Why do plant cells possess large sized vacuole?
**Hint—**  Vacuoles not only store many important substances, they also contain cell sap that give turgidity to cell
<p>power house of the cell</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">mitochondria:</u></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mitochondria</span> are the organelle present in the cell, which can be seen only through electron microscope. they are spherical or elongated organelle in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, containing genetic material and many enzymes important for cell metabolism.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">structure:</u></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">they are bounded by a <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">double membrane</span> the outer membrane projects to the cytoplasm and the inner membrane project into the <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">matrix.</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">the inner membrane is convoluted into several folds, called <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“cristae.”</span> the surface area of the inner membrane is increased by cristae. matrix contains a concentrated mixture of enzymes, which play an important role in the metabolism of nutrients.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">function:</u></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">the main function of mitochondria is <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">energy production.</span> and so, because of this function, they often called as “power hoses of the cell.” the metabolism of nutrients takes place in the matrix by the enzymes present it. oxidative phosphorylation is the main metabolic process through which atp (adenosine triphosphate) is generated.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">depend upon the energy needs; their occurrence varies from cell to cell. for example, skeletal muscles have more mitochondria; whereas red blood cells are completely lack of mitochondria.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">explanation of their function</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"> </p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">1.the main function of mitochondria is to perform cellular respiration this means it takes in nutrients from cell ,breaks it down ,and turns it into energy</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">it is called as power house of cell because the process of atp formation takes place in mitochondria.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">2.it helps cells to maintain proper concentration of calcium ions within the compartments of the cell.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">3.it also helps in building certain parts of blood and harmons like testosterone and estrogen.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">4.liver cell mitochondria have enzymes that detoxify ammonia.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;">5.they plays an important role in the process of apoptosis.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'open sans', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff; margin: 0px 0px 5px !important 0px;"><img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/si.experts.images/answers/2021/06/60cc394f7dc8d\_1623996748448.jpg"></p> a) the megasporogenesis occurs in the nucellus (towards the micropylar end).

the process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell is called megasporogenesis. ovules generally differentiate a single megaspore mother cell (mmc) in the micropylar region. of the nucellus. it is a large cell containing dense cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus. the mmc undergoes meiotic division. meiosis results in the production of four megaspores. in a majority of flowering plants, one of the megaspores is functional while the other three degenerate.

b)



the three celled male gametophytes has one vegetative cell and two male gametes and no generative cell. different cells in the body have different instructions or marching orders as to how they are to grow and function. sometimes clumps of cells with diverse marching orders form a tumor and mature into very different types of tissue. one type is called a dermoid cyst. these can contain a variety of different tissues including hair. see more... yes, the plants have chloroplasts and they have chromoplasts. 

chromoplasts contain pigments, just like chloroplasts, but the pigments are not photosynthetic. their abundant pigments overwhelm the light reflected from the chloroplasts making the leaf another color. chromoplasts are what color flowers, fruit and other plant parts. the function of chromoplasts pigments can be as a signal or protective.

chromoplast content in leaves varies naturally in plants. plants with more chromoplasts can survive regions of marginal nutrient resources because they are better protected from both oxidative and uv stress. the green leaved sugar maple is more sensitive to nutrient stresses associated with low ph soils than the red maple acer rubrum. acidic soils are less fertile. an increase in chromoplast content can mediate the negative effects of nutrient imbalances on maples by relieving uv & oxidative stress. red maples can out compete other maples for nutrient poor acidic soils by having more chromoplasts. 
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/pce/2005/00000028/00000007/art00005 
http://www.rsc.org/delivery/\_articlelinking/displayhtmlarticleforfree.cfm?journalcode=pp&year=2005&manuscriptid=b417802e&iss=4

chromoplasts content in flowers signals to pollinators while in fruit it signals to seed dispersers when the plant is ready for them. chromoplasts are not different organelles they are chloroplasts that continued to mature with regulation to produce more carotenoids or anthocyanins than chlorophylls. a)



antipodals side is called chalazal end.

b) becausethe cells get packed with reserve food supplies, used for providing the nutrition to the developing embryo.

c)cells with 16 chromosomes is calledzygote and cells with 24 chromosome is called endosperm meristematic
tissues
permanent tissues


1 meristematic tissues have the capacity
to divide
1 permanent tissues do not have the
capacity to divide


2 they have thin cellulose wall and do
not have intercellular spaces
2 they have thick cellulose wall and they
do have closely packed or small intercellular spaces


3 they contain dense cytoplasm with
prominent nucleus
3 they contain thin cytoplasm with normal
nucleus


4 they contain many small vacuoles in
their cytoplasm
4 they contain a single large vacuole in
their cytoplasm because they had a huge hold on the agriculture at the time. mainly tobacco and cotton. chloroplast is a powerhouse for the synthesis of carbohydrates in plants. it is broadly divided into three parts (fig 3) namely:a) membrane: chloroplast is double walled organelle viz. it contains inner and outer membrane.b) stroma corresponds to the cytoplasm of chloroplast. it also serves as site for dark reaction of photosynthesis to take place.c) thylakoids/ granum: thylakoids contains chlorophyll that absorbs light. stacks of thylakoids are known as granum.fig 3 shows different parts of chloroplast i had a vasectomy 25 years ago, and almost immediately regretted it. i would have never done it knowing what i know now. the good part is no more kiddies, and i was ready for that.the bad part is i had some of the major side effects:1. post surgical infection of both incision points. i had abscesses the size of a nickel on both sides. took 60 days for them to clear.2. my balls ached for at least a yearthe sad part was my urologist didn't give a shit, and no one from his office would return my calls. 3. then there is the primal/psychological aspect of it. anyway you look at it, you are infertile. you know it, and your female knows it. rational or not, that fact sits in the back of your head. in college i had a girlfriend were we intentionally timed sex so that she was constantly carrying my live load in her womb for over six months. it was a fetish, obviously but we both really got off on it. primal. now, my wife was great about it, and appreciated not having to get a tubal ligation, as her gynecologist was leaning on her hard to get off bc pills. i'm pretty sure it didn't make any difference to her, but it did to me. Answer  
Atoms prefer to have a filled outermost shell because this makes them more stable.  
Atoms react with each other to get the most stable state possible. A filled outermost shell (a  
complete octet for s- and p-elements) is very stable because all orbitals are filled with  
electrons. Stability of an atom is connected with its energy. Atoms with greater stability have  
less energy. We can see this in chemical reactions: a reaction that increases the stability of the  
atoms will release energy in the form of heat or light.