in a perfect competitive firm, mr is equal to ar but in a non competitive one mr is always less - economics - non-competitive markets
in a perfect competitive firm, mr is equal to ar but in a non
competitive one mr is always less than ar, why?
in a perfectly competitive firm, ar is constant due to this, mr
is also constant and is equal to ar
in a monopoly firm, ar is reducing due to this, mr must also be
decreasing but faster than ar this is why mr is always less than ar
in non-competitive markets
allow private companies to compete with all govenrment services. its that simple.

when a govenrment monopoly is in place, there is no reason or mechanism for the corruption to go away.

in a free market, corruption leads to losses, so it provides incentive for the business to fire and prosecute those who are corrupt.

take the government monopoly on police protection for example. what happens to police who do not respond to a robbery? what happens to reports of police beatings and theft? often nothing. there is no incentive for anything to be done. on the other hand, in a free market, every instance would be investigated and reparations paid for mistakes, else competition will have a chance of providing the service instead.

also consider this. government programs benefit from losses. it allows them to request budget increases, or power increases. inefficiency is rewarded in government, the opposite of what is rewarded in a free market. saying that, corruption assists government as it helps to drive up costs of operation.

*corruption in society is a problem? society, or the people do not have the power to imprison you, or tax you. you are not forced to fund private citizens who are 'corrupt'. hi,

lots of great explanations below, but i fear they might be difficult to truly conceptualize. 

let's start with a pie!

if there's a pie in front of us, that is the market. we'll call it 100 units of pie

we cut the pie in half - one piece (50 pie units) for you, and one piece (50 pie units) for me

scenario 1: we do nothing, we both have 50% market share.

scenario 2: i eat half my pie. my pie slice is now 25 units, yours is still 50 units. as a result, you have 67% of the market share and i have 33%. my "revenues" have fallen and my market share has fallen. your revenues haven't changed but you've gained market share

scenario 3: not only do i eat half my pie, but you also eat 20% of yours. still, i ate more, so even though your "revenues" are down, you've still gained market share.

scenario 4: we both get given more pie (yay). but, i get a whole other 50 units, and you only get 5 more. your "revenues" are up, but you've still lost market share!

i've created the below image for you to visualize this better (click on it to blow it up)...hope this helps! What I never get is that schools that perform well get more funding which gives good incentives to teachers etc... but worse performing schools get less funding continuing the cycle a good analyst should look and feel like a good associate - most partners would tell you they would prefer to staff a high performing analyst over an associate most times.

in general associates are tasked with less "raw" analysis [e.g., data cleaning, model creation] and are tasked with the "softer" roles [e.g., interviews, market research, leading client teams]. the best place to be in my opinion is a high performing analyst that can act in a standalone role which bridges the two types of skill sets. market activities are those which involve remuneration or earning money. non-market activities don’t generally give profits and are for self-consumption. they are not paid for an do not involve money.examples:1. a farmer cultivates primarily for himself and his family and not for earning a profit.2. a mother is preparing food for the family. on the whole, it's not too different - but europe / uk have better healthcare and social systems in place, and better working conditions / employment laws apple: top few most valuable companies in the world. amazing products. doing interesting work in several fields. could stop selling product for years and still be solvent.alipay: rapid growth, large but niche market. chinese owned. pre ipo so your options are worthless. about ready to ipo so probably really diluted too.lyft: lower comp, smaller and niche market. dependent on gig workers to provide labor. long term outlook?really depends on what you want, but unless one of the others really interests you for some reason, go with apple for a while. probably better comp, looks great on resume. the quickie answer is that, if the two armies are equal in resources, abilities and training, then the one with the largest number will win.

however, that's for a single battle. 

in real life, it's a matter of which force can bring to bear the greater force (position, resources, power) at specific points. then, in that local area, the greater force will always win. this is why the spartans at thermopylae could hold back an army of tens of thousands with only 300 men -- the persians could not bring their superior force (more men and other resources) to bear on what should have been a skirmish. yes, the persians eventually won, but at the price of being able to beat the athenian forces later, and even then, it was a matter of someone betraying the spartans.

in wwii, the germans should have won the battle of britain, which would have kept the russians and americans out of the war. but britain could use its resources better in the actual field (i know --it was mostly an aerial battle) and hence beat the germans back, preventing the superior forces from invading the islands and getting control of enough resources to conquer at least half the world.

in the american civil war, the confederacy should have won, because they had the better army and resources, but eventually, the union could bring more into play than they could, and turned the tide.

also look at israel's "six day war" -- out numbered and our resourced, they beat the arab coalition easily -- same basic principles...

so, not so much luck as being better able to use the resources available.

btw, read sun tzu's art of war -- being able to use your resources better than your opponent can mean that a smaller force beats the larger one element b will be nearer to the top of the activity series of metals, if in nature, metal a is found in a free state while metal b is found in the form of its compounds. an increase in the input price will lead to a decrease in the supply and no change in the quantity demanded.the following figure explains how an increase in the input price would affect the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity.a. the market supply falls with the increase in the input prices.b. this leads to a leftward shift in the supply curve from s2 to s1.c. at the initial price op1, excess demand of q1-q1'.d. this excess demand implies that some consumers will have to pay a higher price to purchase the extra units of output.e. the rise in the market price will continue until it reaches op2.f. at op2, the new supply curve s2 intersects the initial market demand curve d1 at e2.g. e2 if the new equilibrium, op2 is the new equilibrium price, and oq2 is the new equilibrium output.h. at the new equilibrium, the price has increased and the quantity has fallen.