just as the depletion of stratospheric ozone threa
just as the depletion of stratospheric ozone threatens life on earth today, its accumulation was one of the crucial processes that allowed life to develop in prehistoric times: 3o2(g) -> 2o3(g) at a given instant, the reaction rate in terms of [o2] is 2.17 x 10^-5 mol/l*s. what is it in terms of [o3]? enter your answer in scientific notation.
generaloraverage rate is the change in the concentration of a compound over a period of time.the average rate the reactants and products in a reaction are equal when the coefficient for each is 1.the rate for the reactants are negative. this is because the reactants are being consumed in the reaction. the rate for the product c is positive because it is being produced in the reaction.for a reaction where the coefficients of the compounds are different, the rate is multiplied by the reciprocal of the coefficient.example: 2a + b → 3cthe given reaction is:3o2(g) → 2o3(g)­given the rate of o2 consumption is -2.17x10-5 mol/l∙snote that value is negative to indicate that it is decreasing as the reaction proceeds.rearranging the rate equation to give the reaction rate is terms of [o3]:
more like retain oxygen intake /efficiency. due to o2 there occurs destruction
or oxidation of photosynthetic pigments and intermediate, this
process is photo oxidation as it destructs pigments it is surely
harmful to plants answer: oxygen gas is responsible for combustion. combustion is characterized as a rapid exothermic reaction that releases a significant amount of energy in the form of heat and flames as combustion reactions that can spread through a suitable medium. combustion is the outcome of dynamic or time-dependent activities between atoms, molecules, radicals, and solid boundaries at the molecular level. for combustion to occur, three conditions must be met, which are there should be a combustible material. there should be a supporter of combustion. the combustible material is heated to the ignition temperature. the presence of fuel has a significant effect. the existence of oxygen or air. the ignition temperature is kept constant. oxygen in on sapling its

oxidation:
cu --> cu^2+ + 2e^-

reduction:
o\_2 + 4e^- -->2o^2- hi,
all physical changes are not
reversible cutting of tree is an irreversible physical change
all chemical changes are not
necessarily irreversible

the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to form water is an
example reversible chemical reaction the reaction can be
represented as:
h2 + 1/2 o2→ h2o i. given:valency of carbon is 4valency of chlorine is 1by applying criss-cross method:formula: ccl4thus, the formula for carbon tetrachloride is ccl4.ii. given:valency of element x is 1valency of oxygen is 2by applying criss-cross method:formula: x2o the sun fuses hydrogen to helium in an atomic reaction similar to a hydrogen bomb, this reaction gives off energy and hence provides us with a lot radiant energy, most astronomers believe that the sun has been “turned on” for about 4.5 billion years. 

as the sun gets older, it will continue to fuse hydrogen in its core, scientists estimate that there is enough hydrogen fuel to continue this process for another 4 billion years or so, then the fun starts….

once the majority of the sun’s hydrogen is turned into helium, it stops fusing hydrogen and loses its ability to combat gravity, the sun will begin to compress under its own weight. the higher pressures and temperatures at the sun’s core will cause helium to begin to fuse into carbon in a similar process to the hydrogen fusion, this too balances out the gravity and the sun will continue to shine, but the process of fusing helium gives off more energy than the fusing of hydrogen. this additional energy streaming out of the core radiates through the “envelope”, the layers outside the core. this very high energy into the envelope heats up the envelope causing the envelope expand greatly to hundreds of times its original size. 

the part that can be seen (the envelope) is much cooler than the young sun was and it is red in color, the sun has become a red giant star. 

even though the red envelope is cooler than the young sun it is still very hot, about 5000° fahrenheit! unfortunately, for any life on planets in the inner solar system, the red giant sun's envelope will expand to engulf all the way out past earth and mars. all the oceans will be evaporated away and in fact the earth's atmosphere will be blown into space. the engulfed planets will, obivously, be uninhabitable. because of the small size of boron atom and presence of only six electrons in its valence shell, b(oh)3 accepts a pair of electrons from oh- ion of h2o, releasing a proton.the reaction mechanism is: <p>concepts and reason</p>
<p>the concept used to solve this problem is the formal charge calculation of the oxygen atoms present in the ozone molecule.</p>
<p>fundamentals</p>
<p>a charge that is assigned to an atom, which is present in the molecule, is represented as a formal charge. in two bonded atoms, a formal charge assumes that the electrons are equally shared between them. the formal charge is calculated using the following formula:</p>
<p>formal charge \(=\mathrm{v}-\mathrm{n}-\frac{\mathrm{b}}{2}\)</p>
<p>here, \(\mathrm{v}\) is the number of valence electrons, \(\mathrm{n}\) is the number of non-bonding electrons and \(\mathrm{b}\) is the number of bonding electrons.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>the structure is as follows:</p>
<p>calculate the formal charge for the circled oxygen in ozone molecule as follows:</p>
<p><img src="https://img.wizedu.com/images/5af6d1f54822b4dfb8fe89d91ef2011c5fe3020815aa4.png" alt="" width="88" /></p>
<p>formal charge \(=\mathrm{v}-\mathrm{n}-\frac{\mathrm{b}}{2}\)</p>
<p>\(\begin{aligned}=& 6-6-\frac{2}{2} \\ &=-1 \end{aligned}\)</p>
<p>explanation | common mistakes | hint for next step</p>
<p>the marked oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons. it contains 6 non-bonding electrons. the marked oxygen atom is bonded with one oxygen atom. therefore, the bonding electron of oxygen is \(2 .\) substitute the values in a formal charge formula to determine the formal charge of oxygen (marked).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>the structure is as follows:</p>
<p><img src="https://img.wizedu.com/images/39493056a8515708b79350d1976e17b35fe30216f0473.png" alt="" width="88" /></p>
<p>calculate the formal charge for the circled oxygen in ozone molecule as follows:</p>
<p>formal charge \(=\mathrm{v}-\mathrm{n}-\frac{\mathrm{b}}{2}\)</p>
<p>\(=6-2-\frac{6}{2}\)</p>
<p>\(=+1\)</p>
<p>explanation | common mistakes | hint for next step</p>
<p>the oxygen atom in the middle has 6 valence electrons and has 2 non-bonding electrons. the central oxygen atom is bonded with 1 double bond and 1 single bond. so, there is a total of 3 bonds containing 6 electrons (bonding electrons). the formal charge of the middle oxygen atom can be determined by substituting the values in a formal charge formula.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>the structure is as follows:</p>
<p><img src="https://img.wizedu.com/images/b1122ce7723aa4ab1f9ae5c9e457299e5fe3022ca77a5.png" alt="" width="88" /></p>
<p>calculate the formal charge for the circled oxygen in ozone molecule as follows:</p>
<p>formal charge \(=\mathrm{v}-\mathrm{n}-\frac{\mathrm{b}}{2}\)</p>
<p>\(=6-4-\frac{4}{2}\)</p>
<p>\(=0\)</p>
<p>the formal charge of each oxygen atom in \(\mathrm{o}\_{3}\) molecule are labeled as follows:</p>
<p><img src="https://img.wizedu.com/images/1de5ee227194f6d8c7fb9fb0e76160f25fe3024117fde.png" alt="" width="120" /></p>
<p>the oxygen atom present on the right side contains 6 valence electrons which have 2 non-bonded electrons. the marked oxygen is bonded with 1 double bond with a central oxygen atom. so, the number of bonding electrons is \(4 .\) the formal charge of the corner oxygen atom (right corner) can be determined by substituting the values in the formal charge formula.</p>
<p>the formal charge of each oxygen atom in \(\mathrm{o}\_{3}\) molecule are labeled as follows:</p>
<p><img src="https://img.wizedu.com/images/1de5ee227194f6d8c7fb9fb0e76160f25fe3024117fde.png" alt="" width="120" /></p>