what is included in a network traffic signature?
protocols, tcp/ip headers, attack signatures, prot numbers
Hello Nanda, Basically you need to include the network drivers and the storage drivers.

+ You can find the drivers from Manufacturer site where you can filter the Category and download –

Like this – <https://snipboard.io/bQt5ER.jpg> VLANs, trunks and tagging are all related. As you probably know a VLAN defines a broadcast domain, trunks allows vlans to travel from switch to switch and taggings either use the InterSwitch Link (ISL) which is Cisco proprietary or the open standard 802.1q. So to put it a bit more simply a trunk permits different vlans which are tagged to traverse over the link.


A good article describing this is an [introduction to VLANs](http://archive.networknewz.com/networknewz-10-20030725IntroductiontoVLANs.html).


If you are dealing with Cisco switches [understanding knowledge of VTP](http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk389/tk689/technologies_tech_note09186a0080094c52.shtml) is also necessary.


To create a VLAN enter global configuration mode


config t  

vlan 10  

name Sales  

exit


Creates vlan 10 with the name Sales


To assign a port to this VLAN you would create an access port


e.g.


config t  

int fa0/1  

switchport access vlan 10  

switchport mode access  

exit


to assign a range of ports (0 to 5) to vlan 10  

int range fa 0/1 – 5  

switchport access vlan 10  

switchport mode access  

exit


To create a trunk link between two switches requires you set up a trunk port


on the interface


switchport mode trunk


You will need a layer 3 device such as a router or L3 switch (3750) to perform intervlan communications.


The propagation of VLANS from a master switch (VTP server) to client switches requires setting up a VTP domain if you do not want to create VLANS on each individual switch. **only networks A, C, E and F** Hello,  


Please find below the answer for your questions

 QinQ Mapping

 Principles

QinQ mapping maps VLAN tags in user packets to specified tags before the user packets are transmitted across the public network.

* Before sending local VLAN frames, a sub-interface replaces the tags in the local frames with external VLAN tags.
* Before receiving frames from external VLANs, a sub-interface replaces the tags in the external VLANs with local VLAN tags.

QinQ mapping allows a device to map a user VLAN tag to a carrier VLAN tag, shielding different user VLAN IDs in packets.

QinQ mapping is deployed on edge devices of a Metro Ethernet. It is applied in but not limited to the following scenarios:

* VLAN IDs deployed at new sites and old sites conflict, but new sites need to communicate with old sites.
* VLAN IDs planned by each site on the public network conflict. These sites do not need to communicate.
* VLAN IDs on both ends of the public network are asymmetric.

Currently, only 1 to 1 QinQ mapping is supported. When a QinQ mapping-enabled sub-interface receives a single-tagged packet, the sub-interface replaces the VLAN ID in the frame with a specified VLAN ID.

Figure 7-8 QinQ mapping  
![imgDownload?uuid=4402391882494f24bacff41](https://download.huawei.com/mdl/imgDownload?uuid=4402391882494f24bacff41f1955d182.png)  


As shown in [Figure 7-8](https://support.huawei.com/enterprise/en/doc/EDOC1100055122/fbe6cdac/qinq-mapping#fig_dc_vrp_qinq_feature_003501), 1 to 1 QinQ mapping is configured on Sub-interfaces 1 on Switch 2 and Switch 3. If PC1 wants to communicate with PC2:

1. PC1 sends a frame to Switch 1.
2. Upon receipt, Switch 1 adds VLAN ID 10 to the frame, and forwards the frame to Switch 2. After Sub-interface1 on Switch 2 receives the frame with VLAN ID 10, Sub-interface 1 on Switch 2 replaces VLAN ID 10 with carrier VLAN ID 50. Interface 2 on Switch 2 then sends the frame with carrier VLAN ID 50 to the Internet service provider (ISP) network.
3. The ISP network transparently transmits the frame.
4. After Sub-interface 1 on Switch 3 receives the tagged frame from Switch 2, Sub-interface 1 on Switch 3 replaces the carrier VLAN ID 50 with VLAN ID 30.

PC2 communicates with PC1 in a similar manner.

 Comparison Between QinQ Mapping and VLAN Mapping

[Table 7-3](https://support.huawei.com/enterprise/en/doc/EDOC1100055122/fbe6cdac/qinq-mapping#tab_dc_vrp_qinq_feature_003501) describes the comparison between QinQ mapping and VLAN mapping.

Table 7-3 Comparison between QinQ mapping and VLAN mapping



| Mapping Type | Similarity | Difference |
|  |  |  |
| 1 to 1 | An interface maps the tag of a received single-tagged frame to the specified tag. | * QinQ mapping
	+ Performed on a sub-interface
	+ Used for VPLS access
* VLAN mapping
	+ Performed on an interface
	+ Used on Layer 2 networks where VLAN frames are forwarded
 |

  


  


Thanks it can use a single virtual address to provide default gateway redundancy & it support cleartext authentication only tiler\_src\_pad\_buffer\_probe is before the nvmultistreamtiler in the pipeline, so the ntp\_timestamp for each stream is meaningful. your appsink is after nvmultistreamtiler in the pipeline, nvmultistreamtiler will combine multiple streams into one new stream, so ntp\_timestamp in each separated stream m… you could use on-demand tls with local certs if you don’t know ahead of time which ip the request will come from:

tls internal {

on\_demand

}

[image]

[tls (caddyfile directive) - caddy documentation](https://caddyserver.com/docs/caddyfile/directives/tls)

caddy is a powerful, enterprise-ready, open source web server with automatic https writ… Otherway, if there is an Active session exist on the firewall, you may grab the session ID and see detailed info as mentioned below:

> show session all filter source x.x.x.x destination y.y.y.y

**9936**         dns            ACTIVE  FLOW  NS   100.100.100.1[53621]/trust-L3/17  (1.1.1.2[43506])

vsys1                                          8.8.8.4[53]/untrust-L3  (8.8.8.4[53])

admin@31-PA-3020> show session id 9936

Session            9936

        c2s flow:

                source:      100.100.100.1 [trust-L3]

                dst:         8.8.8.4

                proto:       17

                sport:       53621           dport:      53

                state:       ACTIVE          type:       FLOW

                src user:    plano2003\csharma  >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Source User

                dst user:    unknown

        s2c flow:

                source:      8.8.8.4 [untrust-L3]

                dst:         1.1.1.2

                proto:       17

                sport:       53              dport:      43506

                state:       ACTIVE          type:       FLOW

                src user:    unknown

                dst user:    plano2003\csharma

        start time                    : Thu Jul 24 12:33:04 2014

        timeout                       : 30 sec

        time to live                  : 12 sec

        total byte count(c2s)         : 240

        total byte count(s2c)         : 0

        layer7 packet count(c2s)      : 3

        layer7 packet count(s2c)      : 0

        vsys                          : vsys1

        application                   : dns

        rule                          : trust-to-untrust  >>>>>>> Security rule

        session to be logged at end   : True

        session in session ager       : True

        session synced from HA peer   : False

        address/port translation      : source + destination

        nat-rule                      : nat-inside-2-outside(vsys1) >>>>>>>>>>>>>> NAT policy name

        layer7 processing             : enabled

        URL filtering enabled         : True

        URL category                  : any

        session via syn-cookies       : False

        session terminated on host    : False

        session traverses tunnel      : True

        captive portal session        : False

        ingress interface             : tunnel.1  >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Incoming interface

        egress interface              : ethernet1/3  >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Outgoing interface

        session QoS rule              : N/A (class 4)

Thanks




[View solution in original post](/t5/general-topics/logs/m-p/33969#M24908) > 
> **$\underline{\textit{Application layer VPN's}}$**
> 
> 
> This type of VPN will work with specific applications. The most common example of this type of VPN network is seen over the SSL connections that people use to purchase items online every day. The Application layer VPN provides encrypted communication between the web browser that the visitor is using to view the item and the server that is used to process the order. There are other applications that can be protected in this way, as well. This type of VPN security requires that each different application be supported.
> 
> 
> **$\underline{\textit{Network layer VPN's}}$**
> 
> 
> A $\textit{Network layer}$ VPN functions on layer 3. Unlike Application layer VPN security, Network layer VPN security will encrypt any traffic, regardless of the different applications being used. This type of VPN is used by some of the most well-known names in Internet security. For example, Cisco uses this layer for VPNs. These VPN servers are sometimes provided under the names L2TP and GRE.
> 
> 
> **$\underline{\textit{Data Link VPN's}}$**
> 
> 
> **$\textit{Data Link VPN}$** is used when two private networks need to communicate. It is one of the most expensive types of VPN connection. Normally, the protocol used over these connections does not provide encryption, so encryption needs to be added to the connection.
> 
> 
> bridge clearance