state and explain any three factors affecting allele frequency in populations.
five factors are known to affect allele frequency in populations i.e., hardy-weinberg equilibrium. these are gene migration or gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination and natural selection.gene migration or gene flow – it is movement of alleles into a gene pool or out of a gene pool. when this movement of alleles takes place gene frequencies change in the original as well as in the new population. new genes/alleles are added to the new population and these are lost from the old population. this will lead to a gene flow if this gene migration, happens multiple times.genetic drift – if the movement of alleles into a gene pool or out of a gene pool takes place by chance it is called genetic drift. this always influences frequencies of alleles and s inversely proportional to the size of the population. it sometimes result into founder effect i.e., when a small group of individuals get isolated from a larger population to form a new population. genetic drift may result into reduced genetic variation.mutation – is the large difference arising suddenly in a population, they are random and occur in all directions.natural selection – is a process in which heritable variations enabling better survival are enabled to reproduce and leave greater number of progeny. that is nature selects only those traits which help an organism to survive in the changed conditions. those that are not fit for survival perish in the long run leading to evolution of new species.genetic recombination – production of new offspring with traits which differ from parents is called genetic recombination.
genetic and environmental pressure to be stronger
group isolation
good nutrition
culling of those less strong, etc. sylvia frank chlh 274 homework problems chapter 3 1. a. crude death rate: total populace death in a specific span-time at the mean year. b. age-specific rate: total incidence occurred in a specific-age group of the populace in a specific span time. c. cause-specific rate: total death of a populace from a specific-cause in a specific span-time at the mean year. d. proportional mortality ratio: total death within a populace due to a specific-cause divided by the total death in the populace e. maternal mortality rate: incidence of death because of birth of a child or due to pregnancy associated complications. f. infant mortality rate: rate of event of newborn death over a year by birth of newborn over a same interval. g. neonatal mortality to answer this question we have to take into account several aspects. 

the first of these is the assessment of the male factor. when we speak of oligoazoospermia we refer to a low concentration of sperm in the semen. we consider an altered concentration when there are less than 15 million spermatozoa per milliliter (ml) of ejaculate. 

but although 15 million per ml is the reference parameter for talking about oligoazoospermia, when we assess the seminogram we must take into account the degree of deviation from that normality. that is, a concentration of 13 million/ml, where we would speak of a mild oligoazoospermia, is not the same as 1 million/ml, where we would speak of a severe oligoazoospermia. in addition we must also assess the other parameters of the study of the semen (total volume, motility). 

in order to group all the important parameters of the seminogram into a single value that will help us decide which assisted reproduction technique to use, the concept of msc (mobile sperm count) is established. this tells us the number of spermatozoa with good motility in each milliliter of ejaculate after the training of the semen in the laboratory. 

it is considered that in order to perform an artificial insemination (ai), the msc must be over 3 million spermatozoa. 

therefore, as far as the male factor is concerned, it will depend on the severity of the oligoazoospermia and how it influences the msc whether the technique of choice is an ai or, on the contrary, we have to opt for a more complex technique, such as in vitro fertilization (ivf). 

the second aspect to take into account is the female factor. in this case we are presented with a woman with a polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos). pcos is an endocrine pathology that is often difficult to achieve ovulation. when a woman is unable to ovulate, she will not be able to become pregnant and the clinic that most women with pcos consult for will appear, which is the absence of menstruation. 

thus, what we must do with this patient is to give her medication to help her achieve, first, follicular development and, later, ovulation. once ovulation is achieved, the semen sample should be added either by ai or by directed intercourse. one option or the other will depend on the quality of the semen. 

to achieve ovulation in a patient with pcos we perform an "ovulation induction" treatment. for this we have several therapeutic options. as first-line drugs we would have the drugs for oral administration (clomiphene citrate and letrozole) and, as second-line treatment, we would have the drugs for subcutaneous administration (gonadotropins). 

even so, before considering ovulation induction treatment in a patient with pcos, we should assess the patient's age. the main reason for this is that ovulation induction treatments end with ai or directed intercourse. it is known that women over 38 years of age do not benefit from these techniques due to poor egg quality. in such cases, the first option should be an ivf. 

therefore, and in response to the initial question, the most likely treatment of choice for this couple is ai with ovulation induction, but before indicating such a technique we must take into account other parameters such as emr and the age of the patient. the cause would really be determined by the levels of your other hormones. it may be that you are not ovualating. early menopause is also a cause, but the diagnosis cannot be made just on the oestrogen levels.<br><br>best wishes it's hormonal change dear... just be happy and enjoy the phase.... the percent ionization of nh3 will increase. what’s your day rate. i know hormones can affect how wet a female gets, for example taking the pill. did you recently go on the pill or start other hormone based contraception? in many places, abstinence is taught aggressively. unfortunately that is often ineffective since our sex drive is one of the most powerful forces in our existence. like any other aspect of life, education into techniques, benefits, risks, psychological and physical aspects of relationships, variations in preferences, etc., seem an essential part of understanding human sexuality. see more... aggregate supply indicates the total amount of goods and services produced within an economy at a given the general (or overall) price level during an accounting period. `as = f(barn,barl,bark,bart)` where,as = aggregate supplyn = natural resourcesl = labourk = stock of capitalt = state of technologynatural resources: natural resources include the gifts of nature such as fertile land, weather conditions, adequate rainfall, flora and fauna, perennial rivers etc. the abundant availability of all these factors act in favour of production. the aggregate supply of a country bestowed with these natural resources will be higher and vice-versa.labour: availability of skilled and motivated labour is another determinant of supply. the supply in an economy with abundance of skilled labour will be high and vice-versa.capital: capital is essential in the production process. capital helps in acquiring raw materials, equipments, plant and machinery, buildings etc. which are essential for increasing the production. greater the stock of capital, greater would be the level of output and production. state of technology: the state of technology in an economy decides the level of supply. advanced technology helps in improving the production efficiency in a a country. with better and advanced technology production can be increased while reducing the cost of production. this in turn positively affects the supply. thus, the availability of modern and advanced technology helps in increasing the supply.