) Hayden Christensen ( Episodes II - III , Episode VI post-2004 DVD version ) Sebastian Shaw ( Episode VI ) Voiced by Mat Lucas ( Clone Wars ) Matt Lanter ( The Clone Wars , Rebels and Forces of Destiny ) Darth Vader , also known by his birth name Anakin Skywalker , is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . Vader appears in the original film trilogy as a pivotal antagonist whose actions drive the plot , while his past as Anakin Skywalker and the story of his corruption are central to the narrative of the prequel trilogy . The character was created by George Lucas and has been portrayed by numerous actors . His appearances span the first six Star Wars films , as well as Rogue One , and his character is referenced in Star Wars : The Force Awakens . He is also an important character in the Star Wars expanded universe of television series , video games , novels , literature and comic books . Originally a Jedi prophesied to bring balance to the Force , he falls to the dark side of the Force and serves the evil Galactic Empire at the right hand of his Sith master , Emperor Palpatine ( also known as Darth Sidious ) . He is also the father of Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia Organa , secret husband of Padmé Amidala and grandfather of Kylo Ren . Darth Vader has become one of the most iconic villains in popular culture , and has been listed among the greatest villains and fictional characters ever . The American Film Institute listed him as the third greatest movie villain in cinema history on 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains , behind Hannibal Lecter and Norman Bates . However , other critics consider him a tragic hero , citing his original motivations for the greater good before his fall to the dark side . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and development 1.1 Concept and writing 1.2 Design 1.3 Portrayals 2 Appearances 2.1 Featured films 2.1. 1 Original trilogy 2.1. 2 Prequel trilogy 2.1. 2.1 The Clone Wars ( film ) 2.1. 3 Anthology films 2.1. 4 Virtual reality film 2.2 Television series 2.2. 1 The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) 2.2. 2 Rebels ( 2014 ) 2.2. 3 Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) 2.3 Comics 2.4 Star Wars canon literature 2.5 Legends 2.5. 1 Star Wars : Clone Wars microseries 2.5. 2 Literature 2.5. 3 Comics 2.6 Video games 2.7 Other 3 Characteristics 4 Cultural impact 5 Family tree 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Creation and development George Lucas , creator of Darth Vader Concept and writing In the first draft of The Star Wars , tall , grim general `` Darth Vader '' was already close in line with his final depiction , and the protagonist `` Anikin Starkiller '' had a role similar to Luke Skywalker 's as the 16 - year - old son of a respected warrior . After the success of the original Star Wars ( 1977 ) , series creator George Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write the sequel with him . They held story conferences and , by late November 1977 , Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment . The treatment is similar to the final film , except that Vader does not reveal he is Luke 's father . In the first draft that Brackett would write from this , Luke 's father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke . Lucas was disappointed with the script , but Brackett died of cancer before he could discuss it with her . With no writer available , Lucas had to write the next draft himself . In this draft , he made use of a new plot twist : Vader claiming to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the year - long struggles writing the first film . The new plot element of Luke 's parentage had drastic effects on the series . Michael Kaminski argues in his book that it is unlikely that the plot point had ever seriously been considered or even conceived of before 1978 , and that the first film was clearly operating under an alternate storyline where Vader was a separate character from Luke 's father . After writing the second and third drafts in which the plot point was introduced , Lucas reviewed the new backstory he had created : Anakin had been Obi - Wan Kenobi 's brilliant student and had a child named Luke , but was swayed to the dark side by Palpatine . Anakin battled Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was badly wounded , but was then reborn as Vader . Meanwhile , Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Galactic Republic became the tyrannical Galactic Empire and Vader systematically hunted down and killed the Jedi . This change in character would provide a springboard to the `` Tragedy of Darth Vader '' storyline that underlies the prequel trilogy . After deciding to create the prequel trilogy , Lucas indicated the series would be a tragic one depicting Anakin 's fall to the dark side . He also saw that the prequels could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin 's childhood and ended with his death . This was the final step towards turning the film series into a `` saga '' . Darth Vader designers Ralph McQuarrie Brian Muir For the first prequel , Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) , Lucas made Anakin nine years old to make the character 's separation from his mother more poignant . Movie trailers focused on Anakin and a one - sheet poster showing him casting Vader 's shadow informed otherwise unknowing audiences of the character 's eventual fate . The movie ultimately achieved a primary goal of introducing audiences to Anakin . Michael Kaminski , in The Secret History of Star Wars , offers evidence that issues in Anakin 's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes , first revising the opening sequence of the third prequel , Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice , Count Dooku , killed by Anakin as the first act in the latter 's turn towards the dark side . After principal photography was complete in 2003 , Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin 's character , re-writing his entire turn to the dark side ; Anakin 's fall from grace would now be motivated by a desire to save his wife , Padmé Amidala , rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several , including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were plotting to take over the Republic . This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage , and new and revised scenes filmed during pick - ups in 2004 . During production of the Clone Wars TV series , Ahsoka Tano was developed to illustrate how Anakin develops from the brash , undisciplined Padawan apprentice in Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) to the more reserved Jedi Knight in Revenge of the Sith . Clone Wars supervising director and Rebels co-creator Dave Filoni said that giving Anakin responsibility for a Padawan was meant to place the character in a role that forced him to become more cautious and responsible . It would also give him insight into his relationship with Obi - Wan and depict how their relationship matured . Ahsoka and Anakin 's relationship was seen as an essential story arc spanning both the animated film and Clone Wars television series . Filoni began thinking about the final confrontation between Ahsoka and Vader ever since he created Ahsoka ; different iterations had different endings , including one in which Vader kills Ahsoka just as she slashes open his helmet to reveal Anakin 's scarred face . Ahsoka 's presence in Star Wars Rebels was necessary to allow Darth Vader to encounter the show 's lead characters without the latter being `` destroyed '' ; Ahsoka can `` stand toe - to - toe '' with Vader . In Rebels Recon of the episode The Holocrons of Fate , Filoni reveals that he has always felt that one of the reasons for Anakin 's turn to the dark side was the lack of compassion of the Jedi ; in their dedication to selflessness , they `` almost forgot to care '' . Design Ralph McQuarrie incorporated Samurai armour into his conceptual designs for Vader 's costume in 1975 The original design of Darth Vader 's costume did not originally include a helmet . The idea that Vader should wear a breathing apparatus was first proposed by concept artist Ralph McQuarrie during preproduction discussions for Star Wars with George Lucas in 1975 . In an interview with Star Wars Insider Magazine , McQuarrie stated that Lucas 's artistic direction was to portray a malevolent figure in a cape with Samurai armour . `` For Darth Vader , George ( Lucas ) just said he would like to have a very tall , dark fluttering figure that had a spooky feeling like it came in on the wind . '' McQuarrie noted that the script indicated that Vader would travel between spaceships and needed to survive in the vacuum of space , and he proposed that Vader should wear some sort of space suit . Lucas agreed , and McQuarrie combined a full - face breathing mask with a Samurai helmet , thus creating one of the most iconic designs of space fantasy cinema . McQuarrie 's 1975 production painting of Darth Vader engaged in a lightsaber duel with Deak Starkiller ( a character prototype for Luke Skywalker ) depicts Vader wearing black armour , a flowing cape and an elongated , skull - like mask and helmet . Its similarity to the final design of Vader 's costume demonstrates that McQuarrie 's earliest conception of Vader was so successful that very little needed to be changed for production . Working from McQuarrie 's designs , the prop sculptor Brian Muir created the helmet and armour used in the film . The sound of the respirator function of Vader 's mask was created by Ben Burtt using modified recordings of scuba breathing apparatus used by divers . The sound effect is trademarked in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office under Trademark # 77419252 and is officially described in the documentation as `` The sound of rhythmic mechanical human breathing created by breathing through a scuba tank regulator . '' Commentators have often pointed to the influence of Akira Kurosawa 's films such as The Hidden Fortress ( 1958 ) on George Lucas , and Vader 's Samurai - inspired costume design is held up as a significant example of the Japanese influences on Star Wars . Portrayals David Prowse physically portrayed Darth Vader in the original film trilogy . James Earl Jones provided the voice of Darth Vader in the original trilogy and Rogue One . Darth Vader was portrayed by bodybuilder David Prowse in the original film trilogy , and by stunt performer Bob Anderson during the character 's intense lightsaber fight scenes . Lucas originally intended for Orson Welles to voice Vader ( after dismissing using Prowse 's own voice due to his English West Country accent , leading to the rest of the cast nicknaming him `` Darth Farmer '' ) . After deciding that Welles 's voice would be too recognizable , he cast the lesser - known James Earl Jones instead . Jones initially felt his contributions to the films were too small to warrant recognition and his role was uncredited at his request until the release of Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) . When Jones was specifically asked if he had supplied Vader 's voice for Revenge of the Sith -- either newly or from a previous recording -- Jones answered , `` You 'd have to ask Lucas about that . I do n't know '' . Hayden Christensen and Gene Bryant alternately portray Vader in Revenge of the Sith . During the production of Revenge of the Sith , Christensen asked Lucas if a special Vader suit could be constructed to fit his own body , rather than have a different actor don one of the original sets of Vader armor worn by Prowse . Brock Peters provided the voice of Darth Vader in the NPR / USC radio series . Both Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous portrayed Vader in Rogue One ( 2016 ) , with Jones reprising his role as the character 's voice . Vader 's character has also been portrayed in several video games ; in games such as Star Wars : Rebel Assault II : The Hidden Empire and Star Wars : Dark Forces , visual effects artist C. Andrew Nelson appears in short sequences in the Vader costume , voiced by Scott Lawrence . Matt Sloan , who appeared in the YouTube parody Chad Vader , provided the voice of Darth Vader in The Force Unleashed . As a result of his video game appearances , Nelson was cast to appear as Vader in brief sequences inserted into the 1998 special edition of The Empire Strikes Back , in which Vader is seen boarding his shuttle . During production of Return of the Jedi , the casting crew sought an experienced actor for the role of Anakin Skywalker since his death was unquestionably the emotional climax of the film , and Sebastian Shaw was selected for the role . When Shaw arrived at the set for filming , he ran into his friend Ian McDiarmid , the actor playing the Emperor . When McDiarmid asked him what he was doing there , Shaw responded , `` I do n't know , dear boy , I think it 's something to do with science - fiction . '' His presence during the filming was kept secret from all but the minimum cast and crew , and Shaw was contractually obliged not to discuss any film secrets with anyone , even his family . The unmasking scene , directed by Richard Marquand , was filmed in one day and required only a few takes , with no alteration from the original dialogue . Lucas personally directed Shaw for his appearance in the final scene of the film , in which he is a Force Ghost of Anakin . Shaw 's image in this scene was replaced with that of Christensen in the 2004 DVD release . This last attempt to tie the prequel and original trilogies together proved to be possibly the most controversial change in the Star Wars re-releases . Shaw received more fan mail and autograph requests from Return of the Jedi than he had for any role in the rest of his career . He later reflected that he very much enjoyed his experience filming for Return of the Jedi and expressed particular surprise that an action figure was made of him from the film . When The Phantom Menace was being produced , hundreds of actors were tested for the role of young Anakin before the producers settled on Jake Lloyd who Lucas considered met his requirements of `` a good actor , enthusiastic and very energetic '' . Producer Rick McCallum said that Lloyd was `` smart , mischievous and loves anything mechanical -- just like Anakin . '' During production of Attack of the Clones , casting director Robin Gurland reviewed about 1,500 other candidates for the role of the young adult Anakin before Lucas eventually selected Hayden Christensen for the role . When Revenge of the Sith was being produced , Christensen and Ewan McGregor began rehearsing their climactic lightsaber duel long before Lucas would shoot it . They trained extensively with stunt coordinator Nick Gillard to memorize and perform their duel together . As in the previous two prequel films , McGregor and Christensen performed their own lightsaber fighting scenes without the use of stunt doubles . Anakin has also been voiced by Mat Lucas for the 2003 micro-series Star Wars : Clone Wars , and by Matt Lanter in the CGI animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars , the television series of the same name and for Anakin 's cameos in Star Wars Rebels . For Vader 's appearances in the Star Wars Rebels animated series , James Earl Jones has reprised the voice role . Both Lanter and Jones contributed their voices for the second - season finale of Rebels , at times with identical dialogue spoken by both actors blended together in different ways . Appearances Darth Vader appears in seven of the nine live - action Star Wars films and The Clone Wars animated film and spinoff series . He has a recurring role in Star Wars expanded universe material . Featured films Original trilogy Darth Vader first appears in Star Wars as a ruthless cyborg serving the Galactic Empire . He is tasked , along with Imperial commander Grand Moff Tarkin , with recovering the secret technical plans for the Death Star , which were stolen by the Rebel Alliance . Vader captures and tortures Princess Leia Organa , who has hidden the plans inside the droid R2 - D2 and sent it to find Vader 's former Jedi Master Obi - Wan Kenobi on the planet Tatooine . During Leia 's rescue , Vader kills Obi - Wan in a lightsaber duel . Having placed a tracking device aboard the Millennium Falcon , Vader is able to track down the Rebels ' base on the planet Yavin 4 . During the Rebels ' attack on the Death Star , Vader attempts to shoot down Luke Skywalker 's X-wing fighter , but Han Solo intervenes and sends Vader 's ship spiraling off course , allowing Luke to destroy the Death Star . In The Empire Strikes Back , Vader becomes obsessed with finding Luke and leads the Imperial attack on the Rebel base on Hoth , but the Rebels escape . While conversing with the Emperor , Vader convinces him that Luke would be valuable to the Empire if he could be turned to the dark side of the Force . Vader hires a group of bounty hunters to follow Luke and his friends , and negotiates with Bespin administrator Lando Calrissian to set a trap for them so that Luke will follow them . After Han , Leia , Chewbacca , and C - 3PO arrive , Vader tortures Han , freezes him in carbonite and gives him to bounty hunter Boba Fett . When Luke arrives , Vader defeats Luke in a lightsaber duel , severing his opponent 's hand . Vader then tells Luke that he is his father and asks Luke to help him overthrow the Emperor so they can rule the galaxy together . Horrified , Luke escapes through an air shaft . Vader telepathically tells Luke that it is his destiny to join the dark side . In Return of the Jedi , Vader and the Emperor are supervising the second Death Star 's construction . Unknown to Vader , the Emperor intends to replace him with Luke as his apprentice . Thinking that there is still good in his father , Luke surrenders to Vader in hopes that he can be redeemed . Vader brings Luke to the Emperor onboard the Death Star . While there , the Emperor tempts Luke to join the dark side by appealing to the young Jedi 's fear for his friends , which leads to Vader dueling with Luke once again . Realizing that Leia is Luke 's twin sister , Vader threatens to turn her to the dark side if Luke will not submit . Furious , Luke overpowers Vader and severs his father 's robotic hand . The Emperor orders Luke to kill Vader and take his place . Luke refuses , however , and the Emperor tortures him with Force lightning . Moved by Luke 's pleas for help , Vader throws the Emperor down the Death Star 's reactor core to his death ; he is mortally wounded by the Emperor 's lightning in the process . After asking Luke to remove his mask , the redeemed Anakin Skywalker tells his son that there was good in him after all before he dies . Luke escapes the Death Star with his father 's remains , and ceremonially burns them in a pyre . Anakin 's spirit reunites with those of Obi - Wan and Yoda to watch over Luke and his friends as the Rebels celebrate the Death Star 's destruction and the fall of the Empire . Prequel trilogy Hayden Christensen as Anakin Skywalker in Revenge of the Sith . Anakin first appears in the prequel trilogy in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , which takes place 32 years before the original Star Wars , as a young slave living on the planet Tatooine with his mother Shmi . Anakin was conceived without a father and he can foresee the future . Also a gifted pilot and mechanic , Anakin has built his own protocol droid , C - 3PO . Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn meets Anakin after making an emergency landing on Tatooine . Qui - Gon senses Anakin 's strong connection to the Force and becomes convinced that the boy is the `` Chosen One '' of Jedi prophecy who will bring balance to the Force . After winning his freedom in a podrace , Anakin leaves for Coruscant to be trained as a Jedi , but is forced to leave Shmi behind . During the journey , Anakin forms a bond with Padmé Amidala , the young queen of Naboo . Qui - Gon asks the Jedi Council for permission to train Anakin , but they sense fear in the boy and refuse . Eventually , Anakin helps thwart the Trade Federation 's invasion of Naboo by destroying their command ship . After Qui - Gon is killed in a lightsaber duel with Sith Lord Darth Maul , Obi - Wan promises to train Anakin , with the Council 's reluctant approval . Palpatine later befriends Anakin and tells him that he will watch the boy 's career `` with great interest '' . Anakin is Obi - Wan 's Padawan apprentice in Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , which takes place 10 years after The Phantom Menace . Having rescued Padmé , who is now a senator , from an assassination attempt , Anakin travels with her to Naboo , where they fall in love . Sensing that Shmi is in pain , Anakin travels to Tatooine to rescue her . While there , Anakin learns she was kidnapped by Tusken Raiders . Anakin locates Shmi at the Tusken campsite , where she dies in his arms . Anakin , enraged , massacres the Tuskens and returns to the Lars homestead to bury Shmi . Anakin travels with Padmé to Geonosis to rescue Obi - Wan from Sith Lord Count Dooku , Qui - Gon 's old master and leader of the Separatists , a conspiracy of star systems bent on seceding from the Galactic Republic . Dooku captures them , however , and sentences them to death . However , a cadre of Jedi arrives with the Kaminoan clone army to halt their executions . Obi - Wan and Anakin confront Dooku during the ensuing battle , but the Sith Lord beats them both in a lightsaber duel and severs Anakin 's arm . Yoda intervenes and rescues the Jedi . By the end of the film , Anakin is fitted with a robotic arm and marries Padmé in secret . In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , set three years after Attack of the Clones , Anakin is now a Jedi Knight and a hero of the Clone Wars . He and Obi - Wan lead a mission to rescue Palpatine from Separatist commander General Grievous on board his starship . The Jedi battle Dooku , whom Anakin eventually executes on Palpatine 's command . They rescue Palpatine and return to Coruscant . Anakin reunites with Padmé , who tells him she is pregnant . Anakin has visions of Padmé dying in childbirth and becomes determined to prevent them from coming true . Palpatine tells Anakin that the dark side holds the power to cheat death , and eventually reveals that he is the Sith Lord Darth Sidious , the mastermind of the war . Although Anakin informs Jedi Master Mace Windu of Palpatine 's treachery , he follows Windu to make sure Palpatine is captured alive . When he realizes that Windu is going to kill Palpatine , Anakin intervenes on the Sith Lord 's behalf , allowing Palpatine to kill Windu . Desperate to save Padmé , Anakin pledges himself to the dark side and becomes Palpatine 's Sith apprentice , Darth Vader . On Palpatine 's command , Vader leads a legion of clones to kill everyone at the Jedi Temple and massacres the remaining Separatist leaders hiding on the volcanic planet Mustafar . Padmé confronts Vader and implores him to abandon the dark side , but Vader refuses . Upon witnessing Obi - Wan invited to intervene , Vader accuses his wife of conspiring against him and uses the Force to choke her into unconsciousness . Obi - Wan duels and defeats Vader , severing both of his legs , and leaving him at the bank of a lava river , where he is horribly burned . Palpatine later finds Vader still alive and takes him back to Coruscant , where his apprentice 's mutilated body is covered in the black armored suit first depicted in the original trilogy . Palpatine explains to Vader that he killed Padmé in his rage ; Vader screams in agony , his spirit broken . As the film concludes , Vader supervises the construction of the first Death Star alongside Palpatine and Wilhuff Tarkin . The Clone Wars ( film ) In the 2008 film The Clone Wars , Yoda assigns Ahsoka Tano as Anakin 's Padawan apprentice to teach him a greater sense of responsibility , and Anakin is initially frustrated by this decision . Their early interactions are `` playfully contentious '' , with Anakin calling her `` Snips '' for her `` snippy '' attitude and Ahsoka calling him `` Skyguy '' as a pun on his surname . After earning Anakin 's respect during a dangerous mission , Ahsoka joins him on a quest to rescue Jabba the Hutt 's infant son . Her impetuousness both annoys and endears her to her master , and , by the end of the film , Anakin reveals a newfound affection for his apprentice . Anthology films Vader appears in the first anthology film Rogue One , played by Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous , with James Earl Jones once again voicing the character . In this film , Vader meets with Imperial weapons engineer Orson Krennic , who asks him for an audience with the Emperor regarding the Death Star which Krennic lost command of to Tarkin . Vader refuses , however , and uses the Force to choke him as a way of putting him in his place and orders him to ensure the Death Star project has not been compromised . At the end of the film , Vader boards the disabled Rebel flagship Profundity with a cadre of Imperial stormtroopers and kills several Rebel soldiers as he attempts to recover the plans . However , the Alderaanian blockade runner Tantive IV ( which was docked with the Profundity ) escapes with the plans , setting the stage for the events of A New Hope . Prior to the hallway scene being filmed , during the finale for Rogue One it was planned that Orson Krennic would survive the Death Star 's assault on Scariff and Vader would then murder him for failing to stop the theft of the Death Star plans . However this scene was cut from Rogue One due to the difficulty of explaining how Krennic survived the explosion the Death Star caused . Virtual reality film In the 2015 Star Wars Celebration , it was announced David S. Goyer is helping to develop a virtual reality film based on Darth Vader . It is said that the audience as `` visitor '' will be able to walk , pick up , push and open things , and might even have some effect in the story . Television series The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Anakin is a lead character in all seasons of The Clone Wars . As a Jedi Knight , he goes on several missions with both Obi - Wan and Ahsoka throughout the war . While continuing to teach Ahsoka the ways of the Jedi , Anakin has developed a close bond with her and they take risks to protect or save one another . Some of Anakin 's actions taken out of concern for Ahsoka violate the Jedi code , such as torturing prisoners who may know her location when she goes missing . During the third season , Anakin experiences a vision of his future as Darth Vader . Rebels ( 2014 ) Darth Vader is a recurring character in the first season of Star Wars Rebels , which takes place 14 years after The Clone Wars concludes . Vader leads a squadron of Force - sensitive Imperial Inquisitors who are actively searching for and killing any remaining Jedi and Force - sensitive children . In the second season premiere , Vader discovers that Ahsoka has joined the Rebel Alliance , and the Emperor orders him to hunt her down . During their first confrontation in which Vader wipes out most of Phoenix Squadron 's troops , Ahsoka is overwhelmed to recognize Anakin under `` a layer of hate '' in Darth Vader . Later in the season , Ahsoka has a vision in which Anakin blames her for allowing him to fall to the dark side . Vader makes a brief cameo at the end of `` Shroud of Darkness '' in which he is brought to the Jedi temple on Lothal . In the season finale , Ahsoka duels with her former master inside a Sith Temple , allowing her friends to escape Vader and the temple 's destruction . As the episode concludes , Vader escapes from the temple 's ruins . Filoni said that it was `` an elected decision '' not to feature Vader for the third season . Forces of destiny ( 2017 ) Anakin appears in the episode The Padawan Path . He is voiced again by Matt Lanter . In The Padawan Path , Anakin is waiting along with Yoda in the Jedi temple for Ahsoka , for her ceremony . Comics In 2015 , Marvel released a 25 - issue series called Darth Vader ( 2015 ) , which focused on the title character in the aftermath of the destruction of the Death Star , as well as his life after learning about the existence of his son , the series happens parallel to the comic series Star Wars ( 2015 ) and has a cross-over with it titled Vader Down . The Obi - Wan & Anakin 5 - issue mini-series written by Charles Soule , depicts the lives of both Jedi between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones . At New York Comic Con 2015 , Dan Brooks of StarWars.com held an interview with Soule , who described the story as `` pretty unexplored territory . '' A second series named exactly as the previous series Darth Vader ( 2017 ) , is also written by Charles Soule . It begins moments after Vader wakes up for the first time in his black suit at the end of the film Episode III : Revenge of the Sith . The series will focus on exploring the title character 's reaction to Padme 's death , his adjustment to his mechanical suit , how he creates his red lightsaber , as well as how he hunts Jedi , and the beginning of the Inquisitor program shown in the animated series Star Wars Rebels . Star Wars canon literature Star Wars : Lords of the Sith was one of the first four canon novels to be released in 2014 and 2015 . In Lords of the Sith , Vader and Palpatine find themselves hunted by revolutionaries on the Twi'lek planet Ryloth . Legends In April 2014 , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise . Star Wars : Clone Wars microseries Anakin is a lead character in all three seasons of the Clone Wars microseries , which takes place four months after the conclusion of Attack of the Clones . Anakin becomes a Jedi Knight and is quickly promoted to a General of the Republic 's Clone Army , due in part to Palpatine 's influence . Among other missions , he fights a duel with Dark Jedi Asajj Ventress , helps Obi - Wan capture a Separatist - controlled fortress and rescues Jedi Master Saesee Tiin during a space battle . During the third season , Anakin frees the planet Nelvaan from Separatist control and sees a cryptic vision of his future as Darth Vader . In the season finale , Anakin and Obi - Wan go on a mission to rescue Palpatine from General Grievous , leading to the opening of Revenge of the Sith . Series creator and director Genndy Tartakovsky admitted that he was bothered that Lucasfilm declared Clone Wars non-canon , but said that he was proud of what he did and how much the microseries and the characters influenced later works . Literature Vader is featured prominently in novels set in the Star Wars universe . In the 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye by Alan Dean Foster , Vader meets Luke Skywalker for the first time and engages him in a lightsaber duel that ends with Luke cutting off Vader 's arm and Vader falling into a deep pit . ( In 1999 's Vader 's Quest , however , Vader encounters Luke for the first time after hiring a bounty hunter to find the pilot who destroyed the Death Star . ) Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) reveals that Vader is conflicted about trying to turn his son to the dark side of the Force , and knows deep down that there is still some good in him . Anakin Skywalker 's redeemed spirit appears in The Truce at Bakura ( 1993 ) , set a few days after the end of Return of the Jedi . He appears to Leia , imploring her forgiveness . Leia condemns him for his crimes and exiles him from her life . He promises that he will be there for her when she needs him , and disappears . In Tatooine Ghost ( 2003 ) , Leia learns to forgive her father after learning about his childhood as a slave and his mother 's traumatic death . In The Unifying Force ( 2003 ) , Anakin tells his grandson Jacen Solo to `` stand firm '' in his battle with the Supreme Overlord of the Yuuzhan Vong . Upon the release of the prequel films , the Expanded Universe grew to include novels about Vader 's former life as Anakin Skywalker . Greg Bear 's 2000 novel Rogue Planet and Jude Watson 's Jedi Apprentice and Jedi Quest series chronicle Anakin 's early missions with Obi - Wan , while James Luceno 's 2005 novel Labyrinth of Evil , set during the Clone Wars , depicts Anakin battling Separatist commander General Grievous . In Luceno 's Dark Lord : The Rise of Darth Vader ( 2005 ) , set a few months after the events of Revenge of the Sith , Vader disavows his identity as Anakin Skywalker as he systematically pursues and kills the surviving Jedi and cements his position in the Empire . The novel reveals that Vader plans to eventually overthrow Palpatine and that he betrayed the Jedi because he resented their supposed failure to recognize his power . In The Dark Nest trilogy ( 2005 ) , Luke and Leia uncover old recordings of their parents in R2 - D2 's memory drive ; for the first time , they see their own birth and their mother 's death , as well as their father 's corruption to the dark side . In Bloodlines ( 2006 ) , Han and Leia 's son Jacen - who has himself turned to the dark side - uses the Force to `` watch '' Darth Vader slaughter the children at the Jedi Temple . Vader also appears in a series of tongue - in - cheek children 's books by Jeffrey Brown . In Brown 's series , a somewhat hapless Vader sets out to be a father to a young Luke and Leia , with some scenes directly based on their darker film counterparts ( for example , one scene shows Vader , Luke and Leia at the carbonite freezing chamber on Bespin , with Vader pronouncing the freezer adequate for making ice cream ) . Comics Vader appears in several comic books such as Dark Horse Comics ' Star Wars Tales and Marvel Comics ' Star Wars ( 1977 -- 1986 ) series . Anakin Skywalker is a major character in Dark Horse 's Star Wars : Republic series ( 1998 - 2006 ) . Video games Darth Vader and Anakin Skywalker appear in a variety of video games such as the Lego Star Wars series and the Battlefront series . Vader plays a central role in Star Wars : The Force Unleashed ( 2008 ) . He is a playable character in the first level of the game , where he and his armies invade Kashyyyk to hunt down a Jedi who had survived the Order 's destruction . Vader kills the Jedi and kidnaps the man 's young Force - sensitive son , whom he raises as his secret apprentice , Starkiller . Vader sends Starkiller on various missions throughout the galaxy , with an ultimate goal to assassinate Palpatine so that Vader can rule the galaxy himself . Toward the end of the game , however , it is revealed that Vader is n't planning to overthrow Palpatine at all ; he is merely using his apprentice to expose the Empire 's enemies . At the game 's climax , the player chooses between attacking Palpatine to help his Rebel friends escape the Death Star or killing Vader to become the Emperor 's new apprentice . He also appears in the sequel Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II as the final boss . Other Darth Vader features in the 1981 radio drama adaptation of Star Wars , voiced by the actor Brock Peters . Vader makes his first appearance on the planet Ralltiir , where he treats Princess Leia Organa with suspicion . In later extended scenes , he is heard interrogating and torturing Leia on board his Star Destroyer and aboard the Death Star . Vader appears in Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue , where he is voiced by Jones . Vader is featured as a combatant in the popular series Death Battle , in which he is pitted against Marvel Comics villain Doctor Doom . He loses the fight due to Doom 's superior weaponry and abilities . Characteristics In Attack of the Clones , Anakin Skywalker feels `` smothered '' by Obi - Wan Kenobi and is incapable of controlling his own life . By Revenge of the Sith , however , his `` father - son '' friction with his master has matured into a more equal , brotherly relationship . Once he becomes Darth Vader , each evil act he commits shatters any hope or connection towards his previous life , which makes it harder for him to return to the light , but he ultimately escapes the dark side and redeems himself by sacrificing his life to save his son , Luke Skywalker , and kill the Emperor in Return of the Jedi . Eric Bui , a psychiatrist at University of Toulouse Hospital , argued at the 2007 American Psychiatric Association convention that Anakin Skywalker meets six of the nine diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder ( BPD ) , one more than necessary for a diagnosis . He and a colleague , Rachel Rodgers , published their findings in a 2010 letter to the editor of the journal Psychiatry Research . Bui says he found Anakin Skywalker a useful example to explain BPD to medical students . In particular , Bui points to Anakin 's abandonment issues and uncertainty over his identity . Anakin 's mass murders of the Tusken Raiders in Attack of the Clones and the young Jedi in Revenge of the Sith count as two dissociative episodes , fulfilling another criterion . Bui hoped his paper would help raise awareness of the disorder , especially among teens . Cultural impact See also : Cultural impact of Star Wars Fan cosplay of Darth Vader is frequently seen at Star Wars events Darth Vader features in a wide range of merchandise , toys and spin - off products The Darth Vader Grotesque sculpted into the Washington National Cathedral Darth Vader 's iconic status has made the character a synonym for evil in popular culture ; psychiatrists have even considered him as a useful example to explain borderline personality disorder to medical students . Anakin 's origin story in The Phantom Menace has been compared to signifiers of African American racial identity , and his dissatisfaction with his life has been compared to Siddartha 's before he became Gautama Buddha . A Mexican church advised Christians against seeing The Phantom Menace because it portrays Anakin as a Christ figure . The slime - mold beetle Agathidium vaderi is named after Vader , and several buildings across the globe are regularly compared to him . A grotesque of Darth Vader looms over the east face of the Washington National Cathedral 's northwest tower . During the 2007 -- 08 NHL season , Ottawa Senators goaltender Martin Gerber performed so well in an all - black mask that fans endearingly termed him `` Darth Gerber '' . In 2015 , a statue of Vladimir Lenin in Odessa , Ukraine , was converted into one of Darth Vader due to a law on decommunization . Many commentators and comedians have also evoked his visage to satirize politicians and other public figures , and several American political figures have been unflatteringly compared to the character , including General George Custer , the subject of the acrylic painting Darth Custer by Native American artist Bunky Echohawk . In 2005 , Al Gore referred to Tele - Communications Inc. 's John C. Malone as the `` Darth Vader of cable '' , and political strategist Lee Atwater was known by his political enemies as `` the Darth Vader of the Republican Party '' . On June 22 , 2006 , US Vice President Dick Cheney referred to himself as the Darth Vader of the Bush administration . Discussing the administration 's philosophy on gathering intelligence , he said to CNN 's John King , `` It means we need to be able to go after and capture or kill those people who are trying to kill Americans . That 's not a pleasant business . It 's a very serious business . And I suppose , sometimes , people look at my demeanor and say , ' Well , he 's the Darth Vader of the administration . ' '' Jon Stewart put on a Darth Vader helmet to address Dick Cheney as a `` kindred spirit '' on The Daily Show on January 25 , 2007 . Cheney 's wife , Lynne , presented Stewart with a Darth Vader action figure on her appearance on the show on October 10 , 2007 . Both Stewart and Stephen Colbert have occasionally referred to Cheney as `` Darth Cheney '' . In the satirical cartoon show Lil ' Bush , Dick Cheney 's father is portrayed as being Darth Vader . At her presidential campaign event on September 19 , 2007 , Hillary Clinton also referred to Cheney as Darth Vader . At the 2008 Washington Radio and Television Correspondents ' Association Dinner , Cheney joked that his wife Lynne told him that the Vader comparison `` humanizes '' him . George Lucas told The New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd , however , that Cheney is more akin to Emperor Palpatine , and that a better stand - in for Vader would be George W. Bush . An issue of Newsweek referenced this quote , and compared Bush and Cheney to Vader and Palpatine , respectively , in a satirical article comparing politicians to various Star Wars and Star Trek characters . Many films and television series have paid homage to Darth Vader . Marty McFly in Back to the Future ( 1985 ) , dressed in a radiation suit , calls himself `` Darth Vader from the planet Vulcan '' to convince the past version of his father to ask his mother to a dance . Rick Moranis plays `` Dark Helmet '' in the Star Wars parody Spaceballs ( 1987 ) . In Chasing Amy ( 1997 ) , Hooper X speaks at a comic convention about Darth Vader being a metaphor for how poorly the science fiction genre treats black people ; he is especially offended that Vader , the `` blackest brother in the galaxy '' , reveals himself to be a `` feeble , crusty old white man '' at the end of Return of the Jedi . The character was also parodied in the Nickelodeon cartoon Rocko 's Modern Life in the episode `` Teed Off '' . On another Nickelodeon cartoon , Jimmy Neutron , Darth Vader 's infamous line , `` I am your father '' , was interpolated in the mini-episode `` New Dog , Old Tricks '' . The line was also alluded to in Toy Story , a film franchise also owned by Disney . The character has gained much positive reception as a classic film villain . Darth Vader ranked number two on Empire magazine 's 2008 list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters . Premiere magazine also ranked Vader on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time . On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters , Fandomania.com ranked Vader at number 6 . Darth Vader was also the No. 1 supervillain on the Bravo series Ultimate Super Heroes , Vixens and Villains . Darth Vader was also ranked as No. 1 in IGN 's list of top 100 Star Wars characters . Furthermore , Darth Vader 's quote in The Empire Strikes Back -- `` No , I am your father '' ( often misquoted as `` Luke , I am your father '' ) , -- is one of the most well known quotes in cinema history . The line was selected as one of the 400 nominees for the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes , a list of the greatest American movie quotes . Vader received the Ultimate Villain recognition at the 2011 Scream Awards . In 2010 , IGN ranked Darth Vader 25th in the `` Top 100 Videogames Villains '' . In Ukraine , the Internet Party of Ukraine regularly lets people named Darth Vader take part in elections . Family tree Main article : Skywalker family ( hide ) Skywalker family tree Aika Lars Cliegg Lars Shmi Skywalker Jobal Naberrie Ruwee Naberrie Beru Whitesun Owen Lars Anakin Skywalker Padmé Amidala Bail Organa Breha Organa Luke Skywalker Leia Organa Han Solo Ben Solo References : Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padmé Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . Notes Jump up ^ Two men named Darth Vader were candidates at the 25 May 2014 Kiev mayoral election and the Odessa mayoral election of the same day . A man named Darth Vader earlier had submitted documents to be registered as a presidential candidate in the 25 May 2014 Ukrainian presidential election ; but his registration was refused because his real identity could not be verified . In the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election Darth Vader and Star Wars characters such as Chewbacca , Princess Amidala and Yoda ran for seats in the Ukrainian parliament . Candidates named Darth Vader reappeared in the 2015 Ukrainian local elections . References Notes ^ Jump up to : Britt , Ryan ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` The Most Menacing Figures Who Played Darth Vader '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : DiGiacomo , Frank . `` The Game Has Changed '' . The Hive . Archived from the original on 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2005 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Helinski , Keith . `` '' Revenge '' Is Just Too Sweet Archived January 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. `` , moviefreak.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Winzler , Jonathan W . `` The Making of Star Wars : Revenge of the Sith ( Star Wars ) '' , Powell 's Books , April 2005 . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Mark . `` What is the `` Dark Side '' and Why Do Some People Choose It ? `` , Ludwig von Mises Institute , May 13 , 2005 . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Darth Vader - # 1 Top 100 Villains - IGN '' . IGN . IGN . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Darth Vader Is The Best Villain Ever '' . Comicbook.com . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Psyche of Anakin Skywalker '' . The Weekly Geek . WordPress . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` tragic hero : Anakin Skywalker from Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) '' . Filmsmarts.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vader , Darth '' . Databank . Lucasfilm . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Skywalker , Anakin '' . Databank . Lucasfilm . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Biodrowski , Steve . `` Star Wars : The Original Trilogy -- Then And Now '' . Hollywood Gothique . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( Bouzereau 1997 , p. 144 ) Jump up ^ The Empire Strikes Back ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2004 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2008 , pp. 120 -- 121 Jump up ^ Kaminski 2008 , pp. 164 -- 165 Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Kasdan '' . Star Wars . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2008 , pp. 299 -- 300 Jump up ^ Bowen 2005 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Kaminski 2008 , pp. 380 -- 384 Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode III Revenge of the Sith documentary `` Within a Minute '' ( DVD documentary ) . 2005 . Jump up ^ TV Guide Article August 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ Minkel , JR ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` When Clones Attack : Q&A with Clone Wars Director David Filoni '' . Scientific American . Springer Nature . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` From Apprentice to Adversary : Vader vs. Ahsoka featurette '' from Star Wars Rebels season 2 Blu - ray . Preview clip including line available via http://m.ign.com/articles/2016/08/26/star-wars-rebels-blu-ray-clip-explores-the-darth-vader-vs-ahsoka-tano-duel . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Dan ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Fates Fulfilled : Dave Filoni Reflects on Star Wars Rebels Season Two , Part 1 '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Art That Inspired Ahsoka and Darth Vader 's Epic Duel in Star Wars Rebels '' . io9.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Ed ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Dave Filoni talks Rebels as well as Rogue One connections '' . Empire . Bauer Consumer Media . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rebels Recon # 3.02 : Inside `` The Holocrons of Fate '' Star Wars Rebels `` . YouTube . October 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Casey , Dan ( 2015 ) . `` 64 . Ralph McQuarrie , the Conceptual Mastermind '' . 100 Things Star Wars Fans Should Know & Do Before They Die . Triumph Books . ISBN 9781633193451 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Old Master : Ralph McQuarrie on Designing Star Wars '' . Star Wars Insider ( 76 ) . June 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph McQuarrie 's Most Memorable Masterpieces StarWars.com '' . StarWars.com. 16 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sculpting the Sith : An interview with Brian Muir '' . Star Wars Insider ( 116 ) . 24 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Insider Excerpt : Vader Sculptor Brian Muir Archived August 9 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , StarWars.com , March 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ Burtt , J.W. Rinzler ; introduction by Ben ( 2010 ) . Star Wars sounds . London : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9780857200761 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Terry ( 5 January 2017 ) . `` The Crazy World of Trademarks '' . Under the Influence . CBC Radio . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Understanding The Japanese Influences Behind ' Star Wars ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British Darth Vader fighter dies aged 89 '' . BBC News . 2 January 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Lucas , George ( writer / director ) . ( 2004 ) . DVD commentary for Star Wars : Episode IV - A New Hope . ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy . Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary . ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Russo , Tom . `` The Force Was n't With Them '' . Premiere . Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S. Archived from the original on May 8 , 2006 . Retrieved October 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` Fast Chat : James Earl Jones '' . Newsday . New York . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Star Wars Trilogy ( Bonus Material ) ( Episode III Preview : The Return of Darth Vader ) ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . 2004 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zac ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Darth Vader Confirmed to Appear in Rogue One : A Star Wars Story : All the Details '' . E ! News Australia . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- Lucas Made Vader Suit Extra Awkward '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : Darth Vader storms Rhyl for Star Wars showing '' . BBC Wales . December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . While the actor has the body role , just like his predecessor in the original Star Wars films David Prowse , the voice of Lord Vader is actor James Earl Jones . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Exclusive : Rogue One 's Darth Vader casting revealed '' . Flickering Myth . ^ Jump up to : Pirani , Adam . `` Sebastian Shaw : The Return of Anakin Skywalker , '' Starlog , July 1987 , Vol. 11 , Iss. 120 , pg. 56 -- 57 , + 96 . Jump up ^ Chernoff , Scott . `` Ian McDiarmid : An Interview with the Emperor . '' Star Wars Insider , iss. 37 , April / May 1998 , pg. 33 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Derek . `` Star Wars fans , DVD , and cultural ownership : an interview with Will Brooker ; Interview , '' Velvet Light Trap , 22 September 2005 , pg. 36 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Anakin 's fans strike back , '' Chicago Sun - Times , 1 May 2005 , Sunday Showcase ( section ) , pg. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode I Production Notes : The Actors and Characters -- Part I '' . StarWars.com . May 1 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2004 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode I Production Notes : The Actors and Characters -- Part II '' . StarWars.com . May 1 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Man ( Literally ) Behind C - 3PO '' . StarWars.com . November 2 , 1999 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Gurland -- Do n't Call Her ; She 'll Call You '' . Star Wars . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode III Revenge of the Sith DVD documentary It 's All for Real : The Stunts of Episode III , ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` James Earl Jones to Voice Darth Vader in Star Wars : Rebels ' Premiere on ABC ! '' Star Wars Episode VII News , October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Earl Jones confirmed as Darth Vader '' Blastr , April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ahsoka 's Untold Tales Panel Star Wars Celebration Europe 2016 '' . YouTube . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Houghton ( 4 May 2016 ) . `` George Lucas nearly wrote a perfect prequel trilogy . He just did n't notice '' . Gamesradar . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Ward , Jason ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Spencer Wilding to play Darth Vader in Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ? '' . MakingStarWars.net . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Tom ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : Why it took multiple actors to play Darth Vader ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Darth Vader to return for ' Star Wars ' stand - alone film ' Rogue One ' : Exclusive details '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Darth Vader Killed Krennic In Rouge One 's Original Ending '' . Slashfilm.com . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Wars film based on Darth Vader is on the way '' . Independent.co.uk . July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Lauren ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Why Ahsoka Tano Is the Best Thing to Happen to Star Wars in 20 Years '' . io9 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Week in The Clone Wars : Anakin Meets Darth Vader '' . Wired . February 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Everything You Need To Know About Star Wars Rebels '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Dave Filoni Talks ' Star Wars Rebels ' Season 3 '' . p. 2 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars highlights female heroes in Forces of Destiny -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Darth Vader ( 2015 -- present ) Comics '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( 2015 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Star Wars Delivers Huge Change for Han Solo '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Vader Down # 1 Review '' . Ign.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Dan ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Obi - Wan & Anakin Interview with Charles Soule '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Marvel 's New Darth Vader Series , We Will See the Sith Lord 's Rise , the Construction of His Lightsaber , and More - StarWars.com '' . Starwars.com . March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keane , Sean ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` REVIEW : Star Wars : Lords of the Sith throws Darth Vader and the Emperor onto the battlefield '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 9 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Lords of the Sith Review '' . IGN . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Genndy Tartakovsky , ' Hotel Transylvania ' Director , On The Disappearance of His Version Of ' Star Wars : Clone Wars ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goodnight Darth Vader By Jeffrey Brown -- Exclusive Reveal '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McKinney , Daniel Wallace ; original illustrations by Brandon ; Kolins , Scott ( 1998 ) . Star wars : the essential guide to planets and moons ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Ballantine Pub . Group . p. 157 . ISBN 9780345420688 . Jump up ^ `` Listening to Star Wars : Part III -- Future of the Force '' . Future of the Force . 15 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` That Time NPR Turned ' Star Wars ' Into A Radio Drama -- And It Actually Worked '' . NPR.org . Archived from the original on 11 July 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Bortolin 2005 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Kapell , Matthew ; John Shelton Lawrence ( 2006 ) . Finding the force of the Star wars franchise : fans , merchandise , & critics . Peter Lang . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 8808 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bortolin 2005 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Bortolin 2005 , p. x ^ Jump up to : Hsu , Jeremy ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` The Psychology of Darth Vader Revealed '' . LiveScience . TopTenReviews . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nama , Adilifu ( 2008 ) . Black space : imagining race in science fiction film . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71745 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bortolin 2005 , p. xiii Jump up ^ Bowen 2005 , p. 97 Jump up ^ `` Bush , Cheney and Rumsfeld are now species of slime - mold beetles -- but strictly in homage '' . Cornell News . Cornell University . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` An architectural Star Wars clash at Sierra Point '' , San Francisco Chronicle , News Page 4 , April 17 , 1986 Jump up ^ Property Values Reduced , Sun Sentinel , October 27 , 1991 Jump up ^ Egan , Timothy ( June 29 , 1986 ) . `` Focus : Seattle ; Creating An Office Empire '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` the bell awards -- Tom Graff ( interview ) '' . Belltown Messenger . June 2007 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2007 . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Search - panels - Dayout New Zealand '' . Dayout.co.nz . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brendan ( July 11 , 2008 ) . `` Wayward Wellingtonians : Grand Canyon Scale for Wellingtonians '' . Wayward-wellingtonians.blogspot.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Darth Vader '' . Washington National Cathedral . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sens ' Gerber has new mask , new outlook on season '' . The Sports Network . 24 September 2008 . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Worland , Justin ( October 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ukrainian Lenin Statue Turned into Darth Vader '' . Time . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steele , Robin ( October 5 , 2007 ) . `` Bunky Echo - Hawk takes the stage with live painting '' . The Brown Daily Herald . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gunther , Marc ( August 22 , 2005 ) . `` Al Gore Battles Old Cable Demons '' . CNN . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harvey Leroy `` Lee '' Atwater , was a Republican political consultant `` . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Transcripts '' . The Situation Room . CNN . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Show : Cheney Camera 3 '' . Comedy Central . January 25 , 2007 . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen ( April 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Aura of Arugulance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' vs. ' Star Trek ' '' . Newsweek . Vol. 153 no . 18 . May 4 , 2009 . pp. 54 -- 55 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western Animation : Rocko 's Modern Life '' . TV Tropes . TV Tropes . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius > Season 1 > Episode 1 > New Dog , Old Tricks '' . TV.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story references to the Star Wars films '' . In a far away Galaxy . December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Premiere Magazine 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Fictional Characters '' . Fandomania.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Super Heroes , Vixens and Villains Episode Guide 2005 -- Ultimate Super Villains '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Darth Vader / Anakin Skywalker is No. 1 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael French ( 2003 ) . `` The Common Concept of In '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` George Lucas Makes Surprise Appearance at Spike TV Scream Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Darth Vader is number 25 '' . IGN.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Darth Vader Is Running for Prime Minister of Ukraine , Vowing to Take on Putin '' . Newsweek. 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kyiv Election Commission Registers Darth Vader As Candidate For Kyiv Mayor '' . Ukrainian News Agency . 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in Ukrainian ) Darth Vader candidate for mayor of Odesa , Espreso TV ( 1 May 2014 ) Jump up ^ Tsushko to compete for post of Odesa mayor , Interfax - Ukraine ( 29 March 2014 ) Jump up ^ Ukraine 's Darth Vader presidency bid rejected Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Euronews ( 4 April 2014 ) Jump up ^ Momtaz , Rym ; Jovanovic , Dragana ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` Pro-Western Parties , Not Darth Vader , Set to Win Ukrainian Elections '' . ABC News . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Geraldine ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` Ukraine 's Darth Vader candidate denied vote after refusing to remove mask '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Darth Alekseyevich Vader , an official candidate in Ukraine 's parliamentary elections , is turned away from a Kiev polling station after refusing to remove his mask Jump up ^ Putin headed for victory in Odesa as Darth Vader clouds farcical election , Ukraine Today ( 23 October 2015 ) Bibliography Bortolin , Matthew ( 2005 ) . The Dharma of Star Wars . Wisdom Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86171 - 497 - 1 . Bowen , Jonathan L. ( 2005 ) . Anticipation : The Real Life Story of Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace . iUniverse . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 34732 - 2 . Kaminski , Michael ( 2008 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars . Legacy Works Press . ISBN 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 7 . Further reading Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Novelization , 1st edition paperback , 1999 . Terry Brooks , George Lucas Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones Novelization , 2003 . R.A. Salvatore , ISBN 0 - 345 - 42882 - X Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Novelization , 1st edition hardcover , 2005 . Matthew Woodring Stover , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 8427 - 1 The New Essential Guide to Characters , 1st edition , 2002 . Daniel Wallace , Michael Sutfin , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 Vader : The Ultimate Guide , 2005 . Star Wars : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1998 . Dr. David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 3481 - 4 Star Wars : The Phantom Menace : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1999 . Dr. David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 4701 - 0 Star Wars : Attack of the Clones : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2002 . Dr. David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8588 - 5 Star Wars : Revenge of the Sith : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2005 . James Luceno , ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1128 - 8 `` Darth Vader in Games : A Visual History '' . IGN . October 28 , 2010 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Darth Vader Wikimedia Commons has media related to Darth Vader . Darth Vader in the StarWars.com Databank Anakin Skywalker in the StarWars.com Databank Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Darth Vader on IMDb Darth Vader on Encyclopædia Britannica Star Wars characters List of The Clone Wars characters List of Rebels characters List of Legends characters Characters Canon Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous Jabba the Hutt General Hux Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Obi - Wan Kenobi Orson Krennic Princess Leia Darth Maul Nien Nunb Bink Otauna Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Darth Vader Asajj Ventress Iden Versio Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Legends Mara Jade Kyle Katarn KOTOR characters HK - 47 Kreia Revan Starkiller Jacen Solo Organizations Force - users Jedi Sith Military Battle droid Clone trooper Stormtrooper Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker family Solo family Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Species Bantha Ewok Hutt Sarlacc Tusken Raiders Wookiees Other Droid Mandalorian The Clone Wars Media Film Episodes `` Hostage Crisis '' `` R2 Come Home / Lethal Trackdown '' `` The Gathering '' Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( 2014 , comic ) Dark Disciple ( 2016 , novel ) Original characters Cad Bane Saw Gerrera Captain Rex Ahsoka Tano Asajj Ventress Star Wars Rebels Media Episodes A New Dawn ( 2014 , novel ) Thrawn ( 2017 , novel ) Characters Kanan Jarrus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darth_Vader&oldid=817993205 '' Categories : Darth Vader Child characters in film Fantasy television characters Fictional amputees Fictional assassins Fictional characters introduced in 1977 Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional characters with precognition Fictional child killers Fictional kidnappers Fictional commanders Fictional cyborgs Fictional lords and ladies Fictional mass murderers Fictional telekinetics Fictional telepaths Fictional torturers Sith Star Wars characters Teenage characters in film Borderline personality disorder in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Ukrainian - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2011 Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 21 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played darth vader in star wars 4
[ "\n\nDarth Vader\nAnakin Skywalker\n\n\nStar Wars character\n\n\n\nDavid Prowse as Darth Vader\nin The Empire Strikes Back (1980)\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nStar Wars: A New Hope (1977)\n\n\nCreated by\nGeorge Lucas\n\n\nDarth Vader\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nDavid Prowse (Episodes IV-VI)\nHayden Christensen (Episode III)\nGene Bryant (Episode III)\nSpencer Wilding (Rogue One)\nDaniel Naprous (Rogue One)\n\n\n\n\n\nVoiced by\n\n\n\nJames Earl Jones (voice)\nBen Burtt (vocal effects)\n\n\n\n\n\nStunt double\n\n\n\nBob Anderson (Episodes V-VI; stunts)[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nIn other media\n\n\n\nBrock Peters (radio drama)\nScott Lawrence (video games)[1]\nMatt Sloan (video games)[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nAnakin Skywalker\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nJake Lloyd (Episode I)\nHayden Christensen (Episodes II-III, Episode VI post-2004 DVD version)\nSebastian Shaw (Episode VI)\n\n\n\n\n\nVoiced by\n\n\n\nMat Lucas (Clone Wars)\nMatt Lanter (The Clone Wars, Rebels and Forces of Destiny)\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "David Prowse" ]
8627015679907988944
List of countries by forest area
List of countries by forest area - wikipedia List of countries by forest area Jump to : navigation , search This graph depicts trends in changes in global forest cover annually for various regions and sub-regions . This article is a list of places by forest area . Types of places listed include the entire planet , continents , regions , countries , provinces , states , and territories . Percentage data was calculated using information from the CIA 's World Factbook 2011 . Contents 1 Planet , continents and regions 2 Countries 3 Provinces , states and territories 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Planet , continents and regions ( edit ) Region Land area ( km ) Source % Forest World 39,000,000 26.19 % Polar regions 13,800,000 Latin America and the Caribbean 9,640,000 45.67 % East Asia and the Pacific 7,332,000 35.18 % Africa 6,500,000 21.80 % Canada and the United States 3,680,000 26.00 % European Union 1,600,000 35.00 % Australia 1,470,832 19.00 % India 802,088 23.68 % West Asia 36,600 01.00 % Countries ( edit ) Choropleth map of forest area by country , compiled from data in this table . Rank Country Land area ( km ) Source % Forest Russia 8,149,300 49.40 % Canada 4,916,438 49.24 % Brazil 4,776,980 56.10 % United States 3,100,950 33.84 % 5 China 2,083,210 21.83 % 6 Australia 1,470,832 19.90 % 7 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,172,704 50.00 % 8 Argentina 945,336 34.00 % 9 Indonesia 884,950 46.46 % 10 India 802,088 23.68 % 11 Mexico 710,000 36.50 % 12 Peru 687,420 53.49 % 13 Sudan 675,460 26.96 % 14 Mozambique 620,000 78.00 % 15 Colombia 607,280 53.32 % 16 Angola 591,040 47.41 % 17 Bolivia 587,400 53.47 % 18 Venezuela 471,378 51.68 % 19 Myanmar 430,560 63.64 % 20 Zambia 376,309 50.00 % 21 Tanzania 352,570 37.22 % 22 Sudan 327,909 17.62 % 23 Papua New Guinea 294,370 63.60 % 24 Sweden 280,730 68.95 % 25 Zimbabwe 259,267 66.35 % 26 Japan 253,203 67.00 % 27 France 246,640 36.76 % 28 Finland 233,320 72.00 % 29 Central African Republic 227,550 36.53 % 30 Gabon 227,517 85.00 % 31 Republic of the Congo 224,710 65.70 % 32 Turkey 216,781 27.60 % 33 Cameroon 212,450 44.68 % 34 Malaysia 195,200 59.50 % 35 Paraguay 184,750 45.42 % 36 Spain 184,180 36.70 % 37 Laos 170,000 71.60 % 38 Chile 158,781 21.00 % 39 Guyana 151,040 70.26 % 40 South Sudan 148,196 23.00 % 41 Suriname 147,760 90.20 % 42 Thailand 147,620 29.00 % 43 Madagascar 128,380 21.87 % 44 Mali 125,720 10.14 % 45 Vietnam 123,000 37.14 % 46 Norway 121,120 37.42 % 47 Botswana 119,430 20.53 % 48 Chad 119,210 09.28 % 49 Ecuador 115,510 42.00 % 50 Germany 114,190 32.00 % 51 Niger 112,000 08.00 % 52 Morocco 111,325 15.66 % 53 Nigeria 110,890 12.00 % 54 Iran 110,750 06.72 % 55 Guatemala 108,894 51.00 % 56 Italy 106,736 35.00 % 57 Ukraine 105,000 17.00 % 58 Mongolia 102,520 06.55 % 59 Cambodia 93,350 51.56 % 60 Poland 90,000 28.80 % 61 South Africa 89,170 07.31 % 62 Senegal 86,730 44.09 % 63 New Zealand 85,424 31.87 % 64 Belarus 80,334 38.60 % 65 Namibia 76,610 09.29 % 66 North Korea 76,240 73.00 % 67 Philippines 71,620 23.87 % 68 Somalia 71,310 11.18 % 69 Romania 69,610 29.02 % 70 Burkina Faso 67,940 24.78 % 71 Honduras 67,254 60.00 % 72 Guinea 67,240 27.35 % 73 South Korea 63,346 63.20 % 74 Benin 61,860 54.93 % 75 Kazakhstan 54,498 02.00 % 76 Nicaragua 51,890 39.80 % 77 Uganda 50,000 20.74 % 78 Panama 42,940 56.93 % 79 Pakistan 42,240 05.31 % 80 Algeria 42,000 01.70 % 81 Turkmenistan 41,270 08.46 % 82 Austria 39,600 47.20 % 83 Ethiopia 39,313 03.56 % 84 Greece 37,520 28.43 % 85 Nepal 36,360 24.70 % 86 Bulgaria 36,250 32.69 % 87 Malawi 33,176 28.00 % 88 Portugal 31,820 34.80 % 89 Liberia 31,540 28.32 % 90 Côte d'Ivoire 30,000 09.30 % 91 Latvia 28,807 60.00 % 92 United Kingdom 28,650 11.76 % 93 Georgia 28,577 41.00 % 94 Sierra Leone 27,540 38.39 % 95 Serbia 27,200 31.13 % 96 Cuba 27,130 24.47 % 97 Saudi Arabia 27,000 01.26 % 98 Czech Republic 26,000 34.00 % 99 Bosnia and Herzegovina 25,599 53.00 % 100 Croatia 24,901 44.00 % 101 Bhutan 24,764 64.50 % 102 Ghana 24,600 10.20 % 103 Estonia 23,066 61.00 % 104 Solomon Islands 22,534 to 23,117 78.00 to 80.00 % 105 Taiwan 21,588 60.00 % 106 Lithuania 21,223 33.00 % 107 Hungary 20,990 23.00 % 108 Guinea - Bissau 20,720 57.36 % 109 Tunisia 20,615 12.60 % 110 Costa Rica 20,440 40.00 % 111 Slovakia 20,006 40.80 % 112 Uzbekistan 19,690 04.40 % 113 Sri Lanka 19,330 29.46 % 114 Belize 16,530 71.98 % 115 Equatorial Guinea 16,320 58.18 % 116 Eritrea 15,540 13.21 % 117 Dominican Republic 13,384 27.50 % 118 Kenya 13,200 02.27 % 119 Oman 13,050 04.22 % 120 Slovenia 12,574 60.00 % 121 Switzerland 12,540 31.80 % 122 Azerbaijan 11,400 13.17 % 123 Macedonia 10,285 40.00 % 124 Fiji 10,000 54.72 % 125 Bangladesh 8,710 06.05 % 126 Kyrgyzstan 8,690 04.35 % 127 Iraq 8,220 01.88 % 128 Togo 8,000 14.00 % 129 Timor - Leste 7,980 53.65 % 130 Albania 7,716 26.84 % 131 Ireland 7,540 11.07 % 132 Uruguay 7,000 04.00 % 133 Belgium 6,834 22.38 % 134 Montenegro 6,252 45.26 % 135 Denmark 6,120 14.20 % 136 Bahamas 5,150 51.45 % 137 Gambia 4,857 43.00 % 138 Syria 4,610 02.49 % 139 Yemen 4,490 00.85 % 140 Vanuatu 4,470 36.67 % 141 Tajikistan 4,100 02.87 % 142 Netherlands 3,650 08.79 % 143 Jamaica 3,308 30.10 % 144 Moldova 3,290 09.72 % 145 Rwanda 3,161 12.00 % 146 United Arab Emirates 3,120 03.73 % 147 El Salvador 2,980 14.16 % 148 Armenia 2,974 10.00 % 149 Brunei 2,780 48.22 % 150 Mauritania 2,670 00.26 % 151 Trinidad and Tobago 2,260 44.07 % 152 Libya 2,170 00.12 % 153 Iceland 1,930 02.00 % 154 Cyprus 1,740 18.81 % 155 Afghanistan 1,631 00.25 % 156 Israel 1,600 07.00 % 157 Lebanon 1,383 13.30 % 158 Burundi 1,270 04.50 % 159 Samoa 1,050 37.00 % 160 Jordan 893 01.00 % 161 Luxembourg 870 33.64 % 162 Cape Verde 840 20.83 % 163 Egypt 670 00.07 % 164 Micronesia 630 89.74 % 165 Mauritius 612 30.00 % 166 Dominica 488 65.00 % 167 Haiti 8,300 30.00 % 168 Seychelles 407 89.45 % 169 Palau 400 87.15 % 170 Sao Tome and Principe 270 28.01 % 171 Swaziland 174 01.00 % 172 Saint Lucia 170 27.60 % 173 Andorra 160 34.19 % 174 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 127 32.56 % 175 Antigua and Barbuda 90 21.00 % 176 Palestine 90 01.45 % 177 Lesotho 80 00.26 % 178 Liechtenstein 70 43.75 % 179 Djibouti 60 00.26 % 180 Kuwait 60 00.34 % 181 Comoros 50 02.24 % 182 Saint Kitts and Nevis 50 19.16 % 183 Grenada 40 11.63 % 184 Tonga 40 05.35 % 185 Tuvalu 23 89.12 % 186 Barbados 20 04.65 % 187 Kiribati 20 02.47 % 188 Singapore 20 03.00 % 189 Maldives 10 03.56 % 190 Bahrain 5 N / C 00.67 % 191 Malta N / C 00.95 % 192 San Marino N / C 01.64 % 193 Qatar 0 00.00 % Provinces , states and territories ( edit ) Place Land area ( km ) Source % Forest Krasnoyarsk Krai 1,510,016 63.80 % Sakha Republic 1,500,000 47.00 % Ontario 780,080 85.00 % Quebec 761,100 55.75 % Northwest Territories 570,418 50.00 % British Columbia 566,841 60.00 % Alaska 522,044 30.39 % Nunavut 469,447 25.00 % Manitoba 411,270 75.00 % Alberta 384,049 60.00 % Loreto 365,163 99.00 % Queensland 346,130 20.00 % Saskatchewan 325,419 55.00 % Yukon Territory 260,915 55.00 % Newfoundland and Labrador 243,017 65.00 % France ( Metropolitan ) 170,000 30.95 % New South Wales 96,077 12.00 % French Guiana 83,000 99.00 % Victoria 79,596 35.00 % New Brunswick 60,733 85.00 % Western Australia 50,598 02.00 % Tasmania 44,461 65.00 % Newfoundland 41,440 38.07 % Northern Territory 40,474 03.00 % Nova Scotia 40,004 75.00 % South Australia 29,504 03.00 % Hawaii 13,300 N / C 46.98 % Scotland 13,107 17.00 % Western Sahara 10,110 03.80 % England 9,128 7.00 % New Caledonia 7,170 38.60 % Wallonia 5,448 32.40 % Canary Islands 5,000 66.73 % Puerto Rico 4,080 29.59 % Corsica 4,018 46.00 % Wales 2,493 11.90 % French Polynesia 2,000 52.30 % Prince Edward Island 1,705 30.00 % Flanders 1,464 10.80 % Reunion 1,370 53.00 % Northern Ireland 830.6 6.00 % Azores 830 35.38 % Guadeloupe 640 39.00 % Martinique 490 46.00 % Hong Kong 400 36.36 % Turks and Caicos Islands 340 35.86 % Northern Mariana Islands 330 71.12 % Guam 260 47.79 % American Samoa 180 90.45 % Niue 169 to 182 65.00 to 70.00 % Madeira 150 18.73 % Cook Islands 142 60.00 % Mayotte 140 37.00 % Cayman Islands 120 45.45 % United States Virgin Islands 100 28.87 % Anguilla 55 N / C 60.44 % Wallis and Futuna 47 N / C 33.10 % British Virgin Islands 40 26.49 % Montserrat 35 N / C 34.31 % Pitcairn 35 N / C 74.47 % Isle of Man 30 05.24 % Saint Pierre and Miquelon 30 12.40 % Saint Helena 20 16.39 % Brussels 17.35 10.00 % Netherlands Antilles 12 N / C 01.50 % Bermuda 10 18.52 % Channel Islands 8 N / C 04.12 % Aruba N / C 02.22 % Greenland N / C 00.00 % Faroe Islands N / C 00.07 % See also ( edit ) Forestry portal Deforestation by region Forest cover by state in the United States Forest cover by state in India Forest cover by federal subject in Russia Forest cover by province or territory in Canada Forest cover by state or territory in Australia References ( edit ) ^ `` CIA - The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Forest Types of the World - Maps of the World 's Forest '' . Forestry.about.com. 2012 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Forests and woodlands in Africa '' . Eoearth.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Country Profiles '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1993 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ Brown , Felicity ( 2009 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Total forest coverage by country Environment guardian.co.uk '' . Guardian . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Country Profiles '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1995 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1994 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Forêt des départements d'Outre - Mer - Ministère de l'agriculture , de l'agroalimentaire et de la forêt '' . Agriculture.gouv.fr. 2012 - 01 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ http://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Yayinlar/T%C3%BCrkiye%20Orman%20Varl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1.pdf ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1994 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Israelis Begin Their Assault on the South Sudan , its People & their Environment Africa '' . Axisoflogic.com. 2011 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . data. worldbank . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Country Profiles '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Korea National Statistical Office Secretariat . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1993 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1994 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Šumarstvo Bosne i Hercegovine , stanje šusmog fonda , administrativna organizacija šumarstva '' . Usitfbih.ba . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 22 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1995 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 2006 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1993 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1995 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Icelandic forestry by the numbers 2014 '' . Forestry in a treeless land . Icelandic forest service . 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 2002 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1995 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1994 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . EnviroSociety . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 2002 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1995 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Qatar Forest Information and Data '' . Rainforests.mongabay.com. 2010 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/deforestation/CIS/Krasnoyarsk.html ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=vKRRIw3Ka6cC&pg=PA90 ^ `` MRNF - Milieu forestier '' . Mrnf.gouv.qc.ca . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Information about British Columbia '' . CA - BC : Joshmcculloch.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Forest Facts , Alaska Forest Association '' . Akforest.org. 2004 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Insee - Territoire - Occupation physique du territoire en 2010 '' . Insee.fr . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Forests and Lumbering in Newfoundland '' . Faculty.marianopolis.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ UK 2005 . The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ... London : The Stationery Office . 2004 . p. 279 . ^ `` Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` La forêt de Corse - Forêt Privée Française , le portail des forestiers privés - Espaces régionaux / Corse / La forêt de Corse '' . Foretpriveefrancaise.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Caractéristiques de la forêt polynésienne Agriculture , élevage , biotechnologies '' . Mae.gov.pf. 2011 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` DAAF Réunion - La filière forêt - bois '' . Daf974.agriculture.gouv.fr. 2012 - 08 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` AgroNotícias - Açores : Inventário da floresta açoriana estará concluído até final do ano '' . Agroportal.pt . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ Hong Kong Yearbook 2007 - Size of protected area on land ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Madeira Laurel Forest : Laurissilva Madeira Birdwatching by Madeira Wind Birds '' . Madeirabirds.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . ^ `` Details '' . Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1993 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Official environment statistics by country - Detailed country level environment statistics by unstats.un.org Turkey General Directorate of Forestry - Official Web Site of Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forestry General Directorate of Forestry Countries With Largest Forest Area by FRA2010 - The FRA 2010 Country Reports have been compiled by officially nominated country correspondents in collaboration with FAO staff . Lists of countries by geographical rankings Area Total Exclusive Economic Zone Forest Irrigated Extreme points Elevation highest average lowest Latitude Northernmost Southernmost Longitude Easternmost Westernmost Perimeter Coastline length Land border length Number of bordering countries land - only land and maritime maritime - only List of countries and territories by border / area ratio Other Freshwater resources withdrawal Time zones List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Forestry by country Forest areas deforestation Ministries Research institutes Universities and colleges Technical schools Africa Angola Central African Republic Chad Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Uganda Americas Argentina Canada Chile United States Asia Bangladesh Bhutan India Japan Pakistan Syria Europe Estonia Finland Russia United Kingdom Oceania Australia ( Tasmania ) New Zealand Central agencies Canada Chile Denmark Kenya Mexico Papua New Guinea Romania South Korea Sri Lanka United States Forestry portal Category by continent agencies Commons WikiProject Forestry Outline Index Forest areas Ministries Research institutes Colleges Journals Arbor Day Types Agroforestry dehesa Analog forestry Bamboo forestry Close to nature forestry Community forestry Ecoforestry Energy forestry Mycoforestry Permaforestry Plantation forestry Social forestry Sustainable forestry Urban forestry Ecology and management Arboriculture Controlled burn Dendrology Ecological thinning Even - aged management Fire ecology Forest informatics IPM inventory governance law old - growth pathology protection restoration secondary transition Forest certification ATFS CFS FSC PEFC SFI SmartWood Woodland Carbon Code Forestation afforestation reforestation Growth and yield modelling Horticulture GM trees i - Tree urban Silviculture Sustainable management Tree allometry breeding Tree measurement crown girth height volume Environmental topics Acid rain Carbon sequestration Clearcutting Deforestation Ecological services Forest dieback Forest fragmentation High grading Illegal logging Invasive species REDD Shifting cultivation chitemene slash - and - burn slash - and - char svedjebruk Timber recycling Wildfire Wilding Industries Coppicing Forest farming Forest gardening Logging Manufacturing lumber plywood pulp and paper sawmilling Products biochar biomass charcoal non-timber palm oil rayon rubber tanbark Rail transport Tree farm Christmas trees Wood engineered fuel mahogany teak Woodworking Occupations Forester Arborist Bucker Choker setter Ecologist Feller Firefighter handcrew hotshot lookout smokejumper River driver Truck driver Log scaler Lumberjack Ranger Resin tapper Rubber tapper Shingle weaver Timber cruiser Tree planter Wood process engineer Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_forest_area&oldid=842750035 '' Categories : Lists of countries by geography Geography - related lists Forests by country Lists of forests World forestry Forestry - related lists Forestry by country Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Română தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 12 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what percentage of land mass in malta is covered by forests and woodlands
[ "\n\nRank\nCountry\nLand area\n(km2)\nSource\n% Forest\n\n\n1\n Russia\n8,149,300\n[8]\n49.40%\n\n\n2\n Canada\n4,916,438\n[7]\n49.24%\n\n\n3\n Brazil\n4,776,980\n[7]\n56.10%\n\n\n4\n United States\n3,100,950\n[7]\n33.84%\n\n\n5\n China\n2,083,210\n[9]\n21.83%\n\n\n6\n Australia\n1,470,832\n[5]\n19.90%\n\n\n7\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n1,172,704\n[10]\n50.00%\n\n\n8\n Argentina\n945,336\n[11]\n34.00%\n\n\n9\n Indonesia\n884,950\n[12]\n46.46%\n\n\n10\n India\n802,088\n[13]\n23.68%\n\n\n11\n Mexico\n710,000\n[14]\n36.50%\n\n\n12\n Peru\n687,420\n[7]\n53.49%\n\n\n13\n Sudan\n675,460\n[7]\n26.96%\n\n\n14\n Mozambique\n620,000\n[15]\n78.00%\n\n\n15\n Colombia\n607,280\n[7]\n53.32%\n\n\n16\n Angola\n591,040\n[7]\n47.41%\n\n\n17\n Bolivia\n587,400\n[7]\n53.47%\n\n\n18\n Venezuela\n471,378\n[7]\n51.68%\n\n\n19\n Myanmar\n430,560\n[16]\n63.64%\n\n\n20\n Zambia\n376,309\n[17]\n50.00%\n\n\n21\n Tanzania\n352,570\n[7]\n37.22%\n\n\n22\n Sudan\n327,909\n\n17.62%\n\n\n23\n Papua New Guinea\n294,370\n[7]\n63.60%\n\n\n24\n Sweden\n280,730\n[18]\n68.95%\n\n\n25\n Zimbabwe\n259,267\n[19]\n66.35%\n\n\n26\n Japan\n253,203\n[20]\n67.00%\n\n\n27\n France\n246,640\n[21]\n36.76%\n\n\n28\n Finland\n233,320\n[22]\n72.00%\n\n\n29\n Central African Republic\n227,550\n[7]\n36.53%\n\n\n30\n Gabon\n227,517\n[23]\n85.00%\n\n\n31\n Republic of the Congo\n224,710\n[7]\n65.70%\n\n\n32\n Turkey\n216,781\n[24]\n27.60%\n\n\n33\n Cameroon\n212,450\n[7]\n44.68%\n\n\n34\n Malaysia\n195,200\n[25]\n59.50%\n\n\n35\n Paraguay\n184,750\n[7]\n45.42%\n\n\n36\n Spain\n184,180\n[26]\n36.70%\n\n\n37\n Laos\n170,000\n[27]\n71.60%\n\n\n38\n Chile\n158,781\n[28]\n21.00%\n\n\n39\n Guyana\n151,040\n[7]\n70.26%\n\n\n40\n South Sudan\n148,196\n[29]\n23.00%\n\n\n41\n Suriname\n147,760\n[7]\n90.20%\n\n\n42\n Thailand\n147,620\n[30]\n29.00%\n\n\n43\n Madagascar\n128,380\n[7]\n21.87%\n\n\n44\n Mali\n125,720\n[7]\n10.14%\n\n\n45\n Vietnam\n123,000\n[31]\n37.14%\n\n\n46\n Norway\n121,120\n[7]\n37.42%\n\n\n47\n Botswana\n119,430\n[7]\n20.53%\n\n\n48\n Chad\n119,210\n[7]\n09.28%\n\n\n49\n Ecuador\n115,510\n[32]\n42.00%\n\n\n50\n Germany\n114,190\n[33]\n32.00%\n\n\n51\n Niger\n112,000\n[34]\n08.00%\n\n\n52\n Morocco\n111,325\n[35]\n15.66%\n\n\n53\n Nigeria\n110,890\n[7]\n12.00%\n\n\n54\n Iran\n110,750\n[7]\n06.72%\n\n\n55\n Guatemala\n108,894\n[36]\n51.00%\n\n\n56\n Italy\n106,736\n[37]\n35.00%\n\n\n57\n Ukraine\n105,000\n[38]\n17.00%\n\n\n58\n Mongolia\n102,520\n[7]\n06.55%\n\n\n59\n Cambodia\n93,350\n[39]\n51.56%\n\n\n60\n Poland\n90,000\n[40]\n28.80%\n\n\n61\n South Africa\n89,170\n[41]\n07.31%\n\n\n62\n Senegal\n86,730\n[7]\n44.09%\n\n\n63\n New Zealand\n85,424\n[42]\n31.87%\n\n\n64\n Belarus\n80,334\n[43]\n38.60%\n\n\n65\n Namibia\n76,610\n[7]\n09.29%\n\n\n66\n North Korea\n76,240\n[44]\n73.00%\n\n\n67\n Philippines\n71,620\n[7]\n23.87%\n\n\n68\n Somalia\n71,310\n[7]\n11.18%\n\n\n69\n Romania\n69,610\n[7]\n29.02%\n\n\n70\n Burkina Faso\n67,940\n[7]\n24.78%\n\n\n71\n Honduras\n67,254\n[45]\n60.00%\n\n\n72\n Guinea\n67,240\n[7]\n27.35%\n\n\n73\n South Korea\n63,346\n[46]\n63.20%\n\n\n74\n Benin\n61,860\n[47]\n54.93%\n\n\n75\n Kazakhstan\n54,498\n[48]\n02.00%\n\n\n76\n Nicaragua\n51,890\n[7]\n39.80%\n\n\n77\n Uganda\n50,000\n[49]\n20.74%\n\n\n78\n Panama\n42,940\n[7]\n56.93%\n\n\n79\n Pakistan\n42,240\n[50]\n05.31%\n\n\n80\n Algeria\n42,000\n[51]\n01.70%\n\n\n81\n Turkmenistan\n41,270\n[7]\n08.46%\n\n\n82\n Austria\n39,600\n[52]\n47.20%\n\n\n83\n Ethiopia\n39,313\n[53]\n03.56%\n\n\n84\n Greece\n37,520\n[7]\n28.43%\n\n\n85\n Nepal\n36,360\n[54]\n24.70%\n\n\n86\n Bulgaria\n36,250\n[7]\n32.69%\n\n\n87\n Malawi\n33,176\n[55]\n28.00%\n\n\n88\n Portugal\n31,820\n[56]\n34.80%\n\n\n89\n Liberia\n31,540\n[7]\n28.32%\n\n\n90\n Côte d'Ivoire\n30,000\n[57]\n09.30%\n\n\n91\n Latvia\n28,807\n[58]\n60.00%\n\n\n92\n United Kingdom\n28,650\n[59]\n11.76%\n\n\n93\n Georgia\n28,577\n[60]\n41.00%\n\n\n94\n Sierra Leone\n27,540\n[7]\n38.39%\n\n\n95\n Serbia\n27,200\n[61]\n31.13%\n\n\n96\n Cuba\n27,130\n[7]\n24.47%\n\n\n97\n Saudi Arabia\n27,000\n[62]\n01.26%\n\n\n98\n Czech Republic\n26,000\n[63]\n34.00%\n\n\n99\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n25,599\n[64]\n53.00%\n\n\n100\n Croatia\n24,901\n[65]\n44.00%\n\n\n101\n Bhutan\n24,764\n[66]\n64.50%\n\n\n102\n Ghana\n24,600\n[67]\n10.20%\n\n\n103\n Estonia\n23,066\n[68]\n61.00%\n\n\n104\n Solomon Islands\n22,534 to 23,117\n[69]\n78.00 to 80.00%\n\n\n105\n Taiwan\n21,588\n[70]\n60.00%\n\n\n106\n Lithuania\n21,223\n[71]\n33.00%\n\n\n107\n Hungary\n20,990\n[72]\n23.00%\n\n\n108\n Guinea-Bissau\n20,720\n[7]\n57.36%\n\n\n109\n Tunisia\n20,615\n[73]\n12.60%\n\n\n110\n Costa Rica\n20,440\n[74]\n40.00%\n\n\n111\n Slovakia\n20,006\n[75]\n40.80%\n\n\n112\n Uzbekistan\n19,690\n[76]\n04.40%\n\n\n113\n Sri Lanka\n19,330\n[77]\n29.46%\n\n\n114\n Belize\n16,530\n[7]\n71.98%\n\n\n115\n Equatorial Guinea\n16,320\n[7]\n58.18%\n\n\n116\n Eritrea\n15,540\n[7]\n13.21%\n\n\n117\n Dominican Republic\n13,384\n[78]\n27.50%\n\n\n118\n Kenya\n13,200\n[79]\n02.27%\n\n\n119\n Oman\n13,050\n[80]\n04.22%\n\n\n120\n Slovenia\n12,574\n[81]\n60.00%\n\n\n121\n Switzerland\n12,540\n[82]\n31.80%\n\n\n122\n Azerbaijan\n11,400\n[7]\n13.17%\n\n\n123\n Macedonia\n10,285\n[83]\n40.00%\n\n\n124\n Fiji\n10,000\n[7]\n54.72%\n\n\n125\n Bangladesh\n8,710\n[7]\n06.05%\n\n\n126\n Kyrgyzstan\n8,690\n[7]\n04.35%\n\n\n127\n Iraq\n8,220\n[7]\n01.88%\n\n\n128\n Togo\n8,000\n[84]\n14.00%\n\n\n129\n Timor-Leste\n7,980\n[7]\n53.65%\n\n\n130\n Albania\n7,716\n[85]\n26.84%\n\n\n131\n Ireland\n7,540\n[7]\n11.07%\n\n\n132\n Uruguay\n7,000\n[86]\n04.00%\n\n\n133\n Belgium\n6,834\n[87]\n22.38%\n\n\n134\n Montenegro\n6,252\n[88]\n45.26%\n\n\n135\n Denmark\n6,120\n[89]\n14.20%\n\n\n136\n Bahamas\n5,150\n[7]\n51.45%\n\n\n137\n Gambia\n4,857\n[90]\n43.00%\n\n\n138\n Syria\n4,610\n[91]\n02.49%\n\n\n139\n Yemen\n4,490\n[92]\n00.85%\n\n\n140\n Vanuatu\n4,470\n[93]\n36.67%\n\n\n141\n Tajikistan\n4,100\n[94]\n02.87%\n\n\n142\n Netherlands\n3,650\n[7]\n08.79%\n\n\n143\n Jamaica\n3,308\n[95]\n30.10%\n\n\n144\n Moldova\n3,290\n[7]\n09.72%\n\n\n145\n Rwanda\n3,161\n[96]\n12.00%\n\n\n146\n United Arab Emirates\n3,120\n[7]\n03.73%\n\n\n147\n El Salvador\n2,980\n[7]\n14.16%\n\n\n148\n Armenia\n2,974\n[97]\n10.00%\n\n\n149\n Brunei\n2,780\n[7]\n48.22%\n\n\n150\n Mauritania\n2,670\n[7]\n00.26%\n\n\n151\n Trinidad and Tobago\n2,260\n[7]\n44.07%\n\n\n152\n Libya\n2,170\n[7]\n00.12%\n\n\n153\n Iceland\n1,930\n[98]\n02.00%\n\n\n154\n Cyprus\n1,740\n[7]\n18.81%\n\n\n155\n Afghanistan\n1,631\n[99]\n00.25%\n\n\n156\n Israel\n1,600\n[100]\n07.00%\n\n\n157\n Lebanon\n1,383\n[101]\n13.30%\n\n\n158\n Burundi\n1,270\n[102]\n04.50%\n\n\n159\n Samoa\n1,050\n[103]\n37.00%\n\n\n160\n Jordan\n893\n[104]\n01.00%\n\n\n161\n Luxembourg\n870\n[7]\n33.64%\n\n\n162\n Cape Verde\n840\n[7]\n20.83%\n\n\n163\n Egypt\n670\n[7]\n00.07%\n\n\n164\n Micronesia\n630\n[7]\n89.74%\n\n\n165\n Mauritius\n612\n[105]\n30.00%\n\n\n166\n Dominica\n488\n[106]\n65.00%\n\n\n167\n Haiti\n8,300\n[107]\n30.00%\n\n\n168\n Seychelles\n407\n[108]\n89.45%\n\n\n169\n Palau\n400\n[7]\n87.15%\n\n\n170\n Sao Tome and Principe\n270\n[7]\n28.01%\n\n\n171\n Swaziland\n174\n[109]\n01.00%\n\n\n172\n Saint Lucia\n170\n[7]\n27.60%\n\n\n173\n Andorra\n160\n[7]\n34.19%\n\n\n174\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n127\n[110]\n32.56%\n\n\n175\n Antigua and Barbuda\n90\n[111]\n21.00%\n\n\n176\n Palestine\n90\n[7]\n01.45%\n\n\n177\n Lesotho\n80\n[7]\n00.26%\n\n\n178\n Liechtenstein\n70\n[7]\n43.75%\n\n\n179\n Djibouti\n60\n[7]\n00.26%\n\n\n180\n Kuwait\n60\n[7]\n00.34%\n\n\n181\n Comoros\n50\n[7]\n02.24%\n\n\n182\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n50\n[7]\n19.16%\n\n\n183\n Grenada\n40\n[7]\n11.63%\n\n\n184\n Tonga\n40\n[112]\n05.35%\n\n\n185\n Tuvalu\n23\n[113]\n89.12%\n\n\n186\n Barbados\n20\n[7]\n04.65%\n\n\n187\n Kiribati\n20\n[7]\n02.47%\n\n\n188\n Singapore\n20\n[114]\n03.00%\n\n\n189\n Maldives\n10\n[7]\n03.56%\n\n\n190\n Bahrain\n5\nN/C\n00.67%\n\n\n191\n Malta\n3\nN/C\n00.95%\n\n\n192\n San Marino\n1\nN/C\n01.64%\n\n\n193\n Qatar\n0\n[115]\n00.00%\n\n" ]
[ "00.95%" ]
-6898695734146144209
Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid - wikipedia Pyruvic acid Jump to : navigation , search Pyruvic acid Names Preferred IUPAC name 2 - Oxopropanoic acid Other names Pyruvic acid α - Ketopropionic acid Acetylformic acid Pyroracemic acid Identifiers CAS Number 127 - 17 - 3 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Abbreviations Pyr ChEBI CHEBI : 32816 ChemSpider 1031 DrugBank DB00119 ECHA InfoCard 100.004. 387 IUPHAR / BPS 4809 KEGG C00022 PubChem CID 1060 UNII 8558G7RUTR InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C3H4O3 / c1 - 2 ( 4 ) 3 ( 5 ) 6 / h1H3 , ( H , 5 , 6 ) Key : LCTONWCANYUPML - UHFFFAOYSA - N SMILES ( show ) O = C ( C ( = O ) O ) C Properties Chemical formula C H O Molar mass 88.06 g / mol Density 1.250 g / cm Melting point 11.8 ° C ( 53.2 ° F ; 284.9 K ) Boiling point 165 ° C ( 329 ° F ; 438 K ) Acidity ( pK ) 2.50 Related compounds Other anions pyruvate ion Related keto - acids , carboxylic acids acetic acid glyoxylic acid oxalic acid propionic acid acetoacetic acid Related compounds propionaldehyde glyceraldehyde methylglyoxal sodium pyruvate Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Pyruvic acid ( CH COCOOH ) is the simplest of the alpha - keto acids , with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group . Pyruvate , the conjugate base , CH COCOO , is a key intermediate in several metabolic pathways . Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis , converted back to carbohydrates ( such as glucose ) via gluconeogenesis , or to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl - CoA . It can also be used to construct the amino acid alanine and can be converted into ethanol or lactic acid via fermentation . Pyruvic acid supplies energy to cells through the citric acid cycle ( also known as the Krebs cycle ) when oxygen is present ( aerobic respiration ) , and alternatively ferments to produce lactate when oxygen is lacking ( fermentation ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chemistry 2 Biochemistry 2.1 Pyruvic acid production by glycolysis 2.2 Decarboxylation to acetyl CoA 2.3 Carboxylation to oxaloacetate 2.4 Transamination to alanine 2.5 Reduction to lactate 3 Uses 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Chemistry ( edit ) In 1834 , Théophile - Jules Pelouze distilled both tartaric acid ( L - tartaric acid ) and racemic acid ( a mix of D - and L - tartaric acid ) and isolated pyrotartaric acid ( methyl succinic acid ) and another acid that Jöns Jacob Berzelius characterized the following year and named pyruvic acid . Pyruvic acid is a colorless liquid with a smell similar to that of acetic acid and is miscible with water . In the laboratory , pyruvic acid may be prepared by heating a mixture of tartaric acid and potassium hydrogen sulfate , by the oxidation of propylene glycol by a strong oxidizer ( e.g. , potassium permanganate or bleach ) , or by the hydrolysis of acetyl cyanide , formed by reaction of acetyl chloride with potassium cyanide : CH COCl + KCN → CH COCN + KCl CH COCN → CH COCOOH Biochemistry ( edit ) Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry . It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis . One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate , which are then used to provide further energy , in one of two ways . Pyruvate is converted into acetyl - coenzyme A , which is the main input for a series of reactions known as the Krebs cycle ( also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle ) . Pyruvate is also converted to oxaloacetate by an anaplerotic reaction , which replenishes Krebs cycle intermediates ; also , the oxaloacetate is used for gluconeogenesis . These reactions are named after Hans Adolf Krebs , the biochemist awarded the 1953 Nobel Prize for physiology , jointly with Fritz Lipmann , for research into metabolic processes . The cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle , because citric acid is one of the intermediate compounds formed during the reactions . If insufficient oxygen is available , the acid is broken down anaerobically , creating lactate in animals and ethanol in plants and microorganisms ( and carp ) . Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted by fermentation to lactate using the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase and the coenzyme NADH in lactate fermentation , or to acetaldehyde ( with the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase ) and then to ethanol in alcoholic fermentation . Pyruvate is a key intersection in the network of metabolic pathways . Pyruvate can be converted into carbohydrates via gluconeogenesis , to fatty acids or energy through acetyl - CoA , to the amino acid alanine , and to ethanol . Therefore , it unites several key metabolic processes . Reference ranges for blood tests , comparing blood content of pyruvate ( shown in violet near middle ) with other constituents . Pyruvic acid production by glycolysis ( edit ) In glycolysis , phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP ) is converted to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase . This reaction is strongly exergonic and irreversible ; in gluconeogenesis , it takes two enzymes , pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase , to catalyze the reverse transformation of pyruvate to PEP . phosphoenolpyruvate pyruvate kinase pyruvate ADP ATP ADP ATP pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase Compound C00074 at KEGG Pathway Database . Enzyme 2.7. 1.40 at KEGG Pathway Database . Compound C00022 at KEGG Pathway Database . Click on genes , proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles . ( ( File : ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ( bSize ) ) ) px alt = Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis edit ) ) File : WP534. png Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis edit Jump up ^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways : `` GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534 '' . Decarboxylation to acetyl CoA ( edit ) Pyruvate decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex produces acetyl - CoA . pyruvate pyruvate dehydrogenase complex acetyl - CoA CoA + NAD CO + NADH + H Carboxylation to oxaloacetate ( edit ) Carboxylation by pyruvate carboxylase produces oxaloacetate . pyruvate pyruvate carboxylase oxaloacetate ATP + CO ADP + P Transamination to alanine ( edit ) Transamination by alanine transaminase produces alanine . pyruvate alanine transaminase alanine glutamate α - ketoglutarate glutamate α - ketoglutarate Reduction to lactate ( edit ) Reduction by lactate dehydrogenase produces lactate . pyruvate lactate dehydrogenase lactate NADH NAD NADH NAD Uses ( edit ) Pyruvate is sold as a weight - loss supplement , though evidence supporting this use is lacking . A systematic review of six trials found a statistically significant difference in body weight with pyruvate compared to placebo . However , all of the trials had methodological weaknesses and the magnitude of the effect was small . The review also identified adverse events associated with pyruvate such as diarrhea , bloating , gas , and increase in low - density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol . The authors concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support the use of pyruvate for weight loss . There is also in vitro as well as in vivo evidence in hearts that pyruvate improves metabolism by NADH production stimulation and increases cardiac function . See also ( edit ) Pyruvate scale Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 ( Blue Book ) . Cambridge : The Royal Society of Chemistry . 2014 . p. 748 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85404 - 182 - 4 . doi : 10.1039 / 9781849733069 - FP001 . Jump up ^ Dawson , R.M.C. ; et al. ( 1959 ) . Data for Biochemical Research . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Fox , Stuart Ira ( 2011 ) . Human Physiology ( 12th ed . ) . McGraw = Hill . p. 146 . Jump up ^ Ophardt , Charles E. `` Pyruvic Acid - Cross Roads Compound '' . Virtual Chembook . Elmhurst College . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Thomas ( 1838 ) . `` Chapter II . Of fixed acids Section '' . Chemistry of organic bodies , vegetables . London : J.B. Baillière . p. 65 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Thomas Edward ( 1922 ) . `` Glutaric acid '' . A dictionary of applied chemistry . 3 . London : Longmans , Green , and Co. pp. 426 -- 427 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pyruvic Acid '' . ChemSpider . Royal Society of Chemistry . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , J.W. ; Fraser , W.A. `` Pyruvic Acid '' . Org . Synth. 4 : 63 . ; Coll . Vol. , 1 , p. 475 ^ Jump up to : Lehninger , Albert L. ; Nelson , David L. ; Cox , Michael M. ( 2008 ) . Principles of Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . New York , NY : W.H. Freeman and Company . p. 528 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 7108 - 1 . Jump up ^ Aren van Waarde ; G. Van den Thillart ; Maria Verhagen ( 1993 ) . `` Ethanol Formation and pH - Regulation in Fish '' . Surviving Hypoxia . pp. 157 -- 170 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 4226 - 0 . Jump up ^ Onakpoya , I. ; Hunt , K. ; Wider , B. ; Ernst , E. ( 2014 ) . `` Pyruvate supplementation for weight loss : a systematic review and meta - analysis of randomized clinical trials '' . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 54 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 23 . PMID 24188231 . doi : 10.1080 / 10408398.2011. 565890 . Jump up ^ Jaimes , R. , III ( Jul 2015 ) . `` Functional response of the isolated , perfused normoxic heart to pyruvate dehydrogenase activation by dichloroacetate and pyruvate . '' . Pflugers Arch. 468 : 131 -- 42 . PMC 4701640 . PMID 26142699 . doi : 10.1007 / s00424 - 015 - 1717 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hermann , H.P. ; Pieske , B. ; Schwarzmüller , E. ; Keul , J. ; Just , H. ; Hasenfuss , G. ( 1999 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Haemodynamic effects of intracoronary pyruvate in patients with congestive heart failure : an open study '' . Lancet . 353 ( 9161 ) : 1321 -- 1323 . ISSN 0140 - 6736 . PMID 10218531 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 98 ) 06423 - x . References ( edit ) Cody , G.D. ; Boctor , N.Z. ; Filley , T.R. ; Hazen , R.M. ; Scott , J.H. ; Sharma , A. ; Yoder , H.S. , Jr ( 2000 ) . `` Primordial Carbonylated Iron - Sulfur Compounds and the Synthesis of Pyruvate '' . Science . 289 ( 5483 ) : 1337 -- 1340 . Bibcode : 2000Sci ... 289.1337 C. PMID 10958777 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 289.5483. 1337 . External links ( edit ) Pyruvic acid mass spectrum Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyruvic acid . Glycolysis metabolic pathway Glucose Hexokinase ATP ADP Glucose 6 - phosphate Glucose - 6 - phosphate isomerase Fructose 6 - phosphate phosphofructokinase - 1 ATP ADP Fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphate Fructose - bisphosphate aldolase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + + Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate Triosephosphate isomerase 2 × Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate 2 × Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase NAD + P NADH + H NAD + P NADH + H 2 × 1 , 3 - Bisphosphoglycerate 2 × Phosphoglycerate kinase ADP ATP ADP ATP 2 × 3 - Phosphoglycerate 2 × Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 × 2 - Phosphoglycerate 2 × Phosphopyruvate hydratase ( Enolase ) H O H O 2 × Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 × Pyruvate kinase ADP ATP 2 × Pyruvate 2 × Amino acid metabolism metabolic intermediates K → acetyl - CoA lysine → Saccharopine Allysine α - Aminoadipic acid α - Ketoadipate Glutaryl - CoA Glutaconyl - CoA Crotonyl - CoA β - Hydroxybutyryl - CoA leucine → α - Ketoisocaproic acid β - hydroxy β - methylbutyric acid β - hydroxy β - methylbutyryl - CoA Isovaleryl - CoA 3 - Methylcrotonyl - CoA 3 - Methylglutaconyl - CoA HMG - CoA tryptophan → alanine → N ' - Formylkynurenine Kynurenine Anthranilic acid 3 - Hydroxykynurenine 3 - Hydroxyanthranilic acid 2 - Amino - 3 - carboxymuconic semialdehyde 2 - Aminomuconic semialdehyde 2 - Aminomuconic acid Glutaryl - CoA G → pyruvate → citrate glycine → serine → 3 - Phosphoglyceric acid glycine → creatine : Glycocyamine Phosphocreatine Creatinine G → glutamate → α - ketoglutarate histidine → Urocanic acid Imidazol - 4 - one - 5 - propionic acid Formiminoglutamic acid Glutamate - 1 - semialdehyde proline → 1 - Pyrroline - 5 - carboxylic acid arginine → Agmatine Ornithine Citrulline Cadaverine Putrescine other cysteine + glutamate → glutathione : γ - Glutamylcysteine G → propionyl - CoA → succinyl - CoA valine → α - Ketoisovaleric acid Isobutyryl - CoA Methacrylyl - CoA 3 - Hydroxyisobutyryl - CoA 3 - Hydroxyisobutyric acid 2 - Methyl - 3 - oxopropanoic acid isoleucine → 2 , 3 - Dihydroxy - 3 - methylpentanoic acid 2 - Methylbutyryl - CoA Tiglyl - CoA 2 - Methylacetoacetyl - CoA methionine → generation of homocysteine : S - Adenosyl methionine S - Adenosyl - L - homocysteine Homocysteine conversion to cysteine : Cystathionine alpha - Ketobutyric acid + Cysteine threonine → α - Ketobutyric acid propionyl - CoA → Methylmalonyl - CoA G → fumarate phenylalanine → tyrosine → 4 - Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid Homogentisic acid 4 - Maleylacetoacetic acid G → oxaloacetate see urea cycle Other Cysteine metabolism Cysteine sulfinic acid LCCN : sh85109371 GND : 4337268 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyruvic_acid&oldid=806975253 '' Categories : Glycolysis Keto acids Cellular respiration Exercise physiology Metabolism Hidden categories : Pages with missing ISBNs Articles without InChI source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles with changed KEGG identifier Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 05 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
in the absence of oxygen muscle cells may convert pyruvic acid into what compound
[ "Pyruvic acid supplies energy to cells through the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) when oxygen is present (aerobic respiration), and alternatively ferments to produce lactate when oxygen is lacking (fermentation).[4]" ]
[ "lactate" ]
-4169381766663286198
William Tecumseh Sherman
William Tecumseh Sherman - wikipedia William Tecumseh Sherman Jump to : navigation , search `` General Sherman '' redirects here . For other uses , see General Sherman ( disambiguation ) . William Tecumseh Sherman Sherman as a major general in May 1865 . The black ribbon of mourning on his left arm is for U.S. President Lincoln . Portrait by Mathew Brady . Nickname ( s ) `` Cump '' `` Uncle Billy '' ( by his troops ) ( 1820 - 02 - 08 ) February 8 , 1820 Lancaster , Ohio February 14 , 1891 ( 1891 - 02 - 14 ) ( aged 71 ) New York City , New York Buried Calvary Cemetery St. Louis , Missouri Allegiance United States of America Service / branch United States Army Union Army Years of service 1840 -- 1853 1861 -- 1884 Rank Major General ( American Civil War ) General of the Army of the United States ( post-bellum ) Commands held XV Corps ( 1863 ) Army of the Tennessee ( 1863 -- 1864 ) Military Division of the Mississippi ( 1864 -- 1865 ) Department of the Missouri ( 1866 -- 1869 ) Commanding General of the United States Army ( March 8 , 1869 -- November 1 , 1883 ) Battles / wars American Civil War First Battle of Bull Run Battle of Shiloh Vicksburg Campaign Jackson Expedition Chattanooga Campaign Meridian Campaign Atlanta Campaign Savannah Campaign ( March to the Sea ) Carolinas Campaign Awards Thanks of Congress -- 1864 and 1865 Other work Bank manager , lawyer , college superintendent , streetcar executive Signature William Tecumseh Sherman ( February 8 , 1820 -- February 14 , 1891 ) was an American soldier , businessman , educator , and author . He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) , for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the `` scorched earth '' policies he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States . Sherman began his Civil War career serving in the First Battle of Bull Run and Kentucky in 1861 . He served under General Ulysses S. Grant in 1862 and 1863 during the battles of forts Henry and Donelson , the Battle of Shiloh , the campaigns that led to the fall of the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg on the Mississippi River , and the Chattanooga Campaign , which culminated with the routing of the Confederate armies in the state of Tennessee . In 1864 , Sherman succeeded Grant as the Union commander in the western theater of the war . He proceeded to lead his troops to the capture of the city of Atlanta , a military success that contributed to the re-election of Abraham Lincoln . Sherman 's subsequent march through Georgia and the Carolinas further undermined the Confederacy 's ability to continue fighting . He accepted the surrender of all the Confederate armies in the Carolinas , Georgia , and Florida in April 1865 , after having been present at most major military engagements in the western theater . When Grant assumed the U.S. presidency in 1869 , Sherman succeeded him as Commanding General of the Army , in which capacity he served from 1869 until 1883 . As such , he was responsible for the U.S. Army 's engagement in the Indian Wars over the next 15 years . Sherman advocated total war against hostile Indians to force them back onto their reservations . He steadfastly refused to be drawn into politics and in 1875 published his Memoirs , one of the best - known first - hand accounts of the Civil War . British military historian B.H. Liddell Hart famously declared that Sherman was `` the first modern general '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Sherman 's given names 1.2 Military training and service 1.3 Marriage and business career 1.4 Military college superintendent 1.5 St. Louis interlude 2 Civil War service 2.1 First commissions and Bull Run 2.2 Breakdown 2.3 Shiloh 2.4 Vicksburg 2.5 Chattanooga 2.6 Atlanta 2.7 March to the Sea 2.8 Final campaigns in the Carolinas 2.9 Confederate surrender 3 Slavery and emancipation 4 Strategies 4.1 Total warfare 4.2 Modern assessment 5 Departmental commander and Reconstruction 6 General of the Army 7 Later years 7.1 Death 8 Religious views 9 Monuments 10 Historiography 10.1 Autobiography and memoirs 10.2 Published correspondence 10.3 In popular culture 10.4 Sherman on U.S. postage 10.5 Sherman name in the military 11 Dates of rank 12 Writings 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Early life Sherman 's childhood home in Lancaster Sherman was born in 1820 in Lancaster , Ohio , near the banks of the Hocking River . His father , Charles Robert Sherman , a successful lawyer who sat on the Ohio Supreme Court , died unexpectedly in 1829 . He left his widow , Mary Hoyt Sherman , with eleven children and no inheritance . After his father 's death , the nine - year - old Sherman was raised by a Lancaster neighbor and family friend , attorney Thomas Ewing , Sr. , a prominent member of the Whig Party who served as senator from Ohio and as the first Secretary of the Interior . Sherman was distantly related to American founding father Roger Sherman and grew to admire him . Sherman 's older brother Charles Taylor Sherman became a federal judge . One of his younger brothers , John Sherman , served as a U.S. senator and Cabinet secretary . Another younger brother , Hoyt Sherman , was a successful banker . Two of his foster brothers served as major generals in the Union Army during the Civil War : Hugh Boyle Ewing , later an ambassador and author , and Thomas Ewing , Jr. , who would serve as defense attorney in the military trials of the Lincoln conspirators . Sherman would marry his foster sister , Ellen Boyle Ewing , at age 30 and have eight children with her . Sherman 's given names Sherman 's unusual given name has always attracted considerable attention . Sherman reported that his middle name came from his father having `` caught a fancy for the great chief of the Shawnees , ' Tecumseh ' '' . Since an account in a 1932 biography about Sherman , it has often been reported that , as an infant , Sherman was named simply Tecumseh . According to these accounts , Sherman only acquired the name `` William '' at age nine or ten , after being taken into the Ewing household . His foster mother , Maria Willis Boyle ( Maria Ewing ) , was of Irish ancestry and a devout Roman Catholic . Sherman was raised in a Roman Catholic household , although he later left the church , citing the effect of the Civil War on his religious views . According to a story that may be myth , Sherman was baptized in the Ewing home by a Dominican priest , who named him William for the saint 's day : possibly June 25 , the feast day of Saint William of Montevergine . The story is contested , however . Sherman wrote in his Memoirs that his father named him William Tecumseh ; Sherman was baptized by a Presbyterian minister as an infant and given the name William at that time . As an adult , Sherman signed all his correspondence -- including to his wife -- `` W.T. Sherman '' . His friends and family always called him `` Cump '' . Military training and service Young Sherman in military uniform Senator Ewing secured an appointment for the 16 - year - old Sherman as a cadet in the United States Military Academy at West Point , where he roomed and became good friends with another important future Civil War General , George H. Thomas . There Sherman excelled academically , but he treated the demerit system with indifference . Fellow cadet William Rosecrans would later remember Sherman at West Point as `` one of the brightest and most popular fellows '' and `` a bright - eyed , red - headed fellow , who was always prepared for a lark of any kind '' . About his time at West Point , Sherman says only the following in his Memoirs : At the Academy I was not considered a good soldier , for at no time was I selected for any office , but remained a private throughout the whole four years . Then , as now , neatness in dress and form , with a strict conformity to the rules , were the qualifications required for office , and I suppose I was found not to excel in any of these . In studies I always held a respectable reputation with the professors , and generally ranked among the best , especially in drawing , chemistry , mathematics , and natural philosophy . My average demerits , per annum , were about one hundred and fifty , which reduced my final class standing from number four to six . Upon graduation in 1840 , Sherman entered the Army as a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery and saw action in Florida in the Second Seminole War against the Seminole tribe . He was later stationed in Georgia and South Carolina . As the foster son of a prominent Whig politician , in Charleston , the popular Lt. Sherman moved within the upper circles of Old South society . While many of his colleagues saw action in the Mexican -- American War , Sherman performed administrative duties in the captured territory of California . Along with fellow Lieutenants Henry Halleck and Edward Ord , Sherman embarked from New York on the 198 - day journey around Cape Horn aboard the converted sloop USS Lexington . Due to the confined spaces aboard - ship , Sherman grew close to Halleck and Ord , and in his Memoirs references a hike with Halleck to the summit of Corcovado overlooking Rio de Janeiro in Brazil , notable as the future spot of the Cristo Redentor statue . Sherman and Ord reached the town of Yerba Buena , in California , two days before its name was changed to San Francisco . In 1848 , Sherman accompanied the military governor of California , Col. Richard Barnes Mason , in the inspection that officially confirmed that gold had been discovered in the region , thus inaugurating the California Gold Rush . Sherman , along with Ord , assisted in surveys for the sub-divisions of the town that would become Sacramento . Sherman earned a brevet promotion to captain for his `` meritorious service '' , but his lack of a combat assignment discouraged him and may have contributed to his decision to resign his commission . He would eventually become one of the few high - ranking officers during the Civil War who had not fought in Mexico . Marriage and business career An 1866 painted portrait of Sherman , by George P.A. Healy In 1850 , Sherman was promoted to the substantive rank of Captain and married his foster sister , Ellen Boyle Ewing , four years younger , in a Washington ceremony attended by President Zachary Taylor and other political luminaries . Thomas Ewing was serving as the Secretary of the Interior at the time . Like her mother , Ellen Ewing Sherman was a devout Roman Catholic , and the Shermans ' eight children were reared in that faith . In 1864 , Ellen took up temporary residence in South Bend , Indiana , to have her young family educated at the University of Notre Dame and St. Mary 's College . In 1874 , with Sherman having become world - famous , their eldest child , Marie Ewing ( `` Minnie '' ) Sherman , also had a politically prominent wedding , attended by President Ulysses S. Grant and commemorated by a generous gift from the Khedive of Egypt . ( Eventually , one of Minnie 's daughters married a grandson of Confederate general Lewis Addison Armistead . ) Another of the Sherman daughters , Eleanor , was married to Alexander Montgomery Thackara at General Sherman 's home in Washington , D.C. , on May 5 , 1880 . To Sherman 's great displeasure and sorrow , his oldest surviving son , Thomas Ewing Sherman , joined the religious order of the Jesuits in 1878 and was ordained as a priest in 1889 . The former Lucas , Turner & Co. bank building ( 1854 -- 57 ) at Jackson & Montgomery Sts. in San Francisco In 1853 , Sherman resigned his captaincy and became manager of the San Francisco branch of the St. Louis - based bank , Lucas , Turner & Co . He returned to San Francisco at a time of great turmoil in the West . He survived two shipwrecks and floated through the Golden Gate on the overturned hull of a foundering lumber schooner . Sherman suffered from stress - related asthma because of the city 's aggressive business culture . Late in life , regarding his time in a San Francisco experiencing a frenzy of real estate speculation , Sherman recalled : `` I can handle a hundred thousand men in battle , and take the City of the Sun , but am afraid to manage a lot in the swamp of San Francisco . '' In 1856 , during the vigilante period , he served briefly as a major general of the California militia . Sherman 's San Francisco branch closed in May 1857 , and he relocated to New York on behalf of the same bank . When the bank failed during the financial Panic of 1857 , he closed the New York branch . In early 1858 , he returned to California to wrap - up the bank 's affairs there . Later in 1858 , he moved to Leavenworth , Kansas , where he tried his hand at law practice and other ventures without much success . Military College superintendent In 1859 , Sherman accepted a job as the first superintendent of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy in Pineville , a position he sought at the suggestion of Major D.C. Buell and secured because of General George Mason Graham . He proved an effective and popular leader of the institution , which later became Louisiana State University ( LSU ) . Colonel Joseph P. Taylor , the brother of the late President Zachary Taylor , declared that `` if you had hunted the whole army , from one end of it to the other , you could not have found a man in it more admirably suited for the position in every respect than Sherman . '' Although his brother John was well known as an antislavery congressman , Sherman did not oppose slavery and was sympathetic to Southerners ' defense of the institution . He opposed , however , any attempt at dissolving the Union . On hearing of South Carolina 's secession from the United States , Sherman observed to a close friend , Professor David F. Boyd of Virginia , an enthusiastic secessionist : You people of the South do n't know what you are doing . This country will be drenched in blood , and God only knows how it will end . It is all folly , madness , a crime against civilization ! You people speak so lightly of war ; you do n't know what you 're talking about . War is a terrible thing ! You mistake , too , the people of the North . They are a peaceable people but an earnest people , and they will fight , too . They are not going to let this country be destroyed without a mighty effort to save it ... Besides , where are your men and appliances of war to contend against them ? The North can make a steam engine , locomotive , or railway car ; hardly a yard of cloth or pair of shoes can you make . You are rushing into war with one of the most powerful , ingeniously mechanical , and determined people on Earth -- right at your doors . You are bound to fail . Only in your spirit and determination are you prepared for war . In all else you are totally unprepared , with a bad cause to start with . At first you will make headway , but as your limited resources begin to fail , shut out from the markets of Europe as you will be , your cause will begin to wane . If your people will but stop and think , they must see in the end that you will surely fail . He thus very accurately described the four years of war to come . Two cannons on display in front of LSU 's Military Science building were used at Fort Sumter , South Carolina , and were donated to Louisiana State University by Sherman In January 1861 , as more Southern states were seceding from the Union , Sherman was required to accept receipt of arms surrendered to the State Militia by the U.S. Arsenal at Baton Rouge , Louisiana . Instead of complying , he resigned his position as superintendent and returned to the North , declaring to the governor of Louisiana , `` On no earthly account will I do any act or think any thought hostile ... to the ... United States . '' St. Louis interlude Immediately following his departure from Louisiana , Sherman traveled to Washington , D.C. , possibly in the hope of securing a position in the army , and met with Abraham Lincoln in the White House during inauguration week . Sherman expressed concern about the North 's poor state of preparedness but found Lincoln unresponsive . Thereafter , Sherman became president of the St. Louis Railroad , a streetcar company , a position he would hold for only a few months . Thus , he was living in border - state Missouri as the secession crisis came to a climax . While trying to hold himself aloof from controversy , he observed firsthand the efforts of Congressman Frank Blair , who later served under Sherman , to hold Missouri in the Union . In early April , he declined an offer from the Lincoln administration to take a position in the War Department as a prelude to his becoming Assistant Secretary of War . After the bombardment of Fort Sumter , Sherman hesitated about committing to military service and ridiculed Lincoln 's call for 75,000 three - month volunteers to quell secession , reportedly saying : `` Why , you might as well attempt to put out the flames of a burning house with a squirt - gun . '' However , in May , he offered himself for service in the regular army , and his brother ( Senator John Sherman ) and other connections maneuvered to get him a commission in the regular army . On June 3 , he wrote that `` I still think it is to be a long war -- very long -- much longer than any Politician thinks . '' He received a telegram summoning him to Washington on June 7 . Civil War service First commissions and Bull Run Portrait by Mathew Brady , c. 1864 Sherman was first commissioned as colonel of the 13th U.S. Infantry Regiment , effective May 14 , 1861 . This was a new regiment yet to be raised , and Sherman 's first command was actually of a brigade of three - month volunteers , at the head of which he became one of the few Union officers to distinguish himself at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21 , 1861 , where he was grazed by bullets in the knee and shoulder . The disastrous Union defeat at Bull Run led Sherman to question his own judgment as an officer and the capacities of his volunteer troops . President Lincoln , however , was impressed by Sherman while visiting the troops on July 23 and promoted him to brigadier general of volunteers ( effective May 17 , 1861 , with seniority in rank to Ulysses S. Grant , his future commander ) . He was assigned to serve under Robert Anderson in the Department of the Cumberland in Louisville , Kentucky , and in October Sherman succeeded Anderson in command of the department . Sherman considered that his new assignment broke a promise from Lincoln that he would not be given such a prominent position . Breakdown Having succeeded Anderson at Louisville , Sherman now had principal military responsibility for Kentucky , a border state in which Confederate troops held Columbus and Bowling Green and were present near the Cumberland Gap . He became exceedingly pessimistic about the outlook for his command and he complained frequently to Washington , D.C. about shortages while providing exaggerated estimates of the strength of the rebel forces . Critical press reports appeared about him after an October visit to Louisville by the secretary of war , Simon Cameron , and in early November 1861 Sherman insisted that he be relieved . He was promptly replaced by Brigadier General Don Carlos Buell and transferred to St. Louis , Missouri . In December , he was put on leave by Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck , commander of the Department of the Missouri , who considered him unfit for duty . Sherman went to Lancaster , Ohio , to recuperate . While he was at home , his wife Ellen wrote to his brother , Senator John Sherman , seeking advice . She complained of `` that melancholy insanity to which your family is subject '' . Sherman later wrote that the concerns of command `` broke me down '' , and he admitted contemplating suicide . His problems were compounded when the Cincinnati Commercial described him as `` insane '' . By mid-December 1861 Sherman had recovered sufficiently to return to service under Halleck in the Department of the Missouri . ( In March , Halleck 's command was redesignated the Department of the Mississippi and enlarged to unify command in the West ) . Sherman 's initial assignments were rear - echelon commands , first of an instructional barracks near St. Louis and then in command of the District of Cairo . Operating from Paducah , Kentucky , he provided logistical support for the operations of Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant to capture Fort Donelson ( February 1862 ) . Grant , the previous commander of the District of Cairo , had recently won a major victory at Fort Henry ( February 6 , 1862 ) and been given command of the ill - defined District of West Tennessee . Although Sherman was technically the senior officer at this time , he wrote to Grant , `` I feel anxious about you as I know the great facilities ( the Confederates ) have of concentration by means of the River and R Road , but ( I ) have faith in you -- Command me in any way . '' Shiloh Detail from Sherman Memorial , Washington , D.C. After Grant captured Fort Donelson , Sherman got his wish to serve under Grant when he was assigned on March 1 , 1862 , to the Army of West Tennessee as commander of the 5th Division . His first major test under Grant was at the Battle of Shiloh . The massive Confederate attack on the morning of April 6 , 1862 , took most of the senior Union commanders by surprise . Sherman had dismissed the intelligence reports received from militia officers , refusing to believe that Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston would leave his base at Corinth . He took no precautions beyond strengthening his picket lines , and refused to entrench , build abatis , or push out reconnaissance patrols . At Shiloh , he may have wished to avoid appearing overly alarmed in order to escape the kind of criticism he had received in Kentucky . He had written to his wife that , if he took more precautions , `` they 'd call me crazy again '' . Despite being caught unprepared by the attack , Sherman rallied his division and conducted an orderly , fighting retreat that helped avert a disastrous Union rout . Finding Grant at the end of the day sitting under an oak tree in the darkness and smoking a cigar , Sherman felt , in his words , `` some wise and sudden instinct not to mention retreat '' . In what would become one of the most notable conversations of the war , Sherman said simply : `` Well , Grant , we 've had the devil 's own day , have n't we ? '' After a puff of his cigar , Grant replied calmly : `` Yes . Lick ' em tomorrow , though . '' Sherman proved instrumental to the successful Union counterattack of April 7 , 1862 . At Shiloh , Sherman was wounded twice -- in the hand and shoulder -- and had three horses shot out from under him . His performance was praised by Grant and Halleck and after the battle , and he was promoted to major general of volunteers , effective May 1 , 1862 . Beginning in late April , a Union force of 100,000 moved slowly against Corinth , under Halleck 's command with Grant relegated to second - in - command ; Sherman commanded the division on the extreme right of the Union 's right wing ( under George H. Thomas ) . Shortly after the Union forces occupied Corinth on May 30 , Sherman persuaded Grant not to leave his command , despite the serious difficulties he was having with Halleck . Sherman offered Grant an example from his own life , `` Before the battle of Shiloh , I was cast down by a mere newspaper assertion of ' crazy ' , but that single battle gave me new life , and I 'm now in high feather . '' He told Grant that , if he remained in the army , `` some happy accident might restore you to favor and your true place '' . In July , Grant 's situation improved when Halleck left for the East to become general - in - chief , and Sherman became the military governor of occupied Memphis . Vicksburg The careers of both officers ascended considerably after that time . In Sherman 's case , this was in part because he developed close personal ties to Grant during the two years they served together in the West . During the long and complicated campaign against Vicksburg , one newspaper complained that the `` army was being ruined in mud - turtle expeditions , under the leadership of a drunkard ( Grant ) , whose confidential adviser ( Sherman ) was a lunatic '' . Sherman 's military record in 1862 -- 63 was mixed . In December 1862 , forces under his command suffered a severe repulse at the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou , just north of Vicksburg , Mississippi . Soon after , his XV Corps was ordered to join Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand in his successful assault on Arkansas Post , generally regarded as a politically motivated distraction from the effort to capture Vicksburg . Before the Vicksburg Campaign in the spring of 1863 , Sherman expressed serious reservations about the wisdom of Grant 's unorthodox strategy , but he went on to perform well in that campaign under Grant 's supervision . The historian John D. Winters in The Civil War in Louisiana ( 1963 ) describes Sherman : ... He had yet ( before Vicksburg ) to display any marked talents for leadership . Sherman , beset by hallucinations and unreasonable fears and finally contemplating suicide , had been relieved from command in Kentucky . He later began a new climb to success at Shiloh and Corinth under Grant . Still , if he muffed his Vicksburg assignment , which had begun unfavorably , he would rise no higher . As a man , Sherman was an eccentric mixture of strength and weakness . Although he was impatient , often irritable and depressed , petulant , headstrong , and unreasonably gruff , he had solid soldierly qualities . His men swore by him , and most of his fellow officers admired him . Chattanooga Map of the Battles for Chattanooga , 1863 After the surrender of Vicksburg to the Union forces under Grant on July 4 , 1863 , Sherman was given the rank of brigadier general in the regular army , in addition to his rank as a major general of volunteers . Sherman 's family came from Ohio to visit his camp near Vicksburg ; his nine - year - old son , Willie , the Little Sergeant , died from typhoid fever contracted during the trip . Command in the West was unified under Grant ( Military Division of the Mississippi ) , and Sherman succeeded Grant in command of the Army of the Tennessee . Following the defeat of the Army of the Cumberland at the Battle of Chickamauga by Confederate General Braxton Bragg 's Army of Tennessee , the army was besieged in Chattanooga , Tennessee . Sherman 's troops were sent to relieve them . While traveling to Chattanooga , Sherman departed Memphis on a train that arrived at the Battle of Collierville , Tenn. , while the Union garrison there was under attack on October 11 , 1863 . General Sherman took command of the 550 men and successfully defended against an attack of 3,500 Confederate cavalry . During the Chattanooga Campaign in November , under Grant 's overall command , Sherman quickly took his assigned target of Billy Goat Hill at the north end of Missionary Ridge , only to discover that it was not part of the ridge at all , but rather a detached spur separated from the main spine by a rock - strewn ravine . When he attempted to attack the main spine at Tunnel Hill , his troops were repeatedly repulsed by Patrick Cleburne 's heavy division , the best unit in Bragg 's army . Sherman 's efforts were assisted by George Henry Thomas 's army 's successful assault on the center of the Confederate line , a movement originally intended as a diversion . Subsequently , Sherman led a column to relieve Union forces under Ambrose Burnside thought to be in peril at Knoxville . In February 1864 , he led an expedition to Meridian , Mississippi , to disrupt Confederate infrastructure . Atlanta Map of Sherman 's campaigns in Georgia and the Carolinas , 1864 -- 1865 Despite this mixed record , Sherman enjoyed Grant 's confidence and friendship . When Lincoln called Grant east in the spring of 1864 to take command of all the Union armies , Grant appointed Sherman ( by then known to his soldiers as `` Uncle Billy '' ) to succeed him as head of the Military Division of the Mississippi , which entailed command of Union troops in the Western Theater of the war . As Grant took overall command of the armies of the United States , Sherman wrote to him outlining his strategy to bring the war to an end concluding that `` if you can whip Lee and I can march to the Atlantic I think ol ' Uncle Abe will give us twenty days leave to see the young folks . '' Sherman proceeded to invade the state of Georgia with three armies : the 60,000 - strong Army of the Cumberland under George Henry Thomas , the 25,000 - strong Army of the Tennessee under James B. McPherson , and the 13,000 - strong Army of the Ohio under John M. Schofield . He fought a lengthy campaign of maneuver through mountainous terrain against Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston 's Army of Tennessee , attempting a direct assault only at the disastrous Battle of Kennesaw Mountain . In July , the cautious Johnston was replaced by the more aggressive John Bell Hood , who played to Sherman 's strength by challenging him to direct battles on open ground . Meanwhile , in August , Sherman `` learned that I had been commissioned a major - general in the regular army , which was unexpected , and not desired until successful in the capture of Atlanta . '' Sherman 's Atlanta Campaign concluded successfully on September 2 , 1864 , with the capture of the city , which Hood had been forced to abandon . This success made Sherman a household name and helped ensure Lincoln 's presidential re-election in November . In August , the Democratic Party had nominated as its candidate George B. McClellan , the popular former Union army commander , and it had seemed likely that Lincoln would lose to McClellan . Lincoln 's defeat could well have meant the victory of the Confederacy , as the Democratic Party platform called for peace negotiations based on the acknowledgment of the Confederacy 's independence . Thus the capture of Atlanta , coming when it did , may have been Sherman 's greatest contribution to the Union cause . After ordering almost all civilians to leave the city in September , Sherman gave instructions that all military and government buildings in Atlanta be burned , although many private homes and shops were burned as well . This was to set a precedent for future behavior by his armies . March to the Sea Green - Meldrim house , where Sherman stayed after taking Savannah in 1864 Main article : Sherman 's March to the Sea During September and October , Sherman and Hood played cat - and - mouse in north Georgia ( and Alabama ) as Hood threatened Sherman 's communications to the north . Eventually , Sherman won approval from his superiors for a plan to cut loose from his communications and march south , having advised Grant that he could `` make Georgia howl '' . This created the threat that Hood would move north into Tennessee . Trivializing that threat , Sherman reportedly said that he would `` give ( Hood ) his rations '' to go in that direction as `` my business is down south '' . However , Sherman left forces under Maj . Gens . George H. Thomas and John M. Schofield to deal with Hood ; their forces eventually smashed Hood 's army in the battles of Franklin ( November 30 ) and Nashville ( December 15 -- 16 ) . Meanwhile , after the November elections , Sherman began a march with 62,000 men to the port of Savannah , Georgia , living off the land and causing , by his own estimate , more than $100 million in property damage . Sherman called this harsh tactic of material war `` hard war , '' often seen as a species of total war . At the end of this campaign , known as Sherman 's March to the Sea , his troops captured Savannah on December 21 , 1864 . Sherman then dispatched a famous message to Lincoln , offering him the city as a Christmas present . Sherman 's success in Georgia received ample coverage in the Northern press at a time when Grant seemed to be making little progress in his fight against Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . A bill was introduced in Congress to promote Sherman to Grant 's rank of lieutenant general , probably with a view towards having him replace Grant as commander of the Union Army . Sherman wrote both to his brother , Senator John Sherman , and to General Grant vehemently repudiating any such promotion . According to a war - time account , it was around this time that Sherman made his memorable declaration of loyalty to Grant : General Grant is a great general . I know him well . He stood by me when I was crazy , and I stood by him when he was drunk ; and now , sir , we stand by each other always . While in Savannah , Sherman learned from a newspaper that his infant son Charles Celestine had died during the Savannah Campaign ; the general had never seen the child . General Sherman with Generals Howard , Logan , Hazen , Davis , Slocum , and Mower , photographed by Mathew Brady , May 1865 Final campaigns in the Carolinas Grant then ordered Sherman to embark his army on steamers and join the Union forces confronting Lee in Virginia , but Sherman instead persuaded Grant to allow him to march north through the Carolinas , destroying everything of military value along the way , as he had done in Georgia . He was particularly interested in targeting South Carolina , the first state to secede from the Union , because of the effect that it would have on Southern morale . His army proceeded north through South Carolina against light resistance from the troops of Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston . Upon hearing that Sherman 's men were advancing on corduroy roads through the Salkehatchie swamps at a rate of a dozen miles per day , Johnston `` made up his mind that there had been no such army in existence since the days of Julius Caesar . '' Sherman captured the state capital of Columbia , South Carolina , on February 17 , 1865 . Fires began that night and by next morning most of the central city was destroyed . The burning of Columbia has engendered controversy ever since , with some claiming the fires were accidental , others a deliberate act of vengeance , and still others that the retreating Confederates burned bales of cotton on their way out of town . The Burning of Columbia , South Carolina ( 1865 ) by William Waud for Harper 's Weekly Local Native American Lumbee guides helped Sherman 's army cross the Lumber River , which was flooded by torrential rains , into North Carolina . According to Sherman , the trek across the Lumber River , and through the swamps , pocosins , and creeks of Robeson County was `` the damnedest marching I ever saw . '' Thereafter , his troops did little damage to the civilian infrastructure , as North Carolina , unlike its southern neighbor , was regarded by his men as a reluctant Confederate state , having been the second from last state to secede from the Union , before Tennessee . Sherman 's final significant military engagement was a victory over Johnston 's troops at the Battle of Bentonville , March 19 -- 21 . He soon rendezvoused at Goldsborough , North Carolina , with Union troops awaiting him there after the capture of Fort Fisher and Wilmington . In late March , Sherman briefly left his forces and traveled to City Point , Virginia to consult with Grant . Lincoln happened to be at City Point at the same time , allowing the only three - way meetings of Lincoln , Grant , and Sherman during the war . Confederate surrender Following Lee 's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House and the assassination of President Lincoln , Sherman met with Johnston at Bennett Place in Durham , North Carolina , to negotiate a Confederate surrender . At the insistence of Johnston and of Confederate President Jefferson Davis , Sherman conditionally agreed to generous terms that dealt with both political and military issues . Sherman thought that those terms were consistent with the views Lincoln had expressed at City Point , but the general had not been given the authority , by General Grant , the newly installed President Andrew Johnson , or the Cabinet , to offer those terms . The government in Washington , D.C. , refused to approve Sherman 's terms and the Secretary of War , Edwin M. Stanton , denounced Sherman publicly , precipitating a long - lasting feud between the two men . Confusion over this issue lasted until April 26 , 1865 , when Johnston , ignoring instructions from President Davis , agreed to purely military terms and formally surrendered his army and all the Confederate forces in the Carolinas , Georgia , and Florida , in what was the largest single capitulation of the war . Sherman proceeded with 60,000 of his troops to Washington , D.C. , where they marched in the Grand Review of the Armies , on May 24 , 1865 , and were then disbanded . Having become the second most important general in the Union army , he thus had come full circle to the city where he started his war - time service as colonel of a non-existent infantry regiment . Slavery and emancipation Portrait by Mathew Brady or Levin C. Handy , between 1865 and 1880 Sherman was not an abolitionist before the war and , like others of his time and background , he did not believe in `` Negro equality '' . Before the war , Sherman at times even expressed some sympathy with the view of Southern whites that the black race was benefiting from slavery , although he opposed breaking up slave families and advocated teaching slaves to read and write . During the Civil War , Sherman declined to employ black troops in his armies . Sherman 's military campaigns of 1864 and 1865 freed many slaves , who greeted him `` as a second Moses or Aaron '' and joined his marches through Georgia and the Carolinas by the tens of thousands . The fate of these refugees became a pressing military and political issue . Some abolitionists accused Sherman of doing little to alleviate the precarious living conditions of the freed slaves . To address this issue , on January 12 , 1865 , Sherman met in Savannah with Secretary of War Stanton and with twenty local black leaders . After Sherman 's departure , Garrison Frazier , a Baptist minister , declared in response to an inquiry about the feelings of the black community : We looked upon General Sherman , prior to his arrival , as a man , in the providence of God , specially set apart to accomplish this work , and we unanimously felt inexpressible gratitude to him , looking upon him as a man that should be honored for the faithful performance of his duty . Some of us called upon him immediately upon his arrival , and it is probable he did not meet ( Secretary Stanton ) with more courtesy than he met us . His conduct and deportment toward us characterized him as a friend and a gentleman . Four days later , Sherman issued his Special Field Orders , No. 15 . The orders provided for the settlement of 40,000 freed slaves and black refugees on land expropriated from white landowners in South Carolina , Georgia , and Florida . Sherman appointed Brig. Gen. Rufus Saxton , an abolitionist from Massachusetts who had previously directed the recruitment of black soldiers , to implement that plan . Those orders , which became the basis of the claim that the Union government had promised freed slaves `` 40 acres and a mule '' , were revoked later that year by President Andrew Johnson . Although the context is often overlooked , and the quotation usually chopped off , one of Sherman 's most famous statements about his hard - war views arose in part from the racial attitudes summarized above . In his Memoirs , Sherman noted political pressures in 1864 -- 1865 to encourage the escape of slaves , in part to avoid the possibility that `` ' able - bodied slaves will be called into the military service of the rebels . ' '' Sherman thought concentration on such policies would have delayed the `` successful end '' of the war and the `` liberat ( ion of ) all slaves '' . He went on to summarize vividly his hard - war philosophy and to add , in effect , that he really did not want the help of liberated slaves in subduing the South : My aim then was to whip the rebels , to humble their pride , to follow them to their inmost recesses , and make them fear and dread us . `` Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom . '' I did not want them to cast in our teeth what General Hood had once done at Atlanta , that we had to call on their slaves to help us to subdue them . But , as regards kindness to the race ... , I assert that no army ever did more for that race than the one I commanded at Savannah . Strategies Sherman 's record as a tactician was mixed , and his military legacy rests primarily on his command of logistics and on his brilliance as a strategist . The influential 20th - century British military historian and theorist B.H. Liddell Hart ranked Sherman as one of the most important strategists in the annals of war , along with Scipio Africanus , Belisarius , Napoleon Bonaparte , T.E. Lawrence , and Erwin Rommel . Liddell Hart credited Sherman with mastery of maneuver warfare ( also known as the `` indirect approach '' ) , as demonstrated by his series of turning movements against Johnston during the Atlanta Campaign . Liddell Hart also stated that study of Sherman 's campaigns had contributed significantly to his own `` theory of strategy and tactics in mechanized warfare '' , which had in turn influenced Heinz Guderian 's doctrine of Blitzkrieg and Rommel 's use of tanks during the Second World War . Another World War II - era student of Liddell Hart 's writings about Sherman was George S. Patton , who `` ' spent a long vacation studying Sherman 's campaigns on the ground in Georgia and the Carolinas , with the aid of ( Liddell Hart 's ) book ' '' and later `` ' carried out his ( bold ) plans , in super-Sherman style ' '' . Sherman 's greatest contribution to the war , the strategy of total warfare -- endorsed by General Grant and President Lincoln -- has been the subject of controversy . Sherman himself downplayed his role in conducting total war , often saying that he was simply carrying out orders as best he could in order to fulfill his part of Grant 's master plan for ending the war . Total warfare See also : Sherman 's March to the Sea Like Grant , Sherman was convinced that the Confederacy 's strategic , economic , and psychological ability to wage further war needed to be definitively crushed if the fighting were to end . Therefore , he believed that the North had to conduct its campaign as a war of conquest and employ scorched earth tactics to break the backbone of the rebellion . He called this strategy `` hard war '' . Sherman 's advance through Georgia and South Carolina was characterized by widespread destruction of civilian supplies and infrastructure . Although looting was officially forbidden , historians disagree on how well this regulation was enforced . Union soldiers who foraged from Southern homes became known as bummers . The speed and efficiency of the destruction by Sherman 's army was remarkable . The practice of heating rails and bending them around trees , leaving behind what came to be known as `` Sherman 's neckties , '' made repairs difficult . Accusations that civilians were targeted and war crimes were committed on the march have made Sherman a controversial figure to this day , particularly in the American South . An 1868 engraving by Alexander Hay Ritchie depicting the March to the Sea The damage done by Sherman was almost entirely limited to the destruction of property . Though exact figures are not available , the loss of civilian life appears to have been very small . Consuming supplies , wrecking infrastructure , and undermining morale were Sherman 's stated goals , and several of his Southern contemporaries noted this and commented on it . For instance , Alabama - born Major Henry Hitchcock , who served in Sherman 's staff , declared that `` it is a terrible thing to consume and destroy the sustenance of thousands of people , '' but if the scorched earth strategy served `` to paralyze their husbands and fathers who are fighting ... it is mercy in the end '' . The severity of the destructive acts by Union troops was significantly greater in South Carolina than in Georgia or North Carolina . This appears to have been a consequence of the animosity among both Union soldiers and officers to the state that they regarded as the `` cockpit of secession '' . One of the most serious accusations against Sherman was that he allowed his troops to burn the city of Columbia . In 1867 , Gen. O.O. Howard , commander of Sherman 's 15th Corps , reportedly said , `` It is useless to deny that our troops burnt Columbia , for I saw them in the act . '' However , Sherman himself stated that `` ( i ) f I had made up my mind to burn Columbia I would have burnt it with no more feeling than I would a common prairie dog village ; but I did not do it ... '' Sherman 's official report on the burning placed the blame on Confederate Lt. Gen. Wade Hampton III , who Sherman said had ordered the burning of cotton in the streets . In his memoirs , Sherman said , `` In my official report of this conflagration I distinctly charged it to General Wade Hampton , and confess I did so pointedly to shake the faith of his people in him , for he was in my opinion a braggart and professed to be the special champion of South Carolina . '' Historian James M. McPherson has concluded that : The fullest and most dispassionate study of this controversy blames all parties in varying proportions -- including the Confederate authorities for the disorder that characterized the evacuation of Columbia , leaving thousands of cotton bales on the streets ( some of them burning ) and huge quantities of liquor undestroyed ... Sherman did not deliberately burn Columbia ; a majority of Union soldiers , including the general himself , worked through the night to put out the fires . In this general connection , it is also noteworthy that Sherman and his subordinates ( particularly John A. Logan ) took steps to protect Raleigh , North Carolina , from acts of revenge after the assassination of President Lincoln . Modern assessment Map of Sherman 's advance from Atlanta to Goldsboro After the fall of Atlanta in 1864 , Sherman ordered the city 's evacuation . When the city council appealed to him to rescind that order , on the grounds that it would cause great hardship to women , children , the elderly , and others who bore no responsibility for the conduct of the war , Sherman sent a written response in which he sought to articulate his conviction that a lasting peace would be possible only if the Union were restored , and that he was therefore prepared to do all he could do to quash the rebellion : You can not qualify war in harsher terms than I will . War is cruelty , and you can not refine it ; and those who brought war into our country deserve all the curses and maledictions a people can pour out . I know I had no hand in making this war , and I know I will make more sacrifices to - day than any of you to secure peace . But you can not have peace and a division of our country . If the United States submits to a division now , it will not stop , but will go on until we reap the fate of Mexico , which is eternal war ( ... ) I want peace , and believe it can only be reached through union and war , and I will ever conduct war with a view to perfect and early success . But , my dear sirs , when peace does come , you may call on me for anything . Then will I share with you the last cracker , and watch with you to shield your homes and families against danger from every quarter . Literary critic Edmund Wilson found in Sherman 's Memoirs a fascinating and disturbing account of an `` appetite for warfare '' that `` grows as it feeds on the South '' . Former U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara refers equivocally to the statement that `` war is cruelty and you can not refine it '' in both the book Wilson 's Ghost and in his interview for the film The Fog of War . But when comparing Sherman 's scorched - earth campaigns to the actions of the British Army during the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) -- another war in which civilians were targeted because of their central role in sustaining an armed resistance -- South African historian Hermann Giliomee declares that it `` looks as if Sherman struck a better balance than the British commanders between severity and restraint in taking actions proportional to legitimate needs '' . The admiration of scholars such as Victor Davis Hanson , B.H. Liddell Hart , Lloyd Lewis , and John F. Marszalek for General Sherman owes much to what they see as an approach to the exigencies of modern armed conflict that was both effective and principled . In May 1865 , after the major Confederate armies had surrendered , Sherman wrote in a personal letter : I confess , without shame , I am sick and tired of fighting -- its glory is all moonshine ; even success the most brilliant is over dead and mangled bodies , with the anguish and lamentations of distant families , appealing to me for sons , husbands and fathers ... tis only those who have never heard a shot , never heard the shriek and groans of the wounded and lacerated ... that cry aloud for more blood , more vengeance , more desolation . Departmental commander and Reconstruction In June 1865 , two months after Robert E. Lee 's surrender at Appomattox , General Sherman received his first postwar command , originally called the Military Division of the Mississippi , later the Military Division of the Missouri , which came to comprise the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains . Sherman 's efforts in that position were focused on protecting the main wagon roads , such as the Oregon , Bozeman and Santa Fe Trails . Tasked with guarding a vast territory with a limited force , Sherman was wary of the multitude of requests by territories and settlements for protection . One of Sherman 's main concerns in postwar commands was to protect the construction and operation of the railroads from attack by hostile Indians . Sherman 's views on Indian matters were often strongly expressed . He regarded the railroads `` as the most important element now in progress to facilitate the military interests of our Frontier '' . Hence , in 1867 , he wrote to Grant that `` we are not going to let a few thieving , ragged Indians check and stop the progress of ( the railroads ) . '' After the 1866 Fetterman Massacre , Sherman wrote Grant that `` we must act with vindictive earnestness against the Sioux , even to their extermination , men , women and children . '' Despite this language , there was little large - scale military action taken against the Indians during the first three years of Sherman 's tenure , as Sherman was willing to let the process of negotiations play out in order to buy time to procure more troops and allow the completion of the Union Pacific and Kansas Pacific Railroads . During his time as departmental commander , Sherman was a member of the Indian Peace Commission . Though the commission was responsible for the negotiation of the Medicine Lodge Treaty and the Sioux Treaty of 1868 , Sherman was not particularly privy in either due to being called away to Washington during the negotiations of both . In one such instance , he was called to testify in the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson . However , Sherman was successful in negotiating other treaties , such as the removal of Navajos from the Bosque Redondo to traditional lands in Western New Mexico . When the Medicine Lodge Treaty was broken in 1868 , Sherman authorized his subordinate in Missouri , Philip Sheridan , to conduct the Winter Campaign of 1868 -- 69 ( of which the Battle of Washita River was a part ) , where Sheridan used hard - war tactics similar to those he and Sherman had employed in the Civil War . Sherman was also involved with the trial of Satanta and Big Tree : he ordered that the two chiefs should be tried as common criminals for their role in the Warren Wagon Train Raid , a raid that came dangerously close to killing Sherman himself . General of the Army Shoulder strap insignia , introduced by Sherman in 1872 for his use as General of the Army 1888 photograph by Napoleon Sarony used in the second edition of Sherman 's Memoirs , 1889 . This photo also served as a model for the engraving of the first Sherman postage stamp issued in 1893 . On July 25 , 1866 , Congress created the rank of General of the Army for Grant and then promoted Sherman to lieutenant general . When Grant became president in 1869 , Sherman was appointed Commanding General of the United States Army and promoted to General of the Army . After the death of John A. Rawlins , Sherman also served for one month as interim Secretary of War . His tenure as commanding general was marred by political difficulties , many of which stemmed from disagreements with Secretaries of War Rawlins and William W. Belknap , whom Sherman felt had usurped too much of the Commanding General 's powers , reducing him to a sinecure office . Sherman also clashed with Eastern humanitarians , who were critical of the Army 's killing of Indians and had apparently found an ally in President Grant . To escape these difficulties , from 1874 to 1876 , he moved his headquarters to St. Louis , Missouri , returning to Washington only upon the appointment of Alphonso Taft as Secretary of War and the promise of more authority . Much of Sherman 's time as Commanding General was devoted to making the Western and Plains states safe for settlement through the continuation of the Indian Wars , which included three significant campaigns : the Modoc War , the Great Sioux War of 1876 , and the Nez Perce War . The displacement of Indians was facilitated by the growth of the railroad and the eradication of the buffalo . Sherman believed that the intentional eradication of the buffalo should be encouraged as a means of weakening Indian resistance to assimilation . He voiced this view in remarks to a joint session of the Texas legislature in 1875 . However he never engaged in any program to actually eradicate the buffalo . During this time , Sherman reorganized frontier forts to reflect the shifting frontier . After George Armstrong Custer 's defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn , Sherman wrote that `` hostile savages like Sitting Bull and his band of outlaw Sioux ... must feel the superior power of the Government . '' He further wrote that `` during an assault , the soldiers can not pause to distinguish between male and female , or even discriminate as to age . '' Despite his harsh treatment of the warring tribes , Sherman spoke out against the unfair way speculators and government agents treated the natives within the reservations . In 1875 Sherman published his memoirs in two volumes . According to critic Edmund Wilson , Sherman : ( H ) ad a trained gift of self - expression and was , as Mark Twain says , a master of narrative . ( In his Memoirs ) the vigorous account of his pre-war activities and his conduct of his military operations is varied in just the right proportion and to just the right degree of vivacity with anecdotes and personal experiences . We live through his campaigns ( ... ) in the company of Sherman himself . He tells us what he thought and what he felt , and he never strikes any attitudes or pretends to feel anything he does not feel . During the election of 1876 , Southern Democrats who supported Wade Hampton for governor used mob violence to attack and intimidate African American voters in Charleston , South Carolina . Republican Governor Daniel Chamberlain appealed to President Ulysses S. Grant for military assistance . In October 1876 , President Ulysses S. Grant , after issuing a proclamation , instructed Sherman to gather all available Atlantic region troops and dispatch them to South Carolina to stop the mob violence . On June 19 , 1879 , Sherman delivered an address to the graduating class of the Michigan Military Academy , in which he may have uttered the famous phrase `` War Is Hell '' . On April 11 , 1880 , he addressed a crowd of more than 10,000 at Columbus , Ohio : `` There is many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory , but , boys , it is all hell . '' In 1945 , President Harry S. Truman would say : `` Sherman was wrong . I 'm telling you I find peace is hell . '' One of Sherman 's significant contributions as head of the Army was the establishment of the Command School ( now the Command and General Staff College ) at Fort Leavenworth in 1881 . Sherman stepped down as commanding general on November 1 , 1883 , and retired from the army on February 8 , 1884 . Later years He lived most of the rest of his life in New York City . He was devoted to the theater and to amateur painting and was much in demand as a colorful speaker at dinners and banquets , in which he indulged a fondness for quoting Shakespeare . During this period , he stayed in contact with war veterans , and through them accepted honorary membership into the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity and the Irving Literary Society . Sherman was proposed as a Republican candidate for the presidential election of 1884 , but declined as emphatically as possible , saying , `` I will not accept if nominated and will not serve if elected . '' Such a categorical rejection of a candidacy is now referred to as a `` Shermanesque statement '' . In 1888 he joined the newly formed Boone and Crockett Club , a wildlife conservation organization founded by Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell . Death Sherman 's death mask Sherman died of pneumonia in New York City at 1 : 50 PM on February 14 , 1891 . President Benjamin Harrison sent a telegram to General Sherman 's family and ordered all national flags to be flown at half mast . Harrison , in a message to the Senate and the House of Representatives , wrote that : He was an ideal soldier , and shared to the fullest the esprit du corps of the army , but he cherished the civil institutions organized under the Constitution , and was only a soldier that these might be perpetuated in undiminished usefulness and honor . Religious views Sherman 's birth family was Presbyterian and he was originally baptized as such . His foster family , including his future wife Ellen , were devout Catholics , and Sherman was re-baptized and later married in the Catholic rite . According to his son Thomas , who became a Catholic priest , Sherman attended the Catholic Church until the outbreak of the Civil War , but not thereafter . In 1888 , Sherman wrote publicly that `` my immediate family are strongly Catholic . I am not and can not be . '' A memoirist reports that Sherman told him in 1887 that `` my family is strongly Roman Catholic , but I am not . '' Funeral procession in New York On 19 February , a funeral service was held at his home , followed by a military procession . General Joseph E. Johnston , the Confederate officer who had commanded the resistance to Sherman 's troops in Georgia and the Carolinas , served as a pallbearer in New York City . It was a bitterly cold day and a friend of Johnston , fearing that the general might become ill , asked him to put on his hat . Johnston famously replied : `` If I were in ( Sherman 's ) place , and he were standing in mine , he would not put on his hat . '' Johnston did catch a serious cold and died one month later of pneumonia . General Sherman 's body was then transported to St. Louis , where another service was conducted on 21 February 1891 at a local Catholic church . His son , Thomas Ewing Sherman , a Jesuit priest , presided over his father 's funeral mass . Sherman is buried in Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis . Monuments Major monuments to Sherman include the gilded bronze Sherman Memorial ( 1902 ) by Augustus Saint - Gaudens at the main entrance to Central Park in New York City , and the Sherman Monument ( 1903 ) by Carl Rohl - Smith near President 's Park in Washington , D.C. The Sherman Monument ( 1900 ) in Muskegon , Michigan features a bronze statue by John Massey Rhind , and the Sherman Monument ( 1903 ) in Arlington National Cemetery features a smaller version of Saint - Gaudens 's equestrian statue . Copies of Saint - Gaudens 's Bust of William Tecumseh Sherman are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , and elsewhere . Other posthumous tributes include Sherman Circle in the Petworth neighborhood of Washington , DC , the naming of the World War II M4 Sherman tank , and the `` General Sherman '' Giant Sequoia tree , the most massive documented single - trunk tree in the world . Sherman Monument ( 1900 ) , Muskegon , Michigan Sherman Memorial ( 1902 ) , Central Park , New York City General William Tecumseh Sherman Monument ( 1903 ) , Washington , D.C. Historiography In the years immediately after the war , Sherman 's conservative politics was attractive to white Southerners . By the 1880s , however , Southern `` Lost Cause '' writers began to demonize Sherman for his attacks on civilians in the `` March '' . The Confederate Veteran magazine , based in Nashville , gave Sherman more attention than anyone else , in part to enhance the visibility of the western theater . His devastation of railroads and plantations mattered less than the March 's insult to southern dignity , especially its unprotected womanhood . Moody criticizes English historians Field Marshal Viscount Garnet Wolseley , Maj. Gen. John F.C. Fuller , and especially Capt . Basil H. Liddell Hart , who built up Sherman 's reputation by exaggerating his `` atrocities '' and filtering his actions through their ideas about modern warfare . By contrast Sherman was a popular hero in the North and well regarded by his soldiers . Military historians have paid special attention to his Atlanta campaign and the March to the Sea , generally giving him high marks as an innovative strategist and quick - witted tactician . Autobiography and Memoirs Sheet music for `` Sherman 's March to the Sea '' Around 1868 , Sherman began to write a `` private '' recollection for his children about his life before the Civil War , identified now as his unpublished `` Autobiography , 1828 -- 1861 '' . This manuscript is held by the Ohio Historical Society . Much of the material in it would eventually be incorporated in revised form in his memoirs . In 1875 , ten years after the end of the Civil War , Sherman became one of the first Civil War generals to publish a memoir . His Memoirs of General William T. Sherman . By Himself , published by D. Appleton & Co. , in two volumes , began with the year 1846 ( when the Mexican War began ) and ended with a chapter about the `` military lessons of the ( civil ) war '' ( 1875 edition : Volume I ; Volume II ) . The memoirs were controversial , and sparked complaints from many quarters . Grant ( serving as President when Sherman 's memoirs first appeared ) later remarked that others had told him that Sherman treated Grant unfairly but `` when I finished the book , I found I approved every word ; that ... it was a true book , an honorable book , creditable to Sherman , just to his companions -- to myself particularly so -- just such a book as I expected Sherman would write . '' In 1886 , after the publication of Grant 's memoirs , Sherman produced a `` second edition , revised and corrected '' of his memoirs with Appleton . The new edition added a second preface , a chapter about his life up to 1846 , a chapter concerning the post-war period ( ending with his 1884 retirement from the army ) , several appendices , portraits , improved maps , and an index ( 1886 edition : Volume I , Volume II ) . For the most part , Sherman refused to revise his original text on the ground that `` I disclaim the character of historian , but assume to be a witness on the stand before the great tribunal of history '' and `` any witness who may disagree with me should publish his own version of ( the ) facts in the truthful narration of which he is interested . '' However , Sherman did add the appendices , in which he published the views of some others . Sherman in his later years , in civilian evening clothes Subsequently , Sherman shifted to the publishing house of Charles L. Webster & Co. , the publisher of Grant 's memoirs . The new publishing house brought out a `` third edition , revised and corrected '' in 1890 . This difficult - to - find edition was substantively identical to the second ( except for the probable omission of Sherman 's short 1875 and 1886 prefaces ) . After Sherman died in 1891 , there were dueling new editions of his memoirs . His first publisher , Appleton , reissued the original ( 1875 ) edition with two new chapters about Sherman 's later years added by the journalist W. Fletcher Johnson ( 1891 Johnson edition : Volume I , Volume II ) . Meanwhile , Charles L. Webster & Co. issued a `` fourth edition , revised , corrected , and complete '' with the text of Sherman 's second edition , a new chapter prepared under the auspices of the Sherman family bringing the general 's life from his retirement to his death and funeral , and an appreciation by politician James G. Blaine ( who was related to Sherman 's wife ) . Unfortunately , this edition omits Sherman 's prefaces to the 1875 and 1886 editions ( 1891 Blaine edition : Volume I , Volume II ) . In 1904 and 1913 , Sherman 's youngest son ( Philemon Tecumseh Sherman ) republished the memoirs , ironically with Appleton ( not Charles L. Webster & Co . ) . This was designated as a `` second edition , revised and corrected '' . This edition contains Sherman 's two prefaces , his 1886 text , and the materials added in the 1891 Blaine edition . Thus , this virtually invisible edition of Sherman 's memoirs is actually the most comprehensive version . There are many modern editions of Sherman 's memoirs . The edition most useful for research purposes is the 1990 Library of America version , edited by Charles Royster . It contains the entire text of Sherman 's 1886 edition , together with annotations , a note on the text , and a detailed chronology of Sherman 's life . Missing from this edition is the useful biographical material contained in the 1891 Johnson and Blaine editions . Published Correspondence Many of Sherman 's official war - time letters ( and other items ) appear in the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion . Some of these letters are rather personal in nature , rather than relating directly to operational activities of the army . There also are at least five published collections of Sherman correspondence : Sherman 's Civil War : Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman , 1860 -- 1865 , edited by Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin ( Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) -- a large collection of war - time letters ( November 1860 to May 1865 ) . Sherman at War , edited by Joseph H. Ewing ( Dayton , OH : Morningside , 1992 ) -- approximately thirty war time letters to Sherman 's father - in - law , Thomas Ewing , and one of his brothers - in - law , Philemon B. Ewing . Home Letters of General Sherman , edited by M.A. DeWolfe Howe ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Son , 1909 ) -- edited letters to his wife , Ellen Ewing Sherman , from 1837 to 1888 . The Sherman Letters : Correspondence Between General Sherman and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891 , edited by Rachel Sherman Thorndike ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Son , 1894 ) -- edited letters to his brother , Senator John Sherman , from 1837 to 1891 . General W.T. Sherman as College President , edited by Walter L. Fleming ( Cleveland : The Arthur H. Clark Co. , 1912 ) -- edited letters and other documents from Sherman 's 1859 -- 1861 service as superintendent of the Louisiana Seminary of Learning and Military Academy . In popular culture The presentation of Sherman in popular culture is now discussed at book - length in Sherman 's March in Myth and Memory ( Rowman and Littlefield , 2008 ) , by Edward Caudill and Paul Ashdown . Some of the artistic treatments of Sherman 's march are the Civil War era song `` Marching Through Georgia '' by Henry Clay Work ; Herman Melville 's poem `` The March to the Sea '' ; Ross McElwee 's film Sherman 's March ; and E.L. Doctorow 's novel The March . At the beginning of Margaret Mitchell 's novel Gone with the Wind , first published in 1936 , the fictional character Rhett Butler warns a group of upper - class secessionists of the folly of war with the North in terms very reminiscent of those Sherman directed to David F. Boyd before leaving Louisiana . Sherman 's invasion of Georgia later plays a central role in the plot of the novel . Charles Beaumont in the Twilight Zone episode `` Long Live Walter Jameson '' has the lead character ( a history professor ) comment on the burning of Atlanta that the union soldiers did it unwillingly at the behest of a Sherman described as sullen and brutish . Sherman is a principal character in Chelsea Quinn Yarbro 's vampire novel In the Face of Death . Sherman does not directly appear but is mentioned in alternate history novelist Harry Turtledove 's 1992 book The Guns of the South . Sherman appears in another Turtledove novel , the 1997 book How Few Remain . In the Academy Award winning Errol Morris documentary The Fog of War , Robert McNamara recalls an anecdote he read about Sherman during the Civil War , in which the mayor of Atlanta pleaded with Sherman for mercy before he torched the city to the ground , to which Sherman responded , `` War is cruelty . '' McNamara uses the story as a parallel to the usage of Agent Orange during the Vietnam War , while he was Secretary of Defense , to illustrate the ninth lesson of the film : `` In order to do good , you may have to engage in evil . '' Sherman on U.S. postage Sherman is one of the few generals to have appeared on several different US postage stamp issues . The first stamp issue to honor him was released on March 21 , 1893 , a little more than two years after his death . The engraving was modeled after a photograph taken by Napoleon Sarony in 1888 . The Post Office released a second and third Sherman issue of 1895 , both almost identical to the first issue , with slight changes in the framework design and color . Sherman appeared again in the US Army issue of 1937 , a commemorative postage stamp jointly honoring Generals Sherman , Grant and Sheridan . The last stamp issue to honor Sherman was released in 1995 and was a 32 - cent stamp . With five different issues to his name , Sherman has featured more prominently in US postage than most US presidents . ~ 1st Sherman stamp ~ Issue of 1893 ~ Sherman ~ Issue of 1895 ~ Sherman ~ Grant ~ Sheridan ~ 1937 commemorative issue Sherman name in the military Sherman lent his name to the Sherman tank . The USS General Sherman , a Civil War gunboat , was also named after him as was Fort Sherman . Dates of rank Second lieutenant , USA -- July 1840 First lieutenant , USA -- November 1841 Captain , USA -- September 1850 Colonel , USA -- 14 May 1861 Brigadier general , of Volunteers -- 17 May 1861 Major general of Volunteers -- 1 May 1862 Brigadier general , USA -- 4 July 1863 Major general , USA -- 12 August 1864 Lieutenant general , USA -- 25 July 1866 General , USA -- 4 March 1869 Writings General Sherman 's Official Account of His Great March to Georgia and the Carolinas , from His Departure from Chattanooga to the Surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston and Confederate Forces under His Command ( 1865 ) `` Autobiography , 1828 -- 1861 '' ( c. 1868 ) , Mss. 57 , WTS Papers , Ohio Historical Society . Private recollections for Sherman 's children . Memoirs of General William T. Sherman , Written by Himself ( 1875 ) , 2d ed. with additional chapters ( 1886 ) Reports of Inspection Made in the Summer of 1877 by Generals P.H. Sheridan and W.T. Sherman of Country North of the Union Pacific Railroad ( co-author , 1878 ) The Sherman Letters : Correspondence between General and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891 ( posthumous , 1894 ) Home Letters of General Sherman ( posthumous , 1909 ) General W.T. Sherman as College President : A Collection of Letters , Documents , and Other Material , Chiefly from Private Sources , Relating to the Life and Activities of General William Tecumseh Sherman , to the Early Years of Louisiana State University , and the Stirring Conditions Existing in the South on the Eve of the Civil War ( posthumous , 1912 ) The William Tecumseh Sherman Family Letters ( posthumous , 1967 ) . Microfilm collection prepared by the Archives of the University of Notre Dame contains letters , etc. from Sherman , his wife , and others . Sherman at War ( posthumous , 1992 ) Sherman 's Civil War : Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman , 1860 -- 1865 ( posthumous , 1999 ) See also M4 Sherman American WWII tank ( called the Sherman tank in British service ) List of American Civil War generals Sherman 's March ( 2007 film ) , documentary United States Army portal American Civil War portal Military of the United States portal Notes Jump up ^ One historian has written that Sherman 's `` genius '' for `` strategy and logistics ... made him one of the foremost architects of Union victory . '' Steven E. Woodworth , Nothing but Victory : The Army of the Tennessee , 1861 -- 1865 ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2005 ) , 631 . For a very critical study of Sherman , see John B. Walters , Merchant of Terror : General Sherman and Total War ( Indianapolis : Bobbs - Merrill , 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart , p. 430 . Jump up ^ See , William T. Sherman papers , Notre Dame University CSHR 19 / 67 Folder : Roger Sherman 's Watch 1932 -- 1942 Jump up ^ McDonough , William Tecumseh Sherman : in the service of my country , A Life , p148 - 149 Jump up ^ One 19th - century source , for example , states that `` General Sherman , we believe , is the only eminent American named from an Indian chief . '' Howe 's Historical Collections of Ohio ( Columbus , 1890 ) , I : 595 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Lewis , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , p. 11 ; Lewis , p. 23 ; Schenker , `` ' My Father ... Named Me William Tecumseh ' : Rebutting the Charge That General Sherman Lied About His Name '' , Ohio History ( 2008 ) , vol. 115 , p. 55 ; Sherman biographer John Marszalek considers the cited article to `` present a convincing case regarding Sherman 's name '' . Marszalek , `` Preface '' to 2007 edition of Sherman : A Soldier 's Passion for Order , pp. xiv -- xv n. 1 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , the many Civil War letters reproduced in Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin , Sherman 's Civil War : Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman ( Chapel Hill : Univ. of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) . Jump up ^ See , for instance , Walsh , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , p. 14 Jump up ^ Quoted in Hirshson , p. 13 Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , p. 16 Jump up ^ See , for instance , Hirshson , p. 21 Jump up ^ See Sherman at the Virtual Museum of San Francisco and excerpts from Sherman 's Memoirs Jump up ^ Kevin Dougherty , Civil War Leadership and Mexican War Experience , ( Jackson , MS : University of Mississippi Press , 2007 ) , pp. 96 -- 100 . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 968 - 8 Jump up ^ Katherine Burton , Three Generations : Maria Boyle Ewing -- Ellen Ewing Sherman -- Minnie Sherman Fitch ( Longmans , Green & Co. , 1947 ) , pp. 72 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Edward Sorin , CSC , The Chronicles of Notre Dame Du Lac ed . James T. Connelly , CSC ( Notre Dame : Notre Dame Press , 1992 ) , 289 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 217 -- 21 , 226 -- 27 , 291 . Jump up ^ See , for instance , Hirshson , pp. 362 -- 368 , 387 Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , pp. 125 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , pp. 131 -- 134 , 166 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Royster , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ Memoirs , chronology , p. 1093 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , pp. 150 -- 61 . For details about Sherman 's banking career , see Dwight L. Clarke , William Tecumseh Sherman : Gold Rush Banker ( San Francisco : California Historical Society , 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , pp. 160 -- 62 . Jump up ^ See History of LSU . Archived March 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Quoted in Hirshson , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Bassett , Thom ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Sherman 's Southern Sympathies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Exchange between W.T. Sherman and Prof. David F. Boyd , December 24 , 1860 . Quoted in `` Sherman : Fighting Prophet '' ( 1932 ) by Lloyd Lewis , page 138 , attributed to `` Boyd ( D.F ) , mss . ( manuscripts ) in possession of Walter L. Fleming , Nashville , Tenn . '' Fleming 's collection is now in the archives of Louisiana State University . Jump up ^ Lloyd Lewis ( 1993 ) ( 1932 ) . Sherman : Fighting Prophet . U of Nebraska Press . p. 138 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Military Science : Unit History '' . LSU Army ROTC . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Letter by W.T. Sherman to Gov. Thomas O. Moore , January 18 , 1861 . Quoted in Sherman , Memoirs , p. 156 Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , pp. 184 -- 86 ; see Marszalek , pp. 140 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , pp. 186 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Samuel M. Bowman and Richard B. Irwin , Sherman and His Campaigns ( New York , 1865 ) , 25 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , pp. 189 -- 90 ; Hirshson , pp. 83 -- 86 . Jump up ^ WTS to Thomas Ewing Jr. , June 3 , 1861 , in Sherman and Berlin 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ WTS 1861 Diary , University of Notre Dame Archives , microfilm roll 12 , 0333 , 0355 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , p. 200 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Hirshson , pp. 90 -- 94 , 109 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , p. 216 ; see also p. 210 : In Washington , after Bull Run , Sherman explained to Lincoln `` my extreme desire to serve in a subordinate capacity , and in no event to be left in a superior command . He promised me this with promptness , making the jocular remark that his chief trouble was to find places for the too many generals who wanted to be at the head of affairs , to command armies , etc . '' Jump up ^ For more detailed discussion of this overall period , see Marszalek , Sherman , pp. 154 -- 67 ; Hirshson , White Tecumseh , pp. 95 -- 105 ; Kennett , Sherman , pp. 127 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Sherman to George B. McClellan , November 4 , 1861 , in Stephen W. Sears , ed. , The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan : Selected Correspondence , 1861 -- 1865 ( New York , 1989 ) , p. 127 , note 1 ; Marszalek , Sherman , pp. 161 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Lewis , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Sherman to John Sherman , January 4 , 8 , 1862 , in Simpson and Berlin , Sherman 's Civil War , 174 , 176 . Jump up ^ See Cincinnati Commercial , December 11 , 1861 ; Marszalek , Sherman , pp. 162 , 164 . Jump up ^ At one point , Halleck suggested to General - in - Chief McClellan that Sherman be given command of an expedition on the Cumberland River ( on which Fort Donelson was located ) , but Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton objected , telling Lincoln that any `` expedition ... will prove disastrous under the charge of General Sherman '' . Kennett , pp. 155 -- 56 , quoting EMS to AL , February 14 , 1862 . Jump up ^ WTS to USG , February 15 , 1862 , Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 4 : 216n ; see Smith , pp. 151 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Eicher , p. 485 Jump up ^ Daniel , p. 138 Jump up ^ Quoted in Walsh , pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ Smith , Grant , p. 212 : Schenker , `` Ulysses in His Tent , '' passim . Jump up ^ Marszalek , Sherman , pp. 188 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 309 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Whitelaw Reid , Ohio in the War : Her Statesmen , Her Generals , and Soldiers ( New York , 1868 ) , 1 : 387 . Jump up ^ See Marszalek , Sherman , pp. 202 -- 08 . Sherman 's operations were supposed to be coordinated with an advance on Vicksburg by Grant from another direction . Unbeknownst to Sherman , Grant abandoned his advance . `` As a result , ( Sherman 's ) river expedition ran into more than they bargained for . '' Smith , Grant , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 227 . It should be noted , however , that Sherman had targeted Arkansas Post independently and considered the operation there worthwhile . See Marszalek , pp. 208 -- 10 ; Sherman , Memoirs , pp. 318 -- 25 . Jump up ^ To wit : an invading army may separate from its supply train and subsist by foraging. Smith , pp. 235 -- 36 Jump up ^ John D. Winters , The Civil War in Louisiana , Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1963 , ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0834 - 0 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , pp. 370 -- 75 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 677 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , pp. 406 -- 34 ; Buck T. Foster , Sherman 's Meridian Campaign ( University of Alabama Press , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , p. 589 Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 653 Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , p. 576 . The nomination was not submitted to the Senate until December . Eicher , p. 702 . Jump up ^ For extended discussion of Lincoln 's reelection prospects and the effect of Sherman 's capture of Atlanta , see James M. McPherson , Tried by War : Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief ( New York : Penguin , 2008 ) , 231 -- 50 . Jump up ^ For a good discussion , see Russell S. Bonds , War Like the Thunderbolt : The Battle and Burning of Atlanta ( Yardley , PA : Westholme Publishing , 2009 ) , 337 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Telegram W.T. Sherman to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant , October 9 , 1864 , reproduced in Sherman 's Civil War , p. 731 . Jump up ^ Faunt Le Roy Senour , Major General William T. Sherman , and His Campaigns ( Chicago , 1865 ) , 293 ; see also Hirshson , White Tecumseh , pp. 246 -- 47 , 431 n. 23 . Jump up ^ W.T. Sherman to Gen. U.S. Grant , November 1 , 1864 , reproduced in Sherman 's Civil War , pp. 746 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Report by Maj. Gen. W.T. Sherman , January 1 , 1865 , quoted in Grimsley , p. 200 Jump up ^ History Channel . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , p. 693 . Jump up ^ This message was put on a vessel on December 22 , passed on by telegram from Fort Monroe , Virginia , and apparently received by Lincoln on Christmas Day itself . Sherman , Memoirs , p. 711 ; Official Records , Series I , vol. 44 , 783 ; New York Times , December 26 , 1864 . Jump up ^ See , for instance , Liddell Hart , p. 354 Jump up ^ Brockett , p. 175 ( p. 162 in 1865 edition ) . Jump up ^ Marszalek , Sherman , p. 311 . Jump up ^ John F. Marszalek , `` ' Take the Seat of Honor ' : William T. Sherman , '' in Steven E. Woodworth , ed. , Grant 's Lieutenants : From Chattanooga to Appomattox ( Lawrence : Univ. of Kansas Press , 2008 ) , pp. 5 , 17 -- 18 ; Marszalek , Sherman , pp. 320 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Jacob D. Cox , Military Reminiscences of the Civil War ( 1900 ) , vol. 2 , 531 -- 32 ; Jacob D. Cox , The March to the Sea ( 1882 ) , p. 168 ; Johnston is also quoted in McPherson , p. 828 . Jump up ^ Marszalek , pp. 322 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Lewis , p. 513 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , pp. 806 -- 17 ; Donald C. Pfanz , The Petersburg Campaign : Abraham Lincoln at City Point ( Lynchburg , VA , 1989 ) , 1 -- 2 , 24 -- 29 , 94 -- 95 . This meeting was memorialized in G.P.A. Healy 's famous painting The Peacemakers Archived 2011 - 10 - 20 at WebCite Jump up ^ See , for instance , Johnston 's Surrender at Bennett Place on Hillsboro Road ^ Jump up to : Sherman , William Tecumseh ( 10 May 1999 ) . `` Letter to Salmon P. Chase , January 11 , 1865 '' . In Simpson , Brooks D. ; Berlin , Jean V. Sherman 's Civil War . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 794 -- 795 . Jump up ^ B.H. Liddell Hart ( 1929 ) . `` Letter by W.T. Sherman to John Sherman , August 1865 '' . Sherman : Soldier , Realist , American . New York : Dodd , Mead and Co. p. 406 . Jump up ^ Sherman to Halleck , Sept. 4 , 1864 , Civil War Official Records Vol. 38 part 5 , pp. 792 -- 793 . Jump up ^ See , for instance , Sherman , Memoirs , vol. II , p. 247 . Jump up ^ `` Sherman meets the colored ministers in Savannah '' . Civilwarhome.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Special Field Orders , No. 15 , January 16 , 1865 . See also McPherson , pp. 737 -- 739 Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , pp. 728 -- 29 , quoting a December 30 , 1864 letter from Henry W. Halleck . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , p. 729 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , 2d ed. , ch . XXII , p. 729 ( Lib. of America , 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart , foreword to the Indiana University Press 's edition of Sherman 's Memoirs ( 1957 ) . Quoted in Wilson , p. 179 Jump up ^ Hirshson , p. 393 , quoting B.H. Liddell Hart , `` Notes on Two Discussions with Patton , 1944 '' , February 20 , 1948 , GSP Papers , box 6 , USMA Library . Jump up ^ See , for instance , Grimsley , pp. 190 -- 204 ; McPherson , pp. 712 -- 714 , 727 -- 729 . Jump up ^ See , for instance , Grimsley , p. 199 Jump up ^ Hitchcock , p. 125 Jump up ^ See , for instance , Grimsley , pp. 200 -- 202 . Jump up ^ See Edwin J. Scott , Random Recollections of a Long Life , page 185 ; Wade Hampton ( ? ) , The Burning of Columbia , Charleston , SC , 1888 , page 11 . Jump up ^ December 11 , 1872 deposition , Mixed Commission , XIV , 91 , quoted in Marion B. Lucas , Sherman and the Burning of Columbia ( University of South Carolina Press , 2000 ) , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , p. 767 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 728 -- 729 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs , pp. 838 -- 39 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , p. 636 . Jump up ^ Letter by Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman , USA , to the Mayor and City Council of Atlanta , September 12 , 1864 Jump up ^ Wilson , p. 184 Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight , p. 130 Jump up ^ Giliomee , p. 253 Jump up ^ Quoted in Liddell Hart , p. 402 . This letter was to James E. Yeatman , May 21 , 1865 , and is excerpted more extensively ( and with slight variations ) in Bowman and Irwin , pp. 486 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Athearn , 33 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Athearn Jump up ^ Sherman to Rawlins , October 23 , 1865 , quoted in Athearn , 24 ; Sherman to Grant , May 28 , 1867 , quoted in Fellman , Citizen Sherman , 264 & 453 n. 5 ( see also Papers of Ulysses S. Grant , Vol. 17 , p. 262 ) . Jump up ^ Sherman to Grant , December 28 , 1866 , reproduced in Wild Life on the Plains and Horrors of Indian Warfare ( 1891 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ Athearn , 196 -- 197 Jump up ^ Athearn , 203 Jump up ^ Athearn , 268 -- 269 Jump up ^ Fernández - Armesto , Felipe ( 2014 ) . Our America : A Hispanic History of the United States . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 178 . Jump up ^ Ingham , Donna ( 2010 ) . Mysteries and Legends of Texas : True Stories of the Unsolved and Unexplained . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Athearn , 291 Jump up ^ Seemingly Sherman to Tappan , July 21 , 1876 , quoted in Marszalek , Sherman : A Soldier 's Passion , 398 . Jump up ^ Seemingly Sherman to Herbert A. Preston , April 17 , 1873 , quoted in Marszalek , Sherman : A Soldier 's Passion , 379 . Jump up ^ See , for instance , Lewis , pp. 597 -- 600 . Jump up ^ Wilson , p. 175 Jump up ^ Brands ( 2012 ) , The Man Who Saved the Union Ulysses S. Grant In War and Peace , p. 570 Jump up ^ Fred R. Shapiro and Joseph Epstein , eds. , The Yale Book of Quotations ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2006 ) , 708 . Jump up ^ From transcript published in the Ohio State Journal , August 12 , 1880 , reproduced in Lewis , p. 637 . Jump up ^ Richard S. Kirkendall , ed. , Harry 's Farewell : Interpreting and Teaching the Truman Presidency ( Columbia : University of Missouri Press , 1880 ) , 63 . Jump up ^ See , for instance , Woodward Jump up ^ Marszalek in Encyclopedia of the American Civil War , p. 1769 . Jump up ^ `` Boone and Crockett Club Archives '' . Jump up ^ BENJAMIN HARRISON . `` SORROW AT THE CAPITAL : FORMAL ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT -- EULOGIES IN THE SENATE ... '' New York Times ( 1857 -- 1922 ) 15 Feb. 1891 , ProQuest Historical Newspapers New York Times ( 1851 -- 2008 ) w / Index ( 1851 -- 1993 ) , ProQuest . Web . 31 Mar. 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirshson , pp. 387 -- 388 . At the time of Sherman 's death , his son Thomas , a Jesuit , reportedly said : `` My father was baptized in the Catholic Church , married in the Catholic Church , and attended the Catholic Church until the outbreak of the civil war . Since that time he has not been a communicant of any church . '' See Thomas C. Fletcher , Life and Reminiscences of General Wm . T. Sherman by Distinguished Men of His Time ( Baltimore : R.H. Woodward Co. , 1891 ) , 139 . Jump up ^ See `` Hon . James G. Blaine , '' North American Review 147 , no . 385 ( Dec. 1888 ) : 616 , 624 . Jump up ^ Edward W. Bok , The Americanization of Edward Bok ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1920 ) , 215 . Jump up ^ See , for instance , Lewis , p. 652 ; Marszalek , pp. 495 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` SHERMAN , William Tecumseh : Monument ( ca . 1903 ) in Sherman Square near the Treasury Dept. in Washington , D.C. by Carl Rohl - Smith located in James M. Goode 's The Ellipse area '' . Jump up ^ Bust of Sherman , from SIRIS . Jump up ^ The U.S. M4 tank was first given the service name General Sherman by the British Jump up ^ Wesley Moody , Demon of the Lost Cause : Sherman and Civil War History ( University of Missouri Press ; 2011 ) Jump up ^ Edward Caudill and Paul Ashdown , Sherman 's March in Myth and Memory ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Marszalek , p. 461 . Jump up ^ Marszalek , p. 463 . In 1875 , Henry V. Boynton published a critical book - length review of Sherman 's memoirs `` based upon compilations from the records of the war office '' . This led to the publication of a defense of Sherman by C.W. Moulton . Jump up ^ Extract from John Russell Young , Around the World with General Grant , vol. II , 290 -- 91 , quoted in Sherman , Memoirs ( Library of America ed. , 1990 ) , p. 1054 . Jump up ^ 1886 Preface . In one amusing change to his text , Sherman dropped the assertion that John Sutter , of gold - rush fame , had become `` very ' tight ' '' at a Fourth of July celebration in 1848 and stated instead that Sutter `` was enthusiastic '' . Sherman , Memoirs ( Library of America ed. , 1990 ) , Note on the Text , p. 1123 ; H.W. Brands , The Age of Gold ( Doubleday , 2002 ) , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Memoirs ( Library of America ed. , 1990 ) , Note on the Text , p. 1123 . Jump up ^ Morris , Errol ( Director ) ( Dec 19 , 2003 ) . The Fog of War : Eleven Lessons from the life of Robert S. MacNamara ( Motion picture ) . Los Angeles , CA : The Weinstein Company . Jump up ^ Scott 's US Stamp Catalogue References Further information : Bibliography of the American Civil War and Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Athearn , Robert G. , William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West , University of Oklahoma Press , 1956 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 80612 - 769 - 9 . Bonds , Russell S. , War Like the Thunderbolt : The Battle and Burning of Atlanta , Westholme Publishing , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59416 - 100 - 1 . Bowman , Samuel M. and Richard B. Irwin , Sherman and His Campaigns ( New York , 1865 ) . Brockett , L.P. , Our Great Captains : Grant , Sherman , Thomas , Sheridan , and Farragut , C.B. Richardson , 1866 . Clarke , Dwight L. , William Tecumseh Sherman : Gold Rush Banker , California Historical Society , 1969 . Daniel , Larry J. , Shiloh : The Battle That Changed the Civil War , Simon & Schuster , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 80375 - 5 . Detzler , Jack J. , `` The Religion of William Tecumseh Sherman '' , Ohio History ( Columbus , Ohio ) . Vol. 75 , no . 1 ( Winter 1966 ) , p. 26 -- 34 . Eicher , John H. , and Eicher , David J. , Civil War High Commands , Stanford University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 . Giliomee , Hermann , The Afrikaners : Biography of a People , University Press of Virginia , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2237 - 2 . Grimsley , Mark , The Hard Hand of War : Union Military Policy toward Southern Civilians , 1861 -- 1865 , Cambridge University Press , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 59941 - 5 . Hanson , Victor D. , The Soul of Battle , Anchor Books , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 385 - 72059 - 9 . Hirshson , Stanley P. , The White Tecumseh : A Biography of General William T. Sherman , John Wiley & Sons , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 28329 - 0 . Hitchcock , Henry , Marching with Sherman : Passages from the Letters and Campaign Diaries of Henry Hitchcock , Major and Assistant Adjutant General of Volunteers , November 1864 -- May 1865 , ed . M.A. DeWolfe Howe , Yale University Press , 1927 . Reprinted in 1995 by the University of Nebraska Press , ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7276 - 6 . Isenberg , Andrew C. , The Destruction of the Bison , Cambridge University Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 00348 - 2 . W. Fletcher Johnson , Life of Wm . Tecumseh Sherman , Late General , U.S.A. ( 1891 ) Useful 19th century biography . Kennett , Lee , Sherman : A Soldier 's Life , HarperCollins , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 06 - 017495 - 1 . Lewis , Lloyd , Sherman : Fighting Prophet , Harcourt , Brace & Co. , 1932 . Reprinted in 1993 by the University of Nebraska Press , ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7945 - 0 . Liddell Hart , B.H. , Sherman : Soldier , Realist , American , Dodd , Mead & Co. , 1929 . Reprinted in 1993 by Da Capo Press , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80507 - 3 . Marszalek , John F. , Sherman : A Soldier 's Passion for Order , Free Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 920135 - 7 ; `` reissued with new preface '' , Southern Illinois University Press , 2007 . Marszalek , John F. , `` William Tecumseh Sherman '' , Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , Heidler , David S. , and Heidler , Jeanne T. , eds. , W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . McDonough , James Lee , William Tecumseh Sherman : In the Service of My Country , A Life , W.W. Norton & Company , 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24157 - 0 . online review McNamara , Robert S. and Blight , James G. , Wilson 's Ghost : Reducing the Risk of Conflict , Killing , and Catastrophe in the 21st Century , Public Affairs , 2001 , ISBN 1 - 891620 - 89 - 4 . McPherson , James M. , Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era , illustrated ed. , Oxford University Press , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 515901 - 2 . Moody , Wesley . Demon of the Lost Cause : Sherman and Civil War History ( University of Missouri Press ; 2011 ) 208 pp ; Traces Sherman 's shifting reputation as shaped by Lost Cause historians , enemies in the North , and Sherman himself . O'Connell , Robert L. Fierce Patriot : The Tangled Lives of William Tecumseh Sherman ( 2014 ) online review Royster , Charles , The Destructive War : William Tecumseh Sherman , Stonewall Jackson , and the Americans , Alfred A. Knopf , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 679 - 73878 - 9 . Schenker , Carl R. , Jr. , `` ' My Father ... Named Me William Tecumseh ' : Rebutting the Charge That General Sherman Lied About His Name '' , Ohio History ( 2008 ) , vol. 115 , p. 55 . Schenker , Carl R. , Jr. , `` Ulysses in His Tent : Halleck , Grant , Sherman , and The Turning Point of the War '' , Civil War History ( June 2010 ) , vol. 56 , no . 2 , p. 175 . Sherman 's Civil War : Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman , 1860 -- 1865 , eds . Brooks D. Simpson and J.V. Berlin , University of North Carolina Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2440 - 2 . Sherman , William T. , Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman , 2nd ed. , D. Appleton & Co. , 1913 ( 1889 ) . Reprinted by the Library of America , 1990 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 940450 - 65 - 3 . `` William Tecumseh Sherman '' , A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography , Vol. II ( 1988 ) , p. 741 . Smith , Jean Edward , Grant , Simon and Schuster , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 84927 - 5 . Walsh , George , Whip the Rebellion , Forge Books , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 7653 - 0526 - 7 . Warner , Ezra J. , Generals in Blue : Lives of the Union Commanders , LSU Press , 1964 , ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0822 - 7 . Wilson , Edmund , Patriotic Gore : Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War , Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 1962 . Reprinted by W.W. Norton & Co. , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 31256 - 9 . Woodward , C. Vann , `` Civil Warriors '' , New York Review of Books , vol. 37 , no . 17 , November 8 , 1990 . Woodworth , Steven E. , Nothing but Victory : The Army of the Tennessee , 1861 -- 1865 , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2005 . Woodworth , Steven E. , Sherman : Lessons in Leadership , Palgrave Macmillan , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 62062 - 9 . Part of the ' Great Generals ' series . Further reading Library resources about William Tecumseh Sherman Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Carr , Matthew ( 2015 ) . Sherman 's Ghosts : Soldiers , Civilians , and the American Way of War . The New Press . ISBN 9781595589552 . OCLC 884815509 . Johnson , Willis Fletcher ( 1891 ) . Life of Wm . Tecumseh Sherman . Edgewood Publishing Company . McDonough , James Lee ( 2016 ) . William Tecumseh Sherman : In the Service of My Country : A Life . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393241570 . OCLC 939911299 . Miers , Earl Schenck ( 1951 ) . The General who Marched to Hell . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . OCLC 1107192 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : William Tecumseh Sherman Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Tecumseh Sherman . Texts on Wikisource : `` General Sherman '' . Eulogy before the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York by Carl Schurz `` Sherman , William Tecumseh '' . Appletons ' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900 . `` Sherman , William Tecumseh '' . The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907 . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Sherman , William Tecumseh '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Works by William Tecumseh Sherman at Project Gutenberg Works by or about William Tecumseh Sherman at Internet Archive Works by William Tecumseh Sherman at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) William Tecumseh Sherman , Memoirs of General William T. Sherman , Volume 1 reprinted 1917 . ( books. google ) ( sonofthesouth.net ) ( tufts.edu ) Genealogy Sherman Genealogy Including Families of Essex , Suffolk and Norfolk , England By Thomas Townsend Sherman William T. Sherman Family papers from the University of Notre Dame Sherman House Museum , at Sherman 's birthplace in Lancaster , Ohio California William Tecumseh Sherman in California Sherman in California Archives Letters between William Sherman and his brother , Senator John Sherman Sherman Thackara Collection - Villanova University William Tecumseh Sherman Collection - Missouri History Museum Military Orders of General William T. Sherman , 1861 -- ' 65 Substantial collection Who Burnt Columbia ? : Official Depositions ... , Columbia , South Carolina : Walker , Evans & Cogswell , printers , 1873 William T. Sherman Personal Letter Thanks Thanks of Congress to Major - General W.T. Sherman and command for Chattanooga Lincoln 's Order of Thanks to Major - General W.T. Sherman and command for capture of Atlanta Thanks of Congress to Major - General William T. Sherman and command for Georgia Campaign Death New York Times obituary New York Times report on NY funeral proceedings New York Times report on St. Louis funeral proceedings Eulogy by brother , Senator John Sherman St. Louis Walk of Fame Sherman 's Profile in Commanding generals and chiefs of staff , 1775 - 2005 - United States Army Center of Military History William T. Sherman 's First Campaign of Destruction by Buck T. Foster General William Tecumseh Sherman in Georgia Army of Georgia Historical Society Military offices Preceded by Ulysses S. Grant Commander of the Army of the Tennessee 1863 -- 1864 Succeeded by James B. McPherson Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi 1864 -- 1866 Succeeded by Position abolished Preceded by John Pope Commander of the Military Division of the Missouri 1865 -- 1869 Succeeded by Philip H. Sheridan Preceded by Ulysses S. Grant Commanding General of the United States Army 1869 -- 1883 American Civil War engagements involving William T. Sherman Bull Run Shiloh Corinth Chickasaw Bluffs Arkansas Post Steeles Bayou Jackson Vicksburg Colliersville Chattanooga Ringgold Missionary Ridge Relief of Knoxville Meridian Expedition Dalton Resaca New Hope Church Dallas Kulp 's Farm Kennesaw Mountain Ruff 's Mill Peach Tree Creek Atlanta Ezra Church Utoy Creek Jonesborough Capture of Atlanta Allatoona Griswoldville Waynesboro Fort McAllister Capture of Savannah Averasboro Bentonville Durham Station Surrender of Johnston 's Army Leaders of the United States Army Senior Officer / Commanding General Washington Knox Doughty Harmar St. Clair Wayne Wilkinson Washington Hamilton Wilkinson Dearborn Brown Macomb Scott McClellan Halleck Grant Sherman Sheridan Schofield Miles Chiefs of Staff Young Chaffee Bates Bell Wood Wotherspoon Scott Bliss March Pershing Hines Summerall MacArthur Craig Marshall Eisenhower Bradley Collins Ridgway Taylor Lemnitzer Decker Wheeler Johnson Westmoreland Palmer Abrams Weyand Rogers Meyer Wickham Vuono Sullivan Reimer Shinseki Schoomaker Casey Dempsey Odierno Milley Vice Chiefs of Staff Collins Haislip Hull Bolte Palmer Lemnitzer Decker Eddleman Hamlett Abrams Haines Palmer Haig Weyand Kerwin Kroesen Vessey Wickham Thurman Brown RisCassi Sullivan Reimer Peay Tilelli Griffith Crouch Shinseki Keane Casey Cody Chiarelli Austin Campbell Allyn McConville ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of public symbols of the Confederacy Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Music Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Leaders of Louisiana State University Superintendents William Tecumseh Sherman ( 1859 -- 1861 ) Linfield ( acting , 1862 -- 1863 ) Seay ( 1863 ) David French Boyd ( 1865 -- 1877 ) Presidents David French Boyd ( 1877 -- 1880 ) Johnson ( 1880 -- 1883 ) Nicholson ( 1883 -- 1884 ) ( 1887 -- 1896 ) David French Boyd ( 1884 -- 1886 ) Thomas Duckett Boyd ( 1886 ) ( 1896 -- 1926 ) Atkinson ( 1927 -- 1930 ) Smith ( 1930 -- 1939 ) Hebert ( interim , 1939 -- 1941 ) Hodges ( 1941 -- 1944 ) Hatcher ( 1944 -- 1947 ) Fey ( acting , 1947 ) Stoke ( 1947 -- 1951 ) Middleton ( 1951 -- 1962 ) Hunter ( 1962 -- 1965 ) * Chancellors Taylor ( 1965 -- 1974 ) Murrill ( 1974 -- 1981 ) Wheeler ( acting , 1981 ) Wharton ( 1981 -- 1988 ) Bogue ( interim , 1988 ) Davis ( 1989 -- 1996 ) Jenkins ( 1996 -- 1999 ) ( interim , 2004 ) ( acting , 2008 and 2012 ) Emmert ( 1999 -- 2004 ) O'Keefe ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Martin ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Alexander ( 2013 -- ) Hall of Fame for Great Americans John Adams John Quincy Adams Jane Addams Louis Agassiz Susan B. Anthony John James Audubon George Bancroft Clara Barton Henry Ward Beecher Alexander Graham Bell Daniel Boone Edwin Booth Louis Brandeis Phillips Brooks William Cullen Bryant Luther Burbank Andrew Carnegie George Washington Carver William Ellery Channing Rufus Choate Henry Clay Grover Cleveland James Fenimore Cooper Peter Cooper Charlotte Cushman James Buchanan Eads Thomas Alva Edison Jonathan Edwards Ralph Waldo Emerson David Farragut Stephen Foster Benjamin Franklin Robert Fulton Josiah W. Gibbs William C. Gorgas Ulysses S. Grant Asa Gray Alexander Hamilton Nathaniel Hawthorne Joseph Henry Patrick Henry Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr . Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . Mark Hopkins Elias Howe Washington Irving Andrew Jackson Thomas J. Jackson Thomas Jefferson John Paul Jones James Kent Sidney Lanier Robert E. Lee Abraham Lincoln Henry Wadsworth Longfellow James Russell Lowell Mary Lyon Edward MacDowell James Madison Horace Mann John Marshall Matthew Fontaine Maury Albert A. Michelson Maria Mitchell James Monroe Samuel F.B. Morse William T.G. Morton John Lothrop Motley Simon Newcomb Thomas Paine Alice Freeman Palmer Francis Parkman George Peabody William Penn Edgar Allan Poe Walter Reed Franklin D. Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Saint - Gaudens William Tecumseh Sherman John Philip Sousa Joseph Story Harriet Beecher Stowe Gilbert Stuart Sylvanus Thayer Henry David Thoreau Mark Twain Lillian Wald Booker T. Washington George Washington Daniel Webster George Westinghouse James McNeill Whistler Walt Whitman Eli Whitney John Greenleaf Whittier Emma Willard Frances E. Willard Roger Williams Woodrow Wilson Orville Wright Wilbur Wright VIAF : 46828814 LCCN : n80013437 ISNI : 0000 0001 2279 4997 GND : 11889269X SUDOC : 033064202 BNF : cb123153068 ( data ) IATH : w6h130bf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Tecumseh_Sherman&oldid=801290432 '' Categories : 1820 births 1891 deaths American people of English descent American memoirists American military personnel of the Indian Wars Burials at Calvary Cemetery ( St. Louis ) Leaders of Louisiana State University People from Fairfield County , Ohio Military personnel from St. Louis People of the Reconstruction Era People of Ohio in the American Civil War Union Army generals United States Military Academy alumni Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees Sherman family ( U.S. ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Appleton 's Cyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Aragonés Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 20 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which president was the general in charge of the union army during the civil war
[ "On July 25, 1866, Congress created the rank of General of the Army for Grant and then promoted Sherman to lieutenant general. When Grant became president in 1869, Sherman was appointed Commanding General of the United States Army and promoted to General of the Army. After the death of John A. Rawlins, Sherman also served for one month as interim Secretary of War. His tenure as commanding general was marred by political difficulties, many of which stemmed from disagreements with Secretaries of War Rawlins and William W. Belknap, whom Sherman felt had usurped too much of the Commanding General's powers, reducing him to a sinecure office.[111] Sherman also clashed with Eastern humanitarians, who were critical of the Army's killing of Indians and had apparently found an ally in President Grant.[111] To escape these difficulties, from 1874 to 1876, he moved his headquarters to St. Louis, Missouri, returning to Washington only upon the appointment of Alphonso Taft as Secretary of War and the promise of more authority.[116]" ]
[ "Grant" ]
6575522533335733305
Long Island Iced Tea
Long Island Iced Tea - wikipedia Long Island Iced Tea Not to be confused with Long Island Iced Tea Corp . Long Island Iced Tea IBA Official Cocktail The Long Island Iced Tea was named for its visual resemblance to non-alcoholic Iced tea . Type Cocktail Primary alcohol by volume Gin Tequila Vodka Rum Triple sec Served On the rocks ; poured over ice Standard drinkware Highball glass IBA specified ingredients 1.5 cl Tequila 1.5 cl Vodka 1.5 cl White rum 1.5 cl Triple sec 1.5 cl Gin 2.5 cl Lemon juice 3.0 cl Gomme Syrup 1 dash of Cola Preparation Add all ingredients into highball glass filled with ice . Stir gently . Garnish with lemon spiral . Serve with straw . Long Island Iced Tea recipe at International Bartenders Association A Long Island Iced Tea is a type of alcoholic mixed drink typically made with vodka , tequila , light rum , triple sec , gin , and a splash of cola , which gives the drink the same amber hue as its namesake . A popular version mixes equal parts vodka , gin , rum , triple sec , with ​ 1 ⁄ parts sour mix and a splash of cola . Lastly , it is decorated with the lemon and straw , after stirring with bar spoon smoothly . Most variants use equal parts of the main liquors , but include a smaller amount of triple sec ( or other orange - flavored liqueur ) . Close variants often replace the sour mix with lemon juice , replace the cola with diet cola or actual iced tea , or add white crème de menthe . Most variants do not include any tea . The drink has a much higher alcohol concentration ( approximately 22 percent ) than most highball drinks due to the relatively small amount of mixer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Variations 3 References 4 External links Origin ( edit ) Robert `` Rosebud '' Butt claims to have invented the Long Island Iced Tea as an entry in a contest to create a new mixed drink with triple sec in 1972 while he worked at the Oak Beach Inn on Long Island , New York . A slightly different drink is claimed to have been invented in the 1920s during Prohibition in the United States by an `` Old Man Bishop '' in a local community named Long Island in Kingsport , Tennessee . The drink was then perfected by Ransom Bishop , Old Man Bishop 's son . This drink included whiskey and maple syrup , and varied quantities of the five liquors , rather than the modern one with cola and five equal portions of the five liquors . Variations ( edit ) The popularity of the Long Island has spawned its own family of highballs . Many drinks remain popular in their own right in numerous locales throughout the United States , while owing their existence to the success of the original Long Island Iced Tea . An example of a variation to the Long Island is the Purple Rain , which uses the same mix as a Long Island but the Triple Sec is replaced with a shot of Chambord Liqueur and the cola replaced with lemonlime soda . The Adios Mother is consider a variation of the Long Island Ice Tea or a Blue Hawaiian . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Iced Tea '' . International Bartenders Association . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 롱 아일랜드 아이 스티 '' . www.doopedia.co.kr ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Robert Butt . `` The official website of the original Long Island Iced Tea '' . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Thomson , Julie R. ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` You Can Thank A Guy Named Bob Butt For The Long Island Iced Tea '' . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Island Iced Tea '' . INVENTORS . PBS Digital Studios , InventorSeries , . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , J.S. ( October 13 , 2006 ) . Understanding Apples . Outskirts Press . p. 48 . ISBN 1598007467 . Jump up ^ `` Long Island Iced Tea : From New York , or Tennessee ? '' . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Purple Rain drink recipe '' . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Adios Mother * * * * er Cocktail Recipe '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Long Island Iced Tea at Wikimedia Commons hide International Bartenders Association Official Cocktails List of IBA official cocktails The Unforgettables Alexander Americano Angel Face Aviation Bacardi cocktail Between the Sheets Casino Clover Club Daiquiri Derby Dry Martini Gin Fizz John Collins Manhattan Mary Pickford Monkey Gland Negroni Old Fashioned Paradise Planter 's Punch Porto flip Ramos Fizz Rusty Nail Sazerac Screwdriver Sidecar Stinger Tuxedo Whiskey Sour White Lady Contemporary Classics Bellini Black Russian Bloody Mary Caipirinha Champagne cocktail Cosmopolitan Cuba Libre French Connection French 75 Godfather Godmother Golden Dream Grasshopper Harvey Wallbanger Hemingway Special Horse 's Neck Irish coffee Kir Long Island Iced Tea Mai Tai Margarita Mimosa Mint julep Mojito Moscow mule Piña colada Rose Sea Breeze Sex on the Beach Singapore Sling Tequila Sunrise New Era Drinks Barracuda Bramble B - 52 Dark ' n ' Stormy Dirty Martini Espresso Martini French Martini Kamikaze Lemon drop Pisco Sour Russian Spring Punch Spritz Veneziano Tommy 's Margarita Vampiro Vesper Yellow Bird See also List of cocktails Classic cocktails Liquor portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Island_Iced_Tea&oldid=844469783 '' Categories : Cocktails with gin Cocktails with rum Cocktails with tequila Cocktails with triple sec or curaçao Cocktails with vodka Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles with hRecipes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська ייִדיש 粵語 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 03 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where did long island iced tea come from
[ "Robert \"Rosebud\" Butt claims to have invented the Long Island Iced Tea as an entry in a contest to create a new mixed drink with triple sec in 1972 while he worked at the Oak Beach Inn on Long Island, New York.[3][4][5]" ]
[ "Oak Beach Inn on Long Island, New York." ]
-7687955254013975641
Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years ' War - Wikipedia Thirty Years ' War Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Thirty Years War ( disambiguation ) . Thirty Years ' War Part of European wars of religion Les Grandes Misères de la guerre ( The Great Miseries of War ) by Jacques Callot , 1632 Date 23 May 1618 -- 15 May 1648 ( 29 years , 11 months , 3 weeks , and 1 day ) Location Europe , mainly present - day Germany Result Peace of Westphalia Protestant princes allowed to continue religious practices Decline of the Catholic Church mainly , although not exclusively , in northern Europe Habsburg supremacy curtailed Recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic by Spanish Empire Recognition of the Spanish sovereignty of Southern Netherlands and Luxembourg by Dutch Republic Rise of France and the Bourbon dynasty Rise of the Swedish Empire Decline of feudalism in continental Europe Further decentralization of the Holy Roman Empire Franco - Spanish War until 1659 Devastation and major population loss in Imperial states Belligerents Anti-Habsburg states and allies : Sweden ( from 1630 ) Dutch Republic France ( from 1635 ) Denmark ( 1625 -- 1629 ) Bohemia ( 1618 -- 1620 ) The Palatinate ( surrendered in 1623 ) Saxony ( until 1635 ) Brandenburg - Prussia ( until 1635 ) Brunswick - Lüneburg England ( 1625 -- 30 ) Scotland ( 1625 -- 38 ) Transylvania ( from 1619 ) Supported by : Ottoman Empire Russian Tsardom Habsburg states and allies : Holy Roman Empire Catholic League Austria Spanish Empire Hungary Denmark ( 1643 -- 45 ) Supported by : Poland Zaporizhian Cossacks Commanders and leaders Gustavus Adolphus † Axel Oxenstierna Johan Banér Lennart Torstenson Gustav Horn Carl Gustaf Wrangel Charles X Gustav James Spens Alexander Leslie James 3rd Marquis Hamilton Louis XIII of France Cardinal Richelieu Cardinal Mazarin Louis XIV of France Marquis de Feuquieres † Henri , Prince of Condé Duke of Gramont Gaspard III de Coligny Louis II de Bourbon Urbain de Maillé - Brézé Vicomte de Turenne John Hepburn † Frederick V , Elector Palatine Jindřich Matyáš Thurn Christian I of Anhalt - Bernburg Christian IV of Denmark Robert Maxwell , 1st Earl of Nithsdale Bernhard of Saxe - Weimar Johann Georg I of Saxony Maurice of Nassau Piet Pieterszoon Hein William of Nassau Frederik Hendrik of Orange Maarten Tromp Ernst Casimir Hendrik Casimir I Charles I Stuart Duke of Buckingham † Sir Horace Vere Gabriel Bethlen Ernst von Mansfeld Christian of Brunswick Mikhail Borisovich Shein Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha Ferdinand II Ferdinand III Albrecht von Wallenstein Count of Tilly † Ottavio Piccolomini Franz von Mercy † Johann von Werth Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim † Raimondo Montecuccoli Peter Melander Graf von Holzappel † Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria Philip III of Spain Philip IV of Spain Count - Duke of Olivares Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba Charles de Longueval , Count of Bucquoy † Ambrosio Spinola † Carlos Coloma Duke of Feria Francisco de Melo Cardinal - Infante Ferdinand Matthias Gallas Maximilian I of Bavaria Charles IV , Duke of Lorraine Sigismund III of Poland Ivan Sirko Strength 149,000 Swedes ( 1632 ) 135,000 Danes ( 1625 ) 77,000 Dutch ( 1629 ) 6,000 Transylvanians 60,000 Ottoman cavalry ( as support to Frederick V , Elector Palatine ) Over 150,000 Imperial Army ( Holy Roman Empire ) ( 1635 ) Up to 300,000 Spanish About 20,000 Hungarian and Croatian cavalry Plus other smaller forces Casualties and losses 110,000 Swedes ( dead from all causes ) 118,000 Imperial ( total casualties ) 8,000,000 dead ( including 7,500,000 Germans and Bohemians ) Thirty Years ' War Pilsen Lomnice Sablat Wisternitz Humenné Bad Kreuznach Oppenheim Bacharach White Mountain Érsekújvár Neu Titschein Battle of Tyrnau ( de ) Mingolsheim Wimpfen Höchst Fleurus Heidelberg Mannheim Frankenthal Hodonín Stadtlohn Genoa Peasants ' War in Upper Austria Dessau Bridge Lutter am Barenberge Stralsund Wolgast Swedish landing Frankfurt Magdeburg Werben 1st Breitenfeld Bamberg Rain Wiesloch Nuremberg Alte Veste Fürth Lützen Oldendorf Pfaffenhofen Steinau Konstanz 1st Breisach 1st Rheinfelden Battle of Liegnitz ( 1634 ) ( de ) 1st Nördlingen Willstätt Les Avins Avesnes Leuven Ray - sur - Saône Battle of Dömitz ( de ) Battle of Haselünne ( de ) Tornavento Somme Wittstock Hanau 2nd Rheinfelden Fuenterrabía Vlotho 2nd Breisach Battle of Wittenweiher ( de ) Thann 1st Freiberg Chemnitz Melnik Thionville Saint Omer Salses Cambrils Montjuïc Battle of Preßnitz ( de ) São Filipe Plauen La Marfée Dorsten Battle of Wolfenbüttel ( 1641 ) Honnecourt Kempen Schweidnitz 2nd Breitenfeld Klingenthal 2nd Freiberg Rocroi Tuttlingen Kolding Lister Dyb Colberger Heide Freiburg Fehmarn Jüterbog Bysjön Jankau Brno Mergentheim 2nd Nördlingen Battle of Triebl ( de ) Neapolitan Revolt Zusmarshausen Lens Wevelinghoven Battle of Dachau ( de ) Prague Palatinate campaign Bad Kreuznach Oppenheim Bacharach Mingolsheim Wimpfen Höchst Heidelberg Mannheim Frankenthal Stadtlohn Anglo - Spanish War 1625 -- 1630 Breda Cádiz St. Kitts and Nevis Torstenson War Kolding Lister Dyb Colberger Heide Fehmarn Bysjön Franco - Spanish War ( 1635 -- 59 ) Flanders and northern France Les Avins Leuven Somme Saint Omer Thionville Arras La Marfée Honnecourt Rocroi Lens Arras Valenciennes The Dunes Dunkirk Catalonia and the Pyrenees Fuenterrabía Salses Montjuïc Perpignan Lerida 2nd Lleida 2nd Barcelona Northern Italy Tornavento Turin Pavia Caribbean Tortuga Naval battles Getaria Cádiz 1st Tarragona 2nd Tarragona Barcelona Cartagena Orbetello Cambrils Bordeaux The Thirty Years ' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648 . One of the longest and most destructive conflicts in human history , as well as the deadliest European religious war , in history , the war resulted in eight million casualties . Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire , it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers . These states employed relatively large mercenary armies , and the war became less about religion and more of a continuation of the France -- Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence . The war was preceded by the election of the new Holy Roman Emperor , Ferdinand II , who tried to impose religious uniformity on his domains , forcing Roman Catholicism on its peoples . The northern Protestant states , angered by the violation of their rights to choose that had been granted in the Peace of Augsburg , banded together to form the Protestant Union . Ferdinand II was a devout Roman Catholic and relatively intolerant when compared to his predecessor , Rudolf II , who ruled from the largely Protestant city of Prague . Ferdinand 's policies were considered strongly pro-Catholic . These events caused widespread fears throughout northern and central Europe , and triggered the Protestant Bohemians living in the then relatively loose dominion of Habsburg Austria to revolt against their nominal ruler , Ferdinand II . After the so - called Prague Defenestration deposed the emperor 's representatives in Prague , the Protestant estates and Catholic Habsburgs started gathering allies for war . The Protestant Bohemians ousted the Habsburgs and elected the Calvinist Frederick V , Elector of the Rhenish Palatinate as the new king of the Kingdom of Bohemia . Frederick took the offer without the support of the Protestant Union . The southern states , mainly Roman Catholic , were angered by this . Led by Bavaria , these states formed the Catholic League to expel Frederick in support of the Emperor . The Empire soon crushed this perceived rebellion in the Battle of White Mountain , executing leading Czech aristocrats shortly after . The Protestant world condemned the Emperor 's action . After the atrocities committed in Bohemia , Saxony finally gave its support to the union and decided to fight back . Sweden , at the time a rising military power , soon intervened in 1630 under its king Gustavus Adolphus , transforming what had been simply the Emperor 's attempt to curb the Protestant states into a full - scale war in Europe . Spain , wishing to finally crush the Dutch rebels in the Netherlands and the Dutch Republic , intervened under the pretext of helping its dynastic Habsburg ally , Austria . No longer able to tolerate the encirclement of two major Habsburg powers on its borders , Catholic France entered the coalition on the side of the Protestants in order to counter the Habsburgs . The Thirty Years ' War devastated entire regions , with famine and disease resulting in high mortality in the populations of the German and Italian states , the Crown of Bohemia , and the Southern Netherlands . Both mercenaries and soldiers in fighting armies traditionally looted or extorted tribute to get operating funds , which imposed severe hardships on the inhabitants of occupied territories . The war also bankrupted most of the combatant powers . The Dutch Republic enjoyed contrasting fortune ; it ended its revolt against Spain in 1648 and subsequently enjoyed a time of great prosperity and development , known as the Dutch Golden Age , during which it became one of the world 's foremost economic and naval powers . The Thirty Years ' War ended with the treaties of Osnabrück and Münster , part of the wider Peace of Westphalia . The war altered the previous political order of European powers . The rise of Bourbon France , the curtailing of Habsburg ambition , and the ascendancy of Sweden as a great power created a new balance of power on the continent , with France emerging from the war strengthened and increasingly dominant in the latter part of the 17th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the war 2 Beginnings ( 1618 -- 1625 ) 2.1 The Bohemian Revolt 2.2 Ottoman support for Transylvania 2.3 Catholic intervention 2.4 Huguenot rebellions 3 Danish intervention ( 1625 -- 1630 ) 4 Swedish intervention ( 1630 -- 1635 ) 5 French intervention and continued Swedish participation ( 1635 -- 1648 ) 6 Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) 7 Casualties and disease 8 Witch - hunts 9 Political consequences 10 Outside Europe 11 Involvement 12 Fiction 13 Gallery 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 16.1 Primary sources 17 External links Origins of the War ( edit ) The Peace of Augsburg ( 1555 ) , signed by Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor , confirmed the result of the Diet of Speyer ( 1526 ) , ending the war between German Lutherans and Catholics , and establishing that : Rulers of the 224 German states could choose the religion ( Lutheranism or Catholicism ) of their realms . Subjects had to follow that decision or emigrate ( the principle of cuius regio , eius religio ) . Prince - bishoprics and other states ruled by Catholic clergy were excluded and should remain Catholic . Prince - bishops who converted to Lutheranism were required to give up their territories ( the principle called reservatum ecclesiasticum ) . Lutherans could keep the territory they had taken from the Catholic Church since the Peace of Passau in 1552 . Although the Peace of Augsburg created a temporary end to hostilities , it did not resolve the underlying religious conflict , which was made yet more complex by the spread of Calvinism throughout Germany in the years that followed . This added a third major faith to the region , but its position was not recognized in any way by the Augsburg terms , to which only Catholicism and Lutheranism were parties . The rulers of the nations neighboring the Holy Roman Empire also contributed to the outbreak of the Thirty Years ' War : Spain was interested in the German states because it held the territories of the Spanish Netherlands in the western part of the Empire and states within Italy that were connected by land through the Spanish Road . The Dutch revolted against Spanish domination during the 1560s , leading to a protracted war of independence that led to a truce only in 1609 . France was nearly surrounded by territory controlled by the two Habsburg states -- Spain and the Holy Roman Empire , and feeling threatened , was eager to exert its power against the weaker German states . This dynastic concern overtook religious ones and led to Catholic France 's participation on the otherwise Protestant side of the war . Sweden and Denmark - Norway were interested in gaining control over northern German states bordering the Baltic Sea . The Holy Roman Empire was a fragmented collection of largely independent states . The position of the Holy Roman Emperor was mainly titular , but the emperors , from the House of Habsburg , also directly ruled a large portion of imperial territory ( lands of the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Bohemia ) , as well as the Kingdom of Hungary . The Austrian domain was thus a major European power in its own right , ruling over some eight million subjects . Another branch of the House of Habsburg ruled over Spain and its empire , which included the Spanish Netherlands , southern Italy , the Philippines , and most of the Americas . In addition to Habsburg lands , the Holy Roman Empire contained several regional powers , such as the Duchy of Bavaria , the Electorate of Saxony , the Margraviate of Brandenburg , the Electorate of the Palatinate , Landgraviate of Hesse , the Archbishopric of Trier , and the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg . A vast number of minor independent duchies , free cities , abbeys , prince - bishoprics , and petty lordships ( whose authority sometimes extended to no more than a single village ) rounded out the empire . Apart from Austria and perhaps Bavaria , none of those entities was capable of national - level politics ; alliances between family - related states were common , due partly to the frequent practice of partible inheritance , i.e. splitting a lord 's inheritance among his various sons . Ferdinand I , Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia : He urged the Council of Trent to approve communion in both kinds for German and Bohemian Catholics . Religious tensions remained strong throughout the second half of the 16th century . The Peace of Augsburg began to unravel : some converted bishops refused to give up their bishoprics , and certain Habsburg and other Catholic rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain sought to restore the power of Catholicism in the region . This was evident from the Cologne War ( 1583 -- 88 ) , a conflict initiated when the prince - archbishop of the city , Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg , converted to Calvinism . As he was an imperial elector , this could have produced a Protestant majority in the College that elected the Holy Roman Emperor , a position that Catholics had always held . In the Cologne War , Spanish troops expelled the former prince - archbishop and replaced him with Ernst of Bavaria , a Roman Catholic . After this success , the Catholics regained peace , and the principle of cuius regio , eius religio began to be exerted more strictly in Bavaria , Würzburg , and other states . This forced Lutheran residents to choose between conversion or exile . Lutherans also witnessed the defection of the lords of the Palatinate ( 1560 ) , Nassau ( 1578 ) , Hesse - Kassel ( 1603 ) , and Brandenburg ( 1613 ) to the new Calvinist faith . Thus , at the beginning of the 17th century , the Rhine lands and those south to the Danube were largely Catholic , while Lutherans predominated in the north , and Calvinists dominated in certain other areas , such as west - central Germany , Switzerland , and the Netherlands . Minorities of each creed existed almost everywhere , however . In some lordships and cities , the numbers of Calvinists , Catholics , and Lutherans were approximately equal . Much to the consternation of their Spanish ruling cousins , the Habsburg emperors who followed Charles V ( especially Ferdinand I and Maximilian II , but also Rudolf II , and his successor Matthias ) were content to allow the princes of the empire to choose their own religious policies . These rulers avoided religious wars within the empire by allowing the different Christian faiths to spread without coercion . This angered those who sought religious uniformity . Meanwhile , Sweden and Denmark - Norway , both Lutheran kingdoms , sought to assist the Protestant cause in the Empire , and wanted to gain political and economic influence there , as well . Religious tensions broke into violence in the German free city of Donauwörth in 1606 . There , the Lutheran majority barred the Catholic residents of the Swabian town from holding an annual Markus procession , which provoked a riot . This prompted foreign intervention by Duke Maximilian of Bavaria on behalf of the Catholics . After the violence ceased , Calvinists in Germany ( who remained a minority ) felt the most threatened . They banded together and formed the League of Evangelical Union in 1608 , under the leadership of the Elector Palatine Frederick IV , whose son , Frederick V , married Elizabeth Stuart , the Scottish - born daughter of King James VI of Scotland and I of England and Ireland . The establishment of the league prompted the Catholics into banding together to form the Catholic League in 1609 , under the leadership of Duke Maximilian . Ferdinand II , Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia Tensions escalated further in 1609 , with the War of the Jülich Succession , which began when John William , Duke of Jülich - Cleves - Berg , the ruler of the strategically important United Duchies of Jülich - Cleves - Berg , died childless . Two rival claimants vied for the duchy . The first was Duchess Anna of Prussia , daughter of Duke John William 's eldest sister , Marie Eleonore of Cleves . Anna was married to John Sigismund , Elector of Brandenburg . The second was Wolfgang William , Count Palatine of Neuburg , who was the son of Duke John William 's second - eldest sister , Anna of Cleves . Duchess Anna of Prussia claimed Jülich - Cleves - Berg as the heir to the senior line , while Wolfgang William , Count Palatine of Neuburg , claimed Jülich - Cleves - Berg as Duke John William 's eldest male heir . Both claimants were Protestants . In 1610 , to prevent war between the rival claimants , the forces of Rudolf II , Holy Roman Emperor occupied Jülich - Cleves - Berg until the Aulic Council ( Reichshofrat ) resolved the dispute . However , several Protestant princes feared that the emperor , a devout Catholic , intended to keep Jülich - Cleves - Berg for himself to prevent the United Duchies falling into Protestant hands . Representatives of Henry IV of France and the Dutch Republic gathered forces to invade Jülich - Cleves - Berg , but these plans were cut short by the assassination of Henry IV by the Catholic fanatic François Ravaillac . Hoping to gain an advantage in the dispute , Wolfgang William converted to Catholicism ; John Sigismund , though , converted to Calvinism ( although Anna of Prussia stayed Lutheran ) . The dispute was settled in 1614 with the Treaty of Xanten , by which the United Duchies were dismantled : Jülich and Berg were awarded to Wolfgang William , while John Sigismund gained Cleves , Mark , and Ravensberg . The background of the Dutch Revolt also has close relations to the events leading to the Thirty Years ' War . It was widely known that the Twelve Years ' Truce was set to expire in 1621 , and throughout Europe it was recognized that at that time , Spain would attempt to reconquer the Dutch Republic . Forces under Ambrogio Spinola , 1st Marquis of the Balbases , the Genoese commander of the Spanish army , would be able to pass through friendly territories to reach the Dutch Republic . The only hostile state that stood in his way was the Electorate of the Palatinate . Spinola 's preferred route would take him through the Republic of Genoa , the Duchy of Milan , the Val Telline , around hostile Switzerland bypassing it along the north shore of Lake Constance , then through Alsace , the Archbishopric of Strasbourg , the Electorate of the Palatinate , and then finally through the Archbishopric of Trier , Jülich and Berg , and on to the Dutch Republic . The Palatinate thus assumed a strategic importance in European affairs out of all proportion to its size . This explains why the Protestant James VI and I arranged for the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth Stuart to Frederick V , Elector Palatine in 1612 , in spite of the social convention that a princess would only marry another royal . By 1617 , it was apparent that Matthias , Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia , would die without an heir , with his lands going to his nearest male relative , his cousin Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria , heir - apparent and Crown Prince of Bohemia . With the Oñate treaty , Philip III of Spain agreed to this succession . Ferdinand , educated by the Jesuits , was a staunch Catholic who wanted to impose religious uniformity on his lands . This made him highly unpopular in Protestant ( primarily Hussite ) Bohemia . The Bohemian nobility rejected Ferdinand , who had been elected Bohemian Crown Prince in 1617 . Ferdinand 's representatives were thrown out of a window in Prague and seriously injured , triggering the Thirty Years ' War in 1618 . This so - called Defenestration of Prague provoked open revolt in Bohemia , which had powerful foreign allies . Ferdinand was upset by the calculated insult , but his intolerant policies in his own lands had left him in a weak position . The Habsburg cause in the next few years would seem to suffer unrecoverable reverses . The Protestant cause seemed to wax toward a quick overall victory . The war can be divided into four major phases : The Bohemian Revolt , the Danish intervention , the Swedish intervention , and the French intervention . Beginnings ( 1618 -- 1625 ) ( edit ) The Bohemian revolt ( edit ) Main article : Bohemian Revolt A contemporary woodcut depicts the Second Defenestration of Prague ( 1618 ) , which marked the beginning of the Bohemian Revolt , and therefore of the first phase of the Thirty Years ' War . Without heirs , Emperor Matthias sought to assure an orderly transition during his lifetime by having his dynastic heir ( the fiercely Catholic Ferdinand of Styria , later Ferdinand II , Holy Roman Emperor ) elected to the separate royal thrones of Bohemia and Hungary . Some of the Protestant leaders of Bohemia feared they would be losing the religious rights granted to them by Emperor Rudolf II in his Letter of Majesty ( 1609 ) . They preferred the Protestant Frederick V , elector of the Palatinate ( successor of Frederick IV , the creator of the Protestant Union ) . However , other Protestants supported the stance taken by the Catholics , and in 1617 , Ferdinand was duly elected by the Bohemian Estates to become the crown prince , and automatically upon the death of Matthias , the next king of Bohemia . The king - elect then sent two Catholic councillors ( Vilem Slavata of Chlum and Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice ) as his representatives to Prague Castle in Prague in May 1618 . Ferdinand had wanted them to administer the government in his absence . On 23 May 1618 , an assembly of Protestants seized them and threw them ( and also secretary Philip Fabricius ) out of the palace window , which was some 21 m ( 69 ft ) off the ground . Although injured , they survived . This event , known as the ( Second ) Defenestration of Prague , started the Bohemian Revolt . Soon afterward , the Bohemian conflict spread through all of the Bohemian Crown , including Bohemia , Silesia , Upper and Lower Lusatia , and Moravia . Moravia was already embroiled in a conflict between Catholics and Protestants . The religious conflict eventually spread across the whole continent of Europe , involving France , Sweden , and a number of other countries . The death of Emperor Matthias emboldened the rebellious Protestant leaders , who had been on the verge of a settlement . The weaknesses of both Ferdinand ( now officially on the throne after the death of Emperor Matthias ) and of the Bohemians themselves led to the spread of the war to western Germany . Ferdinand was compelled to call on his nephew , King Philip IV of Spain , for assistance . Modern re-enactment of the Battle of White Mountain The Bohemians , desperate for allies against the emperor , applied to be admitted into the Protestant Union , which was led by their original candidate for the Bohemian throne , the Calvinist Frederick V , Elector Palatine . The Bohemians hinted Frederick would become King of Bohemia if he allowed them to join the Union and come under its protection . However , similar offers were made by other members of the Bohemian Estates to the Duke of Savoy , the Elector of Saxony , and the Prince of Transylvania . The Austrians , who seemed to have intercepted every letter leaving Prague , made these duplicities public . This unraveled much of the support for the Bohemians , particularly in the court of Saxony . In spite of these issues surrounding their support , the rebellion initially favoured the Bohemians . They were joined in the revolt by much of Upper Austria , whose nobility was then chiefly Lutheran and Calvinist . Lower Austria revolted soon after , and in 1619 , Count Thurn led an army to the walls of Vienna itself . Moreover , within the British Isles , Frederick V 's cause became seen as that of Elizabeth Stuart , described by her supporters as `` The Jewell of Europe '' , leading to a stream of tens of thousands of volunteers to her cause throughout the course of the Thirty Years ' War . In the opening phase , an Anglo - Dutch regiment under Horace Vere headed to the Palatinate , a Scots - Dutch regiment under Colonel John Seton moved into Bohemia , and that was joined by a mixed `` Regiment of Brittanes '' ( Scots and English ) led by the Scottish Catholic Sir Andrew Gray . Seton 's regiment was the last of the Protestant allies to leave the Bohemian theatre after tenaciously holding the town of Třeboň until 1622 , and only departing once the rights of the citizens had been secured . Ottoman support for Transylvania ( edit ) Frederick V , Elector Palatine as King of Bohemia , painted by Gerrit von Honthorst in 1634 , two years after the subject 's death In the east , the Protestant Hungarian Prince of Transylvania , Gabriel Bethlen , led a spirited campaign into Hungary with the support of the Ottoman Sultan , Osman II . Fearful of the Catholic policies of Ferdinand II , Gabriel Bethlen requested a protectorate by Osman II , so `` the Ottoman Empire became the one and only ally of great - power status which the rebellious Bohemian states could muster after they had shaken off Habsburg rule and had elected Frederick V as a Protestant king '' . Ambassadors were exchanged , with Heinrich Bitter visiting Constantinople in January 1620 , and Mehmed Aga visiting Prague in July 1620 . The Ottomans offered a force of 60,000 cavalry to Frederick and plans were made for an invasion of Poland with 400,000 troops , in exchange for the payment of an annual tribute to the sultan . These negotiations triggered the Polish -- Ottoman War of 1620 -- 21 . The Ottomans defeated the Poles , who were supporting the Habsburgs in the Thirty Years ' War , at the Battle of Cecora in September -- October 1620 , but were not able to further intervene efficiently before the Bohemian defeat at the Battle of the White Mountain in November 1620 . Later , Poles defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Chocim and the war ended with a status quo . The emperor , who had been preoccupied with the Uskok War , hurried to muster an army to stop the Bohemians and their allies from overwhelming his country . Count Bucquoy , the commander of the Imperial army , defeated the forces of the Protestant Union led by Count Mansfeld at the Battle of Sablat , on 10 June 1619 . This cut off Count Thurn 's communications with Prague , and he was forced to abandon his siege of Vienna . The Battle of Sablat also cost the Protestants an important ally -- Savoy , long an opponent of Habsburg expansion . Savoy had already sent considerable sums of money to the Protestants and even troops to garrison fortresses in the Rhineland . The capture of Mansfeld 's field chancery revealed the Savoyards ' involvement , and they were forced to bow out of the war . Catholic intervention ( edit ) Contemporary painting showing the Battle of White Mountain ( 1620 ) , where Imperial - Spanish forces under Johann Tserclaes , Count of Tilly won a decisive victory . Contemporary woodcut depicting the Old Town Square execution of Protestant aristocrats in Prague , 1621 The Spanish sent an army from Brussels under Ambrogio Spinola to support the Emperor . In addition , the Spanish ambassador to Vienna , Don Íñigo Vélez de Oñate , persuaded Protestant Saxony to intervene against Bohemia in exchange for control over Lusatia . The Saxons invaded , and the Spanish army in the west prevented the Protestant Union 's forces from assisting . Oñate conspired to transfer the electoral title from the Palatinate to the Duke of Bavaria in exchange for his support and that of the Catholic League . The Catholic League 's army ( which included René Descartes in its ranks as an observer ) pacified Upper Austria , while Imperial forces under Johan Tzerclaes , Count of Tilly , pacified Lower Austria . The two armies united and moved north into Bohemia . Ferdinand II decisively defeated Frederick V at the Battle of White Mountain , near Prague , on 8 November 1620 . In addition to becoming Catholic , Bohemia remained in Habsburg hands for nearly 300 years . This defeat led to the dissolution of the League of Evangelical Union and the loss of Frederick V 's holdings despite the tenacious defence of Trebon , Bohemia ( under Colonel Seton ) until 1622 and Frankenthal ( under Colonel Vere ) the following year . Frederick was outlawed from the Holy Roman Empire , and his territories , the Rhenish Palatinate , were given to Catholic nobles . His title of elector of the Palatinate was given to his distant cousin , Duke Maximilian of Bavaria . Frederick , now landless , made himself a prominent exile abroad and tried to curry support for his cause in Sweden , the Netherlands , and Denmark - Norway . This was a serious blow to Protestant ambitions in the region . As the rebellion collapsed , the widespread confiscation of property and suppression of the Bohemian nobility ensured the country would return to the Catholic side after more than two centuries of Hussite and other religious dissent . The Spanish , seeking to outflank the Dutch in preparation for renewal of the Eighty Years ' War , took Frederick 's lands , the Electorate of the Palatinate . The first phase of the war in eastern Germany ended 31 December 1621 , when the prince of Transylvania and the emperor signed the Peace of Nikolsburg , which gave Transylvania a number of territories in Royal Hungary . Johann Tserclaes , Count of Tilly , commander of the Imperial , Spanish , and Bavarian armies Some historians regard the period from 1621 to 1625 as a distinct portion of the Thirty Years ' War , calling it the `` Palatinate phase '' . With the catastrophic defeat of the Protestant army at White Mountain and the departure of the prince of Transylvania , greater Bohemia was pacified . However , the war in the Palatinate continued : Famous mercenary leaders -- such as , particularly , Count Ernst von Mansfeld -- helped Frederick V to defend his countries , the Upper and the Rhine Palatinate . This phase of the war consisted of much smaller battles , mostly sieges conducted by the Imperial and the Spanish armies . Mannheim and Heidelberg fell in 1622 , and Frankenthal was finally transferred two years later , thus leaving the Palatinate in the hands of the Spaniards . The remnants of the Protestant armies , led by Mansfeld and Duke Christian of Brunswick , withdrew into Dutch service . Although their arrival in the Netherlands did help to lift the siege of Bergen - op - Zoom ( October 1622 ) , the Dutch could not provide permanent shelter for them . They were paid off and sent to occupy neighboring East Frisia . Mansfeld remained in the Dutch Republic , but Christian wandered off to `` assist '' his kin in the Lower Saxon Circle , attracting the attentions of Count Tilly . With the news that Mansfeld would not be supporting him , Christian 's army began a steady retreat toward the safety of the Dutch border . On 6 August 1623 , ten miles short of the border , Tilly 's more disciplined army caught up with them . In the ensuing Battle of Stadtlohn , Christian was decisively defeated , losing over four - fifths of his army , which had been some 15,000 strong . After this catastrophe , Frederick V , already in exile in The Hague and under growing pressure from his father - in - law , James I , to end his involvement in the war , was forced to abandon any hope of launching further campaigns . The Protestant rebellion had been crushed . Huguenot rebellions ( edit ) Main article : Huguenot rebellions Cardinal Richelieu at the Siege of La Rochelle against the Huguenots ( detail of a painting by Henri Motte , 1881 ) Following the Wars of Religion of 1562 -- 1598 , the Protestant Huguenots of France ( mainly located in the southwestern provinces ) had enjoyed two decades of internal peace under Henry IV , who was originally a Huguenot before converting to Catholicism , and had protected Protestants through the Edict of Nantes . His successor , Louis XIII , under the regency of his Italian Catholic mother , Marie de ' Medici , was much less tolerant . The Huguenots responded to increasing persecution by arming themselves , forming independent political and military structures , establishing diplomatic contacts with foreign powers , and finally , openly revolting against the central power . The revolt became an international conflict with the involvement of England in the Anglo - French War ( 1627 -- 29 ) . The House of Stuart in England had been involved in attempts to secure peace in Europe ( through the Spanish Match ) , and had intervened in the war against both Spain and France . However , defeat by the French ( which indirectly led to the assassination of the English leader the Duke of Buckingham ) , lack of funds for war , and internal conflict between Charles I and his Parliament led to a redirection of English involvement in European affairs -- much to the dismay of Protestant forces on the continent . This had the continued reliance on the Anglo - Dutch brigade as the main agency of English military participation against the Habsburgs , though regiments also fought for Sweden thereafter . France remained the largest Catholic kingdom unaligned with the Habsburg powers , and would later actively wage war against Spain . The French Crown 's response to the Huguenot rebellion was not so much a representation of the typical religious polarization of the Thirty Years ' War , but rather of an attempt at achieving national hegemony by an absolutist monarchy . Danish intervention ( 1625 -- 1630 ) ( edit ) Catholic General Albrecht von Wallenstein Peace following the Imperial victory at Stadtlohn ( 1623 ) proved short - lived , with conflict resuming at the initiation of Denmark - Norway . Danish involvement , referred to as the Low Saxon War or Kejserkrigen ( `` the Emperor 's War '' ) , began when Christian IV of Denmark , a Lutheran who also ruled as Duke of Holstein , a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire , helped the Lutheran rulers of neighbouring Lower Saxony by leading an army against the Imperial forces in 1625 . Denmark - Norway had feared that the recent Catholic successes threatened its sovereignty as a Protestant nation . Christian IV had also profited greatly from his policies in northern Germany . For instance , in 1621 , Hamburg had been forced to accept Danish sovereignty . Denmark - Norway 's King Christian IV had obtained for his kingdom a level of stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in Europe . Denmark - Norway was funded by tolls on the Oresund and also by extensive war reparations from Sweden . Denmark - Norway 's cause was aided by France , which together with Charles I , had agreed to help subsidize the war , not the least because Christian was a blood uncle to both the Stuart king and his sister Elizabeth of Bohemia through their mother , Anne of Denmark . Some 13,700 Scottish soldiers were sent as allies to help Christian IV under the command of General Robert Maxwell , 1st Earl of Nithsdale . Moreover , some 6,000 English troops under Charles Morgan also eventually arrived to bolster the defence of Denmark - Norway , though it took longer for these to arrive than Christian hoped , not the least due to the ongoing British campaigns against France and Spain . Thus , Christian , as war - leader of the Lower Saxon Circle , entered the war with an army of only 20,000 mercenaries , some of his allies from England and Scotland and a national army 15,000 strong , leading them as Duke of Holstein rather than as King of Denmark - Norway . Map of the Thirty Years ' War To fight Christian , Ferdinand II employed the military help of Albrecht von Wallenstein , a Bohemian nobleman who had made himself rich from the confiscated estates of his Protestant countrymen . Wallenstein pledged his army , which numbered between 30,000 and 100,000 soldiers , to Ferdinand II in return for the right to plunder the captured territories . Christian , who knew nothing of Wallenstein 's forces when he invaded , was forced to retire before the combined forces of Wallenstein and Tilly . Christian 's mishaps continued when all of the allies he thought he had were forced aside : France was in the midst of a civil war , Sweden was at war with the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , and neither Brandenburg nor Saxony was interested in changes to the tenuous peace in eastern Germany . Moreover , neither of the substantial British contingents arrived in time to prevent Wallenstein defeating Mansfeld 's army at the Battle of Dessau Bridge ( 1626 ) or Tilly 's victory at the Battle of Lutter ( 1626 ) . Mansfeld died some months later of illness , apparently tuberculosis , in Dalmatia . Wallenstein 's army marched north , occupying Mecklenburg , Pomerania , and Jutland itself , but proved unable to take the Dano - Norwegian capital Copenhagen on the island of Zealand . Wallenstein lacked a fleet , and neither the Hanseatic ports nor the Poles would allow the building of an imperial fleet on the Baltic coast . He then laid siege to Stralsund , the only belligerent Baltic port with sufficient facilities to build a large fleet ; it soon became clear , however , that the cost of continuing the war would far outweigh any gains from conquering the rest of Denmark . Wallenstein feared losing his northern German gains to a Danish - Swedish alliance , while Christian IV had suffered another defeat in the Battle of Wolgast ( 1628 ) ; both were ready to negotiate . Negotiations concluded with the Treaty of Lübeck in 1629 , which stated that Christian IV could retain control over Denmark - Norway ( including the duchies of Sleswick and Holstein ) if he would abandon his support for the Protestant German states . Thus , in the following two years , the Catholic powers subjugated more land . At this point , the Catholic League persuaded Ferdinand II to take back the Lutheran holdings that were , according to the Peace of Augsburg , rightfully the possession of the Catholic Church . Enumerated in the Edict of Restitution ( 1629 ) , these possessions included two archbishoprics , 16 bishoprics , and hundreds of monasteries . In the same year , Gabriel Bethlen , the Calvinist prince of Transylvania , died . Only the port of Stralsund continued to hold out against Wallenstein and the emperor , having been bolstered by Scottish ' volunteers ' who arrived from the Swedish army to support their countrymen already there in the service of Denmark - Norway . These men were led by Colonel Alexander Leslie , who became governor of the city . As Colonel Robert Monro recorded : Sir Alexander Leslie being made Governour , he resolved for the credit of his Country - men , to make an out - fall upon the Enemy , and desirous to conferre the credit on his own Nation alone , being his first Essay in that Citie . Leslie held Stralsund until 1630 , using the port as a base to capture the surrounding towns and ports to provide a secure beach - head for a full - scale Swedish landing under Gustavus Adolphus . Swedish intervention ( 1630 -- 1635 ) ( edit ) Main article : Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years ' War The victory of Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld ( 1631 ) Some in the court of Ferdinand II did not trust Wallenstein , believing he sought to join forces with the German princes and thus gain influence over the Emperor . Ferdinand II dismissed Wallenstein in 1630 . He later recalled him , after the Swedes , led by King Gustavus Adolphus , had successfully invaded the Holy Roman Empire and turned the tables on the Catholics . Like Christian IV before him , Gustavus Adolphus came to aid the German Lutherans , to forestall Catholic suzerainty in his back yard , and to obtain economic influence in the German states around the Baltic Sea . He was also concerned about the growing power of the Holy Roman Empire , and like Christian IV before him , was heavily subsidized by Cardinal Richelieu , the chief minister of Louis XIII of France , and by the Dutch . From 1630 to 1634 , Swedish - led armies drove the Catholic forces back , regaining much of the lost Protestant territory . During his campaign , he managed to conquer half of the imperial kingdoms , making Sweden the continental leader of Protestantism until the Swedish Empire ended in 1721 . Swedish forces entered the Holy Roman Empire via the Duchy of Pomerania , which served as the Swedish bridgehead since the Treaty of Stettin ( 1630 ) . After dismissing Wallenstein in 1630 , Ferdinand II became dependent on the Catholic League . Gustavus Adolphus allied with France in the Treaty of Bärwalde ( January 1631 ) . France and Bavaria signed the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1631 ) , but this was rendered irrelevant by Swedish attacks against Bavaria . At the Battle of Breitenfeld ( 1631 ) , Gustavus Adolphus 's forces defeated the Catholic League led by Tilly . A year later , they met again in another Protestant victory , this time accompanied by the death of Tilly . The upper hand had now switched from the league to the union , led by Sweden . In 1630 , Sweden had paid at least 2,368,022 daler for its army of 42,000 men . In 1632 , it contributed only one - fifth of that ( 476,439 daler ) towards the cost of an army more than three times as large ( 149,000 men ) . This was possible due to subsidies from France , and the recruitment of prisoners ( most of them taken at the Battle of Breitenfeld ) into the Swedish army . Before that time , Sweden waged war with the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth and could not support the Protestant states properly . For that reason , the King Gustav II enlisted support of the Russian Tsar Michael I , who also fought the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth in hopes of regaining Smolensk . While a separate conflict , the Smolensk War became an integral part of Thirty Years ' confrontation . Scottish soldiers , identified as Donald Mackay Lord Reay 's regiment , in service of Gustavus Adolphus , 1630 -- 31 The majority of mercenaries recruited by Gustavus Adolphus were German , but Scottish soldiers were also very numerous . These were composed of some 12,000 Scots already in service before the Swedes entered the war under the command of General Sir James Spens and colonels such as Sir Alexander Leslie , Sir Patrick Ruthven , and Sir John Hepburn . These were joined by a further 8,000 men under the command of James Marquis Hamilton . The total number of Scots in Swedish service by the end of the war is estimated at some 30,000 men , no less than 15 of whom served with the rank of major - general or above . With Tilly dead , Ferdinand II returned to the aid of Wallenstein and his large army . Wallenstein marched up to the south , threatening Gustavus Adolphus 's supply chain . Gustavus Adolphus knew that Wallenstein was waiting for the attack and was prepared but found no other option . Wallenstein and Gustavus Adolphus clashed in the Battle of Lützen ( 1632 ) , where the Swedes prevailed , but Gustavus Adolphus was killed . Ferdinand II 's suspicion of Wallenstein resumed in 1633 , when Wallenstein attempted to arbitrate the differences between the Catholic and Protestant sides . Ferdinand II may have feared that Wallenstein would switch sides , and arranged for his arrest after removing him from command . One of Wallenstein 's soldiers , Captain Devereux , killed him when he attempted to contact the Swedes in the town hall of Eger ( Cheb ) on 25 February 1634 . The same year , the Protestant forces , lacking Gustav 's leadership , were smashed at the First Battle of Nördlingen by the Spanish - Imperial forces commanded by Cardinal - Infante Ferdinand . The Spanish relief of Breisach by the Duke of Feria in 1633 By the spring of 1635 , all Swedish resistance in the south of Germany had ended . After that , the Imperial and Protestant German sides met for negotiations , producing the Peace of Prague ( 1635 ) , which entailed a delay in the enforcement of the Edict of Restitution for 40 years and allowed Protestant rulers to retain secularized bishoprics held by them in 1627 . This protected the Lutheran rulers of northeastern Germany , but not those of the south and west ( whose lands had been occupied by the imperial or league armies prior to 1627 ) . The treaty also provided for the union of the army of the emperor and the armies of the German states into a single army of the Holy Roman Empire ( although John George I of Saxony and Maximillian I of Bavaria kept , as a practical matter , independent command of their forces , now nominally components of the `` imperial '' army ) . Finally , German princes were forbidden from establishing alliances amongst themselves or with foreign powers , and amnesty was granted to any ruler who had taken up arms against the emperor after the arrival of the Swedes in 1630 . This treaty failed to satisfy France , however , because of the renewed strength it granted the Habsburgs . France then entered the conflict , beginning the final period of the Thirty Years ' War . Sweden did not take part in the Peace of Prague and it continued the war together with France . Initially after the Peace of Prague , the Swedish armies were pushed back by the reinforced Imperial army north into Germany . French intervention and continued Swedish participation ( 1635 -- 1648 ) ( edit ) Soldiers plundering a farm by Sebastian Vrancx , 1620 A landscape with travelers ambushed outside a small town , painted by Vrancx France , although Roman Catholic , was a rival of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain . Cardinal Richelieu , the chief minister of King Louis XIII of France , considered the Habsburgs too powerful , since they held a number of territories on France 's eastern border , including portions of the Netherlands . Richelieu had already begun intervening indirectly in the war in January 1631 , when the French diplomat Hercule de Charnacé signed the Treaty of Bärwalde with Gustavus Adolphus , by which France agreed to support the Swedes with 1,000,000 livres each year in return for a Swedish promise to maintain an army in Germany against the Habsburgs . The treaty also stipulated that Sweden would not conclude a peace with the Holy Roman Emperor without first receiving France 's approval . After the Swedish rout at Nördlingen in September 1634 and the Peace of Prague in 1635 , in which the Protestant German princes sued for peace with the German emperor , Sweden 's ability to continue the war alone appeared doubtful , and Richelieu made the decision to enter into direct war against the Habsburgs . France declared war on Spain in May 1635 and the Holy Roman Empire in August 1636 , opening offensives against the Habsburgs in Germany and the Low Countries . France aligned her strategy with the allied Swedes in Wismar ( 1636 ) and Hamburg ( 1638 ) . After the Peace of Prague , the Swedes reorganised the Royal Army under Johan Banér and created a new one , the Army of the Weser under the command of Alexander Leslie . The two army groups moved south from spring 1636 , re-establishing alliances on the way including a revitalised one with Wilhelm of Hesse - Kassel . The two Swedish armies combined and confronted the Imperials at the Battle of Wittstock . Despite the odds being stacked against them , the Swedish army won . This success largely reversed many of the effects of their defeat at Nördlingen , albeit not without creating some tensions between Banér and Leslie . Emperor Ferdinand II died in 1637 and was succeeded by his son Ferdinand III , who was strongly inclined toward ending the war through negotiations . His army did , however , win an important success at the Battle of Vlotho in 1638 against a combined Swedish - English - Palatine force . This victory effectively ended the involvement of the Palatinate in the war . French military efforts met with disaster , and the Spanish counter-attacked , invading French territory . The Imperial general Johann von Werth and Spanish commander Cardinal - Infante Ferdinand of Spain ravaged the French provinces of Champagne , Burgundy , and Picardy , and even threatened Paris in 1636 . Then , the tide began to turn for the French . The Spanish army was repulsed by Bernhard of Saxe - Weimar . Bernhard 's victory in the Battle of Breisach pushed the Habsburg armies back from the borders of France . Then , for a time , widespread fighting ensued until 1640 , with neither side gaining an advantage . The Battle of Rocroi , by Augusto Ferrer - Dalmau In 1640 the war reached a climax and the tide turned clearly toward the French and against Spain , starting with the siege and capture of the fort at Arras . The French conquered Arras from the Spanish following a siege that lasted from 16 June to 9 August 1640 . When Arras fell , the way was opened to the French to take all of Flanders . The ensuing French campaign against the Spanish forces in Flanders culminated with a decisive French victory at the battle of Rocroi in May 1643 . News of these French victories provided strong encouragement to separatist movements in the Spanish province of Catalonia and in Portugal . The Catalan revolt had sprung up spontaneously in May 1640 . Since that time , it had been the conscious goal of Cardinal Richelieu to promote a `` war by diversion '' against the Spanish . Richelieu wanted to create difficulties for the Spanish at home that might encourage them to withdraw from the war . To fight this war by diversion , Cardinal Richelieu had been supplying aid to the Catalans . In December 1640 , the Portuguese rose up against Spanish rule and once again Richelieu supplied aid to the insurgents . The war by diversion had its intended effect . Philip IV of Spain was reluctantly forced to divert his attention from the war in northern Europe to deal with his problems at home . Indeed , even at this time , some of Philip 's advisers , including the Count of Oñate , were recommending that Philip withdraw from overseas commitments . With Trier , Alsace , and Lorraine all in French hands and the Dutch in charge of Limburg , the Channel and the North Sea , the `` Spanish Road '' connecting Habsburg Spain with the Habsburg possessions in the Netherlands and Austria was severed . Philip IV could no longer physically send reinforcements to the Low Countries . On 4 December 1642 , Cardinal Richelieu died . However , his policy of war by diversion continued to pay dividends to France . Spain was unable to resist the continuing drumbeat of French victories -- Gravelines was lost to the French in 1644 , followed by Hulst in 1645 and Dunkirk in 1646 . The Thirty Years ' War would continue until 1648 and the conflict between France and Spain until 1659 , but in the end , a new order on the continent was established . This new order was embodied in the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 , which finally ended the war between France and Spain . The Battle of Lens , 1648 Siege of Prague 1648 engraving from `` Theatri Europæi ... ''. 1663 . The Swedish siege of Prague in 1648 Meanwhile , an important act in the war was played out by the Swedes . After the battle of Wittstock , the Swedish army regained the initiative in the German campaign . In the Second Battle of Breitenfeld in 1642 , outside Leipzig , the Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstenson defeated an army of the Holy Roman Empire led by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria and his deputy , Prince - General Ottavio Piccolomini , Duke of Amalfi . The imperial army suffered 20,000 casualties . In addition , the Swedish army took 5,000 prisoners and seized 46 guns , at a cost to themselves of 4,000 killed or wounded . The battle enabled Sweden to occupy Saxony and impressed on Ferdinand III the need to include Sweden , and not only France , in any peace negotiations . Louis XIII died in 1643 , leaving his five - year - old son Louis XIV on the throne . Mere days later , French General Louis II de Bourbon , 4th Prince de Condé , Duc d'Enghien , The Great Condé , defeated the Spanish army at the Battle of Rocroi in 1643 . The same year , however , the French were defeated by the Imperial and Catholic League forces at the battle of Tuttlingen . The chief minister of Louis XIII , Cardinal Mazarin , facing the domestic crisis of the Fronde in 1645 , began working to end the war . In 1643 , Denmark - Norway made preparations to again intervene in the war , but on the imperial side ( against Sweden ) . The Swedish marshal Lennart Torstenson expelled Danish prince Frederick from Bremen - Verden , gaining a stronghold south of Denmark - Norway and hindering Danish participation as mediators in the peace talks in Westphalia . Torstensson went on to occupy Jutland , and after the Royal Swedish Navy under Carl Gustaf Wrangel inflicted a decisive defeat on the Danish Navy in the battle of Fehmern Belt in an action of 13 October 1644 , forcing them to sue for peace . With Denmark - Norway out of the war , Torstenson then pursued the Imperial army under Gallas from Jutland in Denmark south to Bohemia . At the Battle of Jankau near Prague , the Swedish army defeated the Imperial army under Gallas and could occupy Bohemian lands and threaten Prague , as well as Vienna . In 1645 , a French army under Turenne was almost destroyed by the Bavarians at the Battle of Herbsthausen . However , reinforced by Louis II de Bourbon , Prince de Condé , it defeated its opponent in the Second Battle of Nördlingen . The last Catholic commander of note , Baron Franz von Mercy , died in the battle . However , the French army 's effort on the Rhine had little result , in contrast to its string of victories in Flanders and Artois . The same year , the Swedes entered Austria and besieged Vienna , but they could not take the city and had to retreat . The siege of Brünn in Bohemia proved as fruitless , as the Swedish army met with fierce resistance from the Habsburg forces . After five months , the Swedish army , severely worn out , had to withdraw . On 14 March 1647 , Bavaria , Cologne , France , and Sweden signed the Truce of Ulm . In 1648 , the Swedes ( commanded by Marshal Carl Gustaf Wrangel ) and the French ( led by Turenne ) defeated the Imperial army at the Battle of Zusmarshausen , and Condé defeated the Spanish at Lens . However , an Imperial army led by Octavio Piccolomini managed to check the Franco - Swedish army in Bavaria , though their position remained fragile . The Battle of Prague in 1648 became the last action of the Thirty Years ' War . The general Hans Christoff von Königsmarck , commanding Sweden 's flying column , entered the city and captured Prague Castle ( where the event that triggered the war -- the Defenestration of Prague -- took place , 30 years before ) . There , they captured many valuable treasures , including the Codex Gigas , which is still today preserved in Stockholm . However , they failed to conquer the right - bank part of Prague and the old city , which resisted until the end of the war . These results left only the Imperial territories of Austria safely in Habsburg hands . Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) ( edit ) Main article : Peace of Westphalia Europe after the Peace of Westphalia , 1648 Over a four - year period , the warring parties ( the Holy Roman Empire , France , and Sweden ) were actively negotiating at Osnabrück and Münster in Westphalia . The end of the war was not brought about by one treaty , but instead by a group of treaties such as the Treaty of Hamburg . On 15 May 1648 , the Peace of Münster was signed , ending the Thirty Years ' War . Over five months later , on 24 October , the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück were signed . Casualties and disease ( edit ) Marauding soldiers , Vranx , 1647 , Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin The war ranks with the worst famines and plagues as the greatest medical catastrophe in modern European history . Lacking good census information , historians have extrapolated the experience of well - studied regions . John Theibault agrees with the conclusions in Günther Franz 's Der Dreissigjährige Krieg und das Deutsche Volk ( 1940 ) , that population losses were great but varied regionally ( ranging as high as 50 % ) and says his estimates are the best available . The war killed soldiers and civilians directly , caused famines , destroyed livelihoods , disrupted commerce , postponed marriages and childbirth , and forced large numbers of people to relocate . The reduction of population in the German states was typically 25 % to 40 % . Some regions were affected much more than others . For example , Württemberg lost three - quarters of its population during the war . In the territory of Brandenburg , the losses had amounted to half , while in some areas , an estimated two - thirds of the population died . The male population of the German states was reduced by almost half . The population of the Czech lands declined by a third due to war , disease , famine , and the expulsion of Protestant Czechs . Much of the destruction of civilian lives and property was caused by the cruelty and greed of mercenary soldiers . Villages were especially easy prey to the marauding armies . Those that survived , like the small village of Drais near Mainz , would take almost a hundred years to recover . The Swedish armies alone may have destroyed up to 2,000 castles , 18,000 villages , and 1,500 towns in Germany , one - third of all German towns . The war caused serious dislocations to both the economies and populations of central Europe , but may have done no more than seriously exacerbate changes that had begun earlier . Also , some historians contend that the human cost of the war may actually have improved the living standards of the survivors . According to Ulrich Pfister , Germany was one of the richest countries in Europe per capita in 1500 , but ranked far lower in 1600 . Then , it recovered during the 1600 -- 1660 period , in part thanks to the demographic shock of the Thirty Years ' War . A peasant begs for mercy in front of a burning farm Pestilence of several kinds raged among combatants and civilians in Germany and surrounding lands from 1618 to 1648 . Many features of the war spread disease . These included troop movements , the influx of soldiers from foreign countries , and the shifting locations of battle fronts . In addition , the displacement of civilian populations and the overcrowding of refugees into cities led to both disease and famine . Information about numerous epidemics is generally found in local chronicles , such as parish registers and tax records , that are often incomplete and may be exaggerated . The chronicles do show that epidemic disease was not a condition exclusive to war time , but was present in many parts of Germany for several decades prior to 1618 . When the Imperial and Danish armies clashed in Saxony and Thuringia during 1625 and 1626 , disease and infection in local communities increased . Local chronicles repeatedly referred to `` head disease '' , `` Hungarian disease '' , and a `` spotted '' disease identified as typhus . After the Mantuan War , between France and the Habsburgs in Italy , the northern half of the Italian peninsula was in the throes of a bubonic plague epidemic ( Italian Plague of 1629 -- 1631 ) . During the unsuccessful siege of Nuremberg , in 1632 , civilians and soldiers in both the Imperial and Swedish armies succumbed to typhus and scurvy . Two years later , as the Imperial army pursued the defeated Swedes into southwest Germany , deaths from epidemics were high along the Rhine River . Bubonic plague continued to be a factor in the war . Beginning in 1634 , Dresden , Munich , and smaller German communities such as Oberammergau recorded large numbers of plague casualties . In the last decades of the war , both typhus and dysentery had become endemic in Germany . Witch - hunts ( edit ) A 1627 engraving of the Bamberg Malefizhaus , where suspected witches were held and interrogated Among the other great social traumas abetted by the war was a major outbreak of witchcraft persecutions . This violent wave of witch - hunting first erupted in the territories of Franconia during the time of the Danish intervention . The hardship and turmoil the conflict had produced among the general population enabled the hysteria to spread quickly to other parts of Germany . Residents of areas that had been devastated not only by the conflict itself , but also by the numerous crop failures , famines , and epidemics that accompanied it , were quick to attribute these calamities to supernatural causes . In this tumultuous and highly volatile environment , allegations of witchcraft against neighbors and fellow citizens flourished . The sheer volume of trials and executions during this time would mark the period as the peak of the European witch - hunting phenomenon . The persecutions began in the Bishopric of Würzburg , then under the leadership of Prince - Bishop Philipp Adolf von Ehrenberg . An ardent devotee of the Counter-Reformation , Ehrenberg was eager to consolidate Catholic political authority in the territories he administered . Beginning in 1626 , Ehrenberg staged numerous mass trials for witchcraft in which all levels of society ( including the nobility and the clergy ) found themselves targeted in a relentless series of purges . By 1630 , 219 men , women , and children had been burned at the stake in the city of Würzburg itself , while an estimated 900 people are believed to have been put to death in the rural areas of the province . Concurrent with the events in Würzburg , Prince - Bishop Johann von Dornheim would embark upon a similar series of large - scale witch trials in the nearby territory of Bamberg . A specially designed Malefizhaus ( witch house ) was erected containing a torture chamber , whose walls were adorned with Bible verses , in which to interrogate the accused . The Bamberg witch trials would drag on for five years and claimed between 300 and 600 lives , among them Dorothea Flock and the city 's long - time Bürgermeister ( mayor ) Johannes Junius . Meanwhile , 274 suspected witches were put to the torch in the Bishopric of Eichstätt in 1629 , while another 50 perished in the adjacent Duchy of Palatinate - Neuburg that same year . Elsewhere , the persecutions arrived in the wake of the early Imperial military successes . The witch hunts expanded into Baden following its reconquest by Tilly , while the Imperial victory in the Palatinate opened the way for their eventual spread to the Rhineland . The Rhenish electorates of Mainz and Trier both witnessed mass burnings of suspected witches during this time . In Cologne , the territory 's Prince - Archbishop , Ferdinand of Bavaria , presided over a particularly infamous series of witchcraft trials that included the controversial prosecution of Katharina Henot , who was burned at the stake in 1627 . During this time , the witch hunts also continued their unchecked growth , as new and increased incidents of alleged witchcraft began surfacing in the territories of Westphalia . The witch hunts reached their peak around the time of the Edict of Restitution in 1629 , and much of the remaining institutional and popular enthusiasm for them faded in the aftermath of Sweden 's entry into the war the following year . However , in Würzburg , the persecutions continued until the death of Ehrenberg in July , 1631 . The excesses of this period inspired the Jesuit scholar and poet Friedrich Spee ( himself a former `` witch confessor '' ) to author his scathing legal and moral condemnation of the witch trials , the Cautio Criminalis . This influential work later was credited with bringing an end to the practice of witch - burning in some areas of Germany and its gradual abolition throughout Europe . Political Consequences ( edit ) Central Europe at the end of the Thirty Years ' War , showing the fragmentation that resulted in decentralization The Thirty Years ' War rearranged the European power structure . During the last decade of the conflict Spain showed clear signs of weakening . While Spain was fighting in France , Portugal -- which had been under personal union with Spain for 60 years -- acclaimed John IV of Braganza as king in 1640 , and the House of Braganza became the new dynasty of Portugal . Spain was forced to accept the independence of the Dutch Republic in 1648 , ending the Eighty Years ' War . Bourbon France challenged Habsburg Spain 's supremacy in the Franco - Spanish War ( 1635 -- 59 ) , gaining definitive ascendancy in the War of Devolution ( 1667 -- 68 ) and the Franco - Dutch War ( 1672 -- 78 ) , under the leadership of Louis XIV . The war resulted in increased autonomy for the constituent states of the Holy Roman Empire , limiting the power of the emperor and decentralizing authority in German - speaking central Europe . For Austria and Bavaria , the result of the war was ambiguous . Bavaria was defeated , devastated , and occupied , but it gained some territory as a result of the treaty in 1648 . Austria had utterly failed in reasserting its authority in the empire , but it had successfully suppressed Protestantism in its own dominions . Compared to large parts of Germany , most of its territory was not significantly devastated , and its army was stronger after the war than it was before , unlike that of most other states of the empire . This , along with the shrewd diplomacy of Ferdinand III , allowed it to play an important role in the following decades and to regain some authority among the other German states to face the growing threats of the Ottoman Empire and France . Reduction in population of Holy Roman Empire as a percentage From 1643 -- 1645 , during the last years of the war , Sweden and Denmark - Norway fought the Torstenson War . The result of that conflict and the conclusion of the Thirty Years ' War helped establish postwar Sweden as a major force in Europe . The arrangements agreed upon in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 were instrumental in laying the legal foundations of the modern sovereign nation - state . Aside from establishing fixed territorial boundaries for many of the countries involved in the ordeal ( as well as for the newer ones created afterwards ) , the Peace of Westphalia changed the relationship of subjects to their rulers . Previously , many people had borne overlapping , sometimes conflicting political and religious allegiances . Henceforth , the inhabitants of a given state were understood to be subject first and foremost to the laws and edicts of their respective state authority , not to the claims of any other entity , be it religious or secular . This in turn made it easier to levy national armies of significant size , loyal to their state and its leader , so as to reduce the need to employ mercenaries , whose drawbacks had been exposed a century earlier in The Prince . Among the drawbacks were the depravations ( such as the Schwedentrunk ) and destruction caused by mercenary soldiers , which defied description and resulted in revulsion and hatred of the sponsor of the mercenaries ; there would be no other figure such as Albrecht von Wallenstein , and the age of Landsknecht mercenaries would end . The war also had more subtle consequences . It was the last major religious war in mainland Europe , ending the large - scale religious bloodshed accompanying the Reformation , which had begun over a century before . Other religious conflicts occurred in the years to come , but no great wars . Outside Europe ( edit ) The war also had consequences abroad , as the European powers extended their rivalry via naval power to overseas colonies . In 1630 , a Dutch fleet of 70 ships took the rich sugar - exporting areas of Pernambuco ( Brazil ) from the Portuguese , though the Dutch would lose them by 1654 . Fighting also took place in Africa and Asia . Ceylon was a case in point . The Portuguese conquered the Jaffna kingdom in the north of the island and kingdom of Kotte in the south . In the process , they caused widespread destruction , including that of the Koneswaram temple of Trincomalee in 1624 and Ketheeswaram temple , accompanied by an extensive campaign of destruction of 500 Hindu shrines , the Saraswathi Mahal Library , many Buddhist temples and libraries , and forced conversion of Hindus and Buddhists to Roman Catholicism . Phillip II and III of Portugal used forts built from the destroyed temples , including Fort Fredrick in Trincomalee , and others in southern Ceylon such as Colombo and Galle Fort , to fight sea battles with the Dutch , Danish , French , and English . This was the beginning of the island 's loss of sovereignty . Later the Dutch and English succeeded the Portuguese as colonial rulers of the island . Involvement ( edit ) Directly against Emperor Indirectly against Emperor Directly for Emperor Indirectly for Emperor Fiction ( edit ) Vida y hechos de Estebanillo González , hombre de buen humor , compuesta por él mismo ( Antwerp , 1646 ) : The last of the great Spanish Golden Age picaresque novels , this is set against the background of the Thirty Years ' War . It is thought to have been written by a man in the entourage of Ottavio Piccolomini . The main character crisscrosses Europe at war in his role as messenger ; he witnesses the 1634 battle of Nordlingen , among other events . Simplicius Simplicissimus ( 1668 ) by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen , one of the most important German novels of the 17th century , is the comic fictional autobiography of a half - German , half - Scottish peasant turned mercenary . He serves under various powers during the war . The book is based on the author 's first - hand experience . An opera adaptation by the same name was produced in the 1930s , written by Karl Amadeus Hartmann . Daniel Defoe ( 1720 ) . Memoirs of a Cavalier . `` A Military Journal of the Wars in Germany , and the Wars in England . From the Years 1632 to 1648 '' G.A. Henty , The Lion of the North : The Adventures of a Scottish Lad during the Thirty Years ' War ( 2 vol. , 1997 reprint ) . It is available under a number of subtitle variants , including a comic strip . Also Won By the Sword : A Story of the Thirty Years ' War Friedrich Schiller 's Wallenstein trilogy ( 1799 ) is a fictional account of the downfall of this general . Alessandro Manzoni 's The Betrothed ( 1842 ) is an historical novel taking place in Italy in 1629 . It treats a couple whose marriage is interrupted by the bubonic plague , and other complications of Thirty Years ' War . Edmond Rostand 's ( 1897 ) play Cyrano de Bergerac ( act IV is set during the siege of Arras in 1640 . ) Gertrud von Le Fort 's historical novel Die Magdeburgische Hochzeit is a fictional account of romantic and political intrigue during the siege of Magdeburg . Alfred Döblin 's sprawling historical novel Wallenstein ( 1920 ) is set during the Thirty Years ' War ; it explores the court of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand . Bertolt Brecht 's play Mother Courage and Her Children , an antiwar piece , is set during the Thirty Years ' War . Queen Christina ( 1933 ) , the film starring Greta Garbo , opens with the death of Christina 's father , King Gustavus Adolphus , at the Battle of Lützen in the Thirty Years ' War . The plot of the film is set against the backdrop of the war and Christina 's determination as queen , depicted a decade later , to end the war and bring about peace . The Last Valley ( 1971 ) is a film starring Michael Caine and Omar Sharif , who discover a temporary haven from the Thirty Years ' War . it was adapted from a novel of the same name written by JB Pick , a Scottish author . Das Treffen in Telgte ( 1979 ) , by Günter Grass , a Nobel Prize winner , is set in the aftermath of the war . He implicitly compared conditions to those in postwar Germany in the late 1940s . It was translated into English in 1981 . Michael Moorcock 's novel , The War Hound and the World 's Pain ( 1981 ) , features a central character of Ulrich von Bek , a mercenary who took part in the sack of Magdeburg . Eric Flint 's Ring of Fire series of alternative history novels , deals with a temporally displaced American town from the early 21st century that occupies territory in the early 1630s in war - torn Germany . Parts of Neal Stephenson 's Baroque Cycle are set in lands devastated by the Thirty Years ' War . In The Hangman 's Daughter by Oliver Pötzsch , the protagonist , hangman Jakob Kuisl , and other prominent characters have served in a General Tylli 's army and participated in the sacking of the city of Magdeburg during the Thirty Years ' War . `` The Great War '' and Swedish incursion into north - central Germany are frequently referenced . Hermann Löns ' novel Der Wehrwolf is about an alliance of peasants using guerrilla tactics to fight the enemy during the Thirty Years ' War . Gallery ( edit ) War Scene , by Sebastian Vrancx Battle of Sablat , 10 June 1619 Bautzen circa 1620 , by Matthäus Merian Execution of 27 Bohemian rebel leaders , Prague , 21 June 1621 Battle of Wimpfen , 6 May 1622 Battle of Fleurus of 29 August 1622 Battle of Stadtlohn , 6 August 1623 Siege of Stralsund , May to 4 August 1628 A cavalry battle , between 1626 and 1628 Sack of Magdeburg , 1631 . Of the 30,000 citizens , only 5,000 survived . Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder , April 1631 The capture of Rheinfelden by the troops of the Duke of Feria , 1633 Battle of Rocroi , 1643 Unsuccessful Swedish siege of Brno , 1645 See also ( edit ) List of wars and disasters by death toll Scotland and the Thirty Years ' War Second Thirty Years ' War Contemporary major European conflicts : Eighty Years ' War Franco - Spanish War ( 1635 -- 59 ) Wars of the Three Kingdoms Bishops ' Wars Irish Confederate Wars English Civil War References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reconciled with the Emperor and switched sides in the Peace of Prague ( 1635 ) . Jump up ^ At war with Spain 1625 -- 30 ( and France 1627 -- 29 ) : 6000 Englishmen also fought under Charles Morgan in the Danish campaigns . These were largely drawn from the English brigade of four regiments which were based in the Dutch Republic . Jump up ^ Scotland declared war and fought against Spain 1625 -- 1630 and France 1627 -- 1629 , mostly conducting the war at sea . In addition to providing 2000 troops for the campaign against France in 1627 , Scottish privateers harried French shipping and captured and occupied Nova Scotia , Cape Breton , and Quebec . The Scottish Privy Council also provided warrants for 13,700 troops for Danish service who fought under Scottish flag with a Dannerbrog in the top left corner . These were led initially by the Catholic Robert Maxwell , Earl of Nithsdale and more famously by Donald Mackay Lord Reay . In 1630 , 8000 more Britons , mostly Scots led by James 3rd Marquis Hamilton landed in Germany under British flag . They were explicitly called the `` British army '' and had been raised on warrants issued by the English and Scottish Privy councils for allied service alongside Sweden . They joined an estimated 12,000 Scots already in Swedish service commanded by General Sir James Spens , Alexander Leslie , Patrick Ruthven , and John Hepburn . The latter man led a Scottish brigade in France from 1634 -- 1636 , after which it fell under the control of the Douglas family . Throughout the entire period of the war , the Scots maintained a brigade of three regiments in Dutch service . The 1625 -- 1638 period represents the period of greatest engagement , though Scots were active as allies in the anti-Habsburg alliance throughout the whole course of the war . Jump up ^ `` into line with army of Gabriel Bethlen in 1620 . '' Ágnes Várkonyi : Age of the Reforms , Magyar Könyvklub publisher , 1999 . ISBN 963 - 547 - 070 - 3 Jump up ^ Russia supported Sweden against Poland ( Smolensk War ) . Jump up ^ Abolished in the Peace of Prague ( 1635 ) . It 's former members continued to support the Holy Roman Emperor . Jump up ^ Ervin Liptai : Military history of Hungary , Zrínyi Military Publisher , 1985 . ISBN 9633263379 Jump up ^ Denmark -- Norway fought Sweden and the Dutch Republic in the Torstenson War . Jump up ^ The Consequences and Effects of the Thirty Years War `` The later divisions that occurred made Europe more like it is now with the Catholic areas in the south and the Lutherans farther north and more importantly , it took the central power from the Catholic Church . '' Jump up ^ Helmolt , Hans Ferdinand ( 1903 ) . The World 's History : Western Europe to 1800 . W. Heinemann . p. 573 . ISBN 0 - 217 - 96566 - 0 . Jump up ^ Swedish Intervention Jump up ^ Danish Military Intervention Jump up ^ page 54 Rennoldson , Neil . `` Review Article : Spain and the Netherlands in the 17th Century '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . `` When the Dutch army was increased to 77.000 in 1629 during the threatened Spanish invasion ... '' Jump up ^ `` Gabriel Bethlen 's army numbered 5,000 Hungarian pikemen and 1,000 German mercenary , with the anti-Habsburg Hungarian rebels numbered together approx . 35,000 men . '' László Markó : The Great Honors of the Hungarian State ( A Magyar Állam Főméltóságai ) , Magyar Könyvklub 2000 . ISBN 963 - 547 - 085 - 1 Jump up ^ Trueman , C N. `` Military developments in the Thirty Years War '' . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ László Markó : The Great Honors of the Hungarian State ( A Magyar Állam Főméltóságai ) , Magyar Könyvklub 2000 . ISBN 963 - 547 - 085 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter , Micheal ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 . McFarland . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Selected Death Tolls for Wars , Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century '' . Necrometrics . Jump up ^ Peter H. Wilson , Europe 's Tragedy : A New History of the Thirty Years War ( London : Penguin , 2010 ) , 787 Jump up ^ `` Diets of Speyer ( German history ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . britannica.com . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parker , The Thirty Years ' War ( Roultledge Pub. : London , 1997 ) pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Peace of Prague '' . historylearningsite.co.uk . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Peace of Prague ( 1635 ) -- Historic Event -- German Archive : The Peace of Prague of 30 May 1635 was a treaty between the Holy Roman Emperor , Ferdinand II , and most of the Protestant states of the Empire . It effectively brought to an end the civil war aspect of the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 -- 1648 ) ; however , the war still carried on due to the continued intervention on German soil of Spain , Sweden , and , from mid-1635 , France . '' . germannotes.com . Archived from the original on 20 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frederick the Winter King . The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition . 2001 -- 07 '' . bartleby.com . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : C.V. Wedgwood , The Thirty Years ' War ( Penguin , 1957 , 1961 ) , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Pierre de l'Estoile , Journal pour le règne de Henri IV , Paris : Gallimard , p 84 , 1960 . ^ Jump up to : C.V. Wedgwood , The Thirty Years ' War ( Penguin , 1957 , 1961 ) , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Edney , Steve ( 23 May 2006 ) . `` The Defenestration of Prague '' . Criticality . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bohemian Revolt '' . thirtyyearswar.tripod.com . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wars of the Western Civilization '' . visualstatistics.net . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ T. Walter Wallbank Alastair M. Taylor , Nels M. Bailkey , George F. Jewsbury , Clyde J. Lewis , Neil J. Hackett , Bruce Borland ( Ed . ) ( 1992 ) . Civilization Past & Present Volume II . New York , N.Y : Harper Collins Publishers . pp. 15 . The Development of the European State System : 1300 -- 1650 . ISBN 0 - 673 - 38869 - 7 . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kellie , Pallas Armata , p. 2a ; Monro , His Expedition , vol. 1 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph Polisensky , `` A Note on Scottish Soldiers in the Bohemian War , 1619 -- 1622 '' in Steve Murdoch ( ed . ) , Scotland and the Thirty Years ' War , 1618 -- 1648 ( Brill , Leiden , 2001 ) , pp. 111 -- 114 Jump up ^ İnalcık , Halil ; Faroqhi , Suraiya ; Quataert , Donald ; McGowan , Bruce ; Pamuk , Sevket ( 1997 ) . An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire . Cambridge University Press . pp. 424 -- 425 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57455 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pursell , Brennan C. ( 2003 ) . The Winter King : Frederick V of the Palatinate and the Coming of the Thirty Years ' War . Ashgate . pp. 112 -- 113 . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Davies , Norman ( 2005 ) . God 's Playground : A History of Poland . Volume I : The Origins to 1795 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 925339 - 0 . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Ezel Kural . History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey . p. 191 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Halil İnalcık , ed. ( 1994 ) . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire . Volume 2 : 1600 -- 1914 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 424 -- 425 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57455 - 2 . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Leszek Podhorodecki : Chocim 1621 , seria : Historyczne bitwy `` , MON , 1988 . Jump up ^ Concerning Mansfeld , one of the greatest military enterprisers in the early years of the war ( 1618 -- 1626 ) see Krüssmann , Ernst von Mansfeld , ( doctoral thesis , Cologne 2007 ) Berlin 2010 . Jump up ^ Adam Marks , England , the English and the Thirty Years ' War , 1618 -- 1648 , PhD thesis , University of St Andrews , 2012 Jump up ^ Lockhart , Paul Douglas ( 2007 ) . Denmark , 1513 -- 1660 : the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy . Oxford University Press . p. 166 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927121 - 6 . Retrieved 7 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Danish Kings Christian 4 . '' . danskekonger.dk . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Paul D. Lockhart , Denmark , 1513 -- 1660 : the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy ( Oxford University Press , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Wilson , Peter . Europe 's Tragedy . Penguin , 2009 , p. 400 -- 433 Jump up ^ Murdoch and Grosjean , pp. 43 -- 46 Jump up ^ `` Wallenstein Palace Gardens '' . prague-guide.co.uk . Archived from the original on 5 April 2008 . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Danish interval '' . History.wisc.edu . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Albrecht von Wallenstein '' . newadvent.org . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Lockhart , Paul Douglas ( 2007 ) . Denmark , 1513 -- 1660 : The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy . Oxford University Press . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927121 - 6 . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Murdoch and Grosjean , pp. 47 -- 51 Jump up ^ Monro , His Expedition , vol. 1 , pp. 77 -- 8 Jump up ^ `` The Thirty - Years - War '' . Archived from the original on 9 October 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty Years War '' . hyperhistory.com . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lecture 6 : Europe in the Age of Religious Wars , 1560 -- 1715 '' . historyguide.org . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty Years ' War : Battle of Breitenfeld '' . historynet.com . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Thirty Years ' War '' . historyworld.net . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Dukes , Paul , ed. ( 1995 ) . Muscovy and Sweden in the Thirty Years ' War 1630 -- 1635 . Cambridge University Press . p. . ISBN 9780521451390 . Jump up ^ `` Soldater i trettioåriga kriget '' . Sfhm.se . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Alexia Grosjean , An Unofficial Alliance , p. 106 . NB Grosjean rounds down the previous figure of 35,000 Scots believing that that number is to high as it does not separate out the English and Irish contingents Jump up ^ Murdoch and Grosjean , Alexander Leslie and the Scottish Generals , passim Jump up ^ Thion , S. French Armies of the Thirty Years ' War ( Auzielle : Little Round Top Editions , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Murdoch , S. ; Zickermann , K. ; Marks , A. ( 2012 ) . `` The Battle of Wittstock 1636 : Conflicting Reports on a Swedish Victory in Germany '' . Northern Studies . 43 : 71 -- 109 . ; Murdoch and Grosjean , pp. 80 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parker , The Thirty Years ' War ( Routledge Press : London , 1984 ) p. 134 . Jump up ^ Rhea Marsh Smith , Spain : A Modern History ( University of Michigan Press : Ann Arbor , Michigan , 1965 ) p. 195 . Jump up ^ This battle is mentioned in Edmond Rostand 's play , Cyrano de Bergerac , as the battle in which Rostand 's fictional character Cyrano fought . ^ Jump up to : Rhea Marsh Smith , Spain : A Modern History , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Parker , The Thirty Years ' War , p. 153 ; Thion , French Armies , pp. 108 , 129 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parker , The Thirty Years ' War ( Routledge Press : London , 1984 ) p. 153 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parker , The Thirty Years ' War , p. 137 . Jump up ^ John A. Lynn , The Wars of Louis XIV ( Longman Publishers : Harlow , England , 1999 ) p. 11 . Jump up ^ John A. Lynn , The Wars of Louis XIV : 1667 -- 1714. , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Böhme , Klaus - R ( 2001 ) . `` Die sicherheitspolitische Lage Schwedens nach dem Westfälischen Frieden '' . In Hacker , Hans - Joachim . Der Westfälische Frieden von 1648 : Wende in der Geschichte des Ostseeraums ( in German ) . Kovač . p. 35 . ISBN 3 - 8300 - 0500 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Franz , baron von Mercy -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . britannica.com . Retrieved 22 May 2008 . Jump up ^ French armies of the thirty years war , Stephane Thion Jump up ^ Bring , Ove ( August 2000 ) . `` The Westphalian Peace Tradition in . International Law . From Jus ad Bellum to Jus contra Bellum '' . International Law Studies . 75 : 58 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Germany History Timeline '' . countryreports.org . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Parker , Geoffrey ( 2008 ) . `` Crisis and catastrophe : The global crisis of the seventeenth century reconsidered '' ( PDF ) . American Historical Review . 113 ( 4 ) : 1053 -- 1079 . doi : 10.1086 / ahr. 113.4. 1053 . Jump up ^ Outram , Quentin ( 2002 ) . `` The Demographic impact of early modern warfare '' . Social Science History . 26 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 272 . doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 26 - 2 - 245 . Jump up ^ Outram , Quentin ( 2001 ) . `` The socio - economic relations of warfare and the military mortality crises of the Thirty Years ' War '' . Medical History . 45 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 184 . PMC 1044352 . doi : 10.1017 / S0025727300067703 . Jump up ^ Theibault , John ( 1997 ) . `` The Demography of the Thirty Years War Re-revisited : Günther Franz and his Critics '' . German History . 15 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . doi : 10.1093 / gh / 15.1. 1 . Jump up ^ `` History of Europe -- Demographics '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Thirty Years ' War : Battle of Breitenfeld , HistoryNet Jump up ^ `` Germany -- The Thirty Years ' War -- The Peace of Westphalia '' . About.com . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Prussia in the later 17th century , University of Wisconsin - Madison Jump up ^ Coins of the Thirty Years ' War , The Wonderful World of Coins , Journal of Antiques & Collectibles January Issue 2004 Jump up ^ `` The Thirty Years ' War -- Czech republic '' . czech.cz . Archived from the original on 4 May 2008 . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Historical / Cultural Timeline -- 1600s '' . College of Education , University of Houston . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Thirty Year War and its Consequences '' . Universitätsstadt Tübingen . Archived from the original on 27 March 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Population '' . History Learningsite . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Germany after the Thirty Years ' War Archived 17 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Boise State University Jump up ^ `` The Thirty Years ' War '' . history-world.org . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . Jump up ^ German economic growth , 1500 -- 1850 , Pfister Jump up ^ War and Pestilence , Time Jump up ^ White , Matthew : The Great Big Book of Horrible Things W.W. Norton & co . New York , 2012 p. 220 ^ Jump up to : Briggs , Robin : Witches and Neighbors : The Social and Political Context of European Witchcraft Penguin Books , New York 1996 Jump up ^ Gary F. Jensen ( 2007 ) . The Path of the Devil : Early Modern Witch Hunts . Rowman & Littlefield . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Online Library of Liberty -- 3 : The European Witch - craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries -- The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century '' . Oll.libertyfund.org . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Hugh Trevor - Roper : The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century . The European Witch - craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Reilly , Pamela ( 1959 ) . `` Friedrich von Spee 's Belief in Witchcraft : Some Deductions from the `` Cautio Criminalis '' `` . The Modern Language Review . 54 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 55 . JSTOR 3720833 . doi : 10.2307 / 3720833 . Jump up ^ Histoire de l'empire Habsbourg , Jean Bérenger Jump up ^ `` Lecture 6 : Europe in the Age of Religious Wars , 1560 -- 1715 '' . historyguide.org . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Weeraratna , Senaka ( 12 June 2005 ) . `` Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by the Portuguese ( 1505 -- 1658 ) '' . ACSLU Essays on Unethical Conversion . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Gnanaprakasar , S. A Critical History of Jaffna , pp. 153 -- 72 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese Colonial Period ( 1505 CE -- 1645 CE ) '' . Rohan Titus . Retrieved 7 December 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Åberg , A. ( 1973 ) . `` The Swedish army from Lützen to Narva '' . In Roberts , M. Sweden 's Age of Greatness , 1632 -- 1718 . London : St. Martin 's Press . Asbach , Olaf , and Peter Schröder , eds . The Ashgate Research Companion to the Thirty Years ' War ( 2014 ) . 347pp . online review Benecke , Gerhard ( 1978 ) . Germany in the Thirty Years War . London : St. Martin 's Press . Bonney , Richard ( 2002 ) . The Thirty Years ' War 1618 -- 1648 . Osprey . ; focus on combat Dukes , Paul , ed. ( 1995 ) . Muscovy and Sweden in the Thirty Years ' War 1630 -- 1635 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521451390 . Grosjean , Alexia ( 2003 ) . An Unofficial Alliance : Scotland and Sweden , 1569 -- 1654 . Leiden : Brill . Cramer , Kevin ( 2007 ) . The Thirty Years ' War & German Memory in the Nineteenth Century . Lincoln : University of Nebraska . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 1562 - 7 . Gindely , Antonín ( 1884 ) . History of the Thirty Years ' War . Putnam . Gutmann , Myron P. ( 1988 ) . `` The Origins of the Thirty Years ' War '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 18 ( 4 ) : 749 -- 770 . JSTOR 204823 . doi : 10.2307 / 204823 . Kamen , Henry ( 1968 ) . `` The Economic and Social Consequences of the Thirty Years ' War '' . Past and Present. 39 : 44 -- 61 . JSTOR 649855 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 39.1. 44 . Kennedy , Paul ( 1988 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers : Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 . New York : Harper Collins . Langer , Herbert ( 1980 ) . The Thirty Years ' War . Poole , England : Blandford Press . Lynn , John A. ( 1999 ) . The Wars of Louis XIV : 1667 -- 1714 . Harlow , England : Longman . Murdoch , Steve ( 2001 ) . Scotland and the Thirty Years ' War , 1618 -- 1648 . Brill . Murdoch , S. ; Zickermann , K. ; Marks , A. ( 2012 ) . `` The Battle of Wittstock 1636 : Conflicting Reports on a Swedish Victory in Germany '' . Northern Studies . 43 : 71 -- 109 . Murdoch , Steve ; Alexia , Grosjean ( 2014 ) . Alexander Leslie and the Scottish generals of the Thirty Years ' War , 1618 -- 1648 . London : Pickering & Chatto . Parker , Geoffrey ( 1984 ) . The Thirty Years ' War . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul . Parrott , D ( 2001 ) . Richelieu 's Army : War , Government and Society in France , 1624 -- 1642 . Cambridge University Press . Polišenský , J.V. ( 1954 ) . `` The Thirty Years ' War '' . Past and Present. 6 : 31 -- 43 . JSTOR 649813 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 6.1. 31 . Polišenský , J.V. ( 1968 ) . `` The Thirty Years ' War and the Crises and Revolutions of Seventeenth - Century Europe '' . Past and Present. 39 : 34 -- 43 . JSTOR 649854 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 39.1. 34 . Polisensky , Joseph ( 2001 ) . `` A Note on Scottish Soldiers in the Bohemian War , 1619 -- 1622 '' . In Murdoch , Steve . Scotland and the Thirty Years ' war , 1618 -- 1648 . Leiden : Brill . pp. 109 -- 115 . Prinzing , Friedrich ( 1916 ) . Epidemics Resulting from Wars . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Rabb , Theodore K ( 1962 ) . `` The Effects of the Thirty Years ' War on the German Economy '' . Journal of Modern History . 34 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 51 . JSTOR 1874817 . doi : 10.1086 / 238995 . Ringmar , Erik ( 2008 ) ( 1996 ) . Identity , Interest and Action : A Cultural Explanation of the Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years War . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521026032 . Roberts , Michael ( 1958 ) . Gustavus Adolphus : A History of Sweden , 1611 -- 1632 . Longmans , Green and C ° . Thion , S. ( 2008 ) . French Armies of the Thirty Years ' War . Auzielle : Little Round Top Editions . Ward , A.W. ( 1902 ) . The Cambridge Modern History . Volume 4 : The Thirty Years War . Wedgwood , C.V. ( 2005 ) . Thirty Years War . forward by Anthony Grafton . New York : The New York Review of Books , Inc . ISBN 1 - 59017 - 146 - 2 . Wilson , Peter H. ( 2009 ) . Europe 's Tragedy : A History of the Thirty Years War . Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9592 - 3 . Primary sources ( edit ) Sir Thomas Kellie , Pallas Armata or Military Instructions for the Learned , The First Part ( Edinburgh , 1627 ) . Monro , R. His Expedition with a worthy Scots Regiment called Mac - Keyes , ( 2 vols. , London , 1637 ) . Helfferich , Tryntje , ed . The Thirty Years ' War : A Documentary History , ( Indianapolis : Hackett , 2009 ) . 352 pages . 38 key documents including diplomatic correspondence , letters , broadsheets , treaties , poems , and trial records . excerpt and text search Wilson , Peter H. ed . The Thirty Years ' War : A Sourcebook ( 2010 ) ; includes state documents , treaties , correspondence , diaries , financial records , artwork ; 240pp Dr Bernd Warlich has edited four diaries of the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 -- 1648 ) . These diaries can be viewed ( in German ) at : http://www.mdsz.thulb.uni-jena.de/sz/index.php External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thirty Years War . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Thirty Years War . `` Thirty Years ' War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Spahn , Martin ( 1912 ) . `` The Thirty Years War '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . 14 . The Thirty Years ' War -- Czech republic The Thirty Years ' War LearningSite Thirty Years ' War Timeline Project `` Peace of Westphalia '' ( among others with Essay Volumes of the 26th Exhibition of the Council of Europe `` 1648 : War and Peace in Europe '' , 1998 / 99 ) History of the Thirty Years ' War by Friedrich von Schiller at Project Gutenberg BBC Radio4 documentary -- The Invention of Germany : The Thirty Years ' War and Magdeburg Treaties of the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 -- 1648 ) Nikolsburg The Hague Franzburg Lübeck Stettin Bärwalde Fontainebleau Prague Ebersdorf Wismar Wesel Hamburg Dorsten Goslar Brömsebro Linz Eulenberg Ulm Westphalia Lutheran history Start of the Reformation Events Ninety - five Theses Heidelberg Disputation Leipzig Debate Marburg Colloquy Diet of Speyer ( 1529 ) Protestation at Speyer Presentation of the Augsburg Confession Reformation in Denmark -- Norway and Holstein Finland Germany Iceland Sweden Reformers Martin Luther Katharina von Bora Philip Melanchthon Johannes Bugenhagen Johannes Brenz Justus Jonas Argula von Grumbach Petrus Särkilahti Mikael Agricola Stephan Agricola Nicolaus von Amsdorf Laurentius Andreae Olaus Petri Laurentius Petri Stephan Praetorius Johann Pfeffinger Frederick the Wise Early turmoil Events Dissemination of the Augsburg Confession Variata Colloquy of Worms ( 1540 -- 1541 ) Diet of Regensburg Schmalkaldic War Augsburg Interim Peace of Passau Peace of Augsburg Colloquy of Worms ( 1557 ) Publication of the Magdeburg Centuries Adiaphoristic controversies ( first second ) Controversy on the Descent into Hell Presentation of the Greek Augsburg Confession Signing of the Formula of Concord People Philip Melanchthon Matthias Flacius Nicolaus Gallus Cyriacus Spangenberg Joachim Westphal Andreas Musculus Victorinus Strigel Johannes Agricola Andreas Osiander John the Magnanimous Factions Crypto - Calvinism Sacramentarians Philippists Ubiquitarians Gnesio - Lutherans Orthodox and Scholastic periods Early Acceptance of the Book of Concord Martin Chemnitz Colloquy of Mumpelgart Jakob Andreae Nikolaus Selnecker David Chytraeus Matthias Hafenreffer Leonhard Hutter Aegidius Hunnius Stephan Praetorius High Johann Gerhard J.A. Quenstedt Abraham Calovius Georg Calixtus Nicolaus Hunnius Jesper Brochmand Salomo Glassius Johann Hülsemann J.C. Dannhauer J.F. König Johannes Musaeus J.W. Baier Thirty Years ' War Late David Hollatz Christian Scriver V.E. Löscher J.M. Goeze Speculative or critical theologies Wolffian Johann Salomo Semler Johann David Michaelis Johann Christoph Döderlein Old Tübingen school Gottlob Christian Storr Friedrich Gottlieb Süskind Johann Friedrich Flatt Kantian Christoph Friedrich von Ammon Julius Wegscheider Wilhelm Gesenius Albrecht Ritschl Adolf von Harnack Wilhelm Herrmann Hegelian Karl Daub Philip Marheineke David Strauss Ferdinand Christian Baur Richard Adelbert Lipsius Otto Pfleiderer Moderate Franz Volkmar Reinhard Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette Transitional Johann Gottfried Herder Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi Friedrich Schleiermacher Revivals Pietist Martin Moller Johann Arndt Jakob Böhme J.V. Andreae P.J. Spener J.W. Petersen A.H. Francke J.F. Buddeus J.A. Bengel G.C. Knapp Awakening J.G. Hamann Hans Nielsen Hauge Haugeanism Paavo Ruotsalainen Finnish Awakening Claus Harms Lars Levi Laestadius Laestadianism Carl Olof Rosenius N.F.S. Grundtvig August Tholuck Neo-Lutheran Repristination E.W. Hengstenberg F.A. Philippi F.G. Hedberg Carl Paul Caspari C.P. Krauth L . A. Gotwald Erlangen G.C.A. von Harless J.W.F. Höfling Gottfried Thomasius J.C.K. von Hofmann Franz Delitzsch K.F.A. Kahnis Theodosius Harnack C.E. Luthardt F.H.R. von Frank Paul Althaus Werner Elert High Church A.F.C. Vilmar F.J. Stahl A.F.O. Münchmeyer J.K.W. Löhe Theodor Kliefoth Heinrich Hansen Old Lutheran Germany Old Lutheran schism Background J.G. Scheibel Eduard Huschke Henrik Steffens H.E.F. Guericke G.P.E. Huschke Free churches Australia / New Guinea August Kavel Gotthard Fritzsche Johann Flierl Lutheran Church of Australia United States Martin Stephan J.A.A. Grabau Wilhelm Sihler F.C.D. Wyneken C.F.W. Walther H.A. Preus Synodical Conference of North America Present Confessional Lutheranism Homosexuality Lutheranism portal GND : 4012985 - 8 NDL : 00570202 NKC : ph126846 KulturNav : id Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirty_Years%27_War&oldid=807822983 '' Categories : Thirty Years ' War European wars of religion 17th - century conflicts 17th - century Christianity 17th - century Protestantism 17th century in Europe Anti-Catholicism Anti-Protestantism History of Central Europe Warfare of the Early Modern era Wars involving the Habsburg Monarchy Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire Wars involving England Wars involving France Wars involving Germany Early Modern history of Switzerland Habsburg Bohemia History of the Palatinate ( region ) History of Protestantism in Germany Principality of Transylvania ( 1570 -- 1711 ) 17th century in the Habsburg Monarchy 17th - century military history of the Kingdom of England 17th century in the Holy Roman Empire 17th century in the Dutch Republic 17th century in Bohemia 17th century in France 17th century in Germany 17th century in the Spanish Empire Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2016 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Interlanguage link template link number Interlanguage link template existing link All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Use dmy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 09 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which describes a result of the 30 years war
[ "The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. One of the longest and most destructive conflicts in human history,[19] as well as the deadliest European religious war, in history, the war resulted in eight million casualties." ]
[ "eight million casualties" ]
-8938610465185809100
Third Battle of Panipat
Third battle of Panipat - Wikipedia Third battle of Panipat Jump to : navigation , search Third Battle of Panipat The Third Battle of Panipat , 14 January 1761 , Hafiz Rahmat Khan , standing right of Ahmad Shah Durrani , who is shown sitting on a brown horse . Date 14 January 1761 Location Panipat ( in present - day Haryana , India ) 29 ° 23 ′ N 76 ° 58 ′ E  /  29.39 ° N 76.97 ° E  / 29.39 ; 76.97 Result Decisive Afghan victory Territorial changes Marathas lost suzerainty over Punjab till north of Sutlej river to the Afghans . Ahmad Shah Durrani vacates Delhi soon after the battle . Maratha expansion checked . Belligerents Durrani Empire Supported by : ( show ) Nawabs of Oudh Rohillas Maratha Empire Commanders and leaders Ahmad Shah Durrani ( Shah of Durrani Empire ) Timur Shah Durrani Wazir Wali Khan Shah Pasand Khan Jahan Khan Shuja - ud - Daula Najib - ud - Daula Hafiz Rahmat Khan Dundi Khan Banghas Khan Sadashivrao Bhau ( commander - in - chief of Maratha Army ) Vishwasrao Malharrao Holkar Mahadji Shinde Ibrahim Khan Gardi Jankoji Shinde Bhivrao Panse Bhoite Purandare Vinchurkar ( Infantry & Cavalry ) Sidoji Gharge Strength 42,000 cavalry 38,000 infantry 10,000 reserves 4,000 personal guards 5,000 Qizilbash 120 -- 130 pieces of cannon large numbers of irregulars totally an army of 100,000 . 40,000 cavalry 15,000 infantry ( divided to 9 battalions of Gardi rifle infantry ) 15,000 Pindaris 200 pieces of artillery . The force was accompanied by 300,000 non-combatants ( pilgrims and camp - followers ) totally an army of 70,000 . Casualties and losses Estimates between 20,000 and 40,000 combatants killed . Estimates between 30,000 and 40,000 combatants killed in the battle . Another 40,000 -- 70,000 non-combatants massacred following the battle . The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 at Panipat , about 60 miles ( 97 km ) north of Delhi , between a northern expeditionary force of the Maratha Empire and invading forces of the King of Afghanistan , Ahmad Shah Abdali , supported by two Indian allies -- the Rohilla Afghans of the Doab , and Shuja - ud - Daula , the Nawab of Awadh . Militarily , the battle pitted the artillery and cavalry of the Marathas against the heavy cavalry and mounted artillery ( zamburak and jezail ) of the Afghans and Rohillas led by Abdali and Najib - ud - Daulah , both ethnic Afghans . The battle is considered one of the largest and most eventful fought in the 18th century , and has perhaps the largest number of fatalities in a single day reported in a classic formation battle between two armies . The specific site of the battle itself is disputed by historians , but most consider it to have occurred somewhere near modern - day Kaalaa Aamb and Sanauli Road . The battle lasted for several days and involved over 125,000 troops . Protracted skirmishes occurred , with losses and gains on both sides . The forces led by Ahmad Shah Durrani came out victorious after destroying several Maratha flanks . The extent of the losses on both sides is heavily disputed by historians , but it is believed that between 60,000 -- 70,000 were killed in fighting , while the numbers of injured and prisoners taken vary considerably . According to the single best eyewitness chronicle -- the bakhar by Shuja - ud - Daulah 's Diwan Kashi Raj -- about 40,000 Maratha prisoners were slaughtered in cold blood the day after the battle . Grant Duff includes an interview of a survivor of these massacres in his History of the Marathas and generally corroborates this number . Shejwalkar , whose monograph Panipat 1761 is often regarded as the single best secondary source on the battle , says that `` not less than 100,000 Marathas ( soldiers and non-combatants ) perished during and after the battle . '' The result of the battle was the halting of further Maratha advances in the north , and a destabilisation of their territories , for roughly ten years . This period is marked by the rule of Peshwa Madhavrao , who is credited with the revival of Maratha domination following the defeat at Panipat . In 1771 , ten years after Panipat , he sent a large Maratha army into northern India in an expedition that was meant to re-establish Maratha domination in that area and punish refractory powers that had either sided with the Afghans , such as the Rohillas , or had shaken off Maratha domination after Panipat . The success of this campaign can be seen as the last saga of the long story of Panipat . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Decline of the Mughal Empire 1.2 Rise of the Marathas 2 Battle 2.1 Outflanked 3 Reasons for the outcome 4 Massacres after the battle 5 Aftermath 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Decline of the Mughal Empire ( edit ) Extent of the Maratha Empire , 1795 The decline of the Mughal Empire following the 27 - year Mughal - Maratha war ( 1680 -- 1707 ) led to rapid territorial gains for the Maratha Empire . Under Peshwa Baji Rao , Gujarat , Malwa and Rajputana came under Maratha control . Finally , in 1737 , Baji Rao defeated the Mughals on the outskirts of Delhi and brought much of the former Mughal territories south of Delhi under Maratha control . Baji Rao 's son Balaji Baji Rao ( popularly known as Nana Saheb ) further increased the territory under Maratha control by invading Punjab in 1758 . This brought the Marathas into direct confrontation with the Durrani empire of Ahmad Shah Abdali ( also known as Ahmad Shah Durrani ) . In 1759 he raised an army from the Pashtun and Baloch tribes and made several gains against the smaller Maratha garrisons in Punjab . He then joined with his Indian allies -- the Rohilla Afghans of the Gangetic Doab -- forming a broad coalition against the Marathas . The Marathas , under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau , responded by gathering an army of between 45,000 -- 60,000 , which was accompanied by roughly 200,000 non-combatants , a number of whom were pilgrims desirous of making pilgrimages to Hindu holy sites in northern India . The Marathas started their northward journey from Patdur on 14 March 1760 . Both sides tried to get the Nawab of Awadh , Shuja - ud - Daulah , into their camp . By late July Shuja - ud - Daulah made the decision to join the Afghan - Rohilla coalition , preferring to join what was perceived as the `` army of Islam '' . This was strategically a major loss for the Marathas , since Shuja provided much - needed finances for the long Afghan stay in North India . It is doubtful whether the Afghan - Rohilla coalition would have the means to continue their conflict with the Marathas without Shuja 's support . Rise of the Marathas ( edit ) The Marathas had gained control of a considerable part of India in the intervening period ( 1707 -- 1757 ) . In 1758 they occupied Delhi , captured Lahore and drove out Timur Shah Durrani , the son and viceroy of the Afghan ruler , Ahmad Shah Abdali . This was the high - water mark of the Maratha expansion , where the boundaries of their empire extended in the north to the Indus and the Himalayas , and in the south nearly to the extremity of the peninsula . This territory was ruled through the Peshwa , who talked of placing his son Vishwasrao on the Mughal throne . However , Delhi still remained under the nominal control of Mughals , key Muslim intellectuals including Shah Waliullah and other Muslim clergy in India who were alarmed at these developments . In desperation they appealed to Ahmad Shah Abdali , the ruler of Afghanistan , to halt the threat . Sadashivrao Bhau Ahmad Shah Durrani Engraving of a Maratha soldier by James Forbes . Afghan royal soldiers of the Durrani Empire . Battle ( edit ) In the final phase the Marathas , under Scindia , attacked Najib . Najib successfully fought a defensive action , however , keeping Scindia 's forces at bay . By noon it looked as though Bhau would clinch victory for the Marathas once again . The Afghan left flank still held its own , but the centre was cut in two and the right was almost destroyed . Ahmad Shah had watched the fortunes of the battle from his tent , guarded by the still unbroken forces on his left . He sent his bodyguards to call up his 15,000 reserve troops from his camp and arranged them as a column in front of his cavalry of musketeers ( Qizilbash ) and 2,000 swivel - mounted shutarnaals or Ushtranaal -- cannons -- on the backs of camels . Outflanked ( edit ) Sadashivrao Bhau , seeing his forward lines dwindling and civilians behind , had not kept any reserves , and upon seeing Vishwasrao disappear in the midst of the fighting , he felt he had no choice but to come down from his elephant and lead the battle . Vishwasrao had already been killed by a shot to the head . Bhau and his loyal bodyguards fought to the end , the Maratha leader having three horses shot out from under him . At this stage Holkar , realising the battle was lost , broke from the Maratha left flank and retreated . The Maratha army was routed and fled under the devastating attack . While 15,000 soldiers managed to reach Gwalior , the rest of the Maratha forces -- including large numbers of non-combatants -- were either killed or captured . Reasons for the outcome ( edit ) Durrani had both numeric as well as qualitative superiority over Marathas . The combined Afghan army was much larger than that of Marathas . Though the infantry of Marathas was organized along European lines and their army had some of the best French - made guns of the time , their artillery was static and lacked mobility against the fast - moving Afghan forces . The heavy mounted artillery of Afghans proved much better in the battlefield than the light artillery of Marathas . Moreover , the senior Maratha chiefs constantly bickered with one another . Each had ambitions of carving out their independent states and had no interest in fighting against a common enemy . Some of them did n't support the idea of a round battle and wanted to fight using guerilla tactics instead of charging the enemy head - on . The Marathas were fighting alone at a place which was 1000 miles away from their capital Pune . Peshwa 's decision to appoint Sadashivrao Bhau as the Supreme Commander instead of Malharrao Holkar or Raghunathrao proved to be an unfortunate one , as Sadashivrao was totally ignorant of the political and military situation in North India . If Holkar had remained in the battlefield , the Maratha defeat would have been delayed but not averted . Ahmad Shah 's superiority in pitched battle could have been negated if the Marathas had conducted their traditional ganimi kava , or guerrilla warfare , as advised by Malharrao Holkar , in Punjab and in north India . Abdali was in no position to maintain his field army in India indefinitely . Massacres after the battle ( edit ) The Afghan cavalry and pikemen ran wild through the streets of Panipat , killing tens of thousands of Maratha soldiers and civilians . The women and children seeking refuge in streets of Panipat were hounded back in Afghan camps as slaves . Children over 14 were beheaded before their own mothers and sisters . Afghan officers who had lost their kin in battle were permitted to carry out massacres of ' infidel ' Hindus the next day also , in Panipat and the surrounding area . They arranged victory mounds of severed heads outside their camps . According to the single best eye - witness chronicle -- the bakhar by Shuja - ud - Daula 's Diwan Kashi Raj -- about 40,000 Maratha prisoners were slaughtered in cold blood the day after the battle . According to Mr. Hamilton of Bombay Gazette about half a million Marathi people were present there in Panipat town and he gives a figure of 40,000 prisoners as executed by Afghans . Many of the fleeing Maratha women jumped into the Panipat wells rather than risk rape and dishonour . All of the prisoners were transported on bullock carts , camels and elephants in bamboo cages . Siyar - ut - Mutakhirin says : `` The unhappy prisoners were paraded in long lines , given a little parched grain and a drink of water , and beheaded ... and the women and children who survived were driven off as slaves -- twenty - two thousand , many of them of the highest rank in the land . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Mahadaji Shinde restored the Maratha domination on northern India , within a decade after the war . The bodies of Vishwasrao and Bhau were recovered by the Marathas and were cremated according to their custom . Bhau 's wife Parvatibai was saved by Holkar , per the directions of Bhau , and eventually returned to Pune . Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao , uninformed about the state of his army , was crossing the Narmada with reinforcements when he heard of the defeat . He returned to Pune and never recovered from the shock of the debacle at Panipat . Jankoji Scindia was taken prisoner and executed at the instigation of Najib . Ibrahim Khan Gardi was tortured and executed by enraged Afghan soldiers . The Marathas never fully recovered from the loss at Panipat , but they remained the predominant military power in India and managed to retake Delhi 10 years later . However , their claim over all of India ended with the three Anglo - Maratha Wars , almost 50 years after Panipat . The Jats under Suraj Mal benefited significantly from not participating in the Battle of Panipat . They provided considerable assistance to the Maratha soldiers and civilians who escaped the fighting . Suraj Mal himself was killed in battle against Najib - ud - Daula in 1763 . Suraj Mal died on 25 December 1763 fighting the Rohillas under Najib , the very people against whom he could have helped the Marathas . Ahmad Shah 's victory left him , in the short term , the undisputed master of North India . However , his alliance quickly unravelled amidst squabbles between his generals and other princes , the increasing restlessness of his soldiers over pay , the increasing Indian heat and arrival of the news that Marathas had organised another 100,000 men in the south to avenge their loss and rescue captured prisoners . Though Abdali won the battle , he also had heavy casualties on his side . So , he sought peace with the Marathas . These circumstances forced Abdali to leave India at the earliest , never to return again . Before departing , he ordered the Indian chiefs , through a Royal Firman ( order ) ( including Clive of India ) , to recognise Shah Alam II as Emperor . Ahmad Shah also appointed Najib - ud - Daula as ostensible regent to the Mughal Emperor . In addition , Najib and Munir - ud - daulah agreed to pay to Abdali , on behalf of the Mughal king , an annual tribute of four million rupees . This was to be Ahmad Shah 's final major expedition to North India , as he became increasingly preoccupied with the increasingly successful rebellions by the Sikhs . Abdali , have n't had achieved much from the battle of Panipat , died soon after on 16 October 1772 in Kandahar Province . Shah Shuja was to regret his decision to join the Afghan forces . In time his forces became embroiled in clashes between the orthodox Sunni Afghans and his own Shia followers . He is alleged to have later secretly sent letters to Bhausaheb through his spies regretting his decision to join Abdali . After the Battle of Panipat the services of the Rohillas were rewarded by grants of Shikohabad to Nawab Faiz - ullah Khan and of Jalesar and Firozabad to Nawab Sadullah Khan . Najib Khan proved to be an effective ruler . However , after his death in 1770 , the Rohillas were defeated by the British East India Company . Najib died on 30 October 1770 . Legacy ( edit ) Further information : Anglo - Maratha Wars The valour displayed by the Marathas was praised by Ahmad Shah Abdali . The Third Battle of Panipat saw an enormous number of deaths and injuries in a single day of battle . It was the last major battle between indigenous South Asian military powers until the creation of Pakistan in 1947 . To save their kingdom , the Mughals once again changed sides and welcomed the Afghans to Delhi . The Mughals remained in nominal control over small areas of India , but were never a force again . The empire officially ended in 1857 when its last emperor , Bahadur Shah II , was accused of being involved in the Sepoy Mutiny and exiled . The Marathas ' expansion was delayed due to the battle , and infighting soon broke out within the empire . They recovered their position under the next Peshwa Madhavrao I and by 1771 were back in control of the north , finally occupying Delhi . However , after the death of Madhavrao , due to infighting and increasing pressure from the British , their claims to empire only officially ended in 1818 after three wars with the British . Meanwhile , the Sikhs -- whose rebellion was the original reason Ahmad invaded -- were left largely untouched by the battle . They soon retook Lahore . When Ahmad Shah returned in March 1764 he was forced to break off his siege after only two weeks due to a rebellion in Afghanistan . He returned again in 1767 , but was unable to win any decisive battle . With his own troops complaining about not being paid , he eventually abandoned the district to the Sikhs , who remained in control until 1849 when it was annexed by the British Empire . The battle was referred to in Rudyard Kipling 's poem `` With Scindia to Delhi '' . `` Our hands and scarfs were saffron - dyed for signal of despair , When we went forth to Paniput to battle with the ~ Mlech ~ , Ere we came back from Paniput and left a kingdom there . '' It is , however , also remembered as a scene of valour on both sides . Santaji Wagh 's corpse was found with over 40 mortal wounds . The bravery of Vishwas Rao , the Peshwa 's son , and Sadashiv Bhau was acknowledged even by the Afghans . See also ( edit ) First Battle of Panipat Second Battle of Panipat References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roy , Kaushik ( 2004 ) . India 's Historic Battles : From Alexander the Great to Kargil . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 978 - 8 - 17824 - 109 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : James Grant Duff `` History of the Mahrattas , Vol II ( Ch. 5 ) , Printed for Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown , and Green , 1826 '' ^ Jump up to : T.S. Shejwalkar , `` Panipat 1761 '' ( in Marathi and English ) Deccan College Monograph Series . I. , Pune ( 1946 ) Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 2002 ) . Warfare In The Eighteenth Century . Cassell . ISBN 0304362123 . ^ Jump up to : Roy , Kaushik . India 's Historic Battles : From Alexander the Great to Kargil . Permanent Black , India . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 8178241098 . Jump up ^ Agrawal , Ashvini ( 1983 ) . `` Events leading to the Battle of Panipat '' . Studies in Mughal History . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 26 . ISBN 8120823265 . Jump up ^ War Elephants Written by Konstantin Nossov , Illustrated by Peter Dennis Format : Trade Paperback ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 268 - 4 Jump up ^ Chandra , Satish ( 2004 ) . `` Later Mughals '' . Medieval India : From Sultanate to the Mughals Part II . Har - Anand . ISBN 81 - 241 - 1066 - 2 . Jump up ^ James Rapson , Edward ; Wolseley Haig ; Richard Burn ; Henry Dodwell ; Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler ( 1937 ) . The Cambridge History of India : The Mughul period , planned by W. Haig. 4 . Cambridge University Press . p. 448 . Jump up ^ `` 250 years on , Battle of Panipat revisited '' . Rediff.com. 13 January 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Claude Markovits , A history of modern India , 1480 -- 1950 . p. 207 . Jump up ^ Roy , Kaushik ( 2004 ) . India 's Historic Battles : From Alexander the Great to Kargil . Orient Blackswan . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 8 - 17824 - 109 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Rawlinson , H.G. Cambridge History of India . IV . p. 424 and n . ^ Jump up to : Barua , Pradeep ( 1994 ) . `` Military Developments in India , 1750 -- 1850 '' . Journal of Military History . 58 ( 4 ) : 616 . JSTOR 2944270 . doi : 10.2307 / 2944270 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Jadunath ( 1950 ) . Fall of the Mughal Empire . Longmans . p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Mohsini , Haroon . `` Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali '' . afghan-network.net . Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , John ( 2002 ) . The History of India . Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ Rule of Shah Alam , 1759 -- 1806 The Imperial Gazetteer of India , 1909 , v. 2 , p. 411 . Jump up ^ `` The lost Marathas of third battle of Panipat '' . India Today . 2012 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rao , S. `` Walking the streets of Panipat '' . Indian Oil News . Archived from the original on 28 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) H.G. Rawlinson , An Account Of The Last Battle of Panipat and of the Events Leading To It , Hesperides Press ( 2006 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 2625 - 1 Vishwas Patil , Panipat '' -- a novel based on the 3rd battle of Panipat , Venus ( 1990 ) Uday S. Kulkarni , A Non Fiction book -- ' Solstice at Panipat -- 14 January 1761 ' Mula - Mutha Publishers , Pune ( 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 81 - 921080 - 0 - 1 An Authentic Account of the Campaign of Panipat . Third Battle of Panipat by Abhas Verma ISBN 9788180903397 Bharatiya Kala Prakashana External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBattle of Panipat ( 1761 ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Panipat War memorial Pictures District Panipat Was late mediaeval India ready for a Revolution in Military Affairs ? Part II Airavat Singh Detailed genealogy of the Durrani dynasty Historical maps of India in the 18th century Links to related articles Durrani dynasty ( 1747 -- 1862 ) Rulers Ahmad Shah Durrani Timur Shah Durrani Zaman Shah Durrani Mahmud Shah Durrani Shuja Shah Durrani Ali Shah Durrani Ayub Shah Durrani Events Maratha conquest of North - west India Third battle of Panipat Adversaries Sadashivrao Bhau Ranjit Singh Mohammad Shah Qajar ( hide ) Maratha Empire Rulers Shivaji Sambhaji Rajaram Tarabai Shahu Rajaram II Shahu II Pratap Singh Peshwas Moro Pant Trimbak Pingle Moreshvar Pingale Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bahiroji Pingale Parashuram Trimbak Kulkarni Balaji Vishwanath Bajirao I Balaji Baji Rao Madhavrao Ballal Narayanrao Raghunathrao Sawai Madhavrao Baji Rao II Amrut Rao Nana Sahib Bhat family Women Ahilyabai Holkar Anandibai Gopikabai Jankibai Jijabai Kashibai Mastani Muddupalani Parvatibai Putalabai Radhikabai Ramabai Saibai Sakvarbai Soyarabai Umabai Dabhade Yesubai Tulsi Bai Holkar Maratha Confederacy Bhonsle of Nagpur Gaekwad of Baroda Scindia of Gwalior Holkar of Indore ( subsidiary or feudatory states ) Battles Pratapgarh Kolhapur Pavan Khind Chakan Surat Purandar Sinhagad Kalyan Bhupalgarh Sangamner Bijapur Raigarh ( 1689 ) Jinji Satara Khelna Raigarh Torna Palkhed Mandsaur 1st Delhi Bhopal Vasai Gajendragad 1st Trichinopoly Katwa ( 1st ) 2nd Trichinopoly Katwa ( 2nd ) Expeditions in Bengal Burdwan Udgir 2nd Delhi Attock Peshawar 3rd Panipat Alegaon Rakshabhuvan Panchgaon Saunshi Adoni Badami Savanur Bahadur Benda Lalsot Chaksana Patan Kharda Poona 3rd Delhi Assaye Laswari Farrukhabad Bharatpur Khadki Koregaon Mahidpur Wars Maratha - Mughal War of 27 years Maratha -- Mysore War First Anglo - Maratha War Second Anglo - Maratha War Third Anglo - Maratha War Adversaries Adilshahi Nizamshahi Berar Sultanate Bidar Sultanate Qutbshahi Mughal Empire Durrani Empire British Empire Portuguese Empire Nizam of Hyderabad Mysore Forts Fort Mangad Panhala Pratapgad Purandar Raigad Rajgad Shaniwar Wada Shivneri Sindhudurg Sinhagad Torna Coins Shivrai ( hide ) Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque , Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Battle_of_Panipat&oldid=807073415 '' Categories : Battles involving the Maratha Empire Battles involving the Mughal Empire Conflicts in 1761 Battles involving the Durrani Empire Battles involving the Indian kingdoms Panipat Rohilla Battles of the Early Modern era History of Haryana 1761 in India 1760s in the Durrani Empire Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी ქართული മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 18 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was the maratha peshwa when the third battle of panipat was fought
[ "The result of the battle was the halting of further Maratha advances in the north, and a destabilisation of their territories, for roughly ten years. This period is marked by the rule of Peshwa Madhavrao, who is credited with the revival of Maratha domination following the defeat at Panipat. In 1771, ten years after Panipat, he sent a large Maratha army into northern India in an expedition that was meant to re-establish Maratha domination in that area and punish refractory powers that had either sided with the Afghans, such as the Rohillas, or had shaken off Maratha domination after Panipat. The success of this campaign can be seen as the last saga of the long story of Panipat." ]
[ "Madhavrao" ]
-8230663533158622793
Friday (Robinson Crusoe)
Friday ( Robinson Crusoe ) - wikipedia Friday ( Robinson Crusoe ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Man Friday '' redirects here . For the 1975 film , see Man Friday ( film ) . Robinson Crusoe and Man Friday by Carl Offterdinger Friday is one of the main characters of Daniel Defoe 's 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe . Robinson Crusoe names the man , with whom he can not at first communicate , Friday because they first meet on that day . The character is the source of the expression `` Man Friday '' , used to describe a male personal assistant or servant , especially one who is particularly competent or loyal . Current usage also includes `` Girl Friday '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 2 Film and television adaptations 3 Notes 4 References Character ( edit ) Robinson Crusoe spends twenty - eight years on an island off the coast of Venezuela with his talking parrot Poll , his pet dog , and a tame goat as his only companions . In his twenty - fourth year , he discovers that Carib cannibals occasionally use a desolate beach on the island to kill and eat their captives . Crusoe observes one of the Caribs , kept captive and about to be eaten , escape his captors . Crusoe ambushes two pursuers , and the others leave in their canoes without knowing what happened to their companions . The escaped captive bows in gratitude to Crusoe , who decides to employ him as a servant . He names him Friday after the weekday upon which the rescue takes place . Crusoe describes Friday as being a Native American , though very unlike the Indians of Brazil and Virginia . His religion involves the worship of a mountain god named Benamuckee , officiated over by high priests called Oowokakee . Crusoe learned a few of his native words that have been found in a Spanish - Térraba ( or Teribe ) dictionary , so Friday may have belonged to that tribe , also called the Naso people . Friday tolerates cannibalism , and even suggests eating the men Crusoe has killed . Crusoe teaches Friday the English language and converts him to Christianity . He tells him that cannibalism is wrong . Friday accompanies him in an ambush in which they save Friday 's father . Crusoe returns to England twenty - eight years after being shipwrecked on the island , and four years after rescuing Friday . Friday 's father goes with a Spanish castaway to the mainland to retrieve fourteen other Spanish castaways , but Crusoe and Friday depart the island before they return . Friday accompanies Crusoe home to England , and is his companion in the sequel The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe , in which Friday is killed in a sea battle . In Jules Verne 's L'École des Robinsons ( 1882 ) , the castaways rescue an African Negro on their island who says his name is Carefinotu . T. Artelett proposes to call him Mercredi ( `` Wednesday '' ) , `` as it is always done in the islands with Robinsons , '' but his master Godfrey prefers to keep the original name . Film and television adaptations ( edit ) The 1935 Mickey Mouse cartoon Mickey 's Man Friday features Mickey as Crusoe , with Friday and other islanders as humanized monkey characters . The 1935 Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoon Robinson Crusoe Isle features Oswald applying for a job as Robinson Crusoe 's `` man Friday . '' Crusoe 's twelve previous Fridays have been eaten by cannibals , making Oswald `` Friday the 13th . '' In Luis Buñuel 's 1954 film Robinson Crusoe , Jaime Fernández played Friday alongside Dan O'Herlihy as Crusoe . In the 1990s animated series Robinson Sucroe , a parody of Robinson Crusoe , the island Sucroe lands on is heavily populated by friendly natives , all of whom are named after days of the week and times of day ( e.g. `` Tuesday Dawn '' ) as a reference to Friday . The 1964 film Robinson Crusoe on Mars recasts the Robinson Crusoe story as a space adventure . Victor Lundin played the rescued companion of Crusoe figure Commander Christopher Draper ( Paul Mantee ) , who dubs him `` Friday '' in reference to the novel . Man Friday , a 1975 British film , retold the story from Man Friday 's point of view . It starred Richard Roundtree as Man Friday and Peter O'Toole as Crusoe . In the 1981 French TV movie Vendredi ou la Vie sauvage ( fr ) , Friday was played by Gene Anthony Ray . In the 1997 film version of Robinson Crusoe , William Takaku played Friday to Pierce Brosnan 's Crusoe . In the 2008 American TV series Crusoe , Friday was played by Tongayi Chirisa . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L'École des Robinsons , chapter 18 , Jules Verne . Jump up ^ William Takaku on IMDB ( hide ) Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe Characters Friday Sequel novels The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe Films Robinson Crusoe ( 1902 ) The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ( 1922 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1927 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1947 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1954 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1974 ) Crusoe ( 1989 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1997 ) Film variations Miss Robin Crusoe ( 1954 ) Robinson Crusoe on Mars ( 1964 ) Lt. Robin Crusoe , U.S.N. ( 1966 ) Man Friday ( 1975 ) Mr. Robinson ( 1976 ) Shipwrecked ( 1990 ) The Wild Life ( 2016 ) Television The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ( 1964 ) Adventures of Robinson Crusoe , a Sailor from York ( 1982 ) Robinson Sucroe ( 1994 ) Crusoe ( 2008 ) Literature Friday , or , The Other Island Canadian Crusoes Foe Other Alexander Selkirk Robinson Crusoe Island Robinsonade Robinson Crusoé Robinson Crusoe economy Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friday_(Robinson_Crusoe)&oldid=785009708 '' Categories : Characters in British novels of the 18th century Fictional servants Fictional cannibals Sidekicks in literature Robinson Crusoe Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Eesti Esperanto Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2017 , at 03 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who did robinson crusoe meet on the island
[ "Friday is one of the main characters of Daniel Defoe's 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe names the man, with whom he cannot at first communicate, Friday because they first meet on that day. The character is the source of the expression \"Man Friday\", used to describe a male personal assistant or servant, especially one who is particularly competent or loyal. Current usage also includes \"Girl Friday\"." ]
[ "Friday" ]
-4189575497415347787
Boston Tea Party
Boston tea Party - wikipedia Boston tea Party For other uses , see Boston Tea Party ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 42 ° 21 ′ 13 '' N 71 ° 03 ′ 09 '' W  /  42.3536 ° N 71.0524 ° W  / 42.3536 ; - 71.0524  ( Boston Tea Party ) Boston Tea Party Part of the American Revolution Source : W.D. Cooper . Boston Tea Party in The History of North America . London : E. Newberry , 1789 . Engraving . Plate opposite p. 58 . Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress ( 40 ) Date December 16 , 1773 Location Boston , Province of Massachusetts Bay Caused by Tea Act Goals To protest British Parliament 's tax on tea . `` No taxation without representation . '' Methods Throw the tea into Boston Harbor Resulted in Intolerable Acts Parties to the civil conflict Thirteen Colonies People of Boston Great Britain East India Company Parliament Lead figures Samuel Adams Paul Revere William Molineux and other `` Sons of Liberty '' ... N / A This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial The Boston Tea Party was a political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston , Massachusetts , on December 16 , 1773 . The target was the Tea Act of May 10 , 1773 , which allowed the British East India company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed by the Townshend Acts , thus undercutting local tea merchants : Demonstrators , some disguised as Native Americans , destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company . They boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into Boston Harbor . The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolution . The Tea Party became an iconic event of American history , and since then other political protests such as the Tea Party movement have referred to themselves as historical successors to the Boston protest of 1773 . The Tea Party was the culmination of a resistance movement throughout British America against the Tea Act , which had been passed by the British Parliament in 1773 . Colonists objected to the Tea Act because they believed that it violated their rights as Englishmen to `` no taxation without representation '' , that is , to be taxed only by their own elected representatives and not by a British parliament in which they were not represented . In addition , the well - connected East India Company had been granted competitive advantages over colonial tea importers , who resented the move and feared additional infringement on their business . Protesters had successfully prevented the unloading of tea in three other colonies , but in Boston , embattled Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson refused to allow the tea to be returned to Britain . The Boston Tea Party was a significant event in the growth of the American Revolution . Parliament responded in 1774 with the Coercive Acts , or Intolerable Acts , which , among other provisions , ended local self - government in Massachusetts and closed Boston 's commerce . Colonists up and down the Thirteen Colonies in turn responded to the Coercive Acts with additional acts of protest , and by convening the First Continental Congress , which petitioned the British monarch for repeal of the acts and coordinated colonial resistance to them . The crisis escalated , and the American Revolutionary War began near Boston in 1775 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Tea trade to 1767 1.2 Townshend duty crisis 2 Tea Act of 1773 3 Resisting the Tea Act 4 Standoff in Boston 5 Destruction of the tea 6 Reaction 7 Legacy 7.1 Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum 7.2 Participants 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background The Boston Tea Party arose from two issues confronting the British Empire in 1765 : the financial problems of the British East India Company ; and an ongoing dispute about the extent of Parliament 's authority , if any , over the British American colonies without seating any elected representation . The North Ministry 's attempt to resolve these issues produced a showdown that would eventually result in revolution . Tea trade to 1767 As Europeans developed a taste for tea in the 17th century , rival companies were formed to import the product from China . In England , Parliament gave the East India Company a monopoly on the importation of tea in 1698 . When tea became popular in the British colonies , Parliament sought to eliminate foreign competition by passing an act in 1721 that required colonists to import their tea only from Great Britain . The East India Company did not export tea to the colonies ; by law , the company was required to sell its tea wholesale at auctions in England . British firms bought this tea and exported it to the colonies , where they resold it to merchants in Boston , New York , Philadelphia , and Charleston . Until 1767 , the East India Company paid an ad valorem tax of about 25 % on tea that it imported into Great Britain . Parliament laid additional taxes on tea sold for consumption in Britain . These high taxes , combined with the fact that tea imported into the Dutch Republic was not taxed by the Dutch government , meant that Britons and British Americans could buy smuggled Dutch tea at much cheaper prices . The biggest market for illicit tea was England -- by the 1760s the East India Company was losing £ 400,000 per year to smugglers in Great Britain -- but Dutch tea was also smuggled into British America in significant quantities . In 1767 , to help the East India Company compete with smuggled Dutch tea , Parliament passed the Indemnity Act , which lowered the tax on tea consumed in Great Britain , and gave the East India Company a refund of the 25 % duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies . To help offset this loss of government revenue , Parliament also passed the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767 , which levied new taxes , including one on tea , in the colonies . Instead of solving the smuggling problem , however , the Townshend duties renewed a controversy about Parliament 's right to tax the colonies . Townshend duty crisis Further information : Townshend Acts Controversy between Great Britain and the colonies arose in the 1760s when Parliament sought , for the first time , to impose a direct tax on the colonies for the purpose of raising revenue . Some colonists , known in the colonies as Whigs , objected to the new tax program , arguing that it was a violation of the British Constitution . Britons and British Americans agreed that , according to the constitution , British subjects could not be taxed without the consent of their elected representatives . In Great Britain , this meant that taxes could only be levied by Parliament . Colonists , however , did not elect members of Parliament , and so American Whigs argued that the colonies could not be taxed by that body . According to Whigs , colonists could only be taxed by their own colonial assemblies . Colonial protests resulted in the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766 , but in the 1766 Declaratory Act , Parliament continued to insist that it had the right to legislate for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' . When new taxes were levied in the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767 , Whig colonists again responded with protests and boycotts . Merchants organized a non-importation agreement , and many colonists pledged to abstain from drinking British tea , with activists in New England promoting alternatives , such as domestic Labrador tea . Smuggling continued apace , especially in New York and Philadelphia , where tea smuggling had always been more extensive than in Boston . Dutied British tea continued to be imported into Boston , however , especially by Richard Clarke and the sons of Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson , until pressure from Massachusetts Whigs compelled them to abide by the non-importation agreement . Parliament finally responded to the protests by repealing the Townshend taxes in 1770 , except for the tea duty , which Prime Minister Lord North kept to assert `` the right of taxing the Americans '' . This partial repeal of the taxes was enough to bring an end to the non-importation movement by October 1770 . From 1771 to 1773 , British tea was once again imported into the colonies in significant amounts , with merchants paying the Townshend duty of three pence per pound . Boston was the largest colonial importer of legal tea ; smugglers still dominated the market in New York and Philadelphia . Tea Act of 1773 Main article : Tea Act This iconic 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor ; the phrase `` Boston Tea Party '' had not yet become standard . Contrary to Currier 's depiction , few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Native Americans . The Indemnity Act of 1767 , which gave the East India Company a refund of the duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies , expired in 1772 . Parliament passed a new act in 1772 that reduced this refund , effectively leaving a 10 % duty on tea imported into Britain . The act also restored the tea taxes within Britain that had been repealed in 1767 , and left in place the three pence Townshend duty in the colonies . With this new tax burden driving up the price of British tea , sales plummeted . The company continued to import tea into Great Britain , however , amassing a huge surplus of product that no one would buy . For these and other reasons , by late 1772 the East India Company , one of Britain 's most important commercial institutions , was in a serious financial crisis . The severe famine in Bengal from 1769 to 1773 had drastically reduced the revenue of the East India Company from India bringing the Company to the verge of bankruptcy and the Tea Act of 1773 was enacted to help the East India Company . Eliminating some of the taxes was one obvious solution to the crisis . The East India Company initially sought to have the Townshend duty repealed , but the North ministry was unwilling because such an action might be interpreted as a retreat from Parliament 's position that it had the right to tax the colonies . More importantly , the tax collected from the Townshend duty was used to pay the salaries of some colonial governors and judges . This was in fact the purpose of the Townshend tax : previously these officials had been paid by the colonial assemblies , but Parliament now paid their salaries to keep them dependent on the British government rather than allowing them to be accountable to the colonists . Another possible solution for reducing the growing mound of tea in the East India Company warehouses was to sell it cheaply in Europe . This possibility was investigated , but it was determined that the tea would simply be smuggled back into Great Britain , where it would undersell the taxed product . The best market for the East India Company 's surplus tea , so it seemed , was the American colonies , if a way could be found to make it cheaper than the smuggled Dutch tea . The North ministry 's solution was the Tea Act , which received the assent of King George on May 10 , 1773 . This act restored the East India Company 's full refund on the duty for importing tea into Britain , and also permitted the company , for the first time , to export tea to the colonies on its own account . This would allow the company to reduce costs by eliminating the middlemen who bought the tea at wholesale auctions in London . Instead of selling to middlemen , the company now appointed colonial merchants to receive the tea on consignment ; the consignees would in turn sell the tea for a commission . In July 1773 , tea consignees were selected in New York , Philadelphia , Boston , and Charleston . The Tea Act in 1773 authorized the shipment of 5,000 chests of tea ( 250 tons ) to the American colonies . There would be a tax of £ 1,750 to be paid by the importers when the cargo landed . The act granted the EIC a monopoly on the sale of tea that be cheaper than smuggled tea ; its hidden purpose was to force the colonists to pay a tax of 3 pennies on every pound of tea . The Tea Act thus retained the three pence Townshend duty on tea imported to the colonies . Some members of Parliament wanted to eliminate this tax , arguing that there was no reason to provoke another colonial controversy . Former Chancellor of the Exchequer William Dowdeswell , for example , warned Lord North that the Americans would not accept the tea if the Townshend duty remained . But North did not want to give up the revenue from the Townshend tax , primarily because it was used to pay the salaries of colonial officials ; maintaining the right of taxing the Americans was a secondary concern . According to historian Benjamin Labaree , `` A stubborn Lord North had unwittingly hammered a nail in the coffin of the old British Empire . '' Even with the Townshend duty in effect , the Tea Act would allow the East India Company to sell tea more cheaply than before , undercutting the prices offered by smugglers , but also undercutting colonial tea importers , who paid the tax and received no refund . In 1772 , legally imported Bohea , the most common variety of tea , sold for about 3 shillings ( 3s ) per pound . After the Tea Act , colonial consignees would be able to sell it for 2 shillings per pound ( 2s ) , just under the smugglers ' price of 2 shillings and 1 penny ( 2s 1d ) . Realizing that the payment of the Townshend duty was politically sensitive , the company hoped to conceal the tax by making arrangements to have it paid either in London once the tea was landed in the colonies , or have the consignees quietly pay the duties after the tea was sold . This effort to hide the tax from the colonists was unsuccessful . Resisting the tea Act This 1775 British cartoon , A Society of Patriotic Ladies at Edenton in North Carolina , satirizes the Edenton Tea Party , a group of women who organized a boycott of English tea . In September and October 1773 , seven ships carrying East India Company tea were sent to the colonies : four were bound for Boston , and one each for New York , Philadelphia , and Charleston . In the ships were more than 2,000 chests containing nearly 600,000 pounds of tea . Americans learned the details of the Tea Act while the ships were en route , and opposition began to mount . Whigs , sometimes calling themselves Sons of Liberty , began a campaign to raise awareness and to convince or compel the consignees to resign , in the same way that stamp distributors had been forced to resign in the 1765 Stamp Act crisis . The protest movement that culminated with the Boston Tea Party was not a dispute about high taxes . The price of legally imported tea was actually reduced by the Tea Act of 1773 . Protesters were instead concerned with a variety of other issues . The familiar `` no taxation without representation '' argument , along with the question of the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies , remained prominent . Samuel Adams considered the British tea monopoly to be `` equal to a tax '' and to raise the same representation issue whether or not a tax was applied to it . Some regarded the purpose of the tax program -- to make leading officials independent of colonial influence -- as a dangerous infringement of colonial rights . This was especially true in Massachusetts , the only colony where the Townshend program had been fully implemented . Colonial merchants , some of them smugglers , played a significant role in the protests . Because the Tea Act made legally imported tea cheaper , it threatened to put smugglers of Dutch tea out of business . Legitimate tea importers who had not been named as consignees by the East India Company were also threatened with financial ruin by the Tea Act . Another major concern for merchants was that the Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade , and it was feared that this government - created monopoly might be extended in the future to include other goods . South of Boston , protesters successfully compelled the tea consignees to resign . In Charleston , the consignees had been forced to resign by early December , and the unclaimed tea was seized by customs officials . There were mass protest meetings in Philadelphia . Benjamin Rush urged his fellow countrymen to oppose the landing of the tea , because the cargo contained `` the seeds of slavery '' . By early December , the Philadelphia consignees had resigned and the tea ship returned to England with its cargo following a confrontation with the ship 's captain . The tea ship bound for New York City was delayed by bad weather ; by the time it arrived , the consignees had resigned , and the ship returned to England with the tea . Standoff in Boston In every colony except Massachusetts , protesters were able to force the tea consignees to resign or to return the tea to England . In Boston , however , Governor Hutchinson was determined to hold his ground . He convinced the tea consignees , two of whom were his sons , not to back down . This notice from the `` Chairman of the Committee for Tarring and Feathering '' in Boston denounced the tea consignees as `` traitors to their country '' . When the tea ship Dartmouth , arrived in the Boston Harbor in late November , Whig leader Samuel Adams called for a mass meeting to be held at Faneuil Hall on November 29 , 1773 . Thousands of people arrived , so many that the meeting was moved to the larger Old South Meeting House . British law required Dartmouth to unload and pay the duties within twenty days or customs officials could confiscate the cargo ( i.e. unload it onto American soil ) . The mass meeting passed a resolution , introduced by Adams and based on a similar set of resolutions promulgated earlier in Philadelphia , urging the captain of Dartmouth to send the ship back without paying the import duty . Meanwhile , the meeting assigned twenty - five men to watch the ship and prevent the tea -- including a number of chests from Davison , Newman and Co. of London -- from being unloaded . Governor Hutchinson refused to grant permission for Dartmouth to leave without paying the duty . Two more tea ships , Eleanor and Beaver , arrived in Boston Harbor ( there was another tea ship headed for Boston , William , but it encountered a storm and put aground at Cape Cod -- where the tea cargo was successfully landed -- before it could reach its destination ) . On December 16 -- the last day of Dartmouth 's deadline -- roughly 5,000 to 7,000 people out of a population of roughly 16,000 had gathered around the Old South Meeting House . After receiving a report that Governor Hutchinson had again refused to let the ships leave , Adams announced that `` This meeting can do nothing further to save the country . '' According to a popular story , Adams 's statement was a prearranged signal for the `` tea party '' to begin . However , this claim did not appear in print until nearly a century after the event , in a biography of Adams written by his great - grandson , who apparently misinterpreted the evidence . According to eyewitness accounts , people did not leave the meeting until ten or fifteen minutes after Adams 's alleged `` signal '' , and Adams in fact tried to stop people from leaving because the meeting was not yet over . Destruction of the tea 1789 engraving of the destruction of the tea While Samuel Adams tried to reassert control of the meeting , people poured out of the Old South Meeting House to prepare to take action . In some cases , this involved donning what may have been elaborately prepared Mohawk costumes . While disguising their individual faces was imperative , because of the illegality of their protest , dressing as Mohawk warriors was a specific and symbolic choice . It showed that the Sons of Liberty identified with America , over their official status as subjects of Great Britain . That evening , a group of 30 to 130 men , some dressed in the Mohawk warrior disguises , boarded the three vessels and , over the course of three hours , dumped all 342 chests of tea into the water . The precise location of the Griffin 's Wharf site of the Tea Party has been subject to prolonged uncertainty ; a comprehensive study places it near the foot of Hutchinson Street ( today 's Pearl Street ) . Reaction Whether or not Samuel Adams helped plan the Boston Tea Party is disputed , but he immediately worked to publicize and defend it . He argued that the Tea Party was not the act of a lawless mob , but was instead a principled protest and the only remaining option the people had to defend their constitutional rights . By `` constitution '' he referred to the idea that all governments have a constitution , written or not , and that the constitution of Great Britain could be interpreted as banning the levying of taxes without representation . For example , the Bill of Rights of 1689 established that long - term taxes could not be levied without Parliament , and other precedents said that Parliament must actually represent the people it ruled over , in order to `` count '' . Plaque affixed to side of the Independence Wharf building ( 2009 ) Governor Thomas Hutchinson had been urging London to take a hard line with the Sons of Liberty . If he had done what the other royal governors had done and let the ship owners and captains resolve the issue with the colonists , Dartmouth , Eleanor and Beaver would have left without unloading any tea . In Britain , even those politicians considered friends of the colonies were appalled and this act united all parties there against the colonies . The Prime Minister Lord North said , `` Whatever may be the consequence , we must risk something ; if we do not , all is over '' . The British government felt this action could not remain unpunished , and responded by closing the port of Boston and putting in place other laws known as the `` Coercive Acts . '' Benjamin Franklin stated that the destroyed tea must be paid for , all ninety thousand pounds ( which , at two shillings per pound , came to £ 9,000 , or £ 1.05 million ( 2014 , approx . $1.7 million US ) ) . Robert Murray , a New York merchant , went to Lord North with three other merchants and offered to pay for the losses , but the offer was turned down . The incident resulted in a similar effect in America when news of the Boston Tea Party reached London in January and Parliament responded with a series of acts known collectively in the colonies as the Intolerable Acts . These were intended to punish Boston for the destruction of private property , restore British authority in Massachusetts , and otherwise reform colonial government in America . Although the first two , the Boston Port Act and the Massachusetts Government Act , applied only to Massachusetts , colonists outside that colony feared that their governments could now also be changed by legislative fiat in England . The Intolerable Acts were viewed as a violation of constitutional rights , natural rights , and colonial charters , and united many colonists throughout America , exemplified by the calling of the First Continental Congress in September 1774 . A number of colonists were inspired by the Boston Tea Party to carry out similar acts , such as the burning of Peggy Stewart . The Boston Tea Party eventually proved to be one of the many reactions that led to the American Revolutionary War . In his December 17 , 1773 entry in his diary , John Adams wrote : Last Night 3 Cargoes of Bohea Tea were emptied into the Sea . This Morning a Man of War sails . This is the most magnificent Movement of all . There is a Dignity , a Majesty , a Sublimity , in this last Effort of the Patriots , that I greatly admire . The People should never rise , without doing something to be remembered -- something notable And striking . This Destruction of the Tea is so bold , so daring , so firm , intrepid and inflexible , and it must have so important Consequences , and so lasting , that I cant but consider it as an Epocha in History . There was a repeat performance on March 7 , 1774 , but it was much less destructive . In February 1775 , Britain passed the Conciliatory Resolution , which ended taxation for any colony that satisfactorily provided for the imperial defense and the upkeep of imperial officers . The tax on tea was repealed with the Taxation of Colonies Act 1778 , part of another Parliamentary attempt at conciliation that failed . Legacy The Boston Tea Party Museum in Fort Point Channel In 1973 the US Post Office issued a set of four stamps , together making one scene of the Boston Tea Party External video Booknotes interview with Alfred Young on The Shoemaker and the Tea Party , November 21 , 1999 , C - SPAN John Adams and many other Americans considered tea drinking to be unpatriotic following the Boston Tea Party . Tea drinking declined during and after the Revolution , resulting in a shift to coffee as the preferred hot drink . According to historian Alfred Young , the term `` Boston Tea Party '' did not appear in print until 1834 . Before that time , the event was usually referred to as the `` destruction of the tea '' . According to Young , American writers were for many years apparently reluctant to celebrate the destruction of property , and so the event was usually ignored in histories of the American Revolution . This began to change in the 1830s , however , especially with the publication of biographies of George Robert Twelves Hewes , one of the few still - living participants of the `` tea party '' , as it then became known . The issue was never the tax but how the tax was passed without American input ; United States Congress taxed tea from 1789 to 1872 . The Boston Tea Party has often been referenced in other political protests . When Mohandas K. Gandhi led a mass burning of Indian registration cards in South Africa in 1908 , a British newspaper compared the event to the Boston Tea Party . When Gandhi met with the British viceroy in 1930 after the Indian salt protest campaign , Gandhi took some duty - free salt from his shawl and said , with a smile , that the salt was `` to remind us of the famous Boston Tea Party . '' American activists from a variety of political viewpoints have invoked the Tea Party as a symbol of protest . In 1973 , on the 200th anniversary of the Tea Party , a mass meeting at Faneuil Hall called for the impeachment of President Richard Nixon and protested oil companies in the ongoing oil crisis . Afterwards , protesters boarded a replica ship in Boston Harbor , hanged Nixon in effigy , and dumped several empty oil drums into the harbor . In 1998 , two conservative US Congressmen put the federal tax code into a chest marked `` tea '' and dumped it into the harbor . In 2006 , a libertarian political party called the `` Boston Tea Party '' was founded . In 2007 , the Ron Paul `` Tea Party '' money bomb , held on the 234th anniversary of the Boston Tea Party , broke the one - day fund - raising record by raising $6.04 million in 24 hours . Subsequently , these fund - raising `` Tea parties '' grew into the Tea Party movement , which dominated politics for the next two years , culminating in a voter victory for the Republicans in 2010 who were widely elected to seats in the United States House of Representatives . Boston tea Party ships and museum The Boston Tea Party Museum is located on the Congress Street Bridge in Boston . It features reenactments , a documentary , and a number of interactive exhibits . The museum features two replica ships of the period , Eleanor and Beaver . Additionally , the museum possesses one of two known tea chests from the original event , part of its permanent collection . Participants Phineas Stearns See also Boston portal Timeline of United States revolutionary history ( 1760 -- 1789 ) Burning of the Peggy Stewart , 1774 Notes Jump up ^ Dartmouth had delivered whale oil to London and taken on the tea as return cargo Jump up ^ Smith , George ( 17 January 2012 ) . The Boston tea party . Th einstitute for humane studies and libertarianism.org . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boston tea party tea '' . bostonteapartyship.com . Boston tea party ships and museum , Boston , USA . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Significance of the tea act 1773 '' . www.boston-tea-party.org . Boston tea party historical society . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Stacy . The big box swindle . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) ch. 1 Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 90 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 90 ; Labaree , Tea Party , 7 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 6 -- 8 ; Knollenberg , Growth , 91 ; Thomas , Townshend Duties , 18 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 6 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 59 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 13 ; Thomas , Townshend Duties , 26 -- 27 . This kind of refund or rebate is known as a `` drawback '' . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 21 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 27 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Labaree , `` Tea Party '' , 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 71 ; Labaree , Tea Party , 46 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 46 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 52 . Jump up ^ Young , Shoemaker , 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ The 1772 tax act was 12 Geo . III c. 60 sec. 1 ; Knollenberg , Growth , 351n12 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Townshend Duties , 248 -- 49 ; Labaree , Tea Party , 334 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 58 , 60 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Townshend Duties , 252 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 91 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Townshend Duties , 250 ; Labaree , Tea Party , 69 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 70 , 75 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 93 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 67 , 70 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ James M. Volo ( 2012 ) . The Boston Tea Party : The Foundations of Revolution . ABC - CLIO . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39875 - 9 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 71 ; Thomas , Townshend Duties , 252 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Townshend Duties , 252 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 51 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Townshend Duties , 255 ; Labaree , Tea Party , 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 77 , 335 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 96 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Townshend Duties , 246 . Jump up ^ Gross , David M. ( 2014 ) . 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns . Picket Line Press . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 1490572741 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 106 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Townshend Duties , 245 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 102 ; see also John W. Tyler , Smugglers & Patriots : Boston Merchants and the Advent of the American Revolution ( Boston , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Townshend Duties , 256 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 101 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 100 . See also Alyn Brodsky , Benjamin Rush ( Macmillan , 2004 ) , 109 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 97 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 96 ; Knollenberg , Growth , 101 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 96 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 104 -- 05 . Jump up ^ This was not an official town meeting , but a gathering of `` the body of the people '' of greater Boston ; Alexander , Revolutionary Politician , 123 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Revolutionary Politician , 124 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Revolutionary Politician , 123 . Jump up ^ The Story of the Boston Tea Party Ships by The Boston Tea Party Historical Society Jump up ^ Boston Tea Party Facts ^ Jump up to : Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) , A people 's history of the American Revolution : How common people shaped the fight for independence , The New Press , p. 18 , ISBN 1 - 56584 - 653 - 2 , On December 16 , the day before customs officials were entitled to seize the cargo and land it themselves , an estimated 5,000 people traveled through a cold , steady rain to gather at the Old South Meeting House . ( The entire population of Boston at the time was only about 16,000 , children included . ) Jump up ^ Alexander , Revolutionary Politician , 125 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Founding Myths , 53 . Jump up ^ Maier , Old Revolutionaries , 27 -- 28n32 ; Raphael , Founding Myths , 53 . For firsthand accounts that contradict the story that Adams gave the signal for the tea party , see L.F.S. Upton , ed. , `` Proceeding of Ye Body Respecting the Tea , '' William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , 22 ( 1965 ) , 297 -- 98 ; Francis S. Drake , Tea Leaves : Being a Collection of Letters and Documents , ( Boston , 1884 ) , LXX ; Boston Evening - Post , December 20 , 1773 ; Boston Gazette , December 20 , 1773 ; Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Weekly News - Letter , December 23 , 1773 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Tea Party Historical Society '' . Jump up ^ `` Boston Tea Party Historical Society '' . Jump up ^ Alexander , Revolutionary Politician , 125 -- 26 ; Labaree , Tea Party , 141 -- 44 . Jump up ^ `` Where Was the Actual Boston Tea Party Site ? '' . Jump up ^ Alexander , Revolutionary Politician , 126 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Revolutionary Politician , 129 . Jump up ^ Cobbett , Parliamentary History of England , XVII , pg. 1280 - 1281 Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , Divided Loyalties , 262 . Jump up ^ Ammerman , In the Common Cause , 15 . Jump up ^ Diary of John Adams , Volume 2 http://www.masshist.org/publications/apde/portia.php?id=DJA02d100 Jump up ^ Diary of John Adams , March 8 , 1774 ; Boston Gazette , March 14 , 1774 Jump up ^ `` The Shoemaker and the Tea Party '' . C - SPAN . November 21 , 1999 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , John ( July 6 , 1774 ) . `` John Adams to Abigail Adams '' . The Adams Papers : Digital Editions : Adams Family Correspondence , Volume 1 . Massachusetts Historical Society . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . I believe I forgot to tell you one Anecdote : When I first came to this House it was late in the Afternoon , and I had ridden 35 miles at least . `` Madam '' said I to Mrs. Huston , `` is it lawfull for a weary Traveller to refresh himself with a Dish of Tea provided it has been honestly smuggled , or paid no Duties ? '' `` No sir , said she , we have renounced all Tea in this Place . I cant make Tea , but I'le make you Coffee . '' Accordingly I have drank Coffee every Afternoon since , and have borne it very well . Tea must be universally renounced . I must be weaned , and the sooner , the better . Jump up ^ Young , Shoemaker , xv . Jump up ^ Young , Shoemaker . Jump up ^ Davis Dewey , Financial History of the United States , 1791 - 1901 ( New York : Longmans , Green , 1902 ) , 80 - 82 . Jump up ^ Erik H. Erikson , Gandhi 's Truth : On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence ( New York : Norton , 1969 ) , 204 . Jump up ^ Erikson , Gandhi 's Truth , 448 . Jump up ^ Young , Shoemaker , 197 . Jump up ^ Young , Shoemaker , 198 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Paul 's `` tea party '' breaks fund - raising record `` . Jump up ^ `` Boston Tea Party Ships & Museum '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Denehy 1906 , p. 226 . References Alexander , John K. Samuel Adams : America 's Revolutionary Politician . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2115 - X . Ammerman , David ( 1974 ) . In the Common Cause : American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774 . New York : Norton . Carp , Benjamin L. Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( Yale U.P. , 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11705 - 9 Denehy , John William ( 1906 ) . A History of Brookline , Massachusetts , from the First Settlement of Muddy River Until the Present Time : 1630 - 1906 ; Commemorating the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Town , Based on the Early Records and Other Authorities and Arranged by Leading Subjects . Containing Portraits and Sketches of the Town 's Prominent Men Past and Present ; Also Illustrations of Public Buildings and Residences . Brookline Press . Ketchum , Richard . Divided Loyalties : How the American Revolution came to New York . 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6120 - 7 . Knollenberg , Bernhard . Growth of the American Revolution , 1766 -- 1775 . New York : Free Press , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 917110 - 5 . Labaree , Benjamin Woods . The Boston Tea Party . Originally published 1964 . Boston : Northeastern University Press , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 930350 - 05 - 7 . Maier , Pauline . The Old Revolutionaries : Political Lives in the Age of Samuel Adams . New York : Knopf , 1980 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 51096 - 8 . Raphael , Ray . Founding Myths : Stories That Hide Our Patriotic Past . New York : The New Press , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 921 - 3 . Thomas , Peter D.G. The Townshend Duties Crisis : The Second Phase of the American Revolution , 1767 -- 1773 . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822967 - 4 . Thomas , Peter D.G. Tea Party to Independence : The Third Phase of the American Revolution , 1773 -- 1776 . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820142 - 7 . Young , Alfred F. The Shoemaker and the Tea Party : Memory and the American Revolution . Boston : Beacon Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 4 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 5 . Further reading Unger , Harlow G. ( 2011 ) . American Tempest : How the Boston Tea Party Sparked a Revolution . Boston , MA : Da Capo . ISBN 0306819627 . OCLC 657595563 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Tea Party . Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Boston Tea Party . The Boston Tea Party Historical Society Eyewitness Account of the Event Boston Tea Party Ships & Museum Tea Party Finds Inspiration In Boston History -- audio report by NPR Booknotes interview with Alfred Young on The Shoemaker and the Tea Party : Memory and the American Revolution , November 21 , 1999 BBC Radio program about the ' forgotten truth ' behind the Boston Tea Party Eyewitness to History : The Boston Tea Party , 1773 British law and the American Revolution Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 ) Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation Tax resistance Topics Conscientious objection to military taxation List of historical acts of tax resistance List of tax resisters Methods Barter Gift economy Local currency Rebellion Self - sufficiency Simple living Tax avoidance Tax evasion Unreported employment Organizations Addiopizzo Aide - toi , le ciel t'aidera All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation Anti-Poll Tax Unions Association of Real Estate Taxpayers Catalunya Diu Prou Committee for Non-Violent Action Δεν Πληρώνω Fasci Siciliani Irish National Land League National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee Northern California War Tax Resistance Pagal Panthis Peace churches Peacemakers Planka.nu Women 's Tax Resistance League Zuism Media An Act of Conscience Civil Disobedience Clericis laicos The Cold War and the Income Tax : A Protest Vyborg Manifesto Campaigns 1300s Tuchin Revolt Harelle Peasants ' Revolt 1400s Cornish Rebellion of 1497 1500s Croquant rebellions Rappenkrieg Revolt of the Pitauds 1600s Angelets Revolt of the papier timbré Revolt of the va - nu - pieds Salt Tax Revolt in Spain Salt Riot in Moscow 1700s Boston Tea Party Fries 's Rebellion Gaspee Affair No taxation without representation Philadelphia Tea Party Revolt of the Comuneros ( New Granada ) War of the Regulation Whiskey Rebellion White Lotus Rebellion 1800s Dog Tax War Hut Tax War of 1898 Mejba Revolt Rebecca Riots Saminism Movement Tancament de Caixes Tithe War Wallachian uprising 1900s Agbekoya Bambatha Rebellion Bardoli Satyagraha Beit Sahour Bondelswarts affair Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Johnson cult Mau movement Poll Tax Riots Poplar Rates Rebellion Turra Coo Salt March Vedaranyam March Women 's War 2000s Anti-austerity movement in Greece Anti-Bin Tax Campaign Bonnets Rouges Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes Movimento Passe Livre Related topics Income tax threshold Render unto Caesar Tax noncompliance Tax protester Tax riot Taxation as slavery Taxation as theft Samuel Adams 4th Governor of Massachusetts , 1794 -- 1797 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1781 First Continental Congress , 1774 Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives , 1766 -- 1774 United States founding events The Independent Advertiser Boston Caucus 1764 Sugar Act response protests 1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter Probable author , 1768 -- 1769 `` Journal of Occurrences '' Arranged Christopher Seider funeral , 1770 Co-author , 1772 Boston Pamphlet Boston Committee of Correspondence , 1772 Hutchinson Letters Affair Co-inspired and publicized , Boston Tea Party Signed , 1774 Continental Association Massachusetts Provincial Congress Co-author , 1776 Letter to the inhabitants of Canada Signed , United States Declaration of Independence Signed , Articles of Confederation 1788 Massachusetts Compromise Life Early life Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Sons of Liberty 1789 U.S. House election 1796 presidential election Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule Granary Burying Ground Related American republicanism Boston Gazette American Revolution patriots Founding Father Faneuil Hall Old South Meeting House Legacy Samuel Adams ( Whitney ) Adams , Massachusetts Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Family Samuel Adams Sr. ( father ) John Adams ( second cousin ) John Hancock 1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts , 1780 -- 1785 , 1787 -- 1793 President , 2nd Continential Congress , 1775 -- 1777 Boston Board of Selectmen , 1766 -- 1775 United States Founding events HMS Liberty confiscation Sons of Liberty Co-inspired , Boston Tea Party 1774 Massacre Day speech President , Massachusetts Provincial Congress Chairman , Massachusetts Committee of Safety Presided over , signed , United States Declaration of Independence signing Dunlap broadside Signed , Articles of Confederation Life Early life Hancock - Clarke House Hancock Manor Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Boston Cadets Co-founder , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 Granary Burying Ground Related American Revolution patriots Founding Father Syng inkstand Legacy Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) USS Hancock , 1775 USS Hancock , 1776 USS John Hancock ( 1850 ) USS Hancock ( 1944 ) USS John Hancock ( 1977 ) John Hancock Center John Hancock Tower Family Dorothy Quincy ( wife ) John Hancock Jr. ( father ) Thomas Hancock ( uncle ) John Hancock , Sr. ( grandfather ) Edmund Quincy ( father - in - law ) BNF : cb12049882t ( data ) GND : 4146401 - 1 LCCN : sh85015952 SUDOC : 02872125X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Tea_Party&oldid=847988630 '' Categories : Boston Harbor 1773 in the Thirteen Colonies 1773 riots Massachusetts in the American Revolution Political repression in the United States History of the Thirteen Colonies Rebellions in the United States Tax resistance in the United States History of Boston Battles and conflicts without fatalities History of tea 1773 in Massachusetts British East India Company Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata Use mdy dates from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 03 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what kind of pressure did the colonists apply when they carried out the boston tea party
[ "The Boston Tea Party was a political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773.[1] The target was the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed by the Townshend Acts, thus undercutting local tea merchants: Demonstrators, some disguised as Native Americans, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company.[2]\n" ]
[ "political and mercantile" ]
-94662110446872897
Mongrel
Mongrel - wikipedia Mongrel For other uses , see Mongrel ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Heavy winter coat with countershading in a mixed - breed Mixed - breed terrier Dog of mixed breed These littermates share an Australian Shepherd mother , although neither exactly resembles that breed . A mongrel , mixed - breed dog or mutt is a dog that does not belong to one officially recognized breed and is not the result of intentional breeding . Estimates place their numbers at 150 million animals worldwide . Although the term `` mixed - breed dog '' is preferred by some , many mongrels have no known purebred ancestors . Furthermore , crossbreed dogs , while literally a mix of breeds , differ from mongrels in being intentionally bred . Although mongrels have at times been considered somehow lesser than intentionally bred dogs , they are thought to be less susceptible to genetic health problems associated with dog breeding ( based on the theory of heterosis ) , and have enthusiasts and defenders who prefer them to intentionally bred dogs . Although mongrels exhibit great variation , generations of uncontrolled breeding and environmental pressures may tend to shape them toward certain general average body types and characteristics known as landraces , some of which may be developed by people into new breeds such as the Alaskan husky . At other times , the word `` mongrel '' has been applied to informally purpose - bred dogs such as curs which were created at least in part from mongrels , especially if the breed is not officially recognized . Contents 1 Terminology 1.1 Mixed - breed or crossbreed 1.2 Mixed breed or mongrel 1.3 Regional and slang terms 2 Determining ancestry 3 Health 4 Types 5 In dog sports 6 Health studies 7 References 8 External links Terminology ( edit ) Mixed - breed or crossbreed ( edit ) Like mongrels / mixed breeds , crossbred dogs belong to no one recognized breed . Unlike mixed - breeds , however , crossbred dogs are often the product of artificial selection -- intentionally created by humans , whereas the term `` mongrel '' specifically refers to dogs that develop by natural selection , without planned intervention of humans . Mixed breed or mongrel ( edit ) In the United States , the term `` mixed - breed '' is a favored synonym over `` mongrel '' among many who wish to avoid negative connotations associated with the latter term . The implication that such dogs must be a mix of defined breeds may stem from an inverted understanding of the origins of dog breeds . Pure breeds have been , for the most part , artificially created from random - bred populations by human selective breeding with the purpose of enhancing desired physical , behavioral , or temperamental characteristics . Dogs that are not purebred are not necessarily a mix of such defined breeds . Therefore , among some experts and fans of such dogs , `` Mongrel '' is still the preferred term . Regional and slang terms ( edit ) Generic pariah - type feral dogs are typically medium - sized and have yellow to rust - colored coats The words cur , tyke , mutt , and mongrel are used , sometimes in a derogatory manner . There are also regional terms for mixed - breed dogs . In the United Kingdom , mongrel is the unique technical word for a mixed - breed dog . North Americans generally prefer the term mix or mixed - breed . Mutt is also commonly used ( in the United States and Canada ) . Some American registries and dog clubs that accept mixed - breed dogs use the breed description All American . There are also names for mixed - breeds based on geography , behavior , or food . In Hawaii , mixes are referred to as poi dogs , although they are not related to the extinct Hawaiian poi dog . In The Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands , the common term is potcake dogs ( referring to the table scraps they are fed ) . In South Africa the tongue - in - cheek expression pavement special is sometimes used as a description for a mixed - breed dog . In Serbia similar expression is prekoplotski avlijaner ( over-the - fence yard - dweller ) . In the Philippines , mixed - breed street dogs are often called askal , a Tagalog - derived contraction of asong kalye ( '' street dog `` ) . In Puerto Rico they are known as satos ; in Venezuela they are called cacris , a contraction of the words callejero criollo ( literally , street creole , as street dogs are usually mongrels ) ; and in Chile and Bolivia , they are called quiltros . In Costa Rica it is common to hear the word zaguate , a term originating from a Nahuatl term , zahuatl , that refers to the scabies disease . In the rural southern United States , a small hunting dog is known as a feist . Slang terms are also common . Heinz 57 , Heinz , or Heinz Hound is often used for dogs of uncertain ancestry , in a playful reference to the `` 57 Varieties '' slogan of the H.J. Heinz Company . In some countries , such as Australia , bitsa ( or bitzer ) is sometimes used , meaning `` bits o ' this , bits o ' that '' . In Brazil and the Dominican Republic , the name for mixed - breed dogs is vira - lata ( trash - can tipper ) because of homeless dogs who knock over trash cans to reach discarded food . In Newfoundland , a smaller mixed - breed dog is known as a cracky , hence the colloquial expression `` saucy as a cracky '' for someone with a sharp tongue . Determining ancestry ( edit ) This German Shepherd / Golden Retriever mix has more average mongrel traits than either parent Guessing a mixed - breed 's ancestry can be difficult even for knowledgeable dog observers , because mixed - breeds have much more genetic variation than purebreds . For example , two black mixed - breed dogs might each have recessive genes that produce a blond coat and , therefore , produce offspring looking unlike their parents . Starting in 2007 , genetic analysis has become available to the public . The companies claim their DNA - based diagnostic test can genetically determine the breed composition of mixed - breed dogs . These tests are still limited in scope because only a small number of the hundreds of dog breeds have been validated against the tests , and because the same breed in different geographical areas may have different genetic profiles . The tests do not test for breed purity , but for genetic sequences that are common to certain breeds . With a mixed - breed dog , the test is not proof of purebred ancestry , but rather an indication that those dogs share common ancestry with certain purebreds . The American Kennel Club does not recognize the use of DNA tests to determine breed . As well , many newer dog breeds can be traced back to a common foundational breed making them difficult to separate genetically . For example , Labrador Retrievers , Flat - coated Retrievers , Chesapeake Bay Retrievers , and Newfoundland Dogs share the ancestry of the St. John 's water dog -- a now extinct naturally occurring dog breed from the island of Newfoundland . Health ( edit ) The theory of hybrid vigor suggests that as a group , dogs of varied ancestry will be generally healthier than their purebred counterparts . In purebred dogs , intentionally breeding dogs of very similar appearance over several generations produces animals that carry many of the same alleles , some of which are detrimental . If the founding population for the breed was small , then the genetic diversity of that particular breed may be small for quite some time . In essence , when humans select certain dogs for new breeds , they artificially isolate that group of genes and cause more copies of that gene to be made than might have otherwise occurred in nature . Initially , the population will be more fragile because of the lack of genetic diversity . If the dog breed is popular , and the line continues , over hundreds of years diversity will increase due to mutations and occasional out - breeding ; like an island with a few new birds -- they will diversify . This is why some of the very `` old '' breeds are more stable . The problem is when certain traits found in the breed standard are associated with genetic disorders . Then , the artificial selective force favors the duplication of the genetic disorder , because it comes with a desired physical trait . The genetic health of hybrids tends to be higher . Healthy traits have been lost in many purebred dogs lines because many breeders of showdogs are more interested in conformation -- the physical attributes of the dogs in relation to the breed standard -- than in the health and working temperament for which the dog was originally bred . Populations are particularly vulnerable when the dogs bred are closely related . Inbreeding among purebreds has exposed various genetic health problems not always readily apparent in less uniform populations . Mixed - breed dogs are more genetically diverse due to the more haphazard nature of their parents ' mating . However , `` haphazard '' is not the same as `` random '' to a geneticist . The offspring of such matings might be less likely to express certain genetic disorders because there might be a decreased chance that both parents carry the same detrimental recessive alleles , but some deleterious recessives occur across many seemingly unrelated breeds , and therefore merely mixing breeds is no guarantee of genetic health . Also , when two poor specimens are bred , the offspring could inherit the worst traits of both parents . This is commonly seen in dogs from puppy mills . Several studies have shown that mixed - breed dogs have a health advantage over pure - bred dogs . A German study finds that `` Mongrels require less veterinary treatment '' . Studies in Sweden have found that `` Mongrel dogs are less prone to many diseases than the average purebred dog '' and , referring to death rates , `` Mongrels were consistently in the low risk category '' . Data from Denmark also suggest that mixed breeds have higher longevity on average compared to purebreeds . A British study showed similar results but a few breeds ( notably Jack Russell Terriers , Miniature Poodles and Whippets ) lived longer than mixed breeds . Dog with coat traits of Wired Haired Pointed Griffin , although body type and size are quite different . In one landmark study , the effect of breed on longevity in the pet dog was analyzed using mortality data from 23,535 pet dogs . The data were obtained from North American veterinary teaching hospitals . The median age at death was determined for pure and mixed breed dogs of different body weights . Within each body weight category , the median age at death was lower for pure breed dogs compared with mixed breed dogs . The median age at death was `` 8.5 years for all mixed breed dogs , and 6.7 years for all pure breed dogs '' in the study . In 2013 , a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds , and that increasing body - weight was negatively correlated with longevity ( i.e. the heavier the dog the less its lifespan ) . Types ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A three - year - old mixed - breed with collie - papillon characteristics . Mongrel dogs can be divided roughly into types : Mixes that show characteristics of two or more breeds . A mix might have some purebred ancestors , or might come from a long line of mixed - breeds . These dogs are usually identified by the breed they most resemble , such as a `` Lab mix '' or `` Collie - Shepherd '' , even if their ancestry is unknown . The generic pariah dog , or feral Canis lupus familiaris , where non-selective breeding has occurred over many generations . The term originally referred to the wild dogs of India , but now refers to dogs belonging to or descended from a population of wild or feral dogs . The Canaan Dog is an example of a recognized breed with pariah ancestry . Pariah dogs tend to be yellow to light brown and of medium height and weight . This may represent the appearance of the modern dog 's ancestor . DNA analysis has shown pariah dogs to have a more ancient gene pool than modern breeds . Functional breeds , which are purpose - bred dogs whose ancestors are not purebred , but rather are selected by their performance at a particular tasks . Examples of this are the Alaskan Husky , the Eurohound , and the Pointer / Greyhound mixes referred to as Greysters , which compete at skijoring and pulka races , particularly in Europe . Occasionally a functional breed such as this becomes accepted as a breed over time . Purebred dogs are known by breed names given to groups of dogs that are visibly similar in most characteristics and have reliable documented descent . But in recent years many owners and breeders of crossbreed dogs identify them -- often facetiously -- by invented names constructed from parts of the parents ' breed names . These are known as portmanteau names and the resulting crosses as `` designer dogs . '' For example , a cross between a Pekingese and a Poodle may be referred to as a Peekapoo . Another trendy cross is the Goldendoodle , a cross between a standard poodle and a golden retriever . In dog sports ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A mixed - breed dog demonstrates dog agility . Until the early 1980s , mixed - breed dogs were usually excluded from obedience and other dog sport competitions . However , starting with the American Mixed Breed Obedience Registry ( AMBOR ) and the Mixed Breed Dog Clubs of America ( MBDCA ) , which created obedience venues in which mixed - breed dogs could compete , more opportunities have opened up for all dogs in all dog sports . Most dog agility and flyball organizations have always allowed mixed - breed dogs to compete . Today , mixed - breeds have proved their worth in many performance sports . Mongrel of mixed shepherd , rottweiler , and boxer breeds . In conformation shows , where dogs ' conformation to a breed standard is evaluated , mixed - breed dogs normally can not compete . For purebred dogs , their physical characteristics are judged against a single breed standard . Mixed - breed dogs , however , are difficult to classify except according to height ; there is tremendous variation in physical traits such as coat , skeletal structure , gait , ear set , eye shape and color , and so on . When conformation standards are applied to mixed - breed dogs , such as in events run by the MBDCA , the standards are usually general traits of health , soundness , symmetry , and personality . The Kennel Club ( UK ) operates a show called Scruffts ( a name derived from its prestigious Crufts show ) open only to mixed - breeds in which dogs are judged on character , health , and temperament . Some kennel clubs , whose purpose is to promote purebred dogs , still exclude mixed - breeds from their performance events . The AKC and the FCI are two such prominent organizations . While the AKC does allow mixed - breed dogs to earn their Canine Good Citizen award , mixed - breed dogs are not permitted to enter AKC `` all breed '' events , though through their `` Canine Partners '' program , mixed breed dogs can be registered to compete in AKC Agility , Obedience , and Rally events . Health studies ( edit ) Studies that have been done in the area of health show that mixed - breeds on average are both healthier and longer - lived than their purebred relations . This is because current accepted breeding practices within the pedigreed community results in a reduction in genetic diversity , and can result in physical characteristics that lead to health issues . Studies have shown that cross-bred dogs have a number of desirable reproductive traits . Scott and Fuller found that cross-bred dogs were superior mothers compared to purebred mothers , producing more milk and giving better care . These advantages led to a decreased mortality in the offspring of cross-bred dogs . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Morris , Desmond ( 2008 ) . `` Feral dogs '' . Dogs : The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds ( First Paperback ed . ) . Vermont : Tralfalgar Square . pp. 696 -- 697 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57076 - 410 - 3 . The mongrel is not a true breed , but it is certainly a common category of domestic dog . It has been estimated that , worldwide , there are 150 million of them . '' Jump up ^ Witiak , Dr. Gene ( 2004 ) . True Confessions of a Veterinarian . Glenbridge Publishing Ltd. p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 944435 - 54 - 8 . Canines of unknown lineage used to be termed mongrels -- how demeaning ! Over time , the term ' mixed breed ' was preferred . Jump up ^ Budiansky `` , Stephen ( 2000 ) . The Truth About Dogs ; an Inquiry into the Ancestry , Social Conventions , Mental Habits , and Moral Fiber of Canis familiaris . New York , U.S.A. : Viking Penguin . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 89272 - 6 . Jump up ^ Examples of scholars using the term `` mongrel '' as a clinical , technical term may be found here : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Riddle , Maxwell ( 1954 ) Lovable Mongrel . All - Pets Jump up ^ Cooper , Jilly ( 1981 ) Intelligent and Loyal , a Celebration of the Mongrel . London . Jump up ^ Patmore , Angela ( 1985 ) The Mongrel . London Jump up ^ White , Kay ( 1997 ) Book of the Mongrel . HarperCollins . Jump up ^ `` Cur Define Cur at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Tyke Define Tyke at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mongrel Define Mongrel at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mutt Define Mutt at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Results Revealed in Dog DNA Test '' . 2007 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ American Kennel Club , `` DNA Frequently Asked Questions , '' . Retrieved 2011 - 3 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dlugosch , K.M. ; Parker , I.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Founding events in species invasions : Genetic variation , adaptive evolution , and the role of multiple introductions '' . Molecular Ecology. 17 ( 1 ) : 431 -- 49 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294X. 2007.03538. x . PMID 17908213 . Jump up ^ Slatkin , M ( 1987 ) . `` Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations '' . Science . 236 ( 4803 ) : 787 -- 92 . Bibcode : 1987Sci ... 236 ... 787S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 3576198 . PMID 3576198 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , P.D. ; Nicholas , W.F. ( 1999 ) . `` Some Practical Solutions to Welfare Problems in Pedigree Dog Breeding '' . Animal Welfare. 8 : 329 -- 331 . Hybrids have a far lower chance of exhibiting the disorders that are common with the parental breeds . Their genetic health will be substantially higher . ( p. 338 ) Jump up ^ Watt , Nick ( March 11 , 2009 ) Best of Breed ? Pedigree Dogs Face Disease . ABC News Jump up ^ Hamilton , Anita ( December 4 , 2005 ) . `` Curbing the Puppy Trade '' . Time . Jump up ^ Beythien , R. ( 1998 ) Tierarten - und Hunderassenverteilung , Erkrankungshäufigkeit und prophylaktische Maßnahmen bei den häufigsten Hunderassen am Beispiel einer Tierarztpraxis in Bielefeld in den Jahren 1983 -- 1985 und 1990 -- 1992 , Diss. , Tierärztl . Hochschule Hannover Jump up ^ Egenvall , A ; Bonnett , B.N. ; Olson , P ; Hedhammar , A ( 2000 ) . `` Gender , age , breed and distribution of morbidity and mortality in insured dogs in Sweden during 1995 and 1996 '' . The Veterinary record . 146 ( 18 ) : 519 -- 25 . doi : 10.1136 / vr. 146.18. 519 . PMID 11321213 . Jump up ^ Bonnett , B.N. ; Egenvall , A. ; Olson , P. ; Hedhammar , A. ( 1997 ) . `` Mortality in insured Swedish dogs : Rates and causes of death in various breeds '' . Veterinary Record . 141 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 4 . doi : 10.1136 / vr. 141.2. 40 . PMID 9253830 . Jump up ^ Proschowsky , H.F. ; Rugbjerg , H. ; Ersbøll , A.K.R. ( 2003 ) . `` Mortality of purebred and mixed - breed dogs in Denmark '' . Preventive Veterinary Medicine . 58 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 63 -- 74 . doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 5877 ( 03 ) 00010 - 2 . PMID 12628771 . Jump up ^ Michell , A.R. ( 1999 ) . `` Longevity of British breeds of dog and its relationships with sex , size , cardiovascular variables and disease '' . The Veterinary record . 145 ( 22 ) : 625 -- 9 . doi : 10.1136 / vr. 145.22. 625 . PMID 10619607 . Jump up ^ Patronek , G.J. ; Waters , D.J. ; Glickman , L.T. ( 1997 ) . `` Comparative longevity of pet dogs and humans : Implications for gerontology research '' . The journals of gerontology . Series A , Biological sciences and medical sciences . 52 ( 3 ) : B171 -- 8 . doi : 10.1093 / gerona / 52A. 3. B171 . PMID 9158552 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , D.G. ; Church , D.B. ; McGreevy , P.D. ; Thomson , P.C. ; Brodbelt , D.C. ( 2013 ) . `` Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England '' . The Veterinary Journal . 198 ( 3 ) : 638 -- 43 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tvjl. 2013.09. 020 . PMID 24206631 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , PD ; Nicholas , FW ( 1999 ) . `` Some practical solutions to welfare problems in dog breeding '' ( PDF ) . Animal Welfare . Wheathampstead , UK : Universities Federation for Animal Welfare ( 8 ) : 329 -- 341 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2009 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott , John Paul ; Fuller , John L. ( 1998 ) . Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0226743381 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Mongrel at Wikimedia Commons hide Dogs Mind Barking Behavior Communication Emotions Human - canine bond Intelligence Health Aging Anatomy Coat Diseases Dog food Heartworm Odor Rabies Reproduction Skin disorders Vaccination Training Clicker Crate training Collar Harness Training Housebreaking Obedience Puppy Rescue Socialization Types Bandogs Bay dogs Bird dogs Bulldogs Catch dogs Companion dogs Crossbred dogs Curs Dogos Eskimo dogs Feral dogs Fighting dogs Guard dogs Gun dogs Hairless dogs Herding dogs Hounds Hunting dogs Lap dogs Livestock guardian dogs Mongrels Mountain dogs Molossers Meat dogs Pinschers Pit bulls Pointers Purebred dogs Retrievers Setters Scenthounds Sighthounds Sled dogs Schnauzers Spaniels Spitz Street dogs Terriers Turnspit dogs Village dogs Water dogs Wild dogs Wolfdogs Breeds List of breeds List of crossbreeds Breed Groups Breeding Conformation Crossbreeds Extinct breeds Most popular Purebred Rare breeds Work Assistance dog Attack dog Detection dog Guard dog Guide dog Hearing dog Herding dog Hunting dog Livestock guardian dog Pet dog Police dog Search and rescue dog Service dog Sled dog Therapy dog War dog Working group ( dogs ) Human -- dog interaction Animal testing Baiting Breed - specific legislation Dog attack Dog park Human - canine bond Dog sports Dog walking Dog daycare Dog grooming Famous dogs Therapy Fear of dogs Dog licence Dog meat Dog food dog biscuit 2007 recalls Dogs in religion Origin Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongrel&oldid=852368010 '' Categories : Dog types Mixed - breed dogs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from June 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles needing additional references from April 2016 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 13 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what do you call a dog that is a mixture of many breeds
[ "A mongrel, mixed-breed dog or mutt is a dog that does not belong to one officially recognized breed and is not the result of intentional breeding.[1] Estimates place their numbers at 150 million animals worldwide.[1] Although the term \"mixed-breed dog\" is preferred by some, many mongrels have no known purebred ancestors. Furthermore, crossbreed dogs, while literally a mix of breeds, differ from mongrels in being intentionally bred. Although mongrels have at times been considered somehow lesser than intentionally bred dogs, they are thought to be less susceptible to genetic health problems associated with dog breeding (based on the theory of heterosis), and have enthusiasts and defenders who prefer them to intentionally bred dogs.\n" ]
[ "mongrel, mixed-breed dog or mutt" ]
-6811413652509685837
American Pie (song)
American Pie ( song ) - wikipedia American Pie ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` American Pie '' Picture sleeve for U.S. vinyl single . Artwork is also used as the front cover for the album of the same name and many other international releases of the single . Single by Don McLean from the album American Pie B - side `` Empty Chairs '' ( promo ) `` American Pie part 2 '' ( first release ) Released November 1971 ( original ) November 1991 ( re-release ) Format Vinyl ( original ) CD , cassette , vinyl ( reissue ) Recorded May 26 , 1971 Genre Folk rock Length 8 : 33 ( LP ) 4 : 11 ( single part 1 ) 4 : 31 ( single part 2 ) Label United Artists Songwriter ( s ) Don McLean Producer ( s ) Ed Freeman for The Rainbow Collection , Ltd . Don McLean singles chronology `` Castles in the Air '' ( 1971 ) `` American Pie '' ( 1971 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1972 ) `` Castles in the Air '' ( 1971 ) `` American Pie '' ( 1971 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1972 ) Audio sample file help `` American Pie '' is a song by American folk rock singer and songwriter Don McLean . Recorded and released on the American Pie album in 1971 , the single was a number - one US hit for four weeks in 1972 . In the UK , the single reached No. 2 on its original 1972 release and a reissue in 1991 reached No. 12 . The song was listed as the No. 5 song on the RIAA project Songs of the Century . A truncated version of the song was covered by Madonna in 2000 and reached No. 1 in several countries , including the United Kingdom , Canada and Australia . The repeatedly mentioned `` day the music died '' refers to the 1959 plane crash which killed early rock and roll performers Buddy Holly , The Big Bopper , and Ritchie Valens . ( The crash was not known by that name until after McLean 's song became a hit . ) The meaning of the other lyrics has long been debated , and for decades , McLean declined to explain the symbolism behind the many characters and events mentioned . However , the overall theme of the song is the loss of innocence of the early rock and roll generation as symbolized by the plane crash which claimed the lives of three of its heroes . In 2017 , McLean 's original recording was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or artistically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Interpretations 2 Charts 3 Parodies , revisions , and uses 4 Madonna version 4.1 Background 4.2 Reception 4.3 Music video 4.4 Charts 4.4. 1 Weekly charts 4.4. 2 Year - end charts 4.5 All - time charts 4.6 Certifications 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Background ( edit ) While it has been claimed that Don McLean began writing the song in upstate Saratoga Springs , New York , at Caffe Lena , a 2011 New York Times article quotes Don McLean as disputing this claim . Some employees at Caffe Lena claim that he started writing the song there , and then continued to write the song in both Cold Spring , New York , and Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . McLean claims that the song was only written in Cold Spring and Philadelphia . Tin & Lint , a bar on Caroline Street in Saratoga Springs , claims the song was written there , and a plaque marks the table . While some have said that other places , such as Saint Joseph 's University , were where the song was first performed , McLean insists that the song made its debut in Philadelphia at Temple University when he opened for Laura Nyro on March 14 , 1971 . Interpretations ( edit ) Except to acknowledge that he first learned about Buddy Holly 's death on February 3 , 1959 -- McLean was age 13 -- when he was folding newspapers for his paper route on the morning of February 4 , 1959 ( the line `` February made me shiver / with every paper I 'd deliver '' ) , McLean has generally avoided responding to direct questions about the song 's lyrics ; he has said : `` They 're beyond analysis . They 're poetry . '' He also stated in an editorial published in 2009 , on the 50th anniversary of the crash that killed Holly , Ritchie Valens , and J.P. `` The Big Bopper '' Richardson , that writing the first verse of the song exorcised his long - running grief over Holly 's death and that he considers the song to be `` a big song ( ... ) that summed up the world known as America '' . McLean dedicated the American Pie album to Holly . It was also speculated that the song contains numerous references to post-World War II American events ( such as the murders of civil rights workers Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner ) , and elements of culture , including 1960s culture ( e.g. sock hops , cruising , Bob Dylan , The Beatles , Charles Manson , and much more ) . When asked what `` American Pie '' meant , McLean jokingly replied , `` It means I do n't ever have to work again if I do n't want to . '' Later , he stated , `` You will find many interpretations of my lyrics but none of them by me ... Sorry to leave you all on your own like this but long ago I realized that songwriters should make their statements and move on , maintaining a dignified silence . '' He also commented on the popularity of his music , `` I did n't write songs that were just catchy , but with a point of view , or songs about the environment . '' In February 2015 , McLean announced he would reveal the meaning of the lyrics to the song when the original manuscript went for auction in New York City , in April 2015 . The lyrics and notes were auctioned on April 7 , and sold for $1.2 million . In the sale catalogue notes , McLean revealed the meaning in the song 's lyrics : `` Basically in American Pie things are heading in the wrong direction ... It ( life ) is becoming less idyllic . I do n't know whether you consider that wrong or right but it is a morality song in a sense . '' The catalogue confirmed some of the better known references in the song 's lyrics , including mentions of Elvis Presley ( `` the king '' ) and Bob Dylan ( `` the jester '' ) , and confirmed that the song culminates with a near - verbatim description of the death of Meredith Hunter at the Altamont Free Concert , ten years after the plane crash that killed Holly , Valens , and Richardson . Mike Mills of R.E.M. reflected : `` American Pie just made perfect sense to me as a song and that 's what impressed me the most . I could say to people this is how to write songs . When you 've written at least three songs that can be considered classic that is a very high batting average and if one of those songs happens to be something that a great many people think is one of the greatest songs ever written you 've not only hit the top of the mountain but you 've stayed high on the mountain for a long time . '' In 2017 , Bob Dylan was asked about how he was referenced in the song . `` A jester ? Sure , the jester writes songs like ' Masters of War , ' ' A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall , ' ' It 's Alright , Ma ' -- some jester . I have to think he 's talking about somebody else . Ask him . '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks Dutch Singles Chart 10 Irish Singles Chart 7 New Zealand Singles Chart Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening Parodies , revisions , and uses ( edit ) In 1999 , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic wrote and recorded a parody of `` American Pie '' . Titled `` The Saga Begins '' , the song recounts the plot of Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace from Obi - Wan Kenobi 's point of view . While McLean gave permission for the parody , he did not make a cameo appearance in its video , despite popular rumor . McLean himself praised the parody , even admitting to almost singing Yankovic 's lyrics during his own live performances because his children played the song so often . The City of Grand Rapids , Michigan created a lip dub video to `` American Pie '' in response to a Newsweek article that stated the city was `` dying '' . The video was hailed as a fantastic performance by many including Roger Ebert , who said it was `` the greatest music video ever made . '' On March 21 , 2013 , Harmonix announced that `` American Pie '' would be the final downloadable track made available for the Rock Band series of music video games . On March 14 , 2015 , the National Museum of Mathematics announced that one of two winners of its songwriting contest was `` American Pi '' by mathematics education professor Dr. Lawrence M. Lesser . The contest was in honor of `` Pi Day of the Century '' because `` 3 / 14 / 15 '' would be the only day in the 21st - century showing the first five digits of π ( pi ) . Madonna version ( edit ) `` American Pie '' Single by Madonna from the album The Next Best Thing ( Music from the Motion Picture ) Released March 3 , 2000 Format CD single Recorded September 1999 ( New York City , New York ) Genre Dance - pop Length 4 : 33 Label Maverick Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Don McLean Producer ( s ) Madonna William Orbit Madonna singles chronology `` Beautiful Stranger '' ( 1999 ) `` American Pie '' ( 2000 ) `` Music '' ( 2000 ) `` Beautiful Stranger '' ( 1999 ) `` American Pie '' ( 2000 ) `` Music '' ( 2000 ) Background ( edit ) American pop singer Madonna released a cover version of the song in March 2000 to promote the soundtrack to her film The Next Best Thing ( 2000 ) , with the song being serviced to radio on February 2 . Her cover is much shorter than the original ( it contains only the beginning of the first verse and all of the second and sixth verses ) and was recorded as a dance - pop song . It was co-produced by Madonna and William Orbit and released on the singer 's Maverick label , after Rupert Everett ( Madonna 's co-star in The Next Best Thing ) had convinced her to cover the song for the film 's soundtrack . Reception ( edit ) Released in March 2000 , the song was a worldwide hit , reaching No. 1 in many countries , including the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , Italy , Germany ( her first since `` La Isla Bonita '' , in 1987 ) , Switzerland , Austria , and Finland . The song was the 19th best selling of 2000 in the UK and the 9th best selling of 2000 in Italy . The single was not released commercially in the United States , but it reached No. 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 due to strong radio airplay . NME gave it a negative review , saying that it was `` sub-karaoke fluff '' and that `` it 's a blessing she did n't bother recording the whole thing . '' Chuck Taylor from Billboard , on the other hand , was impressed by the recording and commented , `` Applause to Madonna for not pandering to today 's temporary trends and for challenging programmers to broaden their playlists . ( ... ) In all , a fine preview of the forthcoming soundtrack to The Next Best Thing . '' Don McLean himself praised the cover , saying it was `` a gift from a goddess '' , and that her version is `` mystical and sensual . '' He also jokingly said , `` It means that if I do n't want to , I do n't have to work again . '' According to The Official Charts Company , the song has sold 385,000 copies in the United Kingdom and is her 16th best selling single to date in the UK . Music video ( edit ) Madonna in the `` American Pie '' music video . In the scene Madonna , who is wearing a tiara , is standing while an American flag can be seen behind her . The music video , filmed in the Southern USA and in London and directed by Philipp Stölzl , depicts a diverse array of ordinary Americans , including scenes showing same - sex couples kissing . Throughout the music video Madonna , who is wearing a tiara on her head , dances and sings in front of a large American flag . Two official versions of the video were produced , the first of which now appears on Madonna 's greatest - hits DVD compilation , Celebration , and was released as the official video worldwide . The second version was issued along with the `` Humpty Remix '' , a more upbeat and dance - friendly version of the song . This video was aired on MTV 's dance channel in the United States to promote the film The Next Best Thing , starring Madonna and Rupert Everett ; it contains totally different footage and new outtakes of the original and omits the lesbian kiss . Everett , who provides backing vocals in the song , is also featured in the video . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 7 Canadian Singles ( Nielsen ) European Hot 100 Singles Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 29 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 21 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 20 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 66 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 32 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 44 France ( SNEP ) 44 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 16 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 50 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 9 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 681 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 30,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Understanding American Pie -- Interpretation of Don Mclean 's epic anthem to the passing of an era . '' . UnderstandingAmericanPie.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2003 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Recording Registry Picks Are `` Over the Rainbow '' `` . Library of Congress . March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Don McLean 's ' American Pie ' fetches $1.2 M Telegram & Gazette ( Worcester , Mass ) 8 April 2015 : A. 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Pie ' Still Homemade , but With a New Twist '' . The New York Times . November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Release : Don Mclean 's Original Manuscript For `` American Pie '' To Be Sold At Christie 's New York , 7 April 2015 `` . Christie's.com . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memory Bank 's a Little Off , But Sentiment Still Holds '' . August 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Shannon ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Don McLean : ' American Pie ' was written in Philly and first performed at Saint Joseph 's University '' . Newsworks.org . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Pie '' . Don McLean.com . p. 68 . Jump up ^ McLean , Don ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` Commentary : Buddy Holly , rock music genius '' . CNN . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , P. ( March 3 , 1999 ) . `` Understanding the lyrics of American Pie : The analysis and interpretation of Don McLean 's song lyrics '' . The Octopus 's Garden . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` American Pie '' . Edlis.org . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A2267173 Jump up ^ McLean , Don ( January 2005 ) . Recording Notes : Classic Tracks : Don McLean 's ' American Pie ' . Jackson , Blair , Mix29. 1 . pp. 126 , 128 , 130 . Jump up ^ `` Don McLean explains why he wo n't reveal the meaning of `` American Pie '' -- CBS News `` . CBSNews.com . CBS Interactive Inc . March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . `` But the quartet practicing in the park , that 's not the Beatles ? '' Axelrod asked . `` No , '' McLean replied . Jump up ^ Howard , Dr. Alan . `` The Don McLean Story : 1970 -- 1976 '' . Don-McLean.com . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved June 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` What is Don McLean 's song `` American Pie '' all about ? `` . The Straight Dope . May 14 , 1993 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Howell , Dave ( Special to The Morning Call -- Freelance ) ( May 24 , 2001 ) . `` Singer Don McLean 's As American as Apple Pie * * Mayfair 2001 * * Popular '' . Morning Call ( First ed . ) . Allentown , Pa . Jump up ^ `` Don McLean to reveal meaning of American Pie lyrics '' . BBC News . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Pie lyrics sell for $1.2 m '' . BBC News . April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hawksley , Rupert ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` American Pie : 6 crazy conspiracy theories '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Don McLean : An American Troubadour ( Television production ) . UK : Sky Arts 1 . 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Dylan 's Surprise New Interview : 9 Things We Learned '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Don McLean -- American Pie '' . VG - lista . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Don McLean : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Don McLean -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Don McLean . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` '' Ask Al '' Q&As for September , 1999 `` . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved October 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Jedi Council -- Interviews Weird Al Yankovic '' . TheForce.Net . September 14 , 1980 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Rapids Lip Dub '' . NPR . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` The greatest music video ever made '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band 's final song will be Don McLean 's ' American Pie ' '' . Polygon . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Pi Day Contest Winners '' . National Museum of Mathematics . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( September 24 , 1999 ) . `` Madonna and William Orbit take another spin in studio '' . MTV . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Pie Hits Radio '' . Madonna.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna 's piece of American Pie '' . BBC News . 3 February 2000 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` NME Track Reviews -- American Pie '' . NME . February 26 , 2000 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Chuck ( February 12 , 2000 ) . `` Spotlight : Madonna `` American Pie '' `` . Billboard . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Don McLean Praises Madonna 's ' American Pie ' '' . MTV . February 2 , 2000 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ What do you think of Madonna 's version of your song American Pie ? I willnever have to work again -- Don McLean : ( Final 1 Edition ) Spanton , Tim . The Sun ( London ( UK ) ) 27 Dec 2000 : 8 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : The Official Top 40 '' . MTV . MTV Networks . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ciccone , Christopher ( 2008 ) Life with my Sister Madonna , Simon & Schuster : New York , p. 278 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Madonna -- American Pie '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Madonna -- American Pie '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Madonna -- American Pie '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic '' . AllMusic . August 16 , 1958 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Craig David Storms U.K. Singles Chart '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : American Pie '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Madonna -- American Pie '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Madonna search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Madonna -- American Pie '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . VG - lista . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romanian Top 100 : Top of the Year 2000 '' ( in Romanian ) . Romanian Top 100 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Madonna . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Madonna . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Madonna . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Madonna . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Madonna . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2000 '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Austria Top 40 -- Hitparade Österreich '' . austriancharts.at . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2000 '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2000 '' ( in French ) . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles -- année 2000 '' ( in French ) . Disque en France . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 2000 '' ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2000 '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2000 '' ( in Swedish ) . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2000 '' ( in German ) . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ewige Bestenliste -- Singles '' ( in German ) . Hitparade . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2000 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Madonna -- American Pie '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Enter Madonna in the field Interpret . Enter American Pie in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Madonna -- American Pie '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Select MADONNA and click OK Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2000 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Madonna ; ' American Pie ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Madonna -- American Pie '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Enter American Pie in the search field and then press Enter . Further reading ( edit ) Adams , Cecil ( May 15 , 1993 ) . `` What is Don McLean 's song `` American Pie '' all about ? `` . The Straight Dope . Chicago Reader , Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . An interpretation of the lyrics based on a supposed interview of McLean by DJ Casey Kasem . McLean later confirmed the Buddy Holly reference in a letter to Adams but denied ever speaking to Kasem . Roteman , Jeff ( August 10 , 2002 ) . `` Bob Dearborn 's Original Analysis of Don McLean 's 1971 Classic ' American Pie ' '' . This article correlates McLean 's biography with the historic events in the song . McLean pointed to WCFL ( Chicago , Illinois ) radio disc jockey Bob Dearborn as the partial basis for most mainstream interpretations of `` American Pie '' . Dearborn 's analysis , mailed to listeners on request , bears the date January 7 , 1972 . Roteman 's reprinting added photos but replaced the date January 7 , 1972 , by an audio link bearing the date February 28 , 1972 , the date Dearborn aired his interpretation on WCFL ( http://user.pa.net/~ejjeff/bobpie.ram ( Bob Dearborn 's American Pie Analysis original broadcast February 28 , 1972 ) ) Fann , Jim . `` Understanding American Pie '' . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2003 . Historically oriented interpretation of `` American Pie '' . The interpretation was specifically noted on in an archived version of McLean 's website page on `` American Pie '' . The material , dated November 2002 , includes a recording of Dinah Shore singing `` See The USA In Your Chevrolet '' and a photograph of Mick Jagger in costume at the Altamont Free Concert with a Hells Angel member in the background . Full `` See the USA in Your Chevrolet '' lyrics for Dinah Shore on `` The Dinah Shore Chevy Show '' ( 1956 -- 1961 ) Kulawiec , Rich ( August 26 , 2001 ) . `` FAQ : The Annotated ' American Pie ' '' . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2003 . Retrieved September 19 , 2007 . FAQ maintained by Rich Kulawiec , started in 1992 and essentially completed in 1997 . `` American Pie -- A Rock Epic '' A multi-media presentation of Rich Kulawiec 's The Annotated `` American Pie '' . Levitt , Saul ( May 26 , 1971 ) . `` Interpretation of American Pie -- analysis , news , Don McLean , Buddy Holly , Ritchie Valens , Rock & Roll '' . Missamericanpie.co.uk . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) The Official Website of Don McLean and American Pie provides the songwriter 's own biography , lyrics and clues to the song 's meaning . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Brand New Key '' by Melanie US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Don McLean version ) January 15 , 1972 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` Let 's Stay Together '' by Al Green Preceded by `` Cherish '' by David Cassidy Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single ( Don McLean version ) January 15 , 1972 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hurting Each Other '' by The Carpenters Preceded by `` Brand New Key '' by Melanie Australian Kent Music Report number - one single ( Don McLean version ) March 6 , 1972 ( five weeks ) Succeeded by `` Without You '' by Nilsson Preceded by `` Pure Shores '' by All Saints UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Madonna version ) March 5 , 2000 -- March 11 , 2000 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Do n't Give Up '' by Chicane featuring Bryan Adams Preceded by `` My Heart Goes Boom ( La Di Da Da ) '' by French Affair German Singles Chart number - one single ( Madonna version ) March 10 , 2000 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Maria Maria '' by Santana featuring The Product G&B Preceded by `` Freestyler '' by Bomfunk MC 's Swedish Singles Chart number - one single ( Madonna version ) March 23 , 2000 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Never Be the Same Again '' by Melanie C featuring Lisa `` Left Eye '' Lopes Preceded by `` Chase '' by Giorgio Moroder vs. Jam & Spoon Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single ( Madonna version ) April 1 , 2000 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Think It Over '' by Jennifer Holliday Don McLean Studio albums Tapestry American Pie Don McLean Playin ' Favorites Homeless Brother Prime Time Chain Lightning Believers Love Tracks For the Memories Vols I & II And I Love You So Headroom Christmas The River of Love Christmas Dreams Sings Marty Robbins You 've Got to Share Songs for Children The Western Album Rearview Mirror : An American Musical Journey Addicted to Black Live albums Solo Dominion Starry , Starry Night Compilation albums The Very Best of Don McLean Favorites and Rarities Legendary Songs of Don McLean Christmastime ! Singles `` Castles in the Air '' `` American Pie '' `` Vincent '' `` Wonderful Baby '' `` Crying '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` He 's Got You '' `` You Ca n't Blame the Train '' Related articles Discography `` The Saga Begins '' Madonna songs Singles Covers Unreleased songs 1980s singles `` Everybody '' `` Burning Up '' `` Holiday '' `` Lucky Star '' `` Borderline '' `` Like a Virgin '' `` Material Girl '' `` Crazy for You '' `` Angel '' `` Into the Groove '' `` Dress You Up '' `` Gambler '' `` Live to Tell '' `` Papa Do n't Preach '' `` True Blue '' `` Open Your Heart '' `` La Isla Bonita '' `` Who 's That Girl '' `` Causing a Commotion '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Spotlight '' `` Like a Prayer '' `` Express Yourself '' `` Cherish '' `` Oh Father '' `` Dear Jessie '' 1990s singles `` Keep It Together '' `` Vogue '' `` Hanky Panky '' `` Justify My Love '' `` Rescue Me '' `` This Used to Be My Playground '' `` Erotica '' `` Deeper and Deeper '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Fever '' `` Rain '' `` Bye Bye Baby '' `` I 'll Remember '' `` Secret '' `` Take a Bow '' `` Bedtime Story '' `` Human Nature '' `` You 'll See '' `` One More Chance '' `` Love Do n't Live Here Anymore '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Frozen '' `` Ray of Light '' `` Drowned World ( Substitute for Love ) '' `` The Power of Good - Bye '' `` Nothing Really Matters '' `` Beautiful Stranger '' 2000s singles `` American Pie '' `` Music '' `` Do n't Tell Me '' `` What It Feels Like for a Girl '' `` Die Another Day '' `` American Life '' `` Hollywood '' `` Me Against the Music '' `` Nothing Fails '' `` Love Profusion '' `` Hung Up '' `` Sorry '' `` Get Together '' `` Jump '' `` Hey You '' `` 4 Minutes '' `` Give It 2 Me '' `` Miles Away '' `` Celebration '' `` Revolver '' 2010s singles `` Give Me All Your Luvin ' '' `` Girl Gone Wild '' `` Masterpiece '' `` Turn Up the Radio '' `` Living for Love '' `` Ghosttown '' `` Bitch I 'm Madonna '' `` Hold Tight '' Promotional singles `` You Can Dance ( LP Cuts ) '' `` Erotic '' `` I Want You '' `` Sky Fits Heaven '' `` Impressive Instant '' `` GHV2 Megamix '' `` Into the Hollywood Groove '' `` Nobody Knows Me '' `` Imagine '' ( Live ) `` Superstar '' Other songs recorded `` Santa Baby '' `` I Surrender Dear '' `` Sooner or Later '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Sing '' `` Candy Shop '' `` Beat Goes On '' `` Gang Bang '' `` I Do n't Give A '' `` Devil Pray '' `` Unapologetic Bitch '' `` Illuminati '' `` Joan of Arc '' `` Iconic '' `` Holy Water '' `` Wash All Over Me '' `` Rebel Heart '' Other songs written `` Sidewalk Talk '' `` Each Time You Break My Heart '' `` Love Wo n't Wait '' Book Portal Template Jump up ^ archived version of McLean 's website page on `` American Pie '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Pie_(song)&oldid=804090307 '' Categories : 1970s ballads 1971 singles 1971 songs 2000 singles Don McLean songs Madonna ( entertainer ) songs Number - one singles in Australia Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Maverick Records singles Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Romania Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Rock ballads RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs about alcohol Songs about automobiles Songs about death Songs about music Songs based on actual events Songs in memory of deceased persons Cultural depictions of Buddy Holly Songs written by Don McLean UK Singles Chart number - one singles United Artists Records singles United States National Recording Registry recordings Warner Bros. Records singles Debut singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from December 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 17 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what was the song miss american pie about
[ "The repeatedly mentioned \"day the music died\" refers to the 1959 plane crash which killed early rock and roll performers Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Ritchie Valens. (The crash was not known by that name until after McLean's song became a hit.) The meaning of the other lyrics has long been debated, and for decades, McLean declined to explain the symbolism behind the many characters and events mentioned. However, the overall theme of the song is the loss of innocence of the early rock and roll generation as symbolized by the plane crash which claimed the lives of three of its heroes.[2]" ]
[ "1959 plane crash which killed early rock and roll performers" ]
6237619690129842252
Michele Carey
Michele Carey - wikipedia Michele Carey Jump to : navigation , search Michele Carey Carey in trailer for `` El Dorado '' ( 1966 ) ( 1943 - 02 - 26 ) February 26 , 1943 ( age 75 ) Annapolis , Maryland , US Occupation Actress Years active 1966 -- 1987 Spouse ( s ) Fred G. Strebel ( 1999 -- 2011 ) ( his death ) Michele Carey ( born February 26 , 1943 ) is an American actress . Perhaps best known for her role as Josephine `` Joey '' MacDonald in the 1966 film El Dorado , she appeared in movies in the 1960s and 1970s , and guest - starred in episodes of several television series . Life and career ( edit ) Carey was born on February 26 , 1943 , in Annapolis , Maryland , where her father was working as a wrestling instructor at the U.S. Naval Academy . Her family soon moved to Rochester , Minnesota , so that her father could continue his medical studies . At an early age Michele proved to be a piano prodigy ; she won a national contest at the Chicago Music Festival at age 13 , and performed with the Rochester Symphony Orchestra . Carey 's family eventually moved to Fort Collins , Colorado , where her father practiced as a physician . While attending Fort Collins High School she was briefly married and had a son . After graduating she was signed by the Powers agency , and moved to Los Angeles in 1964 with her son to pursue a modeling career . Carey enjoyed success as a model , but was more interested in acting . Aided by her beauty and trademark long , wild hair , she soon caught the eye of Hollywood producers . In 1964 she made her first television appearances . The following year she did more television work , had a small part in the kitsch classic How to Stuff a Wild Bikini ( 1965 ) , and acted in her first major film , the 1966 Howard Hawks - produced and directed Western El Dorado , with a memorable role as high - spirited troublemaker Josephine `` Joey '' MacDonald . Carey went on to co-star in films such as Live a Little , Love a Little ( 1968 ) , The Sweet Ride ( 1968 ) , and Dirty Dingus Magee ( 1970 ) , in which she played an anachronistically miniskirted Indian girl . On television she appeared in guest - starring roles on episodes of The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ( 1966 ) , Mission Impossible ( 1969 ) , It Takes a Thief ( 1970 ) , and three episodes of The Wild Wild West ( `` The Night of the Feathered Fury '' , 1967 and the two - part `` The Night of the Winged Terror '' 1969 ) , the December 1969 episode `` Tug - of - War '' on The F.B.I. , Starsky and Hutch and Alias Smith and Jones . Carey played the title role in the 1972 Gunsmoke episode `` Tara '' , appeared in the second The Six Million Dollar Man pilot film ( 1973 ) and provided the recurring female computer voice in A Man Called Sloane ( 1979 -- 80 ) . Fading from view in the late 1970s , Carey staged a brief comeback in the mid - ' 80s in such films as In the Shadow of Kilimanjaro ( 1986 ) . She also appeared as Crystal in a 1982 episode of the television series The Fall Guy . Carey married businessman Fred G. Strebel in 1999 , and resided with him in Hillsborough and Rancho Mirage . Strebel died on December 28 , 2011 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michele Carey : Unofficial website for her fans across the globe ; www.michele-carey.com ^ Jump up to : Glamour Girls of Sixties Hollywood : Seventy - five Profiles , by Tom Lisanti ; McFarland , 2008 ISBN 0786431725 , 9780786431724 ^ Jump up to : Imbd Michele Carey filmography ; http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0137004/?ref_=tt_ov_st Jump up ^ Imdb - El Dorado ( 1966 ) ; http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0061619/ Jump up ^ Fred G. Strebel Obituary , San Jose Mercury News / San Mateo County Times , January 4 , 2012 External links ( edit ) Michele Carey on IMDb VIAF : 86488579 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michele_Carey&oldid=812838748 '' Categories : 1943 births Living people Actresses from Maryland People from Annapolis , Maryland American film actresses American television actresses People from Hillsborough , California People from Rancho Mirage , California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 04 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played the girl joey in the movie el dorado
[ "Michele Carey (born February 26, 1943) is an American actress. Perhaps best known for her role as Josephine \"Joey\" MacDonald in the 1966 film El Dorado, she appeared in movies in the 1960s and 1970s, and guest-starred in episodes of several television series." ]
[ "Michele Carey" ]
-7500437624780876037
Jason Lee (actor)
Jason Lee ( actor ) - wikipedia Jason Lee ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Jason Scott Lee or Jason Lee Scott . Jason Lee Lee at the Away and Back premiere , January 2015 Jason Michael Lee ( 1970 - 04 - 25 ) April 25 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Santa Ana , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , producer , professional skateboarder Years active 1988 -- present Spouse ( s ) Carmen Llywelyn ( m . 1995 ; div. 2001 ) Ceren Alkaç ( m . 2008 ) Partner ( s ) Beth Riesgraf ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Children Parent ( s ) Greg Lee Carol Lee Jason Michael Lee ( born April 25 , 1970 ) is an American actor , producer and skateboarder . He is best known for his roles as Earl Hickey in the television comedy series My Name Is Earl , David Seville in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film franchise and the voice of Syndrome in The Incredibles . He is also known for his roles in Kevin Smith films such as Mallrats , Chasing Amy , Dogma , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Jersey Girl , Clerks II and Cop Out . A skateboard enthusiast , Lee is the co-founder and co-owner of Stereo Skateboards , a company that manufactures skateboard decks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Skateboarding 2.2 Acting 2.3 Photography 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Lee was born in Santa Ana , California on April 25 , 1970 . His father , Greg was a car dealership manager and his mother , Carol was a homemaker. Lee was raised in Huntington Beach and attended Ocean View High School . Career ( edit ) Skateboarding ( edit ) Before he became an actor , Lee was known as a professional skateboarder in the late 1980s and early 1990s . In 1992 , he co-founded Stereo Sound Agency , known as Stereo Skateboards , with fellow skater Chris `` Dune '' Pastras . In 2003 , after the company had been defunct for a few years , the pair successfully revived the company . As of October 2013 , Lee and Pastras remain on the professional `` Classics '' team roster . Lee was featured in the skateboarding promotional video , Video Days , filmed for the skateboarding company `` Blind Skateboards '' . In 2004 , Lee 's skateboarding was featured in Way Out East ! , a film produced by Stereo Skateboards . In August 2012 , Lee was also featured in a brief video on the skateboard website The Berrics entitled `` Jason Lee decided to come to the park . '' In August 2012 , Lee participated in the 9th annual Stand - Up for Skateparks Event , at which he was co-chair with Tony Hawk . The event is held annually by the Tony Hawk Charitable Foundation and seeks to `` help create free , quality public skateparks for youth in low - income communities . '' In October that same year , a video was released by the Keep A Breast Foundation , featuring various skateboarding identities , including Lee , together with Pastras . The video , contributing to the Foundation 's aim to prevent and raise awareness of breast cancer , promotes the `` I Love Boobies '' bracelet . It also features Clint Peterson ( Stereo ) and Giovanni Reda ( WESC ) , who are both teammates of Lee . Lee later worked with Tony Hawk when he lent his voice and likeness to Tony Hawk 's Project 8 to become a playable character . Lee then voiced Coach Frank , a character created during the development of Stereo , in Skate 3 . Professional skateboarder and owner of the Girl and Lakai Limited Footwear skateboard brands Mike Carroll has cited Lee as one of his skating influences . Acting ( edit ) After taking some minor acting roles in 1992 -- 1994 ( including the music video for the Sonic Youth single `` 100 % '' , a small part in Mi Vida Loca , and a bit part as a dance instructor on Chance and Things ) , Lee left professional skateboarding for a full - time acting career . His first major movie role was in Kevin Smith 's Mallrats , which became a cult hit . This started a friendship that subsequently led to appearances in many of Smith 's films , including Chasing Amy , Dogma , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Clerks II , and Cop Out . Lee won an Independent Spirit Award for his role in Chasing Amy as Banky Edwards . Lee at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 25 , 2006 Lee graduated to leading man roles in Heartbreakers , Stealing Harvard , and A Guy Thing . He has had supporting roles in Vanilla Sky , Almost Famous , Dreamcatcher , Big Trouble , The Ballad of Jack and Rose , and Mumford , as well as a minor role in Enemy of the State . Lee also voiced Syndrome in The Incredibles and Jack - Jack Attack . He reprised the role as a `` robot copy '' of Syndrome in Disney Presents Pixar 's The Incredibles in a Magic Kingdom Adventure. Lee is also the voice of Underdog in Underdog and portrays Dave Seville in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film franchise . In 2005 , Lee was offered the lead role in My Name Is Earl . According to interviews on the first - season DVD , he passed on the series twice before finally agreeing to read for the pilot . In the series , he stars as Earl Hickey. Lee received two Golden Globe nominations for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy in 2006 and 2007 , as well as a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series in 2006 . After four seasons of My Name is Earl NBC cancelled the series . On June 22 , 2010 , Memphis Beat premiered . In the series , Lee starred with Alfre Woodard and portrayed Dwight Hendricks . In October 2011 , it was announced the series was not renewed for a third season . He also guest - starred in 2010 and 2013 episodes of Raising Hope , created by My Name is Earl creator and producer Greg Garcia . As of December 2011 , Lee appeared in Up All Night , but after its second season , it was officially cancelled on May 9 , 2013 . In June 2013 , a fourth installment of the Alvin and the Chipmunks franchise was then announced by the 20th Century Fox studio and a release date of December 18 , 2015 ; it was titled The Road Chip . Lee 's latest projects are with Amazon Studios and The Hallmark Channel . With Amazon Studios , Lee is seen in the pilot of Cocked , where he plays the character of Grady Paxson , one of three men who run a gun manufacturing company . The show premiered on January 15 , 2015 and also stars Brian Dennehy , Diora Baird , Dreama Walker , and Sam Trammell . On January 25 , 2015 , The Hallmark Channel premiered Away & Back , a Hallmark Hall of Fame film starring Lee along with Maggie Elizabeth Jones and Minka Kelly . Photography ( edit ) Lee began shooting photos regularly in the early 2000s , and became interested in instant photography . He recently released a photo book through Refueled Magazine . It consists of `` 184 pages of Polaroid & Fuji Instant Film photographs from 2006 - 2016 . '' Printed in a limited edition run of 500 copies , the book sold out before shipping began . Lee on the roof of the Beverly Laurel Hotel on June 28 , 2005 Personal life ( edit ) Lee married actress and photographer Carmen Llywelyn in 1995 ; they divorced in 2001 . Llywelyn later cited Lee 's commitment to Scientology as the principal cause for their separation . Llywelyn wrote that their relationship collapsed when she revealed to her talent manager and fellow Scientologist , Gay Ribisi ( mother of actor Giovanni Ribisi ) , that she had read A Piece of Blue Sky , an anti-Scientology book . Two days after her conversation with Ribisi , Llywelyn received a one - paragraph `` disconnection letter '' from Lee and was labeled a Suppressive Person . Later , Llywelyn made a claim against Scientology , calling it a `` sinister cult '' 13 years after leaving it . According to her detailed experiences , she never had freedom to make a decision and she had to think about her identity after she left Scientology . Following his divorce from Llywelyn , Lee became engaged to actress Beth Riesgraf . Together , they have a son , Pilot Inspektor. Lee states their son 's name was inspired by `` He 's Simple , He 's Dumb , He 's the Pilot '' by rock band Grandaddy . Lee met fashion model and actress Ceren Alkaç at a concert while on vacation in Britain . Alkaç was born in İzmir , and emigrated with her family from Turkey to Australia soon afterward . Following their initial meeting , the pair stayed in touch via email and texts , with Alkaç subsequently moving to the United States and starting a relationship with Lee . The couple married in California in July 2008 ; a month later , Alkac gave birth to a daughter named Casper . The couple had their second child , a son named Sonny , in 2012 . In 2017 , the couple welcomed their third child , a daughter named Alberta ' Birdy ' Lee . Their separation was rumored in December 2015 , again allegedly due to Lee 's strong attachment to Scientology . This was later proven to be false . As of 2016 , Lee no longer practices Scientology . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) 2018 Year Title Role Notes 1991 Video Days Mi Vida Loca Teenage Drug Customer Chance and Things Dance Instructor on the Television 1995 Mallrats Brodie Bruce Drawing Flies Donner 1997 Chasing Amy Banky Edwards Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male A Better Place Dennis Pepper 1998 Kissing a Fool Jay Murphy American Cuisine Loren Collins Enemy of the State Daniel Zavitz 1999 Dogma Azrael Mumford Skip Skipperton 2000 Almost Famous Jeff Bebe Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor -- Drama / Romance Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Heartbreakers Jack Withrowe Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back Brodie Bruce / Banky Edwards Vanilla Sky Brian Shelby 2002 Big Trouble Puggy Stoked : The Rise and Fall of Gator Documentary Stealing Harvard John Plummer 2003 A Guy Thing Paul Dreamcatcher Beaver I Love Your Work Larry Hortense Oh , What a Lovely Tea Party Documentary Jersey Girl PR Exec # 1 The Incredibles Buddy Pine / Syndrome Voice 2005 Jack - Jack Attack Buddy Pine / Syndrome Voice - Short film included in The Incredibles DVD release The Ballad of Jack and Rose Gray Drop Dead Sexy Frank 2006 Clerks II Lance Dowds Rising Son : The Legend of Christian Hosoi Documentary Monster House Bones Voice 2007 Underdog Shoeshine / Underdog Voice The Man Who Souled the World Documentary Alvin and the Chipmunks David `` Dave '' Seville 2008 Celebrity Family Feud Earl Hickey 2009 Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel David `` Dave '' Seville Cop Out Roy 2011 Noah 's Ark : The New Beginning Japheth Voice The Other Side Mortimer Flybait Voice Columbus Circle Charlie Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked David `` Dave '' Seville 2014 Behaving Badly Father Krumins Tell Ray 2015 Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip David `` Dave '' Seville Nominated -- Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor 2017 The Best Fish Hooks Of All Steve Jackson Voice 2017 Growing Up Smith Butch Brunner TBA Diamond Billy Curtis Also producer and writer Television ( edit ) Year TItle Role Notes 1997 Weapons of Mass Distraction Phillip Messenger Television film 2005 -- 2009 My Name Is Earl Earl Hickey Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor -- Comedy ( 2006 ) 2006 American Dad ! Officer Bays ( voice ) Episode : `` Rough Trade '' 2010 -- 2011 Memphis Beat Dwight Hendricks 20 episodes 2011 Up All Night Kevin 7 episodes 2010 -- 2013 Raising Hope Smokey Floyd 3 episodes 2013 Men at Work Donnie Episode : `` Tyler the Pioneer '' 2015 Cocked Grady Paxson 1 episode 2015 Away and Back Jack Peterson Television film 2015 -- present We Bare Bears Charlie ( voice ) 12 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role The Incredibles Buddy Pine / Syndrome 2006 Tony Hawk 's Project 8 Himself 2007 Alvin and the Chipmunks David `` Dave '' Seville Skate 3 Coach Frank 2013 Disney Infinity Buddy Pine / Syndrome 2015 Disney Infinity 3.0 Buddy Pine / Syndrome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Biography '' . biography.com . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Biography '' . tvguide.com . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Biography '' . www.notablebiographies.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee . '' Newsmakers ( 2006 ) Biography in Context , Gale , Detroit Jump up ^ Mike Lewis ( 14 September 2010 ) . `` ANTICS LICENSES STEREO SKATEBOARDS & HI - FI WHEELS '' . Transworld Business . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blog '' . Stereo skateboards . Stereo Sound Agency . 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Team Stereo '' . Stereo Sound Agency . Antics International . October 2013 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ skatexedge31 ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Blind Skateboards -- Video Days full video classic '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ skately ( 2012 ) . `` Stereo Skateboards -- Way Out East ! ( 2004 ) '' . skately . Skately LLC . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Zynkero ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Jason Lee -- Way Out East ! '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Vlady Poshyvanyuk ; The Berrics ( 18 August 2012 ) . `` The Berrics -- Jason Lee decide to come to the park '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Alina O ( 22 August 2012 ) . `` JASON LEE TEAMS UP WITH TONY HAWK '' . Transworld Business . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Stand Up For Skateparks . Tony Hawk Foundation . 2013 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ keepabreastvideo ( 3 October 2012 ) . `` This Is My Pink Ribbon -- Why Do You Wear Your Keep A Breast i love boobies ! bracelet ? '' . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Christhundertrck ( 13 June 2010 ) . `` Jason Lee - Awesome Stunt - Tony Hawk 's Project 8 '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Sharkey ( 17 March 2010 ) . `` Skate 3 Coming May 11 '' . Gamespy . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ maydaydist ( 18 February 2009 ) . `` Coach Frank visit stereo headquarter '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Blair Alley ; Skin Phillips ( 4 September 2012 ) . `` 30TH ANNIVERSARY INTERVIEWS : MIKE CARROLL PART 1 '' ( Video upload ) . Transworld Skateboarding . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Blair Alley ; Skin Phillips ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` 30TH ANNIVERSARY INTERVIEWS : MIKE CARROLL PART 2 '' ( Video upload ) . Transworld Skateboarding . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paatsch , Leigh ( March 21 , 2002 ) . `` Reel Deal '' . Herald Sun . Melbourne , Australia . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( October 20 , 1995 ) . `` Overcrowded Mallrats '' . Washington Post . p . N44 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Jeff ( July 11 , 2001 ) . `` Hot Heartbreakers Only Mildly Amusing '' . Messenger . Adelaide , Australia . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Gary ( September 13 , 2002 ) . `` Getting into Harvard lawless school -- Ivy League requires some stolen green in likeable comedy '' . The Dallas Morning News . p. 1J . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( March 21 , 2003 ) . `` Bleedful Things -- ' Dreamcatcher ' a Jumble of Classic Stephen King Gore '' . The Boston Globe . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes . `` Jason Lee Biography '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Koltnow , Barry ( January 3 , 2008 ) . `` Chasing chipmunks '' . The Courier Mail . Brisbane , Australia . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Trust Me , I 'm Funnier With the Moustache '' . The New York Times . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Nepales , Ruben V. ( December 16 , 2005 ) . `` Brokeback Mountain tops Golden Globe nominations '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Ballot '' . San Francisco Chronicle . January 14 , 2007 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Longino , Bob ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` SAG nominees have Oscar feel , diversified look '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . p . E14 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , Alessandra ( June 21 , 2010 ) . `` Take Your Time , Crime Will Wait '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` ' Raising Hope ' creator Greg Garcia is not talking white trash '' . USA Today.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( 18 October 2010 ) . `` Jason Lee to Guest Star on Raising Hope '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Raising Hope ' Reunites ' My Name Is Earl ' Cast For Tribute Episode '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sara McGinnis ( 14 December 2011 ) . `` ALVIN AND THE CHIPMUNKS : CHIPWRECKED '' . She Knows . SheKnows , LLC . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Germain Lussier ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Fox Dates ' Frankenstein , ' ' Alvin and the Chipmunks 3 ′ and Animated Films Through 2018 '' . SlashFilm . / FILM . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Cocked ( HD ) : Amazon Video '' . Amazon Studios . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media Release '' . Hallmark Hall of Fame Presents. 2015 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Matt . `` Jason Lee 's Photography of a Dust - Covered America '' . Format Magazine . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HOME '' . www.refueledmagazine.com . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dawn Olsen ( May 15 , 2010 ) . `` Obsession With Scientology Ruined Actor Jason Lee 's Marriage '' . technorati.com . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carmen Llywelyn , ex-wife of My Name Is Earl star Jason Lee , says Scientology makes getting a divorce ' difficult ' '' . dailymail.co.uk. 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Llywelyn , Carmen ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Why I Left Scientology '' . Gawker . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Scientologist Carmen Llywelyn blasts ' cult ' and her treatment after divorce with Jason Lee '' . independent.co.uk. 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : My Name Is Earl Star Jason Lee Has Baby Girl '' . usmagazine.com. 22 August 2008 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ayce Dikmen ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` İzmirli kıza aşık olursa '' . Hurriyet . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ayçe Dıkmen ( 26 May 2013 ) . `` İzmirli Kiza Aşik Olursa '' . Hürriyet . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Baby Name Mystery Solved ! Pilot Inspektor 's Sister Is ... '' namecandy.com. 14 November 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Julie Jodan ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Jason Lee & His Wife Get Married -- Again ! '' . People . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarah Michaud ; Julie Jordan ( 26 June 2012 ) . `` Jason Lee Welcomes Son Sonny '' . people.com . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Ceren Alkaç Feb 5 , 2017 at 4 : 28pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Jason Lee and wife Ceren Alkac getting a divorce due to conflicts relating to the Scientology church '' . Hubmesh . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://tonyortega.org/2016/09/17/with-jason-lee-out-what-does-it-mean-for-scientologys-tightest-celebrity-clique/ Jump up ^ Sara Button ( 16 September 2016 ) . `` Checking In With Jason Lee '' . The Dentonite . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Bueno , Antoinette ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Jason Lee Reveals He Left the Church of Scientology '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Thill , Scott ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Cartoon Network Will Launch ' We Bare Bears ' Series in July '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jason Lee ( actor ) . Jason Lee on IMDb ( hide ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Lou Diamond Phillips ( 1988 ) Max Perlich ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) David Strathairn ( 1991 ) Steve Buscemi ( 1992 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1993 ) Chazz Palminteri ( 1994 ) Benicio del Toro ( 1995 ) Benicio del Toro ( 1996 ) Jason Lee ( 1997 ) Bill Murray ( 1998 ) Steve Zahn ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2001 ) Dennis Quaid ( 2002 ) Djimon Hounsou ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Matt Dillon ( 2005 ) Alan Arkin ( 2006 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2007 ) James Franco ( 2008 ) Woody Harrelson ( 2009 ) John Hawkes ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Idris Elba ( 2015 ) Ben Foster ( 2016 ) VIAF : 61745184 LCCN : n2008010753 ISNI : 0000 0001 2135 9045 GND : 1013307577 SUDOC : 079558453 BNF : cb140240243 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 7fb3e852 - c1d3 - 4533 - 9140 - 86c7a25c76be BNE : XX1296461 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Lee_(actor)&oldid=815453976 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people Television producers from California American skateboarders American male voice actors American male film actors American male television actors American male video game actors Former Scientologists Male actors from Orange County , California Sportspeople from Orange County , California Male actors from Santa Ana , California Independent Spirit Award winners 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hCards All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 22 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played earl in my name is earl
[ "Jason Michael Lee (born April 25, 1970) is an American actor, producer and skateboarder. He is best known for his roles as Earl Hickey in the television comedy series My Name Is Earl, David Seville in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film franchise and the voice of Syndrome in The Incredibles. He is also known for his roles in Kevin Smith films such as Mallrats, Chasing Amy, Dogma, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Jersey Girl, Clerks II and Cop Out. A skateboard enthusiast, Lee is the co-founder and co-owner of Stereo Skateboards, a company that manufactures skateboard decks." ]
[ "Jason Michael Lee" ]
6536367741245969607
Keala Settle
Keala Settle - wikipedia Keala Settle Keala Settle Settle at The Greatest Showman premiere in Japan on 13 February 2018 Keala Joan Settle ( 1975 - 11 - 05 ) November 5 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Laie , Oahu , Hawaii , US Occupation Actress singer Years active 2002 -- present Keala Joan Settle ( born November 5 , 1975 ) is an American actress and singer . Settle originated the role of Norma Valverde in Hands on a Hardbody , which ran on Broadway in 2013 , and was nominated for the Outer Critics Circle Award , Drama Desk Award , and Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical . In 2017 , she portrayed Lettie Lutz , a bearded lady , in the musical film The Greatest Showman . The song `` This Is Me '' from the film , principally sung by Settle , won the 2018 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Contents 1 Personal life 2 Career 2.1 Broadway 2.2 Other work 3 Filmography 4 Discography 4.1 Soundtrack albums 4.2 Extended plays 4.3 Singles 4.4 Other charted songs 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Personal life ( edit ) Settle was born in Hawaii , the eldest of five children of Susanne ( née Riwai ) , who is of Māori descent from New Zealand , and British - born David Settle . She is a graduate of Kahuku High School ( class of 1993 ) , and an alumna of Southern Utah University . Career ( edit ) Broadway ( edit ) Settle made her Broadway debut in 2011 in Priscilla , Queen of the Desert as Shirley and in the ensemble . Settle originated the role of Norma Valverde in Hands on a Hardbody , a musical which ran briefly on Broadway in 2013 , and is based on the 1997 documentary about real people competing to win a new truck . The TheatreMania reviewer wrote : `` Settle , as Norma , steals every scene she 's in . The spectacularly bizarre lead - in to her big number , ' Joy of the Lord , ' is more difficult to pull off than most Shakespearean monologues , and her solo vocals reveal a soulful , oversized gospel range that drives the Holy Spirit straight to the back of the theater . When she tearfully realizes what her faith in God may have wrought , it stings like a chigger bite . Settle 's touching performance should go on the shortlist for every Best Featured Actress prize in town . '' For this role , Settle was nominated for the Outer Critics Circle , Drama Desk , and Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical . Additionally , she was awarded the Theatre World Award for Outstanding Broadway or Off - Broadway debut performance during the 2012 - 13 theatrical season . Settle played the role of Madame Thenardier in the revival of Les Misérables , starting in March 2014 , and ending on March 1 , 2015 . Settle originated the role of Becky in the musical Waitress , which opened on Broadway on April 24 , 2016 , at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre after premiering at the American Repertory Theater in August 2015 . Other work ( edit ) Settle played the role of Tracy Turnblad in the national tour of Hairspray . In the review of the tour stop at the Kennedy Center in 2005 , the Washington Post reviewer wrote : `` As for Settle , she is a fine Tracy , even if she looks too old for graduate school , let alone high school . '' She appeared in the national tour of the Lincoln Center production of South Pacific as Bloody Mary , starting in 2009 . The reviewer for the Pioneer Press , Massachusetts , wrote : `` Better cast is Keala Settle , who plays the conniving Tonkinese trader lady Bloody Mary with a rolling gait , the venom of viper and -- buried deeply but achingly visible in strategic moments -- the maternal fierceness of a lioness . '' In November through December 2012 , Settle played the role of Mrs. Fezziwig in the Pioneer Theatre Company ( Salt Lake City ) production of the musical A Christmas Carol . She played the role of the Narrator in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat at the Ogunquit Playhouse , Ogunquit , Maine from July 31 to August 25 , 2013 . Settle performed in the Encores ! concert staging of Violet on July 17 , 2013 with Sutton Foster , but did not move on to the Broadway revival due to taking the role Madame Thénardier in the revival of Les Misérables ; she was replaced in Violet by Annie Golden . Settle discussed her career path , noting that `` ... I really am not a musical theatre performer . I 'm more an R&B singer and have been doing that my whole life . My mother is -- well , was -- also an R&B singer , in New Zealand ... I was too busy wanting to sing backup or doing studio work singing chorus stuff , and singing backup for Gladys Knight in Vegas . '' Further , after her run in Hairspray , she stated that she `` ... did n't know how to live in that world ... '' and so for several years worked backstage with designers until she was cast in South Pacific . In 2017 , Settle portrayed Lettie Lutz , a bearded lady , in the biographical musical drama film The Greatest Showman , alongside Hugh Jackman , Zac Efron , and Zendaya . The song `` This Is Me '' from the film , principally sung by Settle , won the 2018 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . On December 22 , 2017 , she released an extended play entitled Chapter One . In 2018 , she was featured in `` Forbidden '' , the newest Todrick Hall visual album , especially in the song called `` Forbidden '' , a song against homophobia . Filmography ( edit ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Discography ( edit ) Soundtrack albums ( edit ) List of albums , with selected chart positions and certifications Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications US AUS CAN GER IRL JAP NZ KOR UK The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released : December 8 , 2017 Label : Atlantic Records Format : CD , Digital download 5 17 RIAA : Platinum BPI : 3 × Platinum ARIA : Platinum MC : Gold RIAJ : Gold RMNZ : Platinum Extended plays ( edit ) Chapter One ( 2017 ) Singles ( edit ) List of singles , with selected chart positions and certifications , showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US AUS CAN FRA GER IRL JAP NZ KOR UK `` This Is Me '' ( with The Greatest Showman Ensemble ) 2017 58 10 74 52 55 11 17 13 9 RIAA : Gold ARIA : 2 × Platinum RMNZ : Gold BPI : Platinum MC : Gold The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Other charted songs ( edit ) List of songs , with selected chart positions , showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US AUS IRE FRA NZ UK `` The Greatest Show '' ( with Zac Efron , Hugh Jackman , Zendaya and The Greatest Showman Ensemble ) 2017 88 42 34 110 -- 20 RIAA : Gold ARIA : Gold BPI : Platinum The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Come Alive '' ( with Hugh Jackman , Zendaya and Daniel Everidge ) -- -- 70 -- -- 55 BPI : Silver Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Show '' did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart , but peaked at number 3 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Come Alive '' did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 , but peaked at No. 21 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . Jump up ^ `` Come Alive '' did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart , but peaked at number 8 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Southern Utah University alum Keala Settle earns Tony nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Musical '' Salt Lake Tribune , April 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) artandseek.net ^ Jump up to : Champion , Lindsay . `` Broadway Buzz . Hands on a Hardbody Showstopper Keala Settle on Growing Up Barefoot ... '' broadway.com , March 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ Burkitt , Bree . `` The greatest show woman : SUU alum Keala Settle finds success on screen and stage '' The Spectrum , January 10 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ' Priscilla Queen of the Desert ' Listing ' '' ibdb , accessed May 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Kaye , Kimberly. `` Review . ' Hands on a Hardbody ' '' theatermania.com , March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2013 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Outer Critics Circle Nominees Announced ; Pippin Earns 11 Nominations '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Nominations Announced for 58th Annual Drama Desk Awards ; Giant and Hands on a Hardbody Lead the Pack '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Awards 2013 nominees : Complete list '' . Los Angeles Times . 2013 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Buzz . Keala Settle Popped the Champagne on Nomination Morning '' broadway.com Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Tom Hanks , Bertie Carvel , Valisia LeKae , Rob McClure and More Are Theatre World Award Winners '' Archived 2013 - 06 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , May 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ Playbill Staff . `` Beyond the Barricades : ' Les Misérables ' Thénardier and Madame Thénardier '' Playbill , March 18 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` Caissie Levy , Andy Mientus , Keala Settle , Cliff Saunders and Kyle Scatliffe Take Final Bows in ' Les Misérables ' '' Playbill , March 1 , 2015 Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` ' Bullets Over Broadway ' Star Nick Cordero Joins Cast of Broadway - Bound ' Waitress ' '' Playbill , January 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Marks , Peter . Mostly , ' Hairspray ' Holds Up Well '' washingtonpost.com , July 18 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` People , Keala Settle '' broadwayworld.com Jump up ^ Blank , Matthew . `` PHOTO CALL : ' South Pacific ' Tour Begins Rehearsal '' playbill.com , August 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ Papatola , Dominic P. `` Theater review : ' South Pacific ' is very nearly an enchanted evening '' thetranscript.com , May 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` Alan Menken and Lynn Ahrens ' ' Christmas Carol ' , With Kevin Earley , Laura Hall , Opens Nov. 30 in Salt Lake City '' playbill.com , November 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Clay Aiken and Keala Settle Star in Ogunquit 's ' Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ' , Beginning July 31 '' playbill.com , July 31 , 2013 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Sutton Foster , Joshua Henry , Van Hughes , Keala Settle , Christopher Sieber Star in One - Night - Only ' Violet ' July 17 '' Archived 2013 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , July 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` DIVA TALK : A Chat With ' Hands on a Hardbody ' Star Keala Settle '' Playbill , March 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Songwriters Benj Pasek & Justin Paul On The Revitalization Of The Original Hollywood Musical '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Chapter One itunes.apple.com , December 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith . `` ' The Greatest Showman ' Soundtrack Hits No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' billboard.com , January 7 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ' The Greatest Showman ' '' australian-charts.com Jump up ^ `` Canadian Albums billboard.com Jump up ^ `` Album Details '' offiziellecharts.de Jump up ^ `` IRMA - Irish Charts '' . www.irma.ie . Jump up ^ `` 2018 年 02 月 26 日 ~ 2018 年 03 月 04 日 オリコン 週間 CD アルバム ランキング '' . oricon.co.jp . Jump up ^ https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4449 Jump up ^ `` 국내 대표 음악 차트 가온 차트 ! '' . gaonchart.co.kr . Jump up ^ `` the greatest showman full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . officialcharts.com . ^ Jump up to : riaa.com ^ Jump up to : `` BPI Awards '' bpi.co.uk Jump up ^ `` Albums Chart '' ariacharts.com.au Jump up ^ `` Gold / Platinum - Music Canada '' . musiccanada.com . Jump up ^ http://www.riaj.or.jp/f/data/cert/gd.html Jump up ^ `` Albums Chart '' nztop40.co.nz Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` australian-charts.com - Australian charts portal '' . www.australian-charts.com . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Music : Top 100 Songs Chart '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` lescharts.com - Les charts français '' . www.lescharts.com . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts '' . www.offiziellecharts.de . Jump up ^ `` IRMA - Irish Charts '' . www.irma.ie . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot 100 Charts Billboard JAPAN '' . billboard-japan.com . Jump up ^ https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4453 Jump up ^ `` Gaon Download Chart -- Issue date : 2017.12. 24 -- 2017.12. 30 '' Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Jump up ^ http://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/singles-chart Jump up ^ https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4457 Jump up ^ https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=This+Is+Me%20Keala+Settle Jump up ^ http://australian-charts.com/search.asp?search=Keala+Settle&cat=s Jump up ^ http://www.irma.ie/#chartTab1 ( NOTE : Respective dates need to be searched ) Jump up ^ http://lescharts.com/search.asp?search=Keala+Settle&cat=s Jump up ^ http://charts.org.nz/search.asp?search=Keala+Settle&cat=s Jump up ^ `` JACKMAN / SETTLE / EFRON / ZENDAYA full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/52837/hugh-jackman-greatest-showman/ ^ Jump up to : `` NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Greatest Showman Ensemble '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ http://www.aria.com.au/pages/SinglesAccreds2018.htm ^ Jump up to : `` BPI Awards - bpi '' ( To access , enter the search parameter `` Zendaya '' and select `` Search by Keyword '' ) . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Keala Settle on IMDb Keala Settle at the Internet Broadway Database VIAF : 305857145 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keala_Settle&oldid=854741665 '' Categories : American stage actresses Living people 1975 births New Zealand stage actresses Actresses from Hawaii People from Laie American people of New Zealand descent American people of Māori descent American people of British descent Southern Utah University alumni 21st - century American actresses American film actresses American Latter Day Saints American television actresses Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 13 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who played the bearded lady on the greatest showman
[ "Keala Joan Settle (born November 5, 1975) is an American actress and singer. Settle originated the role of Norma Valverde in Hands on a Hardbody, which ran on Broadway in 2013, and was nominated for the Outer Critics Circle Award, Drama Desk Award, and Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. In 2017, she portrayed Lettie Lutz, a bearded lady, in the musical film The Greatest Showman. The song \"This Is Me\" from the film, principally sung by Settle, won the 2018 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song.\n" ]
[ "Keala Joan Settle" ]
213024481255430358
Franz Boas
Franz Boas - wikipedia Franz Boas Jump to : navigation , search Franz Boas ( 1858 - 07 - 09 ) July 9 , 1858 Minden , Westphalia , Germany December 21 , 1942 ( 1942 - 12 - 21 ) ( aged 84 ) New York , U.S. Education Ph. D. in Physics , University of Kiel ( 1881 ) Alma mater University of Heidelberg University of Bonn University of Kiel Occupation Anthropologist Spouse ( s ) Marie Krackowizer Boas ( 1861 -- 1929 ) Children Helene Boas Yampolsky ( 1888 -- 1963 ) Ernst Philip Boas ( 1891 -- 1955 ) Hedwig Boas ( 1893 / 94 ) Gertrud Boas ( 1897 -- 1924 ) Henry Herbert Donaldson Boas ( 1899 -- 1925 ) Marie Franziska Boas ( 1902 -- 1988 ) Parent ( s ) Meier Boas ( 1823 -- 1899 ) , Sophie Meyer Boas ( 1828 -- 1916 ) Signature Anthropology Outline History Types ( show ) Archaeological Biological Cultural Linguistic Social Archaeological ( show ) Aerial Aviation Battlefield Biblical Bioarchaeological Environmental Ethnoarchaeological Feminist Forensic Maritime Paleoethnobotanical Zooarchaeological Biological ( show ) Anthrozoological Biocultural Evolutionary Forensic Molecular Neurological Nutritional Palaeoanthropological Primatological Social Cultural ( show ) Applied Art Cognitive Cyborg Development Digital Ecological Environmental Economic Political economy Historical Feminist Institutional Kinship Legal Media Medical Museums Musical Political Psychological Public Religion Symbolic Transpersonal Urban Visual Linguistic ( show ) Anthropological Descriptive Ethnological Ethnopoetical Historical Semiotic Sociological Research framework ( show ) Anthropometry Ethnography ( online ) Ethnology Cross-cultural comparison Participant observation Holism Reflexivity Thick description Cultural relativism Ethnocentrism Emic and etic Key concepts ( show ) Culture Development Ethnicity Evolution ( sociocultural ) Gender Kinship and descent Meme Prehistory Race Society Value Colonialism / Postcolonialism Key theories ( show ) Actor -- network theory Alliance theory Cross-cultural studies Cultural materialism Culture theory Diffusionism Feminism Historical particularism Boasian anthropology Functionalism Interpretive Performance studies Political economy Practice theory Structuralism Post-structuralism Systems theory Lists ( show ) Anthropologists by nationality Anthropology by year Bibliography Journals List of indigenous peoples Organizations Anthropology portal Franz Uri Boas ( / ˈfrɑːnz ˈboʊ. æz / ; German : ( ˈboːas ) ; July 9 , 1858 -- December 21 , 1942 ) was a German - American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the `` Father of American Anthropology '' . His work is associated with the movement of anthropological historicism . Studying in Germany , Boas was awarded a doctorate in 1881 in physics while also studying geography . He then participated in a geographical expedition to northern Canada , where he became fascinated with the culture and language of the Baffin Island Inuit . He went on to do field work with the indigenous cultures and languages of the Pacific Northwest . In 1887 he emigrated to the United States , where he first worked as a museum curator at the Smithsonian , and in 1899 became professor of anthropology at Columbia University , where he remained for the rest of his career . Through his students , many of whom went on to found anthropology departments and research programmes inspired by their mentor , Boas profoundly influenced the development of American anthropology . Among his most significant students were Manuel Gamio , A.L. Kroeber , Ruth Benedict , Edward Sapir , Margaret Mead , Melville Herskovits , Anita Brenner , and Zora Neale Hurston . Boas was one of the most prominent opponents of the then popular ideologies of scientific racism , the idea that race is a biological concept and that human behavior is best understood through the typology of biological characteristics . In a series of groundbreaking studies of skeletal anatomy he showed that cranial shape and size was highly malleable depending on environmental factors such as health and nutrition , in contrast to the claims by racial anthropologists of the day that held head shape to be a stable racial trait . Boas also worked to demonstrate that differences in human behavior are not primarily determined by innate biological dispositions , but are largely the result of cultural differences acquired through social learning . In this way , Boas introduced culture as the primary concept for describing differences in behavior between human groups , and as the central analytical concept of anthropology . Among Boas 's main contributions to anthropological thought was his rejection of the then popular evolutionary approaches to the study of culture , which saw all societies progressing through a set of hierarchic technological and cultural stages , with Western European culture at the summit . Boas argued that culture developed historically through the interactions of groups of people and the diffusion of ideas , and that consequently there was no process towards continuously `` higher '' cultural forms . This insight led Boas to reject the `` stage '' - based organization of ethnological museums , instead preferring to order items on display based on the affinity and proximity of the cultural groups in question . Boas also introduced the ideology of cultural relativism , which holds that cultures can not be objectively ranked as higher or lower , or better or more correct , but that all humans see the world through the lens of their own culture , and judge it according to their own culturally acquired norms . For Boas the object of anthropology was to understand the way in which culture conditioned people to understand and interact with the world in different ways , and to do this it was necessary to gain an understanding of the language and cultural practices of the people studied . By uniting the disciplines of archaeology , the study of material culture and history , and physical anthropology , the study of variation in human anatomy , with ethnology , the study of cultural variation of customs , and descriptive linguistics , the study of unwritten indigenous languages , Boas created the four field subdivision of anthropology which became prominent in American anthropology in the 20th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Post-graduate studies 3 World 's Columbian Exposition 4 Fin de Siècle debates 4.1 Science versus history 4.2 Orthogenetic versus Darwinian evolution 5 Early career : museum studies 5.1 Minik Wallace 6 Later career : academic anthropology 6.1 Physical anthropology 6.2 Linguistics 6.3 Cultural anthropology 7 Franz Boas and folklore 8 Scientist as activist 9 Students and influence 10 Legacy 11 Leadership roles and honors 12 Sources / further reading 12.1 Writings by Boas 12.2 Writings on Boas and Boasian anthropology 12.3 Boas , anthropology , and Jewish identity 13 References 14 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Boas ' dissertation : Beiträge zur Erkenntniss der Farbe des Wassers ( Faculty of Philosophy , University of Kiel 1881 ) Franz Boas was born in Minden , Westphalia . Although his grandparents were observant Jews , his parents embraced Enlightenment values , including their assimilation into modern German society . Boas 's parents were educated , well - to - do , and liberal ; they did not like dogma of any kind . Due to this , Boas was granted the independence to think for himself and pursue his own interests . Early in life he displayed a penchant for both nature and natural sciences . Boas vocally opposed anti-Semitism and refused to convert to Christianity , but he did not identify himself as a Jew ; . This is disputed however by Ruth Bunzel , a protégée of Boas , who called Boas `` the essential protestant '' . According to his biographer , `` He was an ' ethnic ' German , preserving and promoting German culture and values in America . '' In an autobiographical sketch , Boas wrote : The background of my early thinking was a German home in which the ideals of the revolution of 1848 were a living force . My father , liberal , but not active in public affairs ; my mother , idealistic , with a lively interest in public matters ; the founder about 1854 of the kindergarten in my home town , devoted to science . My parents had broken through the shackles of dogma . My father had retained an emotional affection for the ceremonial of his parental home , without allowing it to influence his intellectual freedom . From kindergarten on , Boas was educated in natural history , a subject he enjoyed . In gymnasium , he was most proud of his research on the geographic distribution of plants . When he started his university studies , Boas first attended Heidelberg University for a semester followed by four terms at Bonn University , studying physics , geography , and mathematics at these schools . In 1879 , he hoped to transfer to Berlin University to study physics under Hermann von Helmholtz , but ended up transferring to the University of Kiel instead due to family reasons . At Kiel , Boas studied under Theobald Fischer and received a doctorate in physics in 1881 for his dissertation entitled `` Contributions to the Understanding of the Color of Water , '' which examined the absorption , reflection , and the polarization of light in seawater . Although technically Boas ' doctorate degree was in physics , his advisor Fischer , a student of Carl Ritter , was primarily a geographer and thus some biographers view Boas as more of a geographer than a physicist at this stage . The combination of physics and geography also may have been accomplished through a major in physics and a minor in geography . For his part Boas self - identified as a geographer by this time , prompting his sister , Toni , to write in 1883 `` After long years of infidelity , my brother was re-conquered by geography , the first love of his boyhood . '' In his dissertation research , Boas ' methodology included investigating how different intensities of light created different colors when interacting with different types of water , however he encountered difficulty in being able to objectively perceive slight differences in the color of water and as a result became intrigued by this problem of perception and its influence on quantitative measurements . Boas , due to tone deafness , encountered difficulties studying tonal languages such as Laguna . Boas had already been interested in Kantian philosophy since taking a course on aesthetics with Kuno Fischer at Heidelberg . These factors led Boas to consider pursuing research in psychophysics , which explores the relationship between the psychological and the physical , after completing his doctorate , but he had no training in psychology . Boas did publish six articles on psychophysics during his year of military service ( 1882 - 1883 ) , but ultimately he decided to focus on geography , primarily so he could receive sponsorship for his planned Baffin Island expedition . Post-graduate studies ( edit ) Boas took up geography as a way to explore his growing interest in the relationship between subjective experience and the objective world . At the time , German geographers were divided over the causes of cultural variation . Many argued that the physical environment was the principal determining factor , but others ( notably Friedrich Ratzel ) argued that the diffusion of ideas through human migration is more important . In 1883 , encouraged by Theobald Fischer , Boas went to Baffin Island to conduct geographic research on the impact of the physical environment on native Inuit migrations . The first of many ethnographic field trips , Boas culled his notes to write his first monograph titled The Central Eskimo , which was published in 1888 in the 6th Annual Report from the Bureau of American Ethnology . Boas lived and worked closely with the Inuit peoples on Baffin Island , and he developed an abiding interest in the way people lived . In the perpetual darkness of the Arctic winter , Boas reported , he and his traveling companion became lost and were forced to keep sledding for twenty - six hours through ice , soft snow , and temperatures that dropped below − 46 ° C. The following day , Boas penciled in his diary , `` I often ask myself what advantages our ' good society ' possesses over that of the ' savages ' and find , the more I see of their customs , that we have no right to look down upon them ... We have no right to blame them for their forms and superstitions which may seem ridiculous to us . We ' highly educated people ' are much worse , relatively speaking ... '' -- Franz Boas to Marie Krackowizer , 23 December 1883 Boas went on to explain in the same entry that `` all service , therefore , which a man can perform for humanity must serve to promote truth . '' Boas was forced to depend on various Inuit groups for everything from directions and food to shelter and companionship . It was a difficult year filled with tremendous hardships that included frequent bouts with disease , mistrust , pestilence , and danger . Boas successfully searched for areas not yet surveyed and found unique ethnographic objects , but the long winter and the lonely treks across perilous terrain forced him to search his soul to find a direction for his life as a scientist and a citizen . Boas 's interest in indigenous communities grew as he worked at the Royal Ethnological Museum in Berlin , where he was introduced to members of the Nuxalk Nation of British Columbia , which sparked a lifelong relationship with the First Nations of the Pacific Northwest . He returned to Berlin to complete his studies . In 1886 , Boas defended ( with Helmholtz 's support ) his habilitation thesis , Baffin Land , and was named privatdozent in geography . While on Baffin Island he began to develop his interest in studying non-Western cultures ( resulting in his book , The Central Eskimo , published in 1888 ) . In 1885 , Boas went to work with physical anthropologist Rudolf Virchow and ethnologist Adolf Bastian at the Royal Ethnological Museum in Berlin . Boas had studied anatomy with Virchow two years earlier , while preparing for the Baffin Island expedition . At the time , Virchow was involved in a vociferous debate over evolution with his former student , Ernst Haeckel . Haeckel had abandoned his medical practice to study comparative anatomy after reading Charles Darwin 's The Origin of Species , and vigorously promoted Darwin 's ideas in Germany . However , like most other natural scientists prior to the rediscovery of Mendelian genetics in 1900 and the development of the modern synthesis , Virchow felt that Darwin 's theories were weak because they lacked a theory of cellular mutability . Accordingly , Virchow favored Lamarckian models of evolution . This debate resonated with debates among geographers . Lamarckians believed that environmental forces could precipitate rapid and enduring changes in organisms that had no inherited source ; thus , Lamarckians and environmental determinists often found themselves on the same side of debates . But Boas worked more closely with Bastian , who was noted for his antipathy to environmental determinism . Instead , he argued for the `` psychic unity of mankind '' , a belief that all humans had the same intellectual capacity , and that all cultures were based on the same basic mental principles . Variations in custom and belief , he argued , were the products of historical accidents . This view resonated with Boas 's experiences on Baffin Island , and drew him towards anthropology . While at the Royal Ethnological Museum Boas became interested in the Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest , and after defending his habilitation thesis , he left for a three - month trip to British Columbia via New York . In January 1887 , he was offered a job as assistant editor of the journal Science . Alienated by growing antisemitism and nationalism as well as the very limited academic opportunities for a geographer in Germany , Boas decided to stay in the United States . Possibly he received additional motivation for this decision from his romance with Marie Krackowizer , whom he married in the same year . Aside from his editorial work at Science , Boas secured an appointment as docent in anthropology at Clark University , in 1888 . Boas was concerned about university president G. Stanley Hall 's interference in his research , yet in 1889 he was appointed as the head of a newly created department of anthropology at Clark University . In the early 1890s , he went on a series of expeditions which were referred to as the Morris K. Jesup Expedition . The primary goal of these expeditions was to illuminate Asiatic - American relations . In 1892 Boas , along with another member of the Clark faculty , resigned in protest of the alleged infringement by Hall on academic freedom . World 's Columbian Exposition ( edit ) Main article : World 's Columbian Exposition Anthropologist Frederic Ward Putnam , director and curator of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University , who had been appointed as head of the Department of Ethnology and Archeology for the Chicago Fair in 1892 , chose Boas as his first assistant at Chicago to prepare for the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition or Chicago World 's Fair , the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas . Boas had a chance to apply his approach to exhibits . Boas directed a team of about one hundred assistants , mandated to create anthropology and ethnology exhibits on the Indians of North America and South America that were living at the time Christopher Columbus arrived in America while searching for India . Putnam intended the World 's Columbian Exposition to be a celebration of Columbus ' voyage . Putnam argued that showing late nineteenth century Inuit and First Nations ( then called Eskimo and Indians ) `` in their natural conditions of life '' would provide a contrast and celebrate the four centuries of Western accomplishments since 1493 . Franz Boas traveled north to gather ethnographic material for the Exposition . Boas had intended public science in creating exhibitions for the Exposition where visitors to the Midway could learn about other cultures . Boas arranged for fourteen Kwakiutl aboriginals from British Columbia to come and reside in a mock Kwakiutl village , where they could perform their daily tasks in context . Inuit were there with 12 ' long whips made of sealskin , wearing sealskin clothing and showing how adept they were in sealskin kayaks . His experience with the Exposition provided the first of a series of shocks to Franz Boas ' faith in public anthropology . The visitors were not there to be educated . By 1916 , Boas had come to recognize with a certain resignation that `` the number of people in our country who are willing and able to enter into the modes of thought of other nations is altogether too small ... The American who is cognizant only of his own standpoint sets himself up as arbiter of the world . '' After the exposition , the ethnographic material collected formed the basis of the newly created Field Museum in Chicago with Boas as the curator of anthropology . He worked there until 1894 , when he was replaced ( against his will ) by BAE archeologist William Henry Holmes . In 1896 , Boas was appointed Assistant Curator of Ethnology and Somatology of the American Museum of Natural History under Putnam . In 1897 , he organized the Jesup North Pacific Expedition , a five - year - long field - study of the natives of the Pacific Northwest , whose ancestors had migrated across the Bering Strait from Siberia . He attempted to organize exhibits along contextual , rather than evolutionary , lines . He also developed a research program in line with his curatorial goals : describing his instructions to his students in terms of widening contexts of interpretation within a society , he explained that `` ... they get the specimens ; they get explanations of the specimens ; they get connected texts that partly refer to the specimens and partly to abstract things concerning the people ; and they get grammatical information '' . These widening contexts of interpretation were abstracted into one context , the context in which the specimens , or assemblages of specimens , would be displayed : `` ... we want a collection arranged according to tribes , in order to teach the particular style of each group '' . His approach , however , brought him into conflict with the President of the Museum , Morris Jesup , and its director , Hermon Bumpus . By 1900 Boas had begun to retreat from American museum anthropology as a tool of education or reform ( Hinsley 1992 : 361 ) . He resigned in 1905 , never to work for a museum again . Fin de siècle debates ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Science versus history ( edit ) Some scholars , like Boas 's student Alfred Kroeber , believed that Boas used his research in physics as a model for his work in anthropology . Many others , however -- including Boas 's student Alexander Lesser , and later researchers such as Marian W. Smith , Herbert S. Lewis , and Matti Bunzl -- have pointed out that Boas explicitly rejected physics in favor of history as a model for his anthropological research . This distinction between science and history has its origins in 19th - century German academe , which distinguished between Naturwissenschaften ( the sciences ) and Geisteswissenschaften ( the humanities ) , or between Gesetzwissenschaften ( the law - giving sciences ) and Geschichtswissenschaften ( history ) . Generally , Naturwissenschaften and Gesetzwissenschaften refer to the study of phenomena that are governed by objective natural laws , while the latter terms in the two oppositions refer to those phenomena that have meaning only in terms of human perception or experience . In 1884 , Kantian philosopher Wilhelm Windelband coined the terms nomothetic and idiographic to describe these two divergent approaches . He observed that most scientists employ some mix of both , but in differing proportions ; he considered physics a perfect example of a nomothetic science , and history , an idiographic science . Moreover , he argued that each approach has its origin in one of the two `` interests '' of reason Kant had identified in the Critique of Judgement -- one `` generalizing '' , the other `` specifying '' . ( Winkelband 's student Heinrich Rickert elaborated on this distinction in The Limits of Concept Formation in Natural Science : A Logical Introduction to the Historical Sciences ; Boas 's students Alfred Kroeber and Edward Sapir relied extensively on this work in defining their own approach to anthropology . ) Although Kant considered these two interests of reason to be objective and universal , the distinction between the natural and human sciences was institutionalized in Germany , through the organization of scholarly research and teaching , following the Enlightenment . In Germany the Enlightenment was dominated by Kant himself , who sought to establish principles based on universal rationality . In reaction to Kant , German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder ( an influence to Boas ) argued that human creativity , which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms , is as important as human rationality . In 1795 , the great linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant 's and Herder 's interests . Humboldt founded the University of Berlin in 1809 , and his work in geography , history , and psychology provided the milieu in which Boas 's intellectual orientation matured . Historians working in the Humboldtian tradition developed ideas that would become central in Boasian anthropology . Leopold von Ranke defined the task of the historian as `` merely to show as it actually was '' , which is a cornerstone of Boas 's empiricism . Wilhelm Dilthey emphasized the centrality of `` understanding '' to human knowledge , and that the lived experience of an historian could provide a basis for an empathic understanding of the situation of an historical actor . For Boas , both values were well - expressed in a quote from Goethe : `` A single action or event is interesting , not because it is explainable , but because it is true . '' The influence of these ideas on Boas is apparent in his 1887 essay , `` The Study of Geography , '' in which he distinguished between physical science , which seeks to discover the laws governing phenomena , and historical science , which seeks a thorough understanding of phenomena on their own terms . Boas argued that geography is and must be historical in this sense . In 1887 , after his Baffin Island expedition , Boas wrote `` The Principles of Ethnological Classification '' , in which he developed this argument in application to anthropology : `` Ethnological phenomena are the result of the physical and psychical character of men , and of its development under the influence of the surroundings ... ' Surroundings ' are the physical conditions of the country , and the sociological phenomena , i.e. , the relation of man to man . Furthermore , the study of the present surroundings is insufficient : the history of the people , the influence of the regions through which it has passed on its migrations , and the people with whom it came into contact , must be considered '' ( Boas and Stocking 1989 ) . This formulation echoes Ratzel 's focus on historical processes of human migration and culture contact , and Bastian 's rejection of environmental determinism . It also emphasizes culture as a context ( `` surroundings '' ) , and the importance of history . These are the hallmarks of Boasian anthropology ( which Marvin Harris would later call `` historical - particularism '' ) , would guide Boas 's research over the next decade , as well as his instructions to future students . ( see Lewis 2001b for an alternative view to Harris ' . ) Although context and history were essential elements to Boas 's understanding of anthropology as Geisteswissenschaften and Geschichtswissenschaften , there is one essential element that Boasian anthropology shares with Naturwissenschaften : empiricism . In 1949 , Boas 's student , Alfred Kroeber summed up the principles of empiricism that define Boasian anthropology as a science : The method of science is to begin with questions , not with answers , least of all with value judgements . Science is dispassionate inquiry and therefore can not take over outright any ideologies `` already formulated in everyday life '' , since these are themselves inevitably traditional and normally tinged with emotional prejudice . Sweeping all - or - none , black - and - white judgements are characteristic of categorical attitudes and have no place in science , whose very nature is inferential and judicious . Orthogenetic versus Darwinian evolution ( edit ) One of the greatest accomplishments of Boas and his students was their critique of theories of physical , social , and cultural evolution current at that time . This critique is central to Boas 's work in museums , as well as his work in all four fields of anthropology . As historian George Stocking noted , however , Boas 's main project was to distinguish between biological and cultural heredity , and to focus on the cultural processes that he believed had the greatest influence over social life . In fact , Boas supported Darwinian theory , although he did not assume that it automatically applied to cultural and historical phenomena ( and indeed was a lifelong opponent of 19th - century theories of cultural evolution , such as those of Lewis H. Morgan and Edward Burnett Tylor ) . The notion of evolution that the Boasians ridiculed and rejected was the then dominant belief in orthogenesis -- a determinate or teleological process of evolution in which change occurs progressively regardless of natural selection . Boas rejected the prevalent theories of social evolution developed by Edward Burnett Tylor , Lewis Henry Morgan , and Herbert Spencer not because he rejected the notion of `` evolution '' per se , but because he rejected orthogenetic notions of evolution in favor of Darwinian evolution . The difference between these prevailing theories of cultural evolution and Darwinian theory can not be overstated : the orthogeneticists argued that all societies progress through the same stages in the same sequence . Thus , although the Inuit with whom Boas worked at Baffin Island , and the Germans with whom he studied as a graduate student , were contemporaries of one another , evolutionists argued that the Inuit were at an earlier stage in their evolution , and Germans at a later stage . This echoed a popular misreading of Darwin that suggested that human beings are descended from chimpanzees . In fact , Darwin argued that chimpanzees and humans are equally evolved . What characterizes Darwinian theory is its attention to the processes by which one species transforms into another ; `` adaptation '' as a key principle in explaining the relationship between a species and its environment ; and `` natural selection '' as a mechanism of change . In contrast , Morgan , Spencer , and Tylor had little to say about the process and mechanics of change . Furthermore , Darwin built up his theory through a careful examination of considerable empirical data . Boasian research revealed that virtually every claim made by cultural evolutionists was contradicted by the data , or reflected a profound misinterpretation of the data . As Boas 's student Robert Lowie remarked , `` Contrary to some misleading statements on the subject , there have been no responsible opponents of evolution as ' scientifically proved ' , though there has been determined hostility to an evolutionary metaphysics that falsifies the established facts '' . In an unpublished lecture , Boas characterized his debt to Darwin thus : Although the idea does not appear quite definitely expressed in Darwin 's discussion of the development of mental powers , it seems quite clear that his main object has been to express his conviction that the mental faculties developed essentially without a purposive end , but they originated as variations , and were continued by natural selection . This idea was also brought out very clearly by Wallace , who emphasized that apparently reasonable activities of man might very well have developed without an actual application of reasoning . Thus , Boas suggested that what appear to be patterns or structures in a culture were not a product of conscious design , but rather the outcome of diverse mechanisms that produce cultural variation ( such as diffusion and independent invention ) , shaped by the social environment in which people live and act . Boas concluded his lecture by acknowledging the importance of Darwin 's work : I hope I may have succeeded in presenting to you , however imperfectly , the currents of thought due to the work of the immortal Darwin which have helped to make anthropology what it is at the present time . ( Boas , 1909 lecture ; see Lewis 2001b . ) Early career : Museum studies ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the late 19th century anthropology in the United States was dominated by the Bureau of American Ethnology , directed by John Wesley Powell , a geologist who favored Lewis Henry Morgan 's theory of cultural evolution . The BAE was housed at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , and the Smithsonian 's curator for ethnology , Otis T. Mason , shared Powell 's commitment to cultural evolution . ( The Peabody Museum at Harvard University was an important , though lesser , center of anthropological research ) . `` Franz Boas posing for figure in US Natural History Museum exhibit entitled `` Hamats'a coming out of secret room '' 1895 or before . Courtesy of National Anthropology Archives . ( Kwakiutl culture ) It was while working on museum collections and exhibitions that Boas formulated his basic approach to culture , which led him to break with museums and seek to establish anthropology as an academic discipline . During this period Boas made five more trips to the Pacific Northwest . His continuing field research led him to think of culture as a local context for human action . His emphasis on local context and history led him to oppose the dominant model at the time , cultural evolution . Boas initially broke with evolutionary theory over the issue of kinship . Lewis Henry Morgan had argued that all human societies move from an initial form of matrilineal organization to patrilineal organization . First Nations groups on the northern coast of British Columbia , like the Tsimshian and Tlingit , were organized into matrilineal clans . First Nations on the southern coast , like the Nootka and the Salish , however , were organized into patrilineal groups . Boas focused on the Kwakiutl , who lived between the two clusters . The Kwakiutl seemed to have a mix of features . Prior to marriage , a man would assume his wife 's father 's name and crest . His children took on these names and crests as well , although his sons would lose them when they got married . Names and crests thus stayed in the mother 's line . At first , Boas -- like Morgan before him -- suggested that the Kwakiutl had been matrilineal like their neighbors to the north , but that they were beginning to evolve patrilineal groups . In 1897 , however , he repudiated himself , and argued that the Kwakiutl were changing from a prior patrilineal organization to a matrilineal one , as they learned about matrilineal principles from their northern neighbors . Boas 's rejection of Morgan 's theories led him , in an 1887 article , to challenge Mason 's principles of museum display . At stake , however , were more basic issues of causality and classification . The evolutionary approach to material culture led museum curators to organize objects on display according to function or level of technological development . Curators assumed that changes in the forms of artefacts reflect some natural process of progressive evolution . Boas , however , felt that the form an artefact took reflected the circumstances under which it was produced and used . Arguing that `` ( t ) hough like causes have like effects , like effects have not like causes '' , Boas realized that even artefacts that were similar in form might have developed in very different contexts , for different reasons . Mason 's museum displays , organized along evolutionary lines , mistakenly juxtapose like effects ; those organized along contextual lines would reveal like causes . Minik Wallace ( edit ) In his capacity as Assistant Curator at the American Museum of Natural History , Franz Boas requested that Arctic explorer Robert E. Peary bring one Inuk from Greenland to New York . Peary obliged and brought six Inuit to New York in 1897 who lived in the basement of the American Museum of Natural History . Four of them died from tuberculosis within a year of arriving in New York , with the exception of one young boy , Minik Wallace . Boas staged a funeral for the father of the boy , and instead of resting the remains in peace , Boas had the remains dissected and placed in the museum . Later Minik Wallace realized that his father 's bones were kept at the museum and requested their return . Boas then no longer worked at the museum , but the museum did not want to return the bones . Minik eventually was able to return to Greenland , but Boas did not help him or pay any attention to the plight of the Inuit whom he had brought to New York . Boas has been widely critiqued for his role in bringing Minik and the five other Inuit to New York , and his disinterest in them once they had served their purpose at the museum . Later career : academic anthropology ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Columbia University library in 1903 Boas was appointed lecturer in physical anthropology at Columbia University in 1896 , and promoted to professor of anthropology in 1899 . However , the various anthropologists teaching at Columbia had been assigned to different departments . When Boas left the Museum of Natural History , he negotiated with Columbia University to consolidate the various professors into one department , of which Boas would take charge . Boas 's program at Columbia became the first Ph. D. program in anthropology in America . During this time Boas played a key role in organizing the American Anthropological Association ( AAA ) as an umbrella organization for the emerging field . Boas originally wanted the AAA to be limited to professional anthropologists , but W. J. McGee ( another geologist who had joined the BAE under Powell 's leadership ) argued that the organization should have an open membership . McGee 's position prevailed and he was elected the organization 's first president in 1902 ; Boas was elected a vice-president , along with Putnam , Powell , and Holmes . At both Columbia and the AAA , Boas encouraged the `` four field '' concept of anthropology ; he personally contributed to physical anthropology , linguistics , archaeology , as well as cultural anthropology . His work in these fields was pioneering : in physical anthropology he led scholars away from static taxonomical classifications of race , to an emphasis on human biology and evolution ; in linguistics he broke through the limitations of classic philology and established some of the central problems in modern linguistics and cognitive anthropology ; in cultural anthropology he ( along with Polish - English anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski ) established the contextualist approach to culture , cultural relativism , and the participant - observation method of fieldwork . The four - field approach understood not merely as bringing together different kinds of anthropologists into one department , but as reconceiving anthropology through the integration of different objects of anthropological research into one overarching object , was one of Boas 's fundamental contributions to the discipline , and came to characterize American anthropology against that of England , France , or Germany . This approach defines as its object the human species as a totality . This focus did not lead Boas to seek to reduce all forms of humanity and human activity to some lowest common denominator ; rather , he understood the essence of the human species to be the tremendous variation in human form and activity ( an approach that parallels Charles Darwin 's approach to species in general ) . In his 1907 essay , `` Anthropology '' , Boas identified two basic questions for anthropologists : `` Why are the tribes and nations of the world different , and how have the present differences developed ? '' Amplifying these questions , he explained the object of anthropological study thus : We do not discuss the anatomical , physiological , and mental characteristics of man considered as an individual ; but we are interested in the diversity of these traits in groups of men found in different geographical areas and in different social classes . It is our task to inquire into the causes that have brought about the observed differentiation , and to investigate the sequence of events that have led to the establishment of the multifarious forms of human life . In other words , we are interested in the anatomical and mental characteristics of men living under the same biological , geographical , and social environment , and as determined by their past . These questions signal a marked break from then - current ideas about human diversity , which assumed that some people have a history , evident in a historical ( or written ) record , while other people , lacking writing , also lack history . For some , this distinction between two different kinds of societies explained the difference between history , sociology , economics and other disciplines that focus on people with writing , and anthropology , which was supposed to focus on people without writing . Boas rejected this distinction between kinds of societies , and this division of labor in the academy . He understood all societies to have a history , and all societies to be proper objects of anthropological society . In order to approach literate and non-literate societies the same way , he emphasized the importance on studying human history through the analysis of other things besides written texts . Thus , in his 1904 article , `` The History of Anthropology '' , Boas wrote that The historical development of the work of anthropologists seems to single out clearly a domain of knowledge that heretofore has not been treated by any other science . It is the biological history of mankind in all its varieties ; linguistics applied to people without written languages ; the ethnology of people without historic records ; and prehistoric archeology . Historians and social theorists in the 18th and 19th centuries had speculated as to the causes of this differentiation , but Boas dismissed these theories , especially the dominant theories of social evolution and cultural evolution as speculative . He endeavored to establish a discipline that would base its claims on rigorous empirical study . One of Boas 's most important books , The Mind of Primitive Man ( 1911 ) , integrated his theories concerning the history and development of cultures and established a program that would dominate American anthropology for the next fifteen years . In this study he established that in any given population , biology , language , material and symbolic culture , are autonomous ; that each is an equally important dimension of human nature , but that no one of these dimensions is reducible to another . In other words , he established that culture does not depend on any independent variables . He emphasized that the biological , linguistic , and cultural traits of any group of people are the product of historical developments involving both cultural and non-cultural forces . He established that cultural plurality is a fundamental feature of humankind , and that the specific cultural environment structures much individual behavior . Boas also presented himself as a role model for the citizen - scientist , who understand that even were the truth pursued as its own end , all knowledge has moral consequences . The Mind of Primitive Man ends with an appeal to humanism : I hope the discussions outlined in these pages have shown that the data of anthropology teach us a greater tolerance of forms of civilization different from our own , that we should learn to look on foreign races with greater sympathy and with a conviction that , as all races have contributed in the past to cultural progress in one way or another , so they will be capable of advancing the interests of mankind if we are only willing to give them a fair opportunity . Physical anthropology ( edit ) Boas 's work in physical anthropology brought together his interest in Darwinian evolution with his interest in migration as a cause of change . His most important research in this field was his study of changes in body form among children of immigrants in New York . Other researchers had already noted differences in height , cranial measurements , and other physical features between Americans and people from different parts of Europe . Many used these differences to argue that there is an innate biological difference between races . Boas 's primary interest -- in symbolic and material culture and in language -- was the study of processes of change ; he therefore set out to determine whether bodily forms are also subject to processes of change . Boas studied 17,821 people , divided into seven ethno - national groups . Boas found that average measures of cranial size of immigrants were significantly different from members of these groups who were born in the United States . Moreover , he discovered that average measures of cranial size of children born within ten years of their mothers ' arrival were significantly different from those of children born more than ten years after their mothers ' arrival . Boas did not deny that physical features such as height or cranial size were inherited ; he did , however , argue that the environment has an influence on these features , which is expressed through change over time . This work was central to his influential argument that differences between races were not immutable . Boas observed : `` The head form , which has always been one of the most stable and permanent characteristics of human races , undergoes far - reaching changes due to the transfer of European races to American soil . The East European Hebrew , who has a very round head , becomes more long - headed ; the South Italian , who in Italy has an exceedingly long head , becomes more short - headed ; so that both approach a uniform type in this country , so far as the head is concerned . '' These findings were radical at the time and continue to be debated . In 2002 , the anthropologists Corey S. Sparks and Richard L. Jantz claimed that differences between children born to the same parents in Europe and America were very small and insignificant , and that there was no detectable effect of exposure to the American environment on the cranial index in children . They argued that their results contradicted Boas 's original findings and demonstrated that they may no longer be used to support arguments of plasticity in cranial morphology . However , Jonathan Marks -- a well - known physical anthropologist and former president of the General Anthropology section of the American Anthropological Association -- has remarked that this revisionist study of Boas 's work `` has the ring of desperation to it ( if not obfuscation ) , and has been quickly rebutted by more mainstream biological anthropology '' . In 2003 anthropologists Clarence C. Gravlee , H. Russell Bernard , and William R. Leonard reanalyzed Boas 's data and concluded that most of Boas 's original findings were correct . Moreover , they applied new statistical , computer - assisted methods to Boas 's data and discovered more evidence for cranial plasticity . In a later publication , Gravlee , Bernard and Leonard reviewed Sparks and Jantz 's analysis . They argue that Sparks and Jantz misrepresented Boas 's claims , and that Sparks 's and Jantz 's data actually support Boas . For example , they point out that Sparks and Jantz look at changes in cranial size in relation to how long an individual has been in the United States in order to test the influence of the environment . Boas , however , looked at changes in cranial size in relation to how long the mother had been in the United States . They argue that Boas 's method is more useful , because the prenatal environment is a crucial developmental factor . A further publication by Jantz based on Gravlee et al. claims that Boas had cherry picked two groups of immigrants ( Sicilians and Hebrews ) which had varied most towards the same mean , and discarded other groups which had varied in the opposite direction . He commented , `` Using the recent reanalysis by Gravlee et al. ( 2003 ) , we can observe in Figure 2 that the maximum difference in cranial index due to immigration ( in Hebrews ) is much smaller than the maximum ethnic difference , between Sicilians and Bohemians . It shows that long headed parents produce long headed offspring and vice versa . To make the argument that children of immigrants converge onto an `` American type '' required Boas to use the two groups that changed the most . '' Although some sociobiologists and evolutionary psychologists have suggested that Boas was opposed to Darwinian evolution , Boas in fact was a committed proponent of Darwinian evolutionary thought . In 1888 , he declared that `` the development of ethnology is largely due to the general recognition of the principle of biological evolution '' ; since Boas 's times , physical anthropologists have established that the human capacity for culture is a product of human evolution . In fact , Boas 's research on changes in body form played an important role in the rise of Darwinian theory . It is crucial to remember that Boas was trained at a time when biologists had no understanding of genetics ; Mendelian genetics became widely known only after 1900 . Prior to that time biologists relied on the measurement of physical traits as empirical data for any theory of evolution . Boas 's biometric studies , however , led him to question the use of this method and kind of data . In a speech to anthropologists in Berlin in 1912 , Boas argued that at best such statistics could only raise biological questions , and not answer them . It was in this context that anthropologists began turning to genetics as a basis for any understanding of biological variation . Linguistics ( edit ) Boas also contributed greatly to the foundation of linguistics as a science in the United States . He published many descriptive studies of Native American languages , and wrote on theoretical difficulties in classifying languages , and laid out a research program for studying the relations between language and culture which his students such as Edward Sapir , Paul Rivet , and Alfred Kroeber followed . His 1889 article `` On Alternating Sounds '' , however , made a singular contribution to the methodology of both linguistics and cultural anthropology . It is a response to a paper presented in 1888 by Daniel Garrison Brinton , at the time a professor of American linguistics and archeology at the University of Pennsylvania . Brinton observed that in the spoken languages of many Native Americans , certain sounds regularly alternated . This is clearly not a function of individual accents ; Brinton was not suggesting that some individuals pronounced certain words differently from others . He was arguing that there were many words that , even when repeated by the same speaker , varied considerably in their vocalization . Using evolutionary theory , Brinton argued that this pervasive inconsistency was a sign of linguistic inferiority , and evidence that Native Americans were at a low stage in their evolution . Boas was familiar with what Brinton was talking about ; he had experienced something similar during his research in Baffin Island and in the Pacific Northwest . Nevertheless , he argued that `` alternating sounds '' is not at all a feature of Native American languages -- indeed , he argued , they do not really exist . Rather than take alternating sounds as objective proof of different stages in cultural evolution , Boas considered them in terms of his longstanding interest in the subjective perception of objective physical phenomena . He also considered his earlier critique of evolutionary museum displays . There , he pointed out that two things ( artefacts of material culture ) that appear to be similar may in fact be quite different . In this article he raises the possibility that two things ( sounds ) that appear to be different may in fact be the same . In short , he shifted attention to the perception of different sounds . Boas begins by raising an empirical question : when people describe one sound in different ways , is it because they can not perceive the difference , or might there be another reason ? He immediately establishes that he is not concerned with cases involving perceptual deficit -- the aural equivalent of color - blindness . He points out that the question of people who describe one sound in different ways is comparable to that of people who describe different sounds in one way . This is crucial for research in descriptive linguistics : when studying a new language , how are we to note the pronunciation of different words ? ( in this point , Boas anticipates and lays the groundwork for the distinction between phonemics and phonetics . ) People may pronounce a word in a variety of ways and still recognize that they are using the same word . The issue , then , is not `` that such sensations are not recognized in their individuality '' ( in other words , people recognize differences in pronunciations ) ; rather , it is that sounds `` are classified according to their similarity '' ( in other words , that people classify a variety of perceived sounds into one category ) . A comparable visual example would involve words for colors . The English word `` green '' can be used to refer to a variety of shades , hues , and tints . But there are some languages that have no word for `` green '' . In such cases , people might classify what we would call `` green '' as either `` yellow '' or `` blue '' . This is not an example of color - blindness -- people can perceive differences in color , but they categorize similar colors in a different way than English speakers . Boas applied these principles to his studies of Inuit languages . Researchers have reported a variety of spellings for a given word . In the past , researchers have interpreted this data in a number of ways -- it could indicate local variations in the pronunciation of a word , or it could indicate different dialects . Boas argues an alternative explanation : that the difference is not in how Inuit pronounce the word , but rather in how English - speaking scholars perceive the pronunciation of the word . It is not that English speakers are physically incapable of perceiving the sound in question ; rather , the phonetic system of English can not accommodate the perceived sound . Although Boas was making a very specific contribution to the methods of descriptive linguistics , his ultimate point is far reaching : observer bias need not be personal , it can be cultural . In other words , the perceptual categories of Western researchers may systematically cause a Westerner to misperceive or to fail to perceive entirely a meaningful element in another culture . As in his critique of Otis Mason 's museum displays , Boas demonstrated that what appeared to be evidence of cultural evolution was really the consequence of unscientific methods , and a reflection of Westerners ' beliefs about their own cultural superiority . This point provides the methodological foundation for Boas 's cultural relativism : elements of a culture are meaningful in that culture 's terms , even if they may be meaningless ( or take on a radically different meaning ) in another culture . Cultural anthropology ( edit ) Main article : Boasian anthropology Drawing of a Kwakiutl mask from Boas 's The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians ( 1897 ) . Wooden skulls hang from below the mask , which represents one of the cannibal bird helpers of Bakbakwalinooksiwey . The essence of Boas 's approach to ethnography is found in his early essay on `` The Study of Geography '' . There he argued for an approach that ... considers every phenomena as worthy of being studied for its own sake . Its mere existence entitles it to a full share of our attention ; and the knowledge of its existence and evolution in space and time fully satisfies the student . When Boas 's student Ruth Benedict gave her presidential address to the American Anthropological Association in 1947 , she reminded anthropologists of the importance of this idiographic stance by quoting literary critic A. C. Bradley : `` We watch ' what is ' , seeing that so it happened and must have happened '' . This orientation led Boas to promote a cultural anthropology characterized by a strong commitment to Empiricism ( with a resulting skepticism of attempts to formulate `` scientific laws '' of culture ) A notion of culture as fluid and dynamic Ethnographic fieldwork , in which the anthropologist resides for an extended period among the people being researched , conducts research in the native language , and collaborates with native researchers , as a method of collecting data , and Cultural relativism as a methodological tool while conducting fieldwork , and as heuristic tool while analyzing data . Boas argued that in order to understand `` what is '' -- in cultural anthropology , the specific cultural traits ( behaviors , beliefs , and symbols ) -- one had to examine them in their local context . He also understood that as people migrate from one place to another , and as the cultural context changes over time , the elements of a culture , and their meanings , will change , which led him to emphasize the importance of local histories for an analysis of cultures . Although other anthropologists at the time , such as Bronisław Malinowski and Alfred Reginald Radcliffe - Brown focused on the study of societies , which they understood to be clearly bounded , Boas 's attention to history , which reveals the extent to which traits diffuse from one place to another , led him to view cultural boundaries as multiple and overlapping , and as highly permeable . Thus , Boas 's student Robert Lowie once described culture as a thing of `` shreds and patches '' . Boas and his students understood that as people try to make sense of their world they seek to integrate its disparate elements , with the result that different cultures could be characterized as having different configurations or patterns . But Boasians also understood that such integration was always in tensions with diffusion , and any appearance of a stable configuration is contingent ( see Bashkow 2004 : 445 ) . During Boas 's lifetime , as today , many Westerners saw a fundamental difference between modern societies , which are characterized by dynamism and individualism , and traditional societies which are stable and homogeneous . Boas 's empirical field research , however , led him to argue against this comparison . For example , his 1903 essay , `` Decorative Designs of Alaskan Needlecases : A History of Conventional Designs , Based on Materials in a U.S. Museum '' , provides another example of how Boas made broad theoretical claims based on a detailed analysis of empirical data . After establishing formal similarities among the needlecases , Boas shows how certain formal features provide a vocabulary out of which individual artisans could create variations in design . Thus , his emphasis on culture as a context for meaningful action made him sensitive to individual variation within a society ( William Henry Holmes suggested a similar point in an 1886 paper , `` Origin and development of form and ornament in ceramic art '' , although unlike Boas he did not develop the ethnographic and theoretical implications ) . In a programmatic essay in 1920 , `` The Methods of Ethnology '' , Boas argued that instead of `` the systematic enumeration of standardized beliefs and customs of a tribe '' , anthropology needs to document `` the way in which the individual reacts to his whole social environment , and to the difference of opinion and of mode of action that occur in primitive society and which are the causes of far - reaching changes '' . Boas argued that attention to individual agency reveals that `` the activities of the individual are determined to a great extent by his social environment , but in turn his own activities influence the society in which he lives , and may bring about modifications in form '' . Consequently , Boas thought of culture as fundamentally dynamic : `` As soon as these methods are applied , primitive society loses the appearance of absolute stability ... All cultural forms rather appear in a constant state of flux ... '' ( see Lewis 2001b ) Having argued against the relevance of the distinction between literate and non-literate societies as a way of defining anthropology 's object of study , Boas argued that non-literate and literate societies should be analyzed in the same way . Nineteenth - century historians had been applying the techniques of philology to reconstruct the histories of , and relationships between , literate societies . In order to apply these methods to non-literate societies , Boas argued that the task of fieldworkers is to produce and collect texts in non-literate societies . This took the form not only of compiling lexicons and grammars of the local language , but of recording myths , folktales , beliefs about social relationships and institutions , and even recipes for local cuisine . In order to do this , Boas relied heavily on the collaboration of literate native ethnographers ( among the Kwakiutl , most often George Hunt ) , and he urged his students to consider such people valuable partners , inferior in their standing in Western society , but superior in their understanding of their own culture . ( see Bunzl 2004 : 438 -- 439 ) Using these methods , Boas published another article in 1920 , in which he revisited his earlier research on Kwakiutl kinship . In the late 1890s Boas had tried to reconstruct transformation in the organization of Kwakiutl clans , by comparing them to the organization of clans in other societies neighboring the Kwakiutl to the north and south . Now , however , he argued against translating the Kwakiutl principle of kin groups into any English word . Instead of trying to fit the Kwakiutl into some larger model , he tried to understand their beliefs and practices in their own terms . For example , whereas he had earlier translated the Kwakiutl word numaym as `` clan '' , he now argued that the word is best understood as referring to a bundle of privileges , for which there is no English word . Men secured claims to these privileges through their parents or wives , and there were a variety of ways these privileges could be acquired , used , and transmitted from one generation to the next . As in his work on alternating sounds , Boas had come to realize that different ethnological interpretations of Kwakiutl kinship were the result of the limitations of Western categories . As in his work on Alaskan needlecases , he now saw variation among Kwakiutl practices as the result of the play between social norms and individual creativity . Before his death in 1942 , he appointed Helen Codere to edit and publish his manuscripts about the culture of the Kwakiutl people . Franz Boas and folklore ( edit ) Franz Boas was an immensely influential figure throughout the development of folklore as a discipline . At first glance , it might seem that his only concern was for the discipline of anthropology -- after all , he fought for most of his life to keep folklore as a part of anthropology . Yet Boas was motivated by his desire to see both anthropology and folklore become more professional and well - respected . Boas was afraid that if folklore was allowed to become its own discipline the standards for folklore scholarship would be lowered . This , combined with the scholarships of `` amateurs '' , would lead folklore to be completely discredited , Boas believed . In order to further professionalize folklore , Boas introduced the strict scientific methods which he learned in college to the discipline . Boas championed the use of exhaustive research , fieldwork , and strict scientific guidelines in folklore scholarship . Boas believed that a true theory could only be formed from thorough research , and that even once you had a theory it should be treated as a `` work in progress '' unless it could be proved beyond doubt . This rigid scientific methodology was eventually accepted as one of the major tenets of folklore scholarship , and Boas 's methods remain in use even today . Boas also nurtured many budding folklorists during his time as a professor , and some of his students are counted among the most notable minds in folklore scholarship . Boas was passionate about the collection of folklore , and believed that the similarity of folktales amongst different folk groups was due to dissemination . Boas strove to prove this theory , and his efforts produced a method for breaking a folktale into parts and then analyzing these parts . His creation of `` catch - words '' allowed for categorization of these parts , and the ability to analyze them in relation to other similar tales . Boas also fought to prove that not all cultures progressed along the same path , and that non-European cultures , in particular , were not primitive , but different . Boas remained active in the development and scholarship of folklore throughout his life . He became the editor of the Journal of American Folklore in 1908 , regularly wrote and published articles on folklore ( often in the Journal of American Folklore ) , and helped to elect Louise Pound as president of the American Folklore Society in 1925 . Scientist as Activist ( edit ) There are two things to which I am devoted : absolute academic and spiritual freedom , and the subordination of the state to the interests of the individual ; expressed in other forms , the furthering of conditions in which the individual can develop to the best of his ability -- as far as it is possible with a full understanding of the fetters imposed upon us by tradition ; and the fight against all forms of power policy of states or private organizations . This means a devotion to principles of true democracy . I object to teaching of slogans intended to befog the mind , of whatever kind they may be . ( letter from Boas to John Dewey , 11 / 6 / 39 ) Boas was known for passionately defending what he believed to be right . During his lifetime ( and often through his work ) , Boas combated racism , berated anthropologists and folklorists who used their work as a cover for espionage , worked to protect German and Austrian scientists who fled the Nazi regime , and openly protested Hitlerism . Many social scientists in other disciplines often agonize over the legitimacy of their work as `` science '' , and consequently emphasize the importance of detachment , objectivity , abstraction , and quantifiability in their work . Perhaps because Boas , like other early anthropologists , was originally trained in the natural sciences , he and his students never expressed such anxiety . Moreover , he did not believe that detachment , objectivity , and quantifiability were required to make anthropology scientific . Since the object of study of anthropologists is different from the object of study of physicists , he assumed that anthropologists would have to employ different methods and different criteria for evaluating their research . Thus , Boas used statistical studies to demonstrate the extent to which variation in data is context - dependent , and argued that the context - dependent nature of human variation rendered many abstractions and generalizations that had been passing as scientific understandings of humankind ( especially theories of social evolution popular at the time ) in fact unscientific . His understanding of ethnographic fieldwork began with the fact that the objects of ethnographic study ( e.g. , the Inuit of Baffin Island ) were not just objects , but subjects , and his research called attention to their creativity and agency . More importantly , he viewed the Inuit as his teachers , thus reversing the typical hierarchical relationship between scientist and object of study . This emphasis on the relationship between anthropologists and those they study -- the point that , while astronomers and stars ; chemists and elements ; botanists and plants are fundamentally different , anthropologists and those they study are equally human -- implied that anthropologists themselves could be objects of anthropological study . Although Boas did not pursue this reversal systematically , his article on alternating sounds illustrates his awareness that scientists should not be confident about their objectivity , because they too see the world through the prism of their culture . This emphasis also led Boas to conclude that anthropologists have an obligation to speak out on social issues . Boas was especially concerned with racial inequality , which his research had indicated is not biological in origin , but rather social . Boas is credited as the first scientist to publish the idea that all people -- including white and African - Americans -- are equal . He often emphasized his abhorrence of racism , and used his work to show that there was no scientific basis for such a bias . An early example of this concern is evident in his 1906 commencement address to Atlanta University , at the invitation of W. E. B. Du Bois . Boas began by remarking that `` If you did accept the view that the present weakness of the American Negro , his uncontrollable emotions , his lack of energy , are racially inherent , your work would still be noble one '' . He then went on , however , to argue against this view . To the claim that European and Asian civilizations are , at the time , more advanced than African societies , Boas objected that against the total history of humankind , the past two thousand years is but a brief span . Moreover , although the technological advances of our early ancestors ( such as taming fire and inventing stone tools ) might seem insignificant when compared to the invention of the steam engine or control over electricity , we should consider that they might actually be even greater accomplishments . Boas then went on to catalogue advances in Africa , such as smelting iron , cultivating millet , and domesticating chickens and cattle , that occurred in Africa well before they spread to Europe and Asia ( evidence now suggests that chickens were first domesticated in Asia ; the original domestication of cattle is under debate ) . He then described the activities of African kings , diplomats , merchants , and artists as evidence of cultural achievement . From this , he concluded , any social inferiority of Negroes in the United States can not be explained by their African origins : If , therefore , it is claimed that your race is doomed to economic inferiority , you may confidently look to the home of your ancestors and say , that you have set out to recover for the colored people the strength that was their own before they set foot on the shores of this continent . You may say that you go to work with bright hopes , and that you will not be discouraged by the slowness of your progress ; for you have to recover not only what has been lost in transplanting the Negro race from its native soil to this continent , but you must reach higher levels than your ancestors ever had attained . Boas proceeds to discuss the arguments for the inferiority of the `` Negro race '' , and calls attention to the fact that they were brought to the Americas through force . For Boas , this is just one example of the many times conquest or colonialism has brought different peoples into an unequal relation , and he mentions `` the conquest of England by the Normans , the Teutonic invasion of Italy , ( and ) the Manchoo conquest of China '' as resulting in similar conditions . But the best example , for Boas , of this phenomenon is that of the Jews in Europe : Even now there lingers in the consciousness of the old , sharper divisions which the ages had not been able to efface , and which is strong enough to find -- not only here and there -- expression as antipathy to the Jewish type . In France , that let down the barriers more than a hundred years ago , the feeling of antipathy is still strong enough to sustain an anti-Jewish political party . Boas 's closing advice is that African - Americans should not look to whites for approval or encouragement , because people in power usually take a very long time to learn to sympathize with people out of power . `` Remember that in every single case in history the process of adaptation has been one of exceeding slowness . Do not look for the impossible , but do not let your path deviate from the quiet and steadfast insistence on full opportunities for your powers . '' Despite Boas 's caveat about the intractability of white prejudice , he also considered it the scientist 's responsibility to argue against white myths of racial purity and racial superiority , and to use the evidence of his research to fight racism . Boas was also critical of one nation imposing its power over others . In 1916 Boas wrote a letter to the New York Times which was published under the headline , `` Why German - Americans Blame America '' . Although Boas did begin the letter by protesting bitter attacks against German - Americans at the time of the war in Europe , most of his letter was a critique of American nationalism . `` In my youth I had been taught in school and at home not only to love the good of my own country , but also to seek to understand and to respect the individualities of other nations . For this reason one - sided nationalism , that is so often found nowadays , is to me unendurable . '' He writes of his love for American ideals of freedom , and of his growing discomfort with American beliefs about its own superiority over others . I have always been of the opinion that we have no right to impose our ideals upon other nations , no matter how strange it may seem to us that they enjoy the kind of life they lead , how slow they may be in utilizing the resources of their countries , or how much opposed their ideals may be to ours ... Our intolerant attitude is most pronounced in regard to what we like to call `` our free institutions . '' Modern democracy was no doubt the most wholesome and needed reaction against the abuses of absolutism and of a selfish , often corrupt , bureaucracy . That the wishes and thoughts of the people should find expression , and that the form of government should conform to these wishis is an axiom that has pervaded the whole Western world , and that is even taking root in the Far East . It is a quite different question , however , in how far the particular machinery of democratic government is identical with democratic institutions ... To claim as we often do , that our solution is the only democratic and the ideal one is a one - sided expression of Americanism . I see no reason why we should not allow the Germans , Austrians , and Russians , or whoever else it may be , to solve their problems in their own ways , instead of demanding that they bestow upon themselves the benefactions of our regime . Although Boas felt that scientists have a responsibility to speak out on social and political problems , he was appalled that they might involve themselves in disingenuous and deceitful ways . Thus , in 1919 , when he discovered that four anthropologists , in the course of their research in other countries , were serving as spies for the American government , he wrote an angry letter to The Nation . It is perhaps in this letter that he most clearly expresses his understanding of his commitment to science : A soldier whose business is murder as a fine art , a diplomat whose calling is based on deception and secretiveness , a politician whose very life consists in compromises with his conscience , a business man whose aim is personal profit within the limits allowed by a lenient law -- such may be excused if they set patriotic deception above common everyday decency and perform services as spies . They merely accept the code of morality to which modern society still conforms . Not so the scientist . The very essence of his life is the service of truth . We all know scientists who in private life do not come up to the standard of truthfulness , but who , nevertheless , would not consciously falsify the results of their researches . It is bad enough if we have to put up with these , because they reveal a lack of strength of character that is liable to distort the results of their work . A person , however , who uses science as a cover for political spying , who demeans himself to pose before a foreign government as an investigator and asks for assistance in his alleged researches in order to carry on , under this cloak , his political machinations , prostitutes science in an unpardonable way and forfeits the right to be classed as a scientist . Although Boas did not name the spies in question , he was referring to a group led by Sylvanus G. Morley , who was affiliated with Harvard University 's Peabody Museum . While conducting research in Mexico , Morley and his colleagues looked for evidence of German submarine bases , and collected intelligence on Mexican political figures and German immigrants in Mexico . Boas 's stance against spying took place in the context of his struggle to establish a new model for academic anthropology at Columbia University . Previously , American anthropology was based at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington and the Peabody Museum at Harvard , and these anthropologists competed with Boas 's students for control over the American Anthropological Association ( and its flagship publication American Anthropologist ) . When the National Academy of Sciences established the National Research Council in 1916 as a means by which scientists could assist the United States government prepare for entry into the war in Europe , competition between the two groups intensified . Boas 's rival , W. H. Holmes ( who had gotten the job of Director at the Field Museum for which Boas had been passed over 26 years earlier ) , was appointed to head the NRC ; Morley was a protégé of Holmes . When Boas 's letter was published , Holmes wrote to a friend complaining about `` the Prussian control of anthropology in this country '' and the need to end Boas 's `` Hun regime '' . Opinion was influenced by anti-German and probably also by anti-Jewish sentiment . The Anthropological Society of Washington passed a resolution condemning Boas 's letter for unjustly criticizing President Wilson ; attacking the principles of American democracy ; and endangering anthropologists abroad , who would now be suspected of being spies ( a charge that was especially insulting , given that his concerns about this very issue were what had prompted Boas to write his letter in the first place ) . This resolution was passed on to the American Anthropological Association ( AAA ) and the National Research Council . Members of the American Anthropological Association ( among whom Boas was a founding member in 1902 ) , meeting at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard ( with which Morley , Lothrop , and Spinden were affiliated ) , voted by 20 to 10 to censure Boas . As a result , Boas resigned as the AAA 's representative to the NRC , although he remained an active member of the AAA . The AAA 's censure of Boas was not rescinded until 2005 . Boas continued to speak out against racism and for intellectual freedom . When the Nazi Party in Germany denounced `` Jewish Science '' ( which included not only Boasian Anthropology but Freudian psychoanalysis and Einsteinian physics ) , Boas responded with a public statement signed by over 8,000 other scientists , declaring that there is only one science , to which race and religion are irrelevant . After World War I , Boas created the Emergency Society for German and Austrian Science . This organization was originally dedicated to fostering friendly relations between American and German and Austrian scientists and for providing research funding to German scientists who had been adversely affected by the war , and to help scientists who had been interned . With the rise of Nazi Germany , Boas assisted German scientists in fleeing the Nazi regime . Boas helped these scientists not only to escape , but to secure positions once they arrived . Additionally , Boas addressed an open letter to Paul von Hindenburg in protest against Hitlerism . Boas , and his students such as Melville J. Herskovits , opposed the racist pseudoscience developed at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology , Human Heredity , and Eugenics under its director Eugen Fischer : `` Melville J. Herskovits ( one of Franz Boas 's students ) pointed out that the health problems and social prejudices encountered by these children ( Rhineland Bastards ) and their parents explained what Germans viewed as racial inferiority was not due to racial heredity . This `` ... provoked polemic invective against the latter ( Boas ) from Fischer . `` The views of Mr. Boas are in part quite ingenious , but in the field of heredity Mr. Boas is by no means competent '' even though `` a great number of research projects at the KWI - A which had picked up on Boas ' studies about immigrants in New York had confirmed his findings -- including the study by Walter Dornfeldt about Eastern European Jews in Berlin . Fischer resorted to polemic simply because he had no arguments to counter the Boasians ' critique . '' Students and influence ( edit ) Franz Boas died of a stroke at the Columbia University Faculty Club on December 21 , 1942 , in the arms of Claude Lévi - Strauss . By that time he had become one of the most influential and respected scientists of his generation . Between 1901 and 1911 , Columbia University produced seven PhDs in anthropology . Although by today 's standards this is a very small number , at the time it was sufficient to establish Boas 's Anthropology Department at Columbia as the preeminent anthropology program in the country . Moreover , many of Boas 's students went on to establish anthropology programs at other major universities . Boas 's first doctoral student at Columbia was Alfred L. Kroeber ( 1901 ) , who , along with fellow Boas student Robert Lowie ( 1908 ) , started the anthropology program at the University of California , Berkeley . He also trained William Jones ( 1904 ) , one of the first Native American Indian anthropologists ( the Fox nation ) who was killed while conducting research in the Philippines in 1909 , and Albert B. Lewis ( 1907 ) . Boas also trained a number of other students who were influential in the development of academic anthropology : Frank Speck ( 1908 ) who trained with Boas but received his PhD. from the University of Pennsylvania and immediately proceeded to found the anthropology department there ; Edward Sapir ( 1909 ) and Fay - Cooper Cole ( 1914 ) who developed the anthropology program at the University of Chicago ; Alexander Goldenweiser ( 1910 ) , who , with Elsie Clews Parsons ( who received her doctorate in sociology from Columbia in 1899 , but then studied ethnology with Boas ) , started the anthropology program at the New School for Social Research ; Leslie Spier ( 1920 ) who started the anthropology program at the University of Washington together with his wife Erna Gunther , also one of Boas 's students , and Melville Herskovits ( 1923 ) who started the anthropology program at Northwestern University . He also trained John R. Swanton ( who studied with Boas at Columbia for two years before receiving his doctorate from Harvard in 1900 ) , Paul Radin ( 1911 ) , Ruth Benedict ( 1923 ) , Gladys Reichard ( 1925 ) who had begun teaching at Barnard College in 1921 and was later promoted to the rank of professor , Ruth Bunzel ( 1929 ) , Alexander Lesser ( 1929 ) , Margaret Mead ( 1929 ) , and Gene Weltfish ( who defended her dissertation in 1929 , although she did not officially graduate until 1950 when Columbia reduced the expenses required to graduate ) , E. Adamson Hoebel ( 1934 ) , Jules Henry ( 1935 ) , Ashley Montagu ( 1938 ) . His students at Columbia also included Mexican anthropologist Manuel Gamio , who earned his M.A. after studying with Boas from 1909 to 1911 , and became the founding director of Mexico 's Bureau of Anthropology in 1917 ; Clark Wissler , who received his doctorate in psychology from Columbia University in 1901 , but proceeded to study anthropology with Boas before turning to research Native Americans ; Esther Schiff , later Goldfrank , worked with Boas in the summers of 1920 to 1922 to conduct research among the Cochiti and Laguna Pueblo Indians in New Mexico ; Gilberto Freyre , who shaped the concept of `` racial democracy '' in Brazil ; Viola Garfield , who carried forth Boas 's Tsimshian work ; Frederica de Laguna , who worked on the Inuit and the Tlingit ; and anthropologist , folklorist and novelist Zora Neale Hurston , who graduated from Barnard College , the women 's college associated with Columbia , in 1928 . Boas and his students were also an influence on Claude Lévi - Strauss , who interacted with Boas and the Boasians during his stay in New York in the 1940s . Several of Boas 's students went on to serve as editors of the American Anthropological Association 's flagship journal , American Anthropologist : John R. Swanton ( 1911 , 1921 -- 1923 ) , Robert Lowie ( 1924 -- 1933 ) , Leslie Spier ( 1934 -- 1938 ) , and Melville Herskovits ( 1950 -- 1952 ) . Edward Sapir 's student John Alden Mason was editor from 1945 to 1949 , and Alfred Kroeber and Robert Lowie 's student , Walter Goldschmidt , was editor from 1956 to 1959 . Most of Boas 's students shared his concern for careful , historical reconstruction , and his antipathy towards speculative , evolutionary models . Moreover , Boas encouraged his students , by example , to criticize themselves as much as others . For example , Boas originally defended the cephalic index ( systematic variations in head form ) as a method for describing hereditary traits , but came to reject his earlier research after further study ; he similarly came to criticize his own early work in Kwakiutl ( Pacific Northwest ) language and mythology . Encouraged by this drive to self - criticism , as well as the Boasian commitment to learn from one 's informants and to let the findings of one 's research shape one 's agenda , Boas 's students quickly diverged from his own research agenda . Several of his students soon attempted to develop theories of the grand sort that Boas typically rejected . Kroeber called his colleagues ' attention to Sigmund Freud and the potential of a union between cultural anthropology and psychoanalysis . Ruth Benedict developed theories of `` culture and personality '' and `` national cultures '' , and Kroeber 's student , Julian Steward developed theories of `` cultural ecology '' and `` multilineal evolution '' . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Boasian anthropology Nevertheless , Boas has had an enduring influence on anthropology . Virtually all anthropologists today accept Boas 's commitment to empiricism and his methodological cultural relativism . Moreover , virtually all cultural anthropologists today share Boas 's commitment to field research involving extended residence , learning the local language , and developing social relationships with informants . Finally , anthropologists continue to honor his critique of racial ideologies . In his 1963 book , Race : The History of an Idea in America , Thomas Gossett wrote that `` It is possible that Boas did more to combat race prejudice than any other person in history . '' Leadership roles and honors ( edit ) 1887 -- Accepted a position as Assistant Editor of Science in New York . 1889 -- Appointed as the head of a newly created department of anthropology . His adjunct was L. Farrand . 1896 -- Became assistant curator at the American Museum of Natural History , under F.W. Putnam . This was combined with a lecturing position at Columbia University . 1900 -- Elected to the National Academy of Sciences in April . 1901 -- Appointed Honorary Philologist of Bureau of American Ethnology . 1908 -- Became editor of The Journal of American Folklore . 1908 -- Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society . 1910 -- Helped create the International School of American Archaeology and Ethnology in Mexico . 1910 -- Elected president of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1917 -- Founded the International Journal of American Linguistics . 1917 -- Edited the Publications of the American Ethnological Society . 1931 -- Elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . 1936 -- Became `` emeritus in residence '' at Columbia University in 1936 . Became `` emeritus '' in 1938 . Sources / further reading ( edit ) Writings by Boas ( edit ) Boas n.d. `` The relation of Darwin to anthropology '' , notes for a lecture ; Boas papers ( B / B61. 5 ) American Philosophical Society , Philadelphia . Published on line with Herbert Lewis 2001b . Boas , Franz ( 1911 ) . The Mind of Primitive Man . ISBN 0 - 313 - 24004 - 3 ( Online version of the 1938 revised edition at the Internet Archive ) Boas , Franz . ( 1911 ) . Handbook of American Indian languages ( Vol. 1 ) . Bureau of American Ethnology , Bulletin 40 . Washington : Government Print Office ( Smithsonian Institution , Bureau of American Ethnology ) . Boas , Franz ( 1912 ) . `` Changes in the Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants '' . American Anthropologist , Vol. 14 , No. 3 , July -- Sept , 1912 . Boas Boas , Franz ( 1912 ) . `` The History of the American Race '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . XXI : 177 -- 183 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1911. tb56933. x . Boas , Franz ( 1917 ) . Folk - tales of Salishan and Sahaptin tribes ( DJVU ) . Washington State Library 's Classics in Washington History collection . Published for the American Folk - Lore Society by G.E. Stechert . Boas , Franz ( 1914 ) . `` Mythology and folk - tales of the North American Indians '' . Journal of American Folklore , Vol. 27 , No. 106 , Oct. - Dec . pp. 374 -- 410 . Boas , Franz ( 1922 ) . `` Report on an Anthropometric Investigation of the Population of the United States '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association , June 1922 . Boas , Franz ( 1906 ) . The Measurement of Differences Between Variable Quantities . New York : The Science Press . ( Online version at the Internet Archive ) Boas , Franz ( 1927 ) . `` The Eruption of Deciduous Teeth Among Hebrew Infants '' . The Journal of Dental Research , Vol . vii , No. 3 , September , 1927 . Boas , Franz ( 1927 ) . Primitive Art . ISBN 0 - 486 - 20025 - 6 Boas , Franz ( 1935 ) . `` The Tempo of Growth of Fraternities '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , Vol. 21 , No. 7 , pp. 413 -- 418 , July , 1935 . Boas , Franz ( 1940 ) . Race , Language , and Culture ISBN 0 - 226 - 06241 - 4 Boas , Franz ( 1945 ) . Race and Democratic Society , New York , Augustin . Stocking , George W. , Jr. , ed. 1974 A Franz Boas Reader : The Shaping of American Anthropology , 1883 -- 1911 ISBN 0 - 226 - 06243 - 0 Boas , Franz ( 1928 ) . Anthropology and Modern Life ( 2004 ed . ) ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0535 - 9 Boas , Franz , edited by Helen Codere ( 1966 ) , Kwakiutl Ethnography , Chicago , Chicago University Press . Boas , Franz ( 2006 ) . Indian Myths & Legends from the North Pacific Coast of America : A Translation of Franz Boas ' 1895 Edition of Indianische Sagen von der Nord - Pacifischen Küste - Amerikas . Vancouver , BC : Talonbooks . ISBN 0 - 88922 - 553 - 2 Writings on Boas and Boasian anthropology ( edit ) Baker , Lee D ( 1994 ) . `` The Location of Franz Boas Within the African American Struggle '' . Critique of Anthropology. 14 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 217 . doi : 10.1177 / 0308275x9401400205 . Baker , Lee D ( 2004 ) . `` Franz Boas Out of the Ivory Tower '' . Anthropological Theory . 4 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 51 . doi : 10.1177 / 1463499604040846 . Bashkow , Ira ( 2004 ) . `` A Neo-Boasian Conception of Cultural Boundaries '' . American Anthropologist. 106 ( 3 ) : 443 -- 458 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 2004.106. 3.443 . Benedict , Ruth ( 1943 ) . `` Franz Boas '' . Science . 97 ( 2507 ) : 60 -- 62 . JSTOR 1670558 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 97.2507. 60 . Boas , Norman F. 2004 . Franz Boas 1858 -- 1942 : An Illustrated Biography ISBN 0 - 9672626 - 2 - 3 Bunzl , Matti ( 2004 ) . `` Boas , Foucault , and the ' Native Anthropologist ' '' . American Anthropologist. 106 ( 3 ) : 435 -- 442 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 2004.106. 3.435 . Cole , Douglas 1999 . Franz Boas : The Early Years , 1858 -- 1906 . ISBN 1 - 55054 - 746 - 1 Darnell , Regna 1998 . And Along Came Boas : Continuity and Revolution in Americanist Anthropology . ISBN 1 - 55619 - 623 - 7 Evans , Brad 2006 . `` Where Was Boas During the Renaissance in Harlem ? Diffusion , Race , and the Culture Paradigm in the History of Anthropology . '' ISBN 0299219208 . Kroeber , Alfred ( 1949 ) . `` An Authoritarian Panacea '' . American Anthropologist. 51 ( 2 ) : 318 -- 320 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1949.51. 2.02 a00210 . Krupnik , Igor ; Müller - Wille , Ludger ( 2010 ) . `` Franz Boas and Inuktitut terminology for ice and snow : from the emergence of the field to the `` great Eskimo vocabulary hoax '' `` . In Igor Krupnik , Claudio Aporta , Shari Gearheard , Gita J. Laidler , Lene Kielsen Holm ( eds . ) . SIKU : knowing our ice : documenting Inuit sea ice knowledge and use . Dordrecht ; London : Springer Netherlands . pp. 377 -- 400 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 8587 - 0_16 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Kuper , Adam . 1988 . The Invention of Primitive Society : Transformations of an Illusion ISBN 0 - 415 - 00903 - 0 Lesser , Alexander 1981 . `` Franz Boas '' in Sydel Silverman , ed . Totems and Teachers : Perspectives on the History of Anthropology ISBN 0 - 231 - 05087 - 9 Lewis , Herbert ( 2001a ) . `` The Passion of Franz Boas '' . American Anthropologist. 103 ( 2 ) : 447 -- 467 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 2001.103. 2.447 . Lewis , Herbert 2001b . `` Boas , Darwin , Science and Anthropology '' in Current Anthropology 42 ( 3 ) : 381 -- 406 ( On line version contains transcription of Boas 's 1909 lecture on Darwin . ) Lewis , Herbert ( 2008 ) . `` Franz Boas : Boon or Bane '' ( Review Essay ) `` . Reviews in Anthropology. 37 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 169 -- 200 . doi : 10.1080 / 00938150802038968 . Lowie , Robert H. `` Franz Boas ( 1858 -- 1942 ) . '' The Journal of American Folklore : Franz Boas Memorial Number . Vol. 57 , No. 223 . January -- March 1944 . Pages 59 -- 64 . The American Folklore Society . JSTOR . Print . Franz Boas ( 1858 -- 1942 ) . Lowie , Robert H. `` Bibliography of Franz Boas in Folklore . '' The Journal of American Folklore : Franz Boas Memorial Number . Vol. 57 , No. 223 . January -- March 1944 . Pages 65 -- 69 . The American Folklore Society . JSTOR . Print . Bibliography of Franz Boas in Folklore . Maud , Ralph . 2000 . Transmission Difficulties : Franz Boas and Tsimshian Mythology . Vancouver , BC : Talonbooks . ISBN 0 - 88922 - 430 - 7 Price , David ( 2000 ) . `` Anthropologists as Spies '' . The Nation. 271 ( 16 ) : 24 -- 27 . Price , David ( 2001 ) . `` ' The Shameful Business ' : Leslie Spier On The Censure Of Franz Boas '' . History of Anthropology Newsletter . XXVII ( 2 ) : 9 -- 12 . Stocking , George W. ; Jr ( 1960 ) . `` Franz Boas and the Founding of the American Anthropological Association '' . American Anthropologist. 62 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1960.62. 1.02 a00010 . Stocking , George W. , Jr. 1968 . Race , Culture , and Evolution : Essays in the History of Anthropology ISBN 0 - 226 - 77494 - 5 Stocking , George W. , Jr. , ed. 1996 . Volksgeist as Method and Ethic : Essays on Boasian Ethnography and the German Anthropological Tradition ISBN 0 - 299 - 14554 - 9 Williams , Vernon J. Jr. 1996 . Rethinking Race : Franz Boas and His Contemporaries . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . Zumwalt , Rosemary Lévy . American Folklore Scholarship : A Dialogue of Dissent . Ed . Alan Dundes . Bloomington and Indianapolis ; Indiana University Press , 1988 . Print . Boas , anthropology , and Jewish Identity ( edit ) Glick , Leonard B ( 1982 ) . `` Types Distinct from Our Own : Franz Boas on Jewish Identity and Assimilation '' . American Anthropologist. 84 ( 3 ) : 545 -- 565 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1982.84. 3.02 a00020 . Frank , Gelya ( 1997 ) . `` Jews , Multiculturalism , and Boasian Anthropology '' . American Anthropologist. 99 ( 4 ) : 731 -- 745 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1997.99. 4.731 . Mitchell Hart , 2003 . `` Franz Boas as German , American , Jew . '' In German - Jewish Identities in America , eds. C. Mauch and J. Salomon ( Madison : Max Kade Institute ) , pp. 88 -- 105 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` further information about the commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Boas 's birth at Minden e.g. an exposition , a scientific meeting , a theatre play , a special medal , an edition of the diary of Wilhelm Weike , Boas _́ servant on Baffin Island '' . Jump up ^ Norman F. Boas , 2004 , p. 291 ( photo of the graveyard marker of Franz and Marie Boas , Dale Cemetery , Ossining , N.Y. ) Jump up ^ Boas , Franz . A Franz Boas reader : the shaping of American anthropology , 1883 -- 1911 . University of Chicago Press , 1989 . p. 308 Jump up ^ Holloway , M. ( 1997 ) The Paradoxical Legacy of Franz Boas -- father of American anthropology . Natural History . November 1997. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Stocking . George W. , Jr. 1960. Franz Boas and the Founding of the American Anthropological Association . AmericanAnthropologist62 : 1 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Byron Kaldis ( ed . ) , Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences , SAGE Publications , 2013 , p. 421 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Jerry D. ( 2009 ) . `` Franz Boas : Culture in Context '' . Visions of Culture : an Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists . Walnut Creek , California : Altamira . pp. 33 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Gossett , Thomas ( 1997 ) ( 1963 ) . Race : The History of an Idea in America . New York , Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 418 . It is possible that Boas did more to combat race prejudice than any other person in history . Jump up ^ Glick , L.B. ( 1982 ) . `` Types Distinct from Our Own : Franz Boas on Jewish Identity and Assimilation '' . American Anthropologist. 84 : 545 -- 565 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1982.84. 3.02 a00020 . Jump up ^ Boas , Franz ( 1962 ) . Anthropology and Modern Life , With an Introduction by Ruth Bunzel . W.W. Norton and Company , Inc. p. 6 . Jump up ^ Douglas Cole 1999 Franz Boas : The Early Years , 1858 -- 1906 p. 280 . Washington : Douglas and MacIntyre . Jump up ^ Boas , Franz . 1938 . An Anthropologist 's Credo . The Nation 147 : 201 -- 204 . part 1 , part 2 ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Koelsch , 2004 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Lowie , Robert H ( 1947 ) . `` Franz Boas , 1858 - 1942 '' . National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs. 24 ( 303 - 322 ) : 303 . Jump up ^ Harris , 1968 , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Koelsch , 2004 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lowie , 1947 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Harris , 1968 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Bohannan , Paul , and Mark Glazer ( eds . ) . 1988 . High Points in Anthropology ( 2nd Ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 81 Jump up ^ Speth , William W. 1999 . How It Came to Be : Carl O. Sauer , Franz Boas and the Meanings of AnthropogographyEllensburg : Ephemera Press . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Kroeber , A.L. ( 1943 ) . `` Franz Boas : The Man . American Anthropological Association '' . Memoirs. 61 ( 5 - 26 ) : 5 . Jump up ^ Bohannan and Glazer , 1988 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Murray , Stephen O. 1993 . Theory Groups and the Study of Language in North America : A Social History . Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company . p. 47 Jump up ^ Williams , Vernon J. , Jr. 1998 . Franz Boas Paradox and the African American Intelligentsia . In V.P. Franklin ( ed . ) African Americans and Jews in the Twentieth Century : Studies in Convergence and Conflict . Columbia : University of Missouri Press . 54 - 86 . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Kroeber , 1943 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , 1998 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Harris , 1968 , 265 Jump up ^ Bohannan and Glaser , 1988 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ quoted in Koelsch , 2004 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Murray , 1993 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Marmon Silko , Leslie ( 1981 ) . Storyteller , p. 254 . Arcade . ISBN 1 - 55970 - 005 - X . His student Parsons stayed behind and documented Laguna language and stories . Jump up ^ Liss , Julia E. 1995 Patterns of Strangeness : Franz Boas , Modernism , and the Origins of Anthropology . In Prehistories of the Future : The Primitivist Project and the Culture of Modernism . E. Barkan and R. Bush , eds . Pp. 114 -- 130 . Stanford . CA : Stanford University Press . Jump up ^ Liss , Julia E. 1996 . `` German Culture and German Science in the Bildung of Franz Boas '' . In History of Anthropology , vol. 8 . Volksgeist as Method and Ethic . G.W. Stocking Jr. , ed . Pp. 155 -- 184 . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . Jump up ^ Harris , 1968 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Smith , W.D. ( 1991 ) , Politics and the sciences of culture in Germany , 1840 -- 1920 , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780195362275 ^ Jump up to : Boas , Franz ( 1888 ) , `` The Central Eskimo '' , Smithsonian Institution via Gutenberg , Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution , 1884 - 1885 , Government Printing Office , Washington , pp. 399 -- 670 , retrieved 13 January 2015 Jump up ^ Cole , Herbert , ed. ( 1983 ) , Franz Boas ' Baffin Island Letter - Diary , 1883 -- 1884 Jump up ^ Cole , Douglas 1983 `` The Value of a Person Lies in His Herzensbildung '' : Franz Boas 's Baffin Island Letter - Diay , 1883 -- 1884 . In Observers Observed : Essays on Ethnographic Fieldwork . George W. Stocking Jr. , ed . pp. 13 -- 52 . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . Jump up ^ Cole , Douglas . 1999 / Franz Boas : Te Early Years . 1858 -- 1906 . Seattle : University of Washington Press . Jump up ^ Truman , Benjamin ( 1893 ) . History of the World 's Fair : Being a Complete and Authentic Description of the Columbian Exposition From Its Inception . Philadelphia , PA : J.W. Keller & Co . Jump up ^ `` Bird 's - Eye View of the World 's Columbian Exposition , Chicago , 1893 '' . World Digital Library . 1893 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lorini , Alessandra ( 2003 ) , `` Alice Fletcher and the Search for Women 's Public Recognition in Professionalizing American Anthropology '' , Cromohs , Florence , Italy , 8 , pp. 1 -- 25 , archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 27 Jump up ^ Boas , Franz ( 1945 ) , `` Race and Democratic Society '' , J.J. Augustin ( 1 ed . ) , New York A collection of 33 public addresses by the late Boas Jump up ^ Boas , Franz ( 1969 ) , Race and Democratic Society A collection of 33 public addresses by the late Boas Jump up ^ Stocking , Jr. , George W. ( 1982 ) , `` A Franz Boas Reader : The Shaping of American Anthropology , 1883 -- 1911 '' , University of Chicago Press , Chicago , p. 354 Jump up ^ Michael Forster ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy : Johann Gottfried von Herder '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ A Franz Boas Reader : The Shaping of American Anthropology , 1883 - 1911 , University of Chicago Press , 1989 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Stocking , George W. , Jr . I968 . Race , culture , and evolution : Essays in the history of anthropology . New York : Free Press . 264 Jump up ^ Alexander Lesser , 1981 `` Franz Boas '' p. 25 in Sydel Silverman , ed . From Totems to Teachers New York : Columbia University Press Jump up ^ Smith , Dinitia ( 15 March 2000 ) . `` An Eskimo Boy And Injustice In Old New York ; A Campaigning Writer Indicts An Explorer and a Museum '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` American Experience . Minik , The Lost Eskimo - PBS '' . Jump up ^ Pöhl , Friedrich ( 1 January 2008 ) . `` Assessing Franz Boas ' ethics in his Arctic and later anthropological fieldwork '' . etudinuit. 32 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.7202 / 038214ar . Jump up ^ Harper , Kenn. ( 1986 / 2000 ) Give Me My Father 's Body : The Life of Minik , the New York Eskimo . South Royalton , VT : Steerforth Press . Jump up ^ ( The first American Ph. D in anthropology was actually granted from Clark University , though still under the leadership of Boas . ) Moore , Jerry D. ( 2009 ) . `` Franz Boas : Culture in Context '' . Visions of Culture : an Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists . Walnut Creek , California : Altamira . pp. 33 . Jump up ^ Allen , John S. ( 1989 ) . `` Franz Boas 's Physical Anthropology : The Critique of Racial Formalism Revisited '' . Current Anthropology. 30 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 84 . doi : 10.1086 / 203716 . Jump up ^ Jackson , John P. ( 2005 ) . Science for Segregation : Race , Law , and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 4271 - 6 . Lay summary ( 30 August 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Spiro , Jonathan P. ( 2009 ) . Defending the Master Race : Conservation , Eugenics , and the Legacy of Madison Grant . Univ. of Vermont Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 715 - 6 . Lay summary ( 29 September 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Abbott , Karen , Sin in the Second City , Random House , 2008 , pg. 206 Jump up ^ Sparks , Corey S. ; Jantz , Richard L. ( 2002 ) . `` A reassessment of human cranial plasticity : Boas revisited '' . PNAS. 99 ( 23 ) : 14636 -- 14639 . PMC 137471 . PMID 12374854 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 222389599 . Jump up ^ Marks , Jonathan What it Means to be 98 % Chimpanzee : Apes , People , and Their Genes , University of California Press , 2003 ISBN 0 - 520 - 24064 - 2 p. xviii ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Richard L. Jantz . `` The Meaning and Consequences of Morphological Variation '' ( PDF ) . Understandingrace.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jakobson , Roman ; Boas , Franz ( 1944 ) . `` Franz Boas ' Approach to Language '' . International Journal of American Linguistics. 10 ( 4 ) : 188 -- 195 . doi : 10.1086 / 463841 . Jump up ^ Boas ' view of grammatical meaning . R Jakobson -- American Anthropologist , 1959 Jump up ^ Mackert , Michael ( 1993 ) . `` The Roots of Franz Boas ' View of Linguistic Categories As a Window to the Human Mind '' . Historiographia Linguistica. 20 ( 2 -- 3 ) . Jump up ^ Darnell , Regna ( 1990 ) . `` Franz Boas , Edward Sapir , and the Americanist Text Tradition '' . Historiographia Linguistica. 17 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 129 -- 144 . doi : 10.1075 / hl. 17.1 - 2.11 dar . Jump up ^ Stocking , G.W. 1974 . `` The Boas plan for the study of American Indian languages , '' in Studies in the history of linguistics : Traditions and paradigms . Edited by D. Hymes , pp. 454 -- 83 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press Jump up ^ Postal , Paul M. ( 1964 ) . `` Boas and the Development of Phonology : Comments Based on Iroquoian '' . International Journal of American Linguistics. 30 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 280 . doi : 10.1086 / 464784 . Jump up ^ Berlin , Bretnt and Paul Kay 1969 Basic Color Terms : Their Universality and Evolution Jump up ^ Lewis , H.S. ( 2001 ) . `` The Passion of Franz Boas '' . American Anthropologist. 103 : 447 -- 467 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 2001.103. 2.447 . Jump up ^ Liss , J.E. ( 1998 ) . `` Diasporic Identities : The Science and Politics of Race in the Work of Franz Boas and W.E.B. Du Bois , 1894 -- 1919 '' . Cultural Anthropology. 13 : 127 -- 166 . doi : 10.1525 / can. 1998.13. 2.127 . ^ Jump up to : Totems and teachers : key figures in the history of anthropology , Sydel Silverman , Rowman Altamira , 2004 p 16 Jump up ^ Browman , David L. ( 2011 ) . `` Spying by American Archaeologists in World War I '' . Bulletin of the History of Archaeology. 21 ( 2 ) : 10 -- 17 . doi : 10.5334 / bha. 2123 . Jump up ^ Adam Kuper , 1988 The Invention of Primitive Society p. 149 . London : Routledge Jump up ^ Robert F. Barsky. 2011 . Zellig Harris : From American Linguistics to Socialist Zionism . MIT Press , Apr 15 , 2011 p. 196 Jump up ^ Lewis 2001 : 458 - 59 Jump up ^ Hans - Walter Schmuhl , The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology , Human Heredity and Eugenics , 1927 -- 1945 , Wallstein Verlag , Göttingen , 2003 , pp. 212 -- 213 Jump up ^ Baker , Lee D. ( 2004 ) . `` Franz Boas out of the ivory tower '' . Anthropological Theory . 4 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 51 . doi : 10.1177 / 1463499604040846 . Jump up ^ `` Boasian Anthropology and the Critique of American Culture '' . Richard Handler . American Quarterly , Vol. 42 , No. 2 ( Jun. , 1990 ) , pp. 252 -- 273 Jump up ^ Beardsley , Edward H ( 1973 ) . `` The American Scientist as Social Activist : Franz Boas , Burt G. Wilder , and the Cause of Racial Justice , 1900 -- 1915 '' . Isis. 64 : 50 -- 66 . doi : 10.1086 / 351043 . Jump up ^ Anthropology in the Ironic Mode : The Work of Franz Boas , Arnold Krupat and Franz Boas , Social Text No. 19 / 20 ( Autumn , 1988 ) , pp. 105 -- 118 Jump up ^ McVICKER , D. ( 1989 ) , Parallels and Rivalries : Encounters Between Boas and Starr . Curator : The Museum Journal , 32 : 212 -- 228 Jump up ^ Briggs , Charles ; Baumann , Richard ( 1999 ) . `` The Foundation of All Future Researches '' : Franz Boas . George Hunt , Native American Texts , and the Construction of Modernity `` . American Quarterly . 51 : 479 -- 528 . doi : 10.1353 / aq. 1999.0036 . Jump up ^ Jacknis , I ( 2002 ) . `` The First Boasian : Alfred Kroeber and Franz Boas , 1896 -- 1905 '' . American Anthropologist. 104 : 520 -- 532 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 2002.104. 2.520 . Jump up ^ That Freyre was ever Boas 's student is under contention . Boas was opposed to racism , as were students such as Ashley Montagu , etc . It seems unlikely that the `` father '' of the modern racist theory of Lusotropicalism had ever worked closely with Boas . `` The invention of Freyre included his self - invention . For example , he too presented himself as if he had been a follower of Boas ever since his student days . '' See Peter Burke , Maria Lucia G. Pallares - Burke : `` Gilberto Freyre : social theory in the tropics '' , Peter Lang , 2008 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Moore , Jerry D. ( 2004 ) . Visions of Culture : An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists . Rowman Altamira . p. 234 Jump up ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Franz Boas . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Franz Boas Wikisource has original works written by or about : Franz Boas Works by Franz Boas at Project Gutenberg Works by Franz Boas at Faded Page ( Canada ) Works by or about Franz Boas at Internet Archive Division of Anthropology , American Museum of Natural History -- Objects and Photographs from Jesup North Pacific Expedition 1897 -- 1902 ( section Collections Online , option Collections Highlights ) . Franz Boas at Minden , Westphalia Franz Boas Papers at the American Philosophical Society Recordings made by Franz Boas during his field research can be found at the Archives of Traditional Music at Indiana University National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir Presidents of the American Anthropological Association 1902 -- 1924 William John McGee ( 1902 - 04 ) Frederic Ward Putnam ( 1905 - 06 ) Franz Boas ( 1907 - 08 ) William Henry Holmes ( 1909 - 10 ) Jesse Walter Fewkes ( 1911 - 12 ) Roland Burrage Dixon ( 1913 - 14 ) F.W. Hodge ( 1915 - 16 ) Alfred L. Kroeber ( 1917 - 18 ) Clark Wissler ( 1919 - 20 ) William Curtis Farabee ( 1921 - 22 ) Walter Hough ( 1923 - 24 ) 1925 -- 1950 Aleš Hrdlička ( 1925 - 26 ) Marshall Howard Saville ( 1927 - 28 ) Alfred Tozzer ( 1929 - 30 ) George Grant MacCurdy ( 1931 ) John R. Swanton ( 1932 ) Fay - Cooper Cole ( 1933 - 34 ) Robert Lowie ( 1935 ) Herbert Spinden ( 1936 ) Nels C. Nelson ( 1937 ) Edward Sapir ( 1938 ) Diamond Jenness ( 1939 ) John M. Cooper ( 1940 ) Elsie Clews Parsons ( 1941 ) Alfred V. Kidder ( 1942 ) Leslie Spier ( 1943 ) Robert Redfield ( 1944 ) Neil Judd ( 1945 ) Ralph Linton ( 1946 ) Ruth Benedict ( 1947 ) Clyde Kluckhohn ( 1947 ) Harry L. Shapiro ( 1948 ) Alfred Irving Hallowell ( 1949 ) Ralph L. Beals ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 William W. Howells ( 1951 ) Wendell C. Bennett ( 1952 ) Fred Eggan ( 1953 ) John Otis Brew ( 1954 ) George Murdock ( 1955 ) Emil Haury ( 1956 ) E. Adamson Hoebel ( 1957 ) Harry Hoijer ( 1958 ) Sol Tax ( 1959 ) Margaret Mead ( 1960 ) Gordon Willey ( 1961 ) Sherwood Washburn ( 1962 ) Morris Edward Opler ( 1963 ) Leslie White ( 1964 ) Alexander Spoehr ( 1965 ) John P. Gillin ( 1966 ) Frederica de Laguna ( 1967 ) Irving Rouse ( 1968 ) Cora Du Bois ( 1969 ) George M. Foster ( 1970 ) Charles Wagley ( 1971 ) Anthony F.C. Wallace ( 1972 ) Joseph B. Casagrande ( 1973 ) Edward H. Spicer ( 1974 ) Ernestine Friedl ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2001 Walter Goldschmidt ( 1976 ) Richard N. Adams ( 1977 ) Francis L.K. Hsu ( 1978 ) Paul Bohannan ( 1979 ) Conrad M. Arensberg ( 1980 ) William C. Sturtevant ( 1981 ) M. Margaret Clark ( 1982 ) Dell Hymes ( 1983 ) Nancy Oestreich Lurie ( 1984 - 85 ) June Helm ( 1986 - 87 ) Roy Rappaport ( 1988 - 89 ) Jane E. Buikstra ( 1989 - 91 ) Annette Weiner ( 1991 - 93 ) James Peacock ( 1993 - 95 ) Yolanda T. Moses ( 1995 - 97 ) Jane H. Hill ( 1997 - 99 ) Louise Lamphere ( 1999 - 01 ) 2001 -- Present Don Brenneis ( 2001 - 03 ) Elizabeth Brumfiel ( 2003 - 05 ) Alan H. Goodman ( 2005 - 07 ) Setha Low ( 2007 - 09 ) Virginia R. Domínguez ( 2009 - 11 ) Leith Mullings ( 2011 - 13 ) Monica Heller ( 2013 - 15 ) Alisse Waterston ( 2015 - 17 ) Alex Barker ( 2017 - 19 ) Philosophy of language Philosophers Plato ( Cratylus ) Gorgias Confucius Xunzi Aristotle Stoics Pyrrhonists Scholasticism Ibn Rushd Ibn Khaldun Thomas Hobbes Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Johann Herder Ludwig Noiré Wilhelm von Humboldt Fritz Mauthner Paul Ricœur Ferdinand de Saussure Gottlob Frege Franz Boas Paul Tillich Edward Sapir Leonard Bloomfield Zhuangzi Henri Bergson Lev Vygotsky Ludwig Wittgenstein Philosophical Investigations Tractatus Logico - Philosophicus Bertrand Russell Rudolf Carnap Jacques Derrida Of Grammatology Limited Inc Benjamin Lee Whorf Gustav Bergmann J.L. Austin Noam Chomsky Hans - Georg Gadamer Saul Kripke A.J. Ayer G.E.M. Anscombe Jaakko Hintikka Michael Dummett Donald Davidson Roger Gibson Paul Grice Gilbert Ryle P.F. Strawson Willard Van Orman Quine Hilary Putnam David Lewis John Searle Joxe Azurmendi Scott Soames Stephen Yablo John Hawthorne Stephen Neale Paul Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivist theory of names Direct reference theory Dramatism Expressivism Linguistic determinism Logical atomism Logical positivism Mediated reference theory Nominalism Non-cognitivism Phallogocentrism Quietism Relevance theory Semantic externalism Semantic holism Structuralism Supposition theory Symbiosism Theological noncognitivism Theory of descriptions Verification theory Concepts Ambiguity Linguistic relativity Meaning Language Truth - bearer Proposition Use -- mention distinction Concept Categories Set Class Intension Logical form Metalanguage Mental representation Principle of compositionality Property Sign Sense and reference Speech act Symbol Entity Sentence Statement more ... Related articles Analytic philosophy Philosophy of information Philosophical logic Linguistics Pragmatics Rhetoric Semantics Formal semantics Semiotics Task Force Discussion Historical race concepts By color Black Bronze Brown Red White Yellow Anthropological Australoid Capoid Caucasoid Mongoloid Negroid Sub-types Alpine Arabid Armenoid Atlantid Borreby Brunn Caspian Dinaric East Baltic Ethiopid Hamitic Dravidian Irano - Afghan Japhetic Malay Mediterranean Neo-Mongoloid Neo-Danubian Nordic Northcaucasian Ladogan Lappish Pamirid Proto - Mongoloid Semitic Turanid Multiracial Miscegenation Ethnogenesis List of racially mixed groups Writers Louis Agassiz John Baker Erwin Baur John Beddoe Robert Bennett Bean François Bernier Renato Biasutti Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Franz Boas Paul Broca Alice Mossie Brues Halfdan Bryn Georges - Louis Leclerc , Comte de Buffon Charles Caldwell Petrus Camper Samuel A. Cartwright Houston Stewart Chamberlain Sonia Mary Cole Carleton S. Coon Georges Cuvier Jan Czekanowski Charles Davenport Joseph Deniker Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt Anténor Firmin Eugen Fischer John Fiske Francis Galton Stanley Marion Garn Reginald Ruggles Gates George Gliddon Arthur de Gobineau Madison Grant John Grattan Hans F.K. Günther Ernst Haeckel Frederick Ludwig Hoffman Earnest Hooton Julian Huxley Thomas Henry Huxley Calvin Ira Kephart Robert Knox Robert E. Kuttner Georges Vacher de Lapouge Fritz Lenz Carl Linnaeus Cesare Lombroso Bertil Lundman Felix von Luschan Dominick McCausland John Mitchell Ashley Montagu Lewis H. Morgan Samuel George Morton Josiah C. Nott Karl Pearson Oscar Peschel Isaac La Peyrère Charles Pickering Ludwig Hermann Plate Alfred Ploetz James Cowles Prichard Otto Reche Gustaf Retzius William Z . Ripley Alfred Rosenberg Benjamin Rush Henric Sanielevici Heinrich Schmidt Ilse Schwidetzky Charles Gabriel Seligman Giuseppe Sergi Samuel Stanhope Smith Herbert Spencer Morris Steggerda Lothrop Stoddard William Graham Sumner Thomas Griffith Taylor Paul Topinard John H. Van Evrie Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer Rudolf Virchow Voltaire Alexander Winchell Ludwig Woltmann Writings An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People in Different Climates ( 1744 ) The Outline of History of Mankind ( 1785 ) Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question ( 1849 ) An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races ( 1855 ) The Races of Europe ( Ripley , 1899 ) The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century ( 1899 ) Race Life of the Aryan Peoples ( 1907 ) Heredity in Relation to Eugenics ( 1911 ) Castes in India : Their Mechanism , Genesis and Development ( 1916 ) The Passing of the Great Race ( 1916 ) The Rising Tide of Color Against White World - Supremacy ( 1920 ) The Myth of the Twentieth Century ( 1930 ) Annihilation of Caste ( 1936 ) The Races of Europe ( Coon , 1939 ) An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus ( 1943 ) The Race Question ( 1950 ) Theories Eugenics Great chain of being Monogenism Polygenism Pre-Adamite Related History of anthropometry Racial categorization in India in Latin America in Brazil in Colombia in Singapore in the United States Scientific racism Nazism and race Racial hygiene Whiteness in the United States Whitening Branqueamento / Blanqueamiento Passing Racial stereotypes Martial race Master race Color names Colorism Négritude VIAF : 25308 LCCN : n80044863 ISNI : 0000 0001 2095 4141 GND : 118512153 SELIBR : 206191 SUDOC : 028458486 BNF : cb12028994f ( data ) ULAN : 500314555 NLA : 35019714 NDL : 01080947 NKC : jn19990000864 BNE : XX1002227 IATH : w6pv6hhv PIC : 274606 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Boas&oldid=807922358 '' Categories : 1858 births 1942 deaths People from Minden University of Bonn alumni Heidelberg University alumni American anthropologists American folklorists American linguists American people of German - Jewish descent Clark University faculty Columbia University faculty German anthropologists German emigrants to the United States German Jews People associated with the American Museum of Natural History Phonologists String figures Smithsonian Institution people Folklorists Linguists of Na - Dene languages Linguists of Salishan languages Linguists of Uto - Aztecan languages Members of the American Antiquarian Society Hidden categories : Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links AC with 14 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русиньскый Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 21 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is considered the founder of north american anthropology
[ "Franz Uri Boas (/ˈfrɑːnz ˈboʊ.æz/; German: [ˈboːas]; July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942)[2] was a German-American[3] anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the \"Father of American Anthropology\".[4][5] His work is associated with the movement of anthropological historicism.[6]" ]
[ "Franz Uri Boas" ]