<p>As far as I can tell, in spite of the countless millions or billions spent on OOP education, languages, and tools, OOP has not improved developer productivity or software reliability, nor has it reduced development costs. Few people use OOP in any rigorous sense (few people adhere to or understand principles such as LSP); there seems to be little uniformity or consistency to the approaches that people take to modelling problem domains.  All too often, the class is used simply for its syntactic sugar; it puts the functions for a record type into their own little namespace.</p>

<p>I've written a large amount of code for a wide variety of applications. Although there have been places where true substitutable subtyping played a valuable role in the application, these have been pretty exceptional. In general, though much lip service is given to talk of "re-use" the reality is that unless a piece of code does <em>exactly</em> what you want it to do, there's very little cost-effective "re-use".  It's extremely hard to design classes to be extensible <em>in the right way</em>, and so the cost of extension is normally so great that "re-use" simply isn't worthwhile.</p>

<p>In many regards, this doesn't surprise me.  The real world isn't "OO", and the idea implicit in OO--that we can model things with some class taxonomy--seems to me very fundamentally flawed (I can sit on a table, a tree stump, a car bonnet, someone's lap--but not one of those is-a chair).  Even if we move to more abstract domains, OO modelling is often difficult, counterintuitive, and ultimately unhelpful (consider the classic examples of circles/ellipses or squares/rectangles).</p>

<p>So what am I missing here? Where's the value of OOP, and why has all the time and money failed to make software any better?</p>

[{'answer_id': 24271, 'author': 'Community', 'author_id': -1, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1', 'pm_score': 5, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>Verging on religious but I would say that you\'re painting an overly grim picture of the state of modern OOP. I would argue that it actually <strong>has</strong> reduced costs, made large software projects manageable, and so forth. That doesn\'t mean it\'s solved the fundamental problem of software messiness, and it doesn\'t mean the average developer is an OOP expert. But the modularization of function into object-components has certainly reduced the amount of spaghetti code out there in the world.</p>\n\n<p>I can think of dozens of libraries off the top of my head which are beautifully reusable and which have saved time and money that can never be calculated.</p>\n\n<p>But to the extent that OOP has been a waste of time, I\'d say it\'s because of lack of programmer training, compounded by the steep learning curve of learning a language specific OOP mapping. Some people "get" OOP and others never will.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 24275, 'author': 'Konrad Rudolph', 'author_id': 1968, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1968', 'pm_score': 7, 'selected': False, 'text': '<blockquote>\n  <p>The real world isn\'t "OO", and the idea implicit in OO--that we can model things with some class taxonomy--seems to me very fundamentally flawed</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>While this is true and has been observed by other people (take Stepanov, inventor of the STL), the rest is nonsense. OOP may be flawed and it certainly is no silver bullet but it makes large-scale applications much simpler because it\'s a great way to reduce dependencies. Of course, this is only true for “good” OOP design. Sloppy design won\'t give any advantage. But good, decoupled design can be modelled very well using OOP and not well using other techniques.</p>\n\n<p>There are much better, more universal models (<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16770/haskells-algebraic-data-types">Haskell\'s type model</a> comes to mind) but these are also often more complicated and/or difficult to implement efficiently. OOP is a good trade-off between extremes.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 24284, 'author': 'Sean Kearon', 'author_id': 2608, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2608', 'pm_score': 3, 'selected': False, 'text': "<p>I have been writing OO code for the last 9 years or so.  Other than using messaging, it's hard for me to imagine other approach.  The main benefit I see totally in line with what CodingTheWheel said: modularisation.  OO naturally leads me to construct my applications from modular components that have clean interfaces and clear responsibilities (i.e. loosely coupled, highly cohesive code with a clear separation of concerns).  </p>\n\n<p>I think where OO breaks down is when people create deeply nested class heirarchies.  This can lead to complexity.  However, factoring out common finctionality into a base class, then reusing that in other descendant classes is a deeply elegant thing, IMHO!</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 24286, 'author': 'DrPizza', 'author_id': 2131, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2131', 'pm_score': 3, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>@CodingTheWheel</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n  <p>But to the extent that OOP has been a waste of time, I\'d say it\'s because of lack of programmer training, compounded by the steep learning curve of learning a language specific OOP mapping. Some people "get" OOP and others never will.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>I dunno if that\'s really surprising, though.  I think that technically sound approaches (LSP being the obvious thing) make <em>hard to use</em>, but if we don\'t use such approaches it makes the code brittle and inextensible anyway (because we can no longer reason about it).  And I think the counterintuitive results that OOP leads us to makes it unsurprising that people don\'t pick it up.</p>\n\n<p>More significantly, since software is already fundamentally too hard for normal humans to write reliably and accurately, should we really be extolling a technique that is consistently taught poorly and appears hard to learn? If the benefits were clear-cut then it might be worth persevering in spite of the difficulty, but that doesn\'t seem to be the case.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 24288, 'author': 'DrPizza', 'author_id': 2131, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2131', 'pm_score': 3, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>@Sean</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n  <p>However, factoring out common finctionality into a base class, then reusing that in other descendant classes is a deeply elegant thing, IMHO!</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>But "procedural" developers have been doing that for decades anyway.  The syntax and terminology might differ, but the effect is identical.  There is more to OOP than "reusing common functionality in a base class", and I might even go so far as to say that that is hard to describe as OOP at all; calling the same function from different bits of code is a technique as old as the subprocedure itself.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 24290, 'author': 'DrPizza', 'author_id': 2131, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2131', 'pm_score': 3, 'selected': False, 'text': "<p>@Konrad</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n  <p>OOP may be flawed and it certainly is no silver bullet but it makes large-scale applications much simpler because it's a great way to reduce dependencies</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>That is the dogma. I am not seeing what makes OOP significantly better in this regard than procedural programming of old. Whenever I make a procedure call I am isolating myself from the specifics of the implementation.</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 24291, 'author': 'John with waffle', 'author_id': 279, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/279', 'pm_score': 1, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>"Even if there is no actual [information architecture], it doesn’t mean we don’t experience or perceive it as such. Zen Buddhists say there is no actual “self” but they still name their kids."-Andrew Hinton</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 24293, 'author': 'Rob Cooper', 'author_id': 832, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/832', 'pm_score': 4, 'selected': False, 'text': "<p>Its a programming paradigm.. Designed to make it easier for us mere mortals to break down a problem into smaller, workable pieces..</p>\n\n<p>If you dont find it useful.. Don't use it, don't pay for training and be happy.</p>\n\n<p>I on the other hand do find it useful, so I will :)</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 24308, 'author': 'Tall Jeff', 'author_id': 1553, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1553', 'pm_score': 4, 'selected': False, 'text': "<p>Relative to straight procedural programming, the first fundamental tenet of OOP is the notion of information hiding and encapsulation. This idea leads to the notion of the <strong><em>class</em></strong> that seperates the interface from implementation. These are hugely important concepts and the basis for putting a framework in place to think about program design in a different way and better (I think) way. You can't really argue against those properties - there is no trade-off made and it is always a cleaner way to modulize things.</p>\n\n<p>Other aspects of OOP including inheritance and polymorphism are important too, but as others have alluded to, those are commonly over used. ie: Sometimes people use inheritance and/or polymorphism because they can, not because they should have. They are powerful concepts and very useful, but need to be used wisely and are not automatic winning advantages of OOP.</p>\n\n<p>Relative to re-use. I agree re-use is over sold for OOP. It is a possible side effect of well defined objects, typically of more primitive/generic classes and is a direct result of the encapsulation and information hiding concepts. It is potentially easier to be re-used because the interfaces of well defined classes are just simply clearer and somewhat self documenting.</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 24316, 'author': 'DrPizza', 'author_id': 2131, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2131', 'pm_score': 3, 'selected': False, 'text': "<p>@Jeff</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n  <p>Relative to straight procedural programming, the first fundamental tenet of OOP is the notion of information hiding and encapsulation. This idea leads to the notion of the class that seperates the interface from implementation.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Which has the more hidden implementation: C++'s iostreams, or C's FILE*s?</p>\n\n<p>I think the use of opaque context objects (HANDLEs in Win32, FILE*s in C, to name two well-known examples--hell, HANDLEs live on the other side of the kernel-mode barrier, and it really doesn't get much more encapsulated than that) is found in procedural code too; I'm struggling to see how this is something particular to OOP.</p>\n\n<p>I suppose that may be a part of why I'm struggling to see the benefits: the parts that are obviously good are not specific to OOP, whereas the parts that are specific to OOP are not obviously good! (this is not to say that they are necessarily bad, but rather that I have not seen the evidence that they are widely-applicable and consistently beneficial).</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 24320, 'author': 'FlySwat', 'author_id': 1965, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1965', 'pm_score': 0, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>OOP <em>has</em> reduced costs, and increased efficiency.</p>\n\n<p>When I made the jump from classic ASP/VBScript to C# I noticed a HUGE increase in productivity thanks to OOP.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 24331, 'author': 'Konrad Rudolph', 'author_id': 1968, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1968', 'pm_score': 4, 'selected': False, 'text': "<blockquote>\n  <p>I think the use of opaque context objects (HANDLEs in Win32, FILE*s in C, to name two well-known examples--hell, HANDLEs live on the other side of the kernel-mode barrier, and it really doesn't get much more encapsulated than that) is found in procedural code too; I'm struggling to see how this is something particular to OOP.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><code>HANDLE</code>s (and the rest of the WinAPI) <em>is</em> OOP! C doesn't support OOP very well so there's no special syntax but that doesn't mean it doesn't use the same concepts. WinAPI is in every sense of the word an object-oriented framework.</p>\n\n<p>See, this is the trouble with every single discussion involving OOP or alternative techniques: nobody is clear about the definition, everyone is talking about something else and thus no consensus can be reached. Seems like a waste of time to me.</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 24349, 'author': 'DrPizza', 'author_id': 2131, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2131', 'pm_score': 1, 'selected': False, 'text': '<blockquote>\n  <p>HANDLEs (and the rest of the WinAPI) is OOP! </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Are they, though?  They\'re not inheritable, they\'re certainly not substitutable, they lack well-defined classes... I think they fall a long way short of "OOP".</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 24361, 'author': 'Konrad Rudolph', 'author_id': 1968, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1968', 'pm_score': 4, 'selected': False, 'text': "<blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p>HANDLEs (and the rest of the WinAPI) is OOP!</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Are they, though? They're not inheritable, they're certainly not substitutable, they lack well-defined classes... I think they fall a long way short of &quot;OOP&quot;.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Have you ever created a window using WinAPI? Then you should know that you define a class (<code>RegisterClass</code>), create an instance of it (<code>CreateWindow</code>), call virtual methods (<code>WndProc</code>) and base-class methods (<code>DefWindowProc</code>) and so on. WinAPI even takes the nomenclature from SmallTalk OOP, calling the methods “messages” (Window Messages).</p>\n<p>Handles may not be inheritable but then, there's <code>final</code> in Java. They don't lack a class, they <em>are</em> a placeholder for the class: That's what the word “handle” means. Looking at architectures like MFC or .NET WinForms it's immediately obvious that except for the syntax, nothing much is different from the WinAPI.</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 24362, 'author': 'Daniel Auger', 'author_id': 1644, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1644', 'pm_score': 5, 'selected': False, 'text': "<blockquote>\n  <p>All too often, the class is used\n  simply for its syntactic sugar; it\n  puts the functions for a record type\n  into their own little namespace.  </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Yes, I find this to be too prevalent as well. This is not Object Oriented Programming. It's Object Based Programming and data centric programing. In my 10 years of working with OO Languages, I see people mostly doing Object Based Programming. OBP breaks down very quickly IMHO since you are essentially getting the worst of both words: 1) Procedural programming without adhering to proven structured programming methodology and 2) OOP without adhering to to proven OOP methodology.  </p>\n\n<p>OOP done right is a beautiful thing. It makes very difficult problems easy to solve, and to the uninitiated (not trying to sound pompous there), it can almost seem like magic. That being said, OOP is just one tool in the toolbox of programming methodologies. It is not the be all end all methodology. It just happens to suit large business applications well.   </p>\n\n<p>Most developers who work in OOP languages are utilizing examples of OOP done right in the frameworks and types that they use day-to-day, but they just aren't aware of it. Here are some very simple examples: ADO.NET, Hibernate/NHibernate, Logging Frameworks, various language collection types, the ASP.NET stack, The JSP stack etc... These are all things that heavily rely on OOP in their codebases.</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 24398, 'author': 'DrPizza', 'author_id': 2131, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2131', 'pm_score': 2, 'selected': False, 'text': "<blockquote>\n  <p>Have you ever created a window using WinAPI?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>More times than I care to remember.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n  <p>Then you should know that you define a class (RegisterClass), create an instance of it (CreateWindow), call virtual methods (WndProc) and base-class methods (DefWindowProc) and so on. WinAPI even takes the nomenclature from SmallTalk OOP, calling the methods “messages” (Window Messages).</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Then you'll also know that it does no message dispatch of its own, which is a big gaping void. It also has crappy subclassing.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n  <p>Handles may not be inheritable but then, there's final in Java. They don't lack a class, they are a placeholder for the class: That's what the word “handle” means. Looking at architectures like MFC or .NET WinForms it's immediately obvious that except for the syntax, nothing much is different from the WinAPI.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>They're not inheritable either in interface or implementation, minimally substitutable, and they're not substantially different from what procedural coders have been doing since forever.</p>\n\n<p>Is this really it?  The best bits of OOP are just... traditional procedural code?  <em>That's</em> the big deal?</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 24442, 'author': 'Brian Leahy', 'author_id': 580, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/580', 'pm_score': 6, 'selected': False, 'text': "<p>OOP isn't about creating re-usable classes, its about creating Usable classes.</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 25061, 'author': 'Svend', 'author_id': 2491, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2491', 'pm_score': 6, 'selected': True, 'text': "<p>There's no empirical evidence that suggests that object orientation is a more natural way for people to think about the world. There's some work in the field of psychology of programming that shows that OO is not somehow more fitting than other approaches.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Object-oriented representations do not appear to be universally more usable or less usable.</p>\n<p>It is not enough to simply adopt OO methods and require developers to use such methods, because that might have a negative impact on developer productivity, as well as the quality of systems developed.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Which is from &quot;On the Usability of OO Representations&quot; from Communications of the ACM Oct. 2000. The articles mainly compares OO against theprocess-oriented approach. There's lots of study of how people who work with the OO method &quot;think&quot; (Int. J. of Human-Computer Studies 2001, issue 54, or Human-Computer Interaction 1995, vol. 10 has a whole theme on OO studies), and from what I read, there's nothing to indicate some kind of naturalness to the OO approach that makes it better suited than a more traditional procedural approach.</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 25098, 'author': 'icelava', 'author_id': 2663, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2663', 'pm_score': 3, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>In my experience of reviewing code and design of projects I have been through, the value of OOP is not fully realised because alot of developers have <strong>not properly conceptualised the object-oriented model</strong> in their minds. Thus they do not program with OO design, very often continuing to write top-down procedural code making the classes a pretty <em>flat</em> design. (if you can even call that "design" in the first place)</p>\n\n<p>It is pretty scary to observe how little colleagues know about what an abstract class or interface are, let alone properly design an inheritance hierarchy to suit the business needs.</p>\n\n<p>However, when good OO design is present, it is just sheer joy reading the code and seeing the code naturally fall into place into intuitive components/classes. I have always perceived system architecture and design like designing the various departments and staff jobs in a company - all are there to accomplish a certain piece of work in the grand scheme of things, emitting the synergy required to propel the organisation/system forward.</p>\n\n<p>That, of course, is quite <em>rare</em> unfortunately. Like the ratio of beautifully-designed versus horrendously-designed physical objects in the world, the same can pretty much be said about software engineering and design. Having the good tools at one\'s disposal does not necessarily confer good practices and results.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 26767, 'author': 'Johnno Nolan', 'author_id': 1116, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1116', 'pm_score': 3, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>Maybe a bonnet, lap or a tree is not a chair but they all are ISittable.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 31116, 'author': 'DrPizza', 'author_id': 2131, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2131', 'pm_score': 1, 'selected': False, 'text': "<blockquote>\n  <p>Maybe a bonnet, lap or a tree is not a chair but they all are ISittable.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Yes, but only ex post facto. They're ISittable because someone sat on them. </p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 33759, 'author': 'Bernard', 'author_id': 61, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/61', 'pm_score': 1, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>I know I find OOP useful pretty much solely on a syntactical sugar basis (encapsulation, operator overloading, typechecking). As to the benefits of OOP... I don\'t know. I don\'t think it\'s <em>worse</em> than procedural stuff. </p>\n\n<p>On the lighter side, my OOP lecturer said that OOP is important because otherwise the "code would have too many loops". Yeah. Sometimes it\'s depressing that I pay $500 per paper. :(</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 56725, 'author': 'Liudvikas Bukys', 'author_id': 5845, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/5845', 'pm_score': 2, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>I agree completely with <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24270/whats-the-point-of-oop#24308">InSciTek Jeff</a>\'s answer, I\'ll just add the following refinements:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Information hiding and encapsulation: Critical for any maintainable code.  Can be done by being careful in any programming language, doesn\'t require OO features, but doing it will make your code slightly OO-like.</li>\n<li>Inheritance: There is one important application domain for which all those OO <em>is-a-kind-of</em> and <em>contains-a</em> relationships are a perfect fit:  Graphical User Interfaces.  If you try to build GUIs without OO language support, you will end up building OO-like features anyway, and it\'s harder and more error-prone without language support.  Glade (recently) and X11 Xt (historically) for example.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Using OO features (especially deeply nested abstract hierarchies), when there is no point, is pointless.  But for some application domains, there really is a point.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 60192, 'author': 'theschmitzer', 'author_id': 2167252, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2167252', 'pm_score': 5, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>Reuse shouldn\'t be a goal of OOP - or any other paradigm for that matter.</p>\n\n<p>Reuse is a side-effect of an good design and proper level of abstraction.  Code achieves reuse by doing something useful, but not doing so much as to make it inflexible.  It does not matter whether the code is OO or not - we reuse what works and is not trivial to do ourselves.  That\'s pragmatism.</p>\n\n<p>The thought of OO as a new way to get to reuse through inheritance is fundamentally flawed.  As you note the LSP violations abound.  Instead, OO is properly thought of as a method of managing the complexity of a problem domain.  The goal is maintainability of a system over time.  The primary tool for achieving this is the separation of public interface from a private implementation.  This allows us to have rules like "This should only be modified using ..." enforced by the compiler, rather than code review.</p>\n\n<p>Using this, I\'m sure you will agree, allows us to create and maintain hugely complex systems.  There is lots of value in that, and it is not easy to do in other paradigms.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 67160, 'author': 'Jeff Davis', 'author_id': 9249, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/9249', 'pm_score': 2, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>I believe the most beneficial quality of OOP is data hiding/managing. However, there are a LOT of examples where OOP is misused and I think this is where the confusion comes in. </p>\n\n<p>Just because you can make something into an object does not mean you should. However, if doing so will make your code more organized/easier to read then you definitely should.</p>\n\n<p>A great practical example where OOP is very helpful is with a "product" class and objects that I use on our website. Since every page is a product, and every product has references to other products, it can get very confusing as to which product the data you have refers to. Is this "strURL" variable the link to the current page, or to the home page, or to the statistics page? Sure you could make all kinds of different variable that refer to the same information, but proCurrentPage->strURL, is much easier to understand (for a developer).</p>\n\n<p>In addition, attaching functions to those pages is much cleaner. I can do proCurrentPage->CleanCache(); Followed by proDisplayItem->RenderPromo(); If I just called those functions and had it assume the current data was available, who knows what kind of evil would occur. Also, if I had to pass the correct variables into those functions, I am back to the problem of having all kinds of variables for the different products laying around.</p>\n\n<p>Instead, using objects, all my product data and functions are nice and clean and easy to understand.</p>\n\n<p>However. The big problem with OOP is when somebody believes that EVERYTHING should be OOP. This creates a lot of problems. I have 88 tables in my database. I only have about 6 classes, and maybe I should have about 10. I definitely don\'t need 88 classes. Most of the time directly accessing those tables is perfectly understandable in the circumstances I use it, and OOP would actually make it more difficult/tedious to get to the core functionality of what is occurring.</p>\n\n<p>I believe a hybrid model of objects where useful and procedural where practical is the most effective method of coding. It\'s a shame we have all these religious wars where people advocate using one method at the expense of the others. They are both good, and they both have their place. Most of the time, there are uses for both methods in every larger project (In some smaller projects, a single object, or a few procedures may be all that you need).</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 80148, 'author': 'Nat', 'author_id': 13813, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/13813', 'pm_score': 4, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>Yes OOP did not solve all our problems, sorry about that. We are, however working on SOA which will solve all those problems.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 156662, 'author': 'S.Lott', 'author_id': 10661, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/10661', 'pm_score': 2, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>"The real world isn\'t "OO","</p>\n\n<p>Really?  My world is full of objects.  I\'m using one now.  I think that having software "objects" model the real objects might not be such a bad thing.</p>\n\n<p>OO designs for conceptual things (like Windows, not real world windows, but the display panels on my computer monitor) often leave a lot to be desired.  But for real world things like invoices, shipping orders, insurance claims and what-not, I think those real world things are objects.  I have a stack on my desk, so they must be real.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 161355, 'author': 'DrPizza', 'author_id': 2131, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2131', 'pm_score': 3, 'selected': False, 'text': "<blockquote>\n  <p>I think those real world things are objects</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>You do?</p>\n\n<p>What methods does an invoice have?  Oh, wait.  It can't pay itself, it can't send itself, it can't compare itself with the items that the vendor actually delivered.  It doesn't have any methods at all; it's totally inert and non-functional. It's a record type (a struct, if you prefer), not an object.</p>\n\n<p>Likewise the other things you mention.</p>\n\n<p>Just because something is real does not make it an object in the OO sense of the word.  OO objects are a peculiar coupling of state and behaviour that can act of their own accord.  That isn't something that's abundant in the real world.</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 230309, 'author': 'Sébastien RoccaSerra', 'author_id': 2797, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2797', 'pm_score': 1, 'selected': False, 'text': "<p>To me, the value of OOP is to reduce the scope and to separate state from behavior. With smaller scope, code is easier to understand.</p>\n\n<p>It can be done in most languages, all is needed to achieve this is a way for a state to delegate a method call to a behavior, and a way for a behavior to further delegate the call to a parent behavior.</p>\n\n<p>As to have a set of classes model a domain in an effective way, there is no magic method. Like a piano, we have to practice. OOP is an abstract tool, it can help you build code in a simpler way, but it can't think and analyze the domain of your app for you.</p>\n\n<p>What works for me is to stay close to the domain as long as possible, while still avoiding most code duplications.</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 230352, 'author': 'Tony Andrews', 'author_id': 18747, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/18747', 'pm_score': 3, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>OOP lends itself well to programming internal computer structures like GUI "widgets", where for example SelectList and TextBox may be subtypes of Item, which has common methods such as "move" and "resize".</p>\n\n<p>The trouble is, 90% of us work in the world of business where we are working with business concepts such as Invoice, Employee, Job, Order.  These <strong>do not</strong> lend themselves so well to OOP because the "objects" are more nebulous, subject to change according to business re-engineering and so on.  </p>\n\n<p>The worst case is where OO is enthusiastically applied to databases, including the egregious OO "enhancements" to SQL databases - which are rightly ignored except by database noobs who assume they must be the right way to do things because they are newer.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 244797, 'author': 'Community', 'author_id': -1, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1', 'pm_score': 0, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>I agree with InSciTek Jeff. Even if you don\'t use OO in its purest sense, Encapsulation Theory can help reduce potential structural complexity:\n<a href="http://www.edmundkirwan.com" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://www.edmundkirwan.com</a></p>\n\n<p>@ DrPizza</p>\n\n<p>If procedureal programming uses the benefits of encapsulation to the same degree then good on it!</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 376406, 'author': 'Bernard Igiri', 'author_id': 254455, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/254455', 'pm_score': 2, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>The point of OOP is to give the programmer another means for describing and communicating a solution to a problem in code to machines and people.  The most important part of that is the communication to people.  OOP allows the programmer to declare what they mean in the code through rules that are enforced in the OO language.</p>\n\n<p>Contrary to many arguments on this topic, OOP and OO concepts are pervasive throughout all code including code in non-OOP languages such as C.  Many advanced non-OO programmers will approximate the features of objects even in non-OO languages.</p>\n\n<p>Having OO built into the language merely gives the programmer another means of expression.</p>\n\n<p>The biggest part to writing code is not communication with the machine, that part is easy, the biggest part is communication with human programmers.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 402001, 'author': 'Dan Rosenstark', 'author_id': 8047, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/8047', 'pm_score': 3, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p><em>In the only dev blog I read,</em> by that Joel-On-Software-Founder-of-SO guy, I read a long time ago that OO does not lead to productivity increases. Automatic memory management does. Cool. Who can deny the data?</p>\n\n<p><h2>I still believe that OO is to non-OO what programming with functions is to programming everything inline.</h2> (And I should know, as I started with GWBasic.) When you refactor code to use functions, <code>variable2654</code> becomes <code>variable3</code> of the method you\'re in. Or, better yet, it\'s got a name that you can understand, <strong>and if the function is short,</strong> it\'s called <code>value</code>  and that\'s sufficient for full comprehension. </p>\n\n<p>When code with no functions becomes code with methods, you get to delete miles of code.</p>\n\n<p>When you refactor code to be truly OO, <code>b</code>, <code>c</code>, <code>q</code>, and <code>Z</code> become <code>this</code>, <code>this</code>, <code>this</code> and <code>this</code>. And since I don\'t believe in using the <code>this</code> keyword, you get to delete miles of code. Actually, you get to do that even if you use <code>this</code>.</p>\n\n<p><br/><br/></p>\n\n<p><h2>I do not think OO is natural metaphor.</h2> I don\'t think language is a natural metaphor either, nor do I think that Fowler\'s "smells" are better than saying "this code tastes bad." That said, I think that OO is not about natural metaphors and people who think the <strong>objects just pop out at you</strong> are basically missing the point. <strong>You define the object universe,</strong> and better object universes result in code that is shorter, easier to understand, works better, or all of these (and some criteria I am forgetting). I think that people who use the customers/domain\'s natural objects as programming objects are missing the power to redefine the universe. </p>\n\n<p>For instance, when you do an airline reservation system, what you call a reservation might not correspond to a legal/business reservation at all.</p>\n\n<p><br/><br/>\n<h2>Some of the basic concepts are really cool tools</h2> I think that most people exaggerate with that whole "when you have a hammer, they\'re all nails" thing. I think that the other side of the coin/mirror is just as true: when you have a gadget like polymorphism/inheritance, you begin to find uses where it fits like a glove/sock/contact-lens. The tools of OO are very powerful. Single-inheritance is, I think, absolutely necessary for people not to get carried away, my own <a href="http://thekbase.com" rel="nofollow noreferrer">multi-inheritance software not withstanding.</a></p>\n\n<p><br/><br/>\n<h2>What\'s the point of OOP?</h2> I think it\'s a great way to handle an absolutely massive code base. I think it lets you organize and reorganize  you code and gives you a language to do that in (beyond the programming language you\'re working in), and modularizes code in a pretty natural and easy-to-understand way.\n<br/><br/>\n<h2>OOP is destined to be misunderstood by the majority of developers</h2> This is because it\'s an eye-opening process like life: you understand OO more and more with experience, and start avoiding certain patterns and employing others as you get wiser. One of the best examples is that you stop using inheritance for classes that you do not control, and prefer the <i>Facade</i> pattern instead.</p>\n\n<p><br/><br/></p>\n\n<h2>Regarding your mini-essay/question</h2> \n\n<p>I did want to mention that you\'re right. Reusability is a pipe-dream, for the most part. Here\'s a quote from Anders Hejilsberg about that topic (brilliant) <a href="http://www.artima.com/intv/handcuffs.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">from here</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n  <p>If you ask beginning programmers to\n  write a calendar control, they often\n  think to themselves, "Oh, I\'m going to\n  write the world\'s best calendar\n  control! It\'s going to be polymorphic\n  with respect to the kind of calendar.\n  It will have displayers, and mungers,\n  and this, that, and the other." They\n  need to ship a calendar application in\n  two months. They put all this\n  infrastructure into place in the\n  control, and then spend two days\n  writing a crappy calendar application\n  on top of it. They\'ll think, "In the\n  next version of the application, I\'m\n  going to do so much more."</p>\n  \n  <p>Once they start thinking about how\n  they\'re actually going to implement\n  all of these other concretizations of\n  their abstract design, however, it\n  turns out that their design is\n  completely wrong. And now they\'ve\n  painted themself into a corner, and\n  they have to throw the whole thing\n  out. I have seen that over and over.\n  I\'m a strong believer in being\n  minimalistic. Unless you actually are\n  going to solve the general problem,\n  don\'t try and put in place a framework\n  for solving a specific one, because\n  you don\'t know what that framework\n  should look like.</p>\n</blockquote>\n'}, {'answer_id': 402197, 'author': 'too much php', 'author_id': 28835, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/28835', 'pm_score': 2, 'selected': False, 'text': "<p>It's the <strong>only</strong> language-portable methodology for keeping variables grouped together with the functions/methods/subroutines that interact with them.</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 402297, 'author': 'Community', 'author_id': -1, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1', 'pm_score': 3, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>To me, there is a lot of value in the OOP syntax itself.  Using objects that attempt to represent real things or data structures is often much more useful than trying to use a bunch of different flat (or "floating") functions to do the same thing with the same data.  There is a certain natural "flow" to things with good OOP that just makes more sense to read, write, and maintain long term.</p>\n\n<p>It doesn\'t necessarily matter that an Invoice isn\'t really an "object" with functions that it can perform itself - the object instance can exist just to perform functions on the data without having to know what type of data is actually there. The function "invoice.toJson()" can be called successfully without having to know what kind of data "invoice" is - the result will be Json, no matter it if comes from a database, XML, CSV, or even another JSON object.  With procedural functions, you all the sudden have to know more about your data, and end up with functions like "xmlToJson()", "csvToJson()", "dbToJson()", etc.  It eventually becomes a complete mess and a HUGE headache if you ever change the underlying data type.</p>\n\n<p>The point of OOP is to hide the actual implementation by abstracting it away.  To achieve that goal, you must create a public interface.  To make your job easier while creating that public interface and keep things DRY, you must use concepts like abstract classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and design patterns.</p>\n\n<p>So to me, the real overriding goal of OOP is to make future code maintenance and changes easier.  But even beyond that, it can really simplify things a lot when done correctly in ways that procedural code never could.  It doesn\'t matter if it doesn\'t match the "real world" - programming with code is not interacting with real world objects anyways.  OOP is just a tool that makes my job easier and faster - I\'ll go for that any day.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 402904, 'author': 'nimrodm', 'author_id': 23388, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/23388', 'pm_score': 1, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>OOP helps separate interface from implementation. You do not need OOP support in the language to benefit from OO design.</p>\n\n<p>One small example where OOP has helped tremendously:</p>\n\n<p>The UNIX Virtual File System (VFS) layer presents a uniform interface (open/read/write) using tables of function pointers -- much like the C++ virtual table dispatch. </p>\n\n<p>Clients use the same set of calls regardless of whether they are talking to a local file system, a remote Network File System (NFS) or (today) fake file systems (e.g. /proc).</p>\n\n<p>See the original Sun paper:  Vnodes: An Architecture for Multiple File System Types in Sun UNIX </p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 402953, 'author': 'tuinstoel', 'author_id': 43901, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/43901', 'pm_score': 1, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>Will we say the same things ten years from now about functional programming? </p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 402959, 'author': 'Frederick The Fool', 'author_id': 32688, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/32688', 'pm_score': 2, 'selected': False, 'text': "<p>I don't care for reuse as much as I do for readability. The latter means your code is easier to change. That alone is worth in gold in the craft of building software.</p>\n\n<p>And OO is a pretty damn effective way to make your programs readable. Reuse or no reuse.</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 402994, 'author': 'Mike Dunlavey', 'author_id': 23771, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/23771', 'pm_score': 4, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>The problem with OOP is that it was oversold.</p>\n\n<p>As Alan Kay originally conceived it, it was a great alternative to the prior practice of having raw data and all-global routines.</p>\n\n<p>Then some management-consultant types latched onto it and sold it as the messiah of software, and lemming-like, academia and industry tumbled along after it.</p>\n\n<p>Now they are lemming-like tumbling after other good ideas being oversold, such as functional programming.</p>\n\n<p>So what would I do differently? Plenty, and I wrote a book on this. (It\'s out of print - I don\'t get a cent, but you can still get copies.)<a href="https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/0442017405" rel="noreferrer" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Amazon</a></p>\n\n<p>My constructive answer is to look at programming not as a way of modeling things in the real world, but as a way of encoding requirements.</p>\n\n<p>That is very different, and is based on information theory (at a level that anyone can understand). It says that programming can be looked at as a process of defining languages, and skill in doing so is essential for good programming.</p>\n\n<p>It elevates the concept of domain-specific-languages (DSLs). It agrees emphatically with DRY (don\'t repeat yourself). It gives a big thumbs-up to code generation. It results in software with massively less data structure than is typical for modern applications.</p>\n\n<p>It seeks to re-invigorate the idea that the way forward lies in inventiveness, and that even well-accepted ideas should be questioned.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 403039, 'author': 'Cheery', 'author_id': 21711, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/21711', 'pm_score': 1, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>The real world isn\'t "OO". The real world is not largely structured from sensible pieces. Instead it\'s made from chaotically moving particles. The earth is a particle soup. Still people see birds, trees, sky, ground, forests, ponds. OO is about abstraction of program components. It\'s fundamentally flawed to think about OO for modelling something else than programs.</p>\n\n<p>All the money and time failed to make software any better, because it failed to make programmers smarter, also because it failed to change the way how people think about software. "OOP" in the sense you use it is a buzzword used to get the money out from\nidiots. Yes, people who have put money on "OOP" education and tools are idiots. People who tend to fall on hoaxes tend to be idiots.</p>\n\n<p>The value of "OOP" is the abstraction and the code reuse <em>inside the same program</em>. OOP is meant to be used with imperative programs.</p>\n\n<p>If you get up from assembly routines. Assembly is an ordered sequences of pairs composed from labels and instructions. Assembly code is similar to the \'particle soup\'. Now you can move to the subroutine. Subroutine picks a label from that label:instruction -soup, and hides the rest of labels inside the subroutine. As the effect code becomes more abstract and your namespace stays cleaner.</p>\n\n<p>Now, if you think what subroutines do... Few of decades ago people were thinking that subroutines are at their best when they work on the arguments. That made them to give each object it\'s own protocol. Protocol would contain label:procedure -pairs. Now called selector:method -pairs. Procedures weren\'t bound directly to the other procedures anymore, explaining the \'late binding\' -term. Along with keeping the history from the protocols (inheritance), this formed the \'object orientation\' in the smalltalk.</p>\n\n<p>You\'ve been incapacitated the late binding mechanism and forgotten what inheritance means. And you yet wonder what you are missing there. "Where\'s the value of OOP, and why has all the time and money failed to make software any better?" - I think you stuffed them into your arse. When you attempt to colonoscopy you will find them.</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 403198, 'author': 'David Thornley', 'author_id': 14148, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/14148', 'pm_score': 3, 'selected': False, 'text': "<p>In the first place, the observations are somewhat sloppy.  I don't have any figures on software productivity, and have no good reason to believe it's not going up.  Further, since there are many people who abuse OO, good use of OO would not necessarily cause a productivity improvement even if OO was the greatest thing since peanut butter.  After all, an incompetent brain surgeon is likely to be worse than none at all, but a competent one can be invaluable.</p>\n\n<p>That being said, OO is a different way of arranging things, attaching procedural code to data rather than having procedural code operate on data.  This should be at least a small win by itself, since there are cases where the OO approach is more natural.  There's nothing stopping anybody from writing a procedural API in C++, after all, and so the option of providing objects instead makes the language more versatile.</p>\n\n<p>Further, there's something OO does very well:  it allows old code to call new code automatically, with no changes.  If I have code that manages things procedurally, and I add a new sort of thing that's similar but not identical to an earlier one, I have to change the procedural code.  In an OO system, I inherit the functionality, change what I like, and the new code is automatically used due to polymorphism.  This increases the locality of changes, and that is a Good Thing.</p>\n\n<p>The downside is that good OO isn't free:  it requires time and effort to learn it properly.  Since it's a major buzzword, there's lots of people and products who do it badly, just for the sake of doing it.  It's not easier to design a good class interface than a good procedural API, and there's all sorts of easy-to-make errors (like deep class hierarchies).</p>\n\n<p>Think of it as a different sort of tool, not necessarily generally better.  A hammer in addition to a screwdriver, say.  Perhaps we will eventually get out of the practice of software engineering as knowing which wrench to use to hammer the screw in.</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 1595657, 'author': 'fregas', 'author_id': 181430, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/181430', 'pm_score': 1, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>There are already a lot of answers on this as this is an old post but i thought i\'d chime in.</p>\n\n<p>You mention "class taxonomy" a bit which gets into subtyping and polymorphism.  This all revolves around inheritance which in it heyday was considered the silver bullet of OOP.  Nowadays, inheritance and large class hierarchies are actually discouraged, even among shops that do a lot of OOP.  This is because the other pricinples of OOP, such as encapsulation, loose coupling, cohesion and so forth have been found to be far more useful than inheritance.  I would even go so far to say that loose coupling is the reason for OO, not code reuse.  Code reuse usually happens at the method/function level.  I do sometimes reuse classes under different circumstances, but not that often.  Loose coupling though helps organize a system quite a bit.  Each object has its own scope, the data in the object isn\'t or should not be manipulated except by accessor methods or properties, each object should do one simple thing and should talk to other objects thru simple interfaces.  This handful of principles helps code readability, helps isolate bugs and prevent you from having to make many changes in lots of different places to change one thing.  When objects are not closely intertwined, you can change one without affecting others.  This has been a huge benefit to me.  Inheritance is useful only now and then.</p>\n\n<p>Code reuse is still important and if you are copying and pasting or rewriting the same code, thats a bad practice even under plain old procedural, structured or functional programming.  That actually increases costs due to duplicated effort, increased maintenance and more bugs.  </p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 2189894, 'author': 'Volksman', 'author_id': 257364, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/257364', 'pm_score': 2, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>From my experience which started in C/Unix (non OOP) in the mid 1980s then moving onto C++ (OOP) in 1990 and then into Java around 1996 (OOP) I have found OOP to give a massive boost to productivity, maintainability and robustness compared with the large non OOP programs I was working on earlier.</p>\n\n<p>The main thing I have observed is that in non OOP applications I have worked on the complexity seemed to grow at an exponential rate with respect to the sophistication of the application whereas in the OOP applications I worked on the complexity seemed to have a much more linear relationship with repect to the sophistication of the application.</p>\n\n<p>In other words - with well designed OOP applications you never get that "OMG the source code for this app is getting waaaaay out of control" feeling that you get with large non OOP applications.</p>\n\n<p>The other things I can\'t do without as an OOP developer is the way I can write code that models the real world entities that exist in the application\'s problem domain. Objects take on a life of their own - way beyond what any structs (C) or Records (Pascal) did back in the bad old =] non OOP days.</p>\n\n<p>The one stipulation is that the chief architect of an OOP project must know what he\'s doing and he has to usually put more thinking time into getting the design right than in actually implementing it but the payback for \'thinking things through up front\' is truly amazing. Opportunities for reuse or awesomely cool design optimizations come to light that have you punching the air and doing touchdowns in the office... ok, that might look a bit strange to the others in the office but that kind of enthusiasm never happened in the non OOP days :)</p>\n\n<p>I\'ve seen some pretty badly written OOP code and maybe that\'s what you\'ve experienced which may have lead you to ask the question. As a contractor in the mid 90s I often found that the \'OO\' design had already been started by someone who knew what a class was but not much more. It was a very painful experience and I often found that my first few months in a job involved educating the team in the very different way of \'OO\' thinking. It was only after everyone\'s brain had been rewired that we could all proceed as a team to create something awesome.</p>\n\n<p>Many people find the \'brain rewiring\' process too hard, painful or just too much effort and so spend their life dissin\' OOP and so you\'ll find a lot of OO haters out there but I\'m happy about that because it\'s those people that make people like me look good: "What, you can do it for $X and it will be ready in 2 months and you will give us a maintainable code base!!! Wow, can you start today?"</p>\n'}, {'answer_id': 25313705, 'author': 'Tae-Sung Shin', 'author_id': 749973, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/749973', 'pm_score': 0, 'selected': False, 'text': "<p>Real world may not be OO but people tend to learn or think better with analogy (abstraction) rather than logic. </p>\n\n<p>OOP is not for computer but it's for programmer who is poor at figuring out a complex system without analogy. I believe main purpose of OOP is better organization of code using abstraction so without knowledge of other parts, a programmer can easily understand what specific part of or whole system does in a level she/he want to be in. </p>\n\n<p>To organize the code with abstraction, you will need encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism as well in your language. And SOLID OOP principles and design patterns come in to do better job at this organization.  But I think whole point of OOP is abstraction because human thinks better in that way.</p>\n"}, {'answer_id': 26083573, 'author': 'Magnus Robert Carl Wootton', 'author_id': 2129584, 'author_profile': 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2129584', 'pm_score': 0, 'selected': False, 'text': '<p>OOP is about instancing...  you want to reinstance the same thing over and over again, with a slightly different classification of its activity.  shared activity means a shared class.</p>\n\n<p>If you dont want to think in that way, dont do OOP.  it definitely twists the mind to start thinking about it after say pascal, hence the pissed off programmers.</p>\n\n<p>You detail your instancing robot to the every last difference, and you dont repeat yourself once.</p>\n\n<p>You only have 1 label/class for every classification difference (not every different thing!),  thats the power of OOP...  and thats how its similar to some super nueral network for ai, that never runs out of names for different things, because it relies apon the total distribution, to name it.</p>\n\n<p>-Magnus W.</p>\n'}]
['https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/24270', 'https://Stackoverflow.com', 'https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2131/']