define the term refractive index of a medium in terms of velocity of light. - chemistry q&a
answer: refractive index is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a specific medium. refractive index is dimensionless. it is a number that indicates the number of times slower than a light wave would be in the material than it is in a vacuum. refractive index, represented by symbol n, is the velocity of light in vacuum divided by the velocity of light in a medium. the formula of the refractive index is, n = c/ν where n = refractive index. c = velocity of light in a vacuum ( 3 × 108 m/s). v = velocity of light in a substance. snell’s law clarifies the relation between the angle of incidence and angle of refraction. so, there are two formulas for calculating the refractive index of a medium. let us imagine that a ray of light is travelling from a medium a to another medium b. then conferring from snell’s law, .
chemistry 1010 study guide classify the following properties as intensive or extensive: intensive- doesn’t change (boiling point, temp, color, density, hardness) extensive- changes in size/ amount (volume, mass length scientific method terms experiment: a well-controlled procedure used to obtain data in order to describe a phenomenon. law: a statement that describes natural phenomenon by summarizing collected facts. observation: a statement describing a natural phenomenon that we sense. scientific fact: a statement that is explained by reproducible experimental data hypothesis: guesses that is not verified yet. mass and weight mass is a measurement of the quantity of matter in an object, whereas weigh is a measurement of the force of gravity on the matter of an object; ther generaloraverage rate is the change in the concentration of a compound over a period of time.the average rate the reactants and products in a reaction are equal when the coefficient for each is 1.the rate for the reactants are negative. this is because the reactants are being consumed in the reaction. the rate for the product c is positive because it is being produced in the reaction.for a reaction where the coefficients of the compounds are different, the rate is multiplied by the reciprocal of the coefficient.example: 2a + b → 3cthe given reaction is:3o2(g) → 2o3(g)­given the rate of o2 consumption is -2.17x10-5 mol/l∙snote that value is negative to indicate that it is decreasing as the reaction proceeds.rearranging the rate equation to give the reaction rate is terms of [o3]: no, the moment of force is a vector quantity. since the image is formed on the screen, the image is real. a concave lens cannot form a real image. therefore, the lens is convex.object distance, u = -30 cmimage distance, v = +60 cmaccording to lens formula:f = +20 cmmagnification of convex lens, m = thus the image of the candle flame is 6 cm high and inverted (as indicated by the –ve sign) the value of head loss due to friction using chezy formula with constant c= 60 for a fluid, flowing through a 30 cm diameter and 70 m long pipe. velocity of fluid inside the pipe is 5 m/s. we first define our axisupward is along + y direction of axiseastward is along + x direction of axisvelocity of a aeroplane = velocity of a bullet = a person on the earth will see the bullet having a resultant velocity and angle θ with the vertical (y axis)θ = angle with the vertical (y axis) for p = 1:10
 for q = 1:10
 if p ~= q
 ...
 end
 end
end
without a for loop:
x = rand(10, 10);
index = (1:10) ~= (1:10).';
mean(x(index)) % mean of elements, which are not on main diagonal when a ray of light falls on a smooth and shiny surface, the whole of light is sent back in the same direction. it is called reflection. mirrors do not allow even a small amount of light to pass through them. mirrors show regular and complete reflection.when all the parallel rays reflected from a plane are not parallel, the reflection is diffused or irregular. this is not violation of law of reflection, the reason for diffused reflection is due to irregularities in the reflecting surface. hi there!we are asked to determine the reaction order of a and b using the given data.recall that the rate law only focuses on the reactant concentrations and has a general form of:rate= kaxbyk = rate constanta & b = reactantsx & y = reactant ordersreactant ain order to calculate the order of the reaction with respect to a, we must look for the experimental data where the concentration of a changes while the concentration of b remains the same.trial[a] (mol/l)[b] (mol/l)initial rate (m/s)10.1000.100520.3000.1004530.1000.2001040.3000.20090the rate laws are:rate= kaxbytrial 1:5 m/s= k0.100x0.100ytrial 2:45 m/s= k0.300x0.100ysolve for x using the ratio of the two rates:***the larger rate should be on the numeratorrate 2rate 1=45 m/s5 m/s= k0.300x0.100yk0.100x0.100y• for reactions at a constant temperature, the rate constant remains the same. thus, it could be canceled out.• since the reaction order ‘y’ of b is also the same, it could also be canceled out.45 m/s5 m/s= k0.300x0.100yk0.100x0.100y9 = 3xlog 9=x·log3log 9log3=x·log3log3x=2the reaction order, x, with respect to a is 2. reactant bin order to calculate the order of the reaction with respect to a, we must look for the experimental data where the concentration of b changes while the concentration of a remains the same.trial[a] (mol/l)[b] (mol/l)initial rate (m/s)10.1000.100520.3000.1004530.1000.2001040.3000.20090the rate laws are:rate= kaxbytrial 1:5 m/s= k0.100x0.100ytrial 3:10 m/s= k0.100x0.200ysolve for x using the ratio of the two rates:***the larger rate should be on the numeratorrate 3rate 1=10 m/s5 m/s= k0.100x0.200yk0.100x0.100y• for reactions at a constant temperature, the rate constant remains the same. thus, it could be canceled out.• since the reaction order ‘x’ of a is also the same, it could also be canceled out.10 m/s5 m/s= k0.100x0.200yk0.100x0.100y2 = 2ylog 2=y·log2log 2log2=y·log2log2y=1the reaction order, y, with respect to b is 1. trueexplanation: physical balance is very sensitive and used in labs for measuring. it is similar to beam balance. it can measure small differences in mass up to milligram.