sociology
please check my answers.

1. population growth is an issue because
a. sociologists cannot track all the social groups that arise.
b. infrastructure within cities is insufficient. 
c. it goes hand in hand with lowered life expectancy.
d. natural resources are limited.*

2. renee lives in a country that has high birthrates and high death rates. her country is the \_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of the demographic transition. 
a. first
b. second* 
c. third
d. fourth 

3. according to the anti-malthusians, we should be more concerned with \_\_\_\_\_\_ than overpopulation.
a. genetically modified foods
b. population shrinkage 
c. the effects of pollution*
d. keeping cities in check 

4. what is the difference in percentage of people living in cities from 1790 to 1920?
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 45%*
d. 85%

5. when people and businesses move away from the center of the city to the outskirts, what model of urbanization is being followed?
a. concentric-zone model
b. sector model*
c. peripheral model 
d. multiple-nuclei model

6. a population explosion occurs when a country experiences
a. high birthrates and low death rates
b. a "demographic free fall"
c. low birthrates and low death rates
d. high birthrates and high death rates*

7. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has transformed the inner cities into ghettos. 
a. suburbanization*
b. urbanization
c. deindustrialization
d. gentrification 

8. one effect of urbanization is 
a. decreased variety in businesses and services
b. a greater number of families headed by women
c. a decreased need for infrustructure
d. cities have a growing influence on society* 

9. the \_\_\_\_\_\_ are urban residents who cannot move when community or personal changes occur or when other groups move in.
a. cosmopolites
b. singles
c. deprived*
d. trapped

10. shopping malls, hotels, office parks, and residential areas that are located near the intersection of major highways are called
a. enterprise zones
b. edge cities*
c. red cities
d. metropolitan statistical areas
1. according to anti-malthusian... *population shrinkage*
2.a population explosion occurs...
*high birthrates and low death rates*
3.\_\_\_\_ has transformed the inner...
*suburbanization*
4.one effect of urbanization is...
*cities have a growing influence on society*
5.renee lives in a country that has...
*first*
6.the \_\_\_ are urban residents who...
*trapped*
7.when people and businesses...
*peripheral model*
8.shopping malls, hotels, office...
*edge cities*
9.what is the difference in percentage...
*45%*
10.population growth is an issue...
*natural resources are limited*
intro to sociology 221­ professor erin rider chapter 8 notes: social class  poverty line­ indicator as to how much is needed to live; set at about  $23,000  urban under class­ at the very bottom of the class order  conspicuous consumption­ how we use our money to showcase status  culture of poverty­ looks at the poor and says “they must lack work ethic”;  blames the poor for the circumstances they’re in  social location­ place that we are categorized into, social identity; your ascribed  identities  ameritocracy­ belief in individual drive and doing what’s necessary to succeed;  life chances are often ascribed (what you’re born into)  social mobility­ goes upward and * however, the quality of the roads is a far cry from the silky smooth expressways that you’ll glide across in singapore. a poor road system combined with a growing middle class who own an increasing amount of vehicles per household can quickly lead to crushing congestion problems. as traffic slows to a crawl, it’s not just the commuters that suffer.  countries of europe o germany  82 million people  initially was made up several tribes, royal families  unified late 1800s early 1900s  was divided after wwii  west germany = part of europe, democratic  east germany = ussr, communist  contains 16 states  highly urbanized  89% of the population  a leader in europe : manufactoring/economic stability  largest economy of europe  has the autobahn (interstate system) o france  64 million people  oldest state in europe  urban  paris 2.2 million people  contains the highest mountain in europe  mount blanc  huge in agriculture (biggest producer in europe)  cattle, grapes, cheese  known for  rich food  architecture  art o great britain  uk  62.7 million people  regions:  england, scotland, wales, northern ireland  surrounded by water:  north sea, english channel, and the atlantic ocean  the us's strongest ally  national dish:  chicken tikka masala  prominent religion  protestant o ireland  highest growing economy in the eu  uses the euro  gained independence form the uk in 1921 
  conflict between the catholics and protestants  irish republican army (ira)  english and gaelic are the national languages  strong irish influence in america  new york  boston  chicago o italy  60.5 million people  major states or regions  tuscany, milan, venice, piedmont  rich urbanized north  poor rural south  sicily is very poor and underdeveloped  origin of la cosa nostra (sicilian mafia)  milan-turin-genoa triangle  heavy manufacturing  milan is the largest city in italy o "rock" of gibraltar  2.6 sq mile area (peninsula iberian)  south spain  owned by britain  surrendered by spain in 1713 (via the war of the spanish succession)  one of the most densely populated areas in the world  12,840 people per square mile  official language is english  important militarily and economically  access to the mediterranean sea from the atlantic  recent events in ukraine o major divisions after the cold war o country divided politically  east = pro russia  west = pro europe o russia needs access to the ocean and resources  military and economic factor… o babushkas of chernobyl  self-settlers  wildlife  returning in force  invisible enemy  women who were children during stalin's reign.  starvation  stalin burned down cities and towns along with all of the agriculture. 
  lived through wwii with the nazi's.  concentration camps or forced labor.  relationships do not equal causation  the world health organization says 4000 deaths while green peace says 10000 deaths.  the women are out living the men because the men are drinking and smoking, across the world it is more accepted for a man to drink and smoke than it is for a woman.  in that case you have higher numbers of men drinking and smoking and dying from that instead of the radiation poisoning.  the town was built around chernobyl.  the people who were relocated seem to be dying sooner than the ones who came back. o russia is the biggest country by land area. o you can see alaska from russia, only 4km between the two. o physical geography  sw russia desert  main area of settlement near moscow  cannot connect to any waterways.  caspian sea o 4 regions  russian core  majority of the population  siberia  freezing  where people would be exiled  eastern frontier  desert section  separation between siberia and frontier is climate and culture  far east  not many settlements  hard to navigate the land o approximately 75% of russia is siberia has far as land area o a majority of the population lives in the russian core and the eastern frontier o physical russian geography  russian plain  west of the ural mountains; moscow (core of russia)  ural mountains (2000 miles long)  low relief mountain chain separating east/west russia  western siberia (constant elevation) 
  flat plains and forests  central siberia  moderate mountains; very cold (artic circle)  eastern highlands (mostly the yakutski basin)  one of the most remote places on earth o climate  sw desert  russian core humid continental (northern midwest into canada)  majority is subarctic. (freezing)  tundra only has a few centimeters a year that is thawed for a limited amount of time. o interesting facts about russia  continentally has a huge impact on russia's climate  similar to the upper mid-west and canada  economy is rising  it depends heavily on oil  becoming increasingly more "modern" and "western"  red square  a city square block where the government is housed  misconceptions  not called red square because it is called a communist country  not because the buildings are red  it is because the language has evolved.  used to be the slums until the 1400s o the soviet union  u.s.s.r. (cccp)  union of soviet socialistic republics  formed in 1917 after the bolshevik revolution  most citizens were very poor, unhapy with autocratic tsar systerm  industrial revolution was occuring in europe = caused  a federation of power  split of power with no true ruler  russification: the idea of replacing ethnic  areas with russians; ethnic groups moved east  command economy: a system where the government assigns sectors of production to particular areas with disregard to economic o spread of the soviet influence  after wwii, communism spread into eastern europe  china and korea 1950s  cuba in 1959 with castro 
  se asia in 1954  africa in 1970s  created tensions with the us and europe  cold war  agriculture cut off by ukraine o space race  1957 soviet union  1958 us  1965 france  1970 japan  1970 china  1971 uk  1979 esa  1980 india o post-soviet union  the russian federation  becoming more "european" culturally and politically  only 3 men have been president in the past 22 years  yeltsin  putin  medvedev  putin (again)  test april 12th o eastern europe(balkans & ukraine, rock of gibraltar) o sub-sahara africa o north africa  map quiz 6 o east asia and russia  monday 4/11 -friday 4/15  spread of religion o oldest religion  hinduism o abraham was born  ur o fastest spreading religion  islam o islam is a religion, muslim's follow islam  ddt in africa: malaria v. health risks o ethical concern  protection of the diversity of wildlife v. malaria victims dying in africa o tuberculosis is mainly in the north o diarrheal diseases due to unclean water  north africa and the middle east o interesting facts 
  the middle east is known as the "crossroads of the world" because it lies in between asia, africa and europe  hence the name "middle"  the term "arab" refers to an ethnic group not a religion  not all arabs are muslims  this confusion also exists with judaism  naswa an acronym for north africa/south-west asia  iran is the former persian empire  very large portion of the population is under 30  educated  unemployed o original three abrahamic faith  judaism (first abrahamic religions)  christianity  islam  monotheistic  the belief in one god o populations  egypt= nile river  turkey= black sea and mediterranean sea  iran= caspian sea and persian gulf  north africa = mediterranean sea  majority of populations live near water because of the dry climat o the birthplace of civilization  birthplace of man is ethiopia  fertile crescent = mesopotamia = between two rivers  neolithic = 10,000 years ago humans began to domesticate plants and animals, learned to irrigate their fields and grow the population  birthplace of many foundational concepts:  maps  60 minutes per hour; 24 hours per day  trigonometry  early medicine  irrigation  written text  the egyptian empire  highly advanced  second oldest language  hieroglyphics  writing paper, irrigation, domestication of wheat  sailing  architecture, masonry (pyramids)  polytheistic and belief of an afterlife 
  kings were called paharos  sun god rah  oil in naswa  saudi arabia number 1 oil producers in the world and the us's biggest alli in the middle east  began in iran  majority of the oil was found after ww2  opec  orgainzation of petroleum exporting countries  created to try to not have a monoply  8 naswa countries  can cause high prices for those who don't have oil  results of opec  has totally transformed the middle east since the 1960s  positives  urban transformation  infrastructure investments  industrialization  foreign investment and involvement  negatives  variable income  regional disparities  migration from other realms  nasaw dynamic  fragmented modernization  many issues in the middle east and north america  wealth disparities  most naswa people are poor, not rich  typical iranian makes $10,840 usd a year  qatar citizen makes $103,900 usd a year  religion differences internally (shia v. sunnis) and externally (christianity/judaism)  old autocratic government leaders and young populations = cultural issues  arab spring (2010-present)  started with a fruit vender. couldn't sale his fruit so in protest he set himself on fire, dying a few weeks later  spread quickly through social media  two things in common  old rulers who have been there for a long time  young, well-educated, unemployed population  cultural regions of the middle east 
  30 countries  6 regions  egypt and the lower nial = the heart  the maghred (sahara)  the middle east  largely islamic  the arabian peninsula = richest oil  the empire states = iran and turkey  turkestan  transition zone  african tz is the primary area where the sunni and the shia are having problems  egypt  suez canal  get the oil out  saudi arabia  desert  iran  iranian revolution in 1979 An increase in the level of production of goods and services (national income) of a country over a certain period of time is referred to as economic growth. Higher level of investment in education sector would lead to higher proportion of educated people working with higher participation in economic activities and, therefore, would lead to higher economic growth. The following are the various ways in which investment in education stimulates economic growth: 

**(i) Imparts Quality Skills and Knowledge**: Education endows people with quality skills and, thereby, enhances their productivity. Consequently, it enhances the income earning capacities of and opportunities for the people. Moreover, it also enables the human capital to utilize the available physical capital optimally. 

**(ii) Develops Mental Abilities**: Education develops the mental abilities of people and helps them to make their choice rationally and intellectually. Education churns out good citizens by inculcating values in them.  

**(iii) Acceptability of Modernization**: An educated public of a nation has greater acceptability of modernization and modern techniques. This not only helps the economy to grow but also facilitates a primitive economy to break the shackles of tradition and backwardness.  

**(iv) Eradicates Skewed Income Distribution**: Education not only increases the income  earning capacity but also reduces the skewed distribution of income, thereby, forms an egalitarian society.  

**(v) Raises Standard and Quality of Living**: Education enhances the income earning capacity of the people, thereby; it raises the standard of living and also improves the quality of living.  

**(vi) Increases the Participation Rate**: It fosters economic development by increasing the participation of people in the process of growth and development.  

**(vii) One Solution for Other Economic** **Problems**: The importance of education is not only limited to making people educated But also in facilitating an underdeveloped economy to solve different but interrelated macro economic problems like poverty, income inequality, population, investments, under utilization of resources. the following are the forces which are responsible for increasing the concern of business enterprises for social responsibility.
(a) threat of public regulation: the interest of general public is to be safeguarded by the government. thus, if a business is not socially morale towards society, then it can regulate the operations of that enterprise accordingly.
(b) pressure of labour movement: the increase in capital mobility over time has increased the pressure on business enterprises to pay attention to the welfare of workers, by providing them with healthy working conditions along with good remuneration.
(c) impact of consumer consciousness: consumers education has led to a change in the mindset as consumers today are aware of their rights and responsibilities. therefore, business enterprises need to be more efficient and productive to satisfy their customers.
(d) development of social standards: business these days are not just profit oriented. for their long-term survival and growth, they need to fulfil the new standards of social welfare.
(e) development of business education: the spread of education over time has made consumers, investors, employees and owners more of social problems, thereby making them more sensitive to social issues.
(f) relationship between social interest and business interest: there is a need to maintain the correct balance between social and business interest. profitability and social responsibility go hand in hand. no business enterprise can work in isolation from society and can grow by doing the maximum good to society.
(g) development of a professional managerial class: the core objective of profit maximization was a traditional aspect. but today’s professional managers make efforts to satisfy the interests of all members of society. some people have not been equipped with the coping or social skills to create and maintain healthy relationships. yet, one can develop social skills by accepting that although a group of people are related by blood, they are not automatically healthy or beneficial for all. 
one can create new, healthy relationships by reshaping their outlook, possibly with the help of therapy, and taking up new hobbies for adults....joining co-ed groups to meet both males and females and not only will this be fun, but this will provide the healthy socialization adults benefit from. some people are introverts, which psychology has adjusted to mean where u get ur energy from. like, an extrovert get energy and life from interacting with lots of people and feels uplifted and empowered by this, whereas introverts can actually be social as well, but prefer limitied amounts as too much interaction makes them feel drained. it does not mean the socially awkard kid who people have only say one word, two years ago, sitting in the basement with no friends. five factors are known to affect allele frequency in populations i.e., hardy-weinberg equilibrium. these are gene migration or gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination and natural selection.gene migration or gene flow – it is movement of alleles into a gene pool or out of a gene pool. when this movement of alleles takes place gene frequencies change in the original as well as in the new population. new genes/alleles are added to the new population and these are lost from the old population. this will lead to a gene flow if this gene migration, happens multiple times.genetic drift – if the movement of alleles into a gene pool or out of a gene pool takes place by chance it is called genetic drift. this always influences frequencies of alleles and s inversely proportional to the size of the population. it sometimes result into founder effect i.e., when a small group of individuals get isolated from a larger population to form a new population. genetic drift may result into reduced genetic variation.mutation – is the large difference arising suddenly in a population, they are random and occur in all directions.natural selection – is a process in which heritable variations enabling better survival are enabled to reproduce and leave greater number of progeny. that is nature selects only those traits which help an organism to survive in the changed conditions. those that are not fit for survival perish in the long run leading to evolution of new species.genetic recombination – production of new offspring with traits which differ from parents is called genetic recombination. ignorance, poor education, instilled with that from parents, fear of someone who is different, fear of things they don't understand, fear of change, hostility towards people who they perceive are doing better than them, irrational fear of people they believe are trying to take their jobs or worsen their life situation in some way. i could list another dozen. and everybody is a keyboard warrior on social media saying things anonymously they'd never have the guts to say to someone's face.often times, it's a combination but irrational fear and insecurity is usually present. one of the best jokes i've heard that exposes the hypocrisy of racism, fear of immgrants, foreigners etc. is:"if you think immigrants are all criminals, rapists and killers and you think immigrants are all coming to take your jobs, what the hell do you do for a living?" migration is a response to the uneven distribution of opportunities over space. people tend to move from a place of low opportunity and low safety to the place of higher opportunity and better safety. this has both positive and negative effects.the economic consequence of migration in india are:a) the biggest plus point is the remittances sent from abroad to the home country. it is one of the major sources of foreign exchange.b) in 2002, india received the us $ 11 billion as remittances from international migrants.c) the maximum amount is received by punjab, kerala and tamil nadu.d) the amount of remittances sent by the internal migrants is low as compared to international migrants.e) internal migrants also play an important role in the growth of the economy. We can't actually live in an equality no matter what ink on paper says. The thing is that so long that there is a disparity between male and female rights groups representation there won't be equality.   
  
Normally you first do a cultural revolution and then turn the politics according to how the culture is.   
  
Lots of women's rights movements however are getting men's rights movements being liquidated by the government. Its a common tactic that leftist pressure groups do repeatedly.  
  
There is never going to be equality because politics is the very platform where groups in a given society go to represent their interests, and their interests alone. Feminists have fought for women's rights, now that they have it, they fight for women's interests.  
  
An activist group has only so much human and financial resources so they are putting them into strategic positions much like a military would do with their units. They use their movement's strong points on the weak points of the opponent, or the problem they want changed.  
  
Women's right advocates are invited to have a talk at the government, UN, universities, etc. Men's rights? lol nope.  
  
there's not going to be equality because the political environment doesn't actually serve the purpose for an equality to exist in strategic terms at least.