what is down syndrome and state whether it is dominant, recessive inheritance, or sex-linked inheritance
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<p>power house of the cell</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">mitochondria:</u></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mitochondria</span> are the organelle present in the cell, which can be seen only through electron microscope. they are spherical or elongated organelle in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, containing genetic material and many enzymes important for cell metabolism.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">structure:</u></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">they are bounded by a <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">double membrane</span> the outer membrane projects to the cytoplasm and the inner membrane project into the <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">matrix.</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">the inner membrane is convoluted into several folds, called <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“cristae.”</span> the surface area of the inner membrane is increased by cristae. matrix contains a concentrated mixture of enzymes, which play an important role in the metabolism of nutrients.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">function:</u></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">the main function of mitochondria is <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">energy production.</span> and so, because of this function, they often called as “power hoses of the cell.” the metabolism of nutrients takes place in the matrix by the enzymes present it. oxidative phosphorylation is the main metabolic process through which atp (adenosine triphosphate) is generated.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">depend upon the energy needs; their occurrence varies from cell to cell. for example, skeletal muscles have more mitochondria; whereas red blood cells are completely lack of mitochondria.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">explanation of their function</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">1.the main function of mitochondria is to perform cellular respiration this means it takes in nutrients from cell ,breaks it down ,and turns it into energy</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">it is called as power house of cell because the process of atp formation takes place in mitochondria.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">2.it helps cells to maintain proper concentration of calcium ions within the compartments of the cell.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">3.it also helps in building certain parts of blood and harmons like testosterone and estrogen.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">4.liver cell mitochondria have enzymes that detoxify ammonia.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">5.they plays an important role in the process of apoptosis.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"><img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/si.experts.images/answers/2021/06/60cc394f7dc8d\_1623996748448.jpg"></p> tuesday, april 5, 2016 chapter 12 leadership and follower-ship 80%-85% are followers 15%-20% are leaders - leadership - process of guiding and directing the behavior of people in the work environment • formal leadership - ofﬁcially sanctioned leadership based on the authority of a formal position • informal leadership - unofﬁcial leadership accorded to a person by other members of the organization - management and leadership • management - planning and budgeting - organizing and stafﬁng - controlling and problem solving • leadership - setting a direction for the organization - aligning people with that direction - motivating people - early trait theories • distinguished leaders by - physical attraction - personality characteristics - abilities (speech ﬂuency, social skills, insight) �1 
 tuesday, april 5, 2016 - behavioral theorists - learning what behavior is strengthened or weakened by applying consequences or rewards • lewin on leadership - autocratic style - the leader uses strong, directive actions to control the rules, regulations, activities, and relationships in the work environment - democratic style - the leader uses interaction and collaboration with followers to direct the work and work environment - laissez-faire style - the leader has a hands-off approach ohio state studies • - initiating structure - leader behavior aimed at deﬁning and organizing work relationships and roles; establishing clear patterns of organization, communication and ways of getting things done - consideration - leader behavior aimed at nurturing friendly, warm working relationships, as well as encouraging mutual trust and interpersonal respect within the work unit • michigan studies - production-oriented leader • focus - getting things done • uses direct, close supervision • many written an unwritten rules - employee-oriented leader • focus - relationships • less direct, close supervision • fewer written or unwritten rules • displays concern for people and their needs - leadership grid - an approach to understanding a leader’s or manager’s concern for results (production) and concern for people �2 
 tuesday, april 5, 2016 figure 12.1: the leadership grid - organization man (5,5) - a middle-of-the-road leader �3 
 tuesday, april 5, 2016 - authority compliance manager (9,1) - a leader who emphasizes efﬁcient production - country club manager (1,0) - a leader who has great concern for people and little concern for production, attempts to avoid conﬂict, and seeks to be well liked �4 
 tuesday, april 5, 2016 - team manager (9,9) - a leader who builds a highly productive team of committed people - impoverished manager (1,1) - a leader who exerts just enough effort to get by (1,1) should be on the bottom left of grid - paternalistic “father knows best” manager (9+9) - a leader who promises reward and threatens punishment �5 
 tuesday, april 5, 2016 - opportunistic “what’s in it for me” manager (opp) - a leader whose style aims to maximize self-beneﬁt - fiedler’s contingency theory - ﬁt between leader’s need structure and favorableness of leader’s situation determine the team’s effectiveness • least preferred coworker (lpc) - single person leader has least preferred to work with - high lpc - leaders who describe lpc in positive terms - low lpc - leaders who describe lpc in negative terms - situation favorableness • task structure - number of rules, regulations, and procedures one likes to have in order to get the work done position power - legitimate authority given by organization that person belong to • - being able to grant rewards or punishments • leader-member relations - how leader interacts with coworkers and subordinates �6 
 tuesday, april 5, 2016 - path-goal theory of leadership • a - vroom-yetten-jago normative decision model • decide - can make the decision on their own without the opinion of anyone else • consult individually - person goes around and tells each person the situation and asks for their input • consult group - discuss the issue as a whole and asks for the groups input • facilitate - calls group together as a group consult, but the leader also puts in their input and the group makes a decision together • delegate - has the group discuss it alone without the leader and they make a decision together manager should use the decision method most appropriate for a given situation �7 
 tuesday, april 5, 2016 - the situational leadership model - leader-member exchange • leaders form two groups of followers - in-groups (inner circle) • members similar to leader • given greater responsibilities, rewards, attention • within leader’s inner circle of communication • high job satisfaction and organizational commitment, low turnover • stress from added responsibilities - out-groups (outer circle) • managed by formal rules and policies �8 
 tuesday, april 5, 2016 • given less attention; fewer rewards • outside the leader’s communication circle • more likely to retaliate against the organization • stress from being left out of the communication network - inspirational leadership theories • transformational leadership - inspire and excite followers to high level of performance • charismatic leadership - use the force of personal abilities and talents to have profound effects on followers • authentic leadership - have a conscious and well-developed sense of values and act in ways that are consistent to their value system - emotional intelligence - ability to recognize and manage your own emotions and the emotions of others figure 12.6: five types of followers - alienated • they’re passive in their behavior, they don’t have enough guts to stand up or challenge the panel that is speaking to the group • they do have their own opinions and ideas - sheep • group of people who ﬂock together that do not think independently or critically - effective follower • the group companies would like to see more of • they contribute to the company, work harder and smarter for the company, and are willing to contribute ideas to the company - yes people • people that are active in the company and are considered hard workers • committed to the company but are willing to be followers, and do not think for themselves �9 
 tuesday, april 5, 2016 - survivors • a person that somehow always chooses the best solution when faced with a crisis or challenge int the workplace • can recognize problems that are coming in the future much faster than the average person • make low risk decisions when recognizing the problem that’s coming • “better safe than sorry” �10 peculiarities of the dna structure: dna is a double helical structure having nucleotides. these nucleotides are made of deoxyribose sugar, phosphoric acid and nitrogenous bases such as adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. the nucleotide sequence of the dna molecule is called a gene. genes are present on dna. a type of gene is responsible for the synthesis of a particular protein. changes in the gene can alter the characteristics of the organisms. he's not addicted to her body, she most likely has narcissistic personality disorder. which means that she is systematically destroying his sense of self in order for her to keep control. i have heard more than one person who knows how to judge these things guess that he will commit suicide in the next few years. which to my eyes is very very sad they have that double standard thing down, thats for sure. I think many of us have to depend more on observation and self-study than on diagnoses, given the expense of testing and the ugly fact that nothing short of an autopsy can give certainty. Here’s how we are coping with that uncertainty. Before my Mom came to live with us, she had fallen at night going toward the bathroom in her apartment. It was 3 days before anyone found her, and there was severe dehydration and some brain damage due to oxygen starvation. She recovered some functioning in rehab, but we had also noticed before the fall that there were more and more signs of cognitive decline. We were warned by a friend who is a geriatric psychologist to not accept the overall “Alzheimer’s” diagnosis which was bound to occur, but to be aware that there were dozens of dementias, some of which needed very different approaches from what is advised for Alzheimer’s. After she got out of rehab she went through a very bad AL situation and into a very good one. She had a GP who made housecalls but was not that knowledgeable about dementia. She had begun describing what could only be hallucinations and agitation, so her doctor put her on an anti-psychotic, an anti-anxiety and a depression medication. Wow! What a mess! Mom had rarely even taken an aspirin before that so maybe her body was super-responsive to the invaders. Anyway, it did more damage than good, and once we eliminated the meds, she slept all the time. We decided to move her in with us and her new doctor prescribed Namenda. We started with 10 mg, which was too much and increased her agitation. We cut back to 5 mg. once a day at nighttime and it was like a miracle occurred! Now don’t get me wrong, there’s still dementia and it’s still advancing. But my point is that sometimes when you don’t have a diagnosis, it’s useful to read up on the various kinds of dementias, do a checklist of the symptoms to determine which is the best match to the behaviors you are seeing, then become knowledgeable about the various RX’s physicians are likely to try, and get very good at monitoring the response to each and asking about/suggesting others you’ve read about. (I know, you thought that was what doctors did — me, too! Wrong!). I found that as long as I behaved as a fairly well-informed and non-judgmental problem-solving partner (and not as an over-protective, aggressive, critical, and sometimes hysterical relative), I got the same treatment back from the doctors. (Of course, if I did not get that, I did not hesitate to find a doctor with an attitude that worked better for us.). Over time, the troubles with balance, the hallucinations that occur immediately if she misses a dose of Namenda, the depth perception, the amount of activity and conversation that goes on while she’s “sleeping”, the extreme variability from “almost normal” to “almost unable to function”, etc. convinced me it is LBD. It’s not a formal diagnosis because we can’t afford all that testing either. But it’s enough for me to protect her from getting inappropriate medications. While there may come a time to move her to a memory care unit, I will also be able to be proactive with staff about what works with her LBD that is probably vastly different from what works with some of their ALZ patients. Summary: observe, study, and use your best and most loving judgment, with or without a diagnosis. Respect but don’t worship the doctors who are trying to help. And trust your gut. You spend more time with your LO than anyone else and your observations are valuable. that is what the data suggests. "the tamsulosin cohort had a higher incident risk of dementia compared with both the no medication group and the alternative medication group." this was from a study of medicare data of over 250,000 men who were 65 or older. ref: https://www.practiceupdate.com/content/dementia-risk-associated-with-tamsulosin-in-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/71451 see more... there is no specific age when it an happen. it can even happen in infancy. see more... five factors are known to affect allele frequency in populations i.e., hardy-weinberg equilibrium. these are gene migration or gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination and natural selection.gene migration or gene flow – it is movement of alleles into a gene pool or out of a gene pool. when this movement of alleles takes place gene frequencies change in the original as well as in the new population. new genes/alleles are added to the new population and these are lost from the old population. this will lead to a gene flow if this gene migration, happens multiple times.genetic drift – if the movement of alleles into a gene pool or out of a gene pool takes place by chance it is called genetic drift. this always influences frequencies of alleles and s inversely proportional to the size of the population. it sometimes result into founder effect i.e., when a small group of individuals get isolated from a larger population to form a new population. genetic drift may result into reduced genetic variation.mutation – is the large difference arising suddenly in a population, they are random and occur in all directions.natural selection – is a process in which heritable variations enabling better survival are enabled to reproduce and leave greater number of progeny. that is nature selects only those traits which help an organism to survive in the changed conditions. those that are not fit for survival perish in the long run leading to evolution of new species.genetic recombination – production of new offspring with traits which differ from parents is called genetic recombination. length of dna sequence