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1 | 4590-4593 | 3
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
–1 £ c < 0
0 < c < e
c >> 1
0 £ mr < 1
1< mr < 1+ e
mr >> 1
m < m0
m > m0
m >> m0
5 5 1 Diamagnetism
Diamagnetic substances are those which have tendency to move from
stronger to the weaker part of the external magnetic field In other words,
unlike the way a magnet attracts metals like iron, it would repel a
diamagnetic substance |
1 | 4591-4594 | 5 1 Diamagnetism
Diamagnetic substances are those which have tendency to move from
stronger to the weaker part of the external magnetic field In other words,
unlike the way a magnet attracts metals like iron, it would repel a
diamagnetic substance Figure 5 |
1 | 4592-4595 | 1 Diamagnetism
Diamagnetic substances are those which have tendency to move from
stronger to the weaker part of the external magnetic field In other words,
unlike the way a magnet attracts metals like iron, it would repel a
diamagnetic substance Figure 5 7(a) shows a bar of diamagnetic material placed in an external
magnetic field |
1 | 4593-4596 | In other words,
unlike the way a magnet attracts metals like iron, it would repel a
diamagnetic substance Figure 5 7(a) shows a bar of diamagnetic material placed in an external
magnetic field The field lines are repelled or expelled and the field inside
the material is reduced |
1 | 4594-4597 | Figure 5 7(a) shows a bar of diamagnetic material placed in an external
magnetic field The field lines are repelled or expelled and the field inside
the material is reduced In most cases, this reduction is slight, being one
part in 105 |
1 | 4595-4598 | 7(a) shows a bar of diamagnetic material placed in an external
magnetic field The field lines are repelled or expelled and the field inside
the material is reduced In most cases, this reduction is slight, being one
part in 105 When placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, the bar will tend
to move from high to low field |
1 | 4596-4599 | The field lines are repelled or expelled and the field inside
the material is reduced In most cases, this reduction is slight, being one
part in 105 When placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, the bar will tend
to move from high to low field FIGURE 5 |
1 | 4597-4600 | In most cases, this reduction is slight, being one
part in 105 When placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, the bar will tend
to move from high to low field FIGURE 5 7
Behaviour of
magnetic field lines
near a
(a) diamagnetic,
(b) paramagnetic
substance |
1 | 4598-4601 | When placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, the bar will tend
to move from high to low field FIGURE 5 7
Behaviour of
magnetic field lines
near a
(a) diamagnetic,
(b) paramagnetic
substance Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
148
The simplest explanation for diamagnetism is as follows |
1 | 4599-4602 | FIGURE 5 7
Behaviour of
magnetic field lines
near a
(a) diamagnetic,
(b) paramagnetic
substance Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
148
The simplest explanation for diamagnetism is as follows Electrons in
an atom orbiting around nucleus possess orbital angular momentum |
1 | 4600-4603 | 7
Behaviour of
magnetic field lines
near a
(a) diamagnetic,
(b) paramagnetic
substance Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
148
The simplest explanation for diamagnetism is as follows Electrons in
an atom orbiting around nucleus possess orbital angular momentum These orbiting electrons are equivalent to current-carrying loop and thus
possess orbital magnetic moment |
1 | 4601-4604 | Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
148
The simplest explanation for diamagnetism is as follows Electrons in
an atom orbiting around nucleus possess orbital angular momentum These orbiting electrons are equivalent to current-carrying loop and thus
possess orbital magnetic moment Diamagnetic substances are the ones
in which resultant magnetic moment in an atom is zero |
1 | 4602-4605 | Electrons in
an atom orbiting around nucleus possess orbital angular momentum These orbiting electrons are equivalent to current-carrying loop and thus
possess orbital magnetic moment Diamagnetic substances are the ones
in which resultant magnetic moment in an atom is zero When magnetic
field is applied, those electrons having orbital magnetic moment in the
same direction slow down and those in the opposite direction speed up |
1 | 4603-4606 | These orbiting electrons are equivalent to current-carrying loop and thus
possess orbital magnetic moment Diamagnetic substances are the ones
in which resultant magnetic moment in an atom is zero When magnetic
field is applied, those electrons having orbital magnetic moment in the
same direction slow down and those in the opposite direction speed up This happens due to induced current in accordance with Lenz’s law which
you will study in Chapter 6 |
1 | 4604-4607 | Diamagnetic substances are the ones
in which resultant magnetic moment in an atom is zero When magnetic
field is applied, those electrons having orbital magnetic moment in the
same direction slow down and those in the opposite direction speed up This happens due to induced current in accordance with Lenz’s law which
you will study in Chapter 6 Thus, the substance develops a net magnetic
moment in direction opposite to that of the applied field and hence repulsion |
1 | 4605-4608 | When magnetic
field is applied, those electrons having orbital magnetic moment in the
same direction slow down and those in the opposite direction speed up This happens due to induced current in accordance with Lenz’s law which
you will study in Chapter 6 Thus, the substance develops a net magnetic
moment in direction opposite to that of the applied field and hence repulsion Some diamagnetic materials are bismuth, copper, lead, silicon,
nitrogen (at STP), water and sodium chloride |
1 | 4606-4609 | This happens due to induced current in accordance with Lenz’s law which
you will study in Chapter 6 Thus, the substance develops a net magnetic
moment in direction opposite to that of the applied field and hence repulsion Some diamagnetic materials are bismuth, copper, lead, silicon,
nitrogen (at STP), water and sodium chloride Diamagnetism is present
in all the substances |
1 | 4607-4610 | Thus, the substance develops a net magnetic
moment in direction opposite to that of the applied field and hence repulsion Some diamagnetic materials are bismuth, copper, lead, silicon,
nitrogen (at STP), water and sodium chloride Diamagnetism is present
in all the substances However, the effect is so weak in most cases that it
gets shifted by other effects like paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, etc |
1 | 4608-4611 | Some diamagnetic materials are bismuth, copper, lead, silicon,
nitrogen (at STP), water and sodium chloride Diamagnetism is present
in all the substances However, the effect is so weak in most cases that it
gets shifted by other effects like paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, etc The most exotic diamagnetic materials are superconductors |
1 | 4609-4612 | Diamagnetism is present
in all the substances However, the effect is so weak in most cases that it
gets shifted by other effects like paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, etc The most exotic diamagnetic materials are superconductors These
are metals, cooled to very low temperatures which exhibits both perfect
conductivity and perfect diamagnetism |
1 | 4610-4613 | However, the effect is so weak in most cases that it
gets shifted by other effects like paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, etc The most exotic diamagnetic materials are superconductors These
are metals, cooled to very low temperatures which exhibits both perfect
conductivity and perfect diamagnetism Here the field lines are completely
expelled |
1 | 4611-4614 | The most exotic diamagnetic materials are superconductors These
are metals, cooled to very low temperatures which exhibits both perfect
conductivity and perfect diamagnetism Here the field lines are completely
expelled c = –1 and mr = 0 |
1 | 4612-4615 | These
are metals, cooled to very low temperatures which exhibits both perfect
conductivity and perfect diamagnetism Here the field lines are completely
expelled c = –1 and mr = 0 A superconductor repels a magnet and (by
Newton’s third law) is repelled by the magnet |
1 | 4613-4616 | Here the field lines are completely
expelled c = –1 and mr = 0 A superconductor repels a magnet and (by
Newton’s third law) is repelled by the magnet The phenomenon of perfect
diamagnetism in superconductors is called the Meissner effect, after the
name of its discoverer |
1 | 4614-4617 | c = –1 and mr = 0 A superconductor repels a magnet and (by
Newton’s third law) is repelled by the magnet The phenomenon of perfect
diamagnetism in superconductors is called the Meissner effect, after the
name of its discoverer Superconducting magnets can be gainfully
exploited in variety of situations, for example, for running magnetically
levitated superfast trains |
1 | 4615-4618 | A superconductor repels a magnet and (by
Newton’s third law) is repelled by the magnet The phenomenon of perfect
diamagnetism in superconductors is called the Meissner effect, after the
name of its discoverer Superconducting magnets can be gainfully
exploited in variety of situations, for example, for running magnetically
levitated superfast trains 5 |
1 | 4616-4619 | The phenomenon of perfect
diamagnetism in superconductors is called the Meissner effect, after the
name of its discoverer Superconducting magnets can be gainfully
exploited in variety of situations, for example, for running magnetically
levitated superfast trains 5 5 |
1 | 4617-4620 | Superconducting magnets can be gainfully
exploited in variety of situations, for example, for running magnetically
levitated superfast trains 5 5 2 Paramagnetism
Paramagnetic substances are those which get weakly magnetised when
placed in an external magnetic field |
1 | 4618-4621 | 5 5 2 Paramagnetism
Paramagnetic substances are those which get weakly magnetised when
placed in an external magnetic field They have tendency to move from a
region of weak magnetic field to strong magnetic field, i |
1 | 4619-4622 | 5 2 Paramagnetism
Paramagnetic substances are those which get weakly magnetised when
placed in an external magnetic field They have tendency to move from a
region of weak magnetic field to strong magnetic field, i e |
1 | 4620-4623 | 2 Paramagnetism
Paramagnetic substances are those which get weakly magnetised when
placed in an external magnetic field They have tendency to move from a
region of weak magnetic field to strong magnetic field, i e , they get weakly
attracted to a magnet |
1 | 4621-4624 | They have tendency to move from a
region of weak magnetic field to strong magnetic field, i e , they get weakly
attracted to a magnet The individual atoms (or ions or molecules) of a paramagnetic material
possess a permanent magnetic dipole moment of their own |
1 | 4622-4625 | e , they get weakly
attracted to a magnet The individual atoms (or ions or molecules) of a paramagnetic material
possess a permanent magnetic dipole moment of their own On account
of the ceaseless random thermal motion of the atoms, no net magnetisation
is seen |
1 | 4623-4626 | , they get weakly
attracted to a magnet The individual atoms (or ions or molecules) of a paramagnetic material
possess a permanent magnetic dipole moment of their own On account
of the ceaseless random thermal motion of the atoms, no net magnetisation
is seen In the presence of an external field B0, which is strong enough,
and at low temperatures, the individual atomic dipole moment can be
made to align and point in the same direction as B0 |
1 | 4624-4627 | The individual atoms (or ions or molecules) of a paramagnetic material
possess a permanent magnetic dipole moment of their own On account
of the ceaseless random thermal motion of the atoms, no net magnetisation
is seen In the presence of an external field B0, which is strong enough,
and at low temperatures, the individual atomic dipole moment can be
made to align and point in the same direction as B0 Figure 5 |
1 | 4625-4628 | On account
of the ceaseless random thermal motion of the atoms, no net magnetisation
is seen In the presence of an external field B0, which is strong enough,
and at low temperatures, the individual atomic dipole moment can be
made to align and point in the same direction as B0 Figure 5 7(b) shows
a bar of paramagnetic material placed in an external field |
1 | 4626-4629 | In the presence of an external field B0, which is strong enough,
and at low temperatures, the individual atomic dipole moment can be
made to align and point in the same direction as B0 Figure 5 7(b) shows
a bar of paramagnetic material placed in an external field The field lines
gets concentrated inside the material, and the field inside is enhanced |
1 | 4627-4630 | Figure 5 7(b) shows
a bar of paramagnetic material placed in an external field The field lines
gets concentrated inside the material, and the field inside is enhanced In
most cases, this enhancement is slight, being one part in 105 |
1 | 4628-4631 | 7(b) shows
a bar of paramagnetic material placed in an external field The field lines
gets concentrated inside the material, and the field inside is enhanced In
most cases, this enhancement is slight, being one part in 105 When placed
in a non-uniform magnetic field, the bar will tend to move from weak field
to strong |
1 | 4629-4632 | The field lines
gets concentrated inside the material, and the field inside is enhanced In
most cases, this enhancement is slight, being one part in 105 When placed
in a non-uniform magnetic field, the bar will tend to move from weak field
to strong Some paramagnetic materials are aluminium, sodium, calcium,
oxygen (at STP) and copper chloride |
1 | 4630-4633 | In
most cases, this enhancement is slight, being one part in 105 When placed
in a non-uniform magnetic field, the bar will tend to move from weak field
to strong Some paramagnetic materials are aluminium, sodium, calcium,
oxygen (at STP) and copper chloride For a paramagnetic material both c
and mr depend not only on the material, but also (in a simple fashion) on
the sample temperature |
1 | 4631-4634 | When placed
in a non-uniform magnetic field, the bar will tend to move from weak field
to strong Some paramagnetic materials are aluminium, sodium, calcium,
oxygen (at STP) and copper chloride For a paramagnetic material both c
and mr depend not only on the material, but also (in a simple fashion) on
the sample temperature As the field is increased or the temperature is
lowered, the magnetisation increases until it reaches the saturation value
at which point all the dipoles are perfectly aligned with the field |
1 | 4632-4635 | Some paramagnetic materials are aluminium, sodium, calcium,
oxygen (at STP) and copper chloride For a paramagnetic material both c
and mr depend not only on the material, but also (in a simple fashion) on
the sample temperature As the field is increased or the temperature is
lowered, the magnetisation increases until it reaches the saturation value
at which point all the dipoles are perfectly aligned with the field 5 |
1 | 4633-4636 | For a paramagnetic material both c
and mr depend not only on the material, but also (in a simple fashion) on
the sample temperature As the field is increased or the temperature is
lowered, the magnetisation increases until it reaches the saturation value
at which point all the dipoles are perfectly aligned with the field 5 5 |
1 | 4634-4637 | As the field is increased or the temperature is
lowered, the magnetisation increases until it reaches the saturation value
at which point all the dipoles are perfectly aligned with the field 5 5 3 Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetic substances are those which gets strongly magnetised when
placed in an external magnetic field |
1 | 4635-4638 | 5 5 3 Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetic substances are those which gets strongly magnetised when
placed in an external magnetic field They have strong tendency to move
Rationalised 2023-24
149
Magnetism and
Matter
from a region of weak magnetic field to strong magnetic field, i |
1 | 4636-4639 | 5 3 Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetic substances are those which gets strongly magnetised when
placed in an external magnetic field They have strong tendency to move
Rationalised 2023-24
149
Magnetism and
Matter
from a region of weak magnetic field to strong magnetic field, i e |
1 | 4637-4640 | 3 Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetic substances are those which gets strongly magnetised when
placed in an external magnetic field They have strong tendency to move
Rationalised 2023-24
149
Magnetism and
Matter
from a region of weak magnetic field to strong magnetic field, i e , they get
strongly attracted to a magnet |
1 | 4638-4641 | They have strong tendency to move
Rationalised 2023-24
149
Magnetism and
Matter
from a region of weak magnetic field to strong magnetic field, i e , they get
strongly attracted to a magnet The individual atoms (or ions or molecules) in a ferromagnetic material
possess a dipole moment as in a paramagnetic material |
1 | 4639-4642 | e , they get
strongly attracted to a magnet The individual atoms (or ions or molecules) in a ferromagnetic material
possess a dipole moment as in a paramagnetic material However, they
interact with one another in such a way that they spontaneously align
themselves in a common direction over a macroscopic volume called
domain |
1 | 4640-4643 | , they get
strongly attracted to a magnet The individual atoms (or ions or molecules) in a ferromagnetic material
possess a dipole moment as in a paramagnetic material However, they
interact with one another in such a way that they spontaneously align
themselves in a common direction over a macroscopic volume called
domain The explanation of this cooperative effect requires quantum
mechanics and is beyond the scope of this textbook |
1 | 4641-4644 | The individual atoms (or ions or molecules) in a ferromagnetic material
possess a dipole moment as in a paramagnetic material However, they
interact with one another in such a way that they spontaneously align
themselves in a common direction over a macroscopic volume called
domain The explanation of this cooperative effect requires quantum
mechanics and is beyond the scope of this textbook Each domain has a
net magnetisation |
1 | 4642-4645 | However, they
interact with one another in such a way that they spontaneously align
themselves in a common direction over a macroscopic volume called
domain The explanation of this cooperative effect requires quantum
mechanics and is beyond the scope of this textbook Each domain has a
net magnetisation Typical domain size is 1mm and the domain contains
about 1011 atoms |
1 | 4643-4646 | The explanation of this cooperative effect requires quantum
mechanics and is beyond the scope of this textbook Each domain has a
net magnetisation Typical domain size is 1mm and the domain contains
about 1011 atoms In the first instant, the magnetisation varies randomly
from domain to domain and there is no bulk magnetisation |
1 | 4644-4647 | Each domain has a
net magnetisation Typical domain size is 1mm and the domain contains
about 1011 atoms In the first instant, the magnetisation varies randomly
from domain to domain and there is no bulk magnetisation This is shown
in Fig |
1 | 4645-4648 | Typical domain size is 1mm and the domain contains
about 1011 atoms In the first instant, the magnetisation varies randomly
from domain to domain and there is no bulk magnetisation This is shown
in Fig 5 |
1 | 4646-4649 | In the first instant, the magnetisation varies randomly
from domain to domain and there is no bulk magnetisation This is shown
in Fig 5 8(a) |
1 | 4647-4650 | This is shown
in Fig 5 8(a) When we apply an external magnetic field B0, the domains
orient themselves in the direction of B0 and simultaneously the domain
oriented in the direction of B0 grow in size |
1 | 4648-4651 | 5 8(a) When we apply an external magnetic field B0, the domains
orient themselves in the direction of B0 and simultaneously the domain
oriented in the direction of B0 grow in size This existence of domains and
their motion in B0 are not speculations |
1 | 4649-4652 | 8(a) When we apply an external magnetic field B0, the domains
orient themselves in the direction of B0 and simultaneously the domain
oriented in the direction of B0 grow in size This existence of domains and
their motion in B0 are not speculations One may observe this under a
microscope after sprinkling a liquid suspension of powdered
ferromagnetic substance of samples |
1 | 4650-4653 | When we apply an external magnetic field B0, the domains
orient themselves in the direction of B0 and simultaneously the domain
oriented in the direction of B0 grow in size This existence of domains and
their motion in B0 are not speculations One may observe this under a
microscope after sprinkling a liquid suspension of powdered
ferromagnetic substance of samples This motion of suspension can be
observed |
1 | 4651-4654 | This existence of domains and
their motion in B0 are not speculations One may observe this under a
microscope after sprinkling a liquid suspension of powdered
ferromagnetic substance of samples This motion of suspension can be
observed Fig |
1 | 4652-4655 | One may observe this under a
microscope after sprinkling a liquid suspension of powdered
ferromagnetic substance of samples This motion of suspension can be
observed Fig 5 |
1 | 4653-4656 | This motion of suspension can be
observed Fig 5 8(b) shows the situation when the domains have aligned
and amalgamated to form a single ‘giant’ domain |
1 | 4654-4657 | Fig 5 8(b) shows the situation when the domains have aligned
and amalgamated to form a single ‘giant’ domain Thus, in a ferromagnetic material the field lines are highly
concentrated |
1 | 4655-4658 | 5 8(b) shows the situation when the domains have aligned
and amalgamated to form a single ‘giant’ domain Thus, in a ferromagnetic material the field lines are highly
concentrated In non-uniform magnetic field, the sample tends to move
towards the region of high field |
1 | 4656-4659 | 8(b) shows the situation when the domains have aligned
and amalgamated to form a single ‘giant’ domain Thus, in a ferromagnetic material the field lines are highly
concentrated In non-uniform magnetic field, the sample tends to move
towards the region of high field We may wonder as to what happens
when the external field is removed |
1 | 4657-4660 | Thus, in a ferromagnetic material the field lines are highly
concentrated In non-uniform magnetic field, the sample tends to move
towards the region of high field We may wonder as to what happens
when the external field is removed In some ferromagnetic materials the
magnetisation persists |
1 | 4658-4661 | In non-uniform magnetic field, the sample tends to move
towards the region of high field We may wonder as to what happens
when the external field is removed In some ferromagnetic materials the
magnetisation persists Such materials are called hard magnetic materials
or hard ferromagnets |
1 | 4659-4662 | We may wonder as to what happens
when the external field is removed In some ferromagnetic materials the
magnetisation persists Such materials are called hard magnetic materials
or hard ferromagnets Alnico, an alloy of iron, aluminium, nickel, cobalt
and copper, is one such material |
1 | 4660-4663 | In some ferromagnetic materials the
magnetisation persists Such materials are called hard magnetic materials
or hard ferromagnets Alnico, an alloy of iron, aluminium, nickel, cobalt
and copper, is one such material The naturally occurring lodestone is
another |
1 | 4661-4664 | Such materials are called hard magnetic materials
or hard ferromagnets Alnico, an alloy of iron, aluminium, nickel, cobalt
and copper, is one such material The naturally occurring lodestone is
another Such materials form permanent magnets to be used among other
things as a compass needle |
1 | 4662-4665 | Alnico, an alloy of iron, aluminium, nickel, cobalt
and copper, is one such material The naturally occurring lodestone is
another Such materials form permanent magnets to be used among other
things as a compass needle On the other hand, there is a class of
ferromagnetic materials in which the magnetisation disappears on removal
of the external field |
1 | 4663-4666 | The naturally occurring lodestone is
another Such materials form permanent magnets to be used among other
things as a compass needle On the other hand, there is a class of
ferromagnetic materials in which the magnetisation disappears on removal
of the external field Soft iron is one such material |
1 | 4664-4667 | Such materials form permanent magnets to be used among other
things as a compass needle On the other hand, there is a class of
ferromagnetic materials in which the magnetisation disappears on removal
of the external field Soft iron is one such material Appropriately enough,
such materials are called soft ferromagnetic materials |
1 | 4665-4668 | On the other hand, there is a class of
ferromagnetic materials in which the magnetisation disappears on removal
of the external field Soft iron is one such material Appropriately enough,
such materials are called soft ferromagnetic materials There are a number
of elements, which are ferromagnetic: iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium,
etc |
1 | 4666-4669 | Soft iron is one such material Appropriately enough,
such materials are called soft ferromagnetic materials There are a number
of elements, which are ferromagnetic: iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium,
etc The relative magnetic permeability is >1000 |
1 | 4667-4670 | Appropriately enough,
such materials are called soft ferromagnetic materials There are a number
of elements, which are ferromagnetic: iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium,
etc The relative magnetic permeability is >1000 The ferromagnetic property depends on temperature |
1 | 4668-4671 | There are a number
of elements, which are ferromagnetic: iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium,
etc The relative magnetic permeability is >1000 The ferromagnetic property depends on temperature At high enough
temperature, a ferromagnet becomes a paramagnet |
1 | 4669-4672 | The relative magnetic permeability is >1000 The ferromagnetic property depends on temperature At high enough
temperature, a ferromagnet becomes a paramagnet The domain structure
disintegrates with temperature |
1 | 4670-4673 | The ferromagnetic property depends on temperature At high enough
temperature, a ferromagnet becomes a paramagnet The domain structure
disintegrates with temperature This disappearance of magnetisation with
temperature is gradual |
1 | 4671-4674 | At high enough
temperature, a ferromagnet becomes a paramagnet The domain structure
disintegrates with temperature This disappearance of magnetisation with
temperature is gradual FIGURE 5 |
1 | 4672-4675 | The domain structure
disintegrates with temperature This disappearance of magnetisation with
temperature is gradual FIGURE 5 8
(a) Randomly
oriented domains,
(b) Aligned domains |
1 | 4673-4676 | This disappearance of magnetisation with
temperature is gradual FIGURE 5 8
(a) Randomly
oriented domains,
(b) Aligned domains SUMMARY
1 |
1 | 4674-4677 | FIGURE 5 8
(a) Randomly
oriented domains,
(b) Aligned domains SUMMARY
1 The science of magnetism is old |
1 | 4675-4678 | 8
(a) Randomly
oriented domains,
(b) Aligned domains SUMMARY
1 The science of magnetism is old It has been known since ancient times
that magnetic materials tend to point in the north-south direction; like
magnetic poles repel and unlike ones attract; and cutting a bar magnet
in two leads to two smaller magnets |
1 | 4676-4679 | SUMMARY
1 The science of magnetism is old It has been known since ancient times
that magnetic materials tend to point in the north-south direction; like
magnetic poles repel and unlike ones attract; and cutting a bar magnet
in two leads to two smaller magnets Magnetic poles cannot be isolated |
1 | 4677-4680 | The science of magnetism is old It has been known since ancient times
that magnetic materials tend to point in the north-south direction; like
magnetic poles repel and unlike ones attract; and cutting a bar magnet
in two leads to two smaller magnets Magnetic poles cannot be isolated 2 |
1 | 4678-4681 | It has been known since ancient times
that magnetic materials tend to point in the north-south direction; like
magnetic poles repel and unlike ones attract; and cutting a bar magnet
in two leads to two smaller magnets Magnetic poles cannot be isolated 2 When a bar magnet of dipole moment m is placed in a uniform magnetic
field B,
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
150
(a)
the force on it is zero,
(b)
the torque on it is m × B,
(c)
its potential energy is –m |
1 | 4679-4682 | Magnetic poles cannot be isolated 2 When a bar magnet of dipole moment m is placed in a uniform magnetic
field B,
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
150
(a)
the force on it is zero,
(b)
the torque on it is m × B,
(c)
its potential energy is –m B, where we choose the zero of energy at
the orientation when m is perpendicular to B |
1 | 4680-4683 | 2 When a bar magnet of dipole moment m is placed in a uniform magnetic
field B,
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
150
(a)
the force on it is zero,
(b)
the torque on it is m × B,
(c)
its potential energy is –m B, where we choose the zero of energy at
the orientation when m is perpendicular to B 3 |
1 | 4681-4684 | When a bar magnet of dipole moment m is placed in a uniform magnetic
field B,
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
150
(a)
the force on it is zero,
(b)
the torque on it is m × B,
(c)
its potential energy is –m B, where we choose the zero of energy at
the orientation when m is perpendicular to B 3 Consider a bar magnet of size l and magnetic moment m, at a distance
r from its mid-point, where r >>l, the magnetic field B due to this bar
is,
0
3
2
r
=µ
π
m
B
(along axis)
=
0
3
– 4
r
µ
π
m (along equator)
4 |
1 | 4682-4685 | B, where we choose the zero of energy at
the orientation when m is perpendicular to B 3 Consider a bar magnet of size l and magnetic moment m, at a distance
r from its mid-point, where r >>l, the magnetic field B due to this bar
is,
0
3
2
r
=µ
π
m
B
(along axis)
=
0
3
– 4
r
µ
π
m (along equator)
4 Gauss’s law for magnetism states that the net magnetic flux through
any closed surface is zero
0
�
�
�
�
�
�
S
B
iS
B
all area
elements
5 |
1 | 4683-4686 | 3 Consider a bar magnet of size l and magnetic moment m, at a distance
r from its mid-point, where r >>l, the magnetic field B due to this bar
is,
0
3
2
r
=µ
π
m
B
(along axis)
=
0
3
– 4
r
µ
π
m (along equator)
4 Gauss’s law for magnetism states that the net magnetic flux through
any closed surface is zero
0
�
�
�
�
�
�
S
B
iS
B
all area
elements
5 Consider a material placed in an external magnetic field B0 |
1 | 4684-4687 | Consider a bar magnet of size l and magnetic moment m, at a distance
r from its mid-point, where r >>l, the magnetic field B due to this bar
is,
0
3
2
r
=µ
π
m
B
(along axis)
=
0
3
– 4
r
µ
π
m (along equator)
4 Gauss’s law for magnetism states that the net magnetic flux through
any closed surface is zero
0
�
�
�
�
�
�
S
B
iS
B
all area
elements
5 Consider a material placed in an external magnetic field B0 The
magnetic intensity is defined as,
0
= Bµ0
H
The magnetisation M of the material is its dipole moment per unit volume |
1 | 4685-4688 | Gauss’s law for magnetism states that the net magnetic flux through
any closed surface is zero
0
�
�
�
�
�
�
S
B
iS
B
all area
elements
5 Consider a material placed in an external magnetic field B0 The
magnetic intensity is defined as,
0
= Bµ0
H
The magnetisation M of the material is its dipole moment per unit volume The magnetic field B in the material is,
B = m0 (H + M)
6 |
1 | 4686-4689 | Consider a material placed in an external magnetic field B0 The
magnetic intensity is defined as,
0
= Bµ0
H
The magnetisation M of the material is its dipole moment per unit volume The magnetic field B in the material is,
B = m0 (H + M)
6 For a linear material M = c H |
1 | 4687-4690 | The
magnetic intensity is defined as,
0
= Bµ0
H
The magnetisation M of the material is its dipole moment per unit volume The magnetic field B in the material is,
B = m0 (H + M)
6 For a linear material M = c H So that B = m H and c is called the
magnetic susceptibility of the material |
1 | 4688-4691 | The magnetic field B in the material is,
B = m0 (H + M)
6 For a linear material M = c H So that B = m H and c is called the
magnetic susceptibility of the material The three quantities, c, the
relative magnetic permeability mr, and the magnetic permeability m are
related as follows:
m = m0 mr
mr = 1+ c
7 |
1 | 4689-4692 | For a linear material M = c H So that B = m H and c is called the
magnetic susceptibility of the material The three quantities, c, the
relative magnetic permeability mr, and the magnetic permeability m are
related as follows:
m = m0 mr
mr = 1+ c
7 Magnetic materials are broadly classified as: diamagnetic, paramagnetic,
and ferromagnetic |
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