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Monophonic chant , also called plainsong or Gregorian chant , was the dominant form until about 1100 . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:6668778:31:1 | 4 | called | true | call | [
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Polyphonic -LRB- multi-voiced -RRB- music developed from monophonic chant throughout the late Middle Ages and into the Renaissance , including the more complex voicings of motets . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:6668778:31:2 | 5 | developed | true | develop | [
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It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation , multiple interweaving melodic lines , and the use of the first bass instruments . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:6668778:31:4 | 2 | characterized | true | characterize | [
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It is in this time that the notation of music on a staff and other elements of musical notation began to take shape . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:6668778:31:6 | 19 | began | true | begin | [
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With a musical score , a work of music could be performed without the composer 's presence . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:6668778:31:8 | 11 | performed | true | perform | [
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In respiratory physiology , the ventilation rate is the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lung . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:12:0 | 13 | enters | true | enter | [
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It is categorized under the following definitions : | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:12:1 | 2 | categorized | true | categorize | [
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These areas of the brain form a series of interconnected brain cells within the lower and middle brain stem which receive information about the arterial partial pressure of oxygen -LRB- | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:13:1 | 5 | form | true | form | [
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"The total concentration of carbon dioxide -LRB- in the form of bicarbonate ions , dissolved CO2 , and carbamino groups -RRB- in arterial blood",
"The total concentration of carbon dioxide -LRB- in the form of bicarbonate ions , dissolved CO2 , and carbamino groups -RRB- in arterial blood -LRB- i.e. after it has equilibrated with the alveolar air -RRB-",
"The total concentration of carbon dioxide -LRB- in the form of bicarbonate ions , dissolved CO2 , and carbamino groups -RRB- in arterial blood -LRB- i.e. after it has equilibrated with the alveolar air -RRB- is about 26 mM -LRB- or 58 ml/100 ml -RRB-"
] | [
[
0,
24
],
[
0,
35
],
[
0,
45
]
] |
The total concentration of carbon dioxide -LRB- in the form of bicarbonate ions , dissolved CO2 , and carbamino groups -RRB- in arterial blood -LRB- i.e. after it has equilibrated with the alveolar air -RRB- is about 26 mM -LRB- or 58 ml/100 ml -RRB- , compared to the concentration of oxygen in saturated arterial blood of about 9 mM -LRB- or 20 ml/100 ml blood -RRB- . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:35:2 | 46 | compared | true | compare | [
"what",
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"something",
"compared",
"_",
"with",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"the concentration of oxygen in saturated arterial blood",
"to the concentration of oxygen in saturated arterial blood of about 9 mM -LRB- or 20 ml/100 ml blood -RRB-"
] | [
[
48,
56
],
[
47,
67
]
] |
The alveoli are open -LRB- via the airways -RRB- to the atmosphere , with the result that alveolar air pressure is exactly the same as the ambient air pressure at sea level , at altitude , or in any artificial atmosphere -LRB- e.g. a diving chamber , or decompression chamber -RRB- in which the individual is breathing freely . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:36:0 | 56 | breathing | true | breathe | [
"how",
"is",
"something",
"breathing",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"freely",
"alveoli are open"
] | [
[
57,
58
],
[
1,
4
]
] |
The alveoli are open -LRB- via the airways -RRB- to the atmosphere , with the result that alveolar air pressure is exactly the same as the ambient air pressure at sea level , at altitude , or in any artificial atmosphere -LRB- e.g. a diving chamber , or decompression chamber -RRB- in which the individual is breathing freely . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:36:0 | 56 | breathing | true | breathe | [
"what",
"is",
"_",
"breathing",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"the individual",
"individual"
] | [
[
53,
55
],
[
54,
55
]
] |
With expansion of the lungs -LRB- through lowering of the diaphragm and expansion of the thoracic cage -RRB- the alveolar air now occupies a larger volume , and its pressure falls proportionally , causing air to flow in from the surroundings , through the airways , till the pressure in the alveoli is once again at the ambient air pressure . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:36:1 | 22 | occupies | true | occupy | [
"what",
"does",
"something",
"occupy",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"a larger volume"
] | [
[
23,
26
]
] |
With expansion of the lungs -LRB- through lowering of the diaphragm and expansion of the thoracic cage -RRB- the alveolar air now occupies a larger volume , and its pressure falls proportionally , causing air to flow in from the surroundings , through the airways , till the pressure in the alveoli is once again at the ambient air pressure . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:36:1 | 22 | occupies | true | occupy | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"occupies",
"something",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"the alveolar air",
"alveolar air"
] | [
[
18,
21
],
[
19,
21
]
] |
With expansion of the lungs -LRB- through lowering of the diaphragm and expansion of the thoracic cage -RRB- the alveolar air now occupies a larger volume , and its pressure falls proportionally , causing air to flow in from the surroundings , through the airways , till the pressure in the alveoli is once again at the ambient air pressure . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:36:1 | 30 | falls | true | fall | [
"how",
"does",
"something",
"fall",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"proportionally"
] | [
[
31,
32
]
] |
With expansion of the lungs -LRB- through lowering of the diaphragm and expansion of the thoracic cage -RRB- the alveolar air now occupies a larger volume , and its pressure falls proportionally , causing air to flow in from the surroundings , through the airways , till the pressure in the alveoli is once again at the ambient air pressure . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:36:1 | 30 | falls | true | fall | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"falls",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"its pressure",
"pressure"
] | [
[
28,
30
],
[
29,
30
]
] |
With expansion of the lungs -LRB- through lowering of the diaphragm and expansion of the thoracic cage -RRB- the alveolar air now occupies a larger volume , and its pressure falls proportionally , causing air to flow in from the surroundings , through the airways , till the pressure in the alveoli is once again at the ambient air pressure . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:36:1 | 33 | causing | true | cause | [
"what",
"is",
"_",
"caused",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"air to flow in from the surroundings , through the airways , till the pressure in the alveoli is once again at the ambient air pressure",
"air to flow in from the surroundings"
] | [
[
34,
60
],
[
34,
41
]
] |
With expansion of the lungs -LRB- through lowering of the diaphragm and expansion of the thoracic cage -RRB- the alveolar air now occupies a larger volume , and its pressure falls proportionally , causing air to flow in from the surroundings , through the airways , till the pressure in the alveoli is once again at the ambient air pressure . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:36:1 | 36 | flow | true | flow | [
"how long",
"does",
"something",
"flow",
"_",
"_",
"somewhere",
"?"
] | [
"till the pressure in the alveoli is once again at the ambient air pressure"
] | [
[
46,
60
]
] |
With expansion of the lungs -LRB- through lowering of the diaphragm and expansion of the thoracic cage -RRB- the alveolar air now occupies a larger volume , and its pressure falls proportionally , causing air to flow in from the surroundings , through the airways , till the pressure in the alveoli is once again at the ambient air pressure . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:36:1 | 36 | flow | true | flow | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"flows",
"_",
"_",
"somewhere",
"?"
] | [
"air"
] | [
[
34,
35
]
] |
With expansion of the lungs -LRB- through lowering of the diaphragm and expansion of the thoracic cage -RRB- the alveolar air now occupies a larger volume , and its pressure falls proportionally , causing air to flow in from the surroundings , through the airways , till the pressure in the alveoli is once again at the ambient air pressure . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:36:1 | 36 | flow | true | flow | [
"where",
"does",
"something",
"flow",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"through the airways",
"in from the surroundings , through the airways"
] | [
[
42,
45
],
[
37,
45
]
] |
The reverse obviously happens during exhalation . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:36:2 | 3 | happens | true | happen | [
"how",
"does",
"something",
"happen",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"obviously"
] | [
[
2,
3
]
] |
The reverse obviously happens during exhalation . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:36:2 | 3 | happens | true | happen | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"happens",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"The reverse"
] | [
[
0,
2
]
] |
The reverse obviously happens during exhalation . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:36:2 | 3 | happens | true | happen | [
"when",
"does",
"something",
"happen",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"during exhalation"
] | [
[
4,
6
]
] |
A further minor complication exists at altitude . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:0 | 4 | exists | true | exist | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"exists",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"A further minor complication",
"complication"
] | [
[
0,
4
],
[
3,
4
]
] |
A further minor complication exists at altitude . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:0 | 4 | exists | true | exist | [
"where",
"does",
"something",
"exist",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"at altitude"
] | [
[
5,
7
]
] |
Consider the following theoretical scenario . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:1 | 0 | Consider | true | consider | [
"what",
"is",
"_",
"considered",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"the following theoretical scenario"
] | [
[
1,
5
]
] |
Consider the following theoretical scenario . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:1 | 2 | following | true | follow | [
"what",
"is",
"_",
"followed",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"theoretical scenario"
] | [
[
3,
5
]
] |
A doubling or more of these small pressure differences could be achieved by only very minor adjustments to the breathing effort at high altitudes . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:10 | 1 | doubling | true | double | [
"what",
"is",
"_",
"doubled",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"these small pressure differences",
"more of these small pressure differences"
] | [
[
5,
9
],
[
3,
9
]
] |
A doubling or more of these small pressure differences could be achieved by only very minor adjustments to the breathing effort at high altitudes . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:10 | 11 | achieved | true | achieve | [
"how",
"can",
"something",
"achieved",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"minor adjustments to the breathing effort",
"by only very minor adjustments to the breathing effort at high altitudes"
] | [
[
15,
21
],
[
12,
24
]
] |
A doubling or more of these small pressure differences could be achieved by only very minor adjustments to the breathing effort at high altitudes . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:10 | 11 | achieved | true | achieve | [
"what",
"can",
"_",
"achieved",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"A doubling or more of these small pressure differences",
"A doubling",
"small pressure differences",
"doubling or more of these small pressure differences"
] | [
[
0,
9
],
[
0,
2
],
[
6,
9
],
[
1,
9
]
] |
If the volume of the lungs were to be instantaneously doubled at the beginning of inhalation , the air pressure inside the lungs would be halved . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:2 | 10 | doubled | true | double | [
"how",
"was",
"something",
"doubled",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"instantaneously"
] | [
[
9,
10
]
] |
If the volume of the lungs were to be instantaneously doubled at the beginning of inhalation , the air pressure inside the lungs would be halved . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:2 | 10 | doubled | true | double | [
"what",
"was",
"_",
"doubled",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"the volume of the lungs",
"volume of the lungs"
] | [
[
1,
6
],
[
2,
6
]
] |
If the volume of the lungs were to be instantaneously doubled at the beginning of inhalation , the air pressure inside the lungs would be halved . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:2 | 10 | doubled | true | double | [
"when",
"was",
"something",
"doubled",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"at the beginning of inhalation"
] | [
[
11,
16
]
] |
If the volume of the lungs were to be instantaneously doubled at the beginning of inhalation , the air pressure inside the lungs would be halved . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:2 | 25 | halved | true | half | [
"what",
"would",
"_",
"halved",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"the air pressure inside the lungs",
"air pressure inside the lungs"
] | [
[
17,
23
],
[
18,
23
]
] |
This happens regardless of altitude . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:3 | 1 | happens | true | happen | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"happens",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"This"
] | [
[
0,
1
]
] |
Thus , halving of the sea level air pressure -LRB- 100 kPa -RRB- results in an intrapulmonary air pressure of 50 kPa . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:4 | 13 | results | true | result | [
"what",
"does",
"something",
"result",
"_",
"in",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"an intrapulmonary air pressure of 50 kPa",
"an intrapulmonary air pressure of 50 kPa .",
"in an intrapulmonary air pressure of 50 kPa"
] | [
[
15,
22
],
[
15,
23
],
[
14,
22
]
] |
Thus , halving of the sea level air pressure -LRB- 100 kPa -RRB- results in an intrapulmonary air pressure of 50 kPa . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:4 | 13 | results | true | result | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"results",
"_",
"in",
"something",
"?"
] | [
"halving of the sea level air pressure",
"halving of the sea level air pressure -LRB- 100 kPa",
"halving of the sea level air pressure -LRB- 100 kPa -RRB-"
] | [
[
2,
9
],
[
2,
12
],
[
2,
13
]
] |
Doing the same at 5500 m , where the atmospheric pressure is only 50 kPa , the intrapulmonary air pressure falls to 25 kPa . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:5 | 20 | falls | true | fall | [
"what",
"does",
"something",
"fall",
"_",
"to",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"25 kPa",
"to 25 kPa"
] | [
[
22,
24
],
[
21,
24
]
] |
Doing the same at 5500 m , where the atmospheric pressure is only 50 kPa , the intrapulmonary air pressure falls to 25 kPa . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:5 | 20 | falls | true | fall | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"falls",
"_",
"to",
"something",
"?"
] | [
"the intrapulmonary air pressure",
"air pressure"
] | [
[
16,
20
],
[
18,
20
]
] |
Therefore , the same change in lung volume at sea level results in a 50 kPa difference in pressure between the ambient air and the intrapulmonary air , whereas it result in a difference of only 25 kPa at 5500 m . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:6 | 11 | results | true | result | [
"what",
"does",
"something",
"result",
"_",
"in",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"a 50 kPa difference",
"a 50 kPa difference in pressure between the ambient air and the intrapulmonary air",
"in a 50 kPa difference in pressure"
] | [
[
13,
17
],
[
13,
27
],
[
12,
19
]
] |
Therefore , the same change in lung volume at sea level results in a 50 kPa difference in pressure between the ambient air and the intrapulmonary air , whereas it result in a difference of only 25 kPa at 5500 m . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:6 | 11 | results | true | result | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"results",
"_",
"in",
"something",
"?"
] | [
"the same change",
"the same change in lung volume at sea level",
"the same change in lung volume"
] | [
[
2,
5
],
[
2,
11
],
[
2,
8
]
] |
Therefore , the same change in lung volume at sea level results in a 50 kPa difference in pressure between the ambient air and the intrapulmonary air , whereas it result in a difference of only 25 kPa at 5500 m . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:6 | 11 | results | true | result | [
"where",
"does",
"something",
"result",
"_",
"in",
"something",
"?"
] | [
"between the ambient air and the intrapulmonary air",
"at sea level"
] | [
[
19,
27
],
[
8,
11
]
] |
Therefore , the same change in lung volume at sea level results in a 50 kPa difference in pressure between the ambient air and the intrapulmonary air , whereas it result in a difference of only 25 kPa at 5500 m . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:6 | 30 | result | true | result | [
"what",
"does",
"something",
"result",
"_",
"in",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"difference of only 25 kPa at 5500 m",
"a difference",
"a difference of only 25 kPa at 5500 m"
] | [
[
33,
41
],
[
32,
34
],
[
32,
41
]
] |
Therefore , the same change in lung volume at sea level results in a 50 kPa difference in pressure between the ambient air and the intrapulmonary air , whereas it result in a difference of only 25 kPa at 5500 m . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:6 | 30 | result | true | result | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"results",
"_",
"in",
"something",
"?"
] | [
"difference in pressure between the ambient air and the intrapulmonary air",
"it"
] | [
[
16,
27
],
[
29,
30
]
] |
The driving pressure forcing air into the lungs during inhalation is therefore halved at this altitude . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:7 | 3 | forcing | true | force | [
"what",
"is",
"_",
"forcing",
"something",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"The driving pressure"
] | [
[
0,
3
]
] |
The driving pressure forcing air into the lungs during inhalation is therefore halved at this altitude . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:7 | 3 | forcing | true | force | [
"what",
"is",
"something",
"forcing",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"air"
] | [
[
4,
5
]
] |
The driving pressure forcing air into the lungs during inhalation is therefore halved at this altitude . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:7 | 3 | forcing | true | force | [
"when",
"is",
"something",
"forcing",
"something",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"during inhalation"
] | [
[
8,
10
]
] |
The driving pressure forcing air into the lungs during inhalation is therefore halved at this altitude . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:7 | 3 | forcing | true | force | [
"where",
"is",
"something",
"forcing",
"something",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"into the lungs"
] | [
[
5,
8
]
] |
The driving pressure forcing air into the lungs during inhalation is therefore halved at this altitude . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:7 | 12 | halved | true | half | [
"what",
"is",
"_",
"halved",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"pressure",
"The driving pressure",
"The driving pressure forcing air into the lungs during inhalation"
] | [
[
2,
3
],
[
0,
3
],
[
0,
10
]
] |
The driving pressure forcing air into the lungs during inhalation is therefore halved at this altitude . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:7 | 12 | halved | true | half | [
"where",
"is",
"something",
"halved",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"at this altitude"
] | [
[
13,
16
]
] |
The rate of inflow of air into the lungs during inhalation at sea level is therefore twice that which occurs at 5500 m. However , in reality , inhalation and exhalation occur far more gently and less abruptly than in the example given . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:8 | 19 | occurs | true | occur | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"occurs",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"The rate of inflow of air into the lungs during inhalation at sea level",
"inflow of air into the lungs"
] | [
[
0,
14
],
[
3,
9
]
] |
The rate of inflow of air into the lungs during inhalation at sea level is therefore twice that which occurs at 5500 m. However , in reality , inhalation and exhalation occur far more gently and less abruptly than in the example given . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:8 | 19 | occurs | true | occur | [
"when",
"does",
"something",
"occur",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"at 5500 m."
] | [
[
20,
23
]
] |
The rate of inflow of air into the lungs during inhalation at sea level is therefore twice that which occurs at 5500 m. However , in reality , inhalation and exhalation occur far more gently and less abruptly than in the example given . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:8 | 31 | occur | true | occur | [
"how",
"is",
"something",
"occurring",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"far more gently and less abruptly than in the example given",
"far more gently and less abruptly"
] | [
[
32,
43
],
[
32,
38
]
] |
The rate of inflow of air into the lungs during inhalation at sea level is therefore twice that which occurs at 5500 m. However , in reality , inhalation and exhalation occur far more gently and less abruptly than in the example given . | Wiki1k:wikipedia:66723:39:8 | 31 | occur | true | occur | [
"what",
"is",
"_",
"occurring",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"inhalation and exhalation"
] | [
[
28,
31
]
] |
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