<p>I'm having some internationalisation woes:</p>

<p>My UTF-8 string fields are being rendered in the browser as ???? after being returned from the database.</p>

<p>After retrieval from the database using Hibernate, the String fields are presented correctly on inspection using the eclipse debugger.</p>

<p>However Struts2/Tiles is rendering these strings as ???? in the HTML sent to the browser.</p>

<p>The charset directive is present in the HTML header:
    </p>

<p>Perhaps I need to add something to my struts2 or tiles configurations?</p>

[{'answer_id': 56358, 'author': 'Brian Matthews', 'author_id': 1969, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1969', 'pm_score': 0, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>Try setting the lang attribute on the &lt;html/&gt; element.</p>\n\n<p>HTML example:</p>\n\n<pre>\n&lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"&gt;\n&lt;html lang="ja"&gt; \n</pre>\n\n<p>XHTML example:</p>\n\n<pre>\n&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"&gt;\n&lt;html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="ja"&gt; \n</pre>\n'}, {'answer_id': 56626, 'author': 'ScArcher2', 'author_id': 1310, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1310', 'pm_score': 1, 'selected': True, 'text': '<p>You could try something like this.</p>\n\n<p>It\'s taken from sun\'s page on <a href="http://java.sun.com/j2ee/1.4/docs/tutorial/doc/WebI18N5.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Character Sets and Encodings</a>.\nI think this has to be the very first line in your jsp.</p>\n\n<pre><code>&lt;%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" %&gt;\n</code></pre>\n'}, {'answer_id': 78724, 'author': 'chickeninabiscuit', 'author_id': 3966, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/3966', 'pm_score': 1, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>OMG - it turns out that the cause was a total WTF?</p>\n\n<p>all our tile responses were being served by a homegrown servlet that was ignoring the </p>\n\n<p><code>&lt;%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" %&gt;</code></p>\n\n<p>directive (and who know what else).</p>\n\n<p><code>TilesDispatchExtensionServlet</code> : bloody architecture astronauts, i shake my fist at ye.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 224193, 'author': 'Community', 'author_id': -1, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1', 'pm_score': 0, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>You need to use a filter. See:</p>\n\n<p><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/Tomcat/UTF-8" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/Tomcat/UTF-8</a></p>\n'}]
['https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/56045', 'https://Stackoverflow.com', 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/3966/']