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“I am growing increasingly confident in my game and touch on the ball. The most important thing to me is that I’m not sustaining injuries and that I manage to pull off good efforts to help the team; all that makes me very happy. I am gradually growing as a player and I’m improving at the most crucial moment of the season.” The 29-year-old scored the second goal in Real Madrid’s 5-2 victory over Apoel Nicosia. It helped the Spanish giant cruise to the semifinals of the UEFA Champions League, where it faces Bayern Munich in the season’s best matchup. The powerfully hit, swerving shot evaded the Apoel goalkeeper, tucked inside the post and brought the world to its feet admiration. It seems like ages since Kaka was in the news for a piece of magic. Moments like these remind fans of the player he was (2007 FIFA World Player of the Year) before a left knee injury nearly cut his career tragically short. He missed eight months of action (from the summer of 2010 until January 2011) because of knee surgery. Knee, calf and other muscle problems slowed his return, and he suffered setbacks as recently as last fall. There were reports Real Madrid manager Jose Mourinho was looking to sell him during the January transfer window. But a move never materialized. The FIFA World Cup winner continued working himself back into Mourinho’s good graces, and his playing time gradually has increased in recent months. Rather than being a “spent force” as some have accused him, Kaka has quietly put up impressive numbers this season. He has scored seven goals and set up 15 more in 35 games (in all competitions). More importantly, he is starting games, and playing the full 90 minutes again. It remains to be seen if he will ever be the player that terrorized defenders from around the world. But he will be a major factor as Real Madrid chases a La Liga and Champions League double. | Mid | [
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The shifting sands of alcohol prevention: rethinking population control approaches. This paper identifies seven major conceptual and perceptual shifts which have occurred in the alcohol field in recent years and which influence approaches to the prevention of alcohol-related problems. The paper highlights the shift away from measures of mean consumption, as the principal indicator of use and problems, towards an incorporation of temporal patterns of use. No longer is the traditional parameter of mean per capita consumption seen to be the predominant measure by which alcohol and its associated problems are assessed. Also examined are the relative merits of prevention strategies that include the whole population and those aimed at people at high risk. The key shifts identified are: 1. acceptance that there is no single distribution theory that adequately accounts for alcohol consumption; 2. alcohol may represent an exception to the population health models based on mean distributions (for example, as found in the relationship between salt and hypertension); 3. there is no prevention paradox if episodes of intoxication are examined instead of mean consumption levels; 4. population control measures to reduce overall alcohol consumption may deprive some people of the protective cardiovascular effects of moderate alcohol consumption; 5. it is more useful to focus on at-risk drinking than attempt to locate groups of at-risk drinkers; 6. alcohol-consumption guidelines are meaningful only when defined on the basis of daily consumption, and then with further caveats; and 7. harm minimisation offers a constructive conceptual vehicle by which to shift the focus from consumption to consequences of use. | Mid | [
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Former "Jon & Kate Plus 8" star Jon Gosselin is reportedly writing a tell-all book about his now-sour relationship with ex-wife Kate Gosselin, the mother of his eight children. Since the couple's divorce, Kate's been the one telling her story in the press (and vilifying Jon in the process) -- but apparently Jon wants to tell his side of the story. He tells In Touch that he's already written a book "about my feelings and my marriage. Kate will flip." Adds Jon, "No one really knows what happened" at the end of the couple's union. "I think people want to hear my story. At this point, I don't care about Kate's reaction." He's said in recent months that doing the show was a "mistake" and that he thinks his ex's exploitation of their children, a set of sextuplets and a pair of twins, "disgusting and awful." | Low | [
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Field Exemplary embodiments relate to a polarizer, a method of manufacturing the same, and a display device. Discussion of the Background Display devices such as liquid crystal displays are generally formed from a mother substrate including multiple cells, which may be cut during a manufacturing process to form a liquid crystal display. In this case, polarizers for controlling the polarization state of light are commonly used in liquid crystal displays. Polarizers may change natural light into a single beam of linearly polarized light. In general, a film-type polarizer has been used in a liquid crystal display to produce polarized light, but currently, a wire grid polarizer is widely used as an alternative. Specifically, a method for transferring a pattern of a mold, for example, nano-imprint, has been proposed as a method for forming a wire grid polarizer, which is a polarizer element having a nano-size linear pattern. However, when a mold is not uniformly pressured during transfer of a pattern of a mold, the pattern of the mold may not be uniformly transferred to an object layer, which may cause drawbacks such as non-uniform linear patterns in a wire grid polarizer. The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the inventive concept, and, therefore, it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art. | Low | [
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Cookie of the Day: Lime Curd Bars with Coconut Crust Holiday season is cookie season! We are all about cookies this month: baking, decorating, gifting and hosting the classic cookie exchange. Today, we’re kicking off 30 days of holiday cookies, so be sure to check back every day for a new recipe! And for more inspiration and great recipes, visit our Cookie Central page. Limes have a distinctive sweetness that tempers their tartness — a flavor that holds up well in desserts and cocktails. Use a reamer to extract as much juice as possible; a rasp grater is essential for obtaining lime zest without any bitter pith, as their rind is very thin. Lime Curd Bars with Coconut Crust 1 cup unsalted butter, softened 1/3 cup light brown sugar 2 cups all-purpose flour Grated zest of 1 lime, plus extra for garnish 1/2 cup shredded dried coconut 1/4 tsp. salt 1 3/4 cups granulated sugar 1 Tbs. cornstarch 1 tsp. baking powder 4 large eggs 3/4 cup fresh lime juice Confectioners’ sugar for dusting Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F. Line a 9-by-13-inch baking dish with aluminum foil, overhanging the edges by 1 inch. In a mixer fitted with the paddle attachment, beat the butter and brown sugar until fluffy, 3 to 4 minutes. Add the flour, half of the lime zest, coconut and half of the salt and mix until the dough just holds together. Press into the pan and prick with a fork. Bake until golden, 20 to 25 minutes. In the mixer, combine the granulated sugar, cornstarch, baking powder and remaining lime zest and salt. Slowly beat in the eggs and lime juice. Pour into the crust. Bake for 20 to 25 minutes. Cool and then refrigerate until set, 1 to 2 hours. Cut into 24 bars and dust with confectioners’ sugar and lime zest. Makes 2 dozen bars. 10 comments […] Lime Curd Bars with Coconut Crust Limes have a distinctive sweetness that tempers their tartness — a flavor that holds up well in desserts and cocktails. The juice and fragrant zest shine in these bright, gooey bars. […] Pam, the curd should be set but still slightly jiggly after baking; it will become more firm as it cools. As you suggested, I’d recommend first cooling the bars to touch on the counter, then refrigerating for 1 to 2 hours (thus, the cooling time is not included in the refrigerating time). Thank you for the recipe notes! Would you clarify some unclear part of the recipe? 1) What does it mean “cook 20-25 minutes”? It doesn’t specify the state of the curd – will it be fully set, barely set, puffed, or not set at all? 2) Does “cool and then refrigerate” mean to cool to the touch on the counter, then refrigerator? 3) Do I cool on the counter top and refrigerate for a total of both together at 1-2 hours? Or do I cool on the counter top, and then refrigerator 1-2 hours (so the counter top time is in addition to the 1-2 hours specified)? Also – I would be helpful to make the addition notation “divided” on salt and zest, and that 3/4 cup of fresh lime juice is equal to approximately 9 limes. I do read recipes ahead, but since I always prepare my ingredients prior to mixing, I found myself reading and re-reading the recipe ingredients and directions numerous times. I would even go as far as breaking up the list into 3 sections – crust, curd and garnish, and break up zest and salt putting into both sections. I could not agree more on listing the ingredients. Much easier to follow if crust and curd ingredients are listed separately. But I am making this for my celiac granddaughter substituting gluten free flour for the all purpose flour. | Low | [
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//===- llvm/ADT/SmallString.h - 'Normally small' strings --------*- C++ -*-===// // // The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure // // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details. // //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // // This file defines the SmallString class. // //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// #ifndef LLVM_ADT_SMALLSTRING_H #define LLVM_ADT_SMALLSTRING_H #include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h" #include "llvm/ADT/StringRef.h" namespace llvm { /// SmallString - A SmallString is just a SmallVector with methods and accessors /// that make it work better as a string (e.g. operator+ etc). template<unsigned InternalLen> class SmallString : public SmallVector<char, InternalLen> { public: /// Default ctor - Initialize to empty. SmallString() {} /// Initialize from a StringRef. SmallString(StringRef S) : SmallVector<char, InternalLen>(S.begin(), S.end()) {} /// Initialize with a range. template<typename ItTy> SmallString(ItTy S, ItTy E) : SmallVector<char, InternalLen>(S, E) {} // Note that in order to add new overloads for append & assign, we have to // duplicate the inherited versions so as not to inadvertently hide them. /// @} /// @name String Assignment /// @{ /// Assign from a repeated element. void assign(size_t NumElts, char Elt) { this->SmallVectorImpl<char>::assign(NumElts, Elt); } /// Assign from an iterator pair. template<typename in_iter> void assign(in_iter S, in_iter E) { this->clear(); SmallVectorImpl<char>::append(S, E); } /// Assign from a StringRef. void assign(StringRef RHS) { this->clear(); SmallVectorImpl<char>::append(RHS.begin(), RHS.end()); } /// Assign from a SmallVector. void assign(const SmallVectorImpl<char> &RHS) { this->clear(); SmallVectorImpl<char>::append(RHS.begin(), RHS.end()); } /// @} /// @name String Concatenation /// @{ /// Append from an iterator pair. template<typename in_iter> void append(in_iter S, in_iter E) { SmallVectorImpl<char>::append(S, E); } void append(size_t NumInputs, char Elt) { SmallVectorImpl<char>::append(NumInputs, Elt); } /// Append from a StringRef. void append(StringRef RHS) { SmallVectorImpl<char>::append(RHS.begin(), RHS.end()); } /// Append from a SmallVector. void append(const SmallVectorImpl<char> &RHS) { SmallVectorImpl<char>::append(RHS.begin(), RHS.end()); } /// @} /// @name String Comparison /// @{ /// Check for string equality. This is more efficient than compare() when /// the relative ordering of inequal strings isn't needed. bool equals(StringRef RHS) const { return str().equals(RHS); } /// Check for string equality, ignoring case. bool equals_lower(StringRef RHS) const { return str().equals_lower(RHS); } /// Compare two strings; the result is -1, 0, or 1 if this string is /// lexicographically less than, equal to, or greater than the \p RHS. int compare(StringRef RHS) const { return str().compare(RHS); } /// compare_lower - Compare two strings, ignoring case. int compare_lower(StringRef RHS) const { return str().compare_lower(RHS); } /// compare_numeric - Compare two strings, treating sequences of digits as /// numbers. int compare_numeric(StringRef RHS) const { return str().compare_numeric(RHS); } /// @} /// @name String Predicates /// @{ /// startswith - Check if this string starts with the given \p Prefix. bool startswith(StringRef Prefix) const { return str().startswith(Prefix); } /// endswith - Check if this string ends with the given \p Suffix. bool endswith(StringRef Suffix) const { return str().endswith(Suffix); } /// @} /// @name String Searching /// @{ /// find - Search for the first character \p C in the string. /// /// \return - The index of the first occurrence of \p C, or npos if not /// found. size_t find(char C, size_t From = 0) const { return str().find(C, From); } /// Search for the first string \p Str in the string. /// /// \returns The index of the first occurrence of \p Str, or npos if not /// found. size_t find(StringRef Str, size_t From = 0) const { return str().find(Str, From); } /// Search for the last character \p C in the string. /// /// \returns The index of the last occurrence of \p C, or npos if not /// found. size_t rfind(char C, size_t From = StringRef::npos) const { return str().rfind(C, From); } /// Search for the last string \p Str in the string. /// /// \returns The index of the last occurrence of \p Str, or npos if not /// found. size_t rfind(StringRef Str) const { return str().rfind(Str); } /// Find the first character in the string that is \p C, or npos if not /// found. Same as find. size_t find_first_of(char C, size_t From = 0) const { return str().find_first_of(C, From); } /// Find the first character in the string that is in \p Chars, or npos if /// not found. /// /// Complexity: O(size() + Chars.size()) size_t find_first_of(StringRef Chars, size_t From = 0) const { return str().find_first_of(Chars, From); } /// Find the first character in the string that is not \p C or npos if not /// found. size_t find_first_not_of(char C, size_t From = 0) const { return str().find_first_not_of(C, From); } /// Find the first character in the string that is not in the string /// \p Chars, or npos if not found. /// /// Complexity: O(size() + Chars.size()) size_t find_first_not_of(StringRef Chars, size_t From = 0) const { return str().find_first_not_of(Chars, From); } /// Find the last character in the string that is \p C, or npos if not /// found. size_t find_last_of(char C, size_t From = StringRef::npos) const { return str().find_last_of(C, From); } /// Find the last character in the string that is in \p C, or npos if not /// found. /// /// Complexity: O(size() + Chars.size()) size_t find_last_of( StringRef Chars, size_t From = StringRef::npos) const { return str().find_last_of(Chars, From); } /// @} /// @name Helpful Algorithms /// @{ /// Return the number of occurrences of \p C in the string. size_t count(char C) const { return str().count(C); } /// Return the number of non-overlapped occurrences of \p Str in the /// string. size_t count(StringRef Str) const { return str().count(Str); } /// @} /// @name Substring Operations /// @{ /// Return a reference to the substring from [Start, Start + N). /// /// \param Start The index of the starting character in the substring; if /// the index is npos or greater than the length of the string then the /// empty substring will be returned. /// /// \param N The number of characters to included in the substring. If \p N /// exceeds the number of characters remaining in the string, the string /// suffix (starting with \p Start) will be returned. StringRef substr(size_t Start, size_t N = StringRef::npos) const { return str().substr(Start, N); } /// Return a reference to the substring from [Start, End). /// /// \param Start The index of the starting character in the substring; if /// the index is npos or greater than the length of the string then the /// empty substring will be returned. /// /// \param End The index following the last character to include in the /// substring. If this is npos, or less than \p Start, or exceeds the /// number of characters remaining in the string, the string suffix /// (starting with \p Start) will be returned. StringRef slice(size_t Start, size_t End) const { return str().slice(Start, End); } // Extra methods. /// Explicit conversion to StringRef. StringRef str() const { return StringRef(this->begin(), this->size()); } // TODO: Make this const, if it's safe... const char* c_str() { this->push_back(0); this->pop_back(); return this->data(); } /// Implicit conversion to StringRef. operator StringRef() const { return str(); } // Extra operators. const SmallString &operator=(StringRef RHS) { this->clear(); return *this += RHS; } SmallString &operator+=(StringRef RHS) { this->append(RHS.begin(), RHS.end()); return *this; } SmallString &operator+=(char C) { this->push_back(C); return *this; } }; } #endif | Mid | [
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Beauty Tools Beauty tools and skin care accessories from DermaPoise.com can help you to obtain the skin, hair and nails of your dreams. While many people have tried an assortment of beauty tools and skin care accessories over the years, we believe that we have the best selection of premiere products. Your face is one of the first things that people see, so make sure you have the best skin care accessories to keep your face blemish and wrinkle free. The Baby Quasar MD Red LED light therapy can help to remove and reduce those annoying lines and blemishes. You can also help to reduce the signs of aging with the Palovia Laser Anti Aging solution. Feet Skin care accessories and beauty tools for your feet can help to keep your skin smooth and beautiful. Make sure you have power nail clippers to help keep your toenails beautiful and clean. Hands When it comes to your hands, keeping them smooth and beautiful can be a challenge. With the right beauty tools and skin care accessories, your hands can be beautiful and soft. The Personal Microderm System Home Microdermabrasion Kit provides everything you need for beautiful hands. | Low | [
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<label class="checkbox umb-form-check umb-form-check--checkbox {{vm.cssClass}}" ng-class="{ 'umb-form-check--disabled': vm.disabled }"> <span class="umb-form-check__symbol"> <input ng-if="vm.disableDirtyCheck" type="checkbox" id="{{vm.inputId}}" name="{{vm.name}}" value="{{vm.value}}" class="umb-form-check__input" val-server-field="{{vm.serverValidationField}}" ng-model="vm.model" ng-disabled="vm.disabled" ng-required="vm.required" ng-change="vm.change()" no-dirty-check /> <input ng-if="!vm.disableDirtyCheck" type="checkbox" id="{{vm.inputId}}" name="{{vm.name}}" value="{{vm.value}}" class="umb-form-check__input" val-server-field="{{vm.serverValidationField}}" ng-model="vm.model" ng-disabled="vm.disabled" ng-required="vm.required" ng-change="vm.change()"/> <span class="umb-form-check__state" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="umb-form-check__check"> <i class="umb-form-check__icon icon-check"></i> </span> </span> </span> <span class="umb-form-check__info" ng-transclude> <i ng-if="vm.icon.length" class="{{vm.icon}}" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span ng-if="vm.text.length" class="umb-form-check__text">{{vm.text}}</span> </span> </label> | Low | [
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Q: How to pass object associated with message past outbound channel adapter I have the following: [inbound channel adapter] -> ... -> foo -> [outbound channel adapter] -> bar How can I write my spring-integration app so that foo can an extra object that's not part of the message the [outbound channel adapter] is to consume, such that bar gets it? My app basically receives messages from AWS SQS (using spring-integration-aws), does some filtering / transformations, then publishes a message to Apache Kafka (using spring-integration-kafka), and if and only if that succeeds, deletes the original message off the SQS queue. For that reason, when I receive the SQS message, I want to hold onto the receipt handle / acknowledgement object, transform the rest of the message into the Kafka message to be published, and then if that succeeds, make use of that receipt handle / acknowledgement object to dequeue the original message. So say I'm using this example code off the spring-integration-kafka docs: @Bean @ServiceActivator(inputChannel = "toKafka", outputChannel = "result") public MessageHandler handler() throws Exception { KafkaProducerMessageHandler<String, String> handler = new KafkaProducerMessageHandler<>(kafkaTemplate()); handler.setTopicExpression(new LiteralExpression("someTopic")); handler.setMessageKeyExpression(new LiteralExpression("someKey")); handler.setFailureChannel(failures()); return handler; } @Bean public KafkaTemplate<String, String> kafkaTemplate() { return new KafkaTemplate<>(producerFactory()); } @Bean public ProducerFactory<String, String> producerFactory() { Map<String, Object> props = new HashMap<>(); props.put(ProducerConfig.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG, this.brokerAddress); // set more properties return new DefaultKafkaProducerFactory<>(props); } With the above, if I have a message message and some extra, unrelated info extra, what do I send to the toKafka channel such that handler will consume message, and if that was successful, the result channel will receive extra? A: Outbound channel adapters don't produce output - they are one-way only and end the flow. You can make toKafka a PublishSubscribeChannel and add a second service activator; by default, the second will only be called if the first is successful. | Low | [
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This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. Primary support for the subproject and the subproject's principal investigator may have been provided by other sources, including other NIH sources. The Total Cost listed for the subproject likely represents the estimated amount of Center infrastructure utilized by the subproject, not direct funding provided by the NCRR grant to the subproject or subproject staff. The Experimental Core now has five Core Facilities. The Human Electrophysiology Core Facility undertakes studies related to human midlatency uditory evoked responses as arousal (pre-attentional) measures, attentional measures as exhibited by performance of a Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) reaction time test, cognitive functions as exhibited in the performance of an Operant Test Battery (OTB), and relative frontal lobe blood flow as measured using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). The Image Analysis Core was developed during Year 1 of the award and consists of a confocal microscope with fluorescence and image analysis software, along with a high speed camera for visualizing voltage-dependent and calcium dyes in the in vitro recording rig. The Animal Electrophysiology Core has P13 potential and TMS facilities for rats. The Molecular Core has bRT-PCR, Luminex and other assays. The TMS Core has facilities for TMS in humans for a number of disorders. | High | [
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Qualification : Candidates who have completed 10th or equivalent from a recognized Institute are Eligible to apply Rohtak District Court Recruitment 2018 Age Limit :Candidate’s Age Limit Should be Minimum 16 Years and Maximum 42 years. Go through Rohtak District Court official Notification 2018 for more reference Pay Scale :Rs. 16900-53500/- Selection Procedure : Interview How to apply : Eligible Candidates advised to Download and read Rohtak District Court Job notification to get aware of recruitment schedule and venue from official website www.ecourts.gov.in. Candidate must reach advertised venue (Address & Walk in Date Mentioned in Official Notification) with all original document and Xerox copies, filled in application form (if required) | Mid | [
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// Copyright 2017 DAIMTO ([Linda Lawton](https://twitter.com/LindaLawtonDK)) : [www.daimto.com](http://www.daimto.com/) // // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with // the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at // // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 // // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on // an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the // specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // <auto-generated> // This code was generated by DAIMTO-Google-apis-Sample-generator 1.0.0 // Template File Name: Oauth2Authentication.tt // Build date: 2017-10-08 // C# generater version: 1.0.0 // // Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if // the code is regenerated. // </auto-generated> //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // About // // Unoffical sample for the Serviceuser v1 API for C#. // This sample is designed to be used with the Google .Net client library. (https://github.com/google/google-api-dotnet-client) // // API Description: Enables services that service consumers want to use on Google Cloud Platform, lists the available or enabled services, or disables services that service consumers no longer use. // API Documentation Link https://cloud.google.com/service-management/ // // Discovery Doc https://www.googleapis.com/discovery/v1/apis/Serviceuser/v1/rest // //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // Installation // // This sample code uses the Google .Net client library (https://github.com/google/google-api-dotnet-client) // // NuGet package: // // Location: https://www.nuget.org/packages/Google.Apis.Serviceuser.v1/ // Install Command: PM> Install-Package Google.Apis.Serviceuser.v1 // //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ using Google.Apis.Auth.OAuth2; using Google.Apis.Serviceuser.v1; using Google.Apis.Services; using Google.Apis.Util.Store; using System; using System.IO; using System.Threading; namespace GoogleSamplecSharpSample.Serviceuserv1.Auth { public static class Oauth2Example { /// <summary> /// ** Installed Aplication only ** /// This method requests Authentcation from a user using Oauth2. /// </summary> /// <param name="clientSecretJson">Path to the client secret json file from Google Developers console.</param> /// <param name="userName">Identifying string for the user who is being authentcated.</param> /// <param name="scopes">Array of Google scopes</param> /// <returns>ServiceuserService used to make requests against the Serviceuser API</returns> public static ServiceuserService GetServiceuserService(string clientSecretJson, string userName, string[] scopes) { try { if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(userName)) throw new ArgumentNullException("userName"); if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(clientSecretJson)) throw new ArgumentNullException("clientSecretJson"); if (!File.Exists(clientSecretJson)) throw new Exception("clientSecretJson file does not exist."); var cred = GetUserCredential(clientSecretJson, userName, scopes); return GetService(cred); } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Exception("Get Serviceuser service failed.", ex); } } /// <summary> /// ** Installed Aplication only ** /// This method requests Authentcation from a user using Oauth2. /// Credentials are stored in System.Environment.SpecialFolder.Personal /// Documentation https://developers.google.com/accounts/docs/OAuth2 /// </summary> /// <param name="clientSecretJson">Path to the client secret json file from Google Developers console.</param> /// <param name="userName">Identifying string for the user who is being authentcated.</param> /// <param name="scopes">Array of Google scopes</param> /// <returns>authencated UserCredential</returns> private static UserCredential GetUserCredential(string clientSecretJson, string userName, string[] scopes) { try { if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(userName)) throw new ArgumentNullException("userName"); if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(clientSecretJson)) throw new ArgumentNullException("clientSecretJson"); if (!File.Exists(clientSecretJson)) throw new Exception("clientSecretJson file does not exist."); // These are the scopes of permissions you need. It is best to request only what you need and not all of them using (var stream = new FileStream(clientSecretJson, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read)) { string credPath = System.Environment.GetFolderPath(System.Environment.SpecialFolder.Personal); credPath = Path.Combine(credPath, ".credentials/", System.Reflection.Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().GetName().Name); // Requesting Authentication or loading previously stored authentication for userName var credential = GoogleWebAuthorizationBroker.AuthorizeAsync(GoogleClientSecrets.Load(stream).Secrets, scopes, userName, CancellationToken.None, new FileDataStore(credPath, true)).Result; credential.GetAccessTokenForRequestAsync(); return credential; } } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Exception("Get user credentials failed.", ex); } } /// <summary> /// This method get a valid service /// </summary> /// <param name="credential">Authecated user credentail</param> /// <returns>ServiceuserService used to make requests against the Serviceuser API</returns> private static ServiceuserService GetService(UserCredential credential) { try { if (credential == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("credential"); // Create Serviceuser API service. return new ServiceuserService(new BaseClientService.Initializer() { HttpClientInitializer = credential, ApplicationName = "Serviceuser Oauth2 Authentication Sample" }); } catch (Exception ex) { throw new Exception("Get Serviceuser service failed.", ex); } } } } | Low | [
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Dallas: Patrick Duffy Promises An Alien Abduction If New Series Runs To 13 Seasons Like The Original Patrick Duffy has made a personal promise to HuffPost UK that if the new Dallas runs to the same 13 seasons as the original series, viewers will get to watch an alien abduction on Southfork Ranch. Some familiar faces on Southfork Ranch - all three back for the new series Asked about the prospect of any outlandish plots to rival the credibility-stretching shower scene where his character Bobby Ewing returns from the dead, he warns, "Easy now... " And Brenda Strong, Desperate Housewives alumna who plays his third wife Anne, reflects that scriptwriters have plenty to keep them busy, with all the new characters plus the history of the old ones. The history includes two previous wives for Bobby Ewing - the pneumatic Pamela (Victoria Principal) and pale-eyed beauty Jenna Wade (Priscilla Presley). Was this intimidating? "I was aware of the challenge of those previous incarnations," explains Strong. "I have a healthy respect for them." "What's exciting is that the audience sees us for the first time seven years after we've already met, courted and are happily married. Return to Dallas - 20 years later, and lots of new faces including Brenda Strong (right, with Patrick Duffy) "So I'm curious to see how we fell in love, and what our story is, and we're hoping that maybe in the second season we'll have an opportunity to flesh out our romance a little bit. It's very strange not to know. "Apparently Sue Ellen introduced us, because she's a friend of mine, and thought we would be a good match and obviously she was right." As Bobby, the wonderfully friendly Duffy has always been the good brother, the long-suffering foil to JR's scheming machinations. Is there a baddy Bobby hiding in there somewhere? "I think he has normal human traits he'd rather not display, he's not a goody two shoes, but every show has to have somebody that audiences can say, 'well at least he's not screwed up.'" Patrick Duffy with his on-screen son Jesse Metcalfe It's something Duffy has had fun imparting to the younger generation of actors on the new show, which sees Jesse Metcalfe and Josh Henderson take on the roles of rival cousins Christopher and John Ross Ewing respectively: "They have the same challenges in playing those parts," explains Duffy. "It's like, 'Do I always have to be the good guy?' "I want to tell Jesse, 'Yeah, pretty much, that's your job now.'" DThe original 14-series set is now available on DVD, and the new series kicks off this Wednesday evening at 9pm, Channel 5. Here's Who's Who in the new era... Dallas Who's Who Dallas Who's Who 1 of 8 J.R. Ewing J.R. Ewing is the infamous scheming patriarch of the Southfork ranch, best known for his ruthless drive for power and money. J.R. made his fortune in the oil business, often at the expense of those closest to him, including his ex-wife Sue Ellen and son John Ross. Throughout the years J.R. won himself many enemies, thanks to his unforgiving business manner and constant womanising. One of these enemies is his brother Bobby, with the explosive rivalry between the pair pushing both of them to their limits. | Low | [
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Pauline Tankersley Crisp, age 88, widow of Obed Abijah Crisp, passed away Thursday, May 16, 2019 at her home. She was born in Lee County, VA and was the daughter of the late Clyde Tankersley and Lula Martin Tankersley. She had worked with... View Obituary & Service Information | Low | [
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Q: When is a Java local variable eligible for GC? Given the following program: import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class GCTest { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { List cache = new ArrayList(); while (true) { cache.add(new GCTest().run()); System.out.println("done"); } } private byte[] run() throws IOException { Test test = new Test(); InputStream is = test.getInputStream(); ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); byte[] buff = new byte[256]; int len = 0; while (-1 != (len = is.read())) { baos.write(buff, 0, len); } return baos.toByteArray(); } private class Test { private InputStream is; public InputStream getInputStream() throws FileNotFoundException { is = new FileInputStream("GCTest.class"); return is; } protected void finalize() throws IOException { System.out.println("finalize"); is.close(); is = null; } } } would you expect the finalize to ever be called when the while loop in the run method is still executing and the local variable test is still in scope? More importantly, is this behaviour defined anywhere? Is there anything by Sun that states that it is implementation-defined? This is kind of the reverse of the way this question has been asked before on SO where people are mainly concerned with memory leaks. Here we have the GC aggressively GCing a variable we still have an interest in. You might expect that because test is still "in scope" that it would not be GC'd. For the record, it appears that sometimes the test "works" (i.e. eventually hits an OOM) and sometimes it fails, depending on the JVM implementation. Not defending the way this code is written BTW, it's just a question that came up at work. A: While the object won't be garbage collected if it is still in scope, the JIT compiler might take it out of scope if the variable isn't actually used any further in the code (hence the differing behavior you are seeing) even though when you read the source code the variable still seems to be "in scope." I don't understand why you care if an object is garbage collected if you don't reference it anymore in code, but if you want to ensure objects stay in memory, the best way is to reference them directly in a field of a class, or even better in a static field. If a static field references the object, it won't get garbage collected. Edit: Here is the explicit documentation you are looking for. > I'm assuming an object cannot die before a local reference to it has gone out of scope. This can not be assumed. Neither the Java spec nor the JVM spec guarantees this. Just because a variable is in scope, doesn't mean the object it points to is reachable. Usually it is the case that an object pointed to by an in-scope variable is reachable, but yours is a case where it is not. The compiler can determine at jit time which variables are dead and does not include such variables in the oop-map. Since the object pointed to by "nt" can [sic - should be cannot] be reached from any live variable, it is eligible for collection. A: I recommend that you and your co-worker read the The Truth About Garbage Collection. Right at the start, it says this: The specification for the Java platform makes very few promises about how garbage collection actually works. [elided] While it can seem confusing, the fact that the garbage collection model is not rigidly defined is actually important and useful-a rigidly defined garbage collection model might be impossible to implement on all platforms. Similarly, it might preclude useful optimizations and hurt the performance of the platform in the long term. In your example, the test variable becomes "invisible" (see A.3.3 of above) in the while loop. At this point some JVMs will continue to view the variable as containing a "hard reference", and other JVMs will treat it as if the variable has been nulled. Either behaviour is acceptable for a compliant JVM Quoting from the JLS edition 3 (section 12.6.1 paragraph 2): A reachable object is any object that can be accessed in any potential continuing computation from any live thread. Notice that reachability is not defined in terms of scopes at all. The quoted text continues as follows: Optimizing transformations of a program can be designed that reduce the number of objects that are reachable to be less than those which would naively be considered reachable. For example, a compiler or code generator may choose to set a variable or parameter that will no longer be used to null to cause the storage for such an object to be potentially reclaimable sooner. (My emphasis added.) This means that an object object may be garbage collected and finalization may occur earlier or later than you would expect. It is also worth noting that some JVMs take more than one GC cycles before unreachable objects are finalized. The bottom line is that a program that depends on finalization happening earlier or later is inherently non-portable, and to my mind buggy. A: Slightly off-topic, but finalize() should never be used to close() a file. The language does not guarantee that finalize() will ever get called. Always use a try ... finally construct to guarantee file closure, database cleanup, etc. | Mid | [
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A couple of weeks back, right before Capcom Cup 2018, Street Fighter V: Arcade Edition received one of its more controversial additions: Sponsored Content. Now, just a couple of weeks after, the sponsored content is no longer available. As of the time of writing, advertisements on stages and the loading screen have been turned off. At the same time, trying to select color 3-10 on an “Ad Style” costume will simply give the message “the sponsor is currently not available, so you cannot use the selected color.” Some may speculate that this was due to the negative reaction to the sponsored content. However, the original posting for the Capcom Pro Tour shows that they were scheduled to run only up until December 25. Additionally, other in-game posts about the sponsored content state that they will “change intermittently”, stating that “if a sponsorship is not available at the time and you selected any colors from 3-10 of the Ad Style outfit in your battle settings, you will be forced to use colors 1 and 2.” Of course, that’s not to say that Capcom isn’t looking at the feedback. After Capcom Cup, producer Yoshinori Ono sent out a tweet thanking the community for providing feedback, and that they would “consider how we can improve this new feature for players in the future.” Source: Street Fighter V; Yoshinori Ono | Mid | [
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Q: Magento 2.2 Add Masonry JS I've a problem to include Masonry JS to my Magento 2.2 I've a custom theme in app/design/frontend/CustomVendor/CustomTheme In this folder I've a web/ folder and inside I've requirejs-config.js var config = { map: { '*': { 'masonry' : 'js/masonry.pkgd.min' } }, deps: [ "js/custom-masonry" ] }; In this same folder I've js/ folder. Inside I've custom-masonry.j require([ 'jquery', 'masonry', 'domReady' ], function ($, domReady, masonry) { console.log("custom-masonry.js"); domReady(function() { console.log("domReady"); $('.contents-items').masonry({ columnWidth: 200, itemSelector: '.content-items' }); }); }); Console show me that I think the problem is when jQuery is loaded and it's loaded before my Masonry. A: Please move 'domReady' before 'masonry' in require or update you js with following. require([ 'jquery', 'domReady', 'masonry' ], function ($, domReady, Masonry) { domReady(function() { console.log("domReady"); var elem = document.querySelector('.contents-items'); var msnry = new Masonry( elem, { itemSelector: '.content-item' }); }); }); | Mid | [
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Evaluation of a radar-based proximity warning system for off-highway dump trucks. A radar-based proximity warning system was evaluated by researchers at the Spokane Research Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to determine if the system would be effective in detecting objects in the blind spots of an off-highway dump truck. An average of five fatalities occur each year in surface mines as a result of an equipment operator not being aware of a smaller vehicle, person or change in terrain near the equipment. Sensor technology that can detect such obstacles and that also is designed for surface mining applications is rare. Researchers worked closely with the radar system manufacturer to test and modify the system on large, off-highway dump trucks at a surface mine over a period of 2 years. The final system was thoroughly evaluated by recording video images from a camera on the rear of the truck and by recording all alarms from the rear-mounted radar. Data show that the system reliably detected small vehicles, berms, people and other equipment. However, alarms from objects that posed no immediate danger were common, supporting the assertion that sensor-based systems for proximity warning should be used in combination with other devices, such as cameras, that would allow the operator to check the source of any alarm. | Mid | [
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The invention provides a tubular foodstuffs skin, in particular, a sausage skin, based on cellulose with a water vapor impermeable layer on the outer surface and a coating on the inner surface for reinforcing adhesion to minced meat; also, the use of these sausage skins and a process for their preparation. Sausage skins with a coating on the inner surface which reinforces adhesion to minced meat are known from DE-A-2 062 594, wherein, here, the use of a sausage skin with an outer moisture-proof layer made of vinylidene resin and an inner coating made of a polyaminepolyamide/-epichlorhydrin resin for sausages of the liver sausage type is described. DE-A-3030036 describes a tubular packaging skin which has a film coating on the outer surface which is virtually impermeable to water vapor land in which the supporting tube has an adhesion-promoting layer, consisting of a chemical condensation product, firmly adhering to its inner surface, this layer consisting of polyaminepolyamide/epichlorhydrin resin. In the case of the sausage skins mentioned above, which are coated on the inner surface exclusively with a polyaminepolyamide/epichlorhydrin resin, there is the disadvantage that adhesion to the minced meat (sausage) is not strong enough to avoid the undesirable deposition of fat or jelly between the sausage skin and the sausage. The cutting up, together with the sausage skin, of sausages which are intended to be boiled is an application with a particularly high requirement for adhesion of the skin to the sausage. These sausage discs are presented for sale in see-through packaging, wherein the adhering sausage skin provides the sausage discs with a desirable appearance which promotes sales. Here, the known adhesion-promoting layers, which consist exclusively of polyaminepolyamide/epichlorhydrin resin, are not sufficiently adhesive and unwanted loosening of the sausage skin takes place during the cutting process. There is, therefore, the object of improving the inner coating of foodstuffs skins based on cellulose in such a way that adhesion between the skin and the minced meat is noticeably reinforced. Surprisingly, it was found that the combination of polyamine-polyamide/-epichlorhydrin resin and a wax in the inner coating of these types of sausage skins acts in a synergistic manner to produce strong adhesion to minced meat, whereas, the individual components, when used as the only inner coating, caused only slight adhesion of the skin to the sausage. Therefore, the invention provides a foodstuffs skin based on cellulose with a water vapor impermeable layer on the outer surface and a coating on the inner surface consisting of at least two components, which reinforces adhesion to minced meat, characterized in that the first component in the coating is a cross-linked polyaminepolyamide/epichlorhydrin resin, the second component is a wax and the optionally present third component is a synthetic polymer. The sausage comprises a tube made of regenerated cellulose which is preferably reinforced with fleece made of hemp fibres. The manufacture of sausage skins based on cellulose, which are optionally reinforced with fibres and have a water vapor impermeable barrier layer on the outer surface, is performed in a manner known per se. Accordingly, the fleece is shaped into a tube, coated with viscose, regenerated, washed, treated with plasticizer, a bonding agent for the water vapor impermeable film coating is applied, the cellulose regenerated tube is dried and the water vapor impermeable outer layer is applied. Internal modification according to the invention of the regenerate skin is performed before applying the water vapor impermeable barrier layer, preferably before drying the regenerated tube. Internal modification consists of at least two components, wherein the first component is a cross-linked polyaminepolyamide/epichlorhydrin resin. Upon drying at elevated temperatures, the optionally partially crosslinked, polyaminepolyamide/epichlorohydrin reacts with the cellulose surface, resulting in an insoluble, fully crosslinked resin. From among the types of polyaminepolyamide/epichlorohydrin resins which are commercially available, (copyright)Kymene SLX, manufacturer; the Hercules Co., for example, may be used. The second component for the internal coating is a wax preferably a naturally occurring wax from the group consisting of carnauba wax, montan wax, candellila wax and beeswax. Polyaminepolyamide/epichlorhydrin resin and wax are present in a weight ratio of 20:1 to 5:1 therebetween. The waxes are preferably used as aqueous dispersions. The impregnation solution for internal modification of the regenerate skin contains 0.5 to 10, in particular, 1.5 to 5 wt. % of the partially cross-linked polyamine-polyamide/epichlorhydrin resin and 0.1 to 4, in particular, 0.4 to 3 wt. %, of wax. In another embodiment, the coating on the inner surface optionally includes, as a third component, a copolymer or a polyvinyl alcohol. The copolymer, used according to the invention, is built up from vinyl acetate and esters of maleic acid. This is offered commercially, for example, under the name (copyright)Vinnapas dispersions (Wacker-Chemie GmbH). From among the various viscosity grades of this product, the type MV 70 H, with a solids content of 50 wt. %, is preferably used for foodstuffs skins according to the invention. The polyvinyl alcohol optionally used as the third component in the coating on the inner surface of the sausage skin, is preferably a so-called fully hydrolyzed type, which is prepared by the saponification of polyvinyl acetate. These types of products are commercially obtainable, e.g., under the name (copyright)Mowiol (Hoechst AG). From among the various types, which differ in viscosity and degree of hydrolysis, (copyright)Mowiol 28-99, in the form of an aqueous solution with a solids content of 10 wt. %, is preferably used for the foodstuffs skins, according to the invention. The solution is prepared by sprinkling (copyright)Mowiol granules into cold water and then dissolving at 90xc2x0 C. with stirring. The impregnation solution for internal modification of the regenerate skin may contain, in addition to the amounts specified above for partially cross-linked polyaminepolyamide/epichlorhydrin resin and wax, as the third component, (copyright)Vinnapas dispersion or (copyright)Mowiol, in a concentration of 0.1 to 4, particularly preferably 0.4 to 3 wt. %, with respect to the pure substance. The invention also provides use of these sausage skins for producing sausages which are intended to be simmered and/or boiled. | Mid | [
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1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to perform presence service in a wireless communication system that is available to a mobile device. 2. Related Art The demand for wireless communications has enjoyed tremendous growth over recent years and indeed, wireless communication technology is used every day by millions around the world to send, receive, and exchange information using pagers, cellular telephones, wireless personal digital assistants, and other wireless communication products. Recently, the revolution in wireless communication technologies has carried over to business and personal computing. Wireless communication technology now permits computer users to access and share information and data, without being tethered by wire to a computer network infrastructure traditionally used to connect computing devices. Owing to the increased availability of wireless networks, laptop and notebook computer users are able to perform their tasks with increased mobility. For example, a user can take his or her laptop from their desk into a conference room to attend a meeting and still have access to the network to retrieve data and have access to the Internet via one or more modems or gateways present on the network all without being tethered by a wired connection. Similarly, mobile computer users and business travelers commonly use their portable computers to gain access to their email accounts, to determine if there is any unread email, and to read and send email. Still further, being able to connect to the Internet permits the user to perform these tasks and others without having to suffer through the lackluster performance provided by conventional 56 K modem connections which use the telephone network to establish communications. Indeed, high speed Internet access via a WAP is highly desirable when considered vis-a-vis a connection made via use of a conventional 56 K modem. Thus, as more and more laptop and notebook computers are being equipped with integrated wireless network adapters, the implementation of wireless LANs in the business environment, and even within residences, is surely to expand. A further expansion of the use of wireless computer networks now permits laptop and notebook computer users to use their portable computing devices to access public and private computer networks at locations away from their own office or home networks. Internet service providers, telecommunications companies, and wireless network providers have begun to install WAPs in locations such as airport lounges, hotel lobbies, and coffee bars, WAPs are being established at these and other public locations where business travelers and general computer users often congregate. These types of public WAPs are typically referred to as “hotspots.” A typical hotspot permits a wireless computer user to gain access to a computer network via a wireless connection created between the wireless network adapter in the user's computer and the public WAP. The hotspot WAP permits the user to gain access to an IP address associated with a modem or gateway to enable the computer user to access the Internet and, potentially, other local network resources, such as printers, which are associated with the hotspot. | Mid | [
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Cancer biomarker detection in serum samples using surface plasmon resonance and quartz crystal microbalance sensors with nanoparticle signal amplification. Early detection of cancer is vital for the successful treatment of the disease. Hence, a rapid and sensitive diagnosis is essential before the cancer is spread out to the other body organs. Here we describe the development of a point-of-care immunosensor for the detection of the cancer biomarker (total prostate-specific antigen, tPSA) using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor platforms in human serum samples. K(D) of the antibody used toward PSA was calculated as 9.46 × 10(-10) M, indicating high affinity of the antibody used in developing the assay. By performing a sandwich assay using antibody-modified nanoparticles concentrations of 2.3 ng mL(-1) (Au, 20 nm) and 0.29 ng mL(-1) (8.5 pM) (Au, 40 nm) tPSA in 75% human serum were detected using the developed assay on an SPR sensor chip. The SPR sensor results were found to be comparable to that achieved using a QCM sensor platform, indicating that both systems can be applied for disease biomarkers screening. The clinical applicability of the developed immunoassay can therefore be successfully applied to patient's serum samples. This demonstrates the high potential of the developed sensor devices as platforms for clinical prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. | High | [
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Q: console log if checkbox has been checked? Im having trouble getting the console to log when the checkbox has been selected or not. HTML: <label class="container"> <input type="checkbox" class="checkbox1"> <span class="checkmark"></span> </label> JS: function carDealer () { if (document.getElementsByClassName('checkbox1').checked == true) { console.log('true'); } else { console.log('false'); } } carDealer(); A: getElementsByClassName returns array like object, so please replace document.getElementsByClassName('checkbox1').checked == true to document.getElementsByClassName('checkbox1')[0].checked == true | Low | [
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busted The best and worst of Triad police blotters, as compiled by Joe Murphy ARREST MADE IN LAX SHOOTING Leroy Starr Copney Jr., 37, was arrested on Nov. 11 in connection with the Nov. 7 shooting at LAX Gentleman’s Club on Martin Luther King Jr. Drive. Copney was arrested without incident in Greensboro and is charged with attempted first-degree murder and possession of a firearm by a felon. He is being held at Guilford County jail under a $1,000,000 bond. WINSTON-SALEM MAN ARRESTED FOR ASSAULT Derrick Monte Harrison, 20, was arrested at about 4 p.m. on Nov. 12 in connection with a Nov. 6 assault at a Taco Bell drive thru on Silas Creek Parkway in Winston-Salem. At about 1 a.m. on Nov. 6 Ashton and Kayln Stansbury were in the drive-thru when a man approached the driver’s side window and asked for their cell phones before firing into the window. Ashton, the driver, was taken to Baptist Hospital with non-life threatening injuries. Hairston was arrested at the Winston-Salem Transit Authority hub on West 5 th Street and charged with two counts of assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill, and several other offenses Hairston was placed in Forsyth County jail under $355,000 bond and his court date is set for Dec. 3. BLAME IT ON THE ALCOHOL Winston-Salem and Wake Forest University police broke up a party at 1101 Polo Road, on Wake Forest’s campus, at about 1:30 a.m. on Sunday. Police issued 81 underage drinking citations, 80 to Wake Forest students. The party’s attendance, an estimated 200 to 300 people, resulted in numerous fire code violations and citations. GREENSBORO ASSAULT Lindsay Mills and Tayana Hall reported an altercation between themselves and a black male with dreadlocks in a Gold Chevy Impala at the Cookout on Randleman Road. The suspect followed the women to Fox Run apartments where he exited his vehicle and fired a shot into their occupied vehicle. The suspect fled in an unknown direction and no one was injured. No further description of the suspect is available at this time. Anyone with information. | Low | [
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747 F.Supp. 146 (1990) Orbie COLEMAN, Plaintiff, v. DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, et al., Defendants. Civ. No. H 86-259 (TEC). United States District Court, D. Connecticut. March 16, 1990. *147 Garrison, Kahn, Silbert & Arterton, New Haven, Conn., for plaintiff. Lynch, Traub, Keefe & Errante, New Haven, Conn., for defendant, Dow Chemical Co. Pullman, Comley, Bradley & Reeves, Williams, Cooney & Sheehy, Bridgeport, Conn., for defendant, Robert Raymond. RULING ON DEFENDANTS' MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CLARIE, Senior District Judge. The plaintiff, a black citizen, originally filed this action on March 13, 1986; his second amended complaint alleges that defendants Robert Raymond and Dow Chemical Company violated Title 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and that Dow also violated Title VII (42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2 and 2000e-3), by discriminating against him on the basis of his race. He claims to have been: 1) denied promotional opportunities; 2) subjected to racial harassment and denied equal pay and equal treatment; and 3) retaliated against for having filed a race discrimination claim with the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission. Discovery having been completed, both defendants moved for summary judgment on all counts. The defendants' motions are granted in part, on the § 1981 harassment and equal treatment claims in Count Three; however, because material facts remain in dispute concerning the plaintiff's other claims, the defendants' motions are denied. I. BACKGROUND Plaintiff Orbie Coleman ("Coleman"), a black citizen, has been employed by Defendant Dow Chemical Company ("Dow") at its Allyn's Point plant in Gales Ferry, Connecticut since September 1971. He has continuously worked in the plant services or maintenance department since July 1973. Coleman's first assignment in that department was as a maintenance technician trainee, and thereafter he was promoted to maintenance technician in November 1975, and to senior maintenance technician, the highest non-supervisory position in that department, in May 1978. Coleman's abilities and desire for advancement were recognized by Dow, and he was highly rated within his department. In 1982, defendant Robert Raymond ("Raymond") became Coleman's supervisor in the maintenance department. In 1984, Raymond brought to the attention of Plant Manager John Oberlatz the vacancy of a supervisory position in the maintenance department, and recommended Eugene Laroux, a white male, for that position. Oberlatz had final decision-making authority over that promotion decision; however, Raymond's evaluation of job performance was a factor which Oberlatz considered *148 when making that decision. On January 28, 1985, Oberlatz promoted Laroux to the position of supervisor. On April 8, 1985, Coleman filed a complaint with the United States Equal Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") alleging that he been discriminated against by Dow because of his race. He claimed that he had been denied promotional opportunities, received differential pay, and been subjected to physical and verbal abuse because of his race. Coleman's performance evaluation ranking within the maintenance department declined from 6th of 22 employees in 1985 to 16th of 20 in 1989. On March 13, 1986, Coleman filed the present lawsuit. In his second amended complaint, Coleman alleges that Raymond and Dow violated 42 U.S.C. § 1981[1], and also that Dow violated Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2 and 2000e-3,[2] by discriminating against him because of his race, in the following ways: 1. denial of promotional opportunities (Counts One and Two); 2. Raymond subjecting Coleman to, and Dow permitting Coleman to be subjected to, racial harassment; and denial to him equal terms of employment and equal pay (Count Three); and 3. evaluating Coleman's performance as inferior, in retaliation for filing a race discrimination complaint with the EEOC (Count Four). In 1986, Dow promoted Chris Kulaga, a white male, to the position of supervisor in the Styrofoam Department; and in 1988, in the course of a multiple personnel shift, Dow promoted Mike Bonanno, a white male, to a supervisory position in the Latex Department. Oberlatz had final appointment authority over both promotions. II. VIABILITY OF COLEMAN'S § 1981 CLAIMS In part, Dow and Raymond claim entitlement to summary judgment because of the interpretation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981 by the Supreme Court in Patterson v. McLean, ___ U.S. ___, 109 S.Ct. 2363, 105 L.Ed.2d 132 (1989), as it applies to Coleman's claims under that statute. A. The Scope of 42 U.S.C. § 1981: Patterson v. McLean Title 42 U.S.C. § 1981 "prohibits racial discrimination in the making and enforcement of private contracts." Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2370. However, "[s]ection 1981 cannot be construed as a general proscription of racial discrimination in all aspects of contract relations, for it expressly prohibits discrimination only in the making and enforcement of contracts." Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2372. [T]he right to make contracts does not extend ... to conduct by the employer after the contract relation has been established, including breach of the terms of the contract or the imposition of discriminatory working conditions. Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2373. The Supreme Court specifically held that racial harassment by an employer is not in and of itself prohibited by § 1981, since it relates to discrimination in the "work environment," and the terms and conditions of continuing employment, not to discrimination in the making or enforcement of the employment contract itself. Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2374. However, § 1981 does prohibit racial discrimination in certain types of promotions: [T]he question whether a promotion claim is actionable under § 1981 depends upon whether the nature of the change in position was such that it involved the opportunity to enter into a new contract *149 with the employer. If so, then the employer's refusal to enter the new contract [violates] § 1981.... Only where a promotion rises to the level of an opportunity for a new and distinct relation between the employee and the employer is such a claim actionable under § 1981. Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2377. The Supreme Court also noted that § 1981's guarantee of "the same right to ... enforce contracts ... as is enjoyed by white citizens" includes protection against wholly private efforts to impede access to the courts or obstruct nonjudicial methods of adjudicating disputes about the force of binding obligations, as well as discrimination by private entities, such as labor unions, in enforcing the terms of a contract. See Goodman v. Lukens Steel Co., 482 U.S. 656 [107 S.Ct. 2617, 96 L.Ed.2d 572] (1987). The right to enforce contracts does not, however, extend beyond conduct by an employer which impairs an employee's ability to enforce through legal process his or her established contract rights. Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2373. B. Count Two: Denial of Promotional Opportunity A racially discriminatory promotion violates § 1981 only where "the promotion rises to the level of an opportunity to enter into a new and distinct relation between the employee and the employer." Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2377. Paragraph 24 of Coleman's second amended complaint explicitly alleges that a promotion to supervisor would involve a "new and distinct" relationship. While neither defendant has contested this aspect of Coleman's claim,[3] Coleman has presented evidence that the relevant promotions, from senior maintenance technician to supervisor, would have involved a change from an hourly-wage craftsman position to a salaried, managerial one, with a substantial increase in responsibility, such as the supervision of other employees, and not a mere change in pay or title. The court finds that each of the relevant promotions would have formed a "new and distinct" contract of employment, and, therefore, Count Two alleges a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981.[4] C. Count Three: Racial Harassment, Denial of Equal Terms of Employment, and Denial of Equal Pay In Count Three, the plaintiff claims that Raymond has personally subjected him to racial harassment, epithets and abuse, and that his employer, Dow, has allowed him to be so subjected; and that he has been denied equal terms of employment and equal pay because of his race. Racial harassment of an employee does not relate to the making or enforcement of the employment contract, but instead "implicates the performance of established contract obligations and the conditions of continuing employment." Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2373. Therefore, the conduct alleged in Count Three does not violate § 1981. Coleman claims, however, that his harassment claims remain viable under § 1981 on two theories: First, that the types of harassment he alleges are prohibited by § 1981, because: *150 a. Raymond harassed Coleman intending to impair his ability to be promoted to supervisor; and b. the harassment and unequal treatment suffered at Dow is evidence that Dow discriminated on the basis of race at the time of the formation of Coleman's employment contract; and Second, that the holding of Patterson should not apply "retroactively" to Coleman's claims. The court will briefly address each of these arguments. 1. Harassment as Interference with Promotion Coleman claims that Raymond harassed him intending to impair his ability to form a "new and distinct" contractual relationship with Dow through promotion to the position of supervisor, and that this type of harassment violates § 1981. If a black employee is racially harassed, with the intent that he will thereby not be promoted to a "new and distinct" contract with that employer, then the harasser has violated § 1981 by attempting to impair that employee's ability to make contracts because of his race. However, that violation falls within Count Two of Coleman's complaint, as a denial of promotional opportunity. Racial harassment affecting the conditions of continuing employment, as alleged in Count Three, does not violate § 1981. The evidence of harassment is relevant to Count Two, to support Coleman's claim that the articulated reasons offered by Dow and Raymond for denying Coleman promotions were pretextual. Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2378. Nevertheless, the harassment itself does not violate § 1981. 2. Harassment as Evidence of Discrimination at Formation of Employment Contract Coleman contends that the subsequent harassment and denial of equal terms of employment are evidence that Dow, at the time of the formation of his employment contract, intentionally refused to enter into a contract with Coleman on racially neutral terms, which was recognized as a violation of § 1981 in Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2376-2377. However, Coleman did not allege in his complaint that he was claiming that Dow discriminated at the time of his contract's formation. Count Three does not mention the making or formation of the employment contract. Dow was not informed that the entire period of Coleman's employment was encompassed by this suit until this effort to salvage the harassment claims after the Patterson decision. This action was filed in 1986, at which time the employment contract had continued over the course of some 15 years 19 years, if events subsequent to the filing of the instant action are considered. Coleman's "ability to plead that the racial harassment is `severe or pervasive' should not allow him to bootstrap a challenge to the conditions of employment (actionable, if at all, under Title VII) into a claim under § 1981 that [Dow] refused to offer [him] the `same right to ... make' a contract." Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2377. The harassment and unequal treatment claims in Count Three cannot fairly be read to allege that Dow intended to discriminate against Coleman at the time of the formation of his employment contract. Therefore, Count Three does not state a violation of § 1981 on this theory, either. 3. Retroactivity of Patterson v. McLean Plaintiff argues that Patterson should not apply "retroactively" to his claims, under criteria outlined in Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson, 404 U.S. 97, 92 S.Ct. 349, 30 L.Ed.2d 296 (1971). The relevant factors are: First, the decision to be applied nonretroactively must establish a new principle of law; Second, whether retroactive application of that rule will further or retard its operation; Finally, whether inequity will be imposed by retroactive application of that rule. See Chevron Oil, 404 U.S. at 106-07, 92 S.Ct. at 355; Saint Francis College v. Al-Khazraji, 481 U.S. 604, 107 S.Ct. 2022, 95 L.Ed.2d 582 (1987). *151 This court first notes that a majority of other courts have applied Patterson to cases pending as of June 15, 1989, implicitly rejecting the non-retroactivity argument. See, e.g., Brooms v. Regal Tube Co., 881 F.2d 412, 424 (7th Cir.1989) (refusing to consider § 1981 claims on appeal where not within scope of statute as defined in Patterson); Williams, 716 F.Supp. at 51 (dismissing promotion and retaliation claims as not within scope of § 1981 as defined in Patterson); Alexander v. New York Medical College, 721 F.Supp. 587, 588 (S.D.N.Y. 1989) (demotion and retaliatory discharge claims dismissed as not within scope of § 1981 as defined in Patterson). Of those courts that have explicitly considered the retroactivity issue, most have applied Patterson retroactively. Morgan v. Kansas City Area Transportation Authority, 720 F.Supp. 758, 760 (W.D.Mo. 1989); Thompson v. Johnson & Johnson Management Information Center, 725 F.Supp. 826, 827-828 (D.N.J.1989); Malekian v. Pottery Club of America, Inc., 724 F.Supp. 1279, 1281 (D.Colo.1989); Hudgens v. Harper-Grace Hospitals, 728 F.Supp. 1321 (E.D.Mich.1990); Coleman v. Domino's Pizza, Inc., 728 F.Supp. 1528 (S.D.Ala. 1990). The few courts that have refused to apply Patterson "retroactively" have done so out of unusual circumstances related to timing concerns. See Gillespie v. First Interstate Bank of Wisconsin Southeast, 717 F.Supp. 649 (E.D.Wisc.1989) (non-retroactive application to § 1981 harassment claims where jury had rendered verdict prior to Patterson); Thomas v. Beech Aircraft Corp., 58 U.S.L.W. 2218, 1989 WL 110848 (D.Kan.1989) (non-retroactive application to § 1981 claims due to long delay in bringing case filed in 1978 to trial). Considering this case in an individualized basis in light of the factors outlined in Chevron Oil, this court finds that Patterson applies to Coleman's claims of racial harassment. First, although Patterson did not purport to set forth a new rule of law, the Second Circuit had held that racial harassment of an employee violated § 1981. Lopez v. S.B. Thomas, Inc., 831 F.2d 1184, 1189 (2d.Cir.1987); Wade v. Orange County Sheriff's Office, 844 F.2d 951, 955 (2d.Cir.1988). However, Coleman does not cite any clear Second Circuit precedent from prior to 1986, when his suit was filed, on which he claims to have relied. However, even assuming the first criterion to have been met, the other two factors do not support non-retroactive application. The purpose of the rule of law announced in Patterson was to interpret the language Congress chose in drafting § 1981 and to clarify the extent of overlap between protection against racial discrimination in employment as afforded by that statute and by Title VII. 109 S.Ct. at 2379. The court declined to stretch the meaning of the words used in § 1981 to encompass the problem of racial discrimination in the conditions of continuing employment where Congress had chosen to address that problem through the conciliatory mechanisms of Title VII, in order to try to salvage the employer-employee relationship. Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2375. Further, applying Patterson to Coleman's claims will not be inequitable. Coleman may still pursue his harassment claim against Dow under Title VII; and although he is precluded from proceeding on his harassment claims against Raymond,[5] he is no worse off in this respect than the plaintiff in Patterson herself, or than any of the many other plaintiffs whose claims have been dismissed in light of Patterson. Non-retroactive application of a decision based solely on the fact that the plaintiff relied on past precedent, without the other two Chevron Oil factors, would turn the exception of non-retroactive application into the rule. Finally, Coleman contends that widely supported proposals for amending § 1981 to protect against discrimination in the conditions of continuing employment, pending in Congress, make dismissal of his harassment *152 and equal treatment claims inequitable. However, the impact of legislative amendments on current litigants is for Congress to consider in drafting and voting upon those amendments. Until those proposals are enacted, this court is bound by the Supreme Court's interpretation of § 1981. This case, like the numerous other post-Patterson § 1981 suits where harassment claims have been dismissed, will be decided "in accordance with the law existing at the time of decision." St. Francis College, 481 U.S. at 608, 107 S.Ct. at 2025; Gulf Offshore Oil Co. v. Mobil Oil Corp., 453 U.S. 473, 486 n. 16, 101 S.Ct. 2870, 2879 n. 16, 69 L.Ed.2d 784 (1981). Denial of equal treatment and equal pay also relate to the conditions of continuing employment, rather than the making or enforcement of the employment contract. Though reprehensible, they, too, do not violate § 1981. Therefore, the § 1981 harassment, unequal treatment, and unequal pay claims alleged in Count Three must be dismissed. III. Count Four: Retaliation For Filing EEOC Charge In Count Four, Coleman alleges that after "filing his charge of racial discrimination with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, ... [he] suddenly began to receive less favorable evaluations" than he had received prior to the filing of that complaint, and that "defendant Raymond told plaintiff that he would `get even with' plaintiff for filing complaints." § 1981 proscribes racial discrimination in the making of contracts, as well as "wholly private efforts to impede access to the courts or obstruct nonjudicial methods of adjudicating disputes about the force of binding obligations ... [and] conduct which impairs the right to enforce contract obligations through legal process." Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2373-2374. In Choudhury v. Polytechnic Institute of New York, 735 F.2d 38, 40 (2d Cir.1984), the Second Circuit held that "the substantive rights created by [§ 1981] also afford protection to an individual's efforts to enforce those rights." The court noted: The ability to seek enforcement of one's right to be free of racial discrimination is an integral part of the right itself. A person who believes he has been discriminated against because of his race should not be deterred from attempting to vindicate his rights because he fears his employer will punish him for doing so. Were we to protect retaliatory conduct, we would in effect be discouraging the filing of meritorious civil rights suits and sanctioning further discrimination against those persons willing to risk their employer's vengeance by filing suits. [Goff v. Continental Oil Co., 678 F.2d 593, 598 (5th Cir.1982).] A retaliation claim is cognizable under § 1981 to make that section an available and effective remedy for racially motivated employment discrimination. The remedy would be impaired for all employees if any employee could be disadvantaged because he sought or secured relief from discriminatory treatment, whether or not the retaliation itself is racially motivated. Choudhury, 735 F.2d at 43. Choudhury was decided prior to the Supreme Court's ruling in Patterson, but its reasoning has continued relevance, since the court's focus was on the deterrent effect of retaliation on an employee's right and ability to enforce rights protected by § 1981. At the time Choudhury was decided, the scope of § 1981 appeared to be considerably broader than at present; therefore, the court did not feel the need to specify whether retaliation is prohibited by § 1981's guarantee of the right to enforce contracts, or by extension of the right to make contracts. The former reasoning would prohibit retaliation against those who file any race discrimination claim with the EEOC to enforce their employment contract, while the latter would protect only those whose initial claim itself stated a violation of § 1981. Courts considering the viability of retaliation claims since Patterson have divided over the question of whether retaliation violates § 1981, and the extent to which it does so. Several courts have held that *153 retaliation is post-formation conduct which does not violate § 1981's right to enforce contracts. Overby v. Chevron USA, Inc., 884 F.2d 470, 473 (9th Cir.1989); Alexander, 721 F.Supp. at 588. Other courts have held that § 1981 does protect persons from retaliation against them for enforcing rights which are protected by § 1981 itself. Williams v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 716 F.Supp. 49, 51-52 (D.D.C.1989); English v. General Dev. Corp., 717 F.Supp. 628, 632-633 (N.D.Ill.1989). And at least one court has held that § 1981 prohibits retaliation against an employee for complaining of racial discrimination even where the discrimination complained of does not itself violate § 1981. Jordan v. U.S. West Co., 716 F.Supp. 1366, 1367 (D.Col.1989). When an employer retaliates against an employee for filing a race discrimination claim, the employer diminishes or impairs the value of that employee's right to enforce his employment contract, since any remedy received for violation of that contract is diminished in value or offset by the punishment inflicted for pursuing that remedy. Unfairly evaluating an employee's performance as inferior involves the conditions of continuing employment, and would not of itself violate § 1981. However, when that action is in retaliation for the employee having filed a complaint with the EEOC regarding denial of promotional opportunitiesa right protected by § 1981 then it is done with an intention to impair the employee's ability to make and enforce his contract. At least where an employee is retaliated against for an attempt to enforce rights which are themselves protected by § 1981, as in Coleman's case, that retaliation violates § 1981. See Choudhury, 735 F.2d at 43. Duse v. International Business Machines Corp., Civ. No. B-84-455 (EBB) Dkt # 249 at p. 24 (D.Conn. Feb. 5, 1989) (Ruling on Pending Motions) (§ 1981 protects parties from retaliation for protesting conduct prohibited by § 1981). The fact that retaliation is prohibited by Title VII is no cause to unduly restrict the plain meaning of § 1981's terms. The Supreme Court has noted that the two statutory provisions' overlap at the time of hiring makes sense, since "Title VII's mediation and conciliation procedures would be of minimal effect, for there is not yet a[n employer-employee] relation to salvage." Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2375. Where an employer has retaliated against an employee for seeking to enforce rights protected by § 1981, the employer has indicated a lack of interest in a conciliatory approach to resolving the dispute. In addition, Title VII does not require that a retaliation claim be presented to the EEOC prior to filing suit, so the practical impact will be minimal. NOW v. Sperry Rand Corp., 457 F.Supp. 1338, 1344 (D.Conn.1978). Therefore, Count Four alleges a violation of § 1981. IV. SUMMARY JUDGMENT AS TO REMAINING CLAIMS A. Applicable Standards A motion for summary judgment under Rule 56, Fed.R.Civ.Proc., may be granted only if "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." An issue as to a material fact is genuine "if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving party." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). "[A]t the summary judgment stage the judge's function is not himself to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial." Id. at 249-250, 106 S.Ct. at 2511. The burden is on the defendants, as the moving parties, to establish the absence of dispute over material facts. Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 1608, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970). In determining whether or not there is a genuine issue of material fact, the court is required to draw all factual inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Ramseur v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 865 F.2d 460, *154 465 (2nd Cir.1989); Donahue v. Windsor Locks Board of Fire Commissioners, 834 F.2d 54, 57 (2d Cir.1987). "[S]ummary judgment is ordinarily inappropriate where an individual's intent and state of mind are implicated." Ramseur, 865 F.2d at 465; Patrick v. LeFevre, 745 F.2d 153, 159 (2d Cir.1984). The defendants' motions for summary judgment are considered in light of the foregoing principles. B. Counts One And Two: Denial of Promotional Opportunity The scheme of proof for establishing the ultimate issue of whether the defendant intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff in an employment decision is the same under both Title VII and § 1981. Patterson v. McLean, 491 U.S. 164, 109 S.Ct. 2363, 2377, 105 L.Ed.2d 132 (1989). Under that scheme: [First, the plaintiff] has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence a prima facie case of discrimination. Second, if the plaintiff succeeds in proving the prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant "to articulate some legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the employee's rejection." ... Third, should the defendant carry this burden, the plaintiff must then have an opportunity to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by the defendant were not its true reasons, but were a pretext for discrimination. Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252-53, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 1093, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981) (quoting McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 1824, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973)). When this issue arises on a motion for summary judgment, the Second Circuit has noted: In assessing the inferences to be drawn from the circumstances of [a challenged employment decision], the court must be alert to the fact that `[e]mployers are rarely so co-operative as to include a notation in the personnel file' that [the challenged action] is for a reason expressly forbidden by law.... Thus, the absence of direct or explicit evidence that a challenged personnel action was motivated by race is not fatal to a claim of race discrimination. A showing that a proffered justification is pretextual is itself sufficient to support an inference that the employer intentionally discriminated.... Further, the plaintiff is not required to prove that the employer's proffered reasons are false, but only that they were not the only reasons and that race made a difference. Ramseur, 865 F.2d at 464-465 (citations omitted). 1. Dow Chemical Dow concedes that Coleman can establish a prima facie case of discrimination as to the January, 1985 promotion of Eugene Laroux to maintenance supervisor. Dow has come forward with evidence of legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for choosing Laroux over Coleman for that position, claiming that Laroux was more qualified, had higher recommendations, and appeared more motivated than Coleman. Coleman may establish that Dow's articulated reasons were pretextual by a number of methods, such as by establishing that he was more qualified than Laroux, or by using evidence of Dow's past treatment of him, including the harassment and unequal treatment he experienced, to show that it is likely that race was a factor in the decision not to promote him. Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2378. Coleman has presented evidence that he was better qualified than Laroux, and that Laroux was not, in fact, qualified for that position. There is also evidence from which one could infer that Raymond's racial prejudice against Coleman and other blacks influenced his evaluation of Laroux, and that his evaluation was a significant factor in the promotion decision. There is also evidence that Oberlatz felt that the plaintiff, Coleman, held inappropriate concerns about Equal Employment Opportunity practices and race discrimination at Dow, which influenced his selection. *155 As to the other challenged promotions, Coleman has also presented a prima facie case, although not as clearly as for the January 1985 promotion. Dow has put forth evidence that Coleman was not qualified for these promotions, and that the person chosen for each of those promotions was more qualified than Coleman. However, Coleman has presented testimony that his qualifications, concededly adequate for supervisor in 1985, did not change after that time, that he had some experience in the production area, and that inter-departmental promotions to supervisor were not uncommon. There is sufficient evidence to reasonably infer that Dow's articulated reasons for not selecting Coleman were pretextual, and that Coleman's race was a factor that made a difference. Therefore, Dow's motion for summary judgment as to Counts One and Two is denied. 2. Robert Raymond Raymond argues that since he would not be a party to any contract created by any promotion of Coleman to a supervisory position which would constitute a "new and distinct" relation between Dow and Coleman, he cannot be held liable under § 1981. Raymond further contends that Plant Manager Oberlatz had final authority over the promotional decisions in question, and Raymond's recommendation was only one of several factors which Oberlatz considered. Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, 396 U.S. 229, 90 S.Ct. 400, 24 L.Ed.2d 386 (1969), determined that the right to lease property guaranteed by 42 U.S.C. § 1982, protects against interference by third parties as well as discriminatory actions by the immediate lessor. 396 U.S. at 237. Because of the common origin of §§ 1981 and 1982 in Section 1 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, lower courts have consistently held that this reasoning applies with equal force to protect against third-party interference with the rights to make and enforce contracts guaranteed by § 1981. Faraca v. Clements, 506 F.2d 956, 959 (5th Cir.1975); Kolb v. State of Ohio, Dept. of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Cleveland Developmental Center, 721 F.Supp. 885, 892 (N.D.Ohio 1989); Coley v. M & M Mars, Inc., 461 F.Supp. 1073, 1076 (D.C.Ga.1978). Therefore, an individual actor violates § 1981 if he intentionally interferes, on the basis of race, with another's right to make and enforce contracts, regardless of whether the employer or anyone else may also be liable. Kolb, 721 F.Supp. at 891. Raymond was the person who originally brought the vacant supervisory position in the maintenance department to Oberlatz' attention, and pointed out Laroux's availability for it. Deposition testimony and affidavits of Dow employees and other witnesses indicate that Raymond may have been racially prejudiced, and may have particularly disliked Coleman. Raymond participated in Coleman's job performance evaluations throughout the time period in question, which evaluations were factors in determining who was promoted. Coleman has also presented evidence that Raymond harassed and discriminated against him in assigning work, which impaired his opportunity for promotion. The extent of Raymond's role in the promotion decisions, and whether he discriminated on the basis of race in making his recommendations, are material issues that a reasonable factfinder could resolve in Coleman's favor, based on inferences on the record. Therefore, Raymond's motion for summary judgment as to Count Two is denied. C. Count Three: Racial Harassment, Denial of Equal Terms of Employment, and Denial of Equal Pay Count Three of Plaintiff Coleman's Second Amended Complaint alleges that at Dow, he "has been subject to racial harassment, epithets, and abuse and to denial of equal terms and conditions of employment," and has been denied equal pay, because of his race, in violation of Title VII. Dow contends that Coleman has not supported his unequal pay claim, because the reasons for the alleged disparities can be explained by non-discriminatory reasons, such as seniority. Coleman alleges, supported *156 by testimony and affidavits of other Dow employees, that his wage differential was affected by his supervisors' racial biases in the course of his performance evaluations and work assignments, and that Dow held him to a higher standard than white employees. In addition, Dow contends that the harassment ceased after Coleman reported them to the Employee Relations Manager, Gary Kesler. Coleman states in his deposition that the harassment and unequal treatment did not cease after he complained to Kesler, and that Kesler took no action on his complaints except to chastise Coleman for raising the issue, stating that an investigation would "embarrass" Coleman. Whether these incidents occurred, the motivation for those incidents, and whether Dow treated Coleman differently from white employees or allowed him to be subjected to harassment, by failing to adequately address incidents that occurred, are questions that can only be resolved by the trier of fact at trial, since their resolution will turn on the credibility of the witnesses involved. Therefore, Dow's motion for summary judgment as to the Title VII claims in Count Three is denied. D. Count Four: Retaliation For Filing EEOC Claims Count Four alleges that after filing his charge of racial discrimination with the EEOC, Coleman suddenly began to receive less favorable evaluations from the defendants than prior to that filing, and that Raymond told Coleman that he would "get even" with him for filing complaints. Dow claims that Coleman's Title VII retaliation claim is improper because it was not included in his EEOC complaint, and was not the subject of any subsequent complaint. Although there is a split of authority on this issue, this court held in NOW v. Sperry Rand Corp., 457 F.Supp. 1338 (D.Conn.1978), that an additional complaint to the EEOC alleging retaliation for filing an earlier complaint with the EEOC was unnecessary, noting that since it is the nature of a retaliation claim that it arises after the filing of an EEOC charge, requiring a second complaint would erect an additional procedural barrier to a Title VII suit, contrary to that statute's goals. This court finds that reasoning persuasive in the present case as well. Dow alleges that the evaluations of Coleman's job performance did not become less favorable immediately after he filed his complaints. Dow points out that Coleman's July 1985 evaluation, the first after the filing of the EEOC complaint, indicates no change in Coleman's rating and ranking from 1984. Dow and Raymond also point out that Raymond's participation in the evaluation process decreased starting in 1985, as other employees' opinions received increasing weight. However, while Coleman's rating did not change in 1986 either, his ranking dropped from 6th out of 22 people in the department in 1985, to 11th out of 19 people in 1986. Coleman claims that this drop is due to retaliation for the filing of the EEOC complaint and the present lawsuit, both in the evaluation process itself, and in the fact that since filing the complaints his work assignments have not been suitable for someone of his experience and seniority. Coleman and other Dow employees state that Coleman's actual performance remained consistently high during this period. Coleman plans to testify that Raymond told him he would "get him" for filing his complaint with the EEOC. Further, the extent of Raymond's participation in, and his impact upon, Coleman's performance evaluations is a question for the trier of fact to determine. Whether Coleman's evaluations suddenly dropped, and whether Dow's and Raymond's actions were motivated by retaliatory intention, remain in dispute for the trier of fact to determine, based on the credibility of the witnesses who testify. Therefore, defendants' motions for summary judgment as to Count Four are denied. V. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons the court grants summary judgment to the defendants *157 as to the § 1981 harassment and equal treatment claims. The defendants' summary judgment motions are denied as to the plaintiff's other claims. The plaintiff is directed to amend his complaint to comport with this ruling by March 26, 1990. In addition, as noted at oral argument on February 26, 1990, discovery has now been completed with the exception of the defendant's psychiatric expert's report and deposition, which the court was assured would be handled expeditiously. Therefore, this matter shall be assigned for jury selection on April 17, 1990. SO ORDERED. NOTES [1] 42 U.S.C. § 1981 reads as follows: All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other. [2] On May 11, 1988, this court granted summary judgment to defendant Raymond as to Coleman's Title VII claims, because Raymond had not been named as a respondent in Coleman's complaint filed with the EEOC. [3] Defendant Dow, while expressly not conceding for all purposes that the promotions satisfy this criterion, assumes for purposes of summary judgment only that the promotions are actionable under § 1981. Defendant Dow Chemical's Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment, p. 29, n. 83. Defendant Raymond does not raise the issue, focusing his argument instead on other factual matters. Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendant Robert Raymond's Motion for Summary Judgment, pp. 9-12. [4] This finding is supported by the decisions of other courts on this issue. See, e.g., Mallory v. Booth Refrigeration Supply Co., Inc., 882 F.2d 908, 910 (4th Cir.1989) ("[p]romotion from clerk to supervisor with consequent increase in responsibility and pay satisfies this test"); Duse v. International Business Machines, et al., 748 F.Supp. 956 (D.Conn.1990) (Ruling on Pending Motions) at 965 (distinction between "routine" and "non-routine" promotions); Williams v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 716 F.Supp. 49, 51 (D.D.C.1989) (no "new and distinct relation" where only change would be increase in pay). [5] On May 11, 1988, this court granted summary judgment to defendant Raymond on Coleman's Title VII claims because Raymond had not been named as a respondent in Coleman's EEOC complaint. | Mid | [
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In-Network Provider: (U.S. term) A health care provider on a list of providers preselected by the insurer. The insurer will offer discounted coinsurance or co-payments, or additional benefits, to a plan member to see an in-network provider. Generally, providers in network are providers who have a contract with the insurer to accept rates further discounted from the "usual and customary" charges the insurer pays to out-of-network providers. California developed a solution to assist people across the state and is one of the few states to have an office devoted to giving people tips and resources to get the best care possible. California's Office of the Patient Advocate was established July 2000 to publish a yearly Health Care Quality Report Card[74] on the top HMOs, PPOs, and Medical Groups and to create and distribute helpful tips and resources to give Californians the tools needed to get the best care.[75] A contract between an insurance provider (e.g. an insurance company or a government) and an individual or his/her sponsor (e.g. an employer or a community organization). The contract can be renewable (e.g. annually, monthly) or lifelong in the case of private insurance, or be mandatory for all citizens in the case of national plans. The type and amount of health care costs that will be covered by the health insurance provider are specified in writing, in a member contract or "Evidence of Coverage" booklet for private insurance, or in a national health policy for public insurance. The UK's National Health Service (NHS) is a publicly funded healthcare system that provides coverage to everyone normally resident in the UK. It is not strictly an insurance system because (a) there are no premiums collected, (b) costs are not charged at the patient level and (c) costs are not pre-paid from a pool. However, it does achieve the main aim of insurance which is to spread financial risk arising from ill-health. The costs of running the NHS (est. £104 billion in 2007-8)[48] are met directly from general taxation. The NHS provides the majority of health care in the UK, including primary care, in-patient care, long-term health care, ophthalmology, and dentistry. Today, this system is more or less intact. All citizens and legal foreign residents of France are covered by one of these mandatory programs, which continue to be funded by worker participation. However, since 1945, a number of major changes have been introduced. Firstly, the different health care funds (there are five: General, Independent, Agricultural, Student, Public Servants) now all reimburse at the same rate. Secondly, since 2000, the government now provides health care to those who are not covered by a mandatory regime (those who have never worked and who are not students, meaning the very rich or the very poor). This regime, unlike the worker-financed ones, is financed via general taxation and reimburses at a higher rate than the profession-based system for those who cannot afford to make up the difference. Finally, to counter the rise in health care costs, the government has installed two plans, (in 2004 and 2006), which require insured people to declare a referring doctor in order to be fully reimbursed for specialist visits, and which installed a mandatory co-pay of €1 for a doctor visit, €0.50 for each box of medicine prescribed, and a fee of €16–18 per day for hospital stays and for expensive procedures. Long-term care (Pflegeversicherung[36]) is covered half and half by employer and employee and covers cases in which a person is not able to manage his or her daily routine (provision of food, cleaning of apartment, personal hygiene, etc.). It is about 2% of a yearly salaried income or pension, with employers matching the contribution of the employee. Just as there was a shift from viewing disease as a state to thinking of it as a process, the same shift happened in definitions of health. Again, the WHO played a leading role when it fostered the development of the health promotion movement in the 1980s. This brought in a new conception of health, not as a state, but in dynamic terms of resiliency, in other words, as "a resource for living". 1984 WHO revised the definition of health defined it as "the extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs and to change or cope with the environment. Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept, emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities".[10] Thus, health referred to the ability to maintain homeostasis and recover from insults. Mental, intellectual, emotional and social health referred to a person's ability to handle stress, to acquire skills, to maintain relationships, all of which form resources for resiliency and independent living.[9] This opens up many possibilities for health to be taught, strengthened and learned. | Mid | [
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Founded in 1993 by brothers Tom and David Gardner, The Motley Fool helps millions of people attain financial freedom through our website, podcasts, books, newspaper column, radio show, and premium investing services. Fool's Gold Report: Yellen Sends Gold Soaring Along With the Dow Precious-metals investors were hoping for dovish comments from the new Fed chair, and she delivered this morning, sending stocks and metals climbing. Although we don't believe in timing the market or panicking over daily movements, we do like to keep an eye on market changes -- just in case they're material to our investing thesis. One of the primary drivers of the long bull market in gold from the late 1990s to the early 2010s was the trend toward lower interest rates and easier monetary policy. So it shouldn't be any big surprise that when new Federal Reserve Chairwoman Janet Yellen gave comfortingly dovish testimony to Congress today in setting out her vision for monetary policy, both the Dow Jones Industrials (DJINDICES:^DJI) and precious-metals prices would respond favorably. The Dow closed the day up 193 points, nearing the 16,000 level once more. But gold prices reached their best levels in months, with April gold futures jumping almost $16 per ounce to finish above $1,290. Meanwhile, March silver gained almost $0.07 to $20.18 per ounce. Spot prices performed similarly well, driving the SPDR Gold Shares (NYSEMKT:GLD) to a 1.2% gain and the iShares Silver Trust (NYSEMKT:SLV) to rise about 0.8%. Metal Today's Spot Price and Change From Yesterday Gold $1,291, up $16 Silver $20.21, up $0.15 Platinum $1,382, down $1 Palladium $717, up $2 Source: Kitco. As of 4 p.m. EST. What we learned from the Yellen story todayMost investors believed the new Fed chair would follow in the footsteps of her predecessor, tending toward the less hawkish side of the spectrum and demanding substantial progress on the economic front before taking accommodative monetary policy off the table. But in particular, Yellen directly addressed the weak economic data we've seen in recent weeks, taking the measured approach of refusing to read too much into the information in isolation. Yet she clearly has the Fed ready to take further action if what at first appear to be aberrant reports turn out to be the precursor of longer-term trends that could threaten the economy. Indeed, it's that willingness to take action that likely has gold investors most excited. Moreover, even as the market gets used to the tapering of quantitative easing, investors are getting more secure in the notion that actual increases in the federal funds rate aren't likely for some time, and that could help support the ability of gold investors to finance their bullion purchases cheaply. Miners are loving the Fed If bullion traders like Yellen's testimony, mining-stock investors love it, with the Market Vectors Gold Miners ETF (NYSEMKT:GDX) soaring another 3.7% and hitting levels last seen in October. With gold on the rise, miners are getting more optimistic that they can start profiting from the major cost-cutting measures they have taken. Moreover, leaner mining companies could actually make disproportionate gains from further rises in bullion prices. For instance, Newmont Mining (NYSE:NEM) said this afternoon that it had completed the sale of its Midas mine in Nevada to Klondex Mines, getting more than $83 million in cash and assumed surety obligations. Newmont will also get 5 million warrants on Klondex stock that extend over a 15-year period, allowing Newmont to reap the benefits of any gains from Klondex's success with the mine and its other operations. Strategic moves like these to shed noncore assets should help companies like Newmont operate more efficiently in a gold recovery. With earnings on deck, investor attention could turn away from macroeconomic factors briefly. In the long run, though, the speed with which the Fed eventually takes away its policy accommodation will play a major role in defining the direction the gold market moves in the future. Author Dan Caplinger has been a contract writer for the Motley Fool since 2006. As the Fool's Director of Investment Planning, Dan oversees much of the personal-finance and investment-planning content published daily on Fool.com. With a background as an estate-planning attorney and independent financial consultant, Dan's articles are based on more than 20 years of experience from all angles of the financial world. Follow @DanCaplinger | Mid | [
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Molecular cloning, expression and in situ hybridization of rat brain glutamic acid decarboxylase messenger RNA. A cDNA library was generated in the expression vector lambda GT11 from rat brain poly(A)+ RNAs and screened with a GAD antiserum. Two clones reacted positively. One of them was shown to express a GAD activity which was specifically trapped on anti-GAD immunogel and was inhibited by gamma-acetylenic-GABA. Blot hybridization analysis of RNAs from rat brain revealed a single 4 kilobases band. Preliminary in situ hybridizations showed numerous cells labelled by the GAD probe such as the Purkinje and stellate cells in the cerebellar cortex and the cells of the reticular thalamic nucleus. | High | [
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Singal-dong Singal (Hangeul: 신갈) is an area of Yongin, in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It is near two major expressways and a large reservoir by the same name. As such, it is a major junction for the surrounding area. Transportation Singal is also the name of a station currently under construction, on the extension of Seoul Metropolitan Subway's Bundang Line. Singal is also the name of the Singal Junction, that of the Gyeongbu and Yeongdong Expressways. The Suwon exit on the Gyeongbu Expressway (Exit 44), named because of its proximity to Suwon City Centre, is also in Singal. The area is a short drive from Bundang, Suwon and Yongin Centre. Attractions Singal is close to the Korean Folk Village, the most visited such attraction in the country. External links Yongin City Council Category:Yongin Category:Neighbourhoods in South Korea | High | [
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1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a sealing and/or locking system for vehicles with a vehicle opening on the body structure, in particular a roof or door opening. 2. Background Art Vehicles having sealing and/or locking systems for an opening are previously disclosed in DE-PS 1 236 953, which provides for a door as a covering for a door opening. The door, as an adjoining component, is sealed against and locked in relation to the door frame via a door seal. The door seal is executed as an elastic, positive-engagement hollow profile that is capable of varying its cross-section depending on the internal pressure. The door seal may be connected to a pressure source and is fixed to the door by an accommodating groove that serves as a holder. In the covering position for the vehicle opening, that is when the door is closed, a channel for the holder on the door is provided in the door frame as an adjoining component attached to the body. The channel receives the door seal that is subjected to internal pressure as a positive-engagement hollow profile. Mutual engagement of the cover and the adjoining component, that is to say in the door and the door frame, results in a positive-engagement connection being achieved by the seal in addition to the sealing function. In another embodiment, the door seal has a sealing lip on the door and a hollow chamber profile. The hollow chamber profile may be expanded like an accordion depending upon the pressure. With the door closed, the sealing lip engages from behind with a locking shank projecting into the door frame as an adjoining component with the sealing lip making contact from the opposite side. In DE-AS 1 430 936, furthermore, an arrangement is disclosed for sealing vehicle doors that cover a door opening in the closed position and is braced against the door frame as an adjoining component via the door seal. The door frame is provided with a channel-shaped receiving means, in which the door seal has a positive-engagement hollow element that is retained by an externally applied base structure. The hole-like door seal is attached to a pressure source and is subjected to pressure for the purpose of bracing the door in the door frame. Application of a partial vacuum causes the door seal to contract and releases the door enabling it to be opened. U.S. Pat. No. 2,104,144 discloses a device for sealing and locking an aircraft door which, when closed, covers the door opening provided in the outer skin of the aircraft. The door and the door frame are provided with corresponding recesses around their mutually bordering wall surfaces with the door closed. The recesses have a hollow profile in which a sealing tube lies to provide a positive-engagement hollow element. The sealing tube, depending on the internal pressure applied as a positive pressure, secures the door in its closed position at an internal pressure exceeding atmospheric pressure by mutual engagement in the recesses. The sealing tube recedes or can be forced back into the recess on the frame to such an extent that the door is capable of being opened at an internal pressure at or below atmospheric pressure. | Low | [
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1. Field of the Invention The invention concerns an intruder detection system, particularly an improved system for detecting and signaling the presence of a human being within one or more defined areas. 2. Prior Art Numerous systems have been designed and are presently in use to sense and signal the presence of an intruder within a defined area. Some such systems are active in nature, producing a signal within or to define the secure area, the signal being affected by the presence of an intruder and this affect being employed to actuate an alarm or other signal. Not only do such active systems require a continuous energy input, but their presence also can be detected by the intruder, permitting them to be avoided or otherwise negated. Other intrusion detection system are of a passive nature. Most passive systems detect the presence of an intruder in a defined area by sensing and responding to visible or invisible radiation of the intruder. Rossin U.S. Pat. No. 3,839,640, dated Oct. 1, 1974, presents an example of an intruder detection sensor responsive to infrared radiation. Intrusion detection systems are subjected to a number of non-intruder related inputs, all of which must be distinguished from an intruder related input if the system is to prove practical in use. Inputs which can cause false alarms included reflected sunlight such as from an airplane or automobile or light being directed onto the detector from automobile headlights or a flashlight out of the detection area. An intermittent electric heater, or a flickering light bulb, or fluttering foliage or drape in the detector's field of view also can actuate present systems, causing a false alarm. An intrusion detection system should avoid false alarms from such environmental occurrences. Of course, it must detect the presence of an intruder, even when the intruder is taking steps to avoid detection, such as wearing white clothing while crossing a white background or while crossing a monitored background only after having adjusted his external temperature to closely approximate that of the background temperature. In short, detecting the presence of an intruder while not producing numerous false alarms presents a significant problem, one which has only been partially solved by previous intruder detection systems. Many intruder detection systems are battery-powered. Often, such systems employ a circuit to detect battery voltage and to produce an alarm when that voltage drops below a certain level. This, too, results in a false alarm, since the alarm does not signal the presence of an intruder, but rather a drop in battery voltage below a given level. | Mid | [
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19th Annual 40 Under Forty Save the date! 19th Annual 40 Under Forty presented by the Chicago Lawyer & Chicago Daily Law Bulletin will be Wednesday, May 9, 2018, at The Ivy Room. For more information regarding the event or underwriting opportunities please contact Alyssa Gawlinski at 312-644-2394 or [email protected] While earning a string of successful results in commercial litigation with Holland & Knight, Trisha Rich is also making her mark across the broader professional community by shaping the way the law is practiced. As a champion of legal ethics and professional responsibility, she provides assistance to her law firm and lawyer clients on fundamental matters such as fee disputes, conflicts, confidentiality and privilege, and professional disciplinary issues. Rich founded and coordinates the Attorney Defense Initiative, the first privately sponsored pro bono initiative in the nation that focuses on assisting impaired lawyers facing disciplinary charges. She also teaches legal ethics and professional responsibility as an adjunct professor at Northwestern University School of Law, and she is widely viewed as an expert in the field of professional responsibility. In addition to her work in the field of legal ethics, Rich has a bustling practice in commercial litigation, where she represents a wide variety of clients, including national and international companies, small businesses, municipalities and state agencies, and individuals. “I have always found Trish to be a thoughtful and engaging attorney,” said Thomas Gray with Whitt Law, who worked closely with Rich in his former role as General Counsel of the Teachers’ Retirement System of Illinois. “She is very good at understanding complex legal issues and finding efficient and favorable solutions for her clients. She’s incredibly good at making witnesses feel comfortable and teasing out important information.” Her peers say that Rich’s success is well-earned. This is one attorney who never stops hustling for her clients, researching the relevant facts and law, and logging long hours, they say. “Trisha is not someone who waits for things to be handed to her,” said Eric Dorkin with Chicago’s Clark Hill PLC. “She aggressively pursues what will best serve her clients.” And while Rich has earned a string of successful results for her clients, she has also gained a reputation as one of the most devoted providers of pro bono work in the city. Dorkin points to a constitutional challenge to a federal conviction that he worked on with Rich; the two lawyers jointly received the Northern District of Illinois Award for Excellence in Pro Bono Service in 2011 for their work in the matter. Victor Henderson with the Chicago law firm of Henderson Parks said that Rich is passionate about pro bono representation. “She is a thoughtful and diligent lawyer,” Henderson said. “She cares passionately about her clients and the law. She is a consummate professional who is able to understand her clients’ needs and strategically think about how to best achieve those goals.” She has contributed more than 2,250 pro bono hours to various clients in need, and consistently volunteers with a diverse group of legal aid organizations. This year, she was selected as the recipient of the Chicago Bar Association and Chicago Bar Foundation’s prestigious Maurice Weigle Exceptional Young Lawyer Award, and Holland & Knight has recognized Rich’s commitment with several firm honors, including naming her a Pro Bono All-Star each year she’s been at the firm. In 2014, Rich was selected as a Holland & Knight Rising Star, for inclusion into the firm’s leadership and development training program. In 2016, she also received the firm’s inaugural Living the Commitment Award, an honor given to the firm employee who best exemplified the firm’s commitment to providing superior legal services, embracing diversity, advancing the profession, and giving back to the community. Among her many outside activities, she serves on the board of the Make-A-Wish Foundation of Illinois and is currently a member of Crain’s Leadership Academy. | High | [
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KosherEye.com This is a very special recipe to all in the extended KosherEye family. It is an heirloom, a recipe passed on from my mother and her sisters. It is a savory cookie – an easy to make cousin of a bialy and is delicious plain, or with a shmear of cream cheese. Some call it tzibeleh pletzel, some tzibeleh kuchen – we call it a delicious food memory redux. Preheat oven to 350 degreesCombine onions, egg, water and oilCombine flour, poppy seeds, salt and baking powderWith hands, mix wet and dry ingredients together until just combined. (Over mixing will result in tough cookies)Make balls approximately 1 ½ " in sizeFlatten with rolling pin to approximately 1/4 -1/2 " thicknessPrick each cookie with a forkTop with reserved poppy seeds Place cookie on a greased (parchment covered) baking pan—Bake 20-30 minutes or until goldenMakes about 20-24 cookies Notes A Note from baking historian and cookbook author Arthur Schwartz:"These will never become crisp, no matter what temperature you bake them, how long you bake them, or how thin you roll them. The moisture of the onions will eventually soften them up, even if you manage to get a little snap in them when they come from the oven. Indeed, these taste best straight from the oven or, at least, reheated. I brought mine back to their prime by putting them on a baking sheet for 10 minutes in a preheated 350-degree oven." Cool on a wire rack while still on the pan. Best when used the same day but keeps well when kept in a tightly closed container. If you would like to cook like a Jewish baker, we recommend the book Secrets of a Jewish Baker by George Greenstein, a second-generation baker, who baked on Long Island for many, many years. The book was his retirement project. | Mid | [
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Q: How to see logs in blackberry device? I am using ZXing 1.7 library for creating Barcode Sanner for Blackberry device. In that they have used their own class of Log. But how can I see what I have Logged using Log.info(" Test ")? Can I see that on the device? A: Method Log.info(String) is in class com.google.zxing.client.rim.util.Log. Class logs to the net.rim.device.api.system.EventLogger. If you have the source code, you can change the code to also log to System.out. Below is a block of code copied from the source, with my change to set the logging output to System.out: /** Used to determine if the log message should be set to System.out */ private static final boolean logToSystemOut; static { // Initializes the logger. Currently set to not log to System.out and log // at the INFO level. EventLogger.register(LOG_ID_LONG, LOG_ID_STRING, EventLogger.VIEWER_STRING); EventLogger.setMinimumLevel(EventLogger.DEBUG_INFO); // set this to change logging level message. logToSystemOut = true; // <-- UPDATE THIS LINE TO SET TO true } With this change, you can view the output in the Debug window of Eclipse, when the app is running. To make it easier to find (cos there is so much info in this console), I would make this change: private static void logToSystemOut(String message) { if (logToSystemOut) { System.out.println(" ------------ " + message); } } The other way is to view the EventLogger output directly. On device you can do this by following instructions from the EventLogger javadoc: To view the current event log for the device, hold down the ALT key and type "lglg". Alternatively, you can download the event log onto your PC using the javaloader tool: javaloader.exe -u eventlog > eventlog.txt For more info about this, see this question: Blackberry console output. I have copied some info in the answers from there. | High | [
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The fundamentals of applying electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to low mass poly(methyl methacrylate) polymers. Electrospray ionization (ESI) is capable of ionizing many soluble polymers. The ESI spectra are complex because of overlap of the multiply charged ions of the oligomer distribution, causing current computer transform programs to fail. However, it is possible to determine the origin of the multiply charged ions, making it feasible to write a program designed to transform ESI polymer spectra. To assess the value of such a program for polymer analysis, isolated monodisperse methyl methacrylate (MMA) oligomers (25 and 50 repeat units) were used to determine molar signal response and propensity for fragmentation.The sum of the peak areas for the multiply charged MMA 50-mer was found to be only about 66% of the summed peak areas for the 25-mer for the same molar concentration. However, conversion of the multiply charged peak areas to the singly charged representations, with peak area compression taken into account, gave equal signal responses for the 25-and 50-mers. Signal response variations due to the tacticity of the MMA oligomers were not observed. Fragmentation of the MMA oligomers also was shown not to occur under normal ESI conditions. Therefore, transformation of the polymer spectra to the singly charged molecular ion distribution should allow accurate calculation of average molecular weights, polydispersity, end group mass, and repeat unit mass. | Mid | [
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Q: Wordpress $_SESSION not working even after adding add_action('init, '...',1) I'm trying to make SESSION works with Wordpress but it can't work even I added the below code to my plugin but nothing happen: add_action('init', 'simpleSessionStart', 1); add_action('wp_logout', 'simpleSessionDestroy'); add_action('wp_login', 'simpleSessionDestroy'); function simpleSessionStart() { if(!session_id())session_start(); } function simpleSessionDestroy() { session_destroy (); } How can I make $_SESSION passing date from one page to another in my wordpress site My wordpress version is: 3.5.2 My theme is: twentyeleven A: Place this code in your functions.php file function sess_start() { if (!session_id()) session_start(); } add_action('init','sess_start'); A: See this answer for a discussion of using $_SESSION with WordPress. In short, WordPress removes session variables if register_globals is defined. The comments on the question itself point to this answer on the WordPress stackexchange, which discusses a plugin that may help you. | Mid | [
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1. Field The presently disclosed subject matter relates to semiconductor light-emitting devices in which light emitted from a semiconductor light-emitting chip is wavelength-converted by a wavelength converting layer, and to manufacturing methods for the same. More particularly, the disclosed subject matter relates to semiconductor light-emitting devices for a vehicle light and the like, which can emit various color lights having a substantially uniform color tone and a high light-emitting efficiency from a small light-emitting surface, and to methods of manufacturing such devices. 2. Description of the Related Art Semiconductor light-emitting devices, in which a part of the light emitted from a semiconductor light-emitting chip is converted into light having a different wavelength by a phosphor and in which a mixture light including the light having the different wavelength mixed with the light emitted directly from the semiconductor light-emitting chip is emitted, have been known as semiconductor light source(s) for various lighting units. In this case, the semiconductor light-emitting devices are usually provided with a wavelength converting layer including a phosphor particle on or over the semiconductor light-emitting chip such as an LED chip, etc. A conventional semiconductor light-emitting device including such a wavelength converting layer, for example, is disclosed in Patent Document No. 1 (Japanese Patent Application Laid Open JP2010-219324). FIGS. 9a and 9b are respectively a top view and a side cross-sectional view taken along line A-A in FIG. 9a showing the conventional semiconductor light-emitting device, which may be used as a light source for general lighting and the like and which is disclosed in Patent Document No. 1. The conventional semiconductor light-emitting device 300 includes: a mounting board 50; a conductor pattern 51 formed on the mounting board 50; a frame 55 formed in a tubular shape and being located on the mounting board 50; a semiconductor light-emitting chip 60 mounted on the conductor pattern 51: an optical transparent material 70 including a wavelength converting layer and being located on the semiconductor light-emitting chip 60 via a light-transmitting material 80; a sealing material 40 including a light-reflecting material 45 and being disposed between the frame 55 and at least the optical transparent material 70; and a light-emitting surface 90 exposed from a top surface of the optical transparent material 70 as a light-emitting surface of the device 300 so as to be able to emit a wavelength converted light. In this case, when the semiconductor light-emitting chip 60 is a blue LED chip emitting blue light and the optical transparent material 70 is composed of the wavelength converting layer including a yellow phosphor, which can emit a yellow light upon being excited by the blue light emitted from the blue LED chip, the semiconductor light-emitting device 300 can emit substantially white light from the light-emitting surface 90, by an additive color mixture of the excited yellow light emitted from the yellow phosphor and a part of the blue light emitted from the blue LED chip. In the conventional semiconductor light-emitting device having such a structure, the sealing material 40 including the light-reflecting material 45 is frequently disposed between the frame 55 and the optical transparent material 70 including the wavelength converting layer, the semiconductor light-emitting chip 60, etc. to improve a light-emitting efficiency of the device. However, in the conventional light-emitting device, such structure may be subject to color variability in the wavelength converted light. For example, when the semiconductor light-emitting device 300 is configured to emit substantially white light, in which an additive color mixture of the excited yellow light emitted from the yellow phosphor and the part of the blue light emitted from the blue LED chip is employed, bluish white light may be emitted from a central portion of the light-emitting surface 90 and yellowish white light may be emitted from an outer portion of the light-emitting surface 90. Meanwhile, it has been understood that a color temperature of the wavelength converted light varies according to a density of the phosphor contained in the wavelength converting layer. That is because the amount of the excited light varies in accordance with the amount of phosphor contained in the wavelength converting layer. Accordingly, it is understood that the density of the phosphor can be higher to increase the original light except the excited light in light emitted from the semiconductor light-emitting chip and also a thickness of the wavelength converting layer becomes thicker. However, when the density of the phosphor becomes higher and/or the thickness of the wavelength converting layer becomes thicker, a light-emitting loss may be large, and therefore a light-emitting efficiency of the semiconductor light-emitting device may increase. Additionally, when the semiconductor light-emitting devices are used as a light source for a lighting unit such as a vehicle headlight, which controls light emitted from the light-emitting devices using a reflector and/or a projector lens, a light-emitting device having a small light-emitting surface may be desired to efficiently control light emitted from the light-emitting device with a small optical structure. Hence, another conventional semiconductor light-emitting device having a small light-emitting surface can be used as a light source for a vehicle headlight using a projector lens and is disclosed in Patent Document No. 2 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/162,151, U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2011/0309388 A1). Patent Document No. 2 discloses a small light-emitting surface, which is slightly larger than a top surface of a semiconductor light-emitting chip. The above-referenced Patent Documents are listed below, and are hereby incorporated with their English abstracts in their entireties. 1. Patent Document No. 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid Open JP2010-219324. 2. Patent Document No. 2: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/162,151, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0309388 A1. 3. Patent Document No. 3: U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012-0025218-A1. 4. Patent Document No. 4: U.S. Divisional patent application (Parent U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/720,819, U.S. Pat. No. 8,251,560. 5. Patent Document No. 5: U.S. Patent Application No. 2012-0320617 A1 The disclosed subject matter has been devised to consider the above and other problems, features, and characteristics. Thus, embodiments of the disclosed subject matter can include semiconductor light-emitting devices that can emit a wavelength converted light having a substantially uniform color tone and a high light-emitting efficiency from a small light-emitting surface, which is smaller than a top surface of a semiconductor light-emitting chip, and associated manufacturing methods that do not cause and/or are designed to prevent some of the above-described problems, concerns, and characteristics related to a wavelength converting layer and/or lighting device. The disclosed subject matter can also include a semiconductor light-emitting device using a plurality of semiconductor light-emitting chips that can be used for wavelength-converting light having a substantially uniform color tone and a high light-emitting efficiency. | Mid | [
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What to Know About the Dangers of Radon Gas in Your Home A former U.S. hockey player wants to raise awareness about radon gas.Radon gas can seep in through the floor. Getty Images You can’t touch it, see it, or smell it but radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer outside of cigarette smoking. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas. It’s found in soil, rock, and even water as the breakdown of uranium. When uranium is broken down, it’s released into the air and can build up, causing critical long-term health effects. The gas can sometimes be concentrated in homes built on natural soil with natural uranium deposits. It enters through cracks in the floors, walls, and even through construction joints or gaps around service pipes, electrical wires, and pits. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that 1 in every 15 homes in the United States is estimated to have elevated radon levels. When radon gas enters the body, it exposes the lungs to small amounts of radiation. In small quantities, experts say this is harmless. However, in persistent exposures or larger quantities, radon can damage the cells of the lining of the lungs, increasing a person’s chance of developing lung cancer. Radon can’t be entirely prevented since it’s naturally present in the air. Despite this, high concentrations can come at a costly health expense. | High | [
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Top Trends in Telehealth, ATA 2017 The American Telemedicine Association held its annual meeting in Orlando, Florida from April 23-25, 2017. This year’s conference was called Telehealth 2.0 and drew attendees from healthcare providers as well as a mix of established and start-up telehealth-focused companies. This growth insight presents an analysis of key takeaways and major themes of importance in telehealth in 2017, noteworthy vendor developments, findings from the event and analyst opinion on what this means for the area. Among the major themes included are the need for the industry to get past trials, achieve larger scale implications and the ongoing challenges posed by the lack of a standard reimbursement model across all regions and demographic groups. | Mid | [
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Tasty 510 News: Perdition Smokehouse, Shakewell ~PERDITION SMOKEHOUSE~ is getting ready to open on Friday June 20th in Berkeley. As previously mentioned, the project comes from Chuck Stilphen, of the Trappist and Mikkeller Bar, and chef Michael O’Brien. In addition to 43 rotating domestic craft beers on tap, you’ll find a classic barbecue menu focused on dry-rubbed meats. There’s brisket, pork shoulder, hot links, and ribs, as well as sides like macaroni and cheese, collards, and coleslaw. For seating, there are 80 seats inside, with an additional 50 at picnic tables in the adjoining courtyard. The dining room is built around a giant smoker in the center of the room, where the meats will spend hours cooking. Oh, and guess what else is on tap? Cold-pressed Blue Bottle coffee! (Note to self: I need one of those taps in my apartment.) Hours are 5pm-12am, with lunch hours coming later this summer. 2050 University Ave. at Shattuck, 510-900-5858. Jen Biesty and Tim Nugent are getting ready to open their new project, ~SHAKEWELL~, in Oakland on Wednesday July 2nd. As previously mentioned on tablehopper, the new space will be open and airy, with seating for 40 in the dining room and 30 in the bar area. The full bar will feature six classic cocktails as well as six seasonal, rotating cocktails, and the menu will have a Mediterranean influence, with a focus on Spanish dishes. We’ll have more details for you when the opening is a little closer. 3407 Lakeshore Ave. at Trestle Glen. | Mid | [
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US Calls Death Sentence for Mursi ‘Unjust’ The United States believes the death sentence for former Egyptian President Mohamed Mursi is “unjust and undermines confidence in the rule of law,” the State Department said on Monday. State Department spokesman Jeff Rathke said Washington was also deeply concerned about “yet another mass death sentence” delivered by an Egyptian court. The ruling against Mursi is not final until June 2. All capital sentences are referred to Egypt’s top religious authority, the Grand Mufti, for a non-binding opinion, and are also subject to legal appeal. –Reuters | Mid | [
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St. Barbe, Newfoundland and Labrador St. Barbe is a settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador. It is located on the Great Northern Peninsula of the island of Newfoundland. St. Barbe is an important transportation site for the Great Northern Peninsula and the province of Newfoundland Labrador. Geography St. Barbe community is a small community located on the northwestern part of the Great Northern Peninsula of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town serves as the eastern terminus of the ferry route that connects the island portion of the province to Labrador. services the route across the Strait of Belle Isle and connects to the community of Blanc-Sablon, Quebec. Community activities St. Barbe is home to the region's arena. The community hosts a variety of events such as broomball, skating, and hockey, as well as the annual Straits Festival each summer. Community and business services for St. Barbe residents include a K-12 school, Viking Trail Academy (located south in Plum Point). Health care is provided in Port Saunders at the Rufus Guinchard Health Centre, south, or Straits of Belle Isle Clinic/Flowers Cove Clinic north. Local fire service is based in Pigeon Cove. The community also has an RV Service Centre for travellers. Additional community, recreational, and business services are found in the communities in the Plum Point area and south () in Hawkes Bay, Port au Choix, and Port Saunders. In addition to the transportation connection to Labrador, the coastline and the Long Range Mountains offer incredible scenery to visiting tourists. See also St. Barbe Bay Blanc-Sablon, Quebec Strait of Belle Isle Newfoundland Island References Category:Populated places in Newfoundland and Labrador | Mid | [
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Q: Enumerating capture ALSA devices and capture from them I am writing a C program where I would like to enumerate all the capture devices in my system (in practice, I know I have three webcams plus the "integrated" microphone), recognize them and start capturing from them all at the same time. I has some success using snd_device_name_hint() to enumerate all PCM devices and then snd_device_name_get_hint() to determine the "IOID" to see if they support capture. But now, how do I open the related device with snd_pcm_open() so that I can capture? I would like to use the "hw" interface as I do not want to overload the system with many conversion rates, so I would also like to see if there is a method to report the HW supported sampling frequencies. Thank you! A: snd_device_name_hint() can return multiple device names for the same hardware device (e.g., plughw and hw). It can also returns devices that do not correspond to a single hardware device (such as null, or PulseAudio/Jack/Bluetooth devices). To enumerate hardware devices, call snd_card_next() and snd_ctl_pcm_next_device() (see the aplay source code for an example). To check whether a sample rate is supported, call snd_pcm_hw_params_test_rate(). | Mid | [
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# typed: strict # assert-fast-path: string_literal_change.rb A = ["baar"] # error: Constants must have type annotations with `T.let` when specifying `# typed: strict` | Low | [
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by By Chris Woodyard and John Bacon, USA TODAY No damage was reported from the quake that struck at 6:25 a.m. PT. The magnitude-4.4 earthquake had initially been rated at 4.7, but was downgraded about 20 minutes after the jolt, the U.S. Geological Survey said. Still, even some locals were alarmed. "I live in Westwood. It was really scary w/a few big jolts. It felt like it wouldn't end and the sound was horrible," tweeted ImSusanT. @iRachelBrill had this take: "the initial jolt felt like the 94 Northridge quake only without the after roll. Now im@waiting for the aftershocks..." The Northridge earthquake in 1994 left 57 people dead and thousands injured. Monday's quake was centered in the San Fernando Valley, about 6 miles north-northwest from Westwood, an enclave in west Los Angeles, the agency said. Westwood is the home to the University of California, Los Angeles - UCLA. The location would put it close to the community of Encino. The depth was 5 miles below the surface and it occurred on the north edge of the Santa Monica mountains, the USGS said. It was the largest earthquake to strike near Los Angeles in years. The quake lasted several seconds, shaking furniture and causing ripples in swimming pools just as many Southern Californians were awaking. Los Angeles police sent out a tweet asking residents not to call 911 to report the earthquake. "We are well aware of it. Lines need to be kept open for emergencies," the message said. The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which operates the region's massive bus and rail system, said that operations were returning to normal after some quick checks to look for damage just as the morning commute was starting. "We have no reports of damage," said USGS seismologist Robert Graves at a press conference. Damage, given the intensity of the quake, "would be slight if it occurred at all." He said one aftershock of magnitude 2.7 had occurred and there was a 5% chance that the shaker was a foreshock to a larger quake. Co-anchors of a local KTLA broadcast were sufficiently concerned when it hit -- host Chris Schauble pointed at the ceilingand said "Earthquake! We're having an earthquake!" right before he and his co-host Megan Henderson dove under the newsdesk. Being Los Angeles, the quake, of course, brought quick reaction from celebrities. | Mid | [
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--- author: - '[Pier Franco Nali, Cagliari (IT), [email protected]]{}' title: '[**Una dimostrazione diretta della legge di probabilità di Poisson (A direct proof of the Poisson probability law)**]{}' --- The purpose of this paper is to prove directly, by an elementary method, the Poisson probability law. This proof is offered as an alternative to the more usual derivation from binomial distribution in the limit of small probabilities. The same proof is then applied to the solution of a problem in statistical mechanics. Lo scopo di questo articolo è dimostrare direttamente, con un metodo elementare, la legge di probabilità di Poisson. Questa dimostrazione è proposta in alternativa alla più consueta derivazione dalla distribuzione binomiale nel limite delle piccole probabilità. La stessa dimostrazione viene quindi applicata alla soluzione di un problema di meccanica statistica. Introduzione ============ La legge (o funzione, o distribuzione[^1]) di probabilità di Poisson, o poissoniana, $$P(x;\mu)=\frac{\mu\,^xe^{-\mu}}{x\,!}$$ di parametro $\mu\,$, esprime la probabilità che $x$ eventi si verifichino in maniera casuale in un dato intervallo di tempo quando in media se ne verificano $\mu\,$. La si utilizza in situazioni in cui degli eventi si susseguono nel tempo in modo indipendente come, ad es., le disintegrazioni radioattive o le chiamate entranti in un centralino telefonico. È stato osservato [@hodges1960] che molti libri di testo di teoria delle probabilità si accontentano di derivare la poissoniana come limite della distribuzione binomiale $$B(x;n,p)=\binom{n}{x}p\,^x q\,^{n-x}\,,$$ dove $x$ è in numero di successi su $n$ prove con probabilità di successo e insuccesso, rispettivamente, $p$ e $q\,$. La derivazione procede più o meno in questo modo: C’è un gran numero $n$ di eventi che possono accadere (ad es., molti abbonati al telefono possono fare una chiamata in un certo intervallo di tempo) e c’è una piccola probabilità $p$ che uno specifico evento tra questi accada (ad es., che uno specifico abbonato chiami). Assumendo che gli eventi siano indipendenti, il numero di eventi (ad es., le chiamate) ha esattamente la distribuzione binomiale $B(x;n,p)\,$. Facendo tendere $n$ all’infinito e $p$ a zero in modo tale da mantenere costante il prodotto $n\times p=\mu>0\,$, viene mostrato che la binomiale tende alla poissoniana $P(x;\mu)$ di valore atteso $\mu\,$. Questo risultato, chiamato teorema (o limite) di Poisson, è molto importante e molto noto. È in questo modo che storicamente è stata derivata la poissoniana [@poisson1837] ed è stata utilizzata nelle prime applicazioni pratiche [@bortkiewicz1898]. In seguito si è compreso che il terorema di Poisson è valido, in una versione modificata, anche in situazioni in cui gli eventi non hanno tutti la stessa probabilità, e la distribuzione ha una forma più generale di quella originale (distribuzione Poisson–binomiale) [@mises1921]. La stretta relazione tra binomiale e poissoniana mette in risalto la similarità delle due distribuzioni. Vi è però tra di esse un’importante differenza, per non dire un contrasto [@hutchinson1997]: con la binomiale, l’uno o l’altro di due tipi di eventi (ad es., successo o insuccesso) si verificano in particolari occorrenze di una sequenza discreta (ad es., in una serie di tentativi); con la poissoniana, l’evento rilevante avviene in punti casuali di un continuo (fig. \[fig:PointProcess\]). ![Raffronto schematico tra binomiale e poissoniana [@hutchinson1997][]{data-label="fig:PointProcess"}](PointProcess.png){width="\textwidth"} Un’altra evidenza che si tratta di due distribuzioni distinte è di tipo storico [@duker1955]: dopo Poisson, la distribuzione che porta il suo nome è stata “riscoperta” da numerosi altri investigatori utilizzando svariati metodi. Essa può essere derivata o come limite della binomiale o come distribuzione indipendente di eventi rari distribuiti a caso. Le derivazioni indipendenti sono riportate meno di frequente nei libri di testo e generalmente presuppongono conoscenze più avanzate rispetto alla consueta derivazione dalla binomiale. Lo scopo di questo articolo è presentare una derivazione indipendente della poissoniana, ottenuta direttamente - e in modo elementare - dal processo di Poisson[^2] in una dimensione (linea temporale). Questa viene poi generalizzata a processi in più dimensioni e applicata alla soluzione di un classico problema di meccanica statistica (distribuzione spaziale delle molecole di un gas). Processo di Poisson e poissoniana \[sez\_2\] ============================================ Un processo di Poisson è caratterizzato, nel caso più semplice, da una successione di eventi indipendenti con tasso $\lambda$ costante (in media) su un intervallo continuo di estensione $t>0$ (periodo di osservazione). In situazioni più complesse, il flusso degli eventi può presentare variazioni rispetto al semplice schema stazionario (ad es., il tasso può variare in funzione del tempo). Nella rappresentazione grafica molto intuitiva della fig. \[fig:PointProcess\] gli eventi in successione sono raffigurati come punti isolati su una linea, che può simboleggiare un range temporale o un tratto della retta dei numeri reali positivi. Questa descrizione unidimensionale può essere generalizzata a due, tre o più dimensioni considerando punti esistenti in aree, volumi o insiemi misurabili in genere [@wiki:xxx]. Tornando al processo poissoniano del tipo più semplice, detto “stazionario a tasso medio costante”, vale la condizione $$\label{eq_1} \lim_{t\to\infty}\frac{x}{t}=\lambda\,,$$ dove $x$ è il numero cumulato di eventi conteggiati nel tempo $t\,$. Ma come si può stabilire se un determinato processo ha, nel concreto, un tasso stazionario alla scala temporale accessibile all’osservazione o all’esperimento? Il solo modo è ripetere il conteggio del numero di eventi $x_i$ in intervalli (non necessariamente equiestesi) di estensione $t_i$ e determinare se c’è una tendenza stazionaria nella serie dei rapporti $x_i/t_i$. Poiché questi rapporti sono certamente soggetti a fluttuazioni, ci si deve domandare se le variazioni osservate rientrino entro limiti ragionevoli per un tasso fisso. Per poterlo decidere, occorre conoscere la probabilità di contare $x$ eventi in un tempo fissato $t\,$, $$\label{eq_2} P_t(x)=\lim_{N_t\to\infty}\frac{N_t(x)}{N_t}\,,$$ dove $N_t(x)$ è il numero di prove ripetute in cui sono stati osservati esattamente $x$ eventi nel tempo $t$ su $N_t$ prove totali (ciascuna di durata $t$). Vale evidentemente la condizione: $$\sum_{x=0}^\infty P_t(x)=1\,.$$ La funzione che esprime questa probabilità è, appunto, la poissoniana $$\label{eq_3} P(x;\mu)=\frac{\mu\,^xe^{-\mu}}{x\,!},$$ che rappresenta la probabilità di conteggiare esattamente $x$ eventi (sempre un numero intero) nel tempo $t$ quando il numero atteso è $\mu=\lambda\times t>0$ (generalmente non intero). È facile, infatti, verificare dall’eq. \[eq\_3\] che $$\bar{x}=\sum_{x=0}^\infty x\times P(x;\mu)=\mu\,,$$ mentre la deviazione standard è semplicemente $\sqrt{\mu}\,$, la radice quadrata della media. Per ragioni storiche, inerenti alla derivazione della poissoniana come limite della binomiale quando la probabilità di ciascun evento è piccola, la poissoniana è talvolta anche chiamata, a seconda della lingua degli autori, *law of rare events*, *loi des petites probabilités* o *Gesetz der seltenen Ereignisse*. Il processo di Poisson sulla linea temporale {#sez_3} ============================================ Le assunzioni che definiscono un processo di Poisson, limitandoci per ora al tipo più semplice, possono essere espresse mediante un piccolo numero di assiomi dai quali è possibile ricavare direttamente la poissoniana, come vedremo nella sezione successiva. Il sistema di postulati qui scelto (ripreso, con adattamenti, dal volume di Parzen [@parzen1962] e, in parte, da Ogborn e altri [@ogborn2003b]) comprende quattro assiomi: 1. **Il n. di eventi $x(t)$ evolve per incrementi indipendenti (“ipotesi di indipendenza”)**.\ Cioè, i conteggi di eventi in intervalli disgiunti sono variabili casuali indipendenti. Questa indipendenza consente, in ultima analisi, di calcolare la probabilità in un intervallo applicando le semplici regole di composizione delle probabilità di eventi indipendenti in sottointervalli. 2. **Per ogni $t>0$, vale la condizione (“i. delle probabilità positive”) $0<P[x(t)>0]<1\,.$**\ Ossia, in parole, in ogni intervallo c’è una probabilità positiva che un evento possa accadere, ma non v’è certezza che accada. Il caso $x=0$ (nessun accadimento) ha convenzionalmente probabilità 1 a $t=0\,$ ($P[x(0)=0]=1\,$) e viene considerato talvolta come assioma a sé stante (assioma 0). Nell’intervallo semiaperto $\interval({0,t}]$ vale anche la condizione [$0<P[x(t)=0]<1\,$,]{} ovvero, c’è anche una probabilità positiva che non accada nessun evento in un tempo finito. 3. **Per ogni $t\geq 0\,$, vale la condizione (“i. di rarità”) $\lim\limits_{\tau\to 0}\frac{P[x(t+\tau)-x(t)\geq 2]}{P[x(t+\tau)-x(t)=1]}=0\,.$**\ Detto a parole, in intervalli sufficientemente piccoli può ricadere, al più, un punto–evento; o anche, due o più eventi non possono accadere esattamente nello stesso istante. Intuitivamente, tornando alla fig. \[fig:PointProcess\], non vedremo mai i punti–evento “addossati” l’un l’altro, ma saranno separati. Questo requisito di isolamento esige che, se si è verificato un evento in un intervallo sufficientemente piccolo, la probabilità condizionale di un secondo o di più eventi è trascurabile. Sono date solo due possibilità: o accade un evento o non accade nulla; la loro probabilità congiunta è 1, cioè, una certezza. Quindi, detta $dp$ la probabilità che in un piccolo intervallo di tempo $dt$ accada un evento, $1-dp$ sarà la probabilità che non accada nulla (a meno di infinitesimi di ordine superiore in $dt$). Ciò esprime la condizione di “puntualità” di un processo poissoniano: gli eventi accadono “in un punto”, intendendo con ciò un tempo molto minore di ogni intervallo di osservazione. 4. **Il n. di eventi $x(t)$ evolve per incrementi stazionari (“i. di equidistribuzione”)**,\ cioè, le variabili casuali che esprimono gli incrementi in intervalli equiestesi (non necessariamente disgiunti) sono equidistribuite. Questo significa, in ultima analisi, che i punti–evento sono uniformemente distribuiti nell’intervallo di osservazione. L’ultimo assioma rinvia al concetto di distribuzione uniforme di eventi, che può essere meglio compreso introducendo la “densità di probabilità per evento”: *la probabilità infinitesimale $dp$ che accada un evento in un intervallo infinitesimale $dt$ è proporzionale al tasso $\lambda$ (cioè, $dp=\lambda \,dt$), a meno di infinitesimi di ordine superiore in $dt$.* L’interpretazione di $\lambda$ che ne deriva, considerata intuitiva da taluni autori [@chiu2013], è la seguente: suddividendo ciascuno degli intervalli $t_i\,$, introdotti nella sez. \[sez\_2\], in $n_i$ intervallini equiestesi di grandezza $\tau$ piccola a piacere, si può esprimere l’eq. \[eq\_1\] come $$\lim\limits_{\substack{n\to\infty\\\tau\to 0}}\frac{x/n}{\tau}=\lambda\,,$$ dove il rapporto $x/n\,$ al numeratore, in virtù dell’assioma 3, diventa $$\frac{x}{n}=\frac{(\text{intervallini in cui si è verificato un evento})}{(\text{intervallini totali})};$$ questo rapporto, passando al limite per $n\to\infty,\,\tau\to 0\,$, si può interpretare come la probabilità infinitesimale $dp$ dell’evento nell’intervallo infinitesimale $dt$, e la corrispondente densità sarà data da $$\label{eq_4} \frac{dp}{dt}=\lambda\,.$$ Il tasso $\lambda$ assume nell’eq. \[eq\_4\] anche il significato di “intensità” (che in contesti più generali può riuscire funzione di $t$) e rappresenta la “probabilità per unità di tempo per evento” (coincidente con la densità di probabilità nel caso unidimensionale): ad es., è la probabilità che una particella che si muove a caso all’interno di un recipiente in cui sono praticati dei piccoli fori trovi una via di fuga in un tempo dato [@aloisi2018]. Dalla sua relazione con il valore atteso $\mu=\lambda \,t\,$, introdotta nella sez. \[sez\_2\], si vede che, quando $\mu=1$, $\lambda$ è l’inverso di un tempo caratteristico e il suo inverso $\lambda^{-1}$, a sua volta, è il tempo tra due eventi consecutivi (tempo di interarrivo)[^3], o il tempo di fuga della particella nell’esempio fatto. La costanza di $\lambda$ rende la densità di probabilità indipendente dalla posizione dell’evento nell’intervallo di osservazione, come esige l’assioma 4, sicché sarà sempre possibile scegliere indipendentemente $x$ punti $t_1, \,t_2, \,\cdots, \,t_x$ in un intervallo $\interval({0,t}]$ in modo che, in media, gli eventi siano uniformemente distribuiti su $\interval({0,t}]$. Per semplicità (e per comodità) considereremo nel seguito l’eq. \[eq\_4\] e l’assioma 4 equivalenti, o intercambiabili. Supponendo che nel tempo $t$ siano accaduti $x$ eventi in $x$ punti distinti della linea temporale, ciascuno con densità condizionale costante $1/t\,$, si può dimostrare [@doob1990] che la densità condizionale di $x$ punti-evento, scelti indipendentemente, di trovarsi in $t_1, \,t_2, \,\cdots, \,t_x$ è $x\,!/t\,^x$. Torneremo su questo risultato nella sez. \[sez\_5\]. L’eq. \[eq\_4\] è talora assunta come punto di partenza per introdurre il processo di Poisson e viene usata nella derivazione diretta della poissoniana a partire dagli assiomi che lo definiscono. Ciò suggerisce che essa è una conseguenza inevitabile della “completa randomicità” insita nelle assunzioni (talvolta utilizzate in modo implicito) di indipendenza codificate in quegli assiomi [@kingman1993]. È interessante notare che facendo cadere uno o più degli assiomi 1–4 si possono caratterizzare processi stocastici più generali (ad es., rinunciando all’assioma 3 il processo risultante non ha una distribuzione poissoniana) o varianti del processo di Poisson in cui compare la funzione intensità $\lambda(t)$ (ad es., sostituendo o modificando opportunamente l’assioma 4 è possibile modulare l’intensità nel tempo) [@haight1967]. Nel seguito consideriamo soltanto processi di Poisson con $\lambda$ costante. Processi di questo tipo sono detti omogenei. Derivazione diretta della poissoniana {#sez_4} ===================================== Omettiamo la derivazione mediante il limite di Poisson, brevemente descritta all’inizio, trattandosi di un argomento assai noto che compare in molti libri di testo, sia di matematica che di fisica (v., ad es., [@reif1974]). Tralasciamo anche approcci più sofisticati, come quello della *funzione generatrice* (anche questa ottenibile a partire dagli assiomi 1–4), o ancora quello della *matrice di transizione* del processo di Poisson. Un metodo più consueto, che ugualmente omettiamo giacché adeguatamente descritto in molti libri e articoli (v., ad es., [@daboni1980]), fa uso delle equazioni differenziali–alle differenze del processo di Poisson: queste equazioni, una versione differenziale – nota anche come master equation – dell’equazione di Chapman–Kolmogorov, vengono generalmente risolte ricorsivamente. In questa sede presentiamo invece un metodo di derivazione diretta - o “esatta” - che prende le mosse dagli assiomi del processo di Poisson stazionario in una dimensione e fa uso soltanto di nozioni elementari di teoria delle probabilità. Nonostante la semplicità concettuale che lo contraddistingue, questo approccio non viene normalmente proposto nei libri di testo, con poche eccezioni[^4]. Una derivazione esatta si trova, in forma piuttosto concisa, nel volume di Bevington e Robinson [@bevington2003], che a loro volta la traggono da Orear [@orear1982]. Si può vedere anche una discussione nel forum online [`physics.stackexchange`](https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/372602) [@DanielSank]. Facciamo a questo punto una breve digressione la cui utilità diverrà chiara più avanti: Il fattoriale $x\,!$ nell’eq. \[eq\_3\] scaturisce, nel limite di Poisson, dal coefficiente binomiale $\binom{n}{x}\,{{\ext@arrow 0359\Rightarrowfill@{\substack{}}{}}}\,n^x/x\,!$, che a sua volta proviene, come noto, dall’enumerazione delle possibili combinazioni bernoulliane successo/insuccesso nel discreto (v., ad es., [@reif1974]). Nella derivazione esatta il fattoriale è invece il risultato di una integrazione nel continuo. Come vedremo meglio nella sez. \[sez\_5\], quanto si interpretano fisicamente i risultati $x\,!$ può anche essere interpretato come il fattore combinatorio che esprime le possibili disposizioni di $x$ particelle in altrettanti punti nell’intervallo $\interval({0,t}]$. La derivazione diretta procede, in linea di massima, nel modo seguente: Partendo dalla nozione di “densità di probabilità per evento”, introdotta nella sezione precedente, si suddivide l’intervallo $\interval({0,t}]$ in $n$ sottointervalli disgiunti di grandezza $\tau=t/n$ piccola a piacere, indicati con $dt_1, \,dt_2,\,\cdots, \,dt_n\,$. Si applica quindi l’eq. \[eq\_4\] (e, di riflesso, l’assioma 4) in combinazione con gli assiomi 3 (“rarità”), 1 (“indipendenza”) e, implicitamente, con il 2 (“probabilità positive”), per calcolare la densità di probabilità congiunta di $x$ eventi direttamente come prodotto delle piccolissime probabilità elementari negli intervallini in cui è stato suddiviso $\interval({0,t}]$. Probabilità di non osservare nessun evento nel tempo *t* -------------------------------------------------------- In ogni intervallino $dt_i$ ($i=1,\,2,\,\cdots,\,n)$ di $\interval({0,t}]$ la probabilità infinitesima per evento è, in virtù dell’eq. \[eq\_4\], $\lambda \,dt_i\,$. L’evento, o accadrà o non accadrà e, per l’assioma 3 di “rarità”, si può trascurare la probabilità che nell’intervallino possa accadere più di un evento. Pertanto, vi sarà una probabilità $1-\lambda \,dt_i$ che l’evento non accada. Poiché, per l’assioma 1, gli eventi nei diversi intervallini sono indipendenti, la probabilità $P(0,t,\lambda)$ che non accada nessun evento in nessun intervallino sarà quindi il $\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}$ del prodotto $$\prod_{i=1}^ n(1-\lambda \,dt_i) =(1-\frac{\lambda \,t}{n})^n=e^{n\ln(1-\lambda \,t/n)}\quad{{\ext@arrow 0359\Rightarrowfill@{(n\to\infty)}{}}}\quad e^{-\lambda \,t},$$ovvero $$\label{eq_5} P(0,t,\lambda)=e^{-\lambda \,t}.$$ Si noti che $P(0,0,\lambda)=1$ in accordo con l’assioma 2. Probabilità di un evento singolo -------------------------------- Supponiamo che l’evento accada in un intervallino $dt_i$ e non accada nient’altro nel periodo di osservazione $t$. La probabilità elementare $dP(1,t,\lambda)$ di un evento singolo è allora data dalla probabilità per evento $\lambda \,dt_i$ nell’intervallino $dt_i$ per la probabilità $P(0,t,\lambda)$, espressa dall’eq. \[eq\_5\], che non accada nessun altro evento nel tempo rimanente $t-dt_i$ (che possiamo assumere uguale a $t$ essendo $dt_i$ infinitesimo), $$dP(1,t,\lambda)=\lambda \,dt_i\times P(0,t,\lambda)\,,$$ e integrando su $dt_i$ da 0 a $t\,$, $$\label{eq_6} P(1,t,\lambda)=\lambda \,t \,P(0,t,\lambda)=\lambda \,t \,e^{-\lambda \,t}.$$ Probabilità di eventi multipli {#ss_mult} ------------------------------ Consideriamo ora la distribuzione di $x$ eventi in $\interval({0,t}]$. Supponiamo che il primo evento accada a $t_1$, il secondo a $t_2$, ecc. e che $0<t_1<t_2<\cdots<t_x\leq t\,$; si potrà allora considerare una serie di $x$ intervallini disgiunti $dt_1, \,dt_2,\,\cdots, \,dt_x$ entro i quali ricadono, rispettivamente, i punti–evento $t_1, \,t_2,\,\cdots,\,t_x$. La probabilità elementare congiunta di questi $x$ eventi $d^xP(x,t,\lambda)$ è data dal prodotto delle probabilità $\lambda \,dt_i$ per evento in ciascun intervallino della serie, per la probabilità $P(0,t,\lambda)$ che non accada nessun altro evento nel tempo rimanente (avendo nuovamente assunto $t-dt_1-dt_2-\cdots-dt_x$ uguale a $t$): $$\label{eq_7} d^xP(x,t,\lambda)=\prod_{i=1}^ x\lambda \,dt_i\times P(0,t,\lambda)=\lambda^x\,e^{-\lambda \,t}\prod_{i=1}^ xdt_i\,.$$La probabilità $P(x,t,\lambda)$ di osservare $x$ eventi nel periodo di osservazione $t$ si ottiene integrando l’elementino di probabilità $d^xP(x,t,\lambda)$ sul dominio dei possibili valori di $t_1, \,t_2,\,\cdots,\,t_x$: $$P(x,t,\lambda)=\lambda^x\,e^{-\lambda \,t}\idotsint\limits_{0<t_1<\cdots<t_x\leq t} \,dt_1 \cdots \,dt_x\,.$$ Si tratta di un integrale definito, con condizioni nei limiti, della funzione $f(t_1,\,\cdots,\,t_x)=1\,$, e rappresenta il volume di un *x*–simplesso retto regolare (talvolta anche chiamato iperottante retto), la generalizzazione a *x* dimensioni di un tetraedro trirettangolo in 3D (o di un triangolo rettangolo isoscele in 2D). Questo integrale di volume *x*–dimensionale può essere calcolato scrivendolo sotto forma di integrale multi-nidificato (o multi-iterato) e integrando step-by-step partendo dall’integrale più interno,$$\idotsint\limits_{0<t_1<\cdots<t_x\leq t} \,dt_1 \cdots \,dt_x=\int\limits_0^t dt_1\int\limits_{t_1}^t dt_2\cdots\int\limits_{t_{x-1}}^t dt_x=\int\limits_0^t dt_1\int\limits_{t_1}^t dt_2\cdots\int\limits_{t_{x-2}}^t(t-t_{x-1}) dt_{x-1}=\cdots$$ (dove ci siamo fermati dopo il primo step). Applicando ricorsivamente la regola delle potenze (e la regola della catena per i termini negativi) con il procedimento illustrato, ad es., nel forum [`math.stackexchange`](https://math.stackexchange.com/q/2553384) [@IsaacBrowne], si ottiene infine il seguente risultato (v. anche la nota \[footnote\_5\]): $$\idotsint\limits_{0<t_1<\cdots<t_x\leq t} \,dt_1 \cdots \,dt_x=\frac{t\,^x}{x\,!}$$(omettiamo per brevità la dimostrazione completa). Perciò, la probabilità di osservare $x$ eventi nel tempo $t$ è data da $$\label{eq_8} P(x,t,\lambda)=\frac{\lambda^x \,t\,^x}{x\,!}\,P(0,t,\lambda)=\frac{(\lambda\,t)\,^x\,e^{-\lambda \,t}}{x\,!},$$o, in forma più stringata, dall’eq. \[eq\_3\] sostituendo nell’eq. \[eq\_8\] il valore atteso $\mu=\lambda\,t\,$. Distribuzioni condizionali di eventi e di particelle {#sez_5} ==================================================== È immediato verificare, dalle eq.ni \[eq\_7\] e \[eq\_8\], il risultato, cui si è accennato nella sez. \[sez\_3\], sulla densità condizionale di $x$ eventi in $t_1, \,t_2, \,\cdots, \,t_x$ dati esattamente $x$ eventi nell’intervallo $\interval({0,t}]\,$, $$p(t_1, \,t_2, \,\cdots, \,t_x\mid x,t)=\frac{d^xP(x,t,\lambda)/dt_1\cdots dt_x}{P(x,t,\lambda)}=\frac{\lambda^x\,P(0,t,\lambda)}{P(x,t,\lambda)}=\frac{x\,!}{t\,^x}\,,$$ quando ciascun evento ha densità condizionale costante $1/t$ (come si vede immediatamente dalla formula precedente per il caso $x=1$). Che la distribuzione dei punti-evento sia uniforme sull’iperottante retto $0<t_1<t_2<\cdots<t_x\leq t\,$ lo si vede in modo più intuitivo esprimendo il precedente risultato come $$p(t_1, \,t_2, \,\cdots, \,t_x\mid x,t)=\frac{1}{\frac{t\,^x}{x\,!}}=\frac{1}{V_x^{oct}(t)}\,,$$ dove $V_x^{oct}(t)$ è il “volume” (generalizzato a *x* dimensioni) dell’iperottante: in 1D (linea) $V_1^{oct}(t)=t\,$, in 2D (triangolo) $V_2^{oct}(t)=\frac{t\,^2}{2}\,$, in 3D (tetraedro) $V_3^{oct}(t)=\frac{t\,^3}{6}\,$, eccetera[^5]\[footnote\_5\]. L’unità al numeratore rappresenta la probabilità condizionale di $x$ eventi in punti $t_1, \,t_2, \,\cdots, \,t_x$ dati $x$ eventi nell’intervallo $\interval({0,t}]$. Secondo un’interpretazione di taluni autori [@daley2003], apparentemente fatta propria anche da [@bevington2003] e [@orear1982], nell’ottenere questo risultato i punti sono trattati come indistinguibili eccetto per le loro posizioni. Ma in situazioni fisiche questi punti potrebbero essere le posizioni di $x$ particelle fisicamente distinguibili e il fattoriale $x\,!$ che origina in prima istanza come (inverso del) volume dell’iperottante unitario ($[V_x^{oct}(1)]^{-1}$) può essere anche interpretato come il fattore combinatorio che rappresenta il numero di modi in cui $x$ particelle distinte possono essere posizionate in $x$ punti distinti dell’intervallo considerato. Le particelle individuali devono essere allora immaginate come uniformemente e indipendentemente distribuite su $\interval({0,t}]$. Seguendo quest’interpretazione, la funzione che rappresenta la distribuzione di $x$ particelle distinte su questo intervallo verrebbe scritta come $$p(t_1, \,t_2, \,\cdots, \,t_x\mid x,t)=\frac{x\,!}{V_x^{rec}(t)}\,$$ dove ora $V_x^{rec}(t)$ è il volume dell’iperrettangolo $(0<t_1\leq t\,,\cdots\,,0<t_x\leq t)\,$, ovvero $t\,^x$. In questo senso, si può dire che le densità condizionali poissoniane di $x$ eventi uniformemente distribuiti sull’iperottante $0<t_1<t_2<\cdots<t_x\leq t\,$ corrispondono alle densità di probabilità di $x$ particelle distinte uniformemente distribuite, a caso, sull’intervallo $\interval({0,t}]$. Incidentalmente, osserviamo che sfruttando la relazione, puramente geometrica [@bengtsson2017], tra i volumi dell’iperottante e dell’iperrettangolo, $$V_x^{oct}=\frac{1}{x\,!}V_x^{rec}\,,$$ è possibile evitare il calcolo esplicito (...un po’ tedioso!) dell’integrale multiplo sull’iperottante, esprimendolo tramite un integrale separabile (sull’iperrettangolo) che può essere fattorizzato con un prodotto di integrandi indipendenti. Infatti, $$\textcolor{red}{\idotsint\limits_{\substack{0<t_1<\cdots<t_x\leq t\\(x-\texttt{ottante})}}\,dt_1 \cdots \,dt_x}=\frac{1}{x\,!}\idotsint\limits_{\substack{0<t_1\leq t\\\cdots\\0<t_x\leq t\\(x-\texttt{rettangolo})}}\,dt_1 \cdots \,dt_x=\frac{1}{x\,!}\int\limits_0^t dt_1\int\limits_0^t dt_2\,\cdots\int\limits_0^t dt_x=\textcolor{red}{\frac{1}{x\,!}\prod_{i=1}^ x\int\limits_0^t dt_i}$$ e, pertanto, $$P(x,t,\lambda)=\lambda^x\,e^{-\lambda \,t}\times\textcolor{red}{\idotsint\limits_{0<t_1<\cdots<t_x\leq t} \,dt_1 \cdots \,dt_x}=\lambda^x\,e^{-\lambda \,t}\times\textcolor{red}{\frac{1}{x\,!}\prod_{i=1}^ x\int\limits_0^t dt_i=}$$$$=\lambda^x\,e^{-\lambda \,t}\times\frac{1}{x\,!}\biggl[\int\limits_0^t dt\biggr]^x=\lambda^x\,e^{-\lambda \,t}\times\frac{1}{x\,!}t\,^x\,,$$ da cui, infine, l’eq. \[eq\_8\]. Distribuzione binomiale delle particelle in un sottointervallo {#sez_6} ============================================================== Dalle considerazioni precedenti, o direttamente dall’eq. \[eq\_8\], non è difficile verificare che il numero delle particelle in un sottointervallo di $\interval({0,t}]$ segue una distribuzione binomiale quando il numero totale delle particelle nell’intervallo $\interval({0,t}]$ è fissato. Infatti, suddividendo $\interval({0,t}]$ in $k$ sottointervalli, disgiunti tranne forse per alcuni estremi, $\Delta t_1\,,\Delta t_2\,,\cdots\;,\Delta t_k$ (non necessariamente piccoli) tali che $\Delta t_1+\cdots+\Delta t_k\leq t\,$, allora la probabilità congiunta di trovare $x_1\,,\ldots\,,x_k$ particelle uniformemente distribuite, rispettivamente, in $\Delta t_1\,,\ldots\,,\Delta t_k\,$ e trovarne $\,x_r=n-x_1-\cdots-x_k\,$ nella parte rimanente $t-\Delta t_1-\cdots-\Delta t_k\,$ è data da $$P(x_1,\,\cdots,\,x_k\,;\,x_r)=\prod_{i=1}^ k\lambda\,^{x_i}\,e^{-\lambda\,\Delta t_i}\frac{1}{x_i\,!}(\Delta t_i)\,^{x_i}\times$$ $$\times\lambda\,^{x_r}\,e^{-\lambda\,(t-\Delta t_1-\cdots-\Delta t_k)}\frac{1}{x_r\,!}(t-\Delta t_1-\cdots-\Delta t_k)\,^{x_r}\,=$$ $$=\lambda\,^{n}\,e^{-\lambda\,t}\frac{1}{{x_1}\,!\cdots\,{x_k}\,!\times x_r\,!}(\Delta t_1)\,^{x_1}\cdots(\Delta t_k)\,^{x_k}(t-\Delta t_1-\cdots-\Delta t_k)\,^{x_r}\,,$$ e la corrispondente probabilità condizionale, fissato il numero totale $n$ di particelle, da $$P(x_1,\,\cdots,\,x_k\,;\,x_r\mid n)=\frac{P(x_1,\,\cdots,\,x_k\,;\,x_r)}{P(n,t,\lambda)}=$$ $$=\frac{\cancel{\lambda\,^{n}\,e^{-\lambda\,t}}\times\frac{1}{{x_1}\,!\cdots\,{x_k}\,!\,\times\, x_r\,!}(\Delta t_1)\,^{x_1}\cdots(\Delta t_k)\,^{x_k}(t-\Delta t_1-\cdots-\Delta t_k)\,^{x_r}}{\cancel{\lambda\,^{n}\,e^{-\lambda\,t}}\times\frac{1}{n\,!}t\,^n}=$$ $$=\frac{n\,!}{{x_1}\,!\cdots\,{x_k}\,!\times x_r\,!}(\frac{\Delta t_1}{t})\,^{x_1}\cdots(\frac{\Delta t_k}{t})\,^{x_k}(1-\frac{\Delta t_1}{t}-\cdots-\frac{\Delta t_k}{t})\,^{x_r}\,,$$ dopo aver semplificato i fattori comuni e diviso numeratore e denominatore per $t\,^n$. Ora, interpretando le $p_i=\Delta t_i/t\,$, per $i=1\,,\cdots\,,k\,,$ come le probabilità di osservare le particelle individuali (che, come abbiamo visto nella sezione precedente, devono essere pensate uniformemente distribuite, a caso, su $\interval({0,t}]$), in ciascuno dei sottointervalli $\Delta t_i\,$ e la $p_r=1-\Delta t_1/t-\cdots-\Delta t_k/t\,$ come la probabilità di osservarle nella parte rimanente, si riconosce nell’espressione risultante la funzione di probabilità della distribuzione multinomiale di parametri $((p_1,\,\cdots,\,p_r),\,n)$ con $p_1+\cdots+p_r=1\,$, $$P(x_1,\,\cdots,\,x_r\mid n)=M(x_1,\,\cdots,\,x_r;\,n,\,p_1,\,\cdots,\,p_r)=\binom{n}{x_1,\dots,x_r}\prod_{i=1}^ r p_i\,^{x_i}\,,$$ dove il coefficiente multinomiale $$\binom{n}{x_1,\,\dots,\,x_r}=\frac{n\,!}{{x_1}\,!\,\cdots\,{x_r}\,!}$$ generalizza il coefficiente binomiale al numero di possibili sequenze con $x_1,\,\ldots,\,x_r$ particelle, rispettivamente, in $\Delta t_1,\,\ldots,\,t-\Delta t_1-\cdots-\Delta t_k\,$. Nel caso si consideri un unico sottointervallo $\Delta t$ ci si riduce alla funzione $$P(x,\,n-x\mid n)=B(x,n)=\binom{n}{x}p\,^x q\,^{n-x}\,,$$ con $p=\Delta t/t$ e $q=1-p=1-\Delta t/t\,$, che rappresenta la funzione di probabilità della distribuzione binomiale di $x$ di particelle nel sottointervallo $\Delta t$ fissatone il numero $n$ nel più ampio intervallo $\interval({0,t}]$. Questa equivalenza tra un processo binomiale e un processo poissoniano omogeneo, condizionato sul numero di eventi, è una conseguenza di un teorema generale di equivalenza tra processi puntuali [@schabenberger2017]. La “riscoperta” della poissoniana ================================= È interessante notare, rinviando, ad es., al testo di Last e Penrose [@last2017] per una rassegna storica più ampia, come agli inizi del Novecento sia avvenuta una serie di “riscoperte” indipendenti della poissoniana nel contesto di applicazioni pratiche. All’astronomo svedese Carl V. L. Charlier, pioniere della statistica astronomica, viene accreditata la prima derivazione dell’eq. \[eq\_8\] mediante le equazioni differenziali–alle differenze (master equation) del processo di Poisson [@charlier1905]. A destare maggiore attenzione fu però la derivazione fornita da H. Bateman, in appendice a un articolo di Rutherford e Geiger sulle fluttuazioni nel conteggio delle particelle $\alpha$ emesse da sostanze radioattive [@rutherford1910], in quanto direttamente legata a un processo fisico fondamentale. Bateman mostrò che il numero di particelle $\alpha$ emesse in periodi di tempo fissati soddisfaceva a un semplice insieme di equazioni differenziali le cui soluzioni erano le probabilità di Poisson [@bateman1910]. Il metodo di Bateman ha avuto largo seguito in sviluppi successivi (v., ad es., [@hughes1939]), ma è bene precisare che l’applicazione della statistica poissoniana nella descrizione del decadimento radioattivo è solo un’approssimazione, che può funzionare più o meno bene a seconda delle situazioni sperimentali [@sitek2015]. Passando ad altri campi della scienza, troviamo applicazioni molto note, come la classica analisi di Erlang del traffico telefonico [@erlang1909], accanto ad altre meno note, come le ricerche in campo sanitario di A. G. McKendrick, ufficiale medico dell’armata britannica in India. Nei suoi primi due articoli compare la derivazione della poissoniana mediante la master equation e, a testimonianza della versatilità di questo metodo (...e di questo studioso!), l’applicazione al conteggio delle cellule nella fagocitosi leucocitaria [@mckendrick1914a; @mckendrick1914b], alle collisioni molecolari di un gas [@mckendrick1914a] e alle reazioni chimiche monomolecolari [@mckendrick1914a]. Gli esempi potrebbero essere numerosi, ma il punto che vogliamo evidenziare è che, indipendentemente dal particolare trattamento matematico, l’approccio assiomatico (insieme con l’eq. \[eq\_4\]) che abbiamo discusso nella sez. \[sez\_3\] si rivela particolarmente fecondo nelle applicazioni modellabili con processi poissoniani: se, nella situazione concreta, possiamo essere sicuri che ricorrono gli assiomi 1–4 (o loro controparti spazio-temporali), allora ne segue necessariamente l’eq. \[eq\_8\] (o la \[eq\_3\]) e la statistica è poissoniana. Vedremo una esemplificazione di questo metodo nella prossima sezione. Applicazione al gas perfetto classico ===================================== Come esempio di applicazione dell’approccio assiomatico consideriamo il seguente problema: *dimostrare che la probabilità di trovare $n$ particelle in una data regione di volume $v$ all’interno di un volume più ampio $V$ (un “serbatoio”) di un gas perfetto a temperatura $T$ è data dalla poissoniana $$p_n=\frac{\bar{n}^ne^{-\bar{n}}}{n\,!}$$ dove $\bar{n}$ è il numero medio di particelle nel volume $v$.* Dato che il numero di particelle nel volume interno è variabile per effetto degli scambi (in equilibrio) con il serbatoio a temperatura costante, il problema può essere risolto con i metodi della meccanica statistica tramite la funzione di partizione gran canonica [@mandl1971]. In alternativa, si può dimostrare che il conteggio del numero di particelle nel volume dato è modellabile con un processo poissoniano, ovvero che gli assiomi 1–4 (o, meglio, una loro controparte tridimensionale) sono applicabili al sistema in esame. Il processo di Poisson in 3 dimensioni -------------------------------------- Nel caso di un processo di Poisson omogeneo in 3 dimensioni, con $n$ in luogo di $x$ e $v$ in luogo di $t\,$, in cui il numero di particelle evolve man mano che il conteggio viene esteso a regioni sempre più ampie, gli assiomi da noi scelti potrebbero assumere la forma seguente: 1. **Il n. di particelle $n(v)$ evolve per incrementi indipendenti (“ipotesi di indipendenza”)**. 2. **Per ogni $v>0$, vale la condizione “i. delle probabilità positive”) $0<P[n(v)>0]<1$**.\ Ossia, in parole, in ogni regione c’è una probabilità positiva, ma non la certezza, di trovare almeno una particella. Il caso $n=0$ (regione vuota) ha convenzionalmente probabilità 1 per un volume nullo: $P[n(0)=0]=1\,$(assioma 0). Nell’intervallo semiaperto $\interval({0,v}]$ vale, inoltre, la condizione $0<P[n(v)=0]<1\,$, ovvero, c’è anche una probabilità positiva che una regione finita sia vuota. 3. **Per ogni $v\geq 0\,$, vale la condizione (“i. di rarità”) $\lim\limits_{\nu\to 0}\frac{P[n(v+\nu)-n(v)\geq 2]}{P[n(v+\nu)-n(v)=1]}=0\,$**.\ Cioè, in regioni sufficientemente piccole si può trovare, al più, una particella. In altre parole, non è possibile che più particelle si trovino esattamente nello stesso punto: ogni particella avrà intorno a sé dello spazio vuoto. Questa proprietà di isolamento garantisce che se in una regione sufficientemente piccola si è trovata una particella, la probabilità condizionale di trovare una seconda o più particelle è trascurabile. 4. **il n. di particelle $n(v)$ evolve per incrementi stazionari (“i. di equidistribuzione”)**, che significa, in ultima analisi, che ciascuna particella di gas è uniformemente distribuita in $V$ indipendentemente dalle restanti particelle. Per verificare l’applicabilità degli assiomi i–iv è cruciale la definizione di gas perfetto: è essenziale che le molecole di gas si muovano pressoché liberamente nello spazio (assioma i), che siano abbastanza separate le une dalle altre (assioma iii), che interagiscano tra loro molto debolmente[^6] (assioma iv). L’eq. \[eq\_4\] nella sez. \[sez\_3\] ha la propria controparte tridimensionale in $$\label{eq_9} \frac{dp}{dv}=\lambda\,.$$ Fluttuazioni di Poisson ----------------------- La distribuzione tridimensionale delle particelle si può a questo punto ricavare ripercorrendo, *mutatis mutandis*, tutti passaggi della derivazione diretta della poissoniana fatta nella sez. \[sez\_4\], ma con una avvertenza: a differenza degli eventi sulla linea temporale, non esiste un ordinamento naturale per le particelle nello spazio tridimensionale. Possiamo però immaginare la regione di interesse come un “cilindro” di sezione variabile $s(t)$ e volume $v=\int_0^t s(t)\,dt\,$, suddiviso in “dischi” paralleli di spessore infinitesimo, tali che la probabilità che in un disco si trovi più di una particella (supposta puntiforme) sia trascurabile (come esige l’assioma iii). Ciascun disco avrà un volume infinitesimo $dv=s(t)\,dt\,$. Supponiamo, inoltre, che le particelle si trovino in $n$ di questi dischi, posizionati lungo l’“asse” del cilindro nei punti $t_1,\ldots,t_n\,$ con $0<t_1<\cdots<t_n\leq t\,$. Avremo, allora, una relazione tra le posizioni delle particelle corrispondente all’ordinamento dei punti–evento sulla linea temporale e potremo integrare come nella sez. \[sez\_5\] (la dimostrazione è omessa)[^7]: $$\textcolor{red}{\idotsint\limits_{\substack{0<t_1<\cdots<t_n\leq t\\(n-\texttt{ottante})}}\,s(t)\,dt_1 \cdots \,s(t)\,dt_n}=\frac{1}{n\,!}\idotsint\limits_{\substack{0<t_1\leq t\\\cdots\\0<t_n\leq t\\(n-\texttt{rettangolo})}}\,s(t)\,dt_1 \cdots \,s(t)\,dt_n=$$ $$=\frac{1}{n\,!}\int\limits_0^t s(t)\,dt_1\int\limits_0^t s(t)\,dt_2\,\cdots\int\limits_0^t s(t)\,dt_n=\textcolor{red}{\frac{1}{n\,!}\prod_{i=1}^ n\int\limits_0^t s(t)\,dt_i}=\frac{1}{n\,!}\biggl[\int\limits_0^t s(t)\,dt\biggr]^n=\frac{1}{n\,!}v\,^n\,.$$ Otterremo, infine, come controparte dell’eq. \[eq\_8\], la seguente: $$\label{eq_10} p_n=\frac{(\lambda\,v)\,^n\, e^{-\lambda \,v}}{n\,!}\,.$$ Limite di Poisson in meccanica statistica ----------------------------------------- In modo equivalente, poiché il numero $N$ di molecole del volume grande $V\,$ è fisso e le particelle sono individualmente distinguibili (caso classico), si possono applicare i risultati della sez. \[sez\_6\] sulla distribuzione binomiale delle particelle in un sottointervallo e scrivere $$P(n,\,N-n\mid N)=B(n,N)=\binom{N}{n}p\,^n q\,^{N-n}\,,$$ con $p=v/V$ e $q=1-p=1-v/V\,$, che rappresenta la funzione di probabilità della distribuzione binomiale del numero $n$ di particelle nel volume $v$ fissatone il numero $N$ nel più ampio volume $V$. Come usuale in meccanica statistica, si assume che $V$ e $N\,$ tendano all’infinito in modo tale che la densità numerica delle particelle rimanga finita, $\frac{N}{V}\,{{\ext@arrow 0359\Rightarrowfill@{\substack{}}{}}}\,\lambda>0\, $ per ${\,V\to\infty\,,\,N\to\infty}$. Questa condizione viene talvolta chiamata limite termodinamico. Un’applicazione rigorosa del limite di Poisson in meccanica statistica, con una generalizzazione a dimensioni superiori, si può trovare nel bel volume di Sinai [@sinai1992]. Si può verificare abbastanza agevolmente (ne omettiamo la dimostrazione dettagliata) che eseguendo il passaggio al limite si ottiene $$p_n=\binom{N}{n}(\frac{v}{V})\,^n (1-\frac{v}{V})\,^{N-n}\,{{\ext@arrow 0359\Rightarrowfill@{(V,N\to\infty)}{}}}\,\frac{1}{n\,!}(\frac{Nv}{V})\,^ne^{-\frac{Nv}{V}}\,{{\ext@arrow 0359\Rightarrowfill@{(V,N\to\infty)}{}}}\,\frac{1}{n\,!}(\lambda v)\,^ne^{-\lambda v}\,,$$ cioè, l’eq. \[eq\_10\], che è la poissoniana con parametro $\bar{n}=\lambda v\,$. I risultati delle due ultime sottosezioni sono generalizzabili a regioni con un numero arbitrario di dimensioni spaziali [@sinai1992]. Considerazioni conclusive ========================= Il metodo di derivazione della poissoniana dal processo stocastico sottostante proposto in questo articolo si caratterizza, rispetto ad altri approcci indipendenti, per una maggiore semplicità, non richiedendo l’uso di equazioni differenziali e la loro soluzione, né presupponendo altre conoscenze avanzate di matematica e di statistica. È sufficiente l’applicazione diretta di alcuni risultati elementari di teoria delle probabilità e di un piccolo numero di assiomi, il che rende il metodo applicabile a un’ampia varietà di problemi. In conclusione, da questo approccio il docente potrà trarre qualche spunto per una presentazione introduttiva della teoria delle probabilità a un livello proponibile, con le dovute cautele, in una classe liceale. [9]{} [^1]: C’è una certa ambiguità dei termini: i fisici li usano talvolta come sinonimi, i matematici preferiscono parlare di funzione di distribuzione (o ripartizione) quando si riferiscono alle probabilità cumulate. Qui seguiremo l’uso dei fisici. [^2]: Con questo termine si indica un particolare processo stocastico che fornisce, con opportune varianti, il modello matematico di moltissimi fenomeni fisici, sociali e demografici caratterizzati da eventi che si susseguono nel tempo in modo aleatorio. [^3]: Per brevità viene omessa la trattazione dei tempi di interarrivo (o distanze tra eventi consecutivi) e della loro distribuzione. [^4]: Fa eccezione, ad es., Yost [@yost1985], che fornisce gli enunciati degli assiomi (una variante di quelli da noi scelti) ma omette la dimostrazione dettagliata. [^5]: L’interpretazione geometrica di questo risultato può essere resa più evidente esprimendo, in maniera alternativa all’eq. \[eq\_7\], la probabilità congiunta mediante la formula ricorsiva$$P(x+1;\mu)=\int\limits_{0}^\mu P(x;\mu')\,d\mu'\,P(0;\mu-\mu')=\int\limits_{0}^\mu P(x;\mu')\,e^{-(\mu-\mu')}\,d\mu'=e^{-\mu}\int\limits_{0}^\mu P(x;\mu')\,e^{\mu'}\,d\mu'$$ (dove $\mu=\lambda\, t$, $\mu'=\lambda\, t'$ e $t'$ è un qualche punto sulla linea temporale che si lascia a sinistra $x$ punti-evento nell’intervallo $\interval({0,t}]$), che può essere ottenuta come soluzione analitica delle equazioni di Kolmogorov [@logan2009] o direttamente dagli assiomi 1–4. Definendo allora $V_x^{oct}(\mu)\equiv P(x;\mu)\,e^{\mu}$ e tenendo conto che $V_1^{oct}(\mu)=\mu\,$, l’integrale più a destra diventa $$V_{x+1}^{oct}(\mu)=\int\limits_{0}^\mu V_{x}^{oct}(\mu')\,d\mu'\,,$$ di immediato significato geometrico, da cui è facile ricavare per iterazione $$V_{x}^{oct}(\mu)=\frac{[V_1^{oct}(\mu)]^x}{x\,!}=\frac{\mu^x}{x\,!}\,.$$ [^6]: Più precisamente, che l’energia d’interazione sia trascurabile rispetto all’energia cinetica. [^7]: In alternativa si può utilizzare l’integrale della nota \[footnote\_5\], nella forma $$p_{n+1}(\mu)=e^{-\mu}\int\limits_0^\mu p_n(\mu')\,e^{\mu'}\,d\mu'$$ dove ora $\mu=\lambda\, v$, $\mu'=\lambda\, v'$ e $v'$ è (il volume di) una qualche sottoregione che racchiude $n$ particelle nella più ampia regione $v$. Avremo allora $V_n^{oct}(\mu)\equiv p_n(\mu)\,e^\mu\,$, $$V_{n+1}^{oct}(\mu)=\int\limits_0^\mu V_n^{oct}(\mu')\,d\mu'\,,$$ e infine $$V_n^{oct}(\mu)=\frac{\mu^n}{n\,!}\,.$$ | Mid | [
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Q: Buttons: Change value by ID in Ember.js I‘m trying to have a set of buttons in an {{#each}}<button>...</button>{{/each}} block, and to get the target values by an ID of the model ... Let’s say there is a controller with model and action: export default Ember.Component.extend({ Texts: [ {id: "1", name: "One", sample: "Hello!"}, {id: "2", name: "Two", sample: "Hello! Hello!"}, {id: "3", name: "Three", sample: "Hello! Hello! Hello! "}, ], theText: "Test", actions: { setText: function(id) { var theText= this.get('Texts.sample', id); this.set('theText'); console.log(theText); } }); and this in the template: {{#each Texts as |Text|}} <button {{action "setText" Text.id}}>{{Text.name}}</button> {{/each}} <span>{{theText}}</span> ... this is my idea, but all I get is an undefined ... A: Define array properties in init method. Use findBy method to get matching id row. export default Ember.Component.extend({ Texts: undefined, theText: "Test", init() { this._super(...arguments); this.set('Texts', [ { id: "1", name: "One", sample: "Hello!" }, { id: "2", name: "Two", sample: "Hello! Hello!" }, { id: "3", name: "Three", sample: "Hello! Hello! Hello! " }, ]); }, actions: { setText: function(id) { let result = this.get('Texts').findBy('id', id); this.set('theText', result.sample); console.log(result); } } }); | Mid | [
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Background ========== Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death in western countries, and accounts for 33.3% of the total deaths registered in Spain in 2004 \[[@B1]\]. Control of cardiovascular risk factors is imperative for reducing the morbidity and mortality of the population \[[@B2]\]. One of these risk factors is hypercholesterolaemia, which affects 20% of the Spanish population when considering cholesterol levels of ≥ 250 mg/dl, and 50-69% if we consider levels of ≥ 200 mg/dl \[[@B3],[@B4]\]. A linear relationship between relative cardiovascular risk and cholesterol levels in the range of 155 to 310 mg/dL \[[@B5],[@B6]\], and a continuous, gradual relationship between high cholesterol levels and major cardiovascular risk \[[@B7],[@B8]\] have been demonstrated. The search for a better control of cholesterol levels has instigated numerous studies. Dietary recommendations for reducing cardiovascular diseases have been focussed on the change or reduction in fat or cholesterol intake \[[@B9]\]. One of the strategies for obtaining a tailor-made diet for this disease is the use of foods that contain plant stanols and sterols, which reduce cholesterol absorption \[[@B10]\]. Incorporating plant sterols into the daily diet can lower lipid levels to a similar extent as statins can, in primary prevention \[[@B11]\]. The generic term \"functional foods\" has been used for all natural or processed food products that provide a benefit beyond smell, flavour, texture or nutrition, and that affect physiological functions in a measurable way in terms of disease prevention or health promotion \[[@B12],[@B13]\]. To definitely confirm the functionality of foods, long term clinical studies must demonstrate that their regular consumption has a clear preventive effect on disease development. There are few controlled studies that demonstrate the beneficial effect of the regular consumption of one complete food \[[@B14]\]. The term phytosterols covers both plant sterols and stanols \[[@B15]\]. They are plant components with a structure similar to cholesterol \[[@B16]\], although they are more poorly absorbed by the intestine. They are classified into different groups depending on their structure and biosynthesis \[[@B17]\]. Their exact mechanism of action and cholesterol lowering properties are not known, but, because their structure is similar to that of cholesterol, they compete for solubilization in the micelles and therefore inhibit intestinal absorption of both dietary and endogenous cholesterol \[[@B18]\]. They are present in vegetable oils as regular food, although they are also available as additives in certain foods such as margarine or yoghurt to obtain a lipid-lowering effect \[[@B19]\]. The regular daily intake of phytosterols ranges from 150-350 mg. A daily dose of at least 1.5 to 3 g/day has been calculated as being the amount needed to achieve a 10-15% reduction in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol). The cholesterol lowering effect appears to level off at higher doses and no significant benefits are obtained \[[@B20]\]. Several studies have demonstrated a reduction in serum total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol with the intake of foods containing stanols and sterols \[[@B21]-[@B23]\]. The use of sterols combined with statins \[[@B24]\] and fibrates \[[@B25]\] has an added affect on lowering blood cholesterol levels. The favourable effect of triple therapy (statins, sterols and cholestyramine) on cholesterol reduction has also been evaluated \[[@B26]\]. Therefore, sterols can also be useful in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, which requires a greater reduction in LDL-cholesterol. A meta-analysis of 41 trials with different enriched food products showed that the most recommendable daily intake of phytosterols is 2 g and that this dose reduces LDL-cholesterol by 10% \[[@B27]\]. A dose dependent response relation of up to a dose of 2 g of plant sterol or stanol a day with a reduction in LDL-cholesterol of 15 to 20 mg has also been reported \[[@B28]\]. However, no effect on high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) or triglycerides was found. Different studies have been conducted on this subject, although very few are long term and with a large number of patients. Mensik et al. \[[@B29]\] performed a controlled trial with 60 patients who consumed low-fat yoghurt enriched with plant stanol esters and observed a decrease in LDL-cholesterol of around 14%, although the dose was higher than 3 g of stanol. Similar results were obtained with margarine in another trial with only 34 patients for 4 weeks \[[@B20]\], in which a daily dose of approximately 2 g reduced LDL-cholesterol by 12% of the initial values. In a longer term study \[[@B30]\], in healthy subjects and patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia treated with statins and sterols, it was observed that the cholesterol-lowering effect was maintained for 2 months. Other studies have determined that the intake of plant sterols in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 g/day lowers LDL-cholesterol levels by 8.5-10% \[[@B27]\]. However, the efficacy of new formulations to improve the solubility of plant sterols and their effects on lipid reduction, as well as the optimal frequency of their consumption throughout the day, has not yet been investigated. The first studies on the action of phytosterols indicated that in order to optimise their effect they should be taken together with cholesterol-containing food \[[@B31]\]. In the year 2000 a study demonstrated that 2.5 g of plant stanols taken once a day was just as efficacious as the same daily amount divided over 3 meals \[[@B32]\]. The interest in finding new, effective strategies to lower cholesterol and the evidence given above has led several entities to include the consumption of these products in their stepped treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. The dietary recommendations of the USA National Cholesterol Education Programme \[[@B33],[@B34]\] include the consumption of 2-3 g/day of phytostanols. Also the American Heart Association (AHA) \[[@B35]\] recommends foods containing stanol esters for adult patients who need to lower their LDL-cholesterol levels, both in primary and secondary prevention. The AHA considers stanols as a good therapeutic option, in addition to diet and lifestyle changes, for individuals with high LDL-cholesterol levels \[[@B36]\]. This association recommends a daily intake of 2 g of sterols. Several studies point that there are no significant side effects with the intake of sterols and stanols \[[@B28],[@B37],[@B38]\]. However, it is recommended that the daily phytosterol intake should not exceed 8.6 g/d, as there is a lack of information on the effects of higher intake levels \[[@B39]\]. Phytosterols are therefore considered safe and effective for use as functional food ingredients \[[@B40],[@B41]\]. On the other hand, some studies have described changes in plasma anti-oxidant concentrations \[[@B32],[@B42]\] and a lower absorption of beta carotenes associated to the consumption of phytosterols has been reported \[[@B43]\], although the bioavailability of liposoluble vitamins A, D and E did not appear to be significantly changed. To minimise the possible decrease in plasma carotene levels associated to the consumption of sterols or stanols, the daily diet should include vegetables and fruits \[[@B44]\]. The possible implications for health are considered to be minimal and adverse results are not expected \[[@B32]\]. However, a conservative attitude is recommendable when prescribing for pregnant women, breast-feeding infants and small children. In the European Union, the Scientific Committee on Food has authorised the marketing of phytosterol-enriched margarines, considering their use at levels of up to 8% of free phytosterols, equivalent to 14% of esterified phytosterol, per 100 g of margarine is safe for human use \[[@B45]\]. Although there are some data on the possible atherogenic effect of the phytosterols \[[@B46],[@B47]\], different studies conducted in animal models and humans have demonstrated a reduction in the atheromatous plaque after the administration of plant sterols \[[@B48],[@B49]\]. In animals a decrease in the half life of erythrocytes and an increase in their fragility \[[@B50],[@B51]\] have been observed. The implications of these animal studies for humans are unknown, although De Jong et al. \[[@B52]\] did not observe any changes in the osmotic fragility of the erythrocyte membranes after phytosterol consumption. Furthermore, in the studies included in the meta-analysis by Moruisi et al. \[[@B41]\] only minor digestive side effects were reported that were not confirmed in other studies \[[@B53]\]. In this respect it would also be advantageous to have results of longer term studies. Most studies on the efficacy of phytosterols have been conducted outside Spain, very probably in populations with life-styles and dietary habits different from those of the Spanish population \[[@B37]\]. This justifies the need to conduct further studies in a Spanish population; especially if we consider that the studies conducted so far included few participants and had a follow-up period of only a few weeks. Rigorous studies are needed that accurately quantify the magnitude of the effects of phytosterols and their interaction with other components of an individual\'s diet and life-style habits. Stanols can play an important role in the use of diet as a therapeutic measure. The importance of diet as a therapeutic measure has been recognised for some time (National Cholesterol Education Program Adults Treatment Panel III -NCEP-ATP III-) and has been extensively confirmed by experimental studies in humans \[[@B54]\]. Since the introduction of statins, dietary therapy has received less attention, but the growing concern for the elevated pharmaceutical cost has led to proposals for new alternatives for subjects with high cholesterol levels. It would be useful to determine to what extent combining a lipid-lowering diet with the consumption of sterols would avoid or reduce pharmacological treatment in patients with mild or moderate hypercholesterolaemia. It has been determined \[[@B55]\] that some persons with high cardiovascular risk could avoid the need for medication to lower their cholesterol levels if they made appropriate changes to their diet. It has been demonstrated that plant sterols and stanols lower such levels, but it is not known if their consumption, as part of a low-fat diet, would provide any clinically significant additional benefit, reducing the frequency of cardiovascular events. It is appropriate, therefore, to conduct controlled studies to determine the efficacy of plant sterols and stanols in persons with high cholesterol levels (primary prevention). Studies such as the one we propose should determine if plant stanols lower the lipid profile and consequently reduce cardiovascular risk. In accordance with the recommendations of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence of 2008 \[[@B55]\], we will consider a follow up period of 2 years. Study objectives ---------------- The general objective of our study is to determine the efficacy of the intake of 2 g a day of plant sterol esters in lowering LDL-cholesterol in patients diagnosed with hypercholesterolaemia. The specific objectives are: 1) to quantify the effect of the daily intake of plant sterol esters in lowering LDL-cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolaemia at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months; 2) to quantify the effect of the daily intake of plant sterol esters in lowering total cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolaemia at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months; 3) to quantify the effect of the daily intake of plant sterol esters in reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with hypercholesterolaemia at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months; 4) to evaluate the occurrence of adverse effects of the daily intake of plant sterol esters; 5) to identify the factors that determine a greater reduction in lipid levels in subjects receiving plant sterol ester supplements, related to the patient\'s health, dietary habits and socio-demographic variables. Methods/Design ============== Design ------ Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental trial to determine the efficacy of plant sterol esters as dietary supplement in reducing lipids. Study setting and subjects -------------------------- Patients diagnosed with hypercholesterolaemia will be recruited from 9 family doctors\' surgeries at 3 healthcare centres in the health care area of Albacete, Spain. The inclusion criteria are: a) subjects diagnosed with limit hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol 200-249 mg/dl) or defined hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol equal to or above 250 mg/dl) who have LDL-cholesterol levels equal to or above 130 mg/dl, b) subjects aged 18 years or over attending the participating health centres, c) subjects who give their consent to participate after being informed of the study objectives. The exclusion criteria are: a) known hypersensitivity to sterol esters or to the other components of the food that contains them (liquid yoghurt), b) contraindication for treatment with sterol esters or any of the components of the food, c) physical disability that hinders collaboration, d) significant chronic organic or psychiatric disease, e) not obtaining informed consent. Sample size ----------- To obtain a 90% statistical power with an alpha error of 0.05 (bilateral hypothesis). The effect to be demonstrated is based on the following: \- The expected mean value of LDL-cholesterol in the patients included in the study is 157 mg/dl ± 30 SD (value obtained in previous studies conducted in a Spanish population). \- To demonstrate an effect of a 10% reduction in LDL-cholesterol in patients who receive the supplements, 152 subjects are needed (76 in the active group and 76 in the placebo group). Assuming a 20% loss to follow up, 182 subjects will need to be selected and will be distributed equally between the two groups in order to obtain the maximum statistical power. The recruitment period will be from January 2010 to September 2010. Formation of groups and blinding -------------------------------- The subjects will be randomly and equiprobably assigned to the experimental or the control group. The randomization will be generated by computer, with random numbers following a size 4 block system (ensures heterogeneity of the diet supplement administered in the consecutive patient groups, ensuring that in each interval exists a similar number of patients in each group). Randomisation will be done centrally. The containers of yoghurt (with or without the plant sterol ester supplement) will be given to the patients in a blinded manner. To protect the blinding, the container of the placebo and test product will be exactly the same. To ensure objectivity in the interpretation of the results, the study will be conducted in a blinded manner for the patients, investigators and data analysts. The placebo and the active product will be identical in appearance and will be identified by a code, the assignment of which will be unknown by the patients and the investigators. Intervention ------------ The administration of a dairy product in the form of liquid yoghurt, marketed in Spain, that contains 2 g per container of plant stanol esters: sitostanol and campestanol (AHA recommended dose - 1.5 to 3 g). The enriched product and the placebo will have the same characteristics (composition and outward appearance), but the placebo will not contain stanol esters. The dose will be one container a day, after the main meal, for 24 months. The participants may continue with their previously prescribed lipid-lowering treatment and new treatment needed for this disease or for other diseases. Composition per container: proteins 1.8 g, carbohydrates 9.8 g, fat (except stanol) 1.4 g, plant stanol 2 g, vitamin B6 0.6 mg, folic acid 60 mg. The control group will receive one unit a day of yoghurt not supplemented with stanol esters that has a similar appearance to the enriched yoghurt. Follow-up --------- The subjects will be followed-up for two years. \- Selection: patients who meet the inclusion criteria will be asked to participate in the study. After giving their informed consent they will be given an appointment for the initial visit and for the analytical tests. \- Initial visit: the participant will be randomised to one of the two groups. Their medical history will be taken and they will be given a physical examination. The corresponding dairy product will be dispensed (the following doses will be dispensed according to their expiry date). At this visit a lipid-lowering diet will be recommended to all the participants. \- Follow-up visits: at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, the physical examination and analytical test parameters will be recorded. The cardiovascular risk will be calculated and possible adverse effects and compliance or adherence to the food supplied will be recorded. The study will be finalised for the patient in the following circumstances: completed follow-up period (2 years), death, violation of the protocol, adverse event, intercurrent disease that makes it impossible to ingest food and patient abandons study or withdraws consent. Primary variables and measuring methods --------------------------------------- ### Primary variable -Change in lipid profile at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Lipid levels will be measured in both plasma and capillary blood at the initial visit. The validity of the capillary blood lipid levels can be checked with the Cardiochek analyser (by total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride strips, and subsequent calculation of LDL-cholesterol using the Friedewald formula). The measurements at 3, 12 and 24 months will be in plasma. At 1, 6 and 18 months they will only be in capillary blood. ### Secondary variables -Change in cardiovascular risk at the follow-up visits. Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) and Gerona Heart Register (REGICOR) tables will be used for the evaluation. -Adherence to the dairy product (liquid yoghurt) by self-report and Morisky-Green scale, which determines the degree of coincidence between the patient\'s behaviour and the doctor\'s advice (a non-complier is one who answers one of the four questions of the scale inappropriately). -Adverse events. Considered as any undesirable event in any patient included in the study, even though it does not have a causal relation with the product. Known adverse events of phytosterols in the diet at the proposed doses: occasionally mild digestive alterations. -Adherence to the dietary recommendations: 5-point Likert scale. -Frequency of food intake using the CDC-FFQ questionnaire, validated in Spain (Aguirre, 2008) considered appropriate to classify the subjects according to their intake of food and nutrients. -Occurrence of cardiovascular events during the follow-up period: ischaemic heart disease, atherothrombotic cerebrovascular disease, heart failure and peripheral artery disease. -Weight, height, body mass index (BMI): classification of subjects according to degree of obesity. -Physical activity: amount of aerobic exercise (\"active\" if performs aerobic exercise for 30 minutes or more, three or more times a week, \"partially active\" if exercises with less frequency and for less time that this and \"inactive\" when does not perform any type of exercise). -Smoking habit: considered smoker if answers yes to the question \"do you smoke?\" -Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (two measurements): the result will be the mean of the two measurements. -Health problems (WONCA ICPC-2). -Whether taking lipid-lowering pharmacological treatment. -Socio-demographic data: age, gender, marital status, educational level and social class based on occupation (National Classification of Occupations). Statistical analysis -------------------- ### Test of the hypothesis The null hypothesis establishes that there is no relationship between the decrease in blood LDL-cholesterol levels and the consumption of stanol ester enriched liquid yoghurt. The alternative hypothesis establishes a relationship between such consumption and the incidence of the primary variable. ### Efficacy analysis After the prior stages of data purification, exploratory analysis and categorisation or transformation of variables, the following were performed: -Comparison of the variables of interest and the stratification and potentially confounding variables in both groups at the start of the study. Although we used a random assignment system, we checked that the baseline values of the study variables were uniform over the two groups. -Classification of the subjects of the two groups into different LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol reduction levels. A baseline raw analysis will be performed to evaluate the following parameters and their 95% confidence intervals: ABI (absolute benefit increase), RBI (relative benefit increase) and NNT (number needed to treat). A stratified analysis will be performed adjusted for each independent variable. -The incidence of the endpoint variables in the two groups will be described and compared at each follow-up period (comparison of means using Student\'s t tests or Mann-Witney U test, depending on the distribution of the variables). The Friedman test will be used to compare the changes in lipid profile throughout the study in each of the groups. -The effect of the dairy product on total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels will be determined, adjusted for changes in adherence to the prescribed regimen (linear models generalised for repeated means). -The convergent validity of the capillary blood measurements compared to the plasma measurements will be analysed through intraclass correlation. The analysis will be an intention to treat analysis including all randomised patients in the efficacy analysis, according to their group and regardless of the treatment received. A per-protocol analysis will also be performed for the primary variables. Intermediate analyses will be performed to decide if the study should be prematurely terminated in the event of frequent adverse effects or a clear improvement in the test group (see Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} for the study flow chart). {#F1} Ethics Approval --------------- This project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universitary Hospital of Albacete on May 27, 2009 Discussion ========== The results of this study will provide valuable information on the efficacy of plant sterol ester supplements in preventing cardiovascular disease by lowering plasma cholesterol levels and consequently cardiovascular risk. If this supplement were effective a sounder recommendation for the consumption of plant sterols in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia could be made. Possible limitations of the study - using a randomisation procedure reduces the risk of selection bias as the investigator will not assign treatment and any factor that effects participation will be balanced in the two groups. Confounding will also be reduced as randomisation tends to divide the determinant factors, which influence the final result, equally between the two groups. However, bias could exist on collecting information due to the regression towards the mean effect or tendency of the continuous variables towards the mean in successive measurements, applicable to the analytical results. There is also a possible risk of differential loss to follow up between the two groups, due to the length of the study and also to the placebo effect which could contribute to the patients abandoning the study because they consider that the treatment provided is not having any effect. The study protocol has been evaluated and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Albacete Health Area on 23rd April, 2009. During the performance of the study the following ethical principles will be respected: voluntary participation with consent of the patient, guarantee of anonymity in the information provided by the patient, data provided by the patient exclusively restricted to use in the proposed study. The investigators will ensure that the study is conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki and with legislation in effect (Royal Decree 223/2004) and the New Code of Medical Ethics of the Spanish Medical Association. The study will fully comply with Good Clinical Practice principles. Finally, for the development of this project the following principles have been considered: 1) data on the dairy product are sufficient to guarantee that the risk to the study participants is acceptable; 2) the objectives of the study will probably provide further knowledge of the topic to be studied; 3) the available information warrants the performance of this study and its potential risk to the participants. Conflicting interests ===================== The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors\' contributions ======================= IP and JL-T are the principal investigators responsible for the development of the project and writing the protocol. JL-T was responsible for the study design, estimation of the sample size and the statistical analyses. FA, BN JC, MG-R, PG, ALl, JP and JR have contributed to the description of the background, the general design and the definition of the different study variables and their adaptation to the various computerised clinical recording systems. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the protocol. Pre-publication history ======================= The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here: <http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/73/prepub> Acknowledgements ================ This study has received financial help from the Foundation for Healthcare Research in Castilla-La Mancha. Resolution dated 23 December 2009: reference number PI-2009-34 (Diario Oficial de Castilla-La Mancha 4^th^January 2010). | Mid | [
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Revision: 248 http://ptpd.svn.sourceforge.net/ptpd/?rev=248&view=rev Author: wowczarek Date: 2012-07-18 16:11:50 +0000 (Wed, 18 Jul 2012) Log Message: ----------- Added autotune ('A') to the help output - A wasn't being caught by check_startup.sh Modified Paths: -------------- trunk/src/dep/startup.c Modified: trunk/src/dep/startup.c =================================================================== --- trunk/src/dep/startup.c 2012-07-13 22:32:54 UTC (rev 247) +++ trunk/src/dep/startup.c 2012-07-18 16:11:50 UTC (rev 248) @@ -592,6 +592,7 @@ "-O NUMBER do not reset the clock if offset is more than NUMBER nanoseconds\n" "-t do not make any changes to the system clock\n" + "-A NUMBER enable autotune with discarded packet threshold of NUMBER\n" "-M NUMBER do not accept delay values of more than NUMBER nanoseconds\n" "-a 10,1000 specify clock servo Proportional and Integral attenuations\n" "-w NUMBER specify one way delay filter stiffness\n" This was sent by the SourceForge.net collaborative development platform, the world's largest Open Source development site. Revision: 247 http://ptpd.svn.sourceforge.net/ptpd/?rev=247&view=rev Author: tomekktcz Date: 2012-07-13 22:32:54 +0000 (Fri, 13 Jul 2012) Log Message: ----------- Code cleaning Modified Paths: -------------- branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/IncomingManagementMessage.cpp branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/IncomingManagementMessage.h branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Makefile branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/MgmtMsgClient.cpp branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/MgmtMsgClient.h branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/OptBuffer.cpp branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/OptBuffer.h branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/OutgoingManagementMessage.cpp branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/OutgoingManagementMessage.h branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/constants.h branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/constants_dep.h branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/datatypes.h branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/datatypes_dep.h Added Paths: ----------- branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Doxyfile branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/client.cpp branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/client.h branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/display.cpp branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/display.h branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/help.cpp branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/help.h branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/network.cpp branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/network.h Removed Paths: ------------- branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Client.cpp branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Client.h branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Display.cpp branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Display.h branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Help.cpp branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Help.h branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Network.cpp branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Network.h Deleted: branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Client.cpp =================================================================== --- branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Client.cpp 2012-07-13 00:01:10 UTC (rev 246) +++ branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Client.cpp 2012-07-13 22:32:54 UTC (rev 247) @@ -1,84 +0,0 @@ -/** - * @file Client.cpp - * @author Tomasz Kleinschmidt - * - * @brief Client class implementation. - * - * This class will be used as a glue for all of the functionalities that - * the application is supposed to deliver. - */ - -#include <stdio.h> -#include <stdlib.h> -#include <string.h> - -#include "Client.h" -#include "Help.h" -#include "Network.h" -#include "IncomingManagementMessage.h" -#include "OutgoingManagementMessage.h" - -#include "constants.h" -#include "datatypes_dep.h" - -#include <unistd.h> -/** - * This method will be used to deliver all of the requested actions to the - * user. - * - * @param optBuf A buffer with arguments passed from the user. - */ -void mainClient(OptBuffer* optBuf) { - int sockFd; - socklen_t fromLen; - struct addrinfo* unicastAddress; - struct sockaddr_storage fromAddr; - - if (optBuf->help_print) { - printHelp(optBuf->help_arg); - return; - } - - if (optBuf->msg_print) { - printMgmtMsgsList(); - return; - } - - if (!optBuf->interface_set) { - printf("ERROR: Interface name not defined\n"); - exit(1); - } - - if (!optBuf->mgmt_id_set) { - printf("ERROR: managementTLV not defined\n"); - exit(1); - } - - if (!optBuf->action_type_set) { - printf("ERROR: actionType not defined\n"); - exit(1); - } - - sockFd = initNetwork(optBuf->u_address, optBuf->u_port, optBuf->interface, &unicastAddress); - - /* send <--> receive */ - Octet *buf = (Octet*)(malloc(PACKET_SIZE)); - - OutgoingManagementMessage *outMessage = new OutgoingManagementMessage(buf, optBuf); - free(outMessage); - - sendMessage(sockFd, buf, PACKET_SIZE, unicastAddress); - - memset(buf, 0, PACKET_SIZE); - - receiveMessage(sockFd, buf, PACKET_SIZE, &fromAddr, &fromLen); - - IncomingManagementMessage *inMessage = new IncomingManagementMessage(buf, optBuf); - free(inMessage); - - free(buf); - - disableNetwork(sockFd, &unicastAddress); - - return; -} \ No newline at end of file Deleted: branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Client.h =================================================================== --- branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Client.h 2012-07-13 00:01:10 UTC (rev 246) +++ branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Client.h 2012-07-13 22:32:54 UTC (rev 247) @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -/** - * @file Client.h - * @author Tomasz Kleinschmidt - * - * @brief Client class definition. - */ - -#ifndef CLIENT_H -#define CLIENT_H - -#include "OptBuffer.h" - -void mainClient(OptBuffer* optBuf); - -#endif /* CLIENT_H */ - Deleted: branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Display.cpp =================================================================== --- branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Display.cpp 2012-07-13 00:01:10 UTC (rev 246) +++ branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Display.cpp 2012-07-13 22:32:54 UTC (rev 247) @@ -1,70 +0,0 @@ -/** - * @file Display.cpp - * @author Tomasz Kleinschmidt - * - * @brief Display class implementation. - */ - -#include <stdio.h> - -#include "Display.h" - -/**\brief Display an Integer64 type*/ -void integer64_display(Integer64 * bigint) -{ - printf("Integer 64 : \n"); - printf("LSB : %u\n", bigint->lsb); - printf("MSB : %d\n", bigint->msb); -} - -/**\brief Display a Clockidentity Structure*/ -void clockIdentity_display(ClockIdentity clockIdentity) -{ - printf("ClockIdentity : %02hhx:%02hhx:%02hhx:%02hhx:%02hhx:%02hhx:%02hhx:%02hhx\n", - clockIdentity[0], clockIdentity[1], clockIdentity[2], - clockIdentity[3], clockIdentity[4], clockIdentity[5], - clockIdentity[6], clockIdentity[7] - ); -} - -/**\brief Display a Portidentity Structure*/ -void portIdentity_display(PortIdentity * portIdentity) -{ - clockIdentity_display(portIdentity->clockIdentity); - printf("port number : %d \n", portIdentity->portNumber); -} - - -/**\brief Display Header message*/ -void msgHeader_display(MsgHeader * header) -{ - printf("Message header : \n"); - printf("\n"); - printf("transportSpecific : %d\n", header->transportSpecific); - printf("messageType : %d\n", header->messageType); - printf("versionPTP : %d\n", header->versionPTP); - printf("messageLength : %d\n", header->messageLength); - printf("domainNumber : %d\n", header->domainNumber); - printf("FlagField %02hhx:%02hhx\n", header->flagField0, header->flagField1); - printf("CorrectionField : \n"); - integer64_display(&header->correctionField); - printf("SourcePortIdentity : \n"); - portIdentity_display(&header->sourcePortIdentity); - printf("sequenceId : %d\n", header->sequenceId); - printf("controlField : %d\n", header->controlField); - printf("logMessageInterval : %d\n", header->logMessageInterval); - printf("\n"); -} - -/**\brief Display Management message*/ -void msgManagement_display(MsgManagement * manage) -{ - printf("Management Message : \n"); - printf("\n"); - printf("targetPortIdentity : \n"); - portIdentity_display(&manage->targetPortIdentity); - printf("startingBoundaryHops : %d \n", manage->startingBoundaryHops); - printf("boundaryHops : %d \n", manage->boundaryHops); - printf("actionField : %d\n", manage->actionField); -} - Deleted: branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Display.h =================================================================== --- branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Display.h 2012-07-13 00:01:10 UTC (rev 246) +++ branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Display.h 2012-07-13 22:32:54 UTC (rev 247) @@ -1,21 +0,0 @@ -/** - * @file Display.h - * @author Tomasz Kleinschmidt - * - * @brief Display class definition. - */ - -#ifndef DISPLAY_H -#define DISPLAY_H - -#include "datatypes.h" - -void integer64_display(Integer64 * bigint); -void clockIdentity_display(ClockIdentity clockIdentity); -void portIdentity_display(PortIdentity * portIdentity); - -void msgHeader_display(MsgHeader * header); -void msgManagement_display(MsgManagement * manage); - -#endif /* DISPLAY_H */ - Added: branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Doxyfile =================================================================== --- branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Doxyfile (rev 0) +++ branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Doxyfile 2012-07-13 22:32:54 UTC (rev 247) @@ -0,0 +1,1826 @@ +# Doxyfile 1.8.1.1 + +# This file describes the settings to be used by the documentation system +# doxygen (www.doxygen.org) for a project +# +# All text after a hash (#) is considered a comment and will be ignored +# The format is: +# TAG = value [value, ...] +# For lists items can also be appended using: +# TAG += value [value, ...] +# Values that contain spaces should be placed between quotes (" ") + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Project related configuration options +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# This tag specifies the encoding used for all characters in the config file +# that follow. The default is UTF-8 which is also the encoding used for all +# text before the first occurrence of this tag. Doxygen uses libiconv (or the +# iconv built into libc) for the transcoding. See +# http://www.gnu.org/software/libiconv for the list of possible encodings. + +DOXYFILE_ENCODING = UTF-8 + +# The PROJECT_NAME tag is a single word (or sequence of words) that should +# identify the project. Note that if you do not use Doxywizard you need +# to put quotes around the project name if it contains spaces. + +PROJECT_NAME = MgmtMsgClient + +# The PROJECT_NUMBER tag can be used to enter a project or revision number. +# This could be handy for archiving the generated documentation or +# if some version control system is used. + +PROJECT_NUMBER = + +# Using the PROJECT_BRIEF tag one can provide an optional one line description +# for a project that appears at the top of each page and should give viewer +# a quick idea about the purpose of the project. Keep the description short. + +PROJECT_BRIEF = + +# With the PROJECT_LOGO tag one can specify an logo or icon that is +# included in the documentation. The maximum height of the logo should not +# exceed 55 pixels and the maximum width should not exceed 200 pixels. +# Doxygen will copy the logo to the output directory. + +PROJECT_LOGO = + +# The OUTPUT_DIRECTORY tag is used to specify the (relative or absolute) +# base path where the generated documentation will be put. +# If a relative path is entered, it will be relative to the location +# where doxygen was started. If left blank the current directory will be used. + +OUTPUT_DIRECTORY = ./doc + +# If the CREATE_SUBDIRS tag is set to YES, then doxygen will create +# 4096 sub-directories (in 2 levels) under the output directory of each output +# format and will distribute the generated files over these directories. +# Enabling this option can be useful when feeding doxygen a huge amount of +# source files, where putting all generated files in the same directory would +# otherwise cause performance problems for the file system. + +CREATE_SUBDIRS = YES + +# The OUTPUT_LANGUAGE tag is used to specify the language in which all +# documentation generated by doxygen is written. Doxygen will use this +# information to generate all constant output in the proper language. +# The default language is English, other supported languages are: +# Afrikaans, Arabic, Brazilian, Catalan, Chinese, Chinese-Traditional, +# Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Esperanto, Farsi, Finnish, French, German, +# Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Japanese-en (Japanese with English +# messages), Korean, Korean-en, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Macedonian, Persian, +# Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Serbian-Cyrillic, Slovak, +# Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, Ukrainian, and Vietnamese. + +OUTPUT_LANGUAGE = English + +# If the BRIEF_MEMBER_DESC tag is set to YES (the default) Doxygen will +# include brief member descriptions after the members that are listed in +# the file and class documentation (similar to JavaDoc). +# Set to NO to disable this. + +BRIEF_MEMBER_DESC = YES + +# If the REPEAT_BRIEF tag is set to YES (the default) Doxygen will prepend +# the brief description of a member or function before the detailed description. +# Note: if both HIDE_UNDOC_MEMBERS and BRIEF_MEMBER_DESC are set to NO, the +# brief descriptions will be completely suppressed. + +REPEAT_BRIEF = YES + +# This tag implements a quasi-intelligent brief description abbreviator +# that is used to form the text in various listings. Each string +# in this list, if found as the leading text of the brief description, will be +# stripped from the text and the result after processing the whole list, is +# used as the annotated text. Otherwise, the brief description is used as-is. +# If left blank, the following values are used ("$name" is automatically +# replaced with the name of the entity): "The $name class" "The $name widget" +# "The $name file" "is" "provides" "specifies" "contains" +# "represents" "a" "an" "the" + +ABBREVIATE_BRIEF = "The $name class" \ + "The $name widget" \ + "The $name file" \ + is \ + provides \ + specifies \ + contains \ + represents \ + a \ + an \ + the + +# If the ALWAYS_DETAILED_SEC and REPEAT_BRIEF tags are both set to YES then +# Doxygen will generate a detailed section even if there is only a brief +# description. + +ALWAYS_DETAILED_SEC = NO + +# If the INLINE_INHERITED_MEMB tag is set to YES, doxygen will show all +# inherited members of a class in the documentation of that class as if those +# members were ordinary class members. Constructors, destructors and assignment +# operators of the base classes will not be shown. + +INLINE_INHERITED_MEMB = NO + +# If the FULL_PATH_NAMES tag is set to YES then Doxygen will prepend the full +# path before files name in the file list and in the header files. If set +# to NO the shortest path that makes the file name unique will be used. + +FULL_PATH_NAMES = YES + +# If the FULL_PATH_NAMES tag is set to YES then the STRIP_FROM_PATH tag +# can be used to strip a user-defined part of the path. Stripping is +# only done if one of the specified strings matches the left-hand part of +# the path. The tag can be used to show relative paths in the file list. +# If left blank the directory from which doxygen is run is used as the +# path to strip. + +STRIP_FROM_PATH = + +# The STRIP_FROM_INC_PATH tag can be used to strip a user-defined part of +# the path mentioned in the documentation of a class, which tells +# the reader which header file to include in order to use a class. +# If left blank only the name of the header file containing the class +# definition is used. Otherwise one should specify the include paths that +# are normally passed to the compiler using the -I flag. + +STRIP_FROM_INC_PATH = + +# If the SHORT_NAMES tag is set to YES, doxygen will generate much shorter +# (but less readable) file names. This can be useful if your file system +# doesn't support long names like on DOS, Mac, or CD-ROM. + +SHORT_NAMES = NO + +# If the JAVADOC_AUTOBRIEF tag is set to YES then Doxygen +# will interpret the first line (until the first dot) of a JavaDoc-style +# comment as the brief description. If set to NO, the JavaDoc +# comments will behave just like regular Qt-style comments +# (thus requiring an explicit @brief command for a brief description.) + +JAVADOC_AUTOBRIEF = NO + +# If the QT_AUTOBRIEF tag is set to YES then Doxygen will +# interpret the first line (until the first dot) of a Qt-style +# comment as the brief description. If set to NO, the comments +# will behave just like regular Qt-style comments (thus requiring +# an explicit \brief command for a brief description.) + +QT_AUTOBRIEF = NO + +# The MULTILINE_CPP_IS_BRIEF tag can be set to YES to make Doxygen +# treat a multi-line C++ special comment block (i.e. a block of //! or /// +# comments) as a brief description. This used to be the default behaviour. +# The new default is to treat a multi-line C++ comment block as a detailed +# description. Set this tag to YES if you prefer the old behaviour instead. + +MULTILINE_CPP_IS_BRIEF = NO + +# If the INHERIT_DOCS tag is set to YES (the default) then an undocumented +# member inherits the documentation from any documented member that it +# re-implements. + +INHERIT_DOCS = YES + +# If the SEPARATE_MEMBER_PAGES tag is set to YES, then doxygen will produce +# a new page for each member. If set to NO, the documentation of a member will +# be part of the file/class/namespace that contains it. + +SEPARATE_MEMBER_PAGES = NO + +# The TAB_SIZE tag can be used to set the number of spaces in a tab. +# Doxygen uses this value to replace tabs by spaces in code fragments. + +TAB_SIZE = 8 + +# This tag can be used to specify a number of aliases that acts +# as commands in the documentation. An alias has the form "name=value". +# For example adding "sideeffect=\par Side Effects:\n" will allow you to +# put the command \sideeffect (or @sideeffect) in the documentation, which +# will result in a user-defined paragraph with heading "Side Effects:". +# You can put \n's in the value part of an alias to insert newlines. + +ALIASES = + +# This tag can be used to specify a number of word-keyword mappings (TCL only). +# A mapping has the form "name=value". For example adding +# "class=itcl::class" will allow you to use the command class in the +# itcl::class meaning. + +TCL_SUBST = + +# Set the OPTIMIZE_OUTPUT_FOR_C tag to YES if your project consists of C +# sources only. Doxygen will then generate output that is more tailored for C. +# For instance, some of the names that are used will be different. The list +# of all members will be omitted, etc. + +OPTIMIZE_OUTPUT_FOR_C = NO + +# Set the OPTIMIZE_OUTPUT_JAVA tag to YES if your project consists of Java +# sources only. Doxygen will then generate output that is more tailored for +# Java. For instance, namespaces will be presented as packages, qualified +# scopes will look different, etc. + +OPTIMIZE_OUTPUT_JAVA = NO + +# Set the OPTIMIZE_FOR_FORTRAN tag to YES if your project consists of Fortran +# sources only. Doxygen will then generate output that is more tailored for +# Fortran. + +OPTIMIZE_FOR_FORTRAN = NO + +# Set the OPTIMIZE_OUTPUT_VHDL tag to YES if your project consists of VHDL +# sources. Doxygen will then generate output that is tailored for +# VHDL. + +OPTIMIZE_OUTPUT_VHDL = NO + +# Doxygen selects the parser to use depending on the extension of the files it +# parses. With this tag you can assign which parser to use for a given extension. +# Doxygen has a built-in mapping, but you can override or extend it using this +# tag. The format is ext=language, where ext is a file extension, and language +# is one of the parsers supported by doxygen: IDL, Java, Javascript, CSharp, C, +# C++, D, PHP, Objective-C, Python, Fortran, VHDL, C, C++. For instance to make +# doxygen treat .inc files as Fortran files (default is PHP), and .f files as C +# (default is Fortran), use: inc=Fortran f=C. Note that for custom extensions +# you also need to set FILE_PATTERNS otherwise the files are not read by doxygen. + +EXTENSION_MAPPING = + +# If MARKDOWN_SUPPORT is enabled (the default) then doxygen pre-processes all +# comments according to the Markdown format, which allows for more readable +# documentation. See http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/ for details. +# The output of markdown processing is further processed by doxygen, so you +# can mix doxygen, HTML, and XML commands with Markdown formatting. +# Disable only in case of backward compatibilities issues. + +MARKDOWN_SUPPORT = YES + +# If you use STL classes (i.e. std::string, std::vector, etc.) but do not want +# to include (a tag file for) the STL sources as input, then you should +# set this tag to YES in order to let doxygen match functions declarations and +# definitions whose arguments contain STL classes (e.g. func(std::string); v.s. +# func(std::string) {}). This also makes the inheritance and collaboration +# diagrams that involve STL classes more complete and accurate. + +BUILTIN_STL_SUPPORT = NO + +# If you use Microsoft's C++/CLI language, you should set this option to YES to +# enable parsing support. + +CPP_CLI_SUPPORT = NO + +# Set the SIP_SUPPORT tag to YES if your project consists of sip sources only. +# Doxygen will parse them like normal C++ but will assume all classes use public +# instead of private inheritance when no explicit protection keyword is present. + +SIP_SUPPORT = NO + +# For Microsoft's IDL there are propget and propput attributes to indicate getter +# and setter methods for a property. Setting this option to YES (the default) +# will make doxygen replace the get and set methods by a property in the +# documentation. This will only work if the methods are indeed getting or +# setting a simple type. If this is not the case, or you want to show the +# methods anyway, you should set this option to NO. + +IDL_PROPERTY_SUPPORT = YES + +# If member grouping is used in the documentation and the DISTRIBUTE_GROUP_DOC +# tag is set to YES, then doxygen will reuse the documentation of the first +# member in the group (if any) for the other members of the group. By default +# all members of a group must be documented explicitly. + +DISTRIBUTE_GROUP_DOC = NO + +# Set the SUBGROUPING tag to YES (the default) to allow class member groups of +# the same type (for instance a group of public functions) to be put as a +# subgroup of that type (e.g. under the Public Functions section). Set it to +# NO to prevent subgrouping. Alternatively, this can be done per class using +# the \nosubgrouping command. + +SUBGROUPING = YES + +# When the INLINE_GROUPED_CLASSES tag is set to YES, classes, structs and +# unions are shown inside the group in which they are included (e.g. using +# @ingroup) instead of on a separate page (for HTML and Man pages) or +# section (for LaTeX and RTF). + +INLINE_GROUPED_CLASSES = NO + +# When the INLINE_SIMPLE_STRUCTS tag is set to YES, structs, classes, and +# unions with only public data fields will be shown inline in the documentation +# of the scope in which they are defined (i.e. file, namespace, or group +# documentation), provided this scope is documented. If set to NO (the default), +# structs, classes, and unions are shown on a separate page (for HTML and Man +# pages) or section (for LaTeX and RTF). + +INLINE_SIMPLE_STRUCTS = NO + +# When TYPEDEF_HIDES_STRUCT is enabled, a typedef of a struct, union, or enum +# is documented as struct, union, or enum with the name of the typedef. So +# typedef struct TypeS {} TypeT, will appear in the documentation as a struct +# with name TypeT. When disabled the typedef will appear as a member of a file, +# namespace, or class. And the struct will be named TypeS. This can typically +# be useful for C code in case the coding convention dictates that all compound +# types are typedef'ed and only the typedef is referenced, never the tag name. + +TYPEDEF_HIDES_STRUCT = NO + +# The SYMBOL_CACHE_SIZE determines the size of the internal cache use to +# determine which symbols to keep in memory and which to flush to disk. +# When the cache is full, less often used symbols will be written to disk. +# For small to medium size projects (<1000 input files) the default value is +# probably good enough. For larger projects a too small cache size can cause +# doxygen to be busy swapping symbols to and from disk most of the time +# causing a significant performance penalty. +# If the system has enough physical memory increasing the cache will improve the +# performance by keeping more symbols in memory. Note that the value works on +# a logarithmic scale so increasing the size by one will roughly double the +# memory usage. The cache size is given by this formula: +# 2^(16+SYMBOL_CACHE_SIZE). The valid range is 0..9, the default is 0, +# corresponding to a cache size of 2^16 = 65536 symbols. + +SYMBOL_CACHE_SIZE = 0 + +# Similar to the SYMBOL_CACHE_SIZE the size of the symbol lookup cache can be +# set using LOOKUP_CACHE_SIZE. This cache is used to resolve symbols given +# their name and scope. Since this can be an expensive process and often the +# same symbol appear multiple times in the code, doxygen keeps a cache of +# pre-resolved symbols. If the cache is too small doxygen will become slower. +# If the cache is too large, memory is wasted. The cache size is given by this +# formula: 2^(16+LOOKUP_CACHE_SIZE). The valid range is 0..9, the default is 0, +# corresponding to a cache size of 2^16 = 65536 symbols. + +LOOKUP_CACHE_SIZE = 0 + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Build related configuration options +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# If the EXTRACT_ALL tag is set to YES doxygen will assume all entities in +# documentation are documented, even if no documentation was available. +# Private class members and static file members will be hidden unless +# the EXTRACT_PRIVATE and EXTRACT_STATIC tags are set to YES + +EXTRACT_ALL = YES + +# If the EXTRACT_PRIVATE tag is set to YES all private members of a class +# will be included in the documentation. + +EXTRACT_PRIVATE = NO + +# If the EXTRACT_PACKAGE tag is set to YES all members with package or internal +# scope will be included in the documentation. + +EXTRACT_PACKAGE = NO + +# If the EXTRACT_STATIC tag is set to YES all static members of a file +# will be included in the documentation. + +EXTRACT_STATIC = NO + +# If the EXTRACT_LOCAL_CLASSES tag is set to YES classes (and structs) +# defined locally in source files will be included in the documentation. +# If set to NO only classes defined in header files are included. + +EXTRACT_LOCAL_CLASSES = YES + +# This flag is only useful for Objective-C code. When set to YES local +# methods, which are defined in the implementation section but not in +# the interface are included in the documentation. +# If set to NO (the default) only methods in the interface are included. + +EXTRACT_LOCAL_METHODS = NO + +# If this flag is set to YES, the members of anonymous namespaces will be +# extracted and appear in the documentation as a namespace called +# 'anonymous_namespace{file}', where file will be replaced with the base +# name of the file that contains the anonymous namespace. By default +# anonymous namespaces are hidden. + +EXTRACT_ANON_NSPACES = NO + +# If the HIDE_UNDOC_MEMBERS tag is set to YES, Doxygen will hide all +# undocumented members of documented classes, files or namespaces. +# If set to NO (the default) these members will be included in the +# various overviews, but no documentation section is generated. +# This option has no effect if EXTRACT_ALL is enabled. + +HIDE_UNDOC_MEMBERS = NO + +# If the HIDE_UNDOC_CLASSES tag is set to YES, Doxygen will hide all +# undocumented classes that are normally visible in the class hierarchy. +# If set to NO (the default) these classes will be included in the various +# overviews. This option has no effect if EXTRACT_ALL is enabled. + +HIDE_UNDOC_CLASSES = NO + +# If the HIDE_FRIEND_COMPOUNDS tag is set to YES, Doxygen will hide all +# friend (class|struct|union) declarations. +# If set to NO (the default) these declarations will be included in the +# documentation. + +HIDE_FRIEND_COMPOUNDS = NO + +# If the HIDE_IN_BODY_DOCS tag is set to YES, Doxygen will hide any +# documentation blocks found inside the body of a function. +# If set to NO (the default) these blocks will be appended to the +# function's detailed documentation block. + +HIDE_IN_BODY_DOCS = NO + +# The INTERNAL_DOCS tag determines if documentation +# that is typed after a \internal command is included. If the tag is set +# to NO (the default) then the documentation will be excluded. +# Set it to YES to include the internal documentation. + +INTERNAL_DOCS = NO + +# If the CASE_SENSE_NAMES tag is set to NO then Doxygen will only generate +# file names in lower-case letters. If set to YES upper-case letters are also +# allowed. This is useful if you have classes or files whose names only differ +# in case and if your file system supports case sensitive file names. Windows +# and Mac users are advised to set this option to NO. + +CASE_SENSE_NAMES = NO + +# If the HIDE_SCOPE_NAMES tag is set to NO (the default) then Doxygen +# will show members with their full class and namespace scopes in the +# documentation. If set to YES the scope will be hidden. + +HIDE_SCOPE_NAMES = NO + +# If the SHOW_INCLUDE_FILES tag is set to YES (the default) then Doxygen +# will put a list of the files that are included by a file in the documentation +# of that file. + +SHOW_INCLUDE_FILES = YES + +# If the FORCE_LOCAL_INCLUDES tag is set to YES then Doxygen +# will list include files with double quotes in the documentation +# rather than with sharp brackets. + +FORCE_LOCAL_INCLUDES = NO + +# If the INLINE_INFO tag is set to YES (the default) then a tag [inline] +# is inserted in the documentation for inline members. + +INLINE_INFO = YES + +# If the SORT_MEMBER_DOCS tag is set to YES (the default) then doxygen +# will sort the (detailed) documentation of file and class members +# alphabetically by member name. If set to NO the members will appear in +# declaration order. + +SORT_MEMBER_DOCS = YES + +# If the SORT_BRIEF_DOCS tag is set to YES then doxygen will sort the +# brief documentation of file, namespace and class members alphabetically +# by member name. If set to NO (the default) the members will appear in +# declaration order. + +SORT_BRIEF_DOCS = NO + +# If the SORT_MEMBERS_CTORS_1ST tag is set to YES then doxygen +# will sort the (brief and detailed) documentation of class members so that +# constructors and destructors are listed first. If set to NO (the default) +# the constructors will appear in the respective orders defined by +# SORT_MEMBER_DOCS and SORT_BRIEF_DOCS. +# This tag will be ignored for brief docs if SORT_BRIEF_DOCS is set to NO +# and ignored for detailed docs if SORT_MEMBER_DOCS is set to NO. + +SORT_MEMBERS_CTORS_1ST = NO + +# If the SORT_GROUP_NAMES tag is set to YES then doxygen will sort the +# hierarchy of group names into alphabetical order. If set to NO (the default) +# the group names will appear in their defined order. + +SORT_GROUP_NAMES = NO + +# If the SORT_BY_SCOPE_NAME tag is set to YES, the class list will be +# sorted by fully-qualified names, including namespaces. If set to +# NO (the default), the class list will be sorted only by class name, +# not including the namespace part. +# Note: This option is not very useful if HIDE_SCOPE_NAMES is set to YES. +# Note: This option applies only to the class list, not to the +# alphabetical list. + +SORT_BY_SCOPE_NAME = NO + +# If the STRICT_PROTO_MATCHING option is enabled and doxygen fails to +# do proper type resolution of all parameters of a function it will reject a +# match between the prototype and the implementation of a member function even +# if there is only one candidate or it is obvious which candidate to choose +# by doing a simple string match. By disabling STRICT_PROTO_MATCHING doxygen +# will still accept a match between prototype and implementation in such cases. + +STRICT_PROTO_MATCHING = NO + +# The GENERATE_TODOLIST tag can be used to enable (YES) or +# disable (NO) the todo list. This list is created by putting \todo +# commands in the documentation. + +GENERATE_TODOLIST = YES + +# The GENERATE_TESTLIST tag can be used to enable (YES) or +# disable (NO) the test list. This list is created by putting \test +# commands in the documentation. + +GENERATE_TESTLIST = YES + +# The GENERATE_BUGLIST tag can be used to enable (YES) or +# disable (NO) the bug list. This list is created by putting \bug +# commands in the documentation. + +GENERATE_BUGLIST = YES + +# The GENERATE_DEPRECATEDLIST tag can be used to enable (YES) or +# disable (NO) the deprecated list. This list is created by putting +# \deprecated commands in the documentation. + +GENERATE_DEPRECATEDLIST= YES + +# The ENABLED_SECTIONS tag can be used to enable conditional +# documentation sections, marked by \if sectionname ... \endif. + +ENABLED_SECTIONS = + +# The MAX_INITIALIZER_LINES tag determines the maximum number of lines +# the initial value of a variable or macro consists of for it to appear in +# the documentation. If the initializer consists of more lines than specified +# here it will be hidden. Use a value of 0 to hide initializers completely. +# The appearance of the initializer of individual variables and macros in the +# documentation can be controlled using \showinitializer or \hideinitializer +# command in the documentation regardless of this setting. + +MAX_INITIALIZER_LINES = 30 + +# Set the SHOW_USED_FILES tag to NO to disable the list of files generated +# at the bottom of the documentation of classes and structs. If set to YES the +# list will mention the files that were used to generate the documentation. + +SHOW_USED_FILES = YES + +# Set the SHOW_FILES tag to NO to disable the generation of the Files page. +# This will remove the Files entry from the Quick Index and from the +# Folder Tree View (if specified). The default is YES. + +SHOW_FILES = YES + +# Set the SHOW_NAMESPACES tag to NO to disable the generation of the +# Namespaces page. This will remove the Namespaces entry from the Quick Index +# and from the Folder Tree View (if specified). The default is YES. + +SHOW_NAMESPACES = YES + +# The FILE_VERSION_FILTER tag can be used to specify a program or script that +# doxygen should invoke to get the current version for each file (typically from +# the version control system). Doxygen will invoke the program by executing (via +# popen()) the command <command> <input-file>, where <command> is the value of +# the FILE_VERSION_FILTER tag, and <input-file> is the name of an input file +# provided by doxygen. Whatever the program writes to standard output +# is used as the file version. See the manual for examples. + +FILE_VERSION_FILTER = + +# The LAYOUT_FILE tag can be used to specify a layout file which will be parsed +# by doxygen. The layout file controls the global structure of the generated +# output files in an output format independent way. To create the layout file +# that represents doxygen's defaults, run doxygen with the -l option. +# You can optionally specify a file name after the option, if omitted +# DoxygenLayout.xml will be used as the name of the layout file. + +LAYOUT_FILE = + +# The CITE_BIB_FILES tag can be used to specify one or more bib files +# containing the references data. This must be a list of .bib files. The +# .bib extension is automatically appended if omitted. Using this command +# requires the bibtex tool to be installed. See also +# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX for more info. For LaTeX the style +# of the bibliography can be controlled using LATEX_BIB_STYLE. To use this +# feature you need bibtex and perl available in the search path. + +CITE_BIB_FILES = + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# configuration options related to warning and progress messages +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# The QUIET tag can be used to turn on/off the messages that are generated +# by doxygen. Possible values are YES and NO. If left blank NO is used. + +QUIET = NO + +# The WARNINGS tag can be used to turn on/off the warning messages that are +# generated by doxygen. Possible values are YES and NO. If left blank +# NO is used. + +WARNINGS = YES + +# If WARN_IF_UNDOCUMENTED is set to YES, then doxygen will generate warnings +# for undocumented members. If EXTRACT_ALL is set to YES then this flag will +# automatically be disabled. + +WARN_IF_UNDOCUMENTED = YES + +# If WARN_IF_DOC_ERROR is set to YES, doxygen will generate warnings for +# potential errors in the documentation, such as not documenting some +# parameters in a documented function, or documenting parameters that +# don't exist or using markup commands wrongly. + +WARN_IF_DOC_ERROR = YES + +# The WARN_NO_PARAMDOC option can be enabled to get warnings for +# functions that are documented, but have no documentation for their parameters +# or return value. If set to NO (the default) doxygen will only warn about +# wrong or incomplete parameter documentation, but not about the absence of +# documentation. + +WARN_NO_PARAMDOC = NO + +# The WARN_FORMAT tag determines the format of the warning messages that +# doxygen can produce. The string should contain the $file, $line, and $text +# tags, which will be replaced by the file and line number from which the +# warning originated and the warning text. Optionally the format may contain +# $version, which will be replaced by the version of the file (if it could +# be obtained via FILE_VERSION_FILTER) + +WARN_FORMAT = "$file:$line: $text" + +# The WARN_LOGFILE tag can be used to specify a file to which warning +# and error messages should be written. If left blank the output is written +# to stderr. + +WARN_LOGFILE = + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# configuration options related to the input files +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# The INPUT tag can be used to specify the files and/or directories that contain +# documented source files. You may enter file names like "myfile.cpp" or +# directories like "/usr/src/myproject". Separate the files or directories +# with spaces. + +INPUT = /home/tomek/Programowanie/tomasz-2012-ptpd/tools/MgmtMsgClient + +# This tag can be used to specify the character encoding of the source files +# that doxygen parses. Internally doxygen uses the UTF-8 encoding, which is +# also the default input encoding. Doxygen uses libiconv (or the iconv built +# into libc) for the transcoding. See http://www.gnu.org/software/libiconv for +# the list of possible encodings. + +INPUT_ENCODING = UTF-8 + +# If the value of the INPUT tag contains directories, you can use the +# FILE_PATTERNS tag to specify one or more wildcard pattern (like *.cpp +# and *.h) to filter out the source-files in the directories. If left +# blank the following patterns are tested: +# *.c *.cc *.cxx *.cpp *.c++ *.d *.java *.ii *.ixx *.ipp *.i++ *.inl *.h *.hh +# *.hxx *.hpp *.h++ *.idl *.odl *.cs *.php *.php3 *.inc *.m *.mm *.dox *.py +# *.f90 *.f *.for *.vhd *.vhdl + +FILE_PATTERNS = *.c \ + *.cc \ + *.cxx \ + *.cpp \ + *.c++ \ + *.d \ + *.java \ + *.ii \ + *.ixx \ + *.ipp \ + *.i++ \ + *.inl \ + *.h \ + *.hh \ + *.hxx \ + *.hpp \ + *.h++ \ + *.idl \ + *.odl \ + *.cs \ + *.php \ + *.php3 \ + *.inc \ + *.m \ + *.markdown \ + *.md \ + *.mm \ + *.dox \ + *.py \ + *.f90 \ + *.f \ + *.for \ + *.vhd \ + *.vhdl + +# The RECURSIVE tag can be used to turn specify whether or not subdirectories +# should be searched for input files as well. Possible values are YES and NO. +# If left blank NO is used. + +RECURSIVE = YES + +# The EXCLUDE tag can be used to specify files and/or directories that should be +# excluded from the INPUT source files. This way you can easily exclude a +# subdirectory from a directory tree whose root is specified with the INPUT tag. +# Note that relative paths are relative to the directory from which doxygen is +# run. + +EXCLUDE = + +# The EXCLUDE_SYMLINKS tag can be used to select whether or not files or +# directories that are symbolic links (a Unix file system feature) are excluded +# from the input. + +EXCLUDE_SYMLINKS = NO + +# If the value of the INPUT tag contains directories, you can use the +# EXCLUDE_PATTERNS tag to specify one or more wildcard patterns to exclude +# certain files from those directories. Note that the wildcards are matched +# against the file with absolute path, so to exclude all test directories +# for example use the pattern */test/* + +EXCLUDE_PATTERNS = + +# The EXCLUDE_SYMBOLS tag can be used to specify one or more symbol names +# (namespaces, classes, functions, etc.) that should be excluded from the +# output. The symbol name can be a fully qualified name, a word, or if the +# wildcard * is used, a substring. Examples: ANamespace, AClass, +# AClass::ANamespace, ANamespace::*Test + +EXCLUDE_SYMBOLS = + +# The EXAMPLE_PATH tag can be used to specify one or more files or +# directories that contain example code fragments that are included (see +# the \include command). + +EXAMPLE_PATH = + +# If the value of the EXAMPLE_PATH tag contains directories, you can use the +# EXAMPLE_PATTERNS tag to specify one or more wildcard pattern (like *.cpp +# and *.h) to filter out the source-files in the directories. If left +# blank all files are included. + +EXAMPLE_PATTERNS = * + +# If the EXAMPLE_RECURSIVE tag is set to YES then subdirectories will be +# searched for input files to be used with the \include or \dontinclude +# commands irrespective of the value of the RECURSIVE tag. +# Possible values are YES and NO. If left blank NO is used. + +EXAMPLE_RECURSIVE = NO + +# The IMAGE_PATH tag can be used to specify one or more files or +# directories that contain image that are included in the documentation (see +# the \image command). + +IMAGE_PATH = + +# The INPUT_FILTER tag can be used to specify a program that doxygen should +# invoke to filter for each input file. Doxygen will invoke the filter program +# by executing (via popen()) the command <filter> <input-file>, where <filter> +# is the value of the INPUT_FILTER tag, and <input-file> is the name of an +# input file. Doxygen will then use the output that the filter program writes +# to standard output. If FILTER_PATTERNS is specified, this tag will be +# ignored. + +INPUT_FILTER = + +# The FILTER_PATTERNS tag can be used to specify filters on a per file pattern +# basis. Doxygen will compare the file name with each pattern and apply the +# filter if there is a match. The filters are a list of the form: +# pattern=filter (like *.cpp=my_cpp_filter). See INPUT_FILTER for further +# info on how filters are used. If FILTER_PATTERNS is empty or if +# non of the patterns match the file name, INPUT_FILTER is applied. + +FILTER_PATTERNS = + +# If the FILTER_SOURCE_FILES tag is set to YES, the input filter (if set using +# INPUT_FILTER) will be used to filter the input files when producing source +# files to browse (i.e. when SOURCE_BROWSER is set to YES). + +FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = NO + +# The FILTER_SOURCE_PATTERNS tag can be used to specify source filters per file +# pattern. A pattern will override the setting for FILTER_PATTERN (if any) +# and it is also possible to disable source filtering for a specific pattern +# using *.ext= (so without naming a filter). This option only has effect when +# FILTER_SOURCE_FILES is enabled. + +FILTER_SOURCE_PATTERNS = + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# configuration options related to source browsing +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# If the SOURCE_BROWSER tag is set to YES then a list of source files will +# be generated. Documented entities will be cross-referenced with these sources. +# Note: To get rid of all source code in the generated output, make sure also +# VERBATIM_HEADERS is set to NO. + +SOURCE_BROWSER = NO + +# Setting the INLINE_SOURCES tag to YES will include the body +# of functions and classes directly in the documentation. + +INLINE_SOURCES = NO + +# Setting the STRIP_CODE_COMMENTS tag to YES (the default) will instruct +# doxygen to hide any special comment blocks from generated source code +# fragments. Normal C, C++ and Fortran comments will always remain visible. + +STRIP_CODE_COMMENTS = YES + +# If the REFERENCED_BY_RELATION tag is set to YES +# then for each documented function all documented +# functions referencing it will be listed. + +REFERENCED_BY_RELATION = NO + +# If the REFERENCES_RELATION tag is set to YES +# then for each documented function all documented entities +# called/used by that function will be listed. + +REFERENCES_RELATION = NO + +# If the REFERENCES_LINK_SOURCE tag is set to YES (the default) +# and SOURCE_BROWSER tag is set to YES, then the hyperlinks from +# functions in REFERENCES_RELATION and REFERENCED_BY_RELATION lists will +# link to the source code. Otherwise they will link to the documentation. + +REFERENCES_LINK_SOURCE = YES + +# If the USE_HTAGS tag is set to YES then the references to source code +# will point to the HTML generated by the htags(1) tool instead of doxygen +# built-in source browser. The htags tool is part of GNU's global source +# tagging system (see http://www.gnu.org/software/global/global.html). You +# will need version 4.8.6 or higher. + +USE_HTAGS = NO + +# If the VERBATIM_HEADERS tag is set to YES (the default) then Doxygen +# will generate a verbatim copy of the header file for each class for +# which an include is specified. Set to NO to disable this. + +VERBATIM_HEADERS = YES + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# configuration options related to the alphabetical class index +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# If the ALPHABETICAL_INDEX tag is set to YES, an alphabetical index +# of all compounds will be generated. Enable this if the project +# contains a lot of classes, structs, unions or interfaces. + +ALPHABETICAL_INDEX = YES + +# If the alphabetical index is enabled (see ALPHABETICAL_INDEX) then +# the COLS_IN_ALPHA_INDEX tag can be used to specify the number of columns +# in which this list will be split (can be a number in the range [1..20]) + +COLS_IN_ALPHA_INDEX = 5 + +# In case all classes in a project start with a common prefix, all +# classes will be put under the same header in the alphabetical index. +# The IGNORE_PREFIX tag can be used to specify one or more prefixes that +# should be ignored while generating the index headers. + +IGNORE_PREFIX = + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# configuration options related to the HTML output +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# If the GENERATE_HTML tag is set to YES (the default) Doxygen will +# generate HTML output. + +GENERATE_HTML = YES + +# The HTML_OUTPUT tag is used to specify where the HTML docs will be put. +# If a relative path is entered the value of OUTPUT_DIRECTORY will be +# put in front of it. If left blank `html' will be used as the default path. + +HTML_OUTPUT = html + +# The HTML_FILE_EXTENSION tag can be used to specify the file extension for +# each generated HTML page (for example: .htm,.php,.asp). If it is left blank +# doxygen will generate files with .html extension. + +HTML_FILE_EXTENSION = .html + +# The HTML_HEADER tag can be used to specify a personal HTML header for +# each generated HTML page. If it is left blank doxygen will generate a +# standard header. Note that when using a custom header you are responsible +# for the proper inclusion of any scripts and style sheets that doxygen +# needs, which is dependent on the configuration options used. +# It is advised to generate a default header using "doxygen -w html +# header.html footer.html stylesheet.css YourConfigFile" and then modify +# that header. Note that the header is subject to change so you typically +# have to redo this when upgrading to a newer version of doxygen or when +# changing the value of configuration settings such as GENERATE_TREEVIEW! + +HTML_HEADER = + +# The HTML_FOOTER tag can be used to specify a personal HTML footer for +# each generated HTML page. If it is left blank doxygen will generate a +# standard footer. + +HTML_FOOTER = + +# The HTML_STYLESHEET tag can be used to specify a user-defined cascading +# style sheet that is used by each HTML page. It can be used to +# fine-tune the look of the HTML output. If the tag is left blank doxygen +# will generate a default style sheet. Note that doxygen will try to copy +# the style sheet file to the HTML output directory, so don't put your own +# style sheet in the HTML output directory as well, or it will be erased! + +HTML_STYLESHEET = + +# The HTML_EXTRA_FILES tag can be used to specify one or more extra images or +# other source files which should be copied to the HTML output directory. Note +# that these files will be copied to the base HTML output directory. Use the +# $relpath$ marker in the HTML_HEADER and/or HTML_FOOTER files to load these +# files. In the HTML_STYLESHEET file, use the file name only. Also note that +# the files will be copied as-is; there are no commands or markers available. + +HTML_EXTRA_FILES = + +# The HTML_COLORSTYLE_HUE tag controls the color of the HTML output. +# Doxygen will adjust the colors in the style sheet and background images +# according to this color. Hue is specified as an angle on a colorwheel, +# see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue for more information. +# For instance the value 0 represents red, 60 is yellow, 120 is green, +# 180 is cyan, 240 is blue, 300 purple, and 360 is red again. +# The allowed range is 0 to 359. + +HTML_COLORSTYLE_HUE = 220 + +# The HTML_COLORSTYLE_SAT tag controls the purity (or saturation) of +# the colors in the HTML output. For a value of 0 the output will use +# grayscales only. A value of 255 will produce the most vivid colors. + +HTML_COLORSTYLE_SAT = 100 + +# The HTML_COLORSTYLE_GAMMA tag controls the gamma correction applied to +# the luminance component of the colors in the HTML output. Values below +# 100 gradually make the output lighter, whereas values above 100 make +# the output darker. The value divided by 100 is the actual gamma applied, +# so 80 represents a gamma of 0.8, The value 220 represents a gamma of 2.2, +# and 100 does not change the gamma. + +HTML_COLORSTYLE_GAMMA = 80 + +# If the HTML_TIMESTAMP tag is set to YES then the footer of each generated HTML +# page will contain the date and time when the page was generated. Setting +# this to NO can help when comparing the output of multiple runs. + +HTML_TIMESTAMP = YES + +# If the HTML_DYNAMIC_SECTIONS tag is set to YES then the generated HTML +# documentation will contain sections that can be hidden and shown after the +# page has loaded. + +HTML_DYNAMIC_SECTIONS = NO + +# With HTML_INDEX_NUM_ENTRIES one can control the preferred number of +# entries shown in the various tree structured indices initially; the user +# can expand and collapse entries dynamically later on. Doxygen will expand +# the tree to such a level that at most the specified number of entries are +# visible (unless a fully collapsed tree already exceeds this amount). +# So setting the number of entries 1 will produce a full collapsed tree by +# default. 0 is a special value representing an infinite number of entries +# and will result in a full expanded tree by default. + +HTML_INDEX_NUM_ENTRIES = 100 + +# If the GENERATE_DOCSET tag is set to YES, additional index files +# will be generated that can be used as input for Apple's Xcode 3 +# integrated development environment, introduced with OSX 10.5 (Leopard). +# To create a documentation set, doxygen will generate a Makefile in the +# HTML output directory. Running make will produce the docset in that +# directory and running "make install" will install the docset in +# ~/Library/Developer/Shared/Documentation/DocSets so that Xcode will find +# it at startup. +# See http://developer.apple.com/tools/creatingdocsetswithdoxygen.html +# for more information. + +GENERATE_DOCSET = NO + +# When GENERATE_DOCSET tag is set to YES, this tag determines the name of the +# feed. A documentation feed provides an umbrella under which multiple +# documentation sets from a single provider (such as a company or product suite) +# can be grouped. + +DOCSET_FEEDNAME = "Doxygen generated docs" + +# When GENERATE_DOCSET tag is set to YES, this tag specifies a string that +# should uniquely identify the documentation set bundle. This should be a +# reverse domain-name style string, e.g. com.mycompany.MyDocSet. Doxygen +# will append .docset to the name. + +DOCSET_BUNDLE_ID = org.doxygen.Project + +# When GENERATE_PUBLISHER_ID tag specifies a string that should uniquely identify +# the documentation publisher. This should be a reverse domain-name style +# string, e.g. com.mycompany.MyDocSet.documentation. + +DOCSET_PUBLISHER_ID = org.doxygen.Publisher + +# The GENERATE_PUBLISHER_NAME tag identifies the documentation publisher. + +DOCSET_PUBLISHER_NAME = Publisher + +# If the GENERATE_HTMLHELP tag is set to YES, additional index files +# will be generated that can be used as input for tools like the +# Microsoft HTML help workshop to generate a compiled HTML help file (.chm) +# of the generated HTML documentation. + +GENERATE_HTMLHELP = NO + +# If the GENERATE_HTMLHELP tag is set to YES, the CHM_FILE tag can +# be used to specify the file name of the resulting .chm file. You +# can add a path in front of the file if the result should not be +# written to the html output directory. + +CHM_FILE = + +# If the GENERATE_HTMLHELP tag is set to YES, the HHC_LOCATION tag can +# be used to specify the location (absolute path including file name) of +# the HTML help compiler (hhc.exe). If non-empty doxygen will try to run +# the HTML help compiler on the generated index.hhp. + +HHC_LOCATION = + +# If the GENERATE_HTMLHELP tag is set to YES, the GENERATE_CHI flag +# controls if a separate .chi index file is generated (YES) or that +# it should be included in the master .chm file (NO). + +GENERATE_CHI = NO + +# If the GENERATE_HTMLHELP tag is set to YES, the CHM_INDEX_ENCODING +# is used to encode HtmlHelp index (hhk), content (hhc) and project file +# content. + +CHM_INDEX_ENCODING = + +# If the GENERATE_HTMLHELP tag is set to YES, the BINARY_TOC flag +# controls whether a binary table of contents is generated (YES) or a +# normal table of contents (NO) in the .chm file. + +BINARY_TOC = NO + +# The TOC_EXPAND flag can be set to YES to add extra items for group members +# to the contents of the HTML help documentation and to the tree view. + +TOC_EXPAND = NO + +# If the GENERATE_QHP tag is set to YES and both QHP_NAMESPACE and +# QHP_VIRTUAL_FOLDER are set, an additional index file will be generated +# that can be used as input for Qt's qhelpgenerator to generate a +# Qt Compressed Help (.qch) of the generated HTML documentation. + +GENERATE_QHP = NO + +# If the QHG_LOCATION tag is specified, the QCH_FILE tag can +# be used to specify the file name of the resulting .qch file. +# The path specified is relative to the HTML output folder. + +QCH_FILE = + +# The QHP_NAMESPACE tag specifies the namespace to use when generating +# Qt Help Project output. For more information please see +# http://doc.trolltech.com/qthelpproject.html#namespace + +QHP_NAMESPACE = org.doxygen.Project + +# The QHP_VIRTUAL_FOLDER tag specifies the namespace to use when generating +# Qt Help Project output. For more information please see +# http://doc.trolltech.com/qthelpproject.html#virtual-folders + +QHP_VIRTUAL_FOLDER = doc + +# If QHP_CUST_FILTER_NAME is set, it specifies the name of a custom filter to +# add. For more information please see +# http://doc.trolltech.com/qthelpproject.html#custom-filters + +QHP_CUST_FILTER_NAME = + +# The QHP_CUST_FILT_ATTRS tag specifies the list of the attributes of the +# custom filter to add. For more information please see +# <a href="http://doc.trolltech.com/qthelpproject.html#custom-filters"> +# Qt Help Project / Custom Filters</a>. + +QHP_CUST_FILTER_ATTRS = + +# The QHP_SECT_FILTER_ATTRS tag specifies the list of the attributes this +# project's +# filter section matches. +# <a href="http://doc.trolltech.com/qthelpproject.html#filter-attributes"> +# Qt Help Project / Filter Attributes</a>. + +QHP_SECT_FILTER_ATTRS = + +# If the GENERATE_QHP tag is set to YES, the QHG_LOCATION tag can +# be used to specify the location of Qt's qhelpgenerator. +# If non-empty doxygen will try to run qhelpgenerator on the generated +# .qhp file. + +QHG_LOCATION = + +# If the GENERATE_ECLIPSEHELP tag is set to YES, additional index files +# will be generated, which together with the HTML files, form an Eclipse help +# plugin. To install this plugin and make it available under the help contents +# menu in Eclipse, the contents of the directory containing the HTML and XML +# files needs to be copied into the plugins directory of eclipse. The name of +# the directory within the plugins directory should be the same as +# the ECLIPSE_DOC_ID value. After copying Eclipse needs to be restarted before +# the help appears. + +GENERATE_ECLIPSEHELP = NO + +# A unique identifier for the eclipse help plugin. When installing the plugin +# the directory name containing the HTML and XML files should also have +# this name. + +ECLIPSE_DOC_ID = org.doxygen.Project + +# The DISABLE_INDEX tag can be used to turn on/off the condensed index (tabs) +# at top of each HTML page. The value NO (the default) enables the index and +# the value YES disables it. Since the tabs have the same information as the +# navigation tree you can set this option to NO if you already set +# GENERATE_TREEVIEW to YES. + +DISABLE_INDEX = NO + +# The GENERATE_TREEVIEW tag is used to specify whether a tree-like index +# structure should be generated to display hierarchical information. +# If the tag value is set to YES, a side panel will be generated +# containing a tree-like index structure (just like the one that +# is generated for HTML Help). For this to work a browser that supports +# JavaScript, DHTML, CSS and frames is required (i.e. any modern browser). +# Windows users are probably better off using the HTML help feature. +# Since the tree basically has the same information as the tab index you +# could consider to set DISABLE_INDEX to NO when enabling this option. + +GENERATE_TREEVIEW = YES + +# The ENUM_VALUES_PER_LINE tag can be used to set the number of enum values +# (range [0,1..20]) that doxygen will group on one line in the generated HTML +# documentation. Note that a value of 0 will completely suppress the enum +# values from appearing in the overview section. + +ENUM_VALUES_PER_LINE = 4 + +# If the treeview is enabled (see GENERATE_TREEVIEW) then this tag can be +# used to set the initial width (in pixels) of the frame in which the tree +# is shown. + +TREEVIEW_WIDTH = 250 + +# When the EXT_LINKS_IN_WINDOW option is set to YES doxygen will open +# links to external symbols imported via tag files in a separate window. + +EXT_LINKS_IN_WINDOW = NO + +# Use this tag to change the font size of Latex formulas included +# as images in the HTML documentation. The default is 10. Note that +# when you change the font size after a successful doxygen run you need +# to manually remove any form_*.png images from the HTML output directory +# to force them to be regenerated. + +FORMULA_FONTSIZE = 10 + +# Use the FORMULA_TRANPARENT tag to determine whether or not the images +# generated for formulas are transparent PNGs. Transparent PNGs are +# not supported properly for IE 6.0, but are supported on all modern browsers. +# Note that when changing this option you need to delete any form_*.png files +# in the HTML output before the changes have effect. + +FORMULA_TRANSPARENT = YES + +# Enable the USE_MATHJAX option to render LaTeX formulas using MathJax +# (see http://www.mathjax.org) which uses client side Javascript for the +# rendering instead of using prerendered bitmaps. Use this if you do not +# have LaTeX installed or if you want to formulas look prettier in the HTML +# output. When enabled you may also need to install MathJax separately and +# configure the path to it using the MATHJAX_RELPATH option. + +USE_MATHJAX = NO + +# When MathJax is enabled you need to specify the location relative to the +# HTML output directory using the MATHJAX_RELPATH option. The destination +# directory should contain the MathJax.js script. For instance, if the mathjax +# directory is located at the same level as the HTML output directory, then +# MATHJAX_RELPATH should be ../mathjax. The default value points to +# the MathJax Content Delivery Network so you can quickly see the result without +# installing MathJax. However, it is strongly recommended to install a local +# copy of MathJax from http://www.mathjax.org before deployment. + +MATHJAX_RELPATH = http://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest + +# The MATHJAX_EXTENSIONS tag can be used to specify one or MathJax extension +# names that should be enabled during MathJax rendering. + +MATHJAX_EXTENSIONS = + +# When the SEARCHENGINE tag is enabled doxygen will generate a search box +# for the HTML output. The underlying search engine uses javascript +# and DHTML and should work on any modern browser. Note that when using +# HTML help (GENERATE_HTMLHELP), Qt help (GENERATE_QHP), or docsets +# (GENERATE_DOCSET) there is already a search function so this one should +# typically be disabled. For large projects the javascript based search engine +# can be slow, then enabling SERVER_BASED_SEARCH may provide a better solution. + +SEARCHENGINE = YES + +# When the SERVER_BASED_SEARCH tag is enabled the search engine will be +# implemented using a PHP enabled web server instead of at the web client +# using Javascript. Doxygen will generate the search PHP script and index +# file to put on the web server. The advantage of the server +# based approach is that it scales better to large projects and allows +# full text search. The disadvantages are that it is more difficult to setup +# and does not have live searching capabilities. + +SERVER_BASED_SEARCH = NO + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# configuration options related to the LaTeX output +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# If the GENERATE_LATEX tag is set to YES (the default) Doxygen will +# generate Latex output. + +GENERATE_LATEX = YES + +# The LATEX_OUTPUT tag is used to specify where the LaTeX docs will be put. +# If a relative path is entered the value of OUTPUT_DIRECTORY will be +# put in front of it. If left blank `latex' will be used as the default path. + +LATEX_OUTPUT = latex + +# The LATEX_CMD_NAME tag can be used to specify the LaTeX command name to be +# invoked. If left blank `latex' will be used as the default command name. +# Note that when enabling USE_PDFLATEX this option is only used for +# generating bitmaps for formulas in the HTML output, but not in the +# Makefile that is written to the output directory. + +LATEX_CMD_NAME = latex + +# The MAKEINDEX_CMD_NAME tag can be used to specify the command name to +# generate index for LaTeX. If left blank `makeindex' will be used as the +# default command name. + +MAKEINDEX_CMD_NAME = makeindex + +# If the COMPACT_LATEX tag is set to YES Doxygen generates more compact +# LaTeX documents. This may be useful for small projects and may help to +# save some trees in general. + +COMPACT_LATEX = NO + +# The PAPER_TYPE tag can be used to set the paper type that is used +# by the printer. Possible values are: a4, letter, legal and +# executive. If left blank a4wide will be used. + +PAPER_TYPE = a4 + +# The EXTRA_PACKAGES tag can be to specify one or more names of LaTeX +# packages that should be included in the LaTeX output. + +EXTRA_PACKAGES = + +# The LATEX_HEADER tag can be used to specify a personal LaTeX header for +# the generated latex document. The header should contain everything until +# the first chapter. If it is left blank doxygen will generate a +# standard header. Notice: only use this tag if you know what you are doing! + +LATEX_HEADER = + +# The LATEX_FOOTER tag can be used to specify a personal LaTeX footer for +# the generated latex document. The footer should contain everything after +# the last chapter. If it is left blank doxygen will generate a +# standard footer. Notice: only use this tag if you know what you are doing! + +LATEX_FOOTER = + +# If the PDF_HYPERLINKS tag is set to YES, the LaTeX that is generated +# is prepared for conversion to pdf (using ps2pdf). The pdf file will +# contain links (just like the HTML output) instead of page references +# This makes the output suitable for online browsing using a pdf viewer. + +PDF_HYPERLINKS = YES + +# If the USE_PDFLATEX tag is set to YES, pdflatex will be used instead of +# plain latex in the generated Makefile. Set this option to YES to get a +# higher quality PDF documentation. + +USE_PDFLATEX = YES + +# If the LATEX_BATCHMODE tag is set to YES, doxygen will add the \\batchmode. +# command to the generated LaTeX files. This will instruct LaTeX to keep +# running if errors occur, instead of asking the user for help. +# This option is also used when generating formulas in HTML. + +LATEX_BATCHMODE = NO + +# If LATEX_HIDE_INDICES is set to YES then doxygen will not +# include the index chapters (such as File Index, Compound Index, etc.) +# in the output. + +LATEX_HIDE_INDICES = NO + +# If LATEX_SOURCE_CODE is set to YES then doxygen will include +# source code with syntax highlighting in the LaTeX output. +# Note that which sources are shown also depends on other settings +# such as SOURCE_BROWSER. + +LATEX_SOURCE_CODE = NO + +# The LATEX_BIB_STYLE tag can be used to specify the style to use for the +# bibliography, e.g. plainnat, or ieeetr. The default style is "plain". See +# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX for more info. + +LATEX_BIB_STYLE = plain + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# configuration options related to the RTF output +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# If the GENERATE_RTF tag is set to YES Doxygen will generate RTF output +# The RTF output is optimized for Word 97 and may not look very pretty with +# other RTF readers or editors. + +GENERATE_RTF = NO + +# The RTF_OUTPUT tag is used to specify where the RTF docs will be put. +# If a relative path is entered the value of OUTPUT_DIRECTORY will be +# put in front of it. If left blank `rtf' will be used as the default path. + +RTF_OUTPUT = rtf + +# If the COMPACT_RTF tag is set to YES Doxygen generates more compact +# RTF documents. This may be useful for small projects and may help to +# save some trees in general. + +COMPACT_RTF = NO + +# If the RTF_HYPERLINKS tag is set to YES, the RTF that is generated +# will contain hyperlink fields. The RTF file will +# contain links (just like the HTML output) instead of page references. +# This makes the output suitable for online browsing using WORD or other +# programs which support those fields. +# Note: wordpad (write) and others do not support links. + +RTF_HYPERLINKS = NO + +# Load style sheet definitions from file. Syntax is similar to doxygen's +# config file, i.e. a series of assignments. You only have to provide +# replacements, missing definitions are set to their default value. + +RTF_STYLESHEET_FILE = + +# Set optional variables used in the generation of an rtf document. +# Syntax is similar to doxygen's config file. + +RTF_EXTENSIONS_FILE = + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# configuration options related to the man page output +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# If the GENERATE_MAN tag is set to YES (the default) Doxygen will +# generate man pages + +GENERATE_MAN = NO + +# The MAN_OUTPUT tag is used to specify where the man pages will be put. +# If a relative path is entered the value of OUTPUT_DIRECTORY will be +# put in front of it. If left blank `man' will be used as the default path. + +MAN_OUTPUT = man + +# The MAN_EXTENSION tag determines the extension that is added to +# the generated man pages (default is the subroutine's section .3) + +MAN_EXTENSION = .3 + +# If the MAN_LINKS tag is set to YES and Doxygen generates man output, +# then it will generate one additional man file for each entity +# documented in the real man page(s). These additional files +# only source the real man page, but without them the man command +# would be unable to find the correct page. The default is NO. + +MAN_LINKS = NO + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# configuration options related to the XML output +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# If the GENERATE_XML tag is set to YES Doxygen will +# generate an XML file that captures the structure of +# the code including all documentation. + +GENERATE_XML = NO + +# The XML_OUTPUT tag is used to specify where the XML pages will be put. +# If a relative path is entered the value of OUTPUT_DIRECTORY will be +# put in front of it. If left blank `xml' will be used as the default path. + +XML_OUTPUT = xml + +# The XML_SCHEMA tag can be used to specify an XML schema, +# which can be used by a validating XML parser to check the +# syntax of the XML files. + +XML_SCHEMA = + +# The XML_DTD tag can be used to specify an XML DTD, +# which can be used by a validating XML parser to check the +# syntax of the XML files. + +XML_DTD = + +# If the XML_PROGRAMLISTING tag is set to YES Doxygen will +# dump the program listings (including syntax highlighting +# and cross-referencing information) to the XML output. Note that +# enabling this will significantly increase the size of the XML output. + +XML_PROGRAMLISTING = YES + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# configuration options for the AutoGen Definitions output +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# If the GENERATE_AUTOGEN_DEF tag is set to YES Doxygen will +# generate an AutoGen Definitions (see autogen.sf.net) file +# that captures the structure of the code including all +# documentation. Note that this feature is still experimental +# and incomplete at the moment. + +GENERATE_AUTOGEN_DEF = NO + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# configuration options related to the Perl module output +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# If the GENERATE_PERLMOD tag is set to YES Doxygen will +# generate a Perl module file that captures the structure of +# the code including all documentation. Note that this +# feature is still experimental and incomplete at the +# moment. + +GENERATE_PERLMOD = NO + +# If the PERLMOD_LATEX tag is set to YES Doxygen will generate +# the necessary Makefile rules, Perl scripts and LaTeX code to be able +# to generate PDF and DVI output from the Perl module output. + +PERLMOD_LATEX = NO + +# If the PERLMOD_PRETTY tag is set to YES the Perl module output will be +# nicely formatted so it can be parsed by a human reader. This is useful +# if you want to understand what is going on. On the other hand, if this +# tag is set to NO the size of the Perl module output will be much smaller +# and Perl will parse it just the same. + +PERLMOD_PRETTY = YES + +# The names of the make variables in the generated doxyrules.make file +# are prefixed with the string contained in PERLMOD_MAKEVAR_PREFIX. +# This is useful so different doxyrules.make files included by the same +# Makefile don't overwrite each other's variables. + +PERLMOD_MAKEVAR_PREFIX = + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Configuration options related to the preprocessor +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# If the ENABLE_PREPROCESSING tag is set to YES (the default) Doxygen will +# evaluate all C-preprocessor directives found in the sources and include +# files. + +ENABLE_PREPROCESSING = YES + +# If the MACRO_EXPANSION tag is set to YES Doxygen will expand all macro +# names in the source code. If set to NO (the default) only conditional +# compilation will be performed. Macro expansion can be done in a controlled +# way by setting EXPAND_ONLY_PREDEF to YES. + +MACRO_EXPANSION = NO + +# If the EXPAND_ONLY_PREDEF and MACRO_EXPANSION tags are both set to YES +# then the macro expansion is limited to the macros specified with the +# PREDEFINED and EXPAND_AS_DEFINED tags. + +EXPAND_ONLY_PREDEF = NO + +# If the SEARCH_INCLUDES tag is set to YES (the default) the includes files +# pointed to by INCLUDE_PATH will be searched when a #include is found. + +SEARCH_INCLUDES = YES + +# The INCLUDE_PATH tag can be used to specify one or more directories that +# contain include files that are not input files but should be processed by +# the preprocessor. + +INCLUDE_PATH = + +# You can use the INCLUDE_FILE_PATTERNS tag to specify one or more wildcard +# patterns (like *.h and *.hpp) to filter out the header-files in the +# directories. If left blank, the patterns specified with FILE_PATTERNS will +# be used. + +INCLUDE_FILE_PATTERNS = + +# The PREDEFINED tag can be used to specify one or more macro names that +# are defined before the preprocessor is started (similar to the -D option of +# gcc). The argument of the tag is a list of macros of the form: name +# or name=definition (no spaces). If the definition and the = are +# omitted =1 is assumed. To prevent a macro definition from being +# undefined via #undef or recursively expanded use the := operator +# instead of the = operator. + +PREDEFINED = + +# If the MACRO_EXPANSION and EXPAND_ONLY_PREDEF tags are set to YES then +# this tag can be used to specify a list of macro names that should be expanded. +# The macro definition that is found in the sources will be used. +# Use the PREDEFINED tag if you want to use a different macro definition that +# overrules the definition found in the source code. + +EXPAND_AS_DEFINED = + +# If the SKIP_FUNCTION_MACROS tag is set to YES (the default) then +# doxygen's preprocessor will remove all references to function-like macros +# that are alone on a line, have an all uppercase name, and do not end with a +# semicolon, because these will confuse the parser if not removed. + +SKIP_FUNCTION_MACROS = YES + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Configuration::additions related to external references +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# The TAGFILES option can be used to specify one or more tagfiles. For each +# tag file the location of the external documentation should be added. The +# format of a tag file without this location is as follows: +# TAGFILES = file1 file2 ... +# Adding location for the tag files is done as follows: +# TAGFILES = file1=loc1 "file2 = loc2" ... +# where "loc1" and "loc2" can be relative or absolute paths +# or URLs. Note that each tag file must have a unique name (where the name does +# NOT include the path). If a tag file is not located in the directory in which +# doxygen is run, you must also specify the path to the tagfile here. + +TAGFILES = + +# When a file name is specified after GENERATE_TAGFILE, doxygen will create +# a tag file that is based on the input files it reads. + +GENERATE_TAGFILE = + +# If the ALLEXTERNALS tag is set to YES all external classes will be listed +# in the class index. If set to NO only the inherited external classes +# will be listed. + +ALLEXTERNALS = NO + +# If the EXTERNAL_GROUPS tag is set to YES all external groups will be listed +# in the modules index. If set to NO, only the current project's groups will +# be listed. + +EXTERNAL_GROUPS = YES + +# The PERL_PATH should be the absolute path and name of the perl script +# interpreter (i.e. the result of `which perl'). + +PERL_PATH = /usr/bin/perl + +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Configuration options related to the dot tool +#--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +# If the CLASS_DIAGRAMS tag is set to YES (the default) Doxygen will +# generate a inheritance diagram (in HTML, RTF and LaTeX) for classes with base +# or super classes. Setting the tag to NO turns the diagrams off. Note that +# this option also works with HAVE_DOT disabled, but it is recommended to +# install and use dot, since it yields more powerful graphs. + +CLASS_DIAGRAMS = YES + +# You can define message sequence charts within doxygen comments using the \msc +# command. Doxygen will then run the mscgen tool (see +# http://www.mcternan.me.uk/mscgen/) to produce the chart and insert it in the +# documentation. The MSCGEN_PATH tag allows you to specify the directory where +# the mscgen tool resides. If left empty the tool is assumed to be found in the +# default search path. + +MSCGEN_PATH = + +# If set to YES, the inheritance and collaboration graphs will hide +# inheritance and usage relations if the target is undocumented +# or is not a class. + +HIDE_UNDOC_RELATIONS = YES + +# If you set the HAVE_DOT tag to YES then doxygen will assume the dot tool is +# available from the path. This tool is part of Graphviz, a graph visualization +# toolkit from AT&T and Lucent Bell Labs. The other options in this section +# have no effect if this option is set to NO (the default) + +HAVE_DOT = NO + +# The DOT_NUM_THREADS specifies the number of dot invocations doxygen is +# allowed to run in parallel. When set to 0 (the default) doxygen will +# base this on the number of processors available in the system. You can set it +# explicitly to a value larger than 0 to get control over the balance +# between CPU load and processing speed. + +DOT_NUM_THREADS = 0 + +# By default doxygen will use the Helvetica font for all dot files that +# doxygen generates. When you want a differently looking font you can specify +# the font name using DOT_FONTNAME. You need to make sure dot is able to find +# the font, which can be done by putting it in a standard location or by setting +# the DOTFONTPATH environment variable or by setting DOT_FONTPATH to the +# directory containing the font. + +DOT_FONTNAME = Helvetica + +# The DOT_FONTSIZE tag can be used to set the size of the font of dot graphs. +# The default size is 10pt. + +DOT_FONTSIZE = 10 + +# By default doxygen will tell dot to use the Helvetica font. +# If you specify a different font using DOT_FONTNAME you can use DOT_FONTPATH to +# set the path where dot can find it. + +DOT_FONTPATH = + +# If the CLASS_GRAPH and HAVE_DOT tags are set to YES then doxygen +# will generate a graph for each documented class showing the direct and +# indirect inheritance relations. Setting this tag to YES will force the +# CLASS_DIAGRAMS tag to NO. + +CLASS_GRAPH = YES + +# If the COLLABORATION_GRAPH and HAVE_DOT tags are set to YES then doxygen +# will generate a graph for each documented class showing the direct and +# indirect implementation dependencies (inheritance, containment, and +# class references variables) of the class with other documented classes. + +COLLABORATION_GRAPH = YES + +# If the GROUP_GRAPHS and HAVE_DOT tags are set to YES then doxygen +# will generate a graph for groups, showing the direct groups dependencies + +GROUP_GRAPHS = YES + +# If the UML_LOOK tag is set to YES doxygen will generate inheritance and +# collaboration diagrams in a style similar to the OMG's Unified Modeling +# Language. + +UML_LOOK = NO + +# If the UML_LOOK tag is enabled, the fields and methods are shown inside +# the class node. If there are many fields or methods and many nodes the +# graph may become too big to be useful. The UML_LIMIT_NUM_FIELDS +# threshold limits the number of items for each type to make the size more +# managable. Set this to 0 for no limit. Note that the threshold may be +# exceeded by 50% before the limit is enforced. + +UML_LIMIT_NUM_FIELDS = 10 + +# If set to YES, the inheritance and collaboration graphs will show the +# relations between templates and their instances. + +TEMPLATE_RELATIONS = NO + +# If the ENABLE_PREPROCESSING, SEARCH_INCLUDES, INCLUDE_GRAPH, and HAVE_DOT +# tags are set to YES then doxygen will generate a graph for each documented +# file showing the direct and indirect include dependencies of the file with +# other documented files. + +INCLUDE_GRAPH = YES + +# If the ENABLE_PREPROCESSING, SEARCH_INCLUDES, INCLUDED_BY_GRAPH, and +# HAVE_DOT tags are set to YES then doxygen will generate a graph for each +# documented header file showing the documented files that directly or +# indirectly include this file. + +INCLUDED_BY_GRAPH = YES + +# If the CALL_GRAPH and HAVE_DOT options are set to YES then +# doxygen will generate a call dependency graph for every global function +# or class method. Note that enabling this option will significantly increase +# the time of a run. So in most cases it will be better to enable call graphs +# for selected functions only using the \callgraph command. + +CALL_GRAPH = NO + +# If the CALLER_GRAPH and HAVE_DOT tags are set to YES then +# doxygen will generate a caller dependency graph for every global function +# or class method. Note that enabling this option will significantly increase +# the time of a run. So in most cases it will be better to enable caller +# graphs for selected functions only using the \callergraph command. + +CALLER_GRAPH = NO + +# If the GRAPHICAL_HIERARCHY and HAVE_DOT tags are set to YES then doxygen +# will generate a graphical hierarchy of all classes instead of a textual one. + +GRAPHICAL_HIERARCHY = YES + +# If the DIRECTORY_GRAPH and HAVE_DOT tags are set to YES +# then doxygen will show the dependencies a directory has on other directories +# in a graphical way. The dependency relations are determined by the #include +# relations between the files in the directories. + +DIRECTORY_GRAPH = YES + +# The DOT_IMAGE_FORMAT tag can be used to set the image format of the images +# generated by dot. Possible values are svg, png, jpg, or gif. +# If left blank png will be used. If you choose svg you need to set +# HTML_FILE_EXTENSION to xhtml in order to make the SVG files +# visible in IE 9+ (other browsers do not have this requirement). + +DOT_IMAGE_FORMAT = png + +# If DOT_IMAGE_FORMAT is set to svg, then this option can be set to YES to +# enable generation of interactive SVG images that allow zooming and panning. +# Note that this requires a modern browser other than Internet Explorer. +# Tested and working are Firefox, Chrome, Safari, and Opera. For IE 9+ you +# need to set HTML_FILE_EXTENSION to xhtml in order to make the SVG files +# visible. Older versions of IE do not have SVG support. + +INTERACTIVE_SVG = NO + +# The tag DOT_PATH can be used to specify the path where the dot tool can be +# found. If left blank, it is assumed the dot tool can be found in the path. + +DOT_PATH = + +# The DOTFILE_DIRS tag can be used to specify one or more directories that +# contain dot files that are included in the documentation (see the +# \dotfile command). + +DOTFILE_DIRS = + +# The MSCFILE_DIRS tag can be used to specify one or more directories that +# contain msc files that are included in the documentation (see the +# \mscfile command). + +MSCFILE_DIRS = + +# The DOT_GRAPH_MAX_NODES tag can be used to set the maximum number of +# nodes that will be shown in the graph. If the number of nodes in a graph +# becomes larger than this value, doxygen will truncate the graph, which is +# visualized by representing a node as a red box. Note that doxygen if the +# number of direct children of the root node in a graph is already larger than +# DOT_GRAPH_MAX_NODES then the graph will not be shown at all. Also note +# that the size of a graph can be further restricted by MAX_DOT_GRAPH_DEPTH. + +DOT_GRAPH_MAX_NODES = 50 + +# The MAX_DOT_GRAPH_DEPTH tag can be used to set the maximum depth of the +# graphs generated by dot. A depth value of 3 means that only nodes reachable +# from the root by following a path via at most 3 edges will be shown. Nodes +# that lay further from the root node will be omitted. Note that setting this +# option to 1 or 2 may greatly reduce the computation time needed for large +# code bases. Also note that the size of a graph can be further restricted by +# DOT_GRAPH_MAX_NODES. Using a depth of 0 means no depth restriction. + +MAX_DOT_GRAPH_DEPTH = 0 + +# Set the DOT_TRANSPARENT tag to YES to generate images with a transparent +# background. This is disabled by default, because dot on Windows does not +# seem to support this out of the box. Warning: Depending on the platform used, +# enabling this option may lead to badly anti-aliased labels on the edges of +# a graph (i.e. they become hard to read). + +DOT_TRANSPARENT = NO + +# Set the DOT_MULTI_TARGETS tag to YES allow dot to generate multiple output +# files in one run (i.e. multiple -o and -T options on the command line). This +# makes dot run faster, but since only newer versions of dot (>1.8.10) +# support this, this feature is disabled by default. + +DOT_MULTI_TARGETS = NO + +# If the GENERATE_LEGEND tag is set to YES (the default) Doxygen will +# generate a legend page explaining the meaning of the various boxes and +# arrows in the dot generated graphs. + +GENERATE_LEGEND = YES + +# If the DOT_CLEANUP tag is set to YES (the default) Doxygen will +# remove the intermediate dot files that are used to generate +# the various graphs. + +DOT_CLEANUP = YES Deleted: branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Help.cpp =================================================================== --- branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Help.cpp 2012-07-13 00:01:10 UTC (rev 246) +++ branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Help.cpp 2012-07-13 22:32:54 UTC (rev 247) @@ -1,97 +0,0 @@ -/** - * @file Help.cpp - * @author Tomasz Kleinschmidt - * - * @brief Help class implementation - * - * This class will be used to print help messages. - */ - -#include <stdio.h> - -#include "Help.h" -#include "constants.h" -#include "constants_dep.h" - -/** - * This method will be used to print the help message. - * - * @param appName The name of the application. - */ -void printHelp(const char* appName) { - printf("PTPd Management Message Client usage: %s [options]\n" - "Options:\n" - " -a --address [address] IPv4 address of a server (default set to %s)\n" - " -c --action [action] Type of action to be handled by a management message\n" - " -h --help Display this message\n" - " -i --interface [name] Bind to network interface of given name\n" - " -m --message [type] Handle management message of given type\n" - " -p --port [port] Port number a server is listening on (default set to %s)\n" - " -v --value [value] Value for a 'COMMAND' action (redundant in most cases)\n" - " --verbose Print additional status messages (useful for debugging)\n" - "\n" - "Type '%s {-m --message} print' to print a list of management messages and assigned actions.\n", - appName, U_ADDRESS, PTP_GENERAL_PORT, appName); -} - -/** - * This method will be used to print a brief list of management messages and assigned actions - */ -void printMgmtMsgsList() { - printf("managementId name \tmanagementId value (hex) \tAllowed actions \tApplies to\n" - "\n" - "===Applicable to all node types===================================================================================\n" - "NULL_MANAGEMENT \t0000 \tGET, SET, COMMAND \tport\n" - "CLOCK_DESCRIPTION \t0001 \tGET \tport\n" - "USER_DESCRIPTION \t0002 \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "SAVE_IN_NON_VOLATILE_STORAGE \t0003 \tCOMMAND \tclock\n" - "RESET_NON_VOLATILE_STORAGE \t0004 \tCOMMAND \tclock\n" - "INITIALIZE \t0005 \tCOMMAND \tclock\n" - "FAULT_LOG \t0006 \tGET \tclock\n" - "FAULT_LOG_RESET \t0007 \tCOMMAND \tclock\n" - "\n" - "===Applicable to ordinary and boundary clocks=====================================================================\n" - "DEFAULT_DATA_SET \t2000 \tGET \tclock\n" - "CURRENT_DATA_SET \t2001 \tGET \tclock\n" - "PARENT_DATA_SET \t2002 \tGET \tclock\n" - "TIME_PROPERTIES_DATA_SET \t2003 \tGET \tclock\n" - "PORT_DATA_SET \t2004 \tGET \tport\n" - "PRIORITY1 \t2005 \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "PRIORITY2 \t2006 \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "DOMAIN \t2007 \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "SLAVE_ONLY \t2008 \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "LOG_ ANNOUNCE_INTERVAL \t2009 \tGET, SET \tport\n" - "ANNOUNCE_RECEIPT_TIMEOUT \t200A \tGET, SET \tport\n" - "LOG_ SYNC_INTERVAL \t200B \tGET, SET \tport\n" - "VERSION_NUMBER \t200C \tGET, SET \tport\n" - "ENABLE_PORT \t200D \tCOMMAND \tport\n" - "DISABLE_PORT \t200E \tCOMMAND \tport\n" - "TIME \t200F \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "CLOCK_ACCURACY \t2010 \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "UTC_PROPERTIES \t2011 \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "TRACEABILITY_PROPERTIES \t2012 \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "TIMESCALE_PROPERTIES \t2013 \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "UNICAST_NEGOTIATION_ENABLE \t2014 \tGET, SET \tport\n" - "PATH_TRACE_LIST \t2015 \tGET \tclock\n" - "PATH_TRACE_ENABLE \t2016 \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "GRANDMASTER_CLUSTER_TABLE \t2017 \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "UNICAST_MASTER_TABLE \t2018 \tGET, SET \tport\n" - "UNICAST_MASTER_MAX_TABLE_SIZE \t2019 \tGET \tport\n" - "ACCEPTABLE_MASTER_TABLE \t201A \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "ACCEPTABLE_MASTER_TABLE_ENABLED \t201B \tGET, SET \tport\n" - "ACCEPTABLE_MASTER_MAX_TABLE_SIZE \t201C \tGET \tclock\n" - "ALTERNATE_MASTER \t201D \tGET, SET \tport\n" - "ALTERNATE_TIME_OFFSET_ENABLE \t201E \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "ALTERNATE_TIME_OFFSET_NAME \t201F \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "ALTERNATE_TIME_OFFSET_MAX_KEY \t2020 \tGET \tclock\n" - "ALTERNATE_TIME_OFFSET_PROPERTIES \t2021 \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "\n" - "===Applicable to transparent clocks==============================================================================\n" - "TRANSPARENT_CLOCK_DEFAULT_DATA_SET \t4000 \tGET \tclock\n" - "TRANSPARENT_CLOCK_PORT_DATA_SET \t4001 \tGET \tport\n" - "PRIMARY_DOMAIN \t4002 \tGET, SET \tclock\n" - "\n" - "===Applicable to ordinary, boundary, and transparent clocks======================================================\n" - "DELAY_MECHANISM \t6000 \tGET, SET \tport\n" - "LOG_MIN_ PDELAY_REQ_INTERVAL \t6001 \tGET, SET \tport\n"); -;} \ No newline at end of file Deleted: branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Help.h =================================================================== --- branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Help.h 2012-07-13 00:01:10 UTC (rev 246) +++ branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/Help.h 2012-07-13 22:32:54 UTC (rev 247) @@ -1,15 +0,0 @@ -/** - * @file Help.h - * @author Tomasz Kleinschmidt - * - * @brief Help class definition - */ - -#ifndef HELP_H -#define HELP_H - -void printHelp(const char* appName); -void printMgmtMsgsList(); - -#endif /* HELP_H */ - Modified: branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/IncomingManagementMessage.cpp =================================================================== --- branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/IncomingManagementMessage.cpp 2012-07-13 00:01:10 UTC (rev 246) +++ branches/tomasz-2012/tools/MgmtMsgClient/IncomingManagementMessage.cpp 2012-07-13 22:32:54 UTC (rev 247) @@ -2,38 +2,41 @@ * @file IncomingManagementMessage.cpp * @author Tomasz Kleinschmidt * - * @brief IncomingManagementMessage class implementation + * @brief IncomingManagementMessage class implementation. + * + * This class is used to handle incoming management messages. */ +#include "IncomingManagementMessage.h" + #include <netinet/in.h> #include <stdlib.h> -#include "IncomingManagementMessage.h" #include "app_dep.h" #include "constants_dep.h" #include "datatypes.h" #include "datatypes_dep.h" -#include "Display.h" +#include "display.h" #define UNPACK_SIMPLE( type ) \ -void IncomingManagementMessage::unpack##type( void* from, void* to/*, PtpClock *ptpClock */) \ +void IncomingManagementMessage::unpack##type( void* from, void* to) \ { \ *(type *)from = *(type *)to; \ } #define UNPACK_ENDIAN( type, size ) \ -void IncomingManagementMessage::unpack##type( void* from, void* to/*, PtpClock *ptpClock */) \ +void IncomingManagementMessage::unpack##type( void* from, void* to) \ { \ *(type *)from = flip##size( *(type *)to ); \ } #define UNPACK_LOWER_AND_UPPER( type ) \ -void IncomingManagementMessage::unpack##type##Lower( void* from, void* to/*, PtpClock *ptpClock */) \ +void IncomingManagementMessage::unpack##type##Lower( void* from, void* to) \ { \ *(type *)to = *(char *)from & 0x0F; \ } \ \ -void IncomingManagementMessage::unpack##type##Upper( void* from, void* to/*, PtpClock *ptpClock */) \ +void IncomingManagementMessage::unpack##type##Upper( void* from, void* to) \ { \ *(type *)to = *(char *)from & 0xF0; \ } @@ -52,89 +55,139 @@ UNPACK_LOWER_AND_UPPER( Nibble ) UNPACK_LOWER_AND_UPPER( UInteger4 ) +/** + * @brief IncomingManagementMessage constructor. + * + * @param buf Buffer with a received message. + * @param optBuf Buffer with application options. + * + * The constructor allocates memory and trigger all necessary actions. + */ IncomingManagementMessage::IncomingManagementMessage(Octet* buf, OptBuffer* optBuf) { this->incoming = (MsgManagement *)malloc(sizeof(MsgManagement)); -// unpackMsgManagement(buf, this->incoming); -// unpackManagementTLV(buf, this->incoming); msgUnpackManagement(buf, this->incoming); } +/** + * @brief IncomingManagementMessage deconstructor. + * + * The deconstructor frees memory. + */ IncomingManagementMessage::~IncomingManagementMessage() { free(this->incoming->tlv); free(this->incoming); } -void IncomingManagementMessage::unpackInteger64( void *buf, void *i/*, PtpClock *ptpClock*/) +/** + * @brief Unpack an Integer64 type. + * + * @param buf Buffer with a received message. + * @param i Integer64 object to unpack. + */ +void IncomingManagementMessage::unpackInteger64( void *buf, void *i) { - unpackUInteger32(buf, &((Integer64*)i)->lsb/*, ptpClock*/); - //unpackInteger32(buf + 4, &((Integer64*)i)->msb/*, ptpClock*/); - unpackInteger32(static_cast<char*>(buf) + 4, &((Integer64*)i)->msb/*, ptpClock*/); + unpackUInteger32(buf, &((Integer64*)i)->lsb); + unpackInteger32(static_cast<char*>(buf) + 4, &((Integer64*)i)->msb); } -void IncomingManagementMessage::unpackClockIdentity( Octet *buf, ClockIdentity *c/*, PtpClock *ptpClock*/) +/** + * @brief Unpack a Clockidentity Structure. + * + * @param buf Buffer with a received message. + * @param c Clockidentity Structure to unpack. + */ +void IncomingManagementMessage::unpackClockIdentity( Octet *buf, ClockIdentity *c) { int i; for(i = 0; i < CLOCK_IDENTITY_LENGTH; i++) { - unpackOctet((buf+i),&((*c)[i])/*, ptpClock*/); + unpackOctet((buf+i),&((*c)[i])); } } -void IncomingManagementMessage::unpackPortIdentity( Octet *buf, PortIdentity *p/*, PtpClock *ptpClock*/) +/** + * @brief Unpack a PortIdentity Structure. + * + * @param buf Buffer with a received message. + * @param p PortIdentity Structure to unpack. + */ +void IncomingManagementMessage::unpackPortIdentity( Octet *buf, PortIdentity *p) { int offset = 0; PortIdentity* data = p; #define OPERATE( name, size, type) \ - unpack##type (buf + offset, &data->name/*, ptpClock*/); \ + unpack##type (buf + offset, &data->name); \ offset = offset + size; #include "../../src/def/derivedData/portIdentity.def" } -void IncomingManagementMessage::unpackMsgHeader(Octet *buf, MsgHeader *header/*, PtpClock *ptpClock*/) +/** + * @brief Unpack message header. + * + * @param buf Buffer with a received message. + * @param header Message header to unpack. + */ +void IncomingManagementMessage::unpackMsgHeader(Octet *buf, MsgHeader *header) { int offset = 0; MsgHeader* data = header; #define OPERATE( name, size, type) \ - unpack##type (buf + offset, &data->name/*, ptpClock*/); \ + unpack##type (buf + offset, &data->name); \ offset = offset + size; #include "../../src/def/message/header.def" msgHeader_display(data); } -void IncomingManagementMessage::unpackMsgManagement(Octet *buf, MsgManagement *m/*, PtpClock *ptpClock*/) +/** + * @brief Unpack management message. + * + * @param buf Buffer with a received message. + * @param m Management message to unpack. + */ +void IncomingManagementMessage::unpackMsgManagement(Octet *buf, MsgManagement *m) { int offset = 0; MsgManagement* data = m; #define OPERATE( name, size, type) \ - unpack##type (buf + offset, &data->name/*, ptpClock*/); \ + unpack##type (buf + offset, &data->name); \ @@ Diff output truncated at 100000 characters. @@ This was sent by the SourceForge.net collaborative development platform, the world's largest Open Source development site. | Mid | [
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MGS ScholarshipPepsi Little People’s has announced that the Maureen Garrity Scholarship for Women has been established to honor Maureen Garrity, a long-time supporter and volunteer for the Pepsi Little People’s Golf Championships.Dr. Garrity passed away December 23, 2018, after a long and courageous battle with breast cancer.Maureen spent 34 years at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, and was particularly impactful in supporting student-led programs on social determinants of health, leadership and community service. Her impact on students, faculty, staff and colleagues across the country was truly amazing and leaves an immeasurable legacy of educators, physicians, leaders and friends.For 16 years, Maureen was a year-round volunteer for the Pepsi Little People’s Golf Championship, and could be seen during the tournament working on her computer, taking pictures, and cheering on the players.This merit Scholarship was established to support the education of women who participate in the Pepsi Little People’s Golf Championships. The recipient should be a high school junior or senior, graduating in 2019 or 2020, with an unweighted grade-point average of 3.5 or above, who intends to pursue a college degree, and who competes in and completes the 2019 Pepsi Little People’s Golf Championships.This Scholarship will fund the recipient in an amount between $1500 and $2000 for her continuing education, as indicated in her personal statement.For information and application, please email Nan Ryan, LPGC Executive Director, at [email protected]. Completed application and associated documents must be received by the Little People’s office no later than April 15, 2019. ... See MoreSee Less | High | [
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The cost-effectiveness of fine-needle aspiration cytology and 14-gauge core needle biopsy compared with open surgical biopsy in the diagnosis of breast carcinoma. Judicious utilization of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and 14-gauge core needle biopsy (CB) theoretically should result in greater accuracy in breast carcinoma diagnosis and fewer unnecessary open surgical biopsies (OSBs), thus lowering health care costs. In 1995 in Rochester, New York, the ratio of open surgical breast biopsies per each verified breast carcinoma (OSB/Ca) in a freestanding breast clinic (EWBC) was compared with the OSB/Ca ratio of all physicians in the remainder of the city. The EWBC differs from all other diagnostic facilities in Rochester in that it routinely performs FNAC and CB. The EWBC recommended 462 OSBs resulting in 310 verified carcinomas, for a OSB/Ca ratio of 1.5. The physicians in the remainder of the city recommended 2036 OSBs resulting in 513 verified carcinomas, for a OSB/Ca ratio of 4.0. If the EWBC OSB/Ca ratio had been identical to the remainder of the city, the number of extra OSBs recommended by the clinic would have been 778, resulting in an additional cost of $1,712,082. When the added cost of the 2594 FNACs ($256,285) and 403 CBs ($252,278) performed by the clinic was subtracted from the $1,712,082, the freestanding breast clinic cost savings was $1,203,519. The lymph node metastasis rate of 19% for the breast carcinomas diagnosed in clinic patients was identical to that of the women with breast carcinoma in the remainder of the city. Utilization of FNAC and CB allows radiologists to lower their OSB/Ca ratio without sacrificing early detection. In this study, these less expensive procedures result in lowered medical costs for the health care system. | High | [
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On the evening of July 4, Chris Barrett went out along the Jersey Shore Boardwalk to catch some fireworks and enjoy the summer evening. What he didn’t expect, however, was to become the first person to capture a small-time street fight and arrest on Google Glass. Barrett, a public relations consultant and filmmaker, edited and posted the incident to YouTube. The footage itself is fairly unremarkable—a number of people milling about along the boardwalk, a few young men getting in a minor scuffle, and two men getting cuffed. But in the days since, Barrett's video has been watched more than 230,000 times. The viral life of Barrett's work is remarkable (by contrast, his Glass video of a hole-in-one at miniature golf from the next day has less than 800 views). What's even crazier though, is that few people, if any, seem aware that they’re being filmed in close range during the four-minute-plus video. “I think 99 percent of the people at the Jersey Shore did not know what I was wearing," Barrett told Ars. "I got a lot of stares." To that point, Christophe Gevrey, the head of editorial solutions for Thomson Reuters, writes on his own website that this video indicates a “rapidly approaching future where everything can be filmed serendipitously by folks wearing devices like Google Glass without the knowledge of the parties involved." To put it another way, The Atlantic offers a catchier phrase. “If the NSA is big brother, Glassholes are the new little brother.” “When you hit record, you don’t know what you’re going to catch” Barrett seems largely positive about the experience. Based on the title of his upload, he clearly wants to trumpet the fact that he captured the event: “The First Fight & Arrest Caught on Glass.” The point is hammered home in the video’s notes, “This video is proof that Google Glass will change citizen journalism forever.” “I guess it’s exciting, first of all, to have access. To have Google Glass is very exciting. Being part of Google explorer is very cool,” he told Ars. “People have stopped me in stores. I think just to have this tool is kind of like ‘I’m here from the future’—being able to show people what the future is like. It's kind of scary, I guess. After all, this isn’t a small company releasing a small tool.” Barrett isn't sure how the reaction to his video will change how he uses Glass going forward. But the accidental crime-spotter said he was “glad” to “create a conversation around privacy." He used that exact phrasing multiple times over the course of a 20-minute phone call without a noticeable opinion on it in either direction. “I’m sure in certain situations I wouldn’t have recorded this, and maybe the next time I see someone get arrested, I will keep walking,” he added. “What is interesting from this video—and what made me want to upload it—was that I was filming before this event even happened. It would have been a little different if I saw the fight, hit record, and ran right up to the fight. We’re living a life where exciting and crazy and happy and sad things happen every minute. When you hit record, you don’t know what you’re going to catch in the next 24 frames or five minutes. When Google Glass has a hard drive and battery life that is capable of recording 24 hours a day and has the capability of being always-on, that will be a very strange world. Anyone can capture any moment. I don’t know if that’s a good thing, [but] it’s interesting to me.” When Barrett caught the action on film, he said it was during his first extended use of Glass in public. Since then, he hasn’t worn it in the last two days. To Barrett, there isn’t enough of a compelling reason to wear it consistently despite his experience of witnessing this fight. In fact, he says that usually it’s too distracting. “Personally I haven’t worn Google Glass in the last two days,” he said. “I haven’t worn it because I had work to do and I couldn’t give people demos [while sitting at Starbucks.]” In a world with a slowly increasing number of people wearing Google Glass or other similar devices, Barrett's video is enough to make anyone stop and think. And for future unknowing video subjects, he offers one bit of advice from the experience. “If people are in public and laws aren’t being broken, I think you just have to be aware of exactly what you’re doing in public and hopefully you don’t do something that stands out,” he said. | Low | [
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Q: Как добавить графический интерфейс из другого класса JavaFX? Решил написать что-то простейшее с графическим интерфейсом (знания ничтожные, поэтому сильно не душите), использовал библиотеку javafx, думаю такой:"для графического интерфейса, наверное, нужно создать отдельный класс". Создал отдельный класс, добавил туда панели, разные элементы, и возник вопрос: а как в классе со scene и stage реализовать класс с этим графич.интерфейсом? Написал gr = new graphic(); scene = new Scene(gr, 640, 480); (хотя не совсем понимаю что это), но что-то не работает(. Main.java import javafx.application.Application; import javafx.scene.Scene; import javafx.stage.Stage; public class Main extends Application{ private Scene scene; private graphic gr; public static void main(String[] args) { Application.launch(args); } @Override public void start(Stage stage) throws Exception { gr = new graphic(); scene = new Scene(gr, 640, 480); stage.setTitle("Hello world!"); stage.setScene(scene); stage.show(); } } graphic.java import javafx.scene.Parent; import javafx.scene.control.Button; import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane; import javafx.scene.layout.ColumnConstraints; import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane; import javafx.scene.layout.RowConstraints; public class graphic extends Parent { graphic(){ Button first = new Button("First"); Button second = new Button("Second"); Button third = new Button("Third"); Button fourth = new Button("Fourth"); GridPane root = new GridPane(); ColumnConstraints column1 = new ColumnConstraints(); column1.setPercentWidth(50); root.getColumnConstraints().add(column1); ColumnConstraints column2 = new ColumnConstraints(); column2.setPercentWidth(50); root.getColumnConstraints().add(column2); RowConstraints row1 = new RowConstraints(); row1.setPercentHeight(50); root.getRowConstraints().add(row1); RowConstraints row2 = new RowConstraints(); row2.setPercentHeight(50); root.getRowConstraints().add(row2); root.setGridLinesVisible(true); root.add(first, 0, 0); root.add(second, 0, 1); root.add(third, 1, 0); root.add(fourth, 1, 1); } } A: Ваш graphic это нода javafx, которую вы встраиваете в scene. В конструкторе graphic вы создаете GridPane который нигде потом не используется, в саму сцену добавляется только graphic. Самый простой способ исправить код это: Убрать extends Parent у класса graphic Заменить конструктор класса grapic на статический метод: public static GridPane getRoot (){ В конце этого метода сделать return root; В сцену передавать не инстанс класса, а результат вызова getRoot() public class graphic extends Parent { public static GridPane getRoot (){ Button first = new Button("First"); // ... вырезал для краткости GridPane root = new GridPane(); // ... вырезал для краткости root.add(first, 0, 0); // ... вырезал для краткости return root; } } public class Main extends Application{ private Scene scene; public static void main(String[] args) { Application.launch(args); } @Override public void start(Stage stage) { scene = new Scene(graphic.getRoot(), 640, 480); stage.setTitle("Hello world!"); stage.setScene(scene); stage.show(); } } | High | [
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An empty cart Our Company Jacovin is a family owned business located in Granby, Quebec. Founded by two aestheticians in 1980, our focus over the last 38 years has been to provide a product that enhances the wellbeing of your skin. We value practicing natural cosmetology which to us means doing our own plant infusion from real plants, using essential oils to aromatise and to use plant-based ingredients whenever possible without compromising the quality of the product or the benefit to your skin. Our production methods We pride ourselves on being a natural cosmetology company that uses handcrafted fabrication methods to product high quality product in Canada. When you buy one of our products, you can be assured that you are getting a handmade, product made directly from our family to yours. What does handcrafted mean? A handcrafted product means made skillfully by hand. Our company was founded by an aesthetician who has spent 37 years developing product specially tailored for the skin. He has fine tuned that production method over those years and have shared with the next generation his findings. Why have we chosen to continue by hand over the year? Small batches ensure the highest of quality. We make our batches by hand and inspect them at each stage in the process to ensure the highest of quality. It allows us to better serve our customers. Small batches allows us to offer a wide variety of tailored products to our customers. We speak to our customers directly and incorporate their feedback so we are continuously improving. Making smaller quantities of each product allows the turn around time for change to be shorter. It allows us to continue to use traditional methods. Our company was founded in 1980 and a lot of our fabrications methods have remained the same. No, we do not mix by hand. If you have tried to mix shampoo, you know why! We have machine that help us with the heavy lifting, but we take care of everything else to needs a finer touch. What does natural cosmetology mean? We created products to enhance your natural beauty using ingredients that are primarily from natural plant-based sources. Our main methods are the use of plant infusions from real plants and the use of pure essential oils to aromatize our products naturally. Plant infusion We do all of our own plant infusion. This means that we start with warm distilled water and submerge real plants. This process allows all the the nutrients in the plants to be transferred to water which then becomes the base for our products. We do not add color to our products so any color in our products comes from this natural infusion. Essential oils Essential oil is obtained by distilling a plant or certain fruits to extract active properties and the fragrance characteristics into a highly concentrated oil. The aromas of our products are all created with essentials oils to give a pleasant, light aroma. Made in Canada All of our products are made in our workshop located in Granby, Quebec, Canada. We source the best ingredients to provide the highest quality product from Canada and abroad. | Low | [
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"A child's learning is the function more of the characteristics of his classmates than those of the teacher." James Coleman, 1972 Wednesday, October 02, 2013 Arne Duncan, Extortionist extortion |ikˈstôrSHən|nounthe practice of obtaining something, esp. money, through force or threats.In California, where corporate legislators have decided to suspend NCLB testing for one year while they implement a new generation of racist tests using the new testing delivery system, the Common Core, Arne Duncan is on the scene, threatening to withhold Title I money if California moves forward: The lack of test scores attracted Duncan's criticism. "Letting an entire school year pass for millions of students without sharing information on their schools’ performance with them and their families is the wrong way to go about this transition," he said in a statement. "No one wants to over-test, but if you are going to support all students’ achievement, you need to know how all students are doing." Duncan declined to specify what action he would take, and in fact, the federal government has no direct authority over state school systems. But the department controls billions of dollars in federal funds, which can make up about 10% of a school district's budget. This money adds up to about $600 million a year for Los Angeles Unified, according to the district. "If California moves forward with a plan that fails to assess all its students, as required by federal law, the department will be forced to take action, which could include withholding funds," Duncan said. Can you imagine, a year without the annual cranial vice attached to everyone’s head? Could people start to remember what it was like just a dozen years ago, before the annual ritual to kill imagination and thinking? | Mid | [
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Q: How to source files in .vimrc I am trying a simple means of sourcing a file based on the filetype of the new opened file. For example, I want to source python.vimrc when a new file is *.py. This code (in .vimrc) function LoadFileTypeDefaults() let vimrcfile = &filetype . '.vimrc' if filereadable(vimrcfile) echo vimrcfile source vimrcfile endif endfunction gives the following error when I do vi new.py python.vimrc Error detected while processing function LoadFileTypeDefault: line 4: E484: Can't open file vimrcfile My python.vimrc is in my runpath. Moreover, if I replace source vimrcfile with source python.vimrc everything works as required. What am I missing? A: The source command expects a file name, not an expression. You gave it vimrcfile so it’s looking for the file called vimrcfile. Use execute to string together a command from one or more expressions. exe 'source' vimrcfile (If you pass multiple arguments they will be joined with spaces before executing.) What you probably really want is to just add autocmd Filetype python set expandtab " etc in your .vimrc. Or if you really have a lot of settings, put them in ~/.vim/after/ftplugin/python.vim. | High | [
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Q: This variable declaration can creates memory issue here i have one function which is call many times in one application this application is running continuously. Here i am take one character array size of 1024. here i am declaring char input[1024]; so which is best way 1) char input[1024]; 2) char input[1024] = NULL; this thing will not create any memory issue after so many times if we used this function.char input[1024]; i think may be after using input we have to make NULL ? or in declaration we have to declare this thing as char input[1024] = NULL; so when it will be called next time so that time first input make null than its taking any memory. #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <fcntl.h> void do() { char input[1024]; strcat(input,"ussp-push 04:18:0F:B1:48:B5@9"); strcat(input,"> dev/null&"); if(system(input) != 0) { printf("\nFailed command\n"); } else { printf("\nSuccesss command\n"); } } A: Your program does not initialise input at all. This can lead to buffer overrun and even if that does not happen, your program is likely to have incorrect results. Thus your code invokes undefined behaviour. Presumably you actually want to initialize input to be an empty string. Like this: char input[1024] = ""; Once you have done this your calls to strcat will work. If you don't want to initialise input then you can use strcpy instead of the first strcat: char input[1024]; strcpy(input, "ussp-push 04:18:0F:B1:48:B5@9"); If ever you need to assign the empty string to input later in the code do it like this: input[0] = '\0'; The code you suggest, char input[1024] = NULL is not valid. It does not compile. | Low | [
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Date: Thu, 03 Jan 2002 20:42:16 -0600 From: Charlie Lambert Subject: nsync complications chapter 4 DISCLAIMER: Hello everybody, first off, this story is going to be about establishing relationships, not purely about sex, but there will still be encounters. I must however state that I do not know anybody's sexual preferences in REALITY, however, in this little fiction world of mine, they are what I choose them to be. Once again, the "Duh Factor": if you are not old enough to view this material, go away. If homosexual material offends you, why are you here? Special Thanx: Jessie! You are my main inspiration! Also, a special thanx to Alex, James, Jimmy, and Chris. Thanks for the motivation! Reminder: Lance's thoughts are in greater than, less than arrows <> and Joey's are in regular brackets []. Thanx and enjoy! In the previous chapter: The guys of N'Sync fly down to Mobile, Alabama. Lance is still in shock and so are the other guys. Lance stays at the hospital that night with his sister while the other guys and Britney go to the hotel. JC convinces management to try to get a hold of BSB's management and ask Kevin to talk to Lance, considering he lost his father. Stacy wakes up in the middle of the night and Lance has to tell her the news, and now I'm going to zoom ahead a week or so after his parents' funeral. Chapter Four Management had deemed it necessary to cancel everything for at least three months. Considering all they had was some promotional appearances, it wasn't that hard to manage. They wanted to give Lance and the rest of the gang time to recover from their loss. After all, they were like parents to them too. The guys have returned to Orlando, and Stacy with Lance. Lance insisted that she come stay with him until she gets better and can do stuff on her own. Lance was in the process of waking up this one Saturday morning when he heard the doorbell ring. Of course, the doorbell rang a second time and Lance started to get out of bed. He put on his green robe and started toward the front door. He opened the door and was shocked to see Kevin Richardson of the Backstreet Boys standing there. "I didn't wake you, did I?" Kevin asked, looking at Lance who was still groggy. "What? Oh, well, yeah you kind of did, but I needed to get up anyways. Come on in." "Thanks, you have no idea how hard it was for me to get up this morning, but since it was a personal favor to somebody, I felt like I needed to get here on time." "Personal favor?" Lance asked, motioning for Kevin to have a seat in the living room. "He didn't tell you? That's just like him, JC asked me to come have a chat with you." "Oh, he did? What about?" Lance asked, playing dumb and taking a seat opposite Kevin. "Don't play dumb, you know that he is worried about you, they all are." "I'm fine, I've told them that a million times since it happened." "Are you?" Kevin asked, looking directly at Lance. Lance looked right back at Kevin and saw that he was being serious, Lance could tell that Kevin wanted to help. Lance thought about it a second, then continued. "I...I honestly don't know anymore..." "Exactly what I said when I was asked that question." "Huh?" "My dad passed away from cancer and I was depressed for a while, until B-rok started asking questions and I finally realized that I didn't need to play Mr. Tough guy anymore and that my friends were there to comfort me and be there for me." "I'm sorry that you lost your dad like that, but...my situation is completely different." "What do you mean?" "I'm not trying to play Mr. Tough Guy, it doesn't take much for me to break down, and I'm getting over the fact of living without my parents, its not the fact that they're...they're dead, its just..." Lance let the sentence come to an end. "Just what?" "Its personal." "You won't feel better until you talk about it, I know that for sure." "I know, but I can't just blurt it out like that, I mean, I don't want to ruin the guys." "Ruin the guys?" Kevin gave it some thought for a few moments and then started again, "I think I know where this is headed." "How could you?" "We had the same situation in our group. It took AJ a while to admit it, but I was finally able to get him to confess and it made him feel so much better afterwards." "Confess?" Lance asked, he knew what was coming next. "Lance, are you bi?" Lance, a little startled by the question took a few minutes to respond. "Not exactly, this is a one way street and it goes the opposite way." Lance immediately regretted using that analogy because he felt like an idiot afterwards. "You're gay?" "Yeah..." Lance replied and then he decided it was time for a little rant and rave. "I don't know how to break it to the guys, I've only told Joey and I know that if it was to get out, it would ruin N Sync and all of them have worked too hard for me to screw it up for them." Kevin, feeling that that wasn't the real reason for Lance's behavior, "There's something more though, you know that the guys would accept you for who you are and it isn't too hard to keep certain things from the press, what is it?" "They died...and I couldn't tell them. I didn't tell them, I was afraid that they would shun me and...deep down I knew they wouldn't, but it was the fear of it all and then they go and get in this horrible accident..." Kevin got up immediately and crossed to where Lance was and sat down next to him, pulling him into a hug. Lance returned the hug and dried out what was the beginning of tears. "It'll be alright Lance, you really should talk to the rest of the guys and let them know how you feel, right now, they are your family and you need to tell them so they can help you." "Thanks Kevin...I...I really appreciate this "little chat" we had." Kevin laughed, "No problem." Lance, feeling a little bit childish after his outburst, thanked Kevin again, gave him a hug and told him he'd call the guys right away. After showing Kevin out, he called Joey. "Ugh...hello?" Lance, remembering that it was still before noon on a Saturday, cursed himself silently, and then he started talking. "Joey, its me, Lance." Joey immediately showed signs of wakefulness. "Lance? Oh, what's up?" "I was wondering if you could get a hold of the guys and ask them to come over around noon, I'm going to tell them." "Sure man, no prob, I'll get a hold of everybody and see you around noon, alright?" "Thanks Joey, see ya then." Lance then remembered his sister and immediately ran up to her room. She was just waking up when Lance walked in. "Good morning sleepy head." "Good Morning Lance, ugh, what time is it?" "It's about ten thirty. You hungry?" "Not really, is there anything you wanted to pamper me about today?" A hint of sarcasm underlining her voice. "Haha, very funny Stacy. Not really actually...but there's something I needed to tell you." "Okay, I'm all ears, what is it?" Lance crossed over to Stacy's bed and sat down next to her. She sat up and was looking at him when he took a deep breath. "It's taken me a while to realize the way I feel about...relationships and I wanted to tell you before I tell the guys." "You're a little late on that flight Bro, I already know that you're gay." "What?! How'd you know?" Lance almost jumped off the bed in shock. "I am your sister after all, not to mention there were little signs that I picked up on here and there." She smiled at him. "I'm okay with it Lance, whatever makes you happy makes me happy." Lance, unsure of what to do, hugged his sister and thanked her a million times for taking it so well. Then a question popped into his head. "Did...did mom and dad know?" "They suspected as much, they loved you Lance. They were happy as long as you were happy." A huge wait was lifted off Lance's shoulders at that moment. Stacy feeling rather curious, "So the guys don't know?" "Joey does, I'm going to tell the others today." "So...what kind of guys do you like?" A devious grin came across her face. Feeling really awkward at that moment, "As if that's any of your business" His face turning beet red. "Haha, you're turning crimson little brother." Lance and Stacy laughed it off for a little while and then he remembered the guys were coming over. So he headed downstairs to put a pizza in the oven for lunch. Stacy, feeling tired from her meds went back to sleep. It only took him a few minutes to get the pizza in the oven and was contemplating taking a shower; however, the doorbell rang at that exact moment. Lance looked up at the clock and realized it was noon already. He jogged over to the front door and sure enough, the rest of the guys were there. All of them looking still a tad bit groggy, but concerned none the less. "Hey guys come on in and get comfortable." The all sat down and JC was the first to speak up. "So...what was it that you wanted to tell us on this Saturday morning?" "Afternoon," Joey corrected, giggling a little bit. "Either way, you're right, there's something I need to tell you guys, but first I wanted to thank you JC." "For what?" "For getting Kevin from BSB to come speak to me, it really helped, and it shows how worried you are about me, thanks." "No problem, you know you're like a brother to all of us." "That's the reason I decided to talk to all of you guys now. I want you guys to promise to listen to what I have to say and wait until I'm done, then...we can talk if you want to." All the guys nodded in agreement, and all getting looks of concern on their faces. "Okay. Gosh, where to begin?" Lance tried to lighten the mood. The guys smiled accordingly. "Well, you guys all know that I was really depressed whenever I found out about my parents and all of you were there for me. I'm getting over that now, slowly but surely I'm learning how to deal with not having my parents anymore. The reason I'm kind of 'out of it' so to speak has to do with my parents and you guys. I never got to tell them something really important. I was afraid to, although now I know it was a childish fear. I'm worried about telling ya'll because I don't want to do anything that could endanger 'N Sync. We've all worked so hard to get this far in life, but I have to tell you." Lance took a really deep breath and continued. "I've had to come to terms with something extremely personal, having to do with the types of relationships I want to get involved with...I'm gay." Lance was staring off at the floor, unable to bring himself to look at anybody for fear of the looks. Chris, being serious for once, "So this is what you were going to tell us before all this stuff happened, back at the hotel in Atlanta?" "Yeah, it is." "Whatever makes you happy hombre," Justin replied. Lance looked up at this point in time and stared at Justin. "Same goes here Scoop," Chris replies. "Yeah, this is what had you weirded out for the past couple of weeks? You should've told us sooner Scoop," JC said. At this point in time, Lance started crying, and for the first time in a long time, this was for pure happiness. "Thank you guys, you have no idea how long I've wanted to tell you." "Group Hug!" Joey yelled at the top of his lungs. All the guys got up and went over to Lance, all grappling and giving a humongous hug to him. Lance was extremely happy. [I'm glad everyone took it so well. I'm really glad to see Lance so happy. What is this weird feeling I've been having lately? I've been worried about Lance, but it just seems like something else is there...] Uh oh! What's going on in Joey's head? Hmmmm...=0) Let me know what you thought about this chapter. I LOVE EMAIL!!! If I can, I will respond to everyone's that I get. I love helpful criticisms. Whether they are constructive or not. If you have any suggestions, let me know. Later, Charlie. [email protected] | Low | [
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Intrathecal Melissa-Officinalis Relieves Pain: Improvement of Rat Spinal Catheterization. Melissa officinalis is one of the oldest herbal medicines commonly used in traditional medicine, which some studies have investigated its analgesic effect. This study is an attempt to investigate the effects of intrathecal administration of Melissa officinalis on the pain induced by heat and formalin. In this experimental study, seventy male Wistar rats with an average weight of 270-320 g were randomly divided into 5 groups: control; sham, that received 25 μl of saline through the spinal catheter; and three experimental groups, that received 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg Melissa officinalis via the spinal catheter respectively. Five days after catheterization of the spinal cord from the lumbar region under anesthesia, the effects of Intrathecal administration of Melissa officinalis on heat and formalin induced pain were evaluated. Data were analyzed by using one way ANOVA. Intrathecal injection of Melissa officinalis blocked heat-induced pain dose-dependently. Maximum analgesia was observed 30 minutes after the injection. Furthermore, intrathecal administration of MO alleviated both acute and chronic phases of formalin-induced pain. Motor block was not observed in any of the above mentioned groups. The results showed that intrathecal administration of Melissa officinalis could significantly improve hot water and formalin induced pain in male Wistar rat. | High | [
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Mexico Compensates Men For Forced SterilizationsNatalia Parra - Associated Pressgo to original Acapulco, Mexico - State authorities have agreed to pay 490,000 pesos (US$48,000) in compensation to 14 indigenous Mexican men coerced into having vasectomies, an official said.The men will each be paid 35,000 pesos (US$3,400) and given water storage tanks and cement to build homes, said Luis Barrera Rios, health secretary of Guerrero state. He said the men had accepted the compensation, even though it was far less than the 200,000 pesos (US$19,000) each they demanded.A group representing the men, the Tlachinollan Center for Human Rights, declined to comment Wednesday.The men say that state health workers showed up in the southern village of El Camalote in 1998 and demanded that men with more than four children must have vasectomies, according to a report last year by the National Human Rights Commission.The plaintiffs said they were promised a clinic, medicine, clothes, scholarships for their children and new homes for undergoing the procedure, while those who refused were threatened with removal from government aid programs.The government earlier refused to pay compensation, saying the men signed consent forms and denied they had been offered any benefits in exchange for undergoing the procedure, according to the National Human Rights Commission.After an investigation, the commission called on the Guerrero government to compensate the men. The commission found that health officials made no effort to counsel them on the implications of vasectomies or on alternative birth control methods.Although the commission's decisions are not binding, they are influential. | Mid | [
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The official website for the TV anime adaptation project based on Yumi Nakata's erotic comedy manga Okusama ga Seitokaicho!/My Wife Is the Student Council President! today posted a "No.0" main visual for the upcoming second season, which introduces a new character Honoka Saijo, who is the president of the photo club. And the site also announced the official title for the new season will be Okusama ga Seitokaicho!+!/My Wife Is the Student Council President!+! (adding "+!" in the end). In advance of the premiere of the new season, the rerun of the 12-episode first season will begin on AT-X and Nico Nico Douga in July. The first season produced by Seven (I Can't Understand What My Husband Is Saying, Magical Somera-chan) was sired in Japan from July to September 2015 and has also been available on Crunchyroll. More details of the second season will be revealed soon. Second season "No.0" main visual Announcement video Source: "Okusama ga Seitokaicho!" TV anime official website, Twitter © Yumi Nakata/Ichijinsha, Seifu High Disciplinary Committee | Mid | [
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Istanbul 2020 launch competition to find new logo June 13 - Istanbul 2020 today launched a worldwide public competition for the selection of its logo for its campaign to host the Olympics and Paralympics, which bid leader Hasan Arat (pictured right) promised would become "famous". Five potential logos submitted by professional designers have been published on Istanbul's website and the public have until June 20 to choose their favourite. Turkish officials are confident that the competition will generate high levels of interest in the country, with support for the Istanbul 2020 bid revealed in last month's International Olympic Committee (IOC) Working Group report already at 73 per cent. Once the logo is decided, the overall look of the bid and supporting design for a new web site and promotional materials will be developed. Unlike rivals Madrid and Tokyo, Istanbul did not have a logo during the first phase of the bid. But they now hope to harnass the enthusiasm for the bid with this new competition. "Last month's IOC Working Group report revealed that Istanbul 2020 has incredibly strong Government and Public Support and the national excitement generated by the decision to make Istanbul a Candidate City demonstrates what this means to our country," said Arat. "The winning designer will have the honour of knowing they have created a logo that represents a bid backed by all levels of Government and enjoys the full support of the people of Turkey - the Istanbul 2020 Candidate City logo will be famous throughout our nation." The winning logo be sent to the IOC for approval before it is announced to the world in time for London 2012. Among the ideas several feature a tulip, the symbol of Istanbul, while, as you would expect, the idea of linking Europe and Asia figures strongly. Another idea is swirling figures which is supposed to represent Istanbul as a modern city that preserves its traditional roots. "Turkey is a nation filled with millions of educated, talented young people - most of whom support Istanbul 2020," said Arat. "So it is no surprise to see several of the shortlisted logo designs coming from our nation's talented young designers. "I am sure that whichever logo is selected, it will help us to promote our national dream to host a Games that, for the first time ever, spans two continents and provides a bridge to unite and inspire the next generation all over the world." Timeline About the author Duncan Mackay is the editor of insidethegames.biz. Awards include British Sports Writer of the Year in 2004, British News Story of the Year in 2004 and British Sports Internet Reporter of the Year in 2009. Mackay is one of Britain's best-connected journalists and during the 16 years he worked at The Guardian and The Observer he regularly broke a number of major exclusive stories, including the news that British sprinter Dwain Chambers had tested positive for banned performance enhancing drugs. inside the photos Fact of the day Hulking Swedish actor Dolph Lundgren is best known to movie fans for his role in the film Rocky IV in 1985. For the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta he was selected by the United States Olympic Committee as the team leader of the American modern pentathlon team. Though he attended the Games and marched with the US delegation in the Opening Ceremony, his role was largely honorary. It was bestowed on Lundgren as a result of the time he spent training with the team in preparation for his role in the film Pentathlon, where he starred as an East German Olympic gold medalist on the run from an abusive coach played by David Soul. As a result of the time he spent with the team, Lundgren became a major supporter of the campaign to keep modern pentathlon on the Olympic programme. Featured Job The Big Read As the bidding race for the 2024 Olympic Games surges forward, Philip Barker looks back at previous Games held in Los Angeles and Paris as both cities hope to host the event for the third time and how their National Olympic Committees previously won the hosting rights | Mid | [
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Avery Slusher, 18, from Cincinnati, returned to the US after three months in Southeast Asia on Wednesday — when she was shocked by lax airport safety measures. When I was in Indonesia, workers wouldn’t let you on boats without taking your temperature. In Bali, hand-sanitizer stations were all over the airport. Last week, I flew from Chiang Mai to Phuket — a domestic Thailand flight, but airport workers still did temperature checks. People stared at the few people not wearing a mask. You couldn’t miss the signs throughout the airport: “Are you sweating? Are you coughing? Is breathing difficult?” In Bangkok, airport staff walked around distributing hand sanitizer. During the 11-hour flight to Los Angeles, I was given a US health-declaration form to fill out, asking if I had a cough or fever and if I had traveled to affected countries. I was told screeners would collect the forms, check passengers’ temperatures and give an overall health evaluation. But the forms were never collected, and I wasn’t screened. I was in shock. I braced myself for a grilling by Customs that never happened. The agent asked where I’d been. When I told him I had traveled throughout Southeast Asia since December, he said, “Dope! Welcome home” and waved me on through. I hopped on two more flights, to Denver International Airport and then Cincinnati. The crew didn’t wear masks. Airports here aren’t taking basic measures. They should be distributing hand sanitizer at every corner, monitoring people, taking temperatures. I felt safer everywhere in Asia than I do in the US. Read more stories about surviving the coronavirus pandemic. | High | [
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Posts tagged: Earth Control Committee Worldviews have consequences. The pandemic that grips the whole world is symptomatic of the deadly grip that the ungodly leadership in China holds over a wide populous (including tens of millions of Chinese Christians). The coronavirus did not just come out of nowhere. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) claims that it came out of the wet markets of Wuhan, a city of about 11 million people.… Continue Reading | Low | [
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The House agreed with state Rep. Mike Danahay, D-Sulfur, and voted 63-26 to remove the provision from the bill. Danahay reminded the House of the “gold standard” of ethics the Legislature passed at Gov. Bobby Jindal’s urging to improve the state’s image. He said legislators and their close relatives are subject to the same contract ban that BESE is currently under. “They knew when they ran for that office they could continue their contracts or leave that office,” said Danahay. State Rep. Rob Shadoin, R-Ruston, pushed for the BESE exception, said the contract ban is creating problems for a BESE member in his district that’s an engineer. He said the current situation will discourage “good men and women” from running for the office because of the “detrimental impact on their income as they serve.” After stripping the BESE provision, the House approved SB303 on a 78-16 vote. SB303 now would provide an exception to ethics laws that would allow deputy of New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu to become executive director of the New Orleans Sewerage and Water Board. The legislation helps Cedric Grant who had been serving as Landrieu’s representative on the board. Under a House floor change, the bill would become effective on the signature of the governor. Last month, a divided Ethics Board advised Grant that he would violate a state law by accepting the job. Grant has been serving in Landrieu’s place on the board. State law prohibits anyone from stepping down from a public board and then accepting a job with that board within a two-year period. | Low | [
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Lack of genetic structure among ecologically adapted populations of an Australian rainforest Drosophila species as indicated by microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Although fragmented rainforest environments represent hotspots for invertebrate biodiversity, few genetic studies have been conducted on rainforest invertebrates. Thus, it is not known if invertebrate species in rainforests are highly genetically fragmented, with the potential for populations to show divergent selection responses, or if there are low levels of gene flow sufficient to maintain genetic homogeneity among fragmented populations. Here we use microsatellite markers and DNA sequences from the mitochondrial ND5 locus to investigate genetic differences among Drosophila birchii populations from tropical rainforests in Queensland, Australia. As found in a previous study, mitochondrial DNA diversity was low with no evidence for population differentiation among rainforest fragments. The pattern of mitochondrial haplotype variation was consistent with D. birchii having undergone substantial past population growth. Levels of nuclear genetic variation were high in all populations while F(ST) values were very low, even for flies from geographically isolated areas of rainforest. No significant differentiation was observed between populations on either side of the Burdekin Gap (a long-term dry corridor), although there was evidence for higher gene diversity in low-latitude populations. Spatial autocorrelation coefficients were low and did not differ significantly from random, except for one locus which revealed a clinal-like pattern. Comparisons of microsatellite differentiation contrasted with previously established clinal patterns in quantitative traits in D. birchii, and indicate that the patterns in quantitative traits are likely to be due to selection. These results suggest moderate gene flow in D. birchii over large distances. Limited population structure in this species appears to be due to recent range expansions or cycles of local extinctions followed by recolonizations/expansions. Nevertheless, patterns of local adaptation have developed in D. birchii that may result in populations showing different selection responses when faced with environmental change. | Mid | [
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Minicart.js - zengr http://minicartjs.com/ ====== mpettitt I'm slightly disappointed that this isn't a minecraft clone in 64kb of JavaScript. Even if what it actually is is much more useful... | Low | [
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'use strict'; var List = require("./list.js"); var Caml_exceptions = require("./caml_exceptions.js"); var Empty = Caml_exceptions.create("Stack.Empty"); function create(param) { return { c: /* [] */0, len: 0 }; } function clear(s) { s.c = /* [] */0; s.len = 0; } function copy(s) { return { c: s.c, len: s.len }; } function push(x, s) { s.c = { hd: x, tl: s.c }; s.len = s.len + 1 | 0; } function pop(s) { var match = s.c; if (match) { s.c = match.tl; s.len = s.len - 1 | 0; return match.hd; } throw { RE_EXN_ID: Empty, Error: new Error() }; } function top(s) { var match = s.c; if (match) { return match.hd; } throw { RE_EXN_ID: Empty, Error: new Error() }; } function is_empty(s) { return s.c === /* [] */0; } function length(s) { return s.len; } function iter(f, s) { return List.iter(f, s.c); } function fold(f, acc, s) { return List.fold_left(f, acc, s.c); } exports.Empty = Empty; exports.create = create; exports.push = push; exports.pop = pop; exports.top = top; exports.clear = clear; exports.copy = copy; exports.is_empty = is_empty; exports.length = length; exports.iter = iter; exports.fold = fold; /* No side effect */ | Mid | [
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Featured Product Wild Organic Baby Pamper Pack News NEW Wild Organic Baby Products May 11th, 2015 NEW Wild Organic Baby product range released and now available!!! In response to many requests from our customers, we have developed a unique range of five CERTIFIED ORGANIC baby products (certified by Australian certified Organic (ACO), the premier organic certification body in Australia). These premium bath and skin care products can be purchased online here, or at any of our valued partner stores. Using only the finest quality ingredients and formulated to be gentle and effective on baby’s skin, Wild Organic Baby is a welcome extension to our growing range of products that have Organic Certification. Let us know what you think of these new products! Sign up to our emails for promotions, new products and special offers The Pharmaceutical Plant Company (PPC Herbs) is a herbal extract manufacturer. We produce a wide range of liquid herbal extracts and natural body products which are suitable for all who wish to seek a more natural approach to their lives. | Mid | [
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35th??? Don't do it. Some years ago it was the 30th, in Budapest, with foreign guests too. You cannot say 5 years have passed. Yes, it is a 4 years ago It is 30th anniversary of Enterprise 128.On 30th anniversary of Enterprise 64 are a little meeting at Povi. Important dates:1983 Sept 14. The big announcement to the press. But only the wired prototype exist, hidden under the desk... The delay, delay, chip problems, delay, chip problems, delay, delay... 1984 Dec 14. First Enterprise 64 machines arrived to the shops, then this is the real release date.1985 May 16. Enterprise 128 released.1987 May 19. Enterprise 128 released in Hungary. I converted the video uploaded by Zozo to 'de facto' standard .avi (XviD video + mp3 audio). Now it's playable on MPEG-4 compatible standalone DVD-players and smart devices as well, and the size is only 3MB instead of 12... | Mid | [
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A year after it was given a straight-to-series order, Freeform has unveiled a first look at its forthcoming Marvel drama Cloak and Dagger. Picked up last April, Cloak and Dagger centers on the interracial romance between Cloak and Dagger, aka Tandy Bowen and Tyrone Johnson, two teenagers from different backgrounds who find themselves burdened and awakened to newly acquired superpowers while falling in love. Tandy can emit light daggers and Tyrone has the ability to engulf others in darkness. They quickly learn they are better together than apart — but their feelings for each other make their already complicated world even more challenging. Underground's Joe Pokaski serves as showrunner on the drama from Marvel Television and ABC Signature. Marvel TV's Jeph Loeb and Jim Chory also executive produce the series with Gina Prince-Bythewood (Love & Basketball, Shots Fired) set to direct the pilot. Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph star in the drama, which will premiere in 2018. Click here for the full cast. Watch the trailer, below. | High | [
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The association of the K121Q polymorphism of the plasma cell glycoprotein-1 gene with type 2 diabetes and hypertension depends on size at birth. Birth weight and length serve as indicators of the intrauterine environment, and a small body size at birth is a predictor of type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Insulin is one of the growth factors regulating fetal growth. The plasma cell glycoprotein 1 (PC-1) gene impairs insulin signaling at the insulin receptor level. Therefore, we investigated whether the K121Q polymorphism of the PC-1 gene association with insulin sensitivity, insulin levels, and the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in adult life depends on size at birth in 489 subjects born in Helsinki during 1924-1933. We found that the effect of the PC-1 gene polymorphism on insulin levels and insulin sensitivity, measured as the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, depended on birth length because fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance were highest in subjects carrying the 121Q allele who were small at birth (P for interaction = 0.04 and 0.05). Additionally, in those whose birth length was up to 49 cm, the K121Q polymorphism of the PC-1 gene was associated with a 2-fold higher incidence of type 2 diabetes. Moreover, subjects who were short at birth and who had the 121Q allele had the highest incidence (31.6%) of type 2 diabetes together with hypertension. We conclude that the interaction between the K121Q polymorphism of the PC-1 gene and birth length affects insulin sensitivity and increases susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and hypertension in adulthood. | High | [
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Sooners RB Marcelias Sutton is Out for Season with Leg Fracture The Sooners depth in the backfield took another hit on Thursday. Heartland College Sports has exclusively learned that running back Marcelias Sutton suffered a leg fracture in a freak accident in practice. Sutton has 29 carries this season for 152 yards and two touchdowns. He’s primarily played a back up role to Trey Sermon and Kennedy Brooks, along with Rodney Anderson. But with Anderson also out for the season, this leaves the Sooners with just three scholarship running backs in Trey Sermon, Kennedy Brooks and T.J. Pledger, none of whom are upperclassmen. Sutton came to OU as part of the Class of 2017 and was the No. 2 ranked JUCO running back in the country and was a four-star recruit by ESPN. He was an honorable mention NJCAA All-American in 2016 as a sophomore, rushing for 907 yards on 130 carries. Last season he played in 13 games with 22 carries for 130 yards and two touchdowns. The Sooners still have a solid 1-2 punch in Sermon and Brooks, but the depth is certainly an issue for an OU offense that is rushing for 236 yards per game, which is tops in the Big 12. The Sooners are ranked 13th in FBS in rushings yards per game and 4th in the nation in total offense. The Sooners actually have three of the top 10 rushers per game in the Big 12 in Brooks, Sermon and quarterback Kyler Murray, who’s averaging 60 yards per game on the ground. OU is coming off a dominant win over Kansas State last week and now hits the road to face Kliff Kingsbury and the Texas Tech Red Raiders in Lubbock on Saturday night. | Mid | [
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2016-2017 Catalog Welcome to the 2016 – 2017 Florida Tech Catalog When using the online catalog management system (Acalog™), please be aware that major program requirements may change from one academic year to the next, and your requirements are based on the term you declared your major. The catalog system contains a number of features to assist you, including advanced search options, intuitive navigation, and a My Personal Catalog feature to store favorite programs and courses. For more information, contact the Catalog Editor, [email protected]. This catalog contains current information regarding curricula, educational plans, offerings and requirements of the colleges and schools, including the Graduate School, and may be altered from time to time to carry out the purposes and objectives of the university. The provisions of this catalog do not constitute a contract between the university and the enrolled student. The university reserves the right to change any provision, offering, requirement or fee at any time. A student may be required to withdraw (under appropriate procedures) whenever it is deemed to be in the best interest of the student and/or the university. The university may impose probation on any student whose conduct is unsatisfactory. Any admission based on false statements or documents presented by the student is void when the fraud is discovered, and the student is not entitled to credit for work that may have been completed. When a student is dismissed or suspended from the university for cause, there will be no refund of tuition and fees paid. If a dismissed student has paid only a part of the tuition and fees, the balance due the university will be collected. There will be no refund of tuition, fees or other payments made in the event the operation of the university is suspended as a result of any act of God, strike, riot, disruption or for any other reason beyond the control of the university. Florida Institute of Technology does not discriminate on the basis of race, gender, color, religion, creed, national origin, ancestry, marital status, age, disability, sexual orientation, protected veterans status or any other discrimination prohibited by law in the admission of students, administration of its educational policies, scholarship and loan programs, employment policies, and athletic or other university-sponsored programs or activities. | Mid | [
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The Nerdy Perfume Blog Getting Purse-onal: The Perfume Blogger’s Purse Welcome to another edition of Getting Purse-onal, in which we share the perfumes, cosmetics, and reading materials that have been lurking inside our purses this month. Please divulge the current contents of your purse to us in the comments! Estee Lauder AzureeSoleil. Bought it during the Azuree Soleil craze of ’06 (spearheaded by Blogdorf Goodman and The Beauty Addict). The combination of sunscreen and gardenia has been done to death, but Tom Ford’s interpretation was more floral and more elegant (as opposed to more casual sunscreen gardenias like Bond No. 9 Fire Island or Bobbi Brown Beach). CoverGirl LashBlast Mascara in Black. Did y’all know that the Harvard bookstore has an entire Clinique counter? Hopkins, however, sees fit to stock one measly shelf of CoverGirl products. Of the CG mascaras, LashExact is my favorite, but the only mascara on our measly shelf is LashBlast. (Well, that’s not fair. There’s also waterproof LashBlast!) Love you too, Hopkins. Lush Gorilla Perfumes Dirty. The mintiest perfume on the market. Dirty smells like some ground-up herbs (mint and thyme, mostly) meant for a terribly refreshing summer salad. For some reason it’s marketed towards men, but there’s nothing remotely masculine or feminine about Dirty. RAYGUN Notebook. I’m sorry, Stephenie Meyer. I’m sure that you are a very nice person. But your books have an awful lot of spelling errors. Even your name is misspelled! Shalimar Eau de Parfum. Drew’s grandmothers have the ultimate hookup on vintage perfumes. I’ve never been much of a Shalimar fan, but I’d also never smelled it in anything other than the modern EDT. The moment I opened the stopper to this tiny treasure, I began to understand what made Shalimar a legend of perfumery. Suddenly, A Knock On The Door. Israeli author Etgar Keret writes the best short stories this side of Sandra Cisneros. His work is thrillingly imaginative. Most of his stories are not about Israel, but the ones that are are honest and horrible and perfect. Suddenly, A Knock On The Door is actually not my favorite Keret book. The Girl on the Fridge has a lot more energy. Essie Nail Polish in Aruba Blue. I don’t paint my nails. It takes a long time, and I am very bad at it. But I couldn’t pass up such an vibrant color, so I use it to paint picture frames and piggy banks. Sunglasses from the Baltimore Visionary Art Museum. Best gift shop ever, y’all. This must be the last place in Baltimore where you can still find Choward’s Violet Mints. Chapstick in Classic Original. I used to spend $25 every two months or so on that incredibly buttery-feeling Fresh lip balm. It felt and smelled amazing, but never actually made my lips any less dry. Now I spend $3, and my lips no longer resemble Tatooine. Sometimes classics are classics for a reason. All hail the mighty Chapstick! By the way, would anyone be interested in submitting their own edition of The Perfume Blogger’s Purse? I know that I can’t be the only nosy nose with an insatiable curiosity about other people’s purses. Can I just ask, why does the Harvard bookstore have a cosmetics counter? The bookstore at my uni had books, and maybe a calendar. Actually it also had a fine selection of pens. I have the best lip balm every invented and it is Australian only. Send me your address and I will post it to you. OMG your lips will thank me so much more than chapstick. It is called Lanolips (i know right, they couldn’t come up with a better name [no affiliation to them whatsoever]) and it is the most gorgeous smooth lip loving stuff you will ever find. […] July 24th, 2012 Ari at Scents of Self (and everywhere! She’s everywhere!) posted on what was Inside the Perfume Blogger’s Purse, and though I now suspect she meant for someone to submit an “inside the purse” article […] | Mid | [
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export = ( <ask args={<list />}> <call name="test" args={ <list> {"equals"} <fun args={<list />} returns={<ref name="any" />}> <call name="toBe" args={ <list> <call name="expect" args={ <list> <call name="==" args={ <list> {2} {2} </list> } isOperator={true} /> </list> } /> <call name="true" args={<list />} /> </list> } /> <call name="toBe" args={ <list> <call name="expect" args={ <list> <call name="==" args={ <list> {2} {3} </list> } isOperator={true} /> </list> } /> <call name="false" args={<list />} /> </list> } /> <call name="toBe" args={ <list> <call name="expect" args={ <list> <call name="==" args={ <list> {1.3} {1.3} </list> } isOperator={true} /> </list> } /> <call name="true" args={<list />} /> </list> } /> <call name="toBe" args={ <list> <call name="expect" args={ <list> <call name="==" args={ <list> {1.3} {2.3} </list> } isOperator={true} /> </list> } /> <call name="false" args={<list />} /> </list> } /> <call name="toBe" args={ <list> <call name="expect" args={ <list> <call name="==" args={ <list> {"a"} {"a"} </list> } isOperator={true} /> </list> } /> <call name="true" args={<list />} /> </list> } /> <call name="toBe" args={ <list> <call name="expect" args={ <list> <call name="==" args={ <list> {"a"} {"b"} </list> } isOperator={true} /> </list> } /> <call name="false" args={<list />} /> </list> } /> <call name="toBe" args={ <list> <call name="expect" args={ <list> <call name="==" args={ <list> <call name="false" args={<list />} /> {""} </list> } isOperator={true} /> </list> } /> <call name="false" args={<list />} /> </list> } /> <call name="toBe" args={ <list> <call name="expect" args={ <list> <call name="==" args={ <list> <call name="false" args={<list />} /> {"[]"} </list> } isOperator={true} /> </list> } /> <call name="false" args={<list />} /> </list> } /> <call name="toBe" args={ <list> <call name="expect" args={ <list> <call name="==" args={ <list> <call name="false" args={<list />} /> {0} </list> } isOperator={true} /> </list> } /> <call name="false" args={<list />} /> </list> } /> <call name="toBe" args={ <list> <call name="expect" args={ <list> <call name="==" args={ <list> {1} {"1"} </list> } isOperator={true} /> </list> } /> <call name="false" args={<list />} /> </list> } /> </fun> </list> } /> </ask> ); | Low | [
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package network import ( "fmt" "github.com/hyperhq/runv/api" ) func InitNetwork(bIface, bIP string, disableIptables bool) error { return fmt.Errorf("Generial Network driver is unsupported on this os") } func Configure(inf *api.InterfaceDescription) (*Settings, error) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("Generial Network driver is unsupported on this os") } func AllocateAddr(requestedIP string) (*Settings, error) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("Generial Network driver is unsupported on this os") } // Release an interface for a select ip func ReleaseAddr(releasedIP string) error { return fmt.Errorf("Generial Network driver is unsupported on this os") } | Low | [
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A silver halide photographic light-sensitive material is photographically processed through a development step, a bleaching step, a washing step and a stabilization step after being exposed. The photographic processing is ordinarily conducted using an automatic processing machine. On such occasions, a replenisher replenishing system is commonly used wherein the processing solution in a processing tank is controlled so that the activity thereof is kept constant. In the case of the replenisher replenishing system, the purposes thereof include dilution of materials dissolved out from the light-sensitive material, correction of the amount of evaporation and replenishment of consumed components. Because of solution replenishing, much overflow-solution is ordinarily discharged. Recently, world wide movements for regulations on prohibiting dumping photo-effluent into oceans and regulations against disposal of plastic materials have been promoted. Accordingly, development of a new system in which photographic waste solution is markedly reduced and bottles for processing agents are eliminated is demanded. In addition, safety regulations on packaging materials have been made strengthened to maintain safety regarding the transportation of liquid hazardous substances, resulting in an increase of cost. In mini-labs which have recently proliferated rapidly, errors frequently occur during dissolution or dilution operations of the replenishing solutions due to a lack of man power. Therefore, this conventional replenishment system has drawn much frequent complaints. Accordinly, in the photographic industry a new replenishing system is demanded in which photographic waste solution is markedly reduced, bottles for processing agents are eliminated and dissolving operations are also eliminated. In response to these demands WO92-20013 discloses a method of solidifying almost all processing components and directly supplying these solids in processing tanks. However, it has been proved that in this method a concentration degree of the components in a color developing solution markedly increases compared to the conventional liquid color developer, and the storage stability due to aging of the solution deteriorates. Particularly when tableted and molded, the components react with each other by pressure-caused heat and storage stability problems occur. Further, localized concentrations of the components increase on dissolving, resulting in precipitates, filter clogging and adhesion of the precipitates to the surface of the light-sensitive materials to be processed. It is essential that in color developer containing various components in various amounts the components are contained in a specific amount therein. When the component content of the developer deviates, the process stability deteriorates, resulting in serious problems in photographic properties. The color developer of photographic processing agents plays an important role in determining photographic properties, and the controlling method of the component is a proposition to be solved in the art. As for concentration latitude of the components, the fluctuation range of the main components such as a color developing agent or an alikali is not less than 10 weight %, and that of an auxiliary agent such as a fluorescent brightening agent is not less than 15 weight %. When the processing agent out of the above range is used, it results in extraordinary development, either too active or inactive. It is easy to obtain a specific amount of a liquid processing agent, since uniform dispersion can be obtained by diluting it. As for the solid processing composition, mixing problems made it difficult to obtain a unifom dispersion. To overcome the above problem one can consider a method of weighing every component individually and mixing all components; however, this method is troublesome in production and not preferable in view of cost, control and speed regarding the equipment. These have been problems in producing the solid color developing composition. Accordingly, it is a high priority to develop a technique to solve the above problems. | High | [
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Q: Calling file() on pastebin URL fails, but on local file or google.com it works I'm working on a bit of PHP code that depends on a remote file which happens to be hosted on pastebin. The server I am working on has all the necessary functions enabled, as running it with FILE_URL set to http://google.com returns the expected results. I've also verified through php.ini for extra measure. Everything should work, but it doesn't. Calling file() on a URL formed as such, http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=<paste id here>, returns a 500 server error. Doing the same on the exact same file hosted locally or on google.com returns a reasonable result. I have verified that the URL is set to the correct value and verified that the remote page is where I think that it is. I'm at a loss. ini_set("allow_url_fopen", true); // Prefer remote (up-to-date) file, fallback to local file if( ini_get("allow_url_fopen") ){ $file = file( FILE_URL ); } if(!isset( $file ) || !$file ) { $file = file( LOCAL_FILE_PATH ); } A: I wasn't able to test this, but you should use curl, try something like this: <?php $url = "http://pastebin.com/2ZdFcEKh"; $ch = curl_init($url); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true); curl_exec($ch); | Mid | [
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Q: Wpf DataGrid Only updates when clicking into Cell I am slowing teaching myself WPF with Calburn and then hopefully Rx. My current objective is to Bind a DataGrid to a collection of "stock" and then update the prices of each stock and have it display in my View in real time. Eventually I'd like to use Rx to do this but for now I am just using Wpf/Mvvm & Caliburn Micro. However my datagrid's price column only displays the updated price when I click into the individual price cells and not automatically. Can anyone see what I have done wrong? My view is: <Window x:Class="StockPriceSim.Views.MainView" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006" xmlns:model="clr-namespace:StockPriceSim.ViewModels" xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008" xmlns:viewModels="clr-namespace:StockPriceSim.ViewModels" mc:Ignorable="d" d:DataContext="{x:Type viewModels:MainViewModel}"> <StackPanel> <DataGrid x:Name="Stocks" ItemsSource="{Binding Stocks, Mode=OneWay, NotifyOnSourceUpdated=True, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}" /> </StackPanel> </Window> And my view Model is: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Collections.ObjectModel; using System.Threading; using System.Threading.Tasks; using System.Windows.Threading; using Caliburn.Micro; using StockPriceSim.Model; namespace StockPriceSim.ViewModels { public class MainViewModel : PropertyChangedBase { public MainViewModel() { var initialData = new List<Stock>(); initialData.Add(new Stock {CurrencyCode = "GBP", CurrentPrice = 102.11, Id = 1, LongName = "BP Long Name", ShortName = "BPP"}); initialData.Add(new Stock { CurrencyCode = "GBP", CurrentPrice = 99.99, Id = 2, LongName = "RBS Long Name", ShortName = "RBS" }); initialData.Add(new Stock { CurrencyCode = "EUR", CurrentPrice = 97.00, Id = 3, LongName = "BNPP LongName", ShortName = "BNP" }); initialData.Add(new Stock { CurrencyCode = "EUR", CurrentPrice = 112.15, Id = 4, LongName = "Deutsche Long Name", ShortName = "DSH" }); initialData.Add(new Stock { CurrencyCode = "USD", CurrentPrice = 98.25, Id = 5, LongName = "General Motors", ShortName = "GMM" }); initialData.Add(new Stock { CurrencyCode = "USD", CurrentPrice = 131.12, Id = 6, LongName = "Microsfot", ShortName = "MSF" }); initialData.Add(new Stock { CurrencyCode = "EUR", CurrentPrice = 95.66, Id = 7, LongName = "Santandar", ShortName = "SDT" }); initialData.Add(new Stock { CurrencyCode = "CAD", CurrentPrice = 104.56, Id = 8, LongName = "Royal Mounties", ShortName = "RYM" }); initialData.Add(new Stock { CurrencyCode = "ZAR", CurrentPrice = 103.29, Id = 9, LongName = "Standard Long Name", ShortName = "STF" }); Stocks = new ObservableCollection<Stock>(initialData); Task.Run(() => UpdateStocks()); } private ObservableCollection<Stock> _stocks; public ObservableCollection<Stock> Stocks { get { return _stocks; } set { _stocks = value; NotifyOfPropertyChange(() => Stocks); } } private void UpdateStocks() { var random = new Random(); while (true) { Dispatcher.CurrentDispatcher.Invoke(() => PerformUpdate(random)); } } private void PerformUpdate(Random random) { foreach (var stock in Stocks) { double next = random.NextDouble()*(110.0 - 90.0) + 90.0; stock.CurrentPrice = next; } Thread.Sleep(2000); } } } A: Most likely you haven't implemented INotifyPropertyChanged on class Stock. Make sure property change event is raised when any property gets set so that UI gets refreshed. public double CurrentPrice { get { return currentPrice; } set { if (currentPrice != value) { currentPrice = value; NotifyOfPropertyChange(() => CurrentPrice); } } } Also on side not no need to invoke PerformUpdate on any dispatcher and anyhow Dispatcher.CurrentDispatcher will get you dispatcher of same thread on which you are executing so queueing it on itself doesn't make any sense. while (true) { PerformUpdate(random); } | Mid | [
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Hayashi K, Koto M, Demizu Y, et al. A retrospective multicenter study of carbon‐ion radiotherapy for major salivary gland carcinomas: Subanalysis of J‐CROS 1402 HN. Cancer Sci. 2018;109:1576--1582. <https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.13558> 1. INTRODUCTION {#cas13558-sec-0001} =============== Primary major salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs), which arise from the parotid gland, mandibular gland, or sublingual gland, are relatively rare diseases; the incidence is 1.3 per 100 000 according to Surveillance of Rare Cancers in Europe.[1](#cas13558-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"} Salivary gland carcinomas are mainly treated with surgery. When the surgical margin is positive or patients are diagnosed with high‐risk disease (eg a locally advanced tumor with invasion into adjacent structures, high‐grade histology, perineural invasion, and nodal involvement), postoperative radiation is applied.[2](#cas13558-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}, [3](#cas13558-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}, [4](#cas13558-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}, [5](#cas13558-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}, [6](#cas13558-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"} Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy achieve a local control rate of approximately 90% at 5 years.[3](#cas13558-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}, [6](#cas13558-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}, [7](#cas13558-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"} For inoperable cases, definitive radiotherapy is sometimes used. However, several studies have reported that definitive photon radiotherapy for SGC resulted in poor local control rates of approximately 50% at 5 years because SGC comprises a diverse range of histologic subtypes, including radioresistant tumors.[6](#cas13558-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}, [8](#cas13558-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}, [9](#cas13558-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}, [10](#cas13558-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"} Fast neutron radiotherapy shows a higher linear energy transfer and a larger relative biological effectiveness (RBE) than photon radiotherapy. Therefore, it is considered effective for radioresistant tumors. Fast neutron radiotherapy revealed high local control rates of approximately 56%‐75% for SGC.[11](#cas13558-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}, [12](#cas13558-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}, [13](#cas13558-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"} The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group in the USA and the Medical Research Council in the UK undertook a phase III randomized clinical trial comparing photon and fast neutron radiotherapy for locally advanced unresectable SGC (80‐01). In the study, fast neutron radiotherapy achieved a statistically significant improvement in local control rates (56% vs. 17%; *P = *.009);[14](#cas13558-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"} however, the incidence of severe toxicity of fast neutron radiotherapy was significantly higher than that of photon radiotherapy (69% vs. 33%; *P* = .07). Consequently, the standard treatment for unresectable SGC remains photon radiotherapy. Carbon‐ion radiotherapy (C‐ion RT) is a high linear energy transfer radiotherapy. The RBE of carbon ions is comparable with that of fast neutrons. Moreover, C‐ion RT shows better dose‐localizing properties than neutrons and photons[15](#cas13558-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"} and might reduce the late toxicity. Several promising results of C‐ion RT for SGC have been reported by a single institute. The local control rate of SGC treated with C‐ion RT ranged from 59% to 75%.[16](#cas13558-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}, [17](#cas13558-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"} To assess the clinical outcomes of C‐ion RT for head and neck malignancies, a multicenter study was retrospectively carried out by the Japan Carbon‐Ion Radiation Oncology Study Group (J‐CROS; J‐CROS 1402 HN). The clinical outcomes for each major histological type of SGC have already been reported, and C‐ion RT showed promising results.[18](#cas13558-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}, [19](#cas13558-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"} However, SGCs arise from various regions of the head and neck, such as the major salivary glands, sinonasal cavity, oral cavity, and pharynx. To elucidate the safety of C‐ion RT, a subanalysis based on the primary tumor sites could be useful in clinical situations. In this study, we evaluated the clinical outcomes of patients with major SGC using the data of the J‐CROS 1402 HN. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS {#cas13558-sec-0002} ======================== 2.1. Survey J‐CROS 1402 HN. {#cas13558-sec-0003} --------------------------- The J‐CROS 1402 HN was carried out as a retrospective survey of patients with a primary or recurrent head and neck malignancy who received C‐ion RT in four institutions in Japan between November 2003 and December 2014. The inclusion criteria were: (i) histologically confirmed malignancy; (ii) no bone or soft tissue tumors; (iii) N0 or N1 M0 status; (iv) medically inoperable tumors or surgery refusal; (v) definitive intent; (vi) measurable tumors; and (vii) an ECOG performance status of 0‐2. Patients who had previously undergone irradiation for the same lesion were excluded.[18](#cas13558-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"} This study was undertaken according to the guidelines approved by the institutional review board of each institution and is registered with UMIN‐CTR (http:<http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index-j.htm>), identification number UMIN000024473. The survey included 908 eligible patients. Of these, 69 with major SGC were enrolled in this study. All tumors were classified according to the UICC\'s TNM Classification (7th edition). The NCI\'s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.0) is the preferred method for determining toxicities after treatments. Acute toxicity was defined as occurring within 3 months of the initiation of C‐ion RT; late toxicity was defined as occurring more than 3 months thereafter. We collected information about grade ≥3 acute toxicities and grade ≥2 late toxicities. Local control was defined as no evidence of tumor regrowth in the planning target volume (PTV). Regional control was defined as no evidence of regional lymph node recurrence. 2.2. Carbon‐ion RT {#cas13558-sec-0004} ------------------ Patients were positioned in customized cradles and immobilized using a low‐temperature thermoplastic shell. Computed tomography (CT) images of all patients, fixed in position using an individually tailored immobilization device, were taken in a supine position. Using the CT images, a 3‐D treatment plan was prepared. We used contoured primary lesions and metastatic lymph nodes as the gross tumor volume (GTV) on CT images using MRI as a reference. The clinical target volume included the whole anatomical site in which the GTV was located. Irradiation to prophylactic lymph nodes was omitted. The PTV was defined as the clinical target volume plus a 2‐5‐mm safety margin to account for position uncertainty. The dose was prescribed to the isocenter. The PTV was enclosed conformally at a minimum of the 90% isodose line with the prescribed dose. To spare organs at risk, boost planning was carried out based on the tumor shrinkage during radiotherapy. Irradiation was almost performed in three to six fields with carbon‐ion beams. For each irradiation, the patient\'s position was confirmed using a computer‐aided online positioning system. The most common prescribed dose was 64 Gy (RBE) in 16 fractions (36 patients, 52%), followed by 57.6 Gy (RBE) in 16 fractions (16 patients, 23%), and 65.0 Gy (RBE) in 26 fractions (8 patients, 12%; Table [1](#cas13558-tbl-0001){ref-type="table-wrap"}). ###### Patient and tumor characteristics in a cohort treated with carbon‐ion radiotherapy for major salivary gland carcinomas (n = 69) Factor Value or number (%) ------------------------------------- --------------------- Sex Male 32 (46) Female 37 (54) Age, years Median/range 62/19‐83 PS 0 42 (61) 1 25 (36) 2 2 (3) Disease status Initial disease 52 (75) Recurrent disease 17 (25) Primary site Parotid gland 58 (84) Submandibular gland 9 (13) Sublingual gland 2 (3) Histology Adenoid cystic carcinoma 33 (48) Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 10 (14) Adenocarcinoma 7 (10) Acinic cell carcinoma 5 (7) Salivary duct carcinoma 3 (4) Basal cell adenocarcinoma 2 (3) Epithelial--myoepithelial carcinoma 2 (3) Others 7 (10) Operability Yes 39 (57) No 30 (43) Clinical T classification 1 3 (4) 2 8 (12) 3 25 (36) 4 33 (48) Clinical N classification 0 60 (87) 1 9 (13) Prescribed dose (BED10) 57.6 Gy (RBE)/16 fr (78.3 Gy (RBE)) 16 (23) 60.8 Gy (RBE)/16 fr (83.9 Gy (RBE)) 2 (3) 64.0 Gy (RBE)/16 fr (89.6 Gy (RBE)) 36 (52) 65.0 Gy (RBE)/26 fr (81.3 Gy (RBE)) 8 (12) 70.2 Gy (RBE)/26 fr (89.2 Gy (RBE)) 2 (3) 70.4 Gy (RBE)/32 fr (85.9 Gy (RBE)) 5 (7) BED, Gy (RBE) Median/range 89.6/78.3‐89.6 GTV, mL Median/range 27/0.6‐195.3 BED, biologically effective dose; fr, fraction; GTV, gross tumor volume; PS, performance status; RBE, relative biological effectiveness. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd The biologically effective dose (BED) was calculated on the basis of a linear‐quadratic model assuming an α/β ratio of 10 for the tumor to compare various fractionation doses.[20](#cas13558-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"} The dose of 64 Gy (RBE) in 16 fractions corresponded to BED = 89.6 Gy (RBE), which was the highest and most common dose used. 2.3. Statistical analysis {#cas13558-sec-0005} ------------------------- Local control, overall survival (OS), and progression‐free survival were calculated using the Kaplan--Meier method. All survival times were calculated from the first day of C‐ion RT. Univariate analyses of prognostic factors for local control and OS were carried out using the log--rank test. Factors such as age, clinical T classification, clinical N classification, GTV, and BED were divided into two subgroups using the median values. Furthermore, all of the factors that had statistically significant associations (*P *\< .05) in the univariate analysis were included in a multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model. Statistical significance was set at *P *\< .05. We used JMP statistical software version 11.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) for all statistical analyses. 3. RESULTS {#cas13558-sec-0006} ========== 3.1. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics {#cas13558-sec-0007} -------------------------------------------------- Sixty‐nine patients with major SGC were analyzed. Table [1](#cas13558-tbl-0001){ref-type="table-wrap"} shows the patient and tumor characteristics. All patients had M0 status. No patient received concurrent chemotherapy. No patient received adjuvant treatment before developing recurrence and metastasis. 3.2. Local control and survival {#cas13558-sec-0008} ------------------------------- The median follow‐up period of all 69 patients was 32.7 months (range, 2.1‐104.2 months). Seven patients had local recurrence. Of these patients, four had local recurrence within the PTV and three had recurrence within the margin of the PTV. Five patients had regional lymph node metastasis and 25 had distant metastases. Eight patients died from their disease and none died from unrelated causes. The 3‐ and 5‐year local control rates were 81% (95% confidence interval \[CI\], 67%‐89%) and 74% (95% CI, 58%‐85%), respectively (Figure [1](#cas13558-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}A). The 3‐ and 5‐year OS rates were 94% (95% CI, 83%‐98%), and 82% (95% CI, 64%‐93%), respectively (Figure [1](#cas13558-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}b), and the 3‐ and 5‐year progression‐free survival rates were 51% (95% CI, 37%‐64%), and 51% (95% CI, 37%‐64%), respectively (Figure [1](#cas13558-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}C). {#cas13558-fig-0001} 3.3. Toxicity {#cas13558-sec-0009} ------------- Regarding acute toxicities, seven patients (10%) had grade 3 mucositis and seven (10%) had grade 3 dermatitis (Table [2](#cas13558-tbl-0002){ref-type="table-wrap"}). No grade 4 or worse acute toxicities were observed. ###### Toxicities in 69 patients with major salivary gland carcinomas treated with carbon‐ion radiotherapy Toxicity Grade, *n* (%) ---------------------------- ---------------- -------- ------- -------- Acute Mucositis 7 (10) 0 (0) 7 (10) Dermatitis 7 (10) 0 (0) 7 (10) Late Dysphagia 0 (0) 1 (1) 0 (0) 1 (1) Brain abscess 0 (0) 1 (1) 0 (0) 1 (1) Facial nerve disorder 4 (6) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4 (6) Hypoglossal nerve disorder 2 (3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (3) Hearing impaired 2 (3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (3) Tinnitus 2 (3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (3) Abducens nerve disorder 1 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (1) External ear inflammation 1 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (1) Middle ear inflammation 1 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (1) John Wiley & Sons, Ltd In terms of late toxicities, one patient (1%) had grade 3 dysphagia and one (1%) had a grade 3 brain abscess. There were four grade 2 facial nerve disorders (6%), two grade 2 hypoglossal nerve disorders (3%), and one abducens nerve disorder (1%). These nerve disorders occurred at a median of 51 months after the initiation of C‐ion RT (range, 8‐80 months). 3.4. Prognostic factors {#cas13558-sec-0010} ----------------------- Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to explore potential prognosticators for local control and OS among subgroups (Table [3](#cas13558-tbl-0003){ref-type="table-wrap"}). Multivariate analysis illustrated that BED was a significant prognosticator for local control (*P* = .034), and that sex and clinical T classification were significant prognosticators for OS (sex, *P* = .020; clinical T classification, *P* = .023). In the comparison between BED = 89.6 Gy (RBE) and \<89.6 Gy (RBE), the 3‐year local control rates were 96% (95% CI, 77%‐99%) and 61% (95% CI, 40%‐79%), respectively (Figure [2](#cas13558-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}A). The 3‐year OS rates for women and men were 100% and 87% (95% CI, 64%‐96%), respectively (Figure [2](#cas13558-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}B). The 3‐year OS rates of clinical T1‐3 and T4 disease were 97% (95% CI, 83%‐100%) and 90% (95% CI, 68%‐98%), respectively (Figure [2](#cas13558-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}C). ###### Univariate and multivariate analysis for local control and overall survival rates among 69 patients with major salivary gland carcinomas treated with carbon‐ion radiotherapy Parameters No. of patients Local control Overall survival --------------------------- ----------------- --------------- ------------------ ------- ------- ------ ------- Age, years \<62 33 .6515 -- -- .7418 -- -- ≥62 36 Sex Male 32 .0477 .259 -- .0129 .020 10.97 Female 37 Disease status Initial disease 52 .2132 -- -- .0352 .103 -- Recurrent disease 17 Operability Yes 39 .0105 .078 -- .3172 -- -- No 30 Primary site Parotid gland 58 .5871 -- -- .2161 -- -- Others 11 Histology ACC 33 .8403 -- -- .8833 -- -- Others 36 Clinical T classification 1--3 36 .2601 -- -- .0089 .023 10.09 4 33 Clinical N classification 0 60 .7320 -- -- .2220 -- -- 1 9 GTV, mL \<27 34 .0586 -- -- .0186 .079 ≥27 35 BED, Gy (RBE) \<89.6 33 .0068 .034 3.815 .0828 -- -- 89.6 36 −, Not evaluated. ACC, adenoid cystic carcinoma; BED, biologically effective dose; GTV, gross tumor volume; RBE, relative biological effectiveness. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd {#cas13558-fig-0002} 4. DISCUSSION {#cas13558-sec-0011} ============= Carbon‐ion RT for locally advanced major SGC is a promising treatment option, especially for patients with inoperable disease. Regarding definitive photon radiotherapy for SGC, the reported 5‐year local control and OS rates were 50%‐55% and 29%‐50%, respectively.[6](#cas13558-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}, [7](#cas13558-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}, [8](#cas13558-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"} One study using concurrent photon chemoradiotherapy showed that the 2‐year local control and OS rates were 34% and 60%, respectively.[9](#cas13558-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"} Several studies using fast neutron radiotherapy reported that the 5‐year local control and OS rates were 56%‐75% and 51%, respectively.[11](#cas13558-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}, [13](#cas13558-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}, [14](#cas13558-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"} All of these treatment outcomes were reported from a single institution. Our study revealed that the 3‐ and 5‐year local control rates and OS rates were 81% and 74%, and 94% and 82%, respectively, using multicenter data. The rates using C‐ion RT were comparable with those of neutron radiotherapy, and provided higher local control and survival rates than photon radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Concerning the toxicity of radiotherapy, acute toxicities, such as mucositis or dermatitis, were managed using conservative treatment, and they improved after C‐ion RT. In contrast, late toxicity could not be treated; therefore, severe late toxicity must be avoided as much as possible. Mendenhall et al[6](#cas13558-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"} reported that, among 224 patients with SGC (including 100 with major SGC) who were treated with photon radiotherapy, the incidence of ≥grade 3 late toxicity was 6%. Rosenberg et al[9](#cas13558-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"} showed that in 15 patients with SGC who were treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (including eight patients treated with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy), the incidence of grade ≥3 late toxicity was 7% (hearing loss only). Stannard et al[11](#cas13558-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"} reported that grade ≥3 late toxicity occurred in 9% of 335 patients with SGC (including 186 with major SGC) who were treated with fast neutron radiotherapy. Douglas et al[12](#cas13558-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"} showed that the actuarial rate of grade 3 or 4 late toxicity of 279 patients with SGC (including 141 with major SGC) who received fast neutron radiotherapy was 10%; the most common severe late toxicities were central nervous system radiation necrosis and osteoradionecrosis of the mandible or facial bones. Jensen et al[16](#cas13558-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"} showed that grade ≥3 late toxicities after combined radiotherapy of photon and carbon‐ion boost for 309 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck (including 93 with major SGC) occurred in three (1%) patients (grade 4 loss of vision, grade 4 vascular hemorrhage, and grade 3 periodontal disease). In the present study, two patients (3%) experienced grade 3 late toxicities, and no patient developed grade 4 or worse late reactions. There was no grade ≥3 central nervous system radiation necrosis or osteoradionecrosis, which were relatively common in C‐ion RT for sinonasal tumors.[19](#cas13558-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}, [21](#cas13558-bib-0021){ref-type="ref"}, [22](#cas13558-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"} Grade 2 cranial nerve disorders occurred in seven patients (10%) in this study. Similarly, Jensen et al[16](#cas13558-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"} reported that the incidence of grade 2 cranial nerve disorders was 6% after combined radiotherapy of photon and C‐ion boost for patients with SGC; of these patients, one‐third had major SGC. In terms of late toxicity, our results might be superior to the historical data of fast neutron radiotherapy, and largely comparable with the results of photon radiotherapy, concurrent chemoradiotherapy, or combined radiotherapy. Chen et al[23](#cas13558-bib-0023){ref-type="ref"} showed the dose--response relationship among all patients treated with photon radiotherapy and that a radiation dose ≤66 Gy was a significant independent predictor of poor local control. Similarly, the results of our multivariate analysis showed that there was dose‐dependent local control after C‐ion RT. In this study, low doses were mainly applied to high‐risk tumors that were close to organs at risk, to reduce the possibility of toxicities, although tumor factors such as GTV and T classification were not risk factors for local control in the multivariate analysis. In the future, a high dose should be applied to high‐risk tumors using new technical methods, such as scanning irradiation or intensity‐modulated particle therapy, which might improve dose distribution.[24](#cas13558-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}, [25](#cas13558-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"}, [26](#cas13558-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"} Our results revealed that sex and clinical T classification were significant prognosticators for OS. It is not clear why sex influences OS. However, a previous study reported that male sex was a significant independent poor prognostic indicator of survival in patients with primary parotid malignancy who were treated with surgery.[27](#cas13558-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"} The prognosticator of clinical T classification is similar to that identified in a study by Douglas et al[12](#cas13558-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}, in which they found that clinical stage was a statistically significant prognosticator for cause‐specific survival of patients treated with neutron radiotherapy. There was no significant association between BED and OS. This could be because the most frequent recurrence pattern was distant metastasis. This study had three limitations. First, it was a retrospective study. Second, only 69 patients were included in our study as SGCs are relatively rare. Finally, the follow‐up period was short (median, 32.7 months), which could have affected our results. In conclusion, this study illustrated that definitive C‐ion RT achieved excellent local control with acceptable toxicity for major SGC. In the future, further multi‐institutional prospective studies with a larger number of patients are warranted. CONFLICT OF INTEREST {#cas13558-sec-0013} ==================== The authors have no conflict of interest. We are grateful to members of the J‐CROS. | High | [
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Avner Friedman and Walter Littman "This is REAL. It has a different spirit. It gives students the distinct feeling that they could go into industry and actually work on problems like those in this book. The standard teaching of 'here is the mathematics, use it to solve this problem' has been replaced with 'here is a problem, use mathematics to solve it.' This book refreshes the interest of students in mathematics and motivates them to learn more of it. It helps them understand the nature and the importance of mathematics in real world applications." -- Oscar Bruno, Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology Are Calculus and "post" Calculus (such as differential equations) playing an important role in research and development done in industry? Are these mathematical tools indispensable for improving industrial products such as automobiles, airplanes, televisions, and cameras? Do they play a role in understanding air pollution, predicting weather and stock market trends, and building better computers and communication systems? This book was written to convince the reader, by examples, that the answers to all the above questions is yes! Industrial Mathematics is a fast growing field within the mathematical sciences. It is characterized by the origin of the problems which it engages; they all come from industry: Research and Development, finances, and communications. The common feature running through this enterprise is the goal of gaining a better understanding of industrial models and processes through mathematical ideas and computations. The authors of this book have undertaken the approach of presenting real industrial problems and their mathematical modeling as a motivation for developing mathematical methods that are needed for solving the problems. With each chapter presenting one important problem that arises in today's industry, and then studying the problem by mathematical analysis and computation, this book introduces the reader to many new ideas and methods from ordinary and partial differential equations, and from integral equations and control theory. It brings the excitement of real industrial problems into the undergraduate mathematical curriculum. The problems selected are accessible to students who have already taken what in many colleges and universities constitutes the first two-year basic Calculus sequence. A working knowledge of Fortran, Pascal, or C language is required. | High | [
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Lincoln’s lesson of reconciliation He had lost a son many years before, the boy barely more than a toddler when he died. Now another son was dead and grief sat on him like the shawl that draped his shoulders as he rattled around the big, cold house. His wife was emotionally troubled and spent money they did not have. His subordinates were insubordinate, convinced he was out of his depth and that they could do a better job. And his country had split along a ragged seam of geography and race, boys from Maine and Vermont fighting it out against boys from Georgia and Tennessee, their bodies left broken, bloated, bloody and fly-swarmed, dead by the profligate thousands. Related News/Archive It was against that backdrop that Abraham Lincoln decided to say thank you. He issued a proclamation making the fourth Thursday in November a day of national gratitude. Almost 150 years later, it still is. This year, the commemoration follows a bitter election, with secession being bruited about like some distasteful joke, and the atmosphere so acrimonious it calls to mind the years before the Civil War itself. It also comes as we are rediscovering our 16th president yet again, this time through Lincoln, a new film directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Daniel Day-Lewis. The movie has drawn rave reviews — and deservedly so. It frees Abraham Lincoln from the sarcophagus of marble in which great men are inevitably encased. Day-Lewis' Lincoln steps down from the memorial to rail, scheme, despair, fret and, when all else fails, tell a folksy story as he attempts to shove the 13th Amendment — the one that ended slavery — through a balky Congress. Amid all the renewed interest in Lincoln, one hopes we don't miss the lessons inherent in the simple fact that a man of such profound grief made a statement of such profound gratitude. There is contradiction there — and the resolution thereof. Contradiction was the story of Lincoln's presidency, his epic struggle to put North and South back together. It was also the story of his life. He was, after all, a religiously ambivalent man who believed himself a tool in the hands of God, an unschooled man who was often the smartest one in the room, a melancholy man who found salvation in humor, a white supremacist who abhorred African slavery. So perhaps we ought not be surprised that, with every good reason to shake an angry fist at heaven, he asked his nation to give heaven thanks instead. It is an example worth remembering in a nation fiercely divided by its own contradictions of ideology, demography, geography, sexual orientation, religion and race. It is worth remembering not simply because giving thanks is always a good idea, but also because this specific example reminds us that there is in us a need — and an ability — to reconcile disparate pieces, draw them together, as he did, into a greater whole. We tend to think of people — and nations — as being all of a piece, either this thing or that. But people and nations are complex things. They are made of contradiction, and maybe that's a necessary thing, maybe that tension is the seed of human achievement. It takes a spark to make a fire. Fires warm us. And yes, fires burn things down. There is defiance — you might call it faith — to Lincoln's decision to speak gratitude when he did. But he navigated by the pole star of compassion large enough to encompass the whole of America's contradictions. "With malice toward none," he said. "With charity for all ..." A month later, he would die with an assassin's bullet in his brain. We live in a time of louder, if not more substantive contradiction, an angry, polarized, ominous time, sparks building fires that may yet warm — or destroy. But that is the singular challenge of our existence, isn't it? To resolve the contradictions into grace and a spirit of thanksgiving, defiant. | Mid | [
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Q: How to get a string list using linq? I have a in C# a String[] with a list of folders. And I want to get a sublist depending on a criteria. For example: var folder_list = new String[] { "FOLDER0001", "FOLDER0002", "FOLDER0003", "FOLDER0004", "FOLDER0005" }; and with parameters (from and to) get the sublist For example from:1 to:3 I wish to get String[] sub_list = {"FOLDER0001", FOLDER0002", "FOLDER0003"} I would very much like to do it using linq. A: You'd need to use the integer input to reproduce the matching string(s) in order to search the strings by range. var folder_list = new String[] { "FOLDER0001", "FOLDER0002", "FOLDER0003", "FOLDER0004", "FOLDER0005" }; string[] GetSublist(int from, int to) { string start = "FOLDER" + from.ToString("D4"); string end = "FOLDER" + to.ToString("D4"); return folder_list.Where( x => (x >= start && x <= end)).ToArray(); } Another option is to change the way you store the data to make it more searchable. This would perform slightly better and be more resilient to changes in the string formatting. var folder_list = new Dictionary<int,string> { { 1, "FOLDER0001"}, { 2, "FOLDER0002"}, { 3, "FOLDER0003"}, { 4, "FOLDER0004"}, { 5, "FOLDER0005"} }; string[] GetSublist(int from, int to) { return folder_list .Where ( x => (x.Key >= from && x.Key <= to) ) .Select( x => x.Value ) .ToArray(); } | Mid | [
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Q: -1 in a return (len(splits) - 1)? The function should return the amount of times x appears in word. However, I need to make sure the function works even when x is multiple characters long. THIS IS NOT A SPECIFIC COUNT OF CHARS IN STRING QUESTION. IT IS ONLY ABOUT WHY THE -1 IS THERE My question is: Trying to understand use and meaning of "- 1" (LINE 6) 1 Original function: 2 3 def count_multi_char_x(word, x): 4 splits = word.split(x) 5 print(splits) 6 return (len(splits) - 1) 7 What I've already tried: and Expected results: print(count_multi_char_x("highlight", "igh")) print 2 print(count_multi_char_x("apple", "pp")) print 1 A: split returns a list of tokens from the word. So if you have babba then split('a') will go and return ['b', 'bb', ''] because 'a' appears at the end of the word. use count() rather. >>> a = 'babba' >>> a.count('a') 2 >>> a.count('b') 3 | Mid | [
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FULL SERVICE SALON Receive up to 40% off all Shampoos and 30% off all other services all year!! Get Your Card Today!! *********************** WELCOME TO BEAUTIFUL PEOPLE WATU WAZURI'S FULL SERVICE SALON! Beautiful People is located in Tampa, Florida dirrectly across from. University Mall. We are proud to have served you for the past 20 years. Come and be transformed into a Total Beauty by our team of qualified beauty professionals. At Beautiful People, total beauty care is not limited to hairstyles, relaxers, hair coloring, weaves, haircuts, false eyelashes, manicures, pedicures, and facials. It also includes literature on proper diet, skin care, and all around fitness and beauty. The moment you walk in, you will begin to experience a soothing and relaxing environment. The greatest desire at Beautiful People is to provide each customer with personalized quality service that is time and cost effective, and that consistently achieves customer satisfaction. We at Beautiful People believe that if we provide products and services designed to address all your beauty needs, both intrinsic and esthetic, as well as educational materials, only then can we expect your loyalty. Contact our beauty salon today to make an appointment for total beauty! We specialize in healthy hair care for all textures. Natural Black Haircare... knots, locs, 2strand flat twist, braids ... Black Hair Salon... relaxers, hair cuts, Colorist.... color, highlights, weaves and more. Multicultural ...hair cuts, blow dry, roller sets, flat irons, updos and much more!!!!! | Mid | [
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INTRODUCTION ============ Structure and function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors --------------------------------------------------------------------- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are known to be lipid sensors, and their ligands are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other metabolic syndromes. PPARs are a family of nuclear receptors that act as transcription factors, controlling the genes involved in energy homeostasis.[@B1] PPARs share a high degree of structural homology with other types of nuclear hormone receptors.[@B2] PPARs comprise a DNA-binding domain (DBD), an agonist-independent activation domain (AF-1), and an agonist-dependent activation domain (AF-2), which contains the ligand-binding domain (LBD). PPARs heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor (RXR)-α and activate the transcription of target genes by binding to the PPAR response element (PPRE). The PPAR family has three isoforms; PPARα, γ, and β/δ. PPARα is expressed mainly in the liver, heart, kidney, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and skeletal muscle,[@B3] and participates in fatty acid oxidation (β-and ω-oxidation).[@B4] The PPARβ/δ isoform is expressed ubiquitously and is involved in fatty acid oxidation in muscle.[@B5] PPARγ is expressed predominantly in adipose tissue and plays key roles in lipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation. It also stimulates glucose oxidation and decreases plasma free fatty acid level.[@B5] PPARγ consists of two isotypes; PPARγ1 is expressed in adipocytes, skeletal muscle, liver, and heart, whereas PPARγ2 is mostly found in adipose tissue.[@B6] PPARγ2 plays a more important role than does PPARγ1 in adipogenesis.[@B7] Physiological significance of PPARγ ----------------------------------- PPARγ was first identified as a trans-acting factor binding to a gene encoding a fat-specific enhancer of aP2 (adipocyte-specific fatty acid binding protein).[@B8] Homozygous PPARγ knockout mice exhibit an embryonic lethal phenotype due to placental dysfunction. Heterozygous PPARγ deficient mice are resistant to high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance due to adipocyte hypertrophy and increased leptin expression.[@B9] The ectopic expression of PPARγ was found to enhance the differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes, with PPARγ acting as an essential factor for differentiation.[@B10] In addition, PPARγ is known to block the clonal expansion that occurs via mitosis, an essential stage of adipocyte differentiation.[@B11],[@B12] Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a class of compounds that function as ligands of PPARγ. These compounds improve insulin sensitivity *in vivo* and have been introduced as therapeutic agents for the treatment of T2DM.[@B13],[@B14] TZDs increase the expression of PPARγ and its transcriptional activity in adipose tissue, resulting in the upregulation of the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, steroids, and amino acids.[@B15]-[@B17] TZDs increase insulin sensitivity by upregulating the expression of multiple genes, such as adiponectin, Cbl-associated protein, insulin receptor substrate 2, and glucose transporter 4.[@B18]-[@B23] TZDs also promote fatty acid storage and lipid metabolism, such as fatty acid translocase (CD36), perilipin, fatty acid binding protein 4 (Fabp4/aP2), lipoprotein lipase, acyl-CoA synthase, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and glycerol kinase (GyK).[@B24]-[@B31] However, the activation of PPARγ results in the repression of the genes encoding leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6.[@B32]-[@B35] PPARγ decreases serum free fatty acid level and increases the number of small adipocytes, with a concomitant decrease in the number of large adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT). In addition to the role of PPARγ in adipose tissue, PPARγ directly activates the genes of the glucose-sensing apparatus in the liver and pancreatic β-cells. TZDs increase the expression of the genes encoding glucokinase (LGK and βGK) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in the liver[@B36],[@B37] and pancreatic β-cells, respectively (see [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"} for summary).[@B38],[@B39] The transcriptional activity of PPARγ is subject to control at various levels; i.e., via modification of the receptor itself or interactions with other proteins. In this review, we will limit our discussion to the regulation of PPARγ activity by various interacting proteins including coregulators, and by post-translational modifications (PTMs) that result in transcriptional regulation of PPARγ target genes. INTERACTING PROTEINS MODULATING TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITIES OF PPARγ =================================================================== The transcriptional activity of PPARγ is principally modulated by agonists, which recruit either coactivators or corepressors. In general, ligand-bound PPARγ recruits coactivators, whereas ligand-free PPARγ is bound to corepressors. These coregulators function as histone-modifying enzymes or bridging groups between the basal transcriptional machinery and PPARγ.[@B40] Moreover, additional proteins are recruited to these coregulators that may affect tissue-specific activities of PPARγ. Coactivators of PPARγ --------------------- ### Coactivators with histone acetyltransferase activity Ligand-bound PPARγ undergoes conformational changes, providing contact sites for LXXLL motifs that are present in coactivators such as p160/steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP).[@B41] These coactivators have intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activities, which enhance the transcriptional activities of PPARγ. Members of the p160/SRC-1 family including SRC-1 (also known as NcoA-1), SRC-2 (also known as TIF2, GRIP-1, or NcoA-2), and SRC-3 (also known as p/CIP, ACTR, RAC-3, AIB-1, or TRAM-1), belong to this category.[@B42] SRC-1 knockout (KO) mice showed increased WAT mass and a decrease in the expression of genes involved in thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). These KO mice also showed decreased expression of the genes encoding uncoupling protein (UCP-1), PPARγ coactivator-1 (PGC-1α), and acyl-CoA oxidase, as well as those encoding enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation.[@B42] LXXLL motifs in SRC-1 interact directly with the AF-2 domain of PPARγ, recruiting CBP, which is required for PPARγ function.[@B43] SRC2^-/-^ mice exhibit increased insulin sensitivity and are resistant to the development of obesity. These mice show increased lipolysis and decreased fatty acid uptake and storage which are related to the reduction of PPARγ activity.[@B42] When SRC-3 is deficient, corepressors such as nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR) and nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 (NRIP1 or RIP140) are recruited to the PPRE of the UCP1 gene, resulting in a decrease in its transcription.[@B44] SRC-3 and SRC-1 double KO mice are resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity, due to the decreased expression of PPARγ target genes.[@B44] PGC-1α activates PPARγ by increasing the binding of SRC-1 both *in vivo* and *in vitro*,[@B45] whereas SRC-2 attenuates the formation of the PGC-1α-PPARγ complex by competing with SRC-1.[@B42] This study suggests that the ratio of SRC-2/SRC-1 could be a critical metabolic determinant in the development of obesity and insulin resistance.[@B42] CBP/p300 indirectly increases the transcriptional activity of PPARγ through its interaction with PGC-1α. The docking of PGC-1α to PPARγ induces a conformational change in PGC-1α that promotes the binding of SRC-1 and CBP/p300.[@B45] SRC-1 is also required for a functional interaction between CBP/p300 and PPARγ.[@B43] CBP/p300 not only binds to the AF-2 domain of PPARγ in a ligand-dependent manner but also binds directly to the AF-1 domain in a ligand-independent manner,[@B46] increasing the transcriptional activities of PPARγ[@B46] and thereby inducing adipogenesis in NIH3T3 fibroblasts.[@B47] The recruitment of PPARγ along with CBP/p300 to the aP2 gene promoter results in adipocyte differentiation.[@B48] ### TRAP mediator complex The thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein (TRAP) complex was first discovered in yeast and shown to be essential for RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription. TRAPs were first purified by affinity chromatography from cells overexpressing the thyroid hormone receptor. They are components of the TRAP/vitamin D receptor-interacting protein (DRIP)/activator-recruited cofactor/Mediator (Med) complex, functioning as mediators between RNA polymerase II and CBP/p300 or p160/SRC.[@B49] TRAPs also interact with nuclear receptors, such as the vitamin D receptor (VDR), retinoic acid receptor α (RARα), RXRα, PPARα, and PPARγ, in a ligand-dependent manner.[@B50] Both TRAP220 and TRAP100 interact with PPARγ through their respective LXXLL motifs.[@B50] TRAP220 is also referred to as the PPAR-binding protein/DRIP205/Med1 subunit of the TRAP complex, functioning as a bridging protein between various mediator complexes and nuclear receptors.[@B51] TRAP220^-/-^ mice are embryonically lethal at day 11.5, suggesting that TRAP is essential for development. The ligand-dependent transcriptional activity of PPARγ is decreased in TRAP220^-/-^ mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs).[@B51] TRAP220^-/-^ MEF cells were not able to induce adipogenic genes via PPARγ. The PPARγ2-TRAP220 interaction is essential for adipogenesis[@B52] and increases PPARγ-mediated transactivation of the promoter reporter construct.[@B53] Although PPARγ acts by forming heterodimers with RXRα, treatment with the cognate PPARγ- and RXRα-selective ligands results in the recruitment of different coactivators. RXRα-specific ligands recruit SRC-1/p160 to PPARγ-RXR, whereas PPARγ ligands recruit TRAP220, but not SRC-1/p160.[@B54] Regulation of PPARγ is achieved by the combinatorial actions of the coactivator and its ligands. Ligand-mediated selective recruitment of the coactivator may be responsible for fine-tuning of target gene expression. ### The switching/sucrose nonfermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex The mating type SWI/SNF complex is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzyme that activates transcription by promoting the access of transcription factors to their cognate binding sites.[@B55] The core components of the complex include either the Brg1 or Brm ATPases and several Brg1/Brm-associated factors (BAFs). Brg1 and/or Brm can interact with a number of different transcriptional regulatory proteins.[@B56] For example, CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), a critical factor for adipogenesis, is known to interact with hBrm.[@B57] The Brg1/Brm-associated factors (BAFs) family is an accessory subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, acting as a connector between transcription factors and SWI/SNF complexes.[@B49] BAF180 binds PPARγ-RXRα. The factor contains six bromodomains that bind selectively to acetylated histone tails, an important protein modification for targeting the coregulator complex to chromatin.[@B58] In addition, the presence of Brg1 and Brm in the PPARγ promoter suggests that these coregulator complexes may contribute to adipogenesis. Transcriptional regulation by PPARγ during adipogenesis critically depends on the SWI/SNF complex, which plays a key role in the formation of preinitiation complexes.[@B56] BAF60c2 (a BAF of 60 kDa, subunit 2) is also known to interact with the LBD of PPARγ. The N-terminal of BAF60c binds to the C-terminal of PPARγ, and the C-terminal of BAF60c interacts with the N-terminal of PPARγ in a ligand-independent manner. BAF acts as an anchor between SWI/SNF complexes and PPARγ. BAF60c increases the transcriptional activity of PPARγ in the presence of ligand but does not affect adipocyte differentiation.[@B59] ### Other interacting proteins ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF6), a key regulator of the aP2 gene, is a novel transcription factor that is purified from BAT.[@B60] ARF6 binding sites are present in the aP2 and PEPCK gene promoters.[@B25],[@B61] The PPARγ/RXRα heterodimer interacts with ARF6 during adipogenesis.[@B60] Menin, encoded by the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (*MEN1*) tumor suppressor gene, is involved in activation of gene transcription as a component of the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) 1/MLL2 (also known as KMT2A/B) protein complexes, and exhibits methyltransferase (HMT) activity.[@B62] Ectopic expression of menin increases the transcription of PPARγ target genes, and knock down of menin inhibits the differentiation of 3T3L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. Menin interacts directly with the AF-2 domain of PPARγ and enhances PPARγ-mediated transcriptional activities in a ligand-dependent fashion. Menin increases histone H3K4 methylation in the PPARγ target gene, *Fabp4*, through a direct interaction with the AF-2 domain of PPARγ.[@B62] Multiprotein bridging factor-1 (MBF-1) is a cofactor that was first identified in *Bombyx mori* (Bm). It has been shown to interact with LXRα or PPARγ, and stimulate their ligand-dependent transcriptional activities.[@B63] MBF-1 does not have either histone acetyltransferase or methyltransferase activity but interacts with transcription factor IID (TFIID). MBF-1 acts as a bridging protein between PPARγ and TFIID, increasing the transcriptional activity of PPARγ. Since MBF-1 is also known to interact with LXRα and liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1), a detailed investigation of the role of MBF-1 is important to understand its function in the context of lipid metabolism. The central domain of MBF-1 is necessary and critical for interaction with LRH-1, LXRα, and PPARγ.[@B64] PPARγ and thromboxane synthase (TXS) are expressed in macrophages; therefore, they may be involved in atherogenesis. PPARγ binds to nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), which results in decreasing *TXS* gene expression by preventing the binding of NRF2 to the *TXS* gene. The suppression of *TXS* gene expression by PPARγ was increased by treatment with15-deoxy-Δ[@B12],[@B14]-prostaglandin J~2~ and troglitazone.[@B65] TXS is increased in an inflammatory model of hydronephrosis, which is characterized by infiltration of macrophages into the kidney, and produces thromboxane.[@B66],[@B67] Thromboxane inhibitors are shown to suppress the progression of experimental diabetic nephropathy in rats[@B68] and ameliorate microalbuminuria in patients with T2DM.[@B69] Hence, PPARγ ligands could be used as drugs for treating renal complications of T2DM. PPAR-interacting protein (PRIP, also known as RAP250/ASC-2/TRBP/NRC) is expressed in the reproductive organs (testis, prostate, and ovary) and identified as a novel, direct interacting coactivator of PPARγ, RXRα, PPARα, RARα, estrogen receptor (ER), and thyroid hormone receptor β.[@B70],[@B71] Knock out of PRIP resulted in embryonic lethality and vascular dysfunction of the placenta.[@B72] PRIP^-/-^ MEFs exhibit repression of the transcriptional activity of RXRα rather than PPARγ activity. Although PRIP was isolated in the yeast two-hybrid screen using PPARγ as a bait, PRIP has a preference for RXRα over its heterodimeric partner, PPARγ.[@B73] PPARγ-DBD interacting protein 1 (PDIP1) was isolated using the yeast two-hybrid system with the DBD and hinge regions of human PPARγ as bait. Two isoforms (α and β) of the *PDIP1* gene are generated by alternative splicing. PDIP1 α and β increase the PPARγ-mediated transactivation of the PPRE, and treatment with PDIP1 siRNA significantly reduced the transcriptional activity of PPARγ. Because PDIP1 shows an expression pattern similar to that of CBP and TRAP220 during adipocyte differentiation, it might be involved in PPARγ-mediated adipogenesis.[@B74] PGC-1α also binds to DBD and hinge regions of PPARγ in a ligand-independent fashion, similar to PDIP.[@B75] PGC-1α was isolated from a BAT cDNA library and has been shown to increase the transcriptional activity of PPARγ on the UCP-1 gene. UCP-1 increases mitochondrial DNA content and β-oxidation.[@B75] PGC-1α-deficient mice exhibit a reduced number of mitochondria and lower respiratory capacity, and fail to maintain core body temperature following exposure to cold.[@B76] Overexpression of PGC-1α in WAT resulted in phenotypic changes into BAT.[@B77],[@B78] This phenotypic change provides a defense mechanism against obesity.[@B79] In adipocytes, PPARγ acts as a master regulator of adipogenesis upregulating the *aP2* and *GyK* genes. However, aP2 expression is increased in mature adipocytes whereas that of the *GyK* gene is not. PPARγ-mediated induction of GyK requires the recruitment of the PPARγ ligand and PGC-1α to PPARγ to replace corepressors with coactivators. In contrast, aP2 gene expression by PPARγ does not require its ligands. Differential regulation of target genes by ligands may determine the selective recruitment of coregulators.[@B80] The interaction between PGC-1α and PPARγ induces a conformational change in PGC-1α, facilitating the recruitment of SRC-1 and CBP/p300.[@B45] Although PGC-1α is known to interact with various nuclear receptors, PGC-1α is an essential cofactor for the transactivation of PPARγ, acting as a hub linking nutritional and hormonal signals to energy metabolism.[@B81] Corepressors of PPARγ --------------------- ### Nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR) and silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT) The PPARγ antagonist T0070907 covalently binds to PPARγ at Cys^313^ in helix 3, and was shown to decrease PPARγ activity in a cell-based reporter assay. T0070907 blocks the recruitment of the coactivator and promotes the recruitment of NCoR to PPARγ.[@B80] In the absence of ligand, NCoR and silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT) are recruited to PPARγ, resulting in a decrease in its transcriptional activity. In cells treated with pioglitazone, SMRT and NCoR dissociate from PPARγ. In addition, treatment with siRNA against SMRT and NCoR increased adipogenesis and the accumulation of lipid droplets in 3T3L1 adipocytes.[@B83] NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is known to be responsible for calorie restriction and mobilizing WAT. SIRT1 activation by resveratrol decreases fat accumulation in differentiated adipocytes. SIRT1 represses PPARγ transcriptional activity by recruiting NCoR and SMRT.[@B84] Since a reduction in fat accumulation is sufficient to extend life span in mice,[@B85] the role of SIRT1 in fat mobilization constitutes a possible molecular pathway connecting calorie restriction to life extension.[@B84] Adipocyte-specific NCoR knockout (AKO) mice exhibit an increase in the expression of PPARγ-responsive genes and a decrease in cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk5)-mediated PPARγ Ser^273^ phosphorylation, resulting in constitutive activation of these genes. Although AKO mice show an increase in adiposity, they also exhibit improved systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, and decreased adipose tissue inflammation. These studies suggest that the dominant function of adipocyte NCoR is to transrepress PPARγ and promote Cdk5-mediated PPARγ phosphorylation, similar to the effects of TZDs.[@B86] ### Other interacting proteins RIP140 is a liver protein that interacts with the AF-2 domain of PPARγ and also with PPARγ. BRL49653, a PPARγ ligand, strengthens the interaction between PPARγ and RIP140.[@B87],[@B88] Because RIP140 is generally known to inhibit nuclear receptor activity through competition with SRC-1, transrepression of PPARγ by RIP140 occurs indirectly.[@B88] Although RIP140 inhibits the transcriptional activity of PPARγ, it does not affect adipogenesis. However, RIP140 KO mice showed increased *UCP1* gene expression and resistance to high-fat diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis.[@B89] The forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 was identified as a PPARγ-interacting protein that disrupts the binding of PPARγ to the target gene. In addition, PPARγ plays a negative role in the transactivation of Foxo1, suggesting that there is a reciprocal interaction between these factors. Ectopic expression of the constitutively active form of Foxo1 in preadipocytes prevents adipogenesis and heterozygous Foxo1 KO mice are less susceptible to diet-induced insulin resistance.[@B90] The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) plays a negative role during mitotic clonal expansion in the cell cycle by increasing the transactivation of C/EBP.[@B91],[@B92] PPARγ has been shown to interact directly with Rb in 3T3L1 adipocytes, recruiting histone deacetylase HDAC3 which attenuates adipogenic gene expression. Dissociation of the PPARγ-Rb-HDAC3 complex by phosphorylation of Rb or inhibition of HDAC3 activity resulted in the activation of PPARγ.[@B93] Lipin1 is known to be expressed in adipose tissue.[@B94] The null mice of lipin1 show lipodystrophy with severely reduced adipose tissue mass.[@B95] Lipin1 is increased in the later stages of adipocyte differentiation and increases transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 through direct protein-protein interaction.[@B96] Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is an atypical orphan nuclear receptor that inhibits gluconeogenesis by interacting with Foxo1, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, or C/EBPα.[@B97],[@B98] SHP is also known to increase PPARγ activity by interacting with PPARγ in a ligand-independent manner. SHP competes with NCoR for binding to the DBD/hinge region of PPARγ. It has been suggested that SHP may act as an endogenous activator of PPARγ.[@B99] However, a contradictory report states that SHP represses the transcriptional activity of PPARγ and does not interact with PPARγ.[@B100] SHP decreases LGK gene expression by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of LXRα and PPARγ via interaction with their common partner, RXRα. Thus, SHP may play a role in fine-tuning glucose homeostasis.[@B100] The diverse functions of PPARγ cofactors are summarized in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}. REGULATION OF PPARγ ACTIVITY BY POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION =============================================================== Phosphorylation --------------- Phosphorylation of nuclear receptors is one of the principal modifications determining their transcriptional activities. Adipocyte differentiation is inhibited by growth factors[@B101]-[@B103] and cytokines,[@B104]-[@B106] which are known to phosphorylate PPARγ through their respective signaling pathway ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The site of phosphorylation is Ser^112^ in the N-terminal transactivation domain (AF-1), which is well conserved among species ranging from fish to man.[@B107],[@B108] Ser^112^ phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) results in a decrease in transcriptional activity and adipogenesis.[@B109]-[@B112] MAPK is activated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) that is stimulated by growth factors such as epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor-β, insulin, or the prostaglandin PGF2α.[@B111],[@B112],[@B113]-[@B116] Phosphorylation of Ser^112^ by other signals including stress (UV, anisomysin) is mediated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 and p38.[@B107],[@B113] Insulin plays a key role in adipogenesis.[@B111] Although preadipocytes express a limited number of insulin receptors, the cells require insulin or insulin-like growth factor-1 for optimal differentiation.[@B117],[@B118] After maturation, large numbers of insulin receptors are expressed, transmitting insulin signals for the induction of lipogenic genes.[@B119],[@B120] Although insulin is a pivotal player in adipogenesis, Ras/MAPK activation by insulin represses PPARγ activity[@B111] as shown in the growth factor-induced phosphorylation of PPARγ at Ser^112^. Specifically, downstream tyrosine kinase-1 (Dok1), a multi-site adapter molecule in insulin receptor signaling,[@B121]-[@B123] acts as a negative regulator of MAPK.[@B124]-[@B126] In mice fed a high-fat diet, Dok1 expression is markedly increased in WAT. A lower mass of WAT is seen in Dok1-deficient mice than in wild-type mice, and the level of PPARγ phosphorylation was increased by ERK.[@B127] These data suggest that an increase in Dok1 gene expression caused by a high-fat diet inhibits the insulin-mediated activation of Ras/MAPK signaling, resulting in increased PPARγ activity.[@B127] In contrast to the MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of Ser^112^, the cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk7 and Cdk9 phosphorylate the same Ser^112^ in PPARγ and increase PPARγ activity.[@B128],[@B129] Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) group-D (*XPD*) gene. The clinical manifestations include immature sexual development, mental retardation, skeletal abnormalities, and dwarfism. A number of patients with TTD exhibit a lack of subcutaneous fat tissue mass. XPD helicase is a subunit of the transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) complex bridging the core-TFIIH \[containing particular form of xeroderma pigmentosum B (XPB) helicase\] subcomplex and the Cdk-activating kinase containing Cdk7.[@B130] When the C-terminus of XPD is mutated, XPD helicase cannot perform nucleotide excision repair.[@B131] In the process of transcription, Cdk7 in the TFIIH complex phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II[@B132] and nuclear receptors such as ER, VDR, and RARα.[@B133]-[@B136] PPARγ phosphorylation by Cdk7 is decreased in XPD patients.[@B128] The activity of a PPARγ promoter reporter was rescued by PPARγ-112^S→E^, a constitutively active form of PPARγ, in fibroblasts isolated from patients with TTD.[@B128] In addition, Cdk9, a component of positive transcription elongation factor b, has been shown to participate in adipogenesis by directly interacting with PPARγ and phosphorylating Ser^112^.[@B129] Overexpression of Cdk9 in 3T3L1 cells increased adipogenesis, whereas inhibition of Cdk9 by specific Cdk inhibitors or a dominant-negative Cdk9 mutant inhibited adipogenesis.[@B129] These data suggest that the transcriptional activity of PPARγ is either activated or inhibited depending on the types of kinases involved. In the adipose tissues of mice fed a high-fat diet, phosphorylation of Ser^273^ by Cdk5 results in a reduction of adiponectin gene expression, without affecting adipogenesis.[@B137] Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of PPARγ is blocked by full agonists such as rosiglitazone or partial agonists such as MRL24 or SR1664.[@B137],[@B138] Partial agonists, like MRL24 and SR1664, have been shown to have excellent anti-diabetic activity without increasing adipogenesis.[@B137],[@B138] These compounds are known to block the phosphorylation of Ser^273^ by Cdk5[@B137],[@B138] and can therefore potentially be used as therapeutic drugs for T2DM without causing weight gain and fluid retention, which are major side effects of full agonist-antidiabetic drugs. It is worth note that strong PPARγ activators are not necessary to increase insulin sensitivity. Understanding the regulation of Ser^273^ phosphorylation in PPARγ could provide a hint for the development of drugs to treat T2DM that have fewer side effects.[@B138] Sumoylation ----------- SUMOylation is one of the post-translational modifications responsible for regulating the stability, nuclear-cytosolic distribution, and activity of transcription factors. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) family proteins (SUMO-1, -2, and -3 in mammals) affect the interaction between target proteins and their substrates or the DNA that they bind. SUMO binds to proteins by forming isopeptide bonds between the C-terminal glycine residue of SUMO and the ε-amino group of a lysine in the target protein.[@B139],[@B140] Currently, a number of transcription factors including nuclear receptors, such as PPARs,[@B141],[@B142] LXR,[@B143] glucocorticoid receptor,[@B144] androgen receptor,[@B145] and RXRα[@B146] are known to be SUMOylated. Selective modulation of the transcriptional activity of PPARγ by SUMOylation is now beginning to be understood.[@B142],[@B147] The transcriptional activities of PPARγ isoforms in the presence or absence of ligands are regulated by SUMOylation.[@B142] PPARγ2 is SUMOylated by protein inhibitor of activated STAT 1 (PIAS1) or PIASx, belonging to the PIAS family, regardless of its ligand. PPARγ2 is SUMOylated at Lys^107^ in the AF-1 domain, and at Lys^395^ in the AF-2 domain (equivalent to Lys^77^ and Lys^365^ of PPARγ1, respectively). SUMOylation of PPARγ2 at Lys^107^ negatively regulates the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2, because the 107^K→R^ mutation showed increased transcriptional activity.[@B142] This observation is further supported by a promoter reporter assay performed using the variant PPARγ2 107^K→R^ in NIH3T3 fibroblasts.[@B148],[@B149] Furthermore, fibroblast growth factor21 (FGF21)-KO mice exhibit impaired insulin sensitivity in adipocytes and reduced fat mass and adipocyte size. This phenomenon occurs because PPARγ2-induced adipogenesis is inhibited by SUMOylation in WAT. These results indicate that FGF21 is a key regulator of PPARγ2 in the context of SUMOylation.[@B150] In addition, the transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 is increased by overexpressing SUMO1/sentrin/SMT3-specific peptidase 2 (SENP2), a SUMO-specific protease, in C2C12 myotubes.[@B147] Interestingly, the inhibition of PPARγ2 transcriptional activity by SUMOylation is augmented when PPARγ2 is phosphorylated at Ser^112^.[@B148],[@B149] This indicates an interrelationship between the SUMOylation and phosphorylation of PPARγ2. The SUMOylation of PPARγ1 at Lys^365^ (equivalent to Lys^395^ of PPARγ2) is important in the regulation of inflammatory gene expression. This SUMOylation mediates the transrepression of inflammatory genes like inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TNF-α, which are regulated by nuclear factor kappa B in macrophages.[@B151],[@B152] In the basal state, *iNOS* gene is repressed by TBL1/TBLR1/HDAC3/NCoR complex. Treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in the removal of HDAC3/NCoR from the complex in a TBL1/TBLR1 and Ubc5-dependent fashion, allowing activation of *iNOS* gene.[@B148] When RAW264.7 macrophages or primary cultured macrophages were treated with LPS and rosiglitazone, PPARγ1 was found to be SUMOylated on Lys^365^ by Ubc9, which forms a complex with NCoR/HDAC3 on the promoters of the *iNOS* gene. Thus, the formation of the NCoR/HDAC3/SUMOylated PPARγ1 complex inhibits the ubiquitination of NCoR/HDAC3, resulting in the repression of the *iNOS* and *TNF-α* genes.[@B151],[@B152] Ligand-dependent SUMOylation of PPARγ1 therefore directly represses the promoters of inflammatory genes by stabilizing the NCoR and HDAC3 complexes. This mechanism demonstrates that the role of Lys^365^ SUMOylation of PPARγ1 is different from that of Lys^107^ SUMOylation of PPARγ2 in that Lys^365^ SUMOylation of PPARγ1 represses the expression of inflammatory genes in the presence of ligand. Ubiquitination -------------- The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is responsible for the degradation of a variety of intracellular proteins including transcription factors.[@B153],[@B154] Ubiquitin is well conserved between species, binding to target proteins in a sequential manner through the actions of three different cascading enzymes: an ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), and an ubiquitin protein ligase (E3).[@B155] The polyubiquitinated proteins are recognized and degraded by the 26S proteasome.[@B156] The role of the UPS with respect to transcriptional regulation is well documented.[@B157] In the nucleus of adipocytes, the PPARγ2 protein level is decreased by the action of TZDs.[@B158] Degradation occurs in a ubiquitin-dependent manner in the AF-2 domain of PPARγ.[@B159] However, the AF-1 domains of PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 are degraded by the REGγ proteasome, a type of proteasome that degrades the target substrate in an ubiquitin and ATP-independent fashion.[@B159]-[@B161] Degradation of PPARγ is also regulated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in adipocytes. Transcription of PPARγ is decreased by IFN-γ-activated STAT signaling.[@B162] When Ser^112^ of PPARγ, which is known to be phosphorylated by ERK1/2, was replaced with Ala, degradation of the protein was decreased. In addition, U1026, an inhibitor of ERK1/2, decreased IFN-γ-induced PPARγ degradation.[@B163] However, ERK1/2 is not known to be activated by IFN-γ or TZDs; thus, it is assumed that there might be an indirect relationship between the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of PPARγ.[@B163] TNF-α is well known for its role in insulin resistance.[@B164] Degradation of PPARγ is promoted by TNF-α in adipocytes. Treatment of adipocytes with TNF-α and cycloheximide yielded a 44-kDa sized fragment of PPARγ, which is also seen in the WAT or BAT of diabetic rats. However, the molecular link between this fragment and PPARγ degradation is not known.[@B165] Proteasome-dependent PPARγ degradation is increased by resveratrol, a potent activator of SIRT1; however, the mechanism of SIRT1 requires further investigation.[@B84],[@B166] PERSPECTIVE =========== Regulation of PPARγ activity may be achieved through the interrelationship between agonists, PTM, and coregulators, rather than by the simple action of individual activators or inhibitors. Agonists can induce either coregulator exchange or PTM; the mechanisms of which require further study. Understanding the mechanistic complexity underlying the interactions of these regulators may help accelerate the development of therapeutic drugs against obesity, T2DM, and metabolic syndromes. We apologize to all the contributors in the field whose work could not be cited due to space limitations. This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea (2011-0030706 to Y.H. Ahn). The authors have no financial conflicts of interest. {#F1} ###### Selected PPARγ Target Genes Involved in Metabolism  PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; CAP, Cbl-associated protein; IRS2, insulin receptor substrate 2; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; GyK, glycerol kinase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin-6; GLUT2, glucose transporter 2; CD36, fatty acid translocase; ACS, acetyl-CoA synthetase; PCK2, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2; GK, glucokinase. ###### List of Regulatory Factors for PPARγ Activity  PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; SRC-1, steroid receptor coactivator-1; PGC-1α, PPARγ coactivator-1; CBP, CREB-binding protein; TRAP, thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein; BAF, Brg1/Brm-associated factor; MBF-1, multiprotein bridging factor-1; NRF2, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2; PRIP, PPAR-interacting protein; PDIP, PPARγ-DBD interacting protein; SHP, small heterodimer partner; NCoR, nuclear corepressor; SMRT, silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor; Rb, retinoblastoma protein; SHP, small heterodimer partner; DBD, DNA-binding domain; UCP, uncoupling protein; BAT, brown adipose tissue; AF-1, agonist-independent activation domain; AF-2, agonist-dependent activation domain; LBD, ligand-binding domain; PEPCK, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase; RXR, retinoid X receptor; TFIID, transcription factor IID; TXS, thromboxane synthase; Cdk5, cyclin-dependent kinase; ARF6, ADP-ribosylation factor; RIP140, receptor-interacting protein 140. | Mid | [
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"There's bi-phobia from the straight community and from the LGBT community," Halsey explained. "There's a lack of acceptance." She continued, "It happens in TV all the time when people write bisexual characters as going through a phase or struggling with something. It's part of some mental breakdown or rebellion storyline, and that just sucks." | Mid | [
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FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION MAY 10 2016 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT THUY LE NGUYEN, No. 13-36097 Plaintiff - Appellant, D.C. No. 2:12-cv-01025-TSZ v. MEMORANDUM* CAROLYN W. COLVIN, Commissioner of Social Security, Defendant - Appellee. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Thomas S. Zilly, Senior District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted May 2, 2016 Seattle, Washington Before: GRABER and BERZON, Circuit Judges, and CURIEL,** District Judge. In this social security case, Thuy Le Nguyen appeals from the district court’s judgment affirming the agency’s finding that she did not suffer from a severe impairment on or before her date last insured, December 31, 1997. Reviewing for * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3. ** The Honorable Gonzalo P. Curiel, United States District Judge for the Southern District of California, sitting by designation. substantial evidence, Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1097–98 (9th Cir. 1999), we affirm. 1. To be entitled to Title II disability benefits, a claimant must establish that her disability existed on or before the date on which her disability insurance expired. Tidwell v. Apfel, 161 F.3d 599, 601 (9th Cir. 1999). The claimant has the burden of proving disability. Gallant v. Heckler, 753 F.2d 1450, 1452 (9th Cir. 1984). A diagnosis, in itself, is not sufficient to establish a disability. A claimant must show that she has a severe impairment. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(c). 2. Here, Dr. Diaconu submitted evidence that schizophrenia is a chronic illness with onset in early adulthood and that Nguyen’s illness "most likely" started before 1997. The administrative law judge ("ALJ") permissibly concluded that the statement as to timing was speculative and did not rely on any objective evidence. 3. Nguyen testified that she experienced symptoms before 1997. The ALJ permissibly discounted this testimony because Nguyen had earlier denied any previous significant history of psychiatric disorder and because her husband testified that Nguyen could competently complete some household tasks. 4. Nguyen offered lay testimony of her husband and two friends. The ALJ permissibly concluded that Mr. Nguyen’s testimony did not establish a severe impairment. The ALJ did not expressly consider the other lay witness testimony. 2 Failure to discuss this testimony was harmless error because the friends’ testimony did not add material information about the relevant time period and, so, would not have altered the ALJ’s decision. Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1115 (9th Cir. 2012). AFFIRMED. 3 | Low | [
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Formal errors in non-pharmaceutical medicine (CAM): clinical medicine, mind-body medicine, body-psychotherapy, holistic medicine, clinical holistic medicine and sexology. This paper identifies five formal errors in non-drug medicine including most types of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). These are based on five central principles of healing from the curriculum of the EU master in complementary, psychosocial and integrated health sciences (EU-MSc-CAM) from the Interuniversity College in Graz, Austria. An error is defined, as a therapeutic intervention that judged from established scientific knowledge should have been done differently. We found formal errors regarding: 1) The principle of salutogenesis, 2) The principle of similarity, 3) The principle that healing happens in surplus of resources, 4) The principle of using as little force as possible (primum non nocere), 5) The Hering's law of cure (you will get well in the opposite order of the way you got ill). From the primary errors secondary errors can be identified: A) Focusing on the patient's consciousness instead of the patient's unconscious, B) Wasting time on taking anamnesis and giving diagnoses, C) To ignore that the therapy does not help, D) Not to refer a patient that you know cannot be helped by you, E) Not to observe that a close relationship does not develop between therapist and patient, F) To work on a patient that you are not competent to help, G) Not to support the development of the patient into an independent person, H) Not letting go of the patient. None of the errors caused harm to the patient but slowed down healing. The presented list of errors is ideal for training and supervision. | High | [
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Q: Could not find a part of the path 'AccessibilityManagerCompat_AccessibilityStateChangeListenerImplementor.class' while building xamarin forms android app in debug mode I am getting following error Unable to remove directory "obj\Debug\90\android\bin\classes". Could not find a part of the path 'AccessibilityManagerCompat_AccessibilityStateChangeListenerImplementor.class'. unable to find resolution for this as line number is not shown A: Your path to the solution could be too long. I solved this by moving my solution closer to the C drive root. Also take into account that your application might not have sufficient rights to access that location, so make sure you give the necessary access rights. A: Manually delete your bin/obj folders from your Solution, and then try to rebuild. Usually this does the trick, since it is trying to remove a class that he cannot find a path of. | Mid | [
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THINGS are going from bad to worse in Syria—for both President Bashar Assad and for the battered but resilient opposition. A month after a UN mission arrived to oversee a plan by Kofi Annan, a former secretary-general, to end the bloody crisis, the violence is once again rising. Mr Assad, who reckons he has little to gain by honouring the ceasefire, let alone providing for a political transition, appears to have told his forces to stop shelling Syria's biggest cities for the time being, but to continue hitting restless smaller towns and to go on arresting pro-democracy campaigners. Meanwhile, some of Mr Assad's opponents have been trying to assassinate senior members of the regime as well as shoot security men and pro-regime thugs. On May 22nd, 11 Lebanese Shia pilgrims returning from Iran were kidnapped in Syria's northern province, close to Aleppo, the country's second city. It was always going to be hard for the UN to enforce a ceasefire on a country of 23m with just 300 people, of whom 270 have arrived. They have already been trying to cover wide stretches of Syria. But they may have to lessen their ambitions if security continues to deteriorate. Two UN convoys have already been targeted; nobody knows by whom. In any event, neither side is heeding the call for a national dialogue issued by General Robert Mood, the UN mission's Norwegian head. Still, the monitors' presence, even if scattered, has let the protest movement regain some ground. Since the regime killed four university students in Aleppo on May 3rd, protests have gripped that city, which had been relatively quiet. The national death toll is now thought to exceed 12,000. And the unrest is creeping closer to Mr Assad's doorstep, as angry Syrians fleeing violence in their hometowns are starting to fill Damascus, the capital. There, discontent is rising and clashes with government forces are becoming more frequent. The extent to which outsiders are becoming involved is unclear. Recent large-scale bombings in Damascus can be the work only of the regime (or a nefarious unit within it) or of jihadists who want to attack the “heretical” Alawite minority that dominates the regime and to which Mr Assad belongs. Jabhat an-Nusra (the Salvation Front), a jihadist group praised on al-Qaeda websites, has claimed responsibility for nine bombings. The government has long blamed foreign terrorists for teaming up with the opposition. It fiercely denies any such charge. “We have been offered aid by Islamists, but we haven't taken it because we don't want to be framed as extremists,” says a young rebel. “But we need weapons.” Syria's Muslim Brotherhood, back on the ascent after years of lying dormant, says many within the country want to receive cash and arms. The rebels say the weapons pledged by Gulf governments have not yet arrived in large amounts. Meanwhile the political opposition, especially abroad, is at odds with itself. Representatives of the “local co-ordination committees” within Syria have threatened to pull out of the Syrian National Council (SNC), the main opposition group, because many of them opposed the recent re-election of Burhan Ghalioun, its head, who says he will step down eventually. The UN is in a bind. So far it seems willing to turn a blind eye to ceasefire violations, fearing that Syria will plunge into all-out civil war if the mission pulls out before its mandate ends on July 20th. | Mid | [
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Attention!!! Pro Sports Daily will be down on Wednesday morning from 5:00am - 7:00am eastern time for database maintenance. All Sports Direct Inc. properties will be down during this scheduled outage. Sorry for any inconvenience that this outage may cause. If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. Scouting Report:Giants: Command issues have plagued the three-time All-Star and he hasn't had much room for error: the Giants average just 3.25 runs in Cain's 13 starts. He's coming off his season's best outing, though -- no runs allowed on six hits in seven innings. Padres: Stults has the worst ERA (5.36) among all NL starters, but has improved in his last two starts (12 1/3 innings, four earned runs) after incorporating faster tempo and a higher leg kick. He's still taken the loss in his past six outings. Scouting Report:Giants: Hudson has been the Giants' most reliable right-handed starter this season. He's thrown at least seven innings in 11 of his 15 starts. The Giants are 10-5 in those 15 starts, but have lost each of his last three outings. Padres: Despaigne has been excellent in his first two career starts, using a low-90s fastball and a curveball that can dip down into the low 60s to keep hitters off balance. He's allowed just one earned run in his first 13 2/3 big league innings. Scouting Report:Giants: The Padres should be motivated for revenge against Lincecum, who no-hit them for the second time in two years on June 25. Lincecum's 17-inning scoreless streak is his longest since he strung together 21 straight shutout innings May 4-10, 2011. Padres: Hahn won four games in his first month in the big leagues and appears to be getting better. The last time out, he tossed five scoreless innings against the Reds with a career-high nine strikeouts. The curveball continues to be a big weapon for him. BELT TIM #3in5 <3 ^ How I feel about the Colts right about now ^ "[He's] a really complete player... There's not really any weaknesses to his game." - Bill Belichick on Andrew Luck | Low | [
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Tag Archive | "Panini" In lieu of the of the plane I’ll be on in 3 hours, here’s a reheated from the last time I walked the boot shaped peninsula. This little hole in the wall, literally, serves up simple sammies on the freshest bread as well as offers a huge selection of wines by the glass. Here I knocked back a sopressata and riccota. I washed it down with a barolo of course. This trip I hope to find the Milano version of this magnificent hero. Il Bambino – Astoria, Queens, New York About ‘Wich Hunting: Anthony and I have travelled the world eating everything from Balut in the Philippines to blood sausage in Argentina. In every destination there has always been a sandwich shop. Some were good and some were bad but they all had their unique take on this ubiquitous meal. The origin of the sandwich is highly debated and we’ll dive into that on our journey as we discover, taste and debate the best sandwiches in the world. While in Italy I realized that there’s a lot happening around the world between two slices of bread. Anthony and I have travelled the world eating everything from Balut in the Philippines to blood sausage in Argentina. In every destination there has always been a sandwich shop. Some were good and some were bad but they all had their unique take on this ubiquitous meal. The origin of the sandwich is highly debated and we’ll dive into that on our journey as we discover, taste and debate the best sandwiches in the world. Shout outs Our Supper Club and Travel Food Blog Travel with us as we discover the best underground dining and supper club culture on our quest to bring back dinnertime. This site is all about tasty. As my brother and I live, explore and travel we are never that far from our next meal. Although, the center of this website is what we eat, tasty doesn't just reside in the food. As part of a huge Italian family, our life has always revolved around eating. One important lesson in our upbringing was that the food is only part of what makes eating an amazing experience. Who sits around the table, how the food was made, where the food came from and how it made us feel are all equally important parts of any meal. read more | Mid | [
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Focused Areas Anger Management Persons coming for help with anger management either individual or group have displayed loss of temper, have been threatening to others, may be court ordered, been involved in domestic violence, road rage, or have experienced problems with their anger in another area of their life. This group is scheduled for 12 concurrent session of didactic format, with lectures, personal exercises, role playing to help the individual control, defuse, cope with stress without inappropriately displaying anger by using successful problem solving techniques. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) Critical Incident Stress Debriefing is a process used by certified CISD mental health therapists to assist a large number of individuals who have experienced trauma like the death of a coworker, a robbery, a natural disaster, horrific event to: process the event in a healthy way, assist in reducing further trauma, being supportive to peers, help start the recovery process of loss/grief, and provide the individual with healthy coping devices. CISD typically takes place at the work site affected or sometimes the location where the trauma took place. Medical Trauma/Adjustment to Illness Medical Counseling can assist individuals, couples and families who are facing issues related to a new diagnosis, chronic illness, chronic pain or for those who have experienced a medical trauma such as an injury or loss of physical function. Medical Counseling can provide emotional support, resources and improved quality of life by recognizing the impact of the mind/body connection. Medical Counseling may also focus on improved coping skills and empower the individual to address the impact that illness and disability can have on relationships, work/school, life goals and emotional health and wellness. Medication Management Medication management is provided by a psychiatrist as an adjunct to therapy to assist with reducing symptoms of the disorder being treated. Disorders like depression, Bipolar, anxiety, ADHD respond to treatment with medication and therapy. Parenting An ongoing group of parents voluntarily seeking to find a healthy style of parenting their children. The group consists of 6 to 10 sessions of hands-on parenting techniques, lectures, exercises, role playing and didactic format to facilitate processing and application of the material. Pre-Marital Counseling This four hour course prepares the couple for future changes in their life and meets the Florida Statue requirement for pre-marital counseling. It starts with developing a healthy communication pattern, dispels myths of marriage, and sets a forum discusses the hard to ask questions marriage can bring. It will bring up issues of how their family impacts their values, how to communicate, stereo typical roles, questions about finances, children, religion, and decision making. This course can be done by the couple alone in one (4) four hour block of time or four individual hours or if possible in a group of other to be married couples. Each couple receives a certificate upon completion. Relationship / Marriage Counseling Sex Therapy Sex therapy provides treatment for intimacy and sexually based relationship issues by promoting understanding of human sexuality and healthy sexual behavior. Specifically it addresses problems of; sexual function and expression, arousal (impotence and frigidity), repeated loss of desire, diminished sexual performance, problems with orgasm (either inability to climax or the inability to control ejaculation), the viewing pornographic material when it interferes with your relationship with your partner, differences that exist in partner’s sexual desires or issues of confusion about your sexual orientation. Substance Abuse Group: The criteria for this group is a person who believe they may have a problem with drugs or alcohol, or they recently got a DUI, or have had a related problem (Legal or domestic) as a direct result of drinking or drugging. At the initial assessment the therapist determines the number of sessions and develops an individual treatment plan for each group member. Groups are focused on learning about chemical dependency versus alcohol or drug abuse, the disease concept, recovery groups (AA or NA), personal exercises illustrating identification of a problem, tasks to do as part of recovery, 12 Steps to recovery, personal plan to address drug or alcohol problems. Women’s Issues A 6 to 10 women group, ongoing in nature, is a supportive atmosphere to discuss role clarification, coping with stress, building self esteem, developing assertiveness skills, establishing clear boundaries, balancing work and home life. Didactic in nature, it also has exercises, video presentations, exercises and lecture. | Mid | [
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Bacterial mechanosensitive channels: models for studying mechanosensory transduction. Sensations of touch and hearing are manifestations of mechanical contact and air pressure acting on touch receptors and hair cells of the inner ear, respectively. In bacteria, osmotic pressure exerts a significant mechanical force on their cellular membrane. Bacteria have evolved mechanosensitive (MS) channels to cope with excessive turgor pressure resulting from a hypo-osmotic shock. MS channel opening allows the expulsion of osmolytes and water, thereby restoring normal cellular turgor and preventing cell lysis. As biological force-sensing systems, MS channels have been identified as the best examples of membrane proteins coupling molecular dynamics to cellular mechanics. The bacterial MS channel of large conductance (MscL) and MS channel of small conductance (MscS) have been subjected to extensive biophysical, biochemical, genetic, and structural analyses. These studies have established MscL and MscS as model systems for mechanosensory transduction. In recent years, MS ion channels in mammalian cells have moved into focus of mechanotransduction research, accompanied by an increased awareness of the role they may play in the pathophysiology of diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy, muscular dystrophy, or Xerocytosis. A recent exciting development includes the molecular identification of Piezo proteins, which function as nonselective cation channels in mechanosensory transduction associated with senses of touch and pain. Since research on Piezo channels is very young, applying lessons learned from studies of bacterial MS channels to establishing the mechanism by which the Piezo channels are mechanically activated remains one of the future challenges toward a better understanding of the role that MS channels play in mechanobiology. | High | [
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Top mount Camber/ caster plates and bumpstops are included and installed. You have the choice of adding a stress bar. Rear Coil-over assemblies: We have been building and selling these kits forseveral years now, but we have never put them on the website. We startwith a Ground Control designed rear lower shock mount. Machined fromhigh carbon steel, and using a grade 8 bolt, this rear lower mount isdesigned to carry the weight of the car after springs are added to theshock. We utilize a Koni SINGLE ADJUSTABLE monotube rear shock, adjustable for rebounddamping. This shock is available in our standard default damping forstandard width cars, or heavier damping for wider cars with higherspring rates. The Koni shock is mounted inverted for less unsprungweight, and features the exclusive GC coil-over hardware withsingle-locking sleeve and and your choice of Eibach race spring. Thesame kit is used to supplement rear torsion bars (PCA Stock Class) orby choosing a different spring rate, the rear torsion bars can beremoved completely. If you are considering over 700 pound rear springs,we recommend fabricating a double shear rear lower mount to supplementour lower mount. 924 and early 944 (steel arm) is in development and will be the same price. All Ground Control products carry a lifetime guarantee against defects when installed and maintained correctly. We strongly recommend that all of our products be installed by a competent, qualified mechanic. | Mid | [
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An authentication process is usually invoked when a user attempts to access a device that requires a one or more forms of user identification. For example, a username and a password may be a form of identification required to authenticate the user. Various systems may have different requirements for implementing usernames and passwords. Some authentication systems require the user to change the username or password after a certain period of time. This may require the user to remember different usernames and passwords, possibly including various changes to their usernames and passwords. Thus, such systems may require users to memorize their usernames and passwords, thereby making it difficult or cumbersome for the users to successfully authenticate an account. One reason for requiring periodic changes of authentication information is to protect the security of online or Internet-based transactions from Internet hackers and reduce the likelihood of fraudulent Internet activity. As such, there is much need for technological advancements to support authentication systems that rely on user information and in some instances, without having to keep track of changes to usernames and passwords. Embodiments of the present disclosure and their advantages may be understood by referring to the detailed description provided herein. It should be appreciated that reference numerals may be used to illustrate various elements and/or features provided in the figures. Further, the figures may illustrate various examples for purposes of illustration and explanation related to the embodiments of the present disclosure and not for purposes of any limitation. | Mid | [
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RIM denies report it may split company RIM shares at lowest level since 2003 Related Stories BlackBerry maker Research in Motion is dismissing a weekend newspaper report that claimed it was weighing the possibility of splitting its business into two separate parts. The Sunday Times, which did not cite sources for its report, said the tech company could spin off its handset division to a company like Amazon or Facebook, or turn it into a separately listed company. Under this scenario, RIM's messaging network could then be separated from its struggling handset business. Another option would be for RIM to remain as a single company but sell a stake to a bigger tech firm like Microsoft, the Times said. RIM 3-month TSX trading But RIM said on Monday its turnaround strategy revolves around new product launches and future cost savings, not splitting up the company. "RIM has hired advisers to help the company examine ways to leverage the BlackBerry platform through partnerships, licensing opportunities and strategic business model alternatives," RIM said in a statement. "As [CEO] Thorsten [Heins] said on the company's fourth-quarter earnings call: 'We believe the best way to drive value for our stakeholders is to execute on our plan to turn the company around.' "This remains true." Last month, RIM hired JPMorgan Chase and RBC Capital Markets to explore strategic alternatives for the embattled company, which has seen its share of the smartphone market plunge. RIM will report its latest quarterly results on Thursday. It's expected to report an operating loss as BlackBerry sales continue to slow. In a statement issued in late May, CEO Thorsten Heins said the "ongoing competitive environment" was affecting its business, resulting in lower sales and "highly competitive pricing dynamics." He said that would likely lead to an operating loss for the first quarter. Heins hopes to help RIM weather its competitive storm through operational savings of $1 billion by the end of fiscal 2013. Most of those savings are expected to come through staff layoffs. The company is also pinning its turnaround hopes on a new generation of BlackBerry 10 smartphones, set to launch later this year | Low | [
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Sunday 7 August 2011 20.45 EDT First published on Sunday 7 August 2011 20.45 EDT There was mounting evidence on Sunday night that some of the second night of rioting in London was part of an orchestrated plan, as violent disturbances broke out sporadically across parts of the capital. Police in riot gear were deployed across the city to deal with trouble in Enfield, six miles north of the site of riots in Tottenham, while looters later pillaged shops in Brixton. The scenes in Enfield, while reminiscent of Saturday night's clashes, were smaller in scale, and they took place from about 7pm. Teenagers gathered on St Andrews Road – said to have been a preplanned destination – broke down walls on terraced streets so they could collect bricks to throw at police. About a dozen shops were ransacked and a police car smashed on Church Street. Riot police moved in to secure the area and train station. Shortly after 8.30pm, a crowd of about 100 mainly teenage boys broke into a jewellery store. When police arrived less than a minute later, there were chaotic scenes, with a number of people struck with batons and attacked by dogs. Resident Mizu Rahman, 34, said a plainclothes police officer had told him at around 2pm that there was intelligence that disorder was imminent. "The officer came down the street warning us there would be trouble," he said. "He showed me his ID. He said, 'Do you live here?' I said yes. He said, 'St Andrews Road is going to be the frontline tonight'." There was no obvious reason why the rioting should have spread to Enfield, which is in the outskirts of north London. Rahman, an engineer, said he had seen a message on Facebook that Enfield would be "next on the hitlist". At 9.30pm, Met police and reinforcements from Kent began turning the whole of Enfield into a sterile area. Hundreds of riot police arrived with vans and police dogs, charging at groups of teenagers, who melted into sidestreets. They smashed cars and shop windows as they ran. Some teenagers knew exactly where they were heading, saying the plan was to go to Ponders End. A large crowd of youths then sprinted west, attacking a retail park and shops. Among them was a closed Tesco Extra store. Workers inside described hearing windows smashing as dozens of youths poured into the store. "They left carrying TVs, alcohol – they were stuffing trolleys," said one supermarket worker. Unlike the previous night's disturbances, riot police were on the scene in large numbers. Their stance was also more aggressive, with baton charges and dogs used to disperse crowds. At 11pm, on a nearby road called Elizabeth Ride, a young man was stabbed under the arm. He could walk to an ambulance but his friends refused to talk to police and disappeared, shouting: "Why would we talk to feds? You're the reason this is happening." Amid evidence that locals were turning against the rioters, one young woman, aged about 20, was in tears, shouting: "What are you doing? Is this how you pay your respects to Mark? Is this what he would have wanted?" The leader of Enfield council, Doug Taylor said he believed disturbances there were linked to events in Tottenham. He said: "There's got to be a link to that extent that it's the day after and the police are hugely well organised in Tottenham so maybe this was seen as the place to have a second night." In Brixton, crowds attending a daytime festival were good-natured but gangs of youths ransacked shops in the area as darkness fell. Branches of Vodafone, Footlocker and H&M were all targeted by looters, who made off in scooters and cars. Police in riot gear were pushing people up Brixton High Street at around 1am. Elsewhere, there were reports of disturbances in areas including Dalston and Walthamstow. The latter area's local Labour MP, Stella Creasy, said that branches of Argos, BHS and Barclays were all attacked, while angry locals said that looters asked them for directions to shops and banks. The Metropolitan police said on Twitter on Sunday night: "Police are responding to a significant amount of criminal activity across London and are deploying officers to tackle it." | Mid | [
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From NHL player to fashion runways From NHL player to fitness business developer to walking the fashion runways of London and New York, Wes Myron has made quite the name for himself – and there’s more to come. Hockey fans know Wes Myron from his years playing with The Victoria Grizzlies, The Kalamazoo Wings, and The Tulsa Oilers from 2009-2012. Myron, who was born in Victoria B.C., harbored dreams of playing hockey professionally since childhood. “I grew up in Canada playing hockey just like every other guy I knew, and my dreams and my aspirations were to play at the highest level,” Myron tells The Record. That level, of course, was to play in the NHL. In 2012, that dream became a reality when he was drafted into the Vancouver Canucks. Unfortunately, Myron sustained several injuries – ones which he describes as “nasty.” These injuries ended his dream of playing permanently for the NHL in 2015. Being injured and no longer able to play the sport he loved, Myron admits that period was his lowest point. “‘I was in kind of a dark place in trying to figure out what I wanted to do next. I thought ‘how do I pick myself back up again?’” he confesses. Drawing back on his experiences from spending time in the weight room, learning to eat and sleep properly, Myron decided that his path forward was in helping others get their lives on track by training. He admits the transition to this was a “natural” one. Myron created Elite Performance Lifestyle – a program which incorporates what he calls the “four building blocks” of living a healthy lifestyle: eating right, sleeping right, training and motivation. These are the blocks Myron uses with his clients. Myron developed the program after meeting with sleep-doctors and nutritionists that he’s met over the course of his travels. He admits that there were obstacles, mostly stemming from his injuries. “Those were the biggest obstacles for me when I was playing hockey and afterwards,” Myron said. “I was one of the younger hockey players attempting to branch out and do something else – specifically creating a company at such a young age. learning that on-the-fly has been a bit of an obstacle. But it’s a good experience for me as I’m able to apply my own techniques that I talk about in my program.” Myron insists that despite those obstacles, he gives whatever he’s working on his undivided focus whether it be growing his brand – or modeling. As to how he got into that glamorous world, Myron says it was purely by chance. “I was posting on my Instagram, promoting my brand when I was contacted by a company called International Fashion Show who were looking for fresh new faces to headline shows around the world,” he explains. Myron, who had previously done some sports modeling, figured this would be a good way to gain publicity for his business. “I told them, sure, include me in your list,” he recalls. It was a few months before they responded. “They said ‘hey, you’ve reached the top 25 models from our celebrity judging panel,”’ with award-winning fashion TV presenter and columnist, Naomi Isted as head judge. Then he waited again. “They asked me for use of my pictures and that got in the news, so I was building some traction,” he recalls. He was growing excited when one day they told him he was in the top ten and after that – they told him that he had placed first as the modeling industry’s ‘Next Big Thing 2018’. In May, Myron was flown to London where he walked in his first ever runway show. Since then, he has spent time in New York meeting with other agencies. “What I was trying to do originally was just promote the way I live which was eating properly and sleeping right and training. That’s just a natural transition for me moving forward as a model – just being able to do those kinds of campaigns whether it be for sportswear, training, eating right as well as the fashion stuff,” Myron said. He admits that learning the business aspect of forming a company while modeling across the globe can be challenging, but he uses these challenges to relate to others. “I’ve definitely been learning on-the-fly,” he admits. “It’s a great way to apply my own program to my own life and I’m able to relate to people that way because they’re trying to eat, sleep and train and get healthy and I’m trying to grow a business and travel the world and model.” Myron uses what he’s learned to stay rooted while he ticks off his successes along the way. “It’s been a bit of a whirlwind,” Myron admits of the past year. “But it’s been really fun.” | Mid | [
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