       result.confidence = 1 if not result.confidence
       result.publisher = crossref.publisher
       result.provenance.push 'Added publisher name from Crossref'
-      if not result.issn and crossref.ISSN and crossref.ISSN.length > 0
+      if not result.issn and crossref.ISSN? and crossref.ISSN.length > 0
         result.issn = crossref.ISSN[0]
         result.provenance.push 'Added ISSN from Crossref'
-      if not result.journal_title and crossref['container-title'] and crossref['container-title'].length > 0
+      if not result.journal_title and crossref['container-title']? and crossref['container-title'].length > 0
         result.journal_title = crossref['container-title'][0]
         result.provenance.push 'Added journal title from Crossref'
       if not result.authors and crossref.author
         result.authors = crossref.author
         result.provenance.push 'Added author list from Crossref'
-      if not result.title and crossref.title and crossref.title.length > 0
+      if not result.title and crossref.title? and crossref.title.length > 0
         result.title = crossref.title[0]
         result.provenance.push 'Added article title from Crossref'
     else

  else
    result.provenance.push 'Not attempting Crossref / CORE / BASE lookups - do not have DOI for article.'

  if result.grants.length > 0
    grants = []
    for gr in result.grants
      if gr.grantId

    if doaj.status isnt 'error'
      result.pure_oa = true
      result.provenance.push 'Confirmed journal is listed in DOAJ'
      result.publisher ?= doaj.bibjson.publisher
      result.journal_title ?= doaj.bibjson.title
    else
      result.provenance.push 'Could not find journal in DOAJ'

