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Turn-of-the-century Barcelona flourished, thanks to the textile industry; the wealthy liked to be surrounded by artists, intellectuals and famous people, and the bourgeoisie enjoyed great prestige. This was a good atmosphere for the young architect, who saw how numerous doors were opened for him to carry out his projects. Anyway, Gaudí never renounced contact with the less-favored working classes from which he came. It is not surprising that his first large project was workers' housing in a factory, the Cooperativa Mataronense ("Mataró Cooperative"). The project was intended to improve the workers' quality of life, but Gaudí's project was ahead of its time (which was more conservative), and only one section of the factory and a kiosk were built. The architect was slightly disappointed, but the presentation of his project at the Paris World Fair in 1878 meant the beginning of his fame. There, he also presented a showcase for pret-a-portier gloves from the shop of Esteban Comella, thanks to which he met the man who would become one of his best friends and patrons, Eusebi Güell. After the World Fair, he decorated the Gibert pharmacy in Barcelona, collaborated with the architect Martorell on various jobs, and designed a shooting box for Eusebio Güell, although it was never built. His relationship with Martorell allowed him to take over management of what would become his monumental work: the Sagrada Familia. This project was initially managed by Francisco de Paula del Villar, Gaudí's former professor, who volunteered to carry out the ideas of Josep Bocabella, founder of the "Association of Devotees of San José". Martorell was part of the Temple Council. He disagreed with del Villar about the materials that should be used to make the pillars and, when they couldn't reach an agreement, del Villar stepped down. Bocabella offered the position to Martorell, who, because of the situation, did not accept, but proposed his young assistant, Gaudí, who was immediately accepted. In 1883, Gaudí officially took control of the project, and dedicated 43 years of his life to them. That same year, he was asked by ceramic manufacturer Manuel Vicens to build a house on Carrer de San Gervasi (now Carrer de les Carolines), where the use of ceramics was unlimited, and details reminiscent of autochthonous plants could be seen. He was also asked to build the villa, "El Capricho," for the brother-in-law of the Marquee of Comillas. Gaudí didn't directly oversee this project, delegating his work to Cristofol Cascante, his colleague from the university, who followed the plans and models provided him by Gaudí. His next major projects were the Palau Güell (Güell Palace) and the Palacio de Astorga (Astorga Palace). In the first, located on Carrer Nou de la Rambla, in Barcelona, Güell trusted completely in Gaudí's daring and innovative ideas, and was in awe of his friend's genius. The second was an assignment by his friend, the Bishop of Astorga, consisting of the construction of the Episcopal Palace that had burned down. Gaudí enthusiastically requested photographs and books to get acquainted with the site, and adapt his project to its characteristics. Some of Eusebi Güell's clients took advantage of Gaudí's presence in Astorga to ask him to build a house on a central square in Leon. The edifice, which was often criticized during construction for appearing unstable, has a monumental and medieval appearance; it is called the "Casa de los Botines." While managing construction of the palaces, he built the Transatlantic pavilion for the Barcelona World Fair in 1888, and received another of his many religious projects, the School of the Theresians. In 1898, the cornerstone was laid for the church of the Colonia Güell (Güell Colony, a factory-town project), in Santa Coloma de Cervelló. Only the crypt was built. This edifice stands out for its original construction and the method used by Gaudí to design it: the catenary model, consisting of a series of cords and small sacks weighted in proportion to the arches and the weight they would have to Gaudí never felt recognized by official organizations; the City of Barcelona only assigned him to design the lampposts in the Plaça Reial and the Plaça de Palau, and only once did he receive the award to the Building of the Year, in 1900, for his least extravagant building, the Casa Calvet. That same year he started a project at the Figueras home, in Bellesguard, where Gaudí carried out another project for a businessman, making it a homage to the kings of the Middle Ages. He also began Park Güell (Güell Park), which was first intended to be a garden-city, with sixty homes for the upper middle-class, with various common services. Park Güell could be considered an environmentally sensitive development. Changes in the natural shape of the land were avoided when laying out the streets; remains of broken pieces from ceramic factories were used in the spectacular mosaics; and felling of trees was absolutely forbidden. En 1905, he moved with his father and niece to the park's model home, built by Berenguer, his assistant. A few months later, his father died. Then he put his niece in a boarding school, where she died on January 11, 1912. Between 1900 and 1914, Gaudí and his collaborators also worked on the reforms of the Cathedral in Palma de Mallorca. This project was focused on the Choir (to be moved to the presbytery), some stained-glass windows, some side altars and the new location of the high altar, among other things. Gaudí was removed from management of the project before finishing, because the people considered his work a betrayal of the church's original style. But the most outstanding work initiated by Gaudí in 1904 was assigned to him by Josep Batlló, for a house he owned on the Passeig de Gràcia (an important avenue in Barcelona). It was to be an almost total reformation of the building, in which the architect surprised everybody with those balconies that seem to move, that large cross that crowns the undulating roof, a fantastic interior patio and original chimneys. The one he surprised the most was Pere Milá, the member of the Cortes (Spanish Parliament) who had recommended the brilliant architect to Batlló. Along with his wife, from Reus, he decided to commend him the construction of a new building on the same Paseo, on the corner with Carrer de Provença, which would become "La Pedrera." The City tried to stop this project on various occasions because many of its constructed parts exceeded the legal limits; Gaudí ignored them and continued with his work, finishing the edifice in 1910. | Mid | [
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1. Introduction {#sec1} =============== Malaria is one of the major infectious diseases particularly in tropical countries. It is caused by the protozoan parasite of genus*Plasmodium* and transmitted by the female*Anopheles* mosquito \[[@B1]\]. So far, only 5 of the 170 species of this parasite have been found which are the cause of disease in humans. They consist of*Plasmodium falciparum*,*Plasmodium knowlesi*,*Plasmodium ovale*,*Plasmodium vivax*, and*Plasmodium malariae* \[[@B2]\]. *Plasmodium falciparum* is the most dangerous of all and can even lead to death. The latest released statistics by December 2014 showed 198 million cases of malaria in 2013 comprised of estimated 584,000 deaths. Malaria mortality rates have fallen by 47% globally since 2000 and by 54% in the WHO African Region \[[@B3]\]. Since the 17th century, the bark of the*Cinchona* tree which was the source of quinine had been the first effective western treatment for*malaria* \[[@B4]\]. However, chloroquine replaced it from the 1940s, although quinine is still used under certain circumstances \[[@B5]\]. The resistance against antimalaria drugs is a drawback of standard drugs like chloroquine, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, and even artemisinin. The search for new herbal drugs is of prime importance \[[@B6]\]. Cinnamon consists of cinnamaldehyde compounds, volatile oils, tannins, mucilage, limonene, and safrole that possesses antibacterial, antiseptic, antiviral, and antifungal properties \[[@B7]\]. Senhaji et al. in 2005 tested different extracts of cinnamon like the aqueous, hexane, methanol, and ethanol on gram positive and negative bacteria as well as yeast,*Leishmania*, and*Toxoplasma* with positive results \[[@B8]\]. More recently, Nkanwen and colleagues in 2013 tested the bark of cinnamon for antiplasmodial activity and found that it had an inhibitory effect on*Plasmodium falciparum* enoyl-ACP reductase enzyme \[[@B9]\]. Metabonomics is the recent omics that studies simultaneously all the metabolites and small molecules in biological fluids, cells, and tissues. It uses high throughput technology like ^1^H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (^1^HNMR) and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). It plays the most important role in direct observation of the physiological status of an organism or the cell and is a faster and more affordable way of testing drugs and their mechanism of action \[[@B10]\]. Earlier studies have reported antiplasmodial effect of cinnamon extract and its result on one of its enzymes. It was decided to study the metabolome of*Plasmodium falciparum* after exposure to cinnamon extract by ^1^HNMR spectroscopy. 2. Materials and Methods {#sec2} ======================== 2.1. Preparation of Cinnamon Extract {#sec2.1} ------------------------------------ *Cinnamomum cassia* obtained from Mumbai, India, were ground into a fine powder. 50 grams of cinnamon powder was dissolved in 500 mL of distilled water and boiled for 3 hours and then filtered through a gauze. The obtained extract was concentrated into an oily extract using a rotary machine and then lyophilized to 12.48 grams of cinnamon powder. 2.2. *Plasmodium falciparum* Culture {#sec2.2} ------------------------------------ Strains of 3D7 provided by the late Dr. Walliker were cultured using the method of Trager and Jensen. Briefly, the parasites were cultured in 7 mL RPMI 1640 medium with 5% serum, 10% hematocrit, hypoxanthine, and gentamicin (complete medium) in 75 mL flasks. The medium was changed every 48 h and flasks were incubated at 37°C with 5% CO~2~, 5% O~2~, and 90% N~2~ \[[@B13]\]. Large-scale cultivation of*Plasmodium falciparum* for metabonomics was carried out by the method modified by Radfar et al. with 24 h changes of 75 mL of complete medium enriched with 5% albumax and 0.5% hematocrit. Daily monitoring of the culture assisted in increasing its parasitemia to 60% and the IC50 dose of cinnamon extract. Cultures grown without drugs were used as negative controls. After 48 hours, they were harvested by centrifugation at 800 g for 5 min \[[@B14]\]. 2.3. IC50 Determination {#sec2.3} ----------------------- Parasites reaching 5% were then diluted to reduce the parasitemia to 0.5%, and the haematocrit was adjusted to 1.5%. This suspension was then added (100 *μ*L per well) to microplates predosed with 90 *μ*L of different concentration of cinnamon or artemisinin and incubated for 48 hours at 37°C in mixed gas of 5% CO~2~, 5% O~2~, and 90% N~2~; after that thin smears were prepared from each well, stained with giemsa stain for determination of percentage of parasitemia and IC50 detected by microscopy \[[@B12]\]. 2.4. Isolation of Parasites {#sec2.4} --------------------------- Parasites were isolated by adding 40 times the volume of 0.02% saponin in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on ice for 30 min and then centrifuged at 4,000 g for 20 min at 4°C. The cells were washed three times with 1XPBS and pellet collected by centrifugation in the above conditions and final centrifugation was carried out at 14,000 g for 5 min at 4°C; the cells were counted in a hemocytometer and stored at −20°C \[[@B15]\]. 2.5. Preparation of Parasite Extract {#sec2.5} ------------------------------------ The samples containing parasites sonicated in a sonifier (Soniprep 150) at 9 KHz for 5 min in pulse were then centrifuged at 10000 g for 10 min, and the pellet dissolved in 200 *μ*L of 1.8 mM cold perchloric acid and pH adjusted by addition of 5.4 M KOH to 6.8 and kept on ice for 60 min to precipitate the acid. The parasite extract was then centrifuged for 10 min at 10,000 g and the pH once again adjusted to 6.8 and lyophilized \[[@B15]\]. 2.6. Preparation of Sample for ^1^HNMR {#sec2.6} -------------------------------------- 1 mL of D~2~O and 0.01% TSP was added to the lyophilized powder and spectroscopy was performed using 2-dimensional NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Spectroscopy) conditions \[[@B16]\]. 2.7. Computational Analysis {#sec2.7} --------------------------- The spectra from ^1^HNMR were Fourier transformed by Mestrec software. To obtain regression values, the variables of the signal intensities and chemical shifts were integrated and were inserted into the Excel file. Normal intensities were used for further analysis with MATLAB. 2.8. Partial Linear Square (PLS) {#sec2.8} -------------------------------- PLS is a supervised method to obtain a model using regression in multivariate techniques via linear combination of original variables in which *X* is the normal intensities from the ^1^HNMR spectra and the *Y* matrix comprises 0 for cinnamon treated and 1 for controls. Orthogonal signal correction (OSC) filters removed noise from the spectrum; only one factor was removed and PLS was applied after OSC \[[@B17]\]. 2.9. Identification of Metabolites {#sec2.9} ---------------------------------- Metabolites corresponding to these resonances were then identified using chemical shift assignments of spectra of differentiating metabolites of sera based on comparison with chemical shifts of metabolites in Human Metabolite Database Data Bank (HMDB) (<http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites>) \[[@B18]\] and in other published data. Analysis of metabolite cycles was carried out using Metaboanalyst software (<http://www.metaboanalyst.ca>) \[[@B19]\]. 3. Results {#sec3} ========== The lyophilized cinnamon was redissolved in RPMI medium and tested on 5%*Plasmodium falciparum* and IC50 of 1.25 mg/mL was obtained with significance *p* \< 0.001 ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Parasite extract obtained from large-scale cultivation of*Plasmodium falciparum* was analyzed by ^1^HNMR. The spectra of the cinnamon treated*Pasmodium falciparum* and controls were superimposed in [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}. The chemical shifts (ppm) of the spectra were converted into figures and then analyzed using OSC-PLS in MATLAB. [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"} shows complete separation of the two groups of samples. [Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"} shows differentiating metabolites between the two groups. [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"} depicts the biplot showing both the score plot and loading plot. The outliers indicate the most significant differentiating metabolites which are detected from their numbers. The metabolites were identified from their chemical shifts using HMDB ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}). The metabolites were entered into the Metaboanalyst database and differentiating metabolic cycles were recognized ([Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}). 4. Discussion {#sec4} ============= Cinnamon has IC50 of 1.25 mg/mL on*Plasmodium falciparum in vitro* with IC50 of 1.25 mg/mL obtained with significance *p* \< 0.001. The altered metabolites comprise succinic acid, glutathione, L-aspartic acid, beta-alanine, and 2-methylbutyryl glycine ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}). The most significant biochemical pathways which have changed are discussed below ([Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}). The alanine, aspartame, and glutamate pathway which is one of the amino acid cycles is the first one to be affected. L-Aspartic and succinic acids are the metabolites which take part in it. There are very early reports about the ability of the parasite to fix carbon dioxide and then synthesize alanine, aspartame, and glutamate. But amino acid uptake by the parasite from the infected erythrocytes is confirmed \[[@B20]\]. When culturing*Plasmodium falciparum in vitro* seven amino acids have to be supplied exogenously; they are isoleucine, methionine, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, proline, and tyrosine \[[@B21]\]. Proteases act on amino acids especially aspartic proteases, as probable drug targets till a few years ago \[[@B22]\]. It is seen that cinnamon affects the parasite\'s amino acid biosynthesis essential for its survival. The second most important pathway affected is pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis associated directly with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Pantothenate is a precursor of the fundamental enzyme cofactor coenzyme A (CoA). Reports have shown that infected human erythrocytes exhibit higher coenzyme A biosynthesis than uninfected ones. It is important for growth of the intraerythrocytic stage of human malaria. Human erythrocytes are capable of complete synthesis of pantothenate and CoA unlike rat and avian erythrocytes \[[@B23]\]. Cinnamon affects this cycle which is imperative in TCA and requires the carriage of carbons within the cell and entry of pyruvate to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. It was thought that*Plasmodium falciparum* utilized glucose in an unconventional manner, but further work by metabolic approaches has proved that both asexual and sexual blood stages utilize a conventional TCA cycle to catabolize glucose and glutamine \[[@B24], [@B25]\]. The next important cycle to be affected is lysine biosynthesis which has been reported in the parasite,*Plasmodium falciparum*. Lysine is generally implicated in posttranslational modifications and is also involved in diverse cellular functions. High throughput technology has identified 421 acetylation sites in 230 proteins in the human malaria parasite*Plasmodium falciparum* during its active proliferation in erythrocytes. Lysine-acetylated proteins are distributed in the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, and apicoplast \[[@B26]\]. There are also reports of histone lysine methylation, regulated by methyltransferases and demethylases, which play an important role in chromatin structure and gene expression in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms. The SET-domain protein methyltransferase superfamily includes all but one of the proteins known to methylate histones on lysine. Histone methylation is important in the regulation of chromatin and gene expression. Bioinformatic analysis has shown that nine SET-domain-containing genes were found in the malaria parasite*Plasmodium falciparum* and its sibling species. Most SET-domain genes and histone methyl-lysine marks displayed dynamic changes during the parasite asexual erythrocytic cycle, suggesting that they constitute an important epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation in malaria parasites \[[@B27]\]. They are considered as recent targets for designing of antimalarial drugs and cinnamon extract affects them \[[@B28]\]. Glutathione metabolism is the last and most important cycle which has shown a change in the metabolome of*Plasmodium falciparum* to cinnamon. It is reported that*Plasmodium falciparum* employs a complex thioredoxin and glutathione system based on the thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin and glutathione reductase/glutathione couples.*Plasmodium falciparum* thioredoxin reductase reduces thioredoxin and a range of low molecular weight compounds, while glutathione reductase is highly specific for its substrate glutathione disulfide. Since*Plasmodium* spp. lack catalase and a classical glutathione peroxidase, their redox balance depends on a complex set of five peroxiredoxins differentially located in the cytosol, apicoplast, mitochondria, and nucleus with partially overlapping substrate preferences. Moreover,*P. falciparum* employs a set of members belonging to the thioredoxin superfamily such as three thioredoxins, two thioredoxin-like proteins, a dithiol and three monocysteine glutaredoxins, and a redox-active plasmoredoxin with largely redundant functions. It is seen that glutathione metabolism is disturbed by the cinnamon extract. It can be concluded that cinnamon has an inhibitory effect on*Plasmodium falciparum in vitro* with IC50 of 1.25 mg/mL with significance of *p* \< 0.001. The altered metabolites are succinic acid, glutathione, L-aspartic acid, beta-alanine, and 2-methylbutyryl glycine and the main metabolic cycles affected were alanine, aspartate, and glutamate pathway, pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism, all of which are important as drug targets. The authors wish to acknowledge the Central Instrument Laboratory, Isfahan University, Isfahan, for carrying out the ^1^HNMR tests. Conflict of Interests ===================== The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. {#fig1} {#fig2} {#fig3} {#fig4} {#fig5} {#fig6} ###### Differentiating metabolites identified by their chemical shifts using HMDB. Differentiating metabolites HMDB ----------------------------- ----------- Succinic acid HMDB00254 Glutathione HMDB00121 L-Aspartic acid HMDB00191 Beta-alanine HMDB00056 2-Methylbutyryl glycine HMDB00339 [^1]: Academic Editor: Sukla Biswas | Mid | [
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Q: Swift 3 cannot recognize the macro function I have a problem with the macro in swift 3. I tried to use the header file in swift project. I followed this link. It generated the Bridging-Header.h file and I can import another header file. But, in the swift file, I only call the macro constants, but not the function. For example, the header file #ifndef testHeader_h #define testHeader_h #if DEBUG #define TEST_VALUE 111 #define TEST_STRING "Test string" #endif #if DEBUG #define DLOG(fmt,...) NSLog((@"%s [Line %d] " fmt), __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, __LINE__, ##__VA__ARGS__) #else #define DLOG(...) #endif #endif /* testHeader_h */ the .swift file, import UIKit class ViewController: UIViewController { @IBOutlet weak var txtDisplay: UITextView! @IBOutlet weak var btnPush: UIButton! override func viewDidLoad() { super.viewDidLoad() // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib. } override func didReceiveMemoryWarning() { super.didReceiveMemoryWarning() // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated. } @IBAction func setTextView(_ sender: UIButton) { // LogTrace("IN") DLOG(); txtDisplay.text = TEST_STRING } } As you see, the UI only has the button and the textview. When we push the button, it write a log in the console and put the text in the textview. But, when I compile, it gets the error ViewController.swift:29:9: Use of unresolved identifier 'DLOG' I don't understand that, when I deleted line DLOG in swift file, it works and I can get the macro TEST_STRING. Why it does't recognize the macro function DLOG? A: From the documentation: Complex Macros Complex macros are used in C and Objective-C but have no counterpart in Swift. Complex macros are macros that do not define constants, including parenthesized, function-like macros. You use complex macros in C and Objective-C to avoid type-checking constraints or to avoid retyping large amounts of boilerplate code. However, macros can make debugging and refactoring difficult. In Swift, you can use functions and generics to achieve the same results without any compromises. Therefore, the complex macros that are in C and Objective-C source files are not made available to your Swift code. And the Objective-C to Swift migration guide suggests: Declare simple macros as global constants, and translate complex macros into functions. | Mid | [
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Hydatid disease of the liver. Our experience in the surgical management of hydatid disease of the liver in 212 patients over the past eighteen years is reviewed. The most frequent postoperative complications and mortality rates of elective and emergency procedures are presented, and the more frequently utilized operative technics are described. In the great majority of patients conservatism was the rule in excision of solitary or multiple cysts. It is important to establish whether or not hepatic cysts communicate with the biliary tree. In these cases, enteroanastomoses (such as cystjejunostomy or cystgastrostomy) may be utilized depending on the position of the cyst. Any associated biliary disease (such as lithiasis or fibrosis) should be taken care of at the same time. External cystic drainage (marsupialization) is contraindicated because of the high incidence of chronic external biliary fistula, secondary hemorrhage, sepsis, and postlaparotomy hernia. In those patients in whom the cyst has penetrated the diaphragm and communicates with the lung, treatment should be carried out in one stage whenever possible. | Mid | [
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Q: Best/Easiest/Most-Reliable Recurrent Billing Service today for E-Commerce Site? I am going to build a product management system on rails that will allow the admins to create products, donations, and subscriptions, and allow users to buy products, donate, and subscribe, with a price range anywhere from $1 - $50,000. I haven't really enjoyed my experience with PayPal so far as the documentation isn't that great and it's difficult to do simple things, but it's the most widely used... And there's Google Checkout, TrustCommerce, BrainTree, and Authorize.net, so it's difficult to determine what I should use in this case. From the Rails Freemium github project, it lead me to this article on the Paypal Subscription Blues... which, although it's from 2007, suggests subscriptions are difficult to handle with PayPal. So my question is, what do you recommend to use for payment processing (in particular, recurrent billing) to make a very large and reliable, and hopefully easy to use, eCommerce system? A: PayPal is the 800-pound gorilla. But why not do more than one? Some of your customers might not be able to use PayPal for whatever reason. | Mid | [
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Wednesday, March 13, 2013 Serta Bradford mattress, memory foam's toxic fumes John writes: Are there health problems from toxic gases being emitted from new mattresses? (Outgassing?) We have bought a Serta Bradford and have since heard that toxic emissions could be a problem. Is there any truth to this? There is a smell coming from the mattress, but we've only had it for 3 days now. Hi John, The problem is the toxic fumes emitted by memory foam. Many people react harshly, exhibiting respiratory problems from being exposed to it. Unfortunately, most mattress have it. However, there are mattresses with no memory foam. These should be considered above those with memory foam. Don't rely on the lack of knowledge from most salespeople. There is a white label on the back of the mattress that shows the percentages of materials used. Visco foam is the same as memory Can I just say what a relief to come across somebody who basically knows what theyre talking about on the internet. You absolutely know tips on how to bring an issue to light and make it valuable. Additional men and women should read this and know this side of the story. I cant think youre not additional well-known considering that you definitely have the gift. Spotlight Posts Flo writes: Hi Pete, I currently have a Sealy Posturpedic Prestige extra firm mattress set. I am 70 yr old female, about 180 pounds, with hip and knee pain(sciatic). I also tend to sleep hot. Many nights I am unable... Ellinor writes: Dear Pete, I stumbled across your email while looking for information about the Simmons Beautyrest World Class Westbury mattress, which is no longer available. You had responded to a reader's question in 2013 with some advice that I... | Mid | [
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BitPay Celebrates its Seventh Year Atlanta, Ga, July 30, 2018 – BitPay, the largest global blockchain payments provider, was founded in 2011, while Bitcoin was still in its infancy. This month in 2011 saw the release of bitpay.com and the first merchant processor for Bitcoin. BitPay wanted to make it easy for businesses to accept bitcoin payments and over seven years grew to the largest bitcoin payment processor in the world, serving industry-leading merchants on six continents supporting hundreds of thousands of bitcoin users. Bitcoin usage increased exponentially because it disrupted traditional financial systems by making it as easy to send money as sending an email. The ability to accept cryptocurrency expands a merchant’s sales opportunity into international markets where accepting credit cards is not practical while reducing high fees and increasing payment transparency and efficiency. Credit card chargebacks associated with traditional credit card purchases cost merchants almost $19 billion in 2017. In 2018, BitPay launched its cross-border payment solution which helps businesses pay or receive international payments faster and more economically. “We saw the potential for bitcoin to revolutionize the financial industry, making payments faster, more secure, and less expensive on a global scale,” said Stephen Pair, co-founder and CEO of BitPay. “Cryptocurrency is valuable because it is used to trade for goods and services on a global basis without the risk of fraud or identity theft. Using this success as a basis we built several contributions to the Bitcoin ecosystem mostly recently with our cross-border payment solution.” The future for cryptocurrency is bright and continue to be on the forefront of cryptocurrency technology, creating tools and services to extend adoption for everyone to use cryptocurrency in innovative new ways. Hundreds of thousands of businesses around the world have signed up with BitPay to accept bitcoin payments, including popular brands like Microsoft, Newegg, Namecheap, Gyft, Takeaway, and Virgin Galactic. BitPay works with over 30 e-commerce and point of sale integrators to promote the use and acceptance of bitcoin. The BitPay Wallet consumer adoption is growing with a monthly average of more than $3 billion in transactions. BitPay achieved record growth in 2017, increasing revenues by nearly 700%, and remains profitable in 2018. About BitPay Founded in 2011, BitPay is the pioneer and the most experienced company in bitcoin and blockchain payments. Its suite of products enables businesses to send and receive cross border payments, also enabling consumers to manage digital assets with the BitPay Wallet and turn digital assets into dollars with the BitPay Prepaid Visa® Card. The company has offices in North America, Europe, and South America and has raised over $70 million from leading investors including Founders Fund, Index Ventures, Menlo Ventures and Aquiline Technology Growth. For more information visit https://bitpay.com Virtual currency is not legal tender, is not backed by the government, and accounts and value balances are not subject to consumer protections. The information does not constitute investment advice or an offer to invest. TheBitcoinNews.com is is not responsible for the content of external sites and feeds. Sponsored Guest posts, articles or PRs are not always flagged as this! | Mid | [
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Actor Ajithkumar is been called by his fans as "Thala" which means Leader. Though Ajith has given many number of flop movies in his career but still his fans follow him with love and respect which is a very rare scene to other actors in the industry. In this generation Only Vijay is a tough competitor to Ajith, so usually his rival actor fans create negative memes on Ajith and spread across socialmedia. Here are some of the Thala Ajithkumar memes collections.. | Low | [
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Washington Gov. Jay Inslee, center, pulls off his "100%" cap, standing for a goal of 100% clean energy, after posing for a photo with supporters after signing climate protection legislation Tuesday, May 7, 2019, in Seattle. Inslee, who is seeking a path to the White House on the message of climate change, signed a measure that makes his state the fourth in the nation that has established a mandate to provide carbon-free electricity by a targeted date. (AP Photo/Elaine Thompson) Washington Gov. Jay Inslee, center, pulls off his "100%" cap, standing for a goal of 100% clean energy, after posing for a photo with supporters after signing climate protection legislation Tuesday, May 7, 2019, in Seattle. Inslee, who is seeking a path to the White House on the message of climate change, signed a measure that makes his state the fourth in the nation that has established a mandate to provide carbon-free electricity by a targeted date. (AP Photo/Elaine Thompson) OLYMPIA, Wash. (AP) — Washington Gov. Jay Inslee, who is seeking a path to the White House on the message of climate change, signed a measure Tuesday that makes his state the fourth in the nation that has established a mandate to provide carbon-free electricity by a targeted date. The measure was among several environmental bills that Inslee signed at a park in Seattle, surrounded by climate advocates and others. The signing of the new state law comes less than a week after Inslee unveiled his first major policy proposal of his presidential campaign, in which he called for the nation’s entire electrical grid and all new vehicles and buildings to be carbon pollution free by 2030. ADVERTISEMENT “We are determined to build a solar and wind and electrical system where people can access clean energy and cleaner air to breathe for our kids as long as Washington state is here,” he said. “That’s a multi-generational commitment.” Washington now joins California, Hawaii, and New Mexico, which have all established either renewable energy mandates or clean energy mandates with the 2045 target. Washington, D.C., passed a bill last year establishing 2032 date for a 100% renewable energy mandate, and Puerto Rico this year established a 100% renewable energy mandate by 2050, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. Megan Cleveland, an energy policy specialist at NCSL, said that the difference between a renewable energy mandate and a clean energy mandate is what resource portfolio the law requires. In a renewable energy mandate, all the electricity sold in the state must come from renewable energy sources like wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower. Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Washington, D.C., all fall in this category. A 100% clean energy mandate — like the measures passed in California, New Mexico and Washington — requires all electricity to come from carbon-free sources, which include renewable energy, but also other resources, such as nuclear energy. “Clean energy mandates are less prescriptive than renewable portfolio standards, leaving room for other carbon-free energy resources to be included,” Cleveland said in an email. NCSL said that there are at least six states considering legislation to establish 100% renewable or clean energy mandates or goals: Minnesota, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Colorado, Illinois and New York. ADVERTISEMENT Washington, which relies heavily on hydroelectric power, already generates more than 75% of its electricity from carbon-free sources, including renewable energy. The measure would require utilities to eliminate coal as an energy source by the end of 2025 as the first step toward a goal to provide carbon-free electricity by 2045. Existing hydroelectric power would count toward the goal, giving the state about 25 years to find carbon-free sources for the remaining 25 % of its electricity needs. The penalty for noncompliance would be $100 for each megawatt-hour, but it could go higher depending on the type of source, with coal penalties the highest. Republicans opposed the measure as it advanced through the Legislature, saying it would raise electricity costs without impacting global climate. “This bill’s going to raise the cost of energy and it will do absolutely nothing to improve the environment in our state or in the world,” said Sen. Curtis King, a Yakima Republican, during floor debate in the Senate in March, the same day that Inslee announced his presidential campaign. Inslee signed several other bills Tuesday that were part of his legislative agenda this year, including a measure that seeks to make large commercial buildings more energy efficient. Another establishes new minimum efficiency and testing standards for certain appliances, including portable air conditioners, showerheads and water coolers. In order to be sold in the state, several of the appliances covered under the law, including computers and computer monitors, must meet the state’s efficiency standards if they’re manufactured in or after 2021. Inslee also signed a measure Tuesday that restores a sales tax break for electric vehicles that had expired last year. | Mid | [
0.654654654654654,
27.25,
14.375
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--- abstract: 'We continue our recent work on additive problems with prime summands: we already studied the *average* number of representations of an integer as a sum of two primes, and also considered individual integers. Furthermore, we dealt with representations of integers as sums of powers of prime numbers. In this paper, we study a Cesàro weighted partial *explicit* formula for generalised Hardy-Littlewood numbers (integers that can be written as a sum of a prime power and a square) thus extending and improving our earlier results.' author: - Alessandro Languasco Alessandro Zaccagnini title: | A Cesàro Average of generalised\ Hardy-Littlewood numbers --- Introduction ============ The problem of counting the number of representations of an integer as a sum of some fixed powers of primes, and its variants where some primes are replaced by powers of integers, has received much attention in the last decades. The goal, that has been attained only in part, is to obtain an asymptotic formula for the number of such representations, which is valid for large integers that satisfy some necessary congruence conditions, as in the binary and ternary Goldbach problems. In some cases, conditional results are obtained, that is, it is necessary to assume the truth of some hitherto unproved conjecture like the Riemann Hypothesis. In our previous paper [@LanguascoZ2012b] we considered the problem of representing a large integer of suitable parity as a sum of $j \ge 5$ primes, assuming the truth of the Generalised Riemann Hypothesis, and we obtained an individual asymptotic formula with a main term of the expected order of magnitude, and a lower order term which depends explicitly on non-trivial zeros of relevant Dirichlet $L$-functions. The corresponding problem with a smaller number of summands is harder, and it is convenient to study the *average* number of representations; in fact, assuming the Riemann Hypothesis, in our paper [@LanguascoZ2012a] we gave one such result for the standard Goldbach problem where $j = 2$. In this case, averaging has the effect of making the zeros of $L$-functions irrelevant, except for the Riemann $\zeta$-function itself, and in fact the development contains a main term and a smaller term which depends on the non-trivial zeros of the $\zeta$-function. In the paper [@LanguascoZ2015a] we introduced a Cesàro-Riesz weight in the summation: the presence of a smooth weight in place, essentially, of the characteristic function of the interval where we are averaging, leads to the possibility of giving a development into several terms, of decreasing order of magnitude, depending on the zeros of the Riemann $\zeta$-function, sometimes in pairs. This weight also enabled us to remove the necessity of assuming the Riemann Hypothesis. The results of this paper have been generalised and improved in [@LanguascoZ2017c], where we treated the average number of representations of an integer in the form $p_1^{\ell_1} + p_2^{\ell_2}$, where $\ell_1$ and $\ell_2$ are fixed positive integers and $p_1$ and $p_2$ are prime numbers. The results in [@LanguascoZ2015a] have been recently extended by Goldston and Yang [@GoldstonY2017] and by Brüdern, Kaczorowski and Perelli [@BrudernKP2017]. As remarked above, we also considered a mixed binary problem with a prime and the square of an integer, the so-called Hardy-Littlewood numbers, in [@LanguascoZ2013a]. Similar problems have been studied by Cantarini in [@Cantarini2017] and [@Cantarini2018]. Our task here is to extend and improve our earlier results on weighted averages. We let $\ell\ge 1$ be an integer and set $$\label{r2-def} r_{\ell,2}(n) = \sum_{m_1^\ell + m_2^2 = n} \Lambda(m_1),$$ where $\Lambda$ is the usual von Mangoldt-function. Our main goal is to give a multi-term development for $$\label{Rk-def} R_k(N) = R_k(N; \ell) = \sum_{n \le N} r_{\ell,2}(n) \frac{(1 - n/N)^k}{\Gamma(k + 1)},$$ where $k > 0$. We introduce the following abbreviations for the terms of the development: $$\begin{aligned} {\mathcal{M}}_{1, \ell, k}(N) &= \pi^{1/2} \frac{\Gamma(1/\ell)}{2\ell} \frac{N^{1/2+1/\ell}}{\Gamma(k + 3/2+1/\ell)} - \frac{\Gamma(1/\ell)}{2\ell} \frac{N^{1/\ell}}{\Gamma(k + 1 + 1/\ell)}, \\ {\mathcal{M}}_{2, \ell, k}(N) &= - \frac{\pi^{1/2}}{2\ell} \sum_{\rho} \frac{\Gamma(\rho/\ell)} {\Gamma(k + 3 / 2 + \rho/\ell)} N^{\rho/\ell + 1/2}, \\ {\mathcal{M}}_{3, \ell, k}(N) &= \frac{1}{2\ell} \sum_{\rho} \frac{\Gamma(\rho/\ell)}{\Gamma(k + 1 + \rho/\ell)} N^{\rho/\ell}, \\ {\mathcal{M}}_{4, \ell, k}(N) &= - \frac {\pi^{1/2}\log(2\pi)}{2\Gamma(k+3/2)} N^{1/2}, \\ {\mathcal{M}}_{5, \ell, k}(N) &= \frac{N^{1 / 4 -k / 2 + 1/(2\ell)}}{\pi^{k + 1/\ell}} \frac{\Gamma(1/\ell)}{\ell} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{J_{k + 1 / 2 + 1/ \ell} (2 \pi j N^{1 / 2})} {j^{k + 1 / 2 + 1/ \ell}}, \\ {\mathcal{M}}_{6, \ell, k}(N) &= - \frac{N^{1 / 4 -k / 2}}{\pi^k} \sum_{\rho} \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) \frac{N^{\rho / (2\ell)}}{\pi^{\rho/\ell}} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{J_{k + 1 / 2 + \rho/\ell} (2 \pi j N^{1 / 2})} {j^{k + 1 / 2 + \rho/\ell}}, \\ {\mathcal{M}}_{7, \ell, k}(N) &= - \frac{\log(2\pi)}{\pi^{k}} N^{1 / 4 -k / 2} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{J_{k + 1 / 2} (2 \pi j N^{1 / 2})} {j^{k + 1 / 2}}.\end{aligned}$$ Here $\rho$ runs over the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta-function $\zeta(s)$, $\Gamma$ is Euler’s function and $J_{\nu} (u)$ denotes the Bessel function of complex order $\nu$ and real argument $u$. The main result of the paper is the following theorem. \[Cesaro-gen-HL-average\] Let $\ell\ge 1$ be an integer and $N$ be a sufficiently large integer. For $k > 1$ we have $$\sum_{n \le N} r_{\ell,2}(n) \frac{(1 - n/N)^k}{\Gamma(k + 1)} = \sum_{j=1}^7 {\mathcal{M}}_{j,\ell,k}(N) + {\mathcal{O}_{k,\ell}\left(1\right)}.$$ Clearly, depending on the size of $\ell$, some of the previously listed terms can be included in the error term. Theorem \[Cesaro-gen-HL-average\] generalises and improves our Theorem 1 in [@LanguascoZ2013a], which corresponds to the case $\ell=1$, where the error term there should be read as ${\mathcal{O}_{k} (N^{1/2})}$; see Theorem 2.3 of [@Languasco2016a]. In fact, in this case we are now able to detect the terms ${\mathcal{M}}_{4,1,k}$ and ${\mathcal{M}}_{7,1,k}$. The basic strategy of the proof depends on the modern version of a classical formula due to Laplace [@Laplace1812], namely $$\label{Laplace-transf} \frac 1{2 \pi i} \int_{(a)} v^{-s} e^v \, {\mathrm{d}}v = \frac1{\Gamma(s)},$$ where $\Re(s) > 0$ and $a > 0$; see Formula 5.4(1) on page 238 of Erdélyi et al, [@ErdelyiMOT1954a]. Using a suitable form of this transform, which we describe in §\[settings\], we obtain the fundamental relation for the method, viz. $$\label{main-form-omega} N^k R_k(N) = \sum_{n \le N} r_{\ell,2}(n) \frac{(N - n)^k}{\Gamma(k + 1)} = \frac 1{2 \pi i} \int_{(a)} e^{N z} z^{- k - 1} {\widetilde{S}}_\ell(z) \omega_2(z) \, {\mathrm{d}}z,$$ where $$\label{Stilde-omega-def} {\widetilde{S}}_\ell(z) = \sum_{m \ge 1} \Lambda(m) e^{- m^\ell z} \quad\text{and}\quad \omega_2(z) = \sum_{m \ge 1} e^{-m^2 z}$$ are the exponential sums that embody the properties of the $\ell$-th powers of primes, and of the perfect squares, respectively. Here we need $k > 0$, and consider the complex variable $z = a + i y$ with $a > 0$. The basic facts that we need are the “explicit formula” for ${\widetilde{S}}_\ell(z)$, that is, its development as a main term and a secondary term which is a sum over non-trivial zeros of the Riemann $\zeta$-function with a very small error, as in below, and the simple connection of $\omega_2(z)$ with $\theta(z) = \sum_{m = -\infty}^{+\infty} e^{-m^2 z}$, since $\theta(z) = 1 + 2 \omega_2(z)$. Now, we recall that $\theta$ satisfies the functional equation . We plug these relations into the right-hand side of , and exchange summation over zeros with vertical integration, obtaining formally the development in Theorem \[Cesaro-gen-HL-average\]. The Bessel functions in ${\mathcal{M}}_{5,\ell,k}$, ${\mathcal{M}}_{6,\ell,k}$ and ${\mathcal{M}}_{7,\ell,k}$ arise from the “modular” terms in the functional equation of $\theta$. Of course, we need to prove that the exchange referred to above is legitimate, and that the error term arising from the approximation of the exponential sum ${\widetilde{S}}_\ell(z)$ in is small. Summing up, as in [@LanguascoZ2017c] we combine the approach with line integrals with the classical methods dealing with infinite sums over primes, exploited by Hardy and Littlewood (see [@HardyL1916] and [@HardyL1923]) and by Linnik [@Linnik1946]. The main difficulty here is, as in [@LanguascoZ2013a], that the problem naturally involves the modular relation for the complex theta function . The presence of the Bessel functions in our statement strictly depends on such modularity relation. It is worth mentioning that it is not clear how to get such “modular” terms using the finite sums approach for the function $ r_{\ell,2}(n)$. The previously mentioned improvement we get in Theorem \[Cesaro-gen-HL-average\] follows using Lemma \[Linnik-lemma-gen\] below, which is proved in [@LanguascoZ2017c]. Settings ======== As we mentioned in the previous section, we will need the general case of , which can be found in de Azevedo Pribitkin [@Azevedo2002], formulae (8) and (9). More precisely, we have $$\label{Laplace-eq-1} \frac1{2 \pi} \int_{{\mathbb{R}}} \frac{e^{i D u}}{(a + i u)^s} \, {\mathrm{d}}u = \begin{cases} \dfrac{D^{s - 1} e^{- a D}}{\Gamma(s)} & \text{if $D > 0$,} \\ 0 & \text{if $D < 0$,} \end{cases}$$ which is valid for $\sigma = \Re(s) > 0$ and $a \in {\mathbb{C}}$ with $\Re(a) > 0$, and $$\label{Laplace-eq-2} \frac1{2 \pi} \int_{{\mathbb{R}}} \frac 1{(a + i u)^s} \, {\mathrm{d}}u = \begin{cases} 0 & \text{if $\Re(s) > 1$,} \\ 1 / 2 & \text{if $s = 1$,} \end{cases}$$ for $a \in {\mathbb{C}}$ with $\Re(a) > 0$. Formulae - actually enable us to write averages of arithmetical functions by means of line integrals as we will see below. We will also need Bessel functions of complex order $\nu$ and real argument $u$. For their definition and main properties we refer to Watson [@Watson1966]. In particular, equation (8) on page 177 gives the Sonine representation: $$\label{Bessel-def} J_\nu(u) := \frac{(u / 2)^\nu}{2 \pi i} \int_{(a)} s^{- \nu - 1} e^s e^{- u^2 / 4 s} \, {\mathrm{d}}s,$$ where $a > 0$ and $u,\nu \in {\mathbb{C}}$ with $\Re(\nu) > -1$. We will also use the Poisson integral formula $$\label{Poisson-int-rep} J_\nu(u) : = \frac{2(u/2)^{\nu}}{\pi^{1/2}\Gamma(\nu+1/2)} \int_{0}^{1} (1-t^2)^{\nu-1/2} \cos (ut)\ {\mathrm{d}}t,$$ which holds for $\Re (\nu) > -1/2$ and $u\in {\mathbb{C}}$. (See eq. (3) on page 48 of [@Watson1966].) An asymptotic estimate we will need is $$\label{Lebedev-asymp} J_\nu(u) = \Bigl(\frac{2}{\pi u}\Bigr)^{1/2} \cos \Bigl(u -\frac{\pi \nu}{2} -\frac{\pi}{4}\Bigr) + {\mathcal{O}_{\vert \nu \vert}\bigl(u^{-5/2}\bigr)},$$ which follows from eq. (1) on page 199 of Watson [@Watson1966]. From now on we assume that $k > 0$. We recall the definitions , where $z = a + i y$ with $a > 0$. We also recall that $\theta(z) = \sum_{m = -\infty}^{+\infty} e^{-m^2 z}$ satisfies the functional equation $$\label{func-eq-theta} \theta(z) = \Bigl( \frac \pi z \Bigr)^{1/2} \theta\Bigl( \frac{\pi^2} z \Bigr)\quad \text{for} \ \Re (z)>0.$$ See, e.g., Proposition VI.4.3 of Freitag and Busam [@FreitagB2009 page 340]. Since $\theta(z) = 1 + 2 \omega_2(z)$, we immediately get $$\label{func-eq-omega} \omega_2(z) = \frac 12 \Bigl( \frac \pi z \Bigr)^{1 / 2} - \frac12 + \Bigl( \frac \pi z \Bigr)^{1 / 2} \omega_2 \Bigl( \frac {\pi^2} z \Bigr) \quad \textrm{for} \ \Re (z)>0.$$ Recalling , we can write $${\widetilde{S}}_\ell(z) \omega_2(z) = \sum_{m_1 \ge 1} \sum_{m_2 \ge 1} \Lambda(m_1) e^{-(m_1^\ell + m_2^2) z} = \sum_{n \ge 1} r_{\ell,2}(n) e^{- n z}$$ and, by -, we see that $$\label{first-step} \sum_{n \le N} r_{\ell,2}(n) \frac{(N - n)^k}{\Gamma(k + 1)} = \sum_{n \ge 1} r_{\ell,2}(n) \Bigl( \frac{1}{2 \pi i} \int_{(a)} e^{(N- n)z} z^{- k - 1} \, {\mathrm{d}}z \Bigr).$$ Our first goal is to exchange the series with the line integral in . To do so we have to recall that the Prime Number Theorem (PNT) implies the statement $${\widetilde{S}}_\ell(a) \sim \frac{\Gamma(1/\ell)}{\ell a^{1/\ell}} \qquad\text{for $a \to 0+$.}$$ In fact, by a straightforward application of the partial summation formula we see that $${\widetilde{S}}_\ell(a) = \ell a \int_0^{+\infty} \psi(t) t^{\ell - 1} e^{-a t^\ell} \, {\mathrm{d}}t,$$ where $\psi$ is the standard Chebyshev function. It is now convenient to split the integration range at $t_0 = a^{-1 / (2 \ell)}$. We use the weak upper bound $\psi(t) \ll t$ on $[0, t_0]$, recalling that $\psi(t) = 0$ for $t < 2$. Since $t^{\ell} e^{-a t^\ell} \le (a e)^{-1}$ for all $t \ge 0$, we immediately see that the contribution of this range to ${\widetilde{S}}_\ell$ is $\ll \ell a^{-1 / (2 \ell)}$. According to a weak form of the PNT, we have $\psi(t) = t + {\mathcal{O}_{A}\left(t (\log t)^{-A}\right)}$ for any fixed $A > 0$. Hence, completing the missing range, performing the obvious change of variables and using the same bounds as above when needed, we have $$\begin{aligned} \int_{t_0}^{+\infty} \psi(t) t^{\ell - 1} e^{-a t^\ell} \, {\mathrm{d}}t &= \int_0^{+\infty} t^{\ell} e^{-a t^\ell} \, {\mathrm{d}}t + {{\mathcal{O}_{}\left( \int_0^{t_0} t^{\ell} e^{-a t^\ell} \, {\mathrm{d}}t \right)}} + {{\mathcal{O}_{}\left( \int_{t_0}^{+\infty} \frac{t^{\ell} e^{-a t^\ell}}{(\log t)^A} \, {\mathrm{d}}t\right)}} \\ &= \frac{\Gamma(1 + 1 / \ell)}{\ell a^{1 + 1 / \ell}} + {{\mathcal{O}_{} (t_0 a^{-1})}} + {{\mathcal{O}_{}\left((\log t_0)^{-A} \int_0^{+\infty} t^{\ell} e^{-a t^\ell} \, {\mathrm{d}}t \right)}} \\ &= \frac{\Gamma(1 + 1 / \ell)}{\ell a^{1 + 1 / \ell}} + {\mathcal{O}_{\ell}\left(a^{- 1 - 1 / \ell} \bigl( \log (1/a) \bigr)^{-A}\right)}.\end{aligned}$$ The final result then follows by recalling that $\Gamma(s+1)=s\Gamma(s)$. We will also use the inequality $$\label{omega-estim} \vert \omega_2(z)\vert \le \omega_2(a) \le \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-at^{2}} {\mathrm{d}}t \le a^{- 1 / 2} \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-v^{2}} {\mathrm{d}}v \ll a^{- 1 / 2},$$ from which we immediately get $$\begin{aligned} \sum_{n \ge 1} \bigl\vert r_{\ell,2}(n) e^{- n z} \bigr\vert &= \sum_{n \ge 2} r_{\ell,2}(n) e^{- n a} = {\widetilde{S}}_\ell(a) \omega_2(a) \ll_\ell a^{-1/\ell - 1 / 2}.\end{aligned}$$ Taking into account the estimates $$\label{z^-1} \vert z \vert^{-1} {\asymp}\begin{cases} a^{-1} &\text{if $\vert y \vert \le a$,} \\ \vert y \vert^{-1} &\text{if $\vert y \vert \ge a$,} \end{cases}$$ where $f{\asymp}g$ means $g \ll f \ll g$, and $$\vert e^{N z} z^{- k - 1}\vert {\asymp}e^{N a} \begin{cases} a^{- k - 1} &\text{if $\vert y \vert \le a$,} \\ \vert y \vert^{- k - 1} &\text{if $\vert y \vert \ge a$,} \end{cases}$$ we have $$\begin{aligned} \int_{(a)} \vert e^{N z} z^{- k - 1}\vert \, \vert {\widetilde{S}}_\ell(z) \omega_2(z) \vert \, \vert {\mathrm{d}}z \vert &\ll_\ell a^{-1/\ell - 1 / 2} e^{N a} \Bigl( \int_{-a}^a a^{- k - 1} \, {\mathrm{d}}y + 2 \int_a^{+\infty} y^{- k - 1} \, {\mathrm{d}}y \Bigr) \\ &\ll_\ell a^{-1/\ell - 1 / 2} e^{N a} \Bigl( a^{-k} + \frac{a^{-k}}k \Bigr).\end{aligned}$$ The last estimate is valid only if $k > 0$. So, for $k > 0$, we can exchange the line integral with the sum over $n$ in , thus proving . Inserting zeros and modularity ============================== We need $k> 1/2$ in this section. The treatment of the integral on the right-hand side of requires Lemma \[Linnik-lemma-gen\]. We split ${\widetilde{S}}_{\ell}(z)$ according to its statement as $\mathcal{S}_{\ell}(z) + E(a,z,\ell)$ where $E$ satisfies the bound in and $$\label{def-Sl} \mathcal{S}_{\ell}(z) := \frac{\Gamma(1/\ell)}{\ell z^{1/\ell}} - \frac{1}{\ell}\sum_{\rho}z^{-\rho/\ell}\Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) - \log (2\pi),$$ where $\rho = \beta + i\gamma$ runs over the non-trivial zeros of $\zeta(s)$. Formula becomes $$\begin{aligned} \sum_{n \le N} r_{\ell,2}(n) \frac{(N - n)^k}{\Gamma(k + 1)} &= \frac 1{2 \pi i} \int_{(a)} \mathcal{S}_{\ell}(z) \omega_2(z) e^{N z} z^{- k - 1} \, {\mathrm{d}}z \\ &\qquad+ {{\mathcal{O}_{}\left(\int_{(a)} \vert E(a,z,\ell)\vert \, \vert e^{N z}\vert \, \vert z\vert ^{- k - 1} \vert \omega_2(z)\vert \, \vert {\mathrm{d}}z\vert\right)}}.\end{aligned}$$ Using - and , we see that the error term is $$\begin{aligned} &\ll_{\ell} a^{- 1 / 2} e^{Na} \Bigl( \int_{-a}^{a} a^{{-k-1/2}} {\mathrm{d}}y + \int_{a}^{+\infty} y^{{-k-1/2}} \log^2(y/a)\, {\mathrm{d}}y \Bigr) \\ &\ll_{k,\ell} e^{N a} a^{-k} \Bigl( 1+ \int_{1}^{+\infty}v^{{-k-1/2}} \log^2 v \, {\mathrm{d}}v \Bigr) \ll_{k,\ell} e^{N a} a^{-k},\end{aligned}$$ provided that $k>1/2$. Choosing $a = 1 / N$, the previous estimate becomes $ \ll_{k,\ell} N^{k}. $ Summing up, for $k> 1/2$, we can write $$\label{first-step-hl} \sum_{n \le N} r_{\ell,2}(n) \frac{(N - n)^k}{\Gamma(k + 1)} = \frac 1{2 \pi i} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \mathcal{S}_{\ell}(z) \omega_2(z) e^{N z} z^{- k - 1} \, {\mathrm{d}}z + {\mathcal{O}_{k,\ell}\bigl(N^{k}\bigr)}.$$ We now insert into , so that the integral on the right-hand side of becomes $$\begin{aligned} \notag & \frac 1{2 \pi i} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \mathcal{S}_{\ell}(z) \Bigl( \frac 12 \Bigl( \frac \pi z \Bigr)^{1/2} - \frac12 \Bigr) e^{N z} z^{- k - 1} \, {\mathrm{d}}z + \frac 1{2 \pi i} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \Bigl( \frac \pi z \Bigr)^{1/2} \mathcal{S}_{\ell}(z) \omega_2 \Bigl( \frac{\pi^2}z \Bigr) e^{N z} z^{- k - 1} \, {\mathrm{d}}z \\ \label{hl-splitting} &= {\mathcal{I}}_1 + {\mathcal{I}}_2,\end{aligned}$$ say. We now proceed to evaluate ${\mathcal{I}}_1$ and ${\mathcal{I}}_2$. In the next two sections we will use and obtain that $I_1$ and $I_2$ split into a number of summands; in later sections we will prove that we can exchange all summations and integrations, in suitable ranges for $k$, using some properties of the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann $\zeta$-function: see §\[lemmas\]. Finally, we perform a change of variables that yields all the summands in the statement of Theorem \[Cesaro-gen-HL-average\]. Evaluation of I1 ================ We need $k> 1/2$ in this section. By a direct computation we can write that $$\begin{aligned} {\mathcal{I}}_1 &= \frac 1{4 \pi i} \frac{\Gamma(1/\ell)}{\ell} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \Bigl( \frac{\pi^{1/2}}{z^{1/2}} - 1 \Bigr) e^{N z} z^{- k - 1-1/\ell} \, {\mathrm{d}}z - \frac {\pi^{1/2}}{4 \ell \pi i} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \sum_{\rho} \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) e^{N z} z^{- k -\rho/\ell - 3/2} \, {\mathrm{d}}z \\ &\qquad+ \frac 1{4 \ell\pi i} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \sum_{\rho} \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) e^{N z} z^{- k - \rho/\ell - 1} \, {\mathrm{d}}z - \frac {\log(2\pi)}{4\pi i} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \Bigl( \frac{\pi^{1/2}}{z^{1/2}} - 1 \Bigr) e^{N z} z^{- k - 1} \, {\mathrm{d}}z \\& = {\mathcal{J}}_1 + {\mathcal{J}}_2 + {\mathcal{J}}_3+ {\mathcal{J}}_4,\end{aligned}$$ say. We see now how to evaluate ${\mathcal{J}}_1$, ${\mathcal{J}}_2$, ${\mathcal{J}}_3$ and ${\mathcal{J}}_4$. The delicate point is the justification of the exchanges required to deal with ${\mathcal{J}}_2$ and ${\mathcal{J}}_3$ (see §\[exchange-rho-integral\] for the details), whereas the computations needed for ${\mathcal{J}}_1$ and ${\mathcal{J}}_4$ are straightforward and immediately follow by using the substitution $s=Nz$, by . This way we get $$ {\mathcal{J}}_1 \label{J1-eval} = \frac{\pi^{1/2}}2 \frac{\Gamma(1/\ell)}{\ell} \frac{N^{k + 1/2+1/\ell}}{\Gamma(k + 3/2+1/\ell)} - \frac{\Gamma(1/\ell)}{2\ell} \frac{N^{k + 1/\ell}}{\Gamma(k + 1 + 1/\ell)}$$ and $${\mathcal{J}}_4 \label{J4-eval} = - \frac {\pi^{1/2}\log(2\pi)}{2\Gamma(k+3/2)} N^{k+1/2} + \frac {\log(2\pi)}{2 \Gamma(k+1)} N^{k} .$$ Evaluation of J2 ---------------- Exchanging the sum over $\rho$ with the integral (this can be done for $k>0$; see §\[exchange-rho-integral\]) and using the substitution $s=Nz$, we have $$\begin{aligned} \notag {\mathcal{J}}_2 &= - \frac{\pi^{1/2}}{2\ell} \sum_{\rho} \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) \frac 1{2 \pi i} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} e^{N z} z^{-k -\rho/\ell - 3/2} \, {\mathrm{d}}z \\ \notag &= - \frac{\pi^{1/2}}{2\ell} \sum_{\rho} \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) N^{k + \rho/\ell + 1/2} \frac 1{2 \pi i} \int_{(1)} e^s s^{-k -\rho/\ell - 3/2} \, {\mathrm{d}}s \\ \label{J2-eval} &= - \frac{\pi^{1/2}}{2\ell} \sum_{\rho} \frac{\Gamma(\rho/\ell)} {\Gamma(k + 3 / 2 + \rho/\ell)} N^{k + \rho/\ell + 1/2},\end{aligned}$$ again by . By the Stirling formula , we remark that the series in ${\mathcal{J}}_2$ converges absolutely for $k>-1/2$. Evaluation of J3 ---------------- Arguing as in §\[exchange-rho-integral\] with $-k-1$ which plays the role of $-k-3/2$ there, we see that we can exchange the sum with the integral provided that $k>1/2$. Hence, performing again the usual substitution $s=Nz$, we can write $$\label{J3-eval} {\mathcal{J}}_3 = \frac{1}{2\ell} \sum_{\rho} \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) N^{k + \rho/\ell} \frac 1{2 \pi i} \int_{(1)} e^s s^{- k - 1 - \rho/\ell} \, {\mathrm{d}}s \\ = \frac{1}{2\ell} \sum_{\rho} \frac{\Gamma(\rho/\ell)}{\Gamma(k + 1 + \rho/\ell)} N^{k + \rho/\ell}.$$ By the Stirling formula , we remark that the series in ${\mathcal{J}}_3$ converges absolutely for $k>0$. Evaluation of I2 and conclusion of the proof of Theorem \[Cesaro-gen-HL-average\] ================================================================================= We need $k> 1$ in this section. Using and the definition of $\omega_2 (\pi^2/ z )$ (see ) we have $$\begin{aligned} \notag {\mathcal{I}}_2 &= \frac 1{2 \pi i} \frac{\Gamma(1/\ell)}{\ell} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \Bigl( \frac \pi z \Bigr)^{1/2} \Bigl( \sum_{j \ge 1} e^{- j^2 \pi^2 / z} \Bigr) e^{N z} z^{- k - 1- 1/\ell} \, {\mathrm{d}}z \\ & \notag \qquad - \frac 1{2 \ell \pi i} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \Bigl( \frac \pi z \Bigr)^{1/2} \Bigl( \sum_{j \ge 1} e^{- j^2 \pi^2 / z} \Bigr) \Bigl( \sum_{\rho} z^{-\rho/\ell} \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) \Bigr) e^{N z} z^{- k - 1} \, {\mathrm{d}}z \\ \label{I2-splitting} & - \frac {\log(2\pi)}{2 \pi i} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \Bigl( \frac \pi z \Bigr)^{1/2} \Bigl( \sum_{j \ge 1} e^{- j^2 \pi^2 / z} \Bigr) e^{N z} z^{- k - 1} \, {\mathrm{d}}z = {\mathcal{J}}_5 + {\mathcal{J}}_6 + {\mathcal{J}}_7, \end{aligned}$$ say. We see now how to evaluate $ {\mathcal{J}}_5, {\mathcal{J}}_6$ and ${\mathcal{J}}_7$. The proof in this section is more delicate than in the previous one. We have to justify inversion as before, but we are then faced with the problem of dealing with series containing values of the Bessel functions, arising from the “modular” terms. We refer to §\[sums-abs-conv\] for a detailed discussion of the problem. Evaluation of J5 ---------------- By means of the substitution $s = N z$, since the exchange is justified in §\[exchange-ell-integral\] for $k> 1/2 - 1/\ell$, we get $${\mathcal{J}}_5 = \pi^{1 / 2} \frac{\Gamma(1/\ell)}{\ell} N^{k + 1 / 2 + 1/\ell} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac 1{2 \pi i} \int_{(1)} e^s e^{- j^2 \pi^2 N / s} s^{- k - 3 / 2 - 1 /\ell} \, {\mathrm{d}}s.$$ Setting $u = 2 \pi j N^{1/2}$ in , we obtain $$\label{J-nu} J_\nu \bigl( 2 \pi j N^{1/2} \bigr) = \frac{(\pi j N^{1/2})^\nu}{2 \pi i} \int_{(1)} e^s e^{- j^2 \pi^2 N / s} s^{- \nu -1}\, {\mathrm{d}}s,$$ and hence we have $$\label{J5-eval} {\mathcal{J}}_5 = \frac{N^{k / 2 + 1 / 4 + 1/(2\ell)}}{\pi^{k + 1/\ell}} \frac{\Gamma(1/\ell)}{\ell} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{J_{k + 1 / 2 + 1/ \ell} (2 \pi j N^{1 / 2})}{j^{k + 1 / 2 + 1/ \ell}}.$$ The absolute convergence of the series in $ {\mathcal{J}}_5$ is studied in §\[sums-abs-conv\]. Evaluation of J6 ---------------- With the same substitution used before, since the double exchange between sums and the line integral is justified in §\[exchange-double-sum-ell-rho\] for $k>1$, we see that $${\mathcal{J}}_6 = - \frac{\pi^{1 / 2}}{\ell} \sum_{\rho} \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) N^{k + 1 / 2 + \rho/\ell} \sum_{j \ge 1} \Bigl( \frac 1{2 \pi i} \int_{(1)} e^s e^{- j^2 \pi^2 N / s} s^{- k - 3 / 2 - \rho/\ell} \, {\mathrm{d}}s \Bigr).$$ Using , we get $${\mathcal{J}}_6 = \label{J6-eval} - \frac{N^{k / 2 + 1 / 4}}{\pi^k} \sum_{\rho} \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) \frac{N^{\rho / (2\ell)}}{\pi^{\rho/\ell}} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{J_{k + 1 / 2 + \rho/\ell} (2 \pi j N^{1 / 2})} {j^{k + 1 / 2 + \rho/\ell}}.$$ In this case, the absolute convergence of the series in ${\mathcal{J}}_{6}$ is more delicate; such a treatment is again described in §\[sums-abs-conv\]. Evaluation of J7 ---------------- With the same substitution used before, since the exchange between sum and the line integral is justified in §\[exchange-ell-integral\] for $k> 1/2$, we see that $${\mathcal{J}}_7 = -\pi^{1/2}\log(2\pi) N^{k+1/2} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac {1}{2 \pi i} \int_{(1)} e^{s} e^{- j^2 \pi^2 N / s} s^{- k - 3/2} \, {\mathrm{d}}s$$ Using , we get $${\mathcal{J}}_7 = \label{J7-eval} - \frac{\log(2\pi)}{\pi^{k}} N^{k/2+1/4} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{J_{k + 1 / 2} (2 \pi j N^{1 / 2})} {j^{k + 1 / 2}}.$$ The absolute convergence of the series in ${\mathcal{J}}_{7}$ is studied in §\[sums-abs-conv\]. Finally, inserting – into and , we obtain $$\label{expl-form-HL-bis} \sum_{n \le N} r_{\ell,2}(n) \frac{(N - n)^k}{\Gamma(k + 1)} = N^k \sum_{j=1}^7 {\mathcal{M}}_{j,\ell,k}(N) + {\mathcal{O}_{k,\ell}\bigl(N^{k}\bigr)},$$ for $k > 1$. Theorem \[Cesaro-gen-HL-average\] follows dividing by $N^{k}$. Lemmas ====== We recall some basic facts in complex analysis. First, if $z = a + i y$ with $a > 0$, we see that for complex $w$ we have $$\begin{aligned} z^{-w} &= \vert z \vert^{-w} \exp( - i w \arctan(y / a)) \\ &= \vert z \vert^{-\Re(w) - i \Im(w)} \exp( (- i \Re(w) + \Im(w)) \arctan(y / a)),\end{aligned}$$ so that $$\label{z^w} \vert z^{-w} \vert = \vert z \vert^{-\Re(w)} \exp(\Im(w) \arctan(y / a)).$$ We also recall that, uniformly for $x \in [x_1, x_2]$, with $x_1$ and $x_2$ fixed, and for $|y| \to +\infty$, by the Stirling formula we have $$\label{Stirling} \vert \Gamma(x + i y) \vert \sim \sqrt{2 \pi} e^{- \pi |y| / 2} |y|^{x - 1 / 2};$$ see, e.g., Titchmarsh [@Titchmarsh1988 §4.42]. We will need the following lemmas from Languasco and Zaccagnini [@LanguascoZ2017c]. \[Linnik-lemma-gen\] Let $\ell\ge 1$ be an integer, $z = a + iy$, where $a > 0$ and $y \in {\mathbb{R}}$ and let $\mathcal{S}_{\ell}(z)$ be defined as in . Then ${\widetilde{S}}_{\ell}(z) = \mathcal{S}_{\ell}(z) + E(a,z,\ell)$ where $$\label{expl-form-err-term-strong} E(a,z,\ell) \ll_\ell \vert z \vert^{1/2} \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if $\vert y \vert \leq a$} \\ 1 +\log^2 (\vert y\vert/a) & \text{if $\vert y \vert > a$.} \end{cases}$$ \[series-int-zeros\] Let $\ell\ge 1$ be an integer, let $\rho = \beta + i \gamma$ run over the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta-function and $\alpha > 1$ be a parameter. The series $$\sum_{\rho \colon \gamma > 0} \Bigl(\frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr)^{\beta/\ell-1/2} \int_1^{+\infty} \exp\Bigl( - \frac{\gamma}{\ell} \arctan\frac 1u \Bigr) \frac{{\mathrm{d}}u}{u^{\alpha+\beta/\ell}}$$ converges provided that $\alpha > 3/2$. For $\alpha \le 3/2$ the series does not converge. The result remains true if we insert in the integral a factor $(\log u)^c$, for any fixed $c \ge 0$. \[series-int-zeros-alt-sign\] Let $\ell\ge 1$ be an integer, $\alpha > 1$, $z=a+iy$, $a\in(0,1)$ and $y\in {\mathbb{R}}$. Let further $\rho = \beta+i\gamma$ run over the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta-function. We have $$\sum_{\rho} \Bigl\vert \frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr\vert ^{\beta/\ell-1/2} \int_{{\mathbb{Y}}_1 \cup {\mathbb{Y}}_2} \exp\Bigl(\frac{\gamma }{\ell} \arctan\frac{y}{a} - \frac\pi2\Bigl \vert \frac{\gamma}{\ell} \Bigr\vert\Bigr) \frac{{\mathrm{d}}y}{\vert z \vert ^{\alpha+\beta/\ell}} \ll_{\alpha,\ell} a^{1-\alpha-1/\ell},$$ where ${\mathbb{Y}}_1=\{y\in {\mathbb{R}}\colon y\gamma \leq 0\}$ and ${\mathbb{Y}}_2=\{y\in [-a,a] \colon y\gamma > 0\}$. The result remains true if we insert in the integral a factor $(\log (\vert y\vert /a))^c$, for any fixed $c \ge 0$. Interchange of the series over zeros with the line integral in J2, J3 {#exchange-rho-integral} ===================================================================== We need $k>1/2$ in this section. For ${\mathcal{J}}_2$ we have to establish the convergence of $$\label{conv-integral-J2-J3} \sum_{\rho} \Bigl\vert \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) \Bigr\vert \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \vert e^{N z}\vert \vert z\vert ^{- k - 3/2} \vert z^{- \rho/\ell}\vert \, \vert {\mathrm{d}}z\vert,$$ where, as usual, $\rho=\beta + i \gamma$ runs over the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta-function. By and the Stirling formula , we are left with estimating $$\label{conv-integral-J2-J3-1} \sum_{\rho} \Bigl\vert \frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr\vert ^{\beta/\ell-1/2} \int_{{\mathbb{R}}} \exp\Bigl(\frac{\gamma }{\ell} \arctan(N y) -\frac\pi2\Bigl \vert \frac{\gamma}{\ell} \Bigr\vert \Bigr) \frac{{\mathrm{d}}y}{\vert z \vert ^{k + 3/2 +\beta/\ell}}.$$ We have just to consider the case $\gamma y >0$, $\vert y \vert > 1/N$ since in the other cases the total contribution is $\ll_k N^{k + 1/2+1/\ell }$ by Lemma \[series-int-zeros-alt-sign\] with $\alpha=k+3/2$ and $a=1/N$. By symmetry, we may assume that $\gamma > 0$. We have that the integral in is $$\begin{aligned} & \ll_{\ell} \sum_{\rho} \Bigl\vert \frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr\vert ^{\beta/\ell-1/2} \int_{1 / N}^{+\infty} \exp\Bigl( - \frac{\gamma }{\ell} \arctan\frac 1{N y} \Bigr) \frac{{\mathrm{d}}y}{y^{k + 3/2 +\beta/\ell}} \\ &= N^{k+1/2} \sum_{\rho \colon \gamma > 0} N^{\beta/\ell} \Bigl( \frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr) ^{\beta/\ell-1/2} \int_1^{+\infty} \exp\Bigl( - \frac{\gamma }{\ell} \arctan\frac 1u \Bigr) \frac{{\mathrm{d}}u}{u^{k + 3/2 +\beta/\ell}}.\end{aligned}$$ For $k > 0$, this is $\ll_{k,\ell} N^{k + 1/2 +1/\ell}$ by Lemma \[series-int-zeros\]. This implies that the integrals in and in are both $\ll_{k,\ell} N^{k +1/2+ 1/\ell}$, and hence this exchange step for ${\mathcal{J}}_2$ is fully justified. For ${\mathcal{J}}_3$, we have to consider $$\label{conv-integral-J3} \sum_{\rho} \Bigl\vert \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) \Bigr\vert \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \vert e^{N z}\vert \vert z\vert ^{- k - 1} \vert z^{- \rho/\ell}\vert \, \vert {\mathrm{d}}z\vert.$$ We can repeat the same reasoning we used for ${\mathcal{J}}_2$ just replacing $k+3/2$ with $k+1$. This means that we need $k>1/2$ here to get that the integral in is $\ll_{k,\ell} N^{k + 1/\ell}$, and that this exchange step for ${\mathcal{J}}_3$ is fully justified too. Interchange of the series over j with the line integral {#exchange-ell-integral} ======================================================== We need $k> 1/2 $ in this section. For ${\mathcal{J}}_5$ we have to establish the convergence of $$\label{conv-integral-J5} \sum_{j \ge 1} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \vert e^{N z}\vert \vert z\vert ^{- k - 3/2 - 1/\ell} e^{-\pi^2 j^2 \Re(1/z)} \, \vert {\mathrm{d}}z\vert .$$ A trivial computation gives $$\label{real-part-estim} \Re(1/z) = \frac{N}{1+N^2y^2} \gg \begin{cases} N & \text{if}\ \vert y \vert \leq 1/N, \\ 1/(Ny^2) & \text{if}\ \vert y \vert > 1/N. \end{cases}$$ By , we can write that the quantity in is $$\label{J4-split} \ll_\ell \sum_{j \ge 1} \int_{0}^{1/N} \frac{e^{- j^2 N}}{\vert z\vert ^{k + 3/2 + 1/\ell}} \, {\mathrm{d}}y + \sum_{j \ge 1} \int_{1/N}^{+\infty} \frac{e^{- j^2 / (Ny^2)}}{\vert z\vert ^{k + 3/2 + 1/\ell}} \, {\mathrm{d}}y = U_1+U_2,$$ say, since the $\pi^2$ factor in the exponential function is negligible. Using -, we have $$\label{U1-estim} U_1 \ll_\ell N^{k+ 1/2 + 1/\ell} \omega_{2} (N) \ll_\ell N^{k+1/\ell}$$ and $$\begin{aligned} \notag U_2& \ll_\ell \sum_{j \ge 1} \int_{1/N}^{+\infty} \frac{e^{- j^2 / (Ny^2)}}{y^{k + 3/2 + 1/\ell}} \, {\mathrm{d}}y \ll_\ell N^{k/2+1/4+1/(2\ell)} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{1}{j^{k+ 1/2 + 1/\ell}} \int_{0}^{j^2 N} u^{ k/2 - 3/4 +1/(2\ell)} e^{- u} \, {\mathrm{d}}u \\ \label{U2-estim} &\leq \Gamma \Bigl( \frac{2k+1+2\ell}{4} \Bigr) N^{k/2+1/4+1/(2\ell)} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{1}{j^{k+1/2+1/\ell}} \ll_{k,\ell} N^{k/2+1/4+1/(2\ell)},\end{aligned}$$ provided that $k>1/2-1/\ell$, where we used the substitution $u=j^2 / (Ny^2)$. Inserting - into we get, for $k>1/2-1/\ell$, that the quantity in is $\ll N^{k+1/\ell}$ and so it is for ${\mathcal{J}}_5$. For ${\mathcal{J}}_7$ we have to establish the convergence of $$\label{conv-integral-J7} \sum_{j \ge 1} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \vert e^{N z}\vert \vert z\vert ^{- k - 3/2} e^{-\pi^2 j^2 \Re(1/z)} \, \vert {\mathrm{d}}z\vert .$$ We can repeat the same reasoning we used for ${\mathcal{J}}_5$ just replacing $k+3/2+1/\ell$ with $k+3/2$. This means that we need $k>1/2$ here to get that the integral in is $\ll_{k,\ell} N^{k }$, and that this exchange step for ${\mathcal{J}}_7$ is fully justified too. Interchange of series with the line integral in J6 {#exchange-double-sum-ell-rho} ================================================== We need $k>1$ in this section. We first have to establish the convergence of $$\label{conv-integral-J6} \sum_{j \ge 1} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \Bigl\vert \sum_{\rho} \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr)z^{- \rho/\ell} \Bigr\vert \vert e^{N z}\vert \vert z\vert ^{- k - 3/2} e^{-\pi^2 j^2 \Re(1/z)} \, \vert {\mathrm{d}}z\vert .$$ Using the Prime Number Theorem and , we first remark that $$\label{sum-over-rho-new-HL} \Bigl\vert \sum_{\rho} \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr)z^{- \rho/\ell} \Bigr\vert \ll_\ell N^{1/\ell} + \vert z\vert ^{1/2} \log^2 (2N\vert y\vert) .$$ By and , we can write that the quantity in is $$\begin{aligned} \notag \ll_\ell N^{1/\ell} \sum_{j \ge 1} \int_{0}^{1/N} \frac{e^{- j^2 N}}{\vert z\vert ^{k + 3/2}} \,& {\mathrm{d}}y + N^{1/\ell}\sum_{j \ge 1} \int_{1/N}^{+\infty} \frac{e^{- j^2 / (Ny^2)} }{\vert z\vert ^{k + 3/2}} \, {\mathrm{d}}y \\ \label{HL-split} & + \sum_{j \ge 1} \int_{1/N}^{+\infty} \log^{2}(2Ny) \frac{e^{- j^2 / (Ny^2)}}{\vert z\vert ^{k + 1}} \, {\mathrm{d}}y = V_1+V_2+V_{3},\end{aligned}$$ say. $V_{1}$ can be estimated exactly as $U_{1}$ in Section \[exchange-ell-integral\] and we get $V_{1} \ll_{k,\ell} N^{k+ 1/\ell}$. For $V_{2}$ we can work analogously to $U_{2}$ thus obtaining $$\begin{aligned} \notag V_2& \ll_{k,\ell} N^{1/\ell} \sum_{j \ge 1} \int_{1/N}^{+\infty} \frac{e^{- j^2 / (Ny^2)}}{y^{k + 3/2}} \, {\mathrm{d}}y \ll_{k,\ell} N^{k/2+1/4+1/\ell} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{1}{j^{k+1/2}} \int_{0}^{j^2 N} u^{ k/2 - 3/4} e^{- u} \, {\mathrm{d}}u \\ \notag &\ll_{k,\ell} \Gamma \Bigl( \frac{2k+1}{4} \Bigr) N^{k/2+1/4+1/\ell} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{1}{j^{k+1/2}} \ll_{k,\ell} N^{k/2+1/4+1/\ell},\end{aligned}$$ provided that $k>1/2$, where we used the substitution $u=j^2 / (Ny^2)$. Hence, we have $$\label{V1-V2-estim} V_{1} + V_{2} \ll_{k,\ell} N^{k+1/\ell},$$ provided that $k> 1/2$. Using the substitution $u=j^2 / (Ny^2)$, we obtain $$\begin{aligned} \notag V_3 &\ll_{k,\ell} \sum_{j \ge 1} \int_{1/N}^{+\infty} \log^{2}(2Ny) \frac{e^{- j^2 / (Ny^2)}}{y^{k + 1}} \, {\mathrm{d}}y = \frac{N^{k/2}}{8} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{1}{j^k} \int_{0}^{j^2 N} u^{ k/2 - 1} \log^{2}\Bigl( \frac{4j^{2}N}{u} \Bigr) e^{- u} \, {\mathrm{d}}u.\end{aligned}$$ Hence, a direct computation shows that $$\begin{aligned} \notag V_3 & \ll_{k,\ell} N^{k/2} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{\log^{2}(j N)}{j^k} \int_{0}^{j^2 N} u^{ k/2 - 1} e^{- u} \, {\mathrm{d}}u + N^{k/2} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{1}{j^k} \int_{0}^{j^2 N} u^{ k/2 - 1} \log^{2} (u)\, e^{- u} \, {\mathrm{d}}u \\ \label{V3-estim} &\ll_{k,\ell} \Gamma(k/2) N^{k/2} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{\log^{2}(j N)}{j^k} + N^{k/2} \ll_{k,\ell} N^{k/2}\log^{2} N\end{aligned}$$ provided that $k>1$. Inserting - into we get, for $k>1$, that the quantity in is $\ll_{k,\ell} N^{k+1/\ell}$. Now we have to establish the convergence of $$\label{conv-integral-5} \sum_{j \ge 1} \sum_{\rho} \Bigl\vert \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) \Bigr\vert \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \vert e^{N z}\vert \vert z\vert ^{- k - 3/2} \vert z^{- \rho/\ell} \vert e^{-\pi^2 j^2 \Re(1/z)} \, \vert {\mathrm{d}}z\vert .$$ By symmetry, we may assume that $\gamma > 0$. For $y \in(-\infty, 0]$ we have $\gamma \arctan(y/a) -\frac \pi2 \gamma \le - \frac \pi2 \gamma$. Using , and the Stirling formula , the quantity we are estimating becomes $$\begin{aligned} \notag &\ll \sum_{j \ge 1} \sum_{\rho \colon \gamma>0} \Bigl( \frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr)^{\beta/\ell-1/2} \exp\Bigl( -\frac \pi2 \frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr) \Bigl( \int_{-1/N}^{0} N^{k + 3/2 + \beta/\ell}\ e^{- j^2 N} \, {\mathrm{d}}y + \int_{-\infty}^{-1/N} \frac{e^{- j^2 / (Ny^2)}}{\vert y \vert^{k + 3/2 + \beta/\ell}} \, {\mathrm{d}}y \Bigr) \\ \notag & \ll_{k,\ell} N^{k+1/2+1/\ell} \sum_{j \ge 1} e^{- j^2 N} \sum_{\rho \colon \gamma>0} \Bigl(\frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr)^{\beta/\ell-1/2} \exp\Bigl( -\frac \pi2 \frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr) \\ \notag &\hskip1cm + N^{k/2+1/4} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{1}{j^{k+1/2}} \sum_{\rho \colon \gamma>0} \frac{N^{\beta/(2\ell)}}{j^{\beta/\ell}} \Bigl(\frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr)^{\beta/\ell-1/2} \exp\Bigl( -\frac \pi2 \frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr) \int_{0}^{j^2 N} u^{ k/2 - 3/4 + \beta/(2\ell)} e^{- u} \, {\mathrm{d}}u \\ \notag & \ll_{k,\ell} N^{k+1/\ell} + \Bigl( \max_{0\le b \le 1} \Gamma\Bigl( \frac{b}{2\ell} +\frac{k}2+ \frac14\Bigr) \Bigr) N^{\frac{k}{2}+\frac14+\frac{1}{2\ell}} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{1}{j^{k+1/2}} \sum_{\rho \colon \gamma>0} \Bigl(\frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr)^{\beta/\ell-1/2} \exp\Bigl( -\frac \pi2 \frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr) \\ \label{easy-case} & \ll_{k,\ell} N^{k+1/\ell},\end{aligned}$$ provided that $k>1/2$, where we used the substitution $u = - j^2 / (Ny^2)$, and standard density estimates. Let now $y>0$. Using the Stirling formula and , we can write that the quantity in is $$\begin{aligned} \notag \ll_{k,\ell} & \sum_{j \ge 1} \sum_{\rho \colon \gamma>0} \Bigl(\frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr)^{\beta/\ell-1/2} \exp\Bigl( -\frac \pi4 \frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr) \int_{0}^{1/N} \frac{e^{- j^2 N}}{\vert z\vert ^{k + 3/2 + \beta/\ell}} \, {\mathrm{d}}y \\ \label{HL-split-1} &+ \sum_{j \ge 1} \sum_{\rho \colon \gamma>0} \Bigl(\frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr)^{\beta/\ell-1/2} \int_{1/N}^{+\infty} \exp\Bigl( \frac{\gamma}{\ell} (\arctan(N y) -\frac \pi2) \Bigr) \frac{e^{- j^2 / (Ny^2)}}{\vert z\vert ^{k + 3/2 + \beta/\ell}} \, {\mathrm{d}}y = W_1+W_2,\end{aligned}$$ say. Using and , we have that $$\label{W1-estim} W_1 \ll_{k,\ell} N^{k+1/2+1/\ell} \sum_{j \ge 1} e^{- j^2 N} \sum_{\rho \colon \gamma>0} \Bigl(\frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr)^{\beta/\ell-1/2} \exp\Bigl( -\frac \pi4 \frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr) \ll_{k,\ell} N^{k +1/\ell},$$ by standard density estimates. Moreover, we get $$\begin{aligned} W_2 &\ll_{k,\ell} \sum_{j \ge 1} \sum_{\rho \colon \gamma>0} \Bigl(\frac{\gamma}{\ell}\Bigr)^{\beta/\ell-1/2} \int_{1/N}^{+\infty} y^{- k - 3/2 - \beta/\ell} \exp\Bigl( - \frac{\gamma}{\ell N y} - \frac{j^2}{Ny^2} \Bigr) \, {\mathrm{d}}y \\ &\ll_{k,\ell} N^{k/2+1/4} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{1}{j^{k+1/2}} \sum_{\rho \colon \gamma>0} \frac{N^{\beta/(2\ell)} \gamma^{\beta/\ell-1/2}} {j^{\beta/\ell}} \int_{0}^{j \sqrt{N}} v^{ k - 1/2 + \beta/\ell} \exp\Bigl(-\frac{\gamma v}{\ell j\sqrt{N}}- v^2\Bigr) \, {\mathrm{d}}v,\end{aligned}$$ in which we used the substitution $v^2=j^2 / (Ny^2)$. We remark that, for $k>1$, we can set ${\varepsilon}={\varepsilon}(k)=(k-1)/2>0$ and that $k -{\varepsilon}=(k+1)/2>1$. We further remark that $\max_{v} (v^{k -{\varepsilon}}e^{-v^2})$ is attained at $v_0=((k -{\varepsilon})/2)^{1/2}$, and hence we obtain, for $N$ sufficiently large, that $$W_2 \ll_{k,\ell} N^{k/2+1/4} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{1}{j^{k+1/2}} \sum_{\rho \colon \gamma>0} \frac{N^{\beta/(2\ell)} \gamma^{\beta/\ell-1/2}} {j^{\beta/\ell}} \int_{0}^{j \sqrt{N}} v^{\beta/\ell-1/2+{\varepsilon}}\exp\Bigl(-\frac{\gamma v}{\ell j\sqrt{N}}\Bigr) \, {\mathrm{d}}v .$$ Making the substitution $u= \gamma v/(j \sqrt{N})$, we have $$\begin{aligned} \notag W_2 &\ll_{k,\ell} N^{k/2+1/2+{\varepsilon}/2} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{1}{j^{k -{\varepsilon}}} \sum_{\rho \colon \gamma>0} \frac{N^{\beta/\ell}} {\gamma^{1+{\varepsilon}}} \int_{0}^{\gamma} u^{\beta/\ell-1/2+{\varepsilon}} e^{- u} \, {\mathrm{d}}u\\ \label{W2-estim} &\ll_{k,\ell} N^{\frac{k}{2}+\frac12+\frac{1}{\ell}+\frac{{\varepsilon}}{2}} \sum_{j \ge 1} \frac{1}{j^{k -{\varepsilon}}} \sum_{\rho \colon \gamma>0} \frac{ 1 } {\gamma^{1+{\varepsilon}}} \Bigl( \max_{0\le b \le 1} \Gamma \Bigl( \frac{b}{\ell} + \frac12+{\varepsilon}\Bigr) \Bigr) \ll_{k,\ell} N^{\frac{3}{4}k+\frac14+\frac{1}{\ell}},\end{aligned}$$ by standard density estimates and the definition of ${\varepsilon}$. Inserting - into and recalling , we get, for $k>1$, that the quantity in is $\ll_{k,\ell} N^{k+1/\ell}$. Absolute convergence of J5, J6 and J7 {#sums-abs-conv} ===================================== Using, for $\nu>0$ fixed, $u\in {\mathbb{R}}$ and $u\to+\infty$, the estimate $$\label{poisson-estim} \vert J_\nu(u) \vert \ll_\nu u^{-1/2}$$ which immediately follows from , and performing a direct computation, we obtain that $ {\mathcal{J}}_5$ converges absolutely for $k> -1/\ell$ (and for $N$ sufficiently large) and that ${\mathcal{J}}_5\ll_{k,\ell} N^{k/2+1/(2\ell)}$. Again using and performing a direct computation as in the previous case, we obtain that $ {\mathcal{J}}_7$ converges absolutely for $k> 0$ (and for $N$ sufficiently large) and that ${\mathcal{J}}_7\ll_{k,\ell} N^{k/2}$. For the study of the absolute convergence of the series in ${\mathcal{J}}_6$ we have a different situation. In this case it is better to come back to the Sonine representation of the Bessel functions on the line $\Re(s)=1$. Using the usual substitution $s=Nz$, we are led to consider the quantity $$\begin{aligned} \sum_{\rho} \Bigl\vert \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) \frac{N^{\rho / (2\ell)}}{\pi^{\rho/\ell}} \Bigr\vert & \sum_{j \ge 1} \Bigl\vert \frac{ J_{k + 1 / 2 + \rho/\ell} (2 \pi j N^{1 / 2}) } {j^{k + 1 / 2 + \rho/\ell}} \Bigr\vert \\ & \ll_{k} N^{-k/2-1/4} \sum_{\rho} \Bigl\vert \Gamma\Bigl(\frac{\rho}{\ell}\Bigr) \Bigr\vert \sum_{j \ge 1} \int_{(\frac{1}{N})} \vert e^{N z}\vert \vert z\vert ^{- k - 3/2} \vert z^{- \rho/\ell} \vert e^{-\pi^2 j^2 \Re(1/z)} \, \vert {\mathrm{d}}z\vert,\end{aligned}$$ which is very similar to the one in ; the only difference is that the sums are interchanged. The argument used in - can be applied in this case too thus showing that the double series in ${\mathcal{J}}_{6}$ converges absolutely for $k>1$. We thank the Referee for a very careful reading of the first version of this paper. [10]{} <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">W. de Azevedo Pribitkin</span>, Laplace’s [Integral]{}, the [Gamma]{} [Function]{}, and [Beyond]{}, Amer. Math. Monthly **109** (2002), 235–245. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">J. Br[ü]{}dern, J. Kaczorowski, and A. Perelli,</span> Explicit formulae for averages of [Goldbach]{} representations, Arxiv preprint 1712.00737, 2017. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">M. Cantarini</span>, On the [Cesàro]{} average of the “[Linnik]{} numbers”, Acta Arith. **180** (2017), 45–62. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">M. Cantarini</span>, On the [Cesàro]{} average of the numbers that can be written as a sum of a prime and two squares of primes, J. Number Theory **185** (2018), 194–217. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">A. Erdélyi, W. Magnus, F. Oberhettinger, and F. G. Tricomi</span>, Tables of integral transforms. [Vol]{}. **I**, McGraw-Hill, 1954. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">E. Freitag and R. Busam</span>, Complex analysis, second ed., Universitext, Springer, Berlin, 2009. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">D. A. Goldston and L. Yang</span>, The average number of Goldbach representations, Prime Numbers and Representation Theory, Lecture Series of Modern Number Theory, vol. **2**, Science Press, Beijing, 2017, Arxiv preprint 1601.06902. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood</span>, Contributions to the theory of the [Riemann]{} zeta-function and the theory of the distribution of primes, Acta Math. **41** (1916), 119–196. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood</span>, Some problems in “[Partitio]{} [Numerorum]{}”; [III]{}. [On]{} the expression of a number as a sum of primes, Acta Math. **44** (1923), 1–70. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">A. Languasco</span>, Applications of some exponential sums on prime powers: [A]{} survey, Riv. Mat. Univ. Parma **7** (2016), no. 1, 19–37. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">A. Languasco and A. Zaccagnini</span>, The number of [Goldbach]{} representations of an integer, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. **140** (2012), 795–804. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">A. Languasco and A. Zaccagnini</span>, Sums of many primes, J. Number Theory **132** (2012), 1265–1283. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">A. Languasco and A. Zaccagnini</span>, A [Cesàro]{} average of [Hardy]{}-[Littlewood]{} numbers, J. Math. Anal. Appl. **401** (2013), 568–577. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">A. Languasco and A. Zaccagnini</span>, A [Cesàro]{} average of [Goldbach]{} numbers, Forum Mathematicum **27** (2015), 1945–1960. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">A. Languasco and A. Zaccagnini</span>, A [C]{}esàro average for an additive problem with prime powers, To appear in [*“Proceedings of the Number Theory Week”*]{}, Poznań. Banach Center Publications, Warszawa, 2018. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">P. S. de Laplace</span>, Théorie [Analytique]{} des [Probabilités]{}, V. Courcier, Paris, 1812. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Yu. V. Linnik</span>, A new proof of the [Goldbach]{}-[Vinogradow]{} theorem, Rec. Math. \[Mat. Sbornik\] N.S. **19** (1946), 3–8. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">E. C. Titchmarsh</span>, The [Theory]{} of [Functions]{}, second ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">G. N. Watson</span>, A [Treatise]{} on the [Theory]{} of [Bessel]{} [Functions]{}, second ed., Cambridge University Press, 1966. --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- Alessandro Languasco Alessandro Zaccagnini Università di Padova Università di Parma Dipartimento di Matematica Dipartimento di Matematica, “Tullio Levi-Civita” Fisica e Informatica Via Trieste 63 Parco Area delle Scienze, 53/a 35121 Padova, Italy 43124 Parma, Italy [*e-mail*]{}: [email protected] [*e-mail*]{}: [email protected] --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- | High | [
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Could Andre Ellington be the best RB option in Arizona? Photo by Christian Petersen/Getty Images Share this: The Cardinals running back committee has been one of the most frustrating to monitor in terms of fantasy for the last few years, but this offseason, it seems there is at least a little more clarity. It seems that Rashard Mendenhall, formally of the Steelers, has all but wrapped up the starting job, and I would agree. The problem is that Mendenhall has really failed to impress after a major knee and Achilles injury in 2011. That leaves the door open for Ryan Williams, who has an injury history of his own and two rookies who couldn’t be more different, Stepfan Taylor and Andre Ellington. Taylor was a very effective back in the Stanford system last year, but with the terrible state of the Cardinals offensive line, I would give the edge to Ellington, who could possibly be a much better fit for the deep vertical attack of new offensive coordinator Bruce Arians. With the No. 2 spot up for grabs in Arizona, it is always better to take the high-upside guy, which is Ellington, who could be a home run in fantasy football for 2013. | Mid | [
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Business Failures - Your Vision-net.ie Account Below is just a small sample of Companies who recently scheduled a Meeting of Creditors to Appoint a Liquidator. Each and every one of these Business failures below were predicted by Vision-net.ie! On average, up to 6 months before the company actually went bust. Six long months – which allowed our customers take corrective action and minimise their bad debt exposure! If you'd like to be warned – up to 6 months in advance, of any of your customers displaying signs consistent with Business Failure, simply click here to sign-up to Vision-net.ie today. | Mid | [
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Q: problem with curl piping $_POST and $_FILES in same request I'm trying to recreate an entire http request including both post and files data however no matter what I do I can't seem to get my files to work, the code I'm using is below... $count=count($_FILES['photographs']['tmp_name']); $file_posts=array(); for($i=0;$i<$count;$i++) { if(!empty($_FILES['photographs']['name'][$i])) { $_FILES['photographs']['tmp_name'][$i] = "@".$_FILES['photographs']['tmp_name'][$i]; } } $post = array_merge($_POST, $_FILES); $ch = curl_init(); curl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_URL,"http://url/to/file.php"); curl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_USERAGENT, "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.01; Windows NT 5.0)"); curl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_HEADER,TRUE); curl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_POST,TRUE); curl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS,$post); curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); I've tried many variants of this but I can't seem to get files to work no matter what, other post data is fine however. A: The problem is that there is a second 'layer' of arrays in your $post. You need to do: $file_posts=array(); for($i=0;$i<$count;$i++) { if(!empty($_FILES['photographs']['name'][$i])) { $file_posts['photographs'][$i] = "@".$_FILES['photographs']['tmp_name'][$i]; } } | Mid | [
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--- title: A compatible ActiveX component must be a Visual Basic executable or a DLL keywords: vblr6.chm1015639 f1_keywords: - vblr6.chm1015639 ms.prod: office ms.assetid: f7057317-7bc5-4b5a-b95f-61e92a66c5f0 ms.date: 06/08/2017 localization_priority: Normal --- # A compatible ActiveX component must be a Visual Basic executable or a DLL A compatible ActiveX component is one that you specify as a compatible ActiveX component. This error has the following cause and solution: - Visual Basic tried to access an object you specified as a compatible ActiveX component, but the file specified wasn't an [executable file](../../Glossary/vbe-glossary.md#executable-file) or [dynamic-link library (DLL)](../../Glossary/vbe-glossary.md#dynamic-link-library-dll) created by Visual Basic. Only .exe files and DLLs created by Visual Basic are valid entries in the Compatible ActiveX Component field of the **Project Properties** dialog box accessed through the **Project** menu. If possible, load the [project](../../Glossary/vbe-glossary.md#project) into Visual Basic and choose the **Make Project.exe File** command from the **File** menu to create a Visual Basic executable file. If the file is already an executable file that wasn't created by Visual Basic, or if the file can't be loaded into Visual Basic, consult the documentation of the file to find out if it can be converted to a Visual Basic executable file or if the vendor can supply an executable file created by Visual Basic. For additional information, select the item in question and press F1 (in Windows) or HELP (on the Macintosh). [!include[Support and feedback](~/includes/feedback-boilerplate.md)] | Mid | [
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Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable disease in a rural area of Faridabad district of Haryana. To estimate the prevalence and levels of common risk factors for noncommunicable disease in a rural population of Haryana. The study involved a survey of 1359 male and 1469 female respondents, aged 15-64 years. Multistage sampling was used for recruitment (PHCs/sub-centres/villages). All households in the selected villages were covered, with one male and one female interviewed in alternate household. WHO STEP-wise tool was used as the study instrument which included behavioural risk factor questionnaire and physical measurements of height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure. The age adjusting was done using rural Faridabad data from Census 2001. The age adjusted prevalence of daily smoked tobacco was 41% for men and 13% for women. Daily smokeless tobacco use was 7.1% and 1.2% for men and women respectively. The prevalence of current alcohol consumption was 24.6% among men and none of the women reported consuming alcohol. The mean number of servings of fruits and vegetables per day was 3.7 for men and 2.7 for women. The percentage of people undertaking at least 150 minutes of physical activity in a week was 77.8% for men and 54.5% for women. Among men 9.0% had BMI > or = 25.0 compared to 15.2% among women. The prevalence of measured hypertension, i.e. > or = 140 SBP and/or > or = 90 DBP or on antihypertensive drugs was 10.7% among men and 7.9% among women. The study showed a high burden of tobacco use and alcohol use among men, inactivity and overweight among women and low fruit and vegetable consumption among both sexes in rural areas. | High | [
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On December 13, 1908, astronomers first gazed at the heavens with the 60-inch telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory in California. It was the most technologically advanced viewing instrument of its age. Credit: MWO | High | [
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Food is the most important factor that majorly affects our health. We all want to be healthy and live long lives but we are not always eating the right meals. One of the main reasons why most of us are not eating healthy is because we don't know how to cook healthy or we don't even know how to cook at all. In the past, people lived long and strong and it had something to do with their food. They ate fresh, organic, and healthy meals that were prepared at home. There weren't a lot of fast food chains and casual dining restaurants. Home cooked meals tasted better anyway. But the incoming generation of young adults was not raised in the kitchen. They may be tech savvy and smart but most of them don't even know how to boil an egg. If you're guilty of all that, then maybe it's time to change. Enjoy healthy, hearty meals that are low in fat and are rich in nutrients and not with junk. What I will be sharing here today is on how to cook food without oil or butter. I know it's tempting to take out your oil and fry everything but that's not the way to do it. Oil can add an unwanted amount of unhealthy fat even in everything. So no, this is not the part where I tell you to grab your olive oil. Those who are adept in the kitchen may already be familiar with the following techniques since they are fairly basic knowledge but for those people who have never picked up a pot in their lives, here's how you do it. | Mid | [
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By: Caitlyn Jenner (formerly known as Bruce) inspired a positive week on the Internet by making her world debut on the cover of Vanity Fair. Many reacted with joy and praised Jenner for finally living her truth after more than six decades of private struggle. She also beat President Obama's record of acquiring more than one million Twitter followers in five hours. There was plenty of love to go around for Jenner all week, but many of the 2016 presidential contenders were notably silent about Jenner's transition. Granted, they're seeking political office and probably not interested in commenting on everything that happens in pop culture, but Jenner's big moment was huge for the transgender community, and that should matter to anyone trying to run the country. Huckabee and Pataki The refusal to show support shouldn't be surprising, as Huckabee joked about the transgender experience earlier this year when he said during a National Religious Broadcasters Convention speech that he would have loved to use the trans status as an excuse to use the female locker room as a teen. “I wish that somebody would have told me in high school that I could have felt like a woman when it came time to take showers in P.E. I’m pretty sure I would have found my feminine side, and said, ‘Coach, I think I’d rather shower with the girls today,” Huckabee said. “You’re laughing because it sounds so ridiculous, doesn’t it?” Huckabee went on to insinuate that the transgender lifestyle can be difficult for children in public facilities to understand and potentially make them uncomfortable. "And yet today, we’re the ones who are ridiculed and scorned because we point out the obvious: That there’s something inherently wrong with forcing little children to be a part of this social experiment,” Huckabee said. “I’m not against anybody; I’d just like for somebody to bring their brain to work someday and not leave it on the bed stand when they show up to govern.” Fellow Republican candidate George Pataki swiftly responded to Huckabee's locker room comments on CNN, telling Wolf Blitzer, "I think it was ... humor, obviously he didn't mean it seriously. But I think that the more important point is we should give people their dignity and let them make their own decisions. People often make decisions that I don't agree with, but in a government where it's supposed to be of the people, if someone chooses a path that's different from mine, we should respect that as opposed to mocking it." Rick Santorum Shortly after Jenner did a highly-publicized interview with Diane Sawyer about choosing to transition in late April, GOP contender Rick Santorum voiced support for Jenner. "If he says he’s a woman, then he’s a woman,” Santorum told BuzzFeed News at the time. "My responsibility as a human being is to love and accept everybody. Not to criticize people for who they are. I can criticize, and I do, for what people do, for their behavior. But as far as for who they are, you have to respect everybody, and these are obviously complex issues for businesses, for society, and I think we have to look at it in a way that is compassionate and respectful of everybody." Santorum later clarified that he wasn't trying to change public policy on the matter, but show some compassion for a fellow human: Many of you may have read a story published by the website BuzzFeed where I was asked for my thoughts regarding Bruce... Santorum, however, has yet to comment on Jenner's transition to Caitlyn. The silence of others GOP contender Rand Paul's rep told E! News that Paul had no comment on Jenner, and Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio's reps have yet to respond to the publication's request for comment. It's somewhat surprising to hear that Paul didn't want to release a statement, as he's known for taking a more libertarian approach to public issues. When Democratic candidate Martin O’Malley saw Jenner on the cover of Vanity Fair, he merely said, "Wow," but also told the IJ Review that he was the first presidential candidate in history to use the word "transgender" in an announcement speech. Of course, none of this means these candidates are outright against Jenner's publicity. Even those who have publicly come forth in support of trans rights might be worried about what speaking up on this news item could do to their election prospects. Conservative politicians often face criticism for supporting non-traditional lifestyles, so it's possible that Santorum, Paul, and other GOP candidates just don't want to alienate the far right that finds Jenner's transition unnatural. Liberal candidates might fear backlash as well from more conventional left-leaning voters. "[If Republicans don’t condemn Jenner], you might as well just forfeit the 2016 election now,” Steve Deace, a syndicated talk radio host in Iowa, said this week. "If we’re not going to defend as a party basic principles of male and female, that life is sacred because it comes from God, then you’re going to lose the vast majority of people who’ve joined that party." | Low | [
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Leopard sharks are just one of many sharks you can see at the Shark Lab Open House. (Photo by CSULB Shark Lab via Facebook) Back by popular demand, the Shark Lab at Cal State University, Long Beach is opening its doors to the public Saturday afternoon. Visitors can get an up-close look at all kinds of sharks the lab studies, not to mention the high-tech equipment researchers develop to observe sharks in our coastal waters. They can even meet and talk to the people who swim with sharks for a living — or for their grade. This is CSULB's second year hosting an open house for some of its science laboratories. Last year's event was a smash hit, which may be partially because there aren't many colleges where you can find sharks on campus. You can get an up-close look at leopard sharks, horn sharks, swell sharks and gray smoothhound sharks at the lab. And if sharks aren't your jam, different species of rays are also gliding around. Just don't expect to pet the sharks. Unlike many aquariums, touching the marine life is a big no-no here. "We take very good care of our sharks," said Shark Lab director Chris Lowe. "We try to minimize contact with them so that they're healthy." Shark Lab director Chris Lowe loves answering questions about sharks and the high tech gadgets they use to study them local waters. (Courtesy of the Shark Lab) As environmental recovery efforts bring marine life back to our beaches, Southern Californians are going to have to learn to share the coast with sharks, rays, and other wildlife. Even the Great White is making a comeback. But Lowe says there's no reason to dislike sharks. He advocates that the best way to stay safe in the water and to protect our marine life is to educate the public. The Shark Lab is famous for developing innovative technology to learn about sharks in their natural habitat. Some of their cutting-edge equipment will also be on site, including drones and underwater cameras. One of these fancy devices uses acoustic telemetry. Since sound travels so well through water, scientists have fixed little transmitters to some sharks, then track them through the signal their transmitters put out, "sort of like spy technology," Lowe explained. Excited to prototype some new tech by @vemcoteam for real time acoustic detections. A lot less diving and grubbing around the murk to find our subsurface receivers! #trackingnotslacking pic.twitter.com/5Lhg3nkCX6 — Chris Lowe (@CSULBsharklab) April 27, 2018 You can also see gadgets used to follow sharks on boats, or the underwater robots put to work below the waves. "You probably see these things on Shark Week," said Lowe but if you visit the lab, "you'll learn how it works and that's the cool part." It's not just marine life getting some special love on Saturday. CSULB's Mammal Lab wills also be open and displaying animal skeletons and skins. The open house also includes exhibits on birds and how scientists handle oil spills. There's even a mathematics lab. Lowe said he loves hosting the open house in part because of all the great questions he gets from the public. "We get a lot of really interesting questions and sometimes those questions actually change the way we do science," he said. "And I bet much of the public may not know that they may ask a question that may be so insightful that we go, 'Wow, we've got to look into that.'" The Shark Lab will be open to the public Saturday, July 21 from 1 to 5 p.m. You made it! Congrats, you read the entire story, you gorgeous human. This story was made possible by generous people like you. Independent, local journalism costs $$$$$. And now that LAist is part of KPCC, we rely on that support. So if you aren't already, be one of us! Help us help you live your best life in Southern California. Donate now. | Mid | [
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Canizares romps to second tour title eight years after first (Reuters) - Alejandro Canizares of Spain led from virtual start to finish as he romped to a five-shot victory in the Trophee Hassan II in Agadir on Sunday for his second European Tour success. A final round 70 meant handed the 31-year-old, who finished on 269, a comfortable victory - eight years after his previous success in Russia in 2006. His total of 19-under bettered the previous best winning performance at the tournament in Morocco of 17-under but might have been more had he not double bogeyed the last hole after his ball lodged in a divot on the edge of the green. "It was a pity I ended like that but who cares? I was very accurate and solid with the irons this week and left myself lot of chances," he said of the reasons behind the runaway win. Canizares, whose father Jose-Maria played on four Ryder Cup teams, won his first European Tour title in only his third start but then went 198 events without adding to his haul. "It's been a long time since my last win, it felt like another was never coming. Hopefully this is a first step for an improvement in my game. I have stuff to work on and hopefully it will help me to play as naturally as I did this week," he added. England's Andy Sullivan moved into second place on 14-under, a front nine of 34 followed by storming inward 29 that featured seven birdies. Compatriot Seve Benson birdied the last hole to tie for third with Magnus Carlsson of Sweden on 12-under. | Low | [
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Rooms Staying at Oyo Rooms Beas River View guests can make use of complimentary wireless internet, an in-room safe, flat-screen TV and a work desk supplied in the rooms. Rooms come with the temple view. Oyo Rooms Beas River View offers bathrooms fitted with a bathtub, a shower and slippers. Eat & Drink The dessert Cafe Manali is around 10 minutes’ walk away. Services Guests can benefit from free parking, a storage room and a designated smoking place. Enter your starting point (at least street address and city) to receive driving directions to or from the hotel. To hotel From hotel Enter your starting point Current location Driving directions Public transport Walking directions Driving directions Public transport Walking directions The route can't be found. What's nearby Popular areas City Center400 ft Circuit House4000 ft Monuments and Landmarks Tibetan Monastery1400 ft Hidimba Devi Temple4600 ft Manu Temple1.5 mi Local attractions Beas River1.0 mi The Beas River also known as the Bias or Bias, is a river in north India. The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some 470 kilometres to the Sutlej River in the Indian state of Punjab. N | Mid | [
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] |
--- abstract: 'HD169142 is an excellent target to investigate signs of planet-disk interaction due to the previous evidence of gap structures. We performed $J$-band ([$\sim$]{}1.2$\mu$m) polarized intensity imaging of HD169142 with VLT/SPHERE. We observe polarized scattered light down to 016 ($\sim$19au) and find an inner gap with a significantly reduced scattered light flux. We confirm the previously detected double ring structure peaking at 018 ($\sim$21au) and 056 ($\sim$66au), and marginally detect a faint third gap at 070-073 ($\sim$82-85au). We explore dust evolution models in a disk perturbed by two giant planets, as well as models with a parameterized dust size distribution. The dust evolution model is able to reproduce the ring locations and gap widths in polarized intensity, but fails to reproduce their depths. It, however, gives a good match with the ALMA dust continuum image at 1.3mm. Models with a parameterized dust size distribution better reproduce the gap depth in scattered light, suggesting that dust filtration at the outer edges of the gaps is less effective. The pile-up of millimeter grains in a dust trap and the continuous distribution of small grains throughout the gap likely require a more efficient dust fragmentation and dust diffusion in the dust trap. Alternatively, turbulence or charging effects might lead to a reservoir of small grains at the surface layer that is not affected by the dust growth and fragmentation cycle dominating the dense disk midplane. The exploration of models shows that extracting planet properties such as mass from observed gap profiles is highly degenerate.' author: - 'A. Pohl' - 'M. Benisty' - 'P. Pinilla' - 'C. Ginski' - 'J. de Boer' - 'H. Avenhaus' - 'Th. Henning' - 'A. Zurlo' - 'A. Boccaletti' - 'J.-C. Augereau' - 'T. Birnstiel' - 'C. Dominik' - 'S. Facchini' - 'D. Fedele' - 'M. Janson' - 'M. Keppler' - 'Q. Kral' - 'M. Langlois' - 'R. Ligi' - 'A.-L. Maire' - 'F. Ménard' - 'M. Meyer' - 'C. Pinte' - 'S. P. Quanz' - 'J.-F. Sauvage' - 'É. Sezestre' - 'T. Stolker' - 'J. Szulágyi' - 'R. van Boekel' - 'G. van der Plas' - 'A. Baruffolo' - 'P. Baudoz' - 'D. Le Mignant' - 'D. Maurel' - 'J. Ramos' - 'L. Weber' bibliography: - 'hd169.bib' title: 'The circumstellar disk HD169142: gas, dust and planets acting in concert?[^1]' --- Introduction {#sec:intro} ============ About two decades ago, our own Solar System was the only available laboratory to test models of planet formation. Today, we know that planetary systems are common around other stars, and that their architectures are very diverse. The initial conditions and evolution of protoplanetary disks, where planets form, must have a direct influence on most fundamental properties of their planetary systems [@mordasini2012; @mordasini2016]. It is therefore essential to improve our knowledge of the structure of protoplanetary disks by observing and studying them at high spatial scales, and with various tracers that enable to characterize different disk regions. This, indirectly, can constrain the physical processes that influence the disk evolution (e.g., gap opening by a planet, dust growth & settling, photo-evaporation). Even with the advent of a new generation of extreme adaptive optics instruments, the detection of forming planets within their host disks is still challenging, but one can look for indirect signatures of planet formation, such as the imprints that it leaves on the disk. In recent years, high-resolution images of protoplanetary disks have been published, both in scattered light that trace the (sub-)micron-sized dust particles in the upper disk layers, and in the sub-millimeter (mm) regime that trace larger dust grains (mm and centimeter-sized (cm) grains), while the bulk mass is not directly observable. While for a long time protoplanetary disks were thought to be smooth and continuous, a variety of small scale features are now frequently detected in these images, and seem rather common, if not ubiquitous. Large cavities ($\sim$few tens of au) are detected in a number of objects [e.g., @williams2011], the transition disks, that often have spectral energy distributions (SEDs) with a clear dip in the mid-infrared (MIR), indicating a lack of dust in the inner regions [@strom1989]. Smaller cavities and gaps in the inner astronomical units (au) are also present [@menu2015] but cannot be easily directly imaged, nor do they leave a clear imprint on the SED. Multiple-arm spiral features were observed, mostly in scattered light [@muto2012; @grady2013; @garufi2013; @avenhaus2014; @benisty2015; @stolker2016; @benisty2017], but also more recently, in the sub-mm wavelength range (CO gas lines: @christiaens2014 [@tang2017]; continuum emission: @perez2016). These spiral arms have large opening angles, and their origin is still not fully understood. The presence of one or multiple rings and gaps in disks seems quite a common feature, they are found in both young [e.g. HL Tau, @alma2015; @carrasco2016] and rather old systems [e.g. TW Hya, @andrews2016; @tsukagoshi2016; @rapson2015; @vanboekel2017], and around stars of very different spectral types [e.g., @deboer2016; @ginski2016; @vanderplas2017]. Various mechanisms have been proposed in the literature, which can be assigned to three main categories: structures caused by fluid dynamics, dust evolution effects, and planet-disk perturbations. More precisely, these possibilities include zonal flows from magneto-rotational instability [e.g., @simon2014; @bethune2016], gap/bump structures in the surface density close to the dead-zone outer edge [e.g., @flock2015; @ruge2016; @pinilla2016], efficient particle growth at condensation fronts near ice lines or a depletion of solid material between ice lines [@zhang2015; @stammler2017; @pinilla2017], aggregate sintering zones [@okuzumi2016], secular gravitational instabilities [@youdin2011; @takahashi2014], or planet-disk interactions [e.g. @zhu2011; @zhu2012; @dong2015b; @dong2016; @rosotti2016]. Finally, dips or dark regions can be interpreted as shadows by inner disk material [@marino2015; @pinilla2015a; @stolker2016; @canovas2017 e.g.,]. We focus on a multiple-ring system in this study, more specifically, the $\sim$6$^{+6}_{-3}$Myr old Herbig A5/A8 star HD169142 [@dunkin1997; @grady2007], located at a distance of d=117$\pm$4pc[^2] [@gaia]. With this new distance of 117pc, the star is intrinsically less luminous by a factor of $\sim$0.65. The age estimate by @grady2007 is based on Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) placement of the companion 2MASS 18242929–2946559. Moving this star down in the HR diagram [Fig. 9 in @grady2007] leads to a revised age estimate of $\sim$10 Myr. Its SED shows a strong infrared excess indicating a young gas-rich disk, with many emission line features [@rivieremarichalar2016; @kama2016; @seok2017], and a clear dip of emission in the infrared regime [@grady2007; @meeus2010], qualifying it as a transition disk. The near-infrared (NIR) flux indicates the presence of hot dust close to the sublimation radius, resolved by NIR interferometric observations [@lazareff2017]. HD169142 still experiences gas accretion onto the star, with estimates of the mass accretion rate varying between 0.7 and 2.7 $\times 10^{-9}\,M_{\odot}\,\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ [@grady2007; @wagner2015]. @garufi2017 note that HD169142 has a reduced NIR excess compared to continuous Herbig disks or those hosting spirals. The NIR and MIR fluxes were also found to vary by up to $\sim$45% over a temporal baseline of ten years, indicating strong variability in the innermost regions [@wagner2015]. The outer disk has a low inclination (i=13[$^\circ$]{}, PA=5[$^\circ$]{}) as derived by CO mm observations [@raman2006; @panic2008], and confirmed with high-contrast imaging in the near-infrared [@quanz2013; @momose2015; @monnier2017]. These images show, from small to larger separations from the star, a wide inner cavity, a bright (unresolved) ring, a second wide gap and an outer disk that extends up to 1.7. The inner cavity appears devoid of small dust grains, while the second gap is not. Observations with ALMA at 1.3mm, obtained with a resolution of 028$\times$018, also show two rings (017–028 and 048–064) and a gap between them [@fedele2017]. The mm continuum extends up to 064 while the gas extends up to twice as far. The channel maps of the 2–1 line transition of the three CO isotopologues reveal the presence of gas inside the dust gaps. Model fitting provides a drop in the gas surface density by a factor of 30–40. The two rings are also detected in Very Large Array observations at longer wavelengths [7mm; @osorio2014; @macias2017] and the azimuthally averaged radial intensity profiles indicate the marginal detection of a new gap at $\sim$07, very close to the CO ice line [@macias2017]. In addition to the disk features, a candidate massive companion was proposed, slightly inside the inner ring, at a separation of [$\sim$]{}011 and [$\sim$]{}016, respectively [@biller2014; @reggiani2014]. @osorio2014 report the detection of a compact 7mm emission source with VLA external to the inner ring. The detection of point-like structures in the context of potential planetary companions is discussed further in @ligi2017. In this paper, we report new polarized differential images of HD169142 obtained in the $J$-band with the SPHERE instrument [Spectro-Polarimeter High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch, @beuzit2008] at the Very Large Telescope (VLT), complemented with ALMA continuum data from @fedele2017. We investigate whether the observed rings can be explained by trapping of dust particles as a consequence of the presence of two planets. This study on HD169142 serves as a prototype, with which it is demonstrated that multi-wavelength observations are needed to constrain the dust size distribution and physical mechanisms at work in the disk. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the observations and the data processing. Section 3 reports on the detected disk features, Sect. 4 provides a physical disk model, and in Sect. 5 we discuss our findings. Observations and data reduction {#sec:obs} =============================== ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- {width="\columnwidth"} {width="\columnwidth"} ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- {width="\columnwidth"} {width="\columnwidth"} ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- The observations were obtained at the Very Large Telescope at Cerro Paranal, Chile, on 2015 May 02 with the SPHERE instrument. SPHERE is equipped with an extreme adaptive-optics (AO) system [@fusco2006; @petit2014; @sauvage2014] that feeds three science channels allowing for high-angular resolution and high-contrast imaging, spectroimaging, and/or polarimetry at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The observations were obtained through the Guaranteed Time program. HD169142 was observed in the $J$-band filter ($\lambda_0$=1.258, $\Delta\lambda$=0.197$\mu$m) using the polarimetric imaging mode of the infrared dual-band imager and spectrograph [IRDIS; @dohlen2008; @langlois2014], with a plate scale of 12.25mas per pixel [@maire2016], and a 145mas-diameter coronagraphic focal mask (N\_ALC\_YJ\_S, inner working angle (IWA) of 008, @boccaletti2008). HD169142 was observed for $\sim$53 minutes on-source under moderate AO conditions (seeing of 09). The analysis of the reference point spread function (PSF) that is estimated from a non-coronagraphic total intensity measurement shows that the observations reach a 33.8mas $\times$ 40.8mas resolution (FWHM along the x and y directions) and a Strehl ratio of 56%. We observed HD169142 using the polarimetric differential imaging technique [PDI; e.g. @kuhn2001; @apai2004] that measures the linear polarization of the light scattered by dust grains in the disk, and enables one to efficiently remove the unpolarized contribution, including the one from the star. This allows to image, with high contrast, the polarized signal from the disk. In this mode, the instrument splits the beam into two orthogonal polarization states. The control of the polarization orientation is performed with a half-wave plate (HWP) that was set to four positions shifted by 22.5$^\circ$ in order to construct a set of linear Stokes images. We reduce the data according to the double difference method [@kuhn2001], and obtain the Stokes parameters $Q$ and $U$. If we assume that there is only one scattering event for each photon, the scattered light from a circumstellar disk seen at low inclination angle is expected to be linearly polarized in the azimuthal direction. It is therefore convenient to describe the polarization vector field in polar coordinates [@schmid2006; @avenhaus2014]. We therefore define the polar-coordinate Stokes parameters $Q_{\phi}$, $U_{\phi}$ as: $$Q_{\phi} = +Q \cos(2\phi) + U \sin(2\phi)$$ $$U_{\phi} = -Q \sin(2\phi) + U \cos(2\phi)\,,$$ with $\phi$, the position angle of the location of interest (x, y) with respect to the star location. In this coordinate system, the azimuthally polarized flux appears as a positive signal in the $Q_{\phi}$ image, whereas the $U_{\phi}$ image remains free of disk signal and can be used as an estimate of the residual noise in the $Q_{\phi}$ image [@schmid2006]. This is only valid for disks with face-on geometry since multiple scattering effects in inclined disks can cause a considerable physical signal in $U_{\phi}$ [e.g., TCha: @pohl2017]. The correction for instrumental polarization is done using a $U_{\phi}$ minimization, by subtracting scaled versions of the total intensity frame from the Stokes Q and U frames. The final data images were corrected for the true North [by rotating them by 1.775$^\circ$ in the counterclockwise direction, @maire2016]. We do not attempt to perform an absolute flux calibration of our images due to the inherent problems with measuring flux in PDI images. Polarized intensity images {#sec:pi} ========================== ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- {width="\columnwidth"} {width="\columnwidth"} ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ![SPHERE/IRDIS $r^{2}$-scaled $J$-band $Q_{\phi}$ image overlaid with contours of ALMA 1.3mm continuum image [from @fedele2017]. The white ellipse in the bottom left corner shows the ALMA beam with a size of 028$\times$018. The $Q_{\phi}$ image is normalized in the same way as Fig. \[fig:images\], right, but the color scale is chosen such that the structures in the outer disk are enhanced and the inner ring is saturated.[]{data-label="fig:overlay"}](figure4.pdf){width="\columnwidth"} Figures \[fig:images\] and \[app:uphi\] show the polarized scattered light images $Q_{\phi}$ and $U_{\phi}$, respectively, obtained in the $J$-band. The $U_{\phi}$ image contains very low signal, suggesting that the assumption of single scattering is valid [c.f. @canovas2015]. Figure \[fig:images\] is similar to previously published scattered light images of HD169142 in particular those of @momose2015 and @monnier2017, but it brings the highest signal-to-noise ratio view of the inner ring. It shows a number of features. We detect from outside in: \(a) A faint gap (Gap\#1) at [$\sim$]{}070-073 (81–85au). Beyond this radius, the image shows diffuse scattered light up to [$\sim$]{}1.5([$\sim$]{}175au). The marginal detection of this gap can be seen in the normalized, azimuthally averaged radial profile of the surface brightness, obtained after deprojection and azimuthally averaging the image (Fig. \[fig:cut\], left). \(b) A ring (Ring\#1) peaking at 056 ([$\sim$]{}66au) with an apparent width of [$\sim$]{}016 ([$\sim$]{}19au, at PA[$\sim$]{}100[$^\circ$]{}). This outer ring also shows some azimuthal brightness variation with a dip in scattered light along PA[$\sim$]{}-15[$^\circ$]{}to 30[$^\circ$]{}. This is also detected in the $H$- and $J$-band images of @momose2015 and @monnier2017. \(c) A wide off-center gap (Gap\#2), which width ranges from 013 ([$\sim$]{}15au) along PA$\sim$100$^\circ$ to 024 ([$\sim$]{}28au) along PA$\sim$ 200[$^\circ$]{}. In Fig. \[fig:cut\], left panel, it is also evident that this gap is not empty of scattering material with a lowest value of 1–2% of the peak value at 035 ([$\sim$]{}41au). We note, however, that it could actually be emptier, with light from the adjacent rings inside and outside being convolved into the gap. An additional polar map of the full image showing the various gap widths against position angle is available in the Appendix (Fig. \[app:polar\]). \(d) A resolved bright and narrow ring, called Ring\#2, located at 018 ($\sim$21au) with an apparent width of 40-50mas ([$\sim$]{}5-6au). Its brightness varies azimuthally by up to $\sim$25%, as evidenced by the zoom displayed in Fig. \[fig:zoom\], left. The regions at PAs $\sim$23[$^\circ$]{}, 90[$^\circ$]{}, 200[$^\circ$]{}, and 315[$^\circ$]{}are brighter than the regions at PAs $\sim$0[$^\circ$]{}, 60[$^\circ$]{}, 130[$^\circ$]{}, and 275[$^\circ$]{}. Figure \[fig:zoom\], right, shows the image in polar coordinates, after deprojecting it with the inclination and position angle derived from the observed kinematic pattern and line profiles at mm wavelengths (i$\sim$13[$^\circ$]{}, PA$\sim$5[$^\circ$]{}, respectively). One can see that the ring does not lie on a perfectly horizontal line (at a radius of 018 in the plot). This suggests that the ring is intrinsically asymmetric or could be asymmetrically illuminated due to shadowing by the inner disk. The ring might also have a non-negligible vertical extent, although this is rather unlikely due to the face-on disk configuration. A detailed analysis on the geometry of this inner ring based on optical SPHERE-ZIMPOL [Zurich IMaging POLarimeter @thalmann2008; @schmid2012] data can be found in Bertrang et al., subm. \(e) A region with a deficit of scattered light, called Gap\#3, outside of our IWA (008). This inner gap appears devoid of scattered light flux, but there is an unresolved inner disk with accretion as discussed in @grady2007 and @wagner2015. Fig.\[fig:cut\], right, shows the azimuthal cuts along the two rings, after deprojecting the $Q_{\phi}$ image, and radially averaging over their apparent widths (between 014 and 022, and between 040 and 065, respectively). One can see that both the inner and outer rings present clear azimuthal variations. The outer disk appears brighter along PA[$\sim$]{}110-120[$^\circ$]{}, i.e. close to the minor axis of the disk. To characterize better the rings and Gap\#2, we attempt to fit ellipses to the image. We follow the procedure described in detail in @deboer2016 and @ginski2016, and consider 10$^{6}$ annuli for each feature and find the annulus for which the flux is maximized (for the rings) or minimized (for the gap). To reduce the number of free parameters, we fix the inclination and position angle of the ellipses to the values inferred from sub-millimeter interferometry [@panic2008]. Our best fit result is shown in the Appendix, in Tab.\[tab:ellipsesFixed\] and Fig.\[app:polar\]. We give the offset of the ellipses from the star position as well as the size of the major and minor axes for each fitted feature. Our error bars are estimated as the standard deviation of the best 1% fits (i.e. the 1% fits with the highest flux in the resulting aperture for the rings). All the offsets that we measure are towards the North-West direction [as in @momose2015], which suggests that the South-East side of the disk is the near side of the disk. However, we note that the direction of the offsets is not exactly along the minor axis which might indicate that these offsets do not only trace geometrical effects and that the disk could be eccentric. The SPHERE/IRDIS $J$-band image is very similar to the $H$-and $J$-band images obtained by @momose2015 with Subaru/HiCIAO and by @monnier2017 with the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI), three years and one year before our observations, respectively. This suggests that the observed azimuthal asymmetries are not due to shadowing from the innermost disk. Dynamical structures in the inner disk would evolve significantly on timescales of years (cf. discussion in Sect. \[subsec:disc\_shadow\]). The two rings in our image are approximately co-located with the two rings detected in the ALMA millimeter dust continuum [@fedele2017] as shown in Figs. \[fig:overlay\] and \[fig:rtband6\]. More precisely, the peaks of the two rings at mm are slightly further out than in our SPHERE scattered light data ($\sim$28au and $\sim$70au vs. $\sim$21au and $\sim$66au), consistent with current dust trapping scenarios. Although Gap\#2 does not appear devoid of small dust grains, the ALMA image shows no continuum detection in both the inner (Gap\#3) and wide (Gap\#2) gaps. This indicates that dust particles, independently of their sizes, are filtered out in the inner gap, but that the filtering mechanism at play in the outer gap affects small and large dust grains differently. The inner ring (Ring\#2) is also well detected in VLA 7mm and 9mm observations [@osorio2014; @macias2017], although at a slightly larger radius ([$\sim$]{}021), compared to [$\sim$]{}018 in scattered light). Furthermore, @macias2017 also report on the detection of a third gap at [$\sim$]{}073, consistent with the marginal detection in the SPHERE polarized intensity data. Disk modeling {#sec:modeling} ============= We start our models by introducing planet-induced depressions in a uniform disk gas density profile to mimic the position and shape of the observed gaps. We present physical simulations including dust evolution and trapping processes to constrain the disk dust distribution and to investigate whether planet-disk interactions are responsible for the detected sub-structures. We take the approach to fix as many parameter values as possible, and do not attempt a best-fitting procedure. Because of the high parameter degeneracy when physical processes related with dust evolution are involved, we do not explore a large grid of these models. Our concept is complementary to the one presented by @monnier2017, who show a parameterized model without connecting the gap and ring structures to a planetary origin or dust evolution. In their model, the scale height of an inner and outer disk region, and the density scaling factor for the outer gap are determined via a fitting process. Model set-ups {#subsec:dert_methods} ------------- In our models, we consider two spatially separated planets that are massive enough to open a gap in the gas surface density. The planet cores are assumed to be at fixed orbits and are not allowed to migrate. We note that we constrain the total number of planets to two, although multiple low mass planets in close-by resonances could exist to cause the second, wide gap (Gap\#2). The perturbed gas surface density profiles $\Sigma_{\mathrm{g}}$ depend on the planet masses and on the disk viscosity. To derive $\Sigma_{\mathrm{g}}$, we consider the analytical solution of @crida2006, in which the gravitational and pressure torques are assumed to be zero very close to the planet. For this reason, we implement a correction for the depth of the gap using the empirical relation from @fung2014. The resulting gas surface density distributions are used as inputs to model the dust evolution considering the dust dynamics, including the processes of coagulation, fragmentation, and erosion of dust particles [@birnstiel2010; @pinilla2015b]. For the background surface density profile we use an exponentially tapered power law with a power index of 1, and a tapered radius of six times the location of the inner planet. As the inner gap appears relatively devoid of scattering material, and free from larger grains, we consider a planet-to-stellar mass ratio of 2$\times$10$^{-3}$ (3.5M$_{\rm jup}$) for the inner planet, such that the gap is deep enough to lead to a filtration of particles of all sizes. For the second gap being filled with small particles, we consider the mass of the outer planet close to the mass estimate obtained in [@osorio2014] in this region, and we choose 0.7 and 0.3M$_{\rm jup}$, the latter being the minimum mass needed to open a gap in the gas surface density (and hence to have a pressure trap at the outer edge of the gap) under our assumptions. The locations of the planets are chosen according to the current SPHERE observations and are $r_1=14$au and $r_2=53$au, such that the pressure maxima are close to the observed peaks of the mm emission. The companion masses considered in our simulations are compatible with the detection limits obtained in total intensity with IRDIS and the Integral Field Spectrograph (IFS) of SPHERE. These data will be presented in detail in the F100 SPHERE High-Contrast Imaging Survey for Exoplanets (SHINE) data analysis and detection performances paper (Langlois et al., in prep.). The disk temperature profile is a power law [$\sim r^{-0.5}$, cf. Eq. 25 in @birnstiel2010] such that at 1au the temperature is $\sim$230K. We assume an $\alpha$-viscosity of 10$^{-3}$ throughout the disk, and note that this choice also influences the planet masses assumed as described above. Furthermore, we consider a disk mass of $5 \times 10^{-3}$M$_{\odot}$ which is consistent with the value range reported by @panic2008, and a disk radial extension from 1 to 300au. The initial gas-to-dust ratio is 100 and particles are initially 1$\mu$m in size. The model follows the evolution of 180 grain sizes (from 1$\mu$m to 2m) and calculates the dust density distribution at each radius for time scales from 10$^{4}$ to $5 \times 10^{6}$ years. We do not consider the effect of ice lines on the dust dynamics. To compute synthetic images, we consider the resulting dust distribution as input to the radiative transfer code <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">RADMC-3D</span> [@radmc]. From the vertically integrated dust density distribution, we derive the dust density for each grain size $\Sigma_d(r,a)$. From the temperature profile $T(r)$ used in the dust evolution, the pressure scale height $H_p(r)$ is determined. We take the approach in @pohl2016 and calculate the dust scale height for each grain size $a$ following [@birnstiel2010] as $$H_d(r,a) = H_p(r) \times {\rm min} \left(1, \sqrt{\frac{\alpha}{ {\rm min}({\rm St}, 1/2)(1+ {\rm St}^{2})}}\right),$$ where $\alpha$ is the turbulent viscosity and *St* is the Stokes number, a dimensionless parameter that indicates how well a dust grain is coupled to the gas. In the Epstein regime, valid for most regions of protoplanetary disks and where the molecular hydrogen mean free path is larger than 4/9 times the grain size, the Stokes number at the midplane can be written as $${\rm St} = \frac{ \rho_s a}{ \Sigma_{\mathrm{g}}} \frac{\pi}{2},$$ with $\rho_{\mathrm{s}}$ the volume density of the dust grain, typically [$\sim$]{}1.2gcm$^{-3}$ according to the averaged values of the volume density for silicates. Dust grains with sizes corresponding to *St*[$\sim$]{}1 are subject to the strongest gas drag and move fast to the regions of pressure maxima [@brauer2008]. From the dust surface density and scale height, we compute the volume density profile for each grain size as $$\rho(R,\phi,z,a) = \frac{ \Sigma_d(R,a)}{\sqrt{2\pi} H_d(R,a)} \exp\left( - \frac{z^{2}}{2 H_{d}(R,a)^{2}}\right), \label{eq:volumedens}$$ {width="\textwidth"} {width="\textwidth"} where $R=r\sin(\theta)$ and $z= r\cos(\theta)$ are cylindrical coordinates and $\theta$ the polar angle. The opacity calculation of each grain size bin takes into account porous spheres with a dust mixture composed of astronomical silicates [@draine2003], carbonaceous material [@zubko1996], and water ice @warren2008. The fractional abundances of 7%, 21% and 42% (amount of vacuum is 30%) are adopted from @ricci2010. The temperature structure of each dust grain size is determined with a Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulation and synthetic scattered light images are computed including the full treatment of polarization. Mie theory is used to compute the Mueller matrix elements. These images are convolved by an elliptical Gaussian PSF (0034 $\times$ 0041), chosen to mimic the angular resolution of our SPHERE observations, and each pixel is multiplied with the square of its distance to the star to compensate for the stellar illumination drop off with distance. For the synthetic mm observations, we consider a beam size of 03 $\times$ 02 [@fedele2017]. For comparison reasons, we additionally perform simplified models by neglecting the self-consistent dust evolution, that is, the dust growth, and its dynamics. However, there are mm grains in these models, so significant evolution has taken place here as well. In this second approach, we consider the same initial gas density profile perturbed by the two giant planets and assume a fixed gas-to-dust ratio exploring the range from 50 to 100, a simple approach typically used to compare scattered light images with hydrodynamical simulations of planet-disk interaction [e.g. @dong2017]. This approach is valid as long as the micron-sized particles are well coupled to the gas and no self-consistent dust settling is included. However, these simplified models are expected to differ from dust evolution models because several processes, such as growth and fragmentation can change the dust distribution in the disk, which at the same time changes the dynamics, in particular when pressure maxima are present (cf. Fig. \[fig:dustdensity1\]). In these simplified models, an average opacity is used considering a power-law distribution for the grain size, where the number density follows $n(a)\,\propto\,a^{-3.5}$ with $a_{\mathrm{min}}=0.01\,\mu$m and $a_{\mathrm{max}}=1\,$mm. For all models, we consider the following stellar parameters $T_{\rm{eff},*}$ = 8400K, $M_{*}$ = 1.65M$_{\odot}$ and $R_{*}$ = 1.5R$_{\odot}$, hence 10L$_{\odot}$ [@dunkin1997; @blondel2006; @fedele2017]. The stellar luminosity adopted in @fedele2017 is based on the new distance estimate from Gaia (d=117pc). For the stellar spectrum a Kurucz spectrum of a star with metallicity \[Fe/H\]=0 and a surface gravity of $\mathrm{log}\,g=4.5$ is taken into account [cf. @folsom2012]. In addition, as we do not know the shape of the innermost disk (masked by the coronagraph), and because the presence of a tiny amount of dust could alter the brightness signal close to the inner peak, we set the dust density to a floor value within 10au and apply a smooth Gaussian taper to create a rounded inner rim for the inner ring. This step is especially needed in the simplified models, because in the models with dust evolution included, most of the dust particles are filtered out and trapped at the outer edge of the gap opened by the innermost planet, and hence in these models the inner disk is anyway almost empty of grains. However, we note that a tiny inner disk exists as presented in @lazareff2017. {width="\columnwidth"} {width="\columnwidth"} Results {#subsec:dert_comp} ------- Figure \[fig:dustdensity1\], left, shows the dust density distribution after 5Myr of evolution for planet masses of 3.5M$_{\rm jup}$ and 0.7M$_{\rm jup}$ located at 14au and 53au, respectively. A pressure bump is formed at the outer edge of each gap, which acts as a particle trap and helps to reduce the radial drift. The higher the mass of the planet the more efficient is the trapping and the higher is the mm flux [@pinilla2012; @pinilla2015a]. This trend is also seen in Fig. \[fig:dustdensity1\], right, where the second planet has a lower mass (0.3M$_{\rm jup}$) leading to less efficient trapping there. Although the trapping of mm grains is effective, the values for the planet mass (at the considered disk turbulence) are chosen such that the small grains are not fully filtered out. Note that there is a degeneracy between the choice of disk mass, temperature, $\alpha-$turbulence, and planet mass, thus, we do not claim to infer mass limits for potential planets. The density contrast between the two rings also depends on whether the planets formed simultaneously or sequentially [@pinilla2015b], or whether they migrate. Applying Eq. \[eq:volumedens\] to the dust density distributions results in the vertical density structure illustrated in Fig. \[fig:volumedens1\], left and middle panels, and \[fig:volumedens2\]. While the small grains are distributed radially over the disk extension and all the way up to the disk surface layers according to their dust scale height, the large grains are concentrated at the pressure bump regions close to the midplane. For comparison, Fig. \[fig:volumedens1\], right panel, shows the vertical density structure of our simplified approach, where no grain growth model is involved and a fixed gas-to-dust ratio of 100 is considered. In this case a larger amount of dust is still present within the two gap regions and in the outer disk because the dust radial drift is neglected. ### Scattered light {#subsubsec:comp_sphere} {width="\textwidth"} Figure \[fig:rtprofiles\] shows the radial surface brightness profiles of the $Q_{\phi} \times r^2$ model images, compared to the observational radial profile (also shown in Fig. \[fig:cut\]). All profiles are normalized to the peak flux of the inner ring (Ring\#2). The brightness of this ring in scattered light is highest because of the geometry of the disk scattering surface. The incidence angle of stellar radiation is steepest here so that the disk receives and scatters most light per unit surface area. This is due to density effects given the large amount of dust there and the temperature profile. The curves in the left panel are based on our dust evolution modeling approach. The solid green curve representing the model with a higher outer planet mass well reproduces the two main ring locations observed with SPHERE, but there is a discrepancy for the brightness contrast between the rings. Although the overall width of Gap\#2 matches the observations, a gap much deeper and with sharper edges than observed is produced by our model. Reducing the mass of the outer planet helps to create a slightly shallower outer gap edge (dashed-dotted blue curve). However, in this case the amount of dust that is trapped in the outer disk is lower, and consequently, the brightness of Ring\#1 decreases. In addition, the peak of this outer ring slightly moves inwards when the planet mass is reduced, differing from the observations. In both cases, the outer disk in our models appears too faint in scattered light, as all dust grains originally located in the outer disk have already grown and drifted inwards, even after an evolutionary time of 0.5Myr (see Appendix, Fig. \[fig:dustdensity2\] and dashed olive curve in Fig. \[fig:rtprofiles\_10Myr\]). The right panel (orange line) illustrates a good match for our simplified approach that ignores dust growth and fragmentation processes and assumes a power law for the dust size distribution. The gap location between the two main rings can be reproduced well when moving the second planet position further in from 53au to 42au. The reason why the planet position needs to be different between the dust evolution models and the simplified approach is the following. The gap in small grains is similar in shape as in the gas surface density, since the small grains are well coupled to the gas. Contrarily, in the dust evolution models there is a dominating peak of emission at the pressure maximum, which is further out from the outer edge of the gas gap and where small grains are continuously reproduced by fragmentation due to turbulent motions [@pinilla2012]. The shallowness of the gap better matches compared to the dust evolution approach. However, a simultaneous fit of gap depth and ring positions is not possible either. This trend is also seen in the HD169142 model-fitting results by @monnier2017, where either the gap depth or the outer ring position is off compared to the GPI $J$- and $H$-band profiles.\ **Mixed midplane-surface dust models**\ At this point of the analysis it seems that the model without dust evolution does a significantly better job in reproducing the SPHERE scattered light observations, which is, however, not the case for the mm dust continuum as demonstrated later in Sect. \[subsubsec:comp\_alma\]. One has to keep in mind that dust evolution assumptions are developed for the disk midplane, where dust growth is quite efficient due to the high densities. Since the dust evolution models are only 1D, the vertical disk structure chosen influences the situation at larger height. More precisely, the coagulation equation itself is not only calculated in the midplane, but it averages the processes with presumed weights over the vertical structure. Then, it assumes that the size distribution at a given location develops as a whole, followed by a redistribution of the grains. There is also a reservoir of small grains produced, which are going through the growth & fragmentation cycle. It might be that the vertical exchange in the dust evolution is not working properly and that there are small grains at the disk surface that do not grow quickly at high altitude where the densities are lower. If this population at the top layer is indeed isolated, its coagulation compared to the midplane situation will also be on a different time scale. Moreover, charging effects could play a role for dust evolution processes at the disk surface, which would keep particles very small. Hence, as a test we introduce a new population of small grains (0.01–0.5$\mu$m) that follow the initial gas density distribution of the dust evolution model with a mass fraction of $8 \cdot 10^{-4}\,\Sigma_{\mathrm{disk,gas}}$. The mass in the other size bins is reduced correspondingly to keep the same dust mass as for the original dust evolution simulation. This model is displayed in Fig. \[fig:rtprofiles\] with the dashed-dotted dark green line. It helps to decrease the gap depth and to increase the scattered light in the outer disk. We note that our models, that do not contain any dust inside 10au, provide a good match to the SED for wavelengths longer than 10 microns, that trace the outer disk. However, the addition of a small inner belt between $\sim$0.05 and 0.09au allows to reproduce the NIR excess as well. To not be seen in our scattered light model predictions, any dusty material in the inner disk must be confined within $\sim$0.09au. ### Millimeter dust continuum emission {#subsubsec:comp_alma} Figure \[fig:rtband6\] shows synthetic mm continuum images at 1.3mm for our two representative models (solid lines in Fig. \[fig:rtprofiles\]) alongside the ALMA data from [@fedele2017]. The left panel considers our self-consistent dust growth model. This results in an inner dust cavity, an inner ring between $\sim$15 and 35au (013 and 03) and an outer ring between $\sim$55 and 80au (047 and 068), with a gap in between. Both the inner cavity and the gap are depleted in mm-sized dust particles. Our model is qualitatively consistent with the ALMA dust continuum image showing rings at $\sim$20–35au (017–028), and $\sim$56–83au (048–064). This agreement supports the view that the efficient dust trapping scenario by means of the two giant planets may be at work in HD169142. The relatively sharp outer edge of the continuum map gives further evidence of large dust grains radially drifting inwards [cf. @birnstiel2014; @facchini2017]. For completeness the synthetic image for our simplified fixed gas-to-dust ratio model without dust evolution treatment is also shown. The clear depletion of dust particles within the gap region is not seen in this case. Furthermore, the outer ring is more extended and both the inner and outer edge are less well defined leading to a fuzzier overall disk structure. We note that the flux is under-predicted in both model scenarios compared to the actual ALMA measurement. Discussion {#sec:disc} ========== Fragmentation and trapping efficiency {#subsec:disc_frag} ------------------------------------- The main reason for the discrepancy between the dust evolution models and the simplified approach is the fact that in the dust evolution models, micron-sized particles efficiently grow to larger sizes already at early times of evolution. The growth changes their coupling to the gas (i.e. their Stokes number) and hence their dynamics (e.g., their drift velocities increase when they grow). In these models, small grains are continuously reproduced thanks to destructive collisions that can occur because of turbulent motions and radial drift. In the particular case of two planets embedded in the disk presented in this study, the radial drift is reduced at the pressure bumps and fragmentation occurs due to turbulence that replenishes these regions with small grains. These small grains are more affected by turbulent motions, they are more difficult to trap, and thus they can be dragged along with the gas. For this reason, a little amount of micron-sized particles can still flow through the gap (cf. Fig. \[fig:dustdensity1\]). This amount of small grains is, however, not enough to reproduce the observed surface brightness profile inside the gap (as it is in the case of a constant gas-to-dust ratio). For sub-micron grains this amount would be significantly higher, and these smaller grains scatter more efficiently in our direction, too. A possible solution for this discrepancy is to make fragmentation more efficient, for example by increasing the turbulent motions of the grains, that is increasing the $\alpha$-viscosity. However, when $\alpha$ increases, a more massive planet is needed to open a gap [@crida2006], which can lead to a new discrepancy with the gap width. Moreover, the higher the turbulent motions, the more difficult it is to trap the mm-sized particles, because of the high dust diffusion that allows particles to escape from pressure bumps [@dejuanovelar2016]. An alternative to have less growth and more fragmentation, is to decrease the maximum fragmentation velocity threshold of particles, which mainly depends on the grain composition and its structure. Nonetheless, while having more fragmentation might help to increase the surface brightness inside the gap, this can also lead to less dust trapping, which can create differences with the current mm-observations. Note that decreasing the initial minimum grain size in our current dust evolution models would not help to have a better match with observations because small grains quickly grow regardless of their initial size. Dust evolution as a function of $z$ {#subsec:disc_mix} ----------------------------------- Following the analysis in Sect. \[subsubsec:comp\_sphere\] it becomes clear that the assumptions in current 1D dust evolution models are tuned for coagulation processes happening in the disk midplane. The evolution of gas and dust is modeled in a vertically integrated way assuming a steady-state disk model, although there might actually be a strong dependency on the vertical disk height. Hence, our treatment of vertical exchange and vertical settling might also be not accurate. For instance, if there is indeed a population of small grains isolated at the top layer, this would suggest very weak turbulence. This provokes quite efficient settling, even for small grains. What might work is a population of small, charged grains that is kept from settling for example by magnetic fields. Hence, these small grains would be unaffected by efficient dust growth and could be permanently present at the disk surface. As a consequence, scattered light detections at optical and NIR wavelengths would be not effected by significant dust growth. Contrarily, the surface layers might have higher turbulence, which is expected because they are hotter and highly ionized [e.g., @dzyurkevich2013]. However, with only higher turbulence, grains are also mixed downwards and get into contact with the lower turbulence regions deeper in the disk, where they would settle and take part in the coagulation down there. Thus, a locally higher turbulence is not a way to isolate grains, it is a way to move them faster. Consequently, it could be that the gas velocities at very high altitude are such that fragmentation also works in a thin surface layer to locally replenish the reservoir of even sub-micron grains. Mass of gap-opening planets {#subsec:disc_mass} --------------------------- As shown in Sect. \[subsec:dert\_comp\], planets with masses of 3.5M$_{\rm jup}$ and 0.7M$_{\rm jup}$ located at 14au and 53au are needed in our dust evolution models in order to create effective pressure bumps that trap particles at the location of the rings seen in scattered light. Note that these values are compatible with the mass detection limits derived from contrast curves in total intensity SPHERE IRDIS and IFS data. The minimum planet mass limit in our model is chosen such that the planet perturbs the gas profile and efficient trapping can be generated (M$_{\mathrm{p}} \gtrsim 0.3\,M_{\rm jup}$). While a planet mass of 0.3M$_{\rm jup}$ is too low to clear the full extent of Gap\#2, the 0.7M$_{\rm jup}$ planet is able to reproduce the gap width. The presence of multiple planets below this mass, whose gaps overlap, is an alternative possibility [e.g., @dodson2011]. Numerical studies have shown that less massive planets do not open a gap in the gas, but effectively open a gap in the dust [@paardekooper2004; @paardekooper2006; @picogna2015; @rosotti2016; @dipierro2016; @dipierro2017]. The gas azimuthal velocities can be perturbed such that the drift velocities of the particles are reduced, leading to a traffic jam effect without creating local pressure maxima. In addition to the gas viscous forces, @dipierro2016 and @dipierro2017 also include the contribution from the tides of an embedded planet and show that a low-mass planet can open a gap in the dust only, if the tidal torque exceeds the drag torque outside the planetary orbit. In this scenario, a shallow gap can be carved out, but it is rather unlikely that this effect can create the strong rings in the distribution of small and large grains in HD169142. It should be tested whether a combination of pressure bumps, self-consistent dust evolution and the consideration of disk-planet tidal interactions can lead to a coherent picture for the gap and ring appearances. Pioneering studies from @kanagawa2015, @rosotti2016 and @dong2017 look at the inverse problem, meaning to derive planet masses from observed gap profiles. For this method a number of assumptions about the disk structure and dynamics are made when simulating the gap shape and deriving the correlation with planet mass. The mass of the putative second planet in our HD169142 model is consistent with the numerical analysis by @dong2017, who derived disk and planet properties based on the morphology of gaps in NIR scattered light images. They estimate a mass between 0.2–2.1M$_{\rm jup}$ for an $\alpha$-viscosity varying from 10$^{-4}$–10$^{-2}$. @kanagawa2015 suggest a mass $\gtrsim$0.4M$_{\rm jup}$ by measuring the gap depth in VLA 7mm data. Although this is principally consistent with the other estimates, a measurement based on mm data only is complicated due to dust/gas coupling effects [@rosotti2016]. This makes an exact definition of the gap width difficult and its value depends on the disk lifetime. As discussed in @rosotti2016 a more robust indicator of the planet mass from (sub-)mm images is the location of the bright ring tracing the gas pressure maximum. This is the reason why we intend to reproduce the ring positions rather than the gap locations with the modeling approach in this paper. The inclusion of dust growth and fragmentation processes would certainly change the conclusions from @rosotti2016 and @dong2017 as dust evolution dynamics affects the gap depth, the slope of the gap edges, the position of the rings and their contrast. Dust evolution timescale {#subsec:disc_time} ------------------------ All our results based on the dust evolution modeling consider a dust evolutionary timescale of 5Myr, and that the giant planets embedded were formed simultaneously. The disk and planet age can affect the appearance of the radial profiles in polarized intensity at the NIR (see Fig. \[fig:rtprofiles\_10Myr\] in the Appendix) and in total intensity at mm wavelengths. On the one hand, the outer ring (Ring\#1) becomes narrower at longer times of evolution, which produces a rather sharp outer disk edge and shifts it towards smaller radii. This in turns lowers the brightness signal in the outer disk. While this is consistent with the mm data, the amount of small dust particles decreases with time, and the NIR observations cannot be reproduced. If longer times of evolution are taken ($\sim$10Myr, which is consistent with the revised age of the system), there would be a higher discrepancy between the dust evolution models and the NIR observations unless additional trapping mechanisms play a role all across the disk. In contrast, at very early timescales of 0.1–0.5Myr, when all grains are not yet at the pressure maxima, the wide gap (Gap\#2) remains shallower. On the other hand, analogous to the sequential planet formation scenario presented in @pinilla2015a, it could be also possible that the outer planet forms earlier than the inner planet (or vice versa). This can affect the amount of dust in both traps and adjust the contrast between the two rings. However, we do not have any constraint on whether the two planets have been forming at the same time or consecutively. Together with the uncertainty when the putative planets have been forming at all, this means that the dust evolution after 5Myr could be still a good proxy for the situation in the HD169142 system. Gaps and rings in the context of ice lines {#subsec:disc_ice} ------------------------------------------ ![Temperature map as a function of radius and polar angle in spherical coordinates for the simplified model. The ice lines for H$_2$O, NH$_3$, CO$_2$ and CO are indicated with yellow contour lines. The vertical dashed lines illustrate the edges of the two bright rings in mm dust emission.[]{data-label="fig:icelines"}](figure9.pdf){width="\columnwidth"} Although observational signposts of embedded planets are the most widely used explanation to interpret ring structures in disks, the relation to ice lines of various materials is another possible scenario [@zhang2015; @okuzumi2016]. Ice lines of different volatile species can significantly affect the dynamics of dust evolution processes including growth and fragmentation, which in turn has an effect on the observational appearance of rings and gaps at different wavelengths [@pinilla2017]. The freeze-out temperatures of main volatiles, such as water (H$_2$O), ammonia (NH$_3$), carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) and carbon monoxide (CO), are estimated to have average values of $\sim$142K, $\sim$80K, $\sim$66K and $\sim$26K, respectively [@zhang2015]. Our radiative transfer models show that the midplane temperatures at the inner ring position are such that the H$_2$O and NH$_3$/CO$_2$ ice lines are located close to the inner and outer edges of this ring at mm emission, respectively. It is recognizable that the gap at scattered light lies between the ice lines of H$_2$O and CO$_2$ when comparing the surface layer temperatures with the volatile freeze-out temperatures. Thus, the H$_2$O, NH$_3$ and CO$_2$ ice lines nearly coincide with the scattered light ring positions. Furthermore, the CO ice line at the midplane is located at $\sim$110au, which is close to the outermost gap at $\sim$85au, consistent with DCO$^{+}$(3–2) and C$^{18}$O(2–1) ALMA observations presented in @macias2017. In Fig. \[fig:icelines\], there is an uncertainty for the specific location of these ice lines, which depends on the freezing temperatures that we assume, and for the CO ice line, it could be between $\sim$95 and 145au. The current observations suggest that the accumulation of large dust grains close to the CO ice line is a possible mechanism to explain the origin of this outermost gap. Shadowing effects and time variability {#subsec:disc_shadow} -------------------------------------- We note that because of the modeling procedure (analytical gas profile coupled with 1D dust evolution) the observational signatures presented in this paper are always azimuthally symmetric. This is for example not necessarily true for massive enough planets for which an eccentric gap and vortex formation at its edge are expected [e.g., @ataiee2013]. As mentioned in Sect. \[sec:obs\] there are significant asymmetries both along the inner and outer ring regions in polarized intensity. It is noticeable that the maximum polarization of the outer ring is along the minor axis. This is opposite to several other disks showing a brighter polarized intensity along the major axis, expected due to the polarization efficiency being highest for 90[$^\circ$]{} scattering in the Rayleigh and Mie scattering regime. A significant scattering angle effect is also likely not to be expected at the low inclination of HD169142. @momose2015 invokes corrugations of the scattering surface in the outer region as a possible origin. Alternatively, asymmetries in the outer disk emission can be caused by shadowing of the inner disk region. For HD169142 there is a slightly inclined inner disk at sub-au distance [i=21[$^\circ$]{}, PA=100–130[$^\circ$]{}, @lazareff2017], which is known to be variable and might contain an extended dust envelope as suggested by @wagner2015. Azimuthal brightness variations in the inner ring of the scattered light could be caused for example by perturbations by a protoplanet, by optical depth variations through the suggested dust envelope, by accretion flows or turbulence in the inner disk. The local brightness enhancements along the innermost scattered light ring at different time epochs are discussed in @ligi2017. The azimuthal inhomogeneities in the inner ring (Ring\#2) could in turn cause radial shadowing on Ring\#1 and the remaining outer disk. The pace of variations in the illumination pattern of the outer disk depends on the precession timescale of the inner disk material. Given that there is no apparent difference in the rings’ brightness asymmetries in the three observational data sets in polarized intensity (Subaru/HiCIAO: @momose2015, Gemini South/GPI: @monnier2017, VLT/SPHERE: this paper) that span a time period of three years, the shadowing scenario for the outer disk seems rather unlikely. However, it cannot be ruled out either, as the precession time scale for the inner disk, for example in the context of a hypothetic star-companion system, can be rather long (several hundred to thousand years). Conclusions {#sec:concl} =========== In this paper, we present scattered light observations of the protoplanetary disk around the Herbig Ae star HD169142 obtained with VLT/SPHERE at $J$-band, and compare our results with recent ALMA data of this target. Together with TWHya, HD163296 and HD97048, it is one of a handful of disks around young stars that have been observed at very high-angular resolution at NIR and mm wavelengths, where in each case both images show similar sub-structures even if their scales differ, but also show different morphologies. For HD169142 we confirm the previous detection of two ring-like features separated by a wide gap, and an additional inner gap, and report on the marginal detection of a third gap in the outer disk as well as azimuthal brightness variations along both rings. We present azimuthally symmetric radiative transfer models based on planet-disk interaction processes that account for the main observational features, and discuss the influence of dust evolution and particle trapping on the gap and ring properties. We place our findings in the context of planet masses inferred from the gap-opening process and ice line chemistry. Our measurements and modeling results suggest the following: 1. The location and width of the gap, as well as the peak positions in polarized scattered light of HD169142 are reproduced with our model based on dust evolution processes when two giant planets of 3.5 and 0.7M$_{\rm jup}$ are embedded in the disk. The observed gap, however, possesses a shallower outer flank than expected for planet-disk interaction signatures. There is also a significant discrepancy for the gap depth as micron-sized particles rapidly grow in the presence of pressure bumps. Small grains distributed all over the disk, wherever there is gas, as in our simplified approach decreases the gap depth such that there is a good agreement with the observed shape. This also helps to increase the scattered light flux in the outer disk. A more efficient fragmentation by increasing the turbulent motion of dust particles or to adjust the fragmentation velocities could help to overcome this deficit in small grains. Including the contribution from the tides of an embedded planet can lead to a shallower dust gap, in case the planet hypothesis is correct at all. 2. The assumptions in current dust evolution models are tuned for the disk midplane and the vertical exchange does not work properly, thus, the coagulation timescale might be different at higher disk altitudes. A population of small (sub-)micron-sized grains might exist in the upper surface layers that is unaffected of quick growth due to lower densities and different turbulence there. Thus, the vertical disk structure and its consequence on dust evolution processes also have a significant role for interpreting scattered light images. 3. In order to obtain a consistent picture with the mm observations, the accumulation of large grains in the dust trap of a pressure bump is needed. This generates the bright emission rings and the sharp outer disk edge as detected in the mm continuum image of HD169142. A simplified parameterized dust size distribution is not able to reproduce the high dust depletion factor required. 4. A scenario with a grain size dependent gap opening that still allows a perturbation in the radial pressure gradient is required. We emphasize that inferring the mass of gap-opening planets from simplified models is degenerate and depends on the choice of the disk mass, temperature, and $\alpha-$turbulence. Constraining planet masses becomes even more uncertain when including more physical processes that are expected to occur in protoplanetary disks, such as grain growth, fragmentation and vertical disk instabilities. 5. Observing the total amount of gas and using different techniques that allow us to get better constraints on the grains sizes in disks, such as mm-wave dust polarization [@kataoka2015; @kataoka2016; @pohl2016; @yang2016], may allow to further explain the origin of the gaps and to derive properties of potential embedded planets. Eventually, 2D dust evolution models are needed in order to have a self-consistent treatment of radial transport and vertical settling, and to consider turbulence changes across the vertical direction of the disk. In principle, we can start to use multi-wavelength analyses, such as the one presented in this paper, to provide feedback on the model assumptions, and to calibrate our understanding of microphysical dust processes (sticking, fragmentation, compact vs. fluffy grains, etc.). $U_{\phi}$ image and polar mapping ================================== ![$J$-band $U_{\phi} \times r^2$ image in linear scale. Each pixel is multiplied with the square root of its distance to the star, $r^{2}$, to compensate for the stellar illumination drop-off with radius. The normalization is simimilar to the $Q_{\phi}$ image, but the dynamical range of the color bar is adjusted. The region masked by the coronagraph is indicated by the grey circle. North is up, East is pointing towards left.[]{data-label="app:uphi"}](figure10.pdf){width="45.00000%"} ![Polar map of the $Q_\phi \times r^2$ image in linear scale. The vertical dotted lines indicate PA=100[$^\circ$]{} and 200[$^\circ$]{}.[]{data-label="app:polar"}](figure11.pdf){width="45.00000%"} Ellipse fitting =============== \[tab:ellipsesFixed\] Ring\#1 Gap\#2 Ring\#2 ------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- --------------- $\Delta$ RA \[mas\] 28.4$\pm$5.5 12.4$\pm$5.3 4.4$\pm$2.9 $\Delta$ Dec \[mas\] 18.9$\pm$5.7 33.5$\pm$5.4 5.3$\pm$2.8 semi-major axis \[mas\] 536.4$\pm$18.2 375.2$\pm$14.5 173.8$\pm$9.1 semi-major axis \[au\] 62.8$\pm$2.1 43.9$\pm$1.7 20.3$\pm$1.1 semi-minor axis \[mas\] 522.7$\pm$1.2 365.6$\pm$1.5 169.3$\pm$2.0 semi-minor axis \[au\] 61.2$\pm$0.1 42.8$\pm$0.2 19.8$\pm$0.2 : Ellipse parameters fitted to the two rings and Gap\#2 in our scattered light images. Modeled dust density distribution ================================= {width="\textwidth"} Effect of dust evolution timescale ================================== {width="\textwidth"} {width="50.00000%"} We acknowledge the ESO Paranal Staff for their support during the observations. We thank J. Monnier for sharing his data. We are thankful to L. Pérez, A. Garufi and G. Bertrang for the useful discussions about this project. A.P. is supported by the Reimar-Lüst Fellowship of the Max Planck Society and a member of the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics at Heidelberg University, IMPRS-HD, Germany. We acknowledge financial support from the Programme National de Planétologie (PNP) and the Programme National de Physique Stellaire (PNPS) of CNRS-INSU. This work has also been supported by a grant from the French Labex OSUG@2020 (Investissements d’avenir - ANR10 LABX56). M.B., F.M. and G.P. acknowledges funding from ANR of France under contract number ANR-16-CE31-0013 (Planet Forming Disks). P.P. acknowledges support by NASA through Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51380.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS 5-26555. H.A., M.M. and S.P.Q. acknowledges support from the Millennium Science Initiative (Chilean Ministry of Economy) through grant RC130007 and further financial support by FONDECYT, grant 3150643, as well as financial support within the framework of the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation. T.B. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 714769. D.F. acknowledges support from the Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research project SIR (RBSI14ZRHR). Q.K. acknowledges funding from STFC via the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge Consolidated Grant. SPHERE is an instrument designed and built by a consortium consisting of IPAG (Grenoble, France), MPIA (Heidelberg, Germany), LAM (Marseille, France), LESIA (Paris, France), Laboratoire Lagrange (Nice, France), INAF - Osservatorio di Padova (Italy), Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève (Switzerland), ETH Zurich (Switzerland), NOVA (Netherlands), ONERA (France) and ASTRON (Netherlands) in collaboration with ESO. SPHERE was funded by ESO, with additional contributions from CNRS (France), MPIA (Germany), INAF (Italy), FINES (Switzerland) and NOVA (Netherlands). SPHERE also received funding from the European Commission Sixth and Seventh Framework Programmes as part of the Optical Infrared Coordination Network for Astronomy (OPTICON) under grant number RII3-Ct-2004-001566 for FP6 (2004-2008), grant number 226604 for FP7 (2009-2012) and grant number 312430 for FP7 (2013-2016). This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission [*Gaia*]{} (<http://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia>), processed by the [*Gaia*]{} Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, <http://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium>). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the [*Gaia*]{} Multilateral Agreement. [^1]: Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programme 095.C-0273. [^2]: Note that we are using the revised value by GAIA while most of the papers in the literature use d=145pc. | Mid | [
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I came here with the mic in my hand Don't make me leave here with my foot in yo ass, Be cool And don't worry 'bout how I'm rippin' when I'm flippin' when I kick it 'cause this just what I do I'm effervescent and I'm off the crescent Nastier than a full-grown German Shepherd Brother, you better keep steppin' They don't mess wit me and they won't y'all can't catch me and you won't ... ..., and a dollar for dat booty You think I'm trippin', well, I ain't trippin' I'm buyin' if you got nice curves for your iceberg "Drink this here" like it's gonna do somethin' to me Hope this indecent proposal make you do somethin' wit me Forget a dollar, girl, pick up fiddy Forget that coward, girl, you need a real villain Off the top, a brother 'bout hurtin' it Bend over, girl, show me what you workin' wit I'm comin' with the fire like Aiyaaa! Chocolate and bowlegged, runnin' up behind ya Go 'head, get down, pop lock at the rockhouse Girl, don't lie, you know you want to go back to my house Man right'cher want to get under that dress right there Spicy cajun, we gon have a good time over there You better stick a head on that there crawfish You gotta bend all the way over to dance off this Handle your business, 'cause you know he do it way better You're dead wrong So if you totin' by and brothers make noise when you pass by get on the dance floor girl, 'cause this your song Do your thang, Don't be scured 'cause you gon get served I'll get mine and you'll get yurn Brothers thank that ass so lovely Raise it up, show yo g-string hustlin', hustlin' Bend over, girl, show me what'cha workin' wit Attention all y'all players and pimps Right now in the place to be I thought I told y'all dudes before y'all dudes can't mess with me Now, this ain't for no small booties No sir, 'cause that won't pass But if you feel you got the biggest one Then momma, come shake it fast Stop ya cryin' heifer I don't need all that Got a job for you The braided-up pimp is back Break them handcuffs Forget your man Move somethin' If he ax you what you doin' Say, "Ooh, nuttin' " Now we been doin' for the past 2 somethin' ...smooth lovin' You can betcha bottom dollar that thang is hot You gon hollar while you cry So don't act like you don't be backin' that thang up Girl in the club That's what you got that fo' Wobble, wobble, I'm infatuated The girl worked that thang like she's makin' a baby Now, I see that we gon have to go to a quiet corner for just us two Don't worry 'bout who's lookin' just keep doin' what you do Brother like me gon get to work before I know the girl Bend over, girl Show me what'cha workin' wit Attention all y'all players and pimps Right now in the place to be I thought I told y'all dudes before y'all dudes can't mess with me Now, this ain't for no small booties No sir, 'cause that won't pass But if you feel you got the biggest one Then, momma, come shake it fast | Low | [
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“He who fights with monsters should look to it that he himself does not become a monster... When you gaze long into the abyss, the abyss also gazes into you...” Kidnapped. Imprisoned. Tortured. The wizard Irenicus holds you captive in his stronghold, attempting to strip you of the powers that are your birthright. User reviews: Recent: Overwhelmingly Positive (345 reviews) - 96% of the 345 user reviews in the last 30 days are positive. Overall: Very Positive (1,869 reviews) - 83% of the 1,869 user reviews for this game are positive. Downloadable Content For This Game June 23 Today we're pleased to bring you the full soundtrack to Baldur's Gate II: Enhanced Edition. The digital package contains the original soundtracks for Baldur’s Gate II and Throne of Bhaal, composed by Michael Hoenig, Inon Zur, and Howard Drossin. The Baldur’s Gate II: Enhanced Edition Soundtrack also contains 15 new tracks by Sam Hulick, composed for the enhanced edition of the game, making 81 tracks in all. This includes 34 previously unreleased tracks, now available for the first time. All tracks come in both MP3 (320kbit) and lossless FLAC format. About This Game “He who fights with monsters should look to it that he himself does not become a monster... When you gaze long into the abyss, the abyss also gazes into you...” Kidnapped. Imprisoned. Tortured. The wizard Irenicus holds you captive in his stronghold, attempting to strip you of the powers that are your birthright. Can you resist the evil within you, forge a legend of heroic proportions, and ultimately destroy the dark essence that haunts your dreams? Or will you embrace your monstrous nature, carve a swath of destruction across the realms, and ascend to godhood as the new Lord of Murder? Features Throne of Bhaal: Travel to Tethyr in this thrilling conclusion to the Bhaalspawn saga, and delve into the treasure-filled halls of Watcher’s Keep! Fist of the Fallen: Help the Sun Soul Monk Rasaad find peace in his quest for vengeance, and determine the fate of a heretical sect. A Price Paid in Blood: Join the Blackguard Dorn in carving a swath of destruction across the Realms, as he struggles to appease the increasingly bloody demands of his dark patron. A Voice in the Dark: Recruit the mysterious Thief Hexxat and take up her mission of retrieving long-lost artifacts from tombs as far away as Zakhara.. In Defense of the Wild: Protect the innocent and stand with Neera the Wild Mage against a ruthless school of Red Wizards. The Black Pits II - Gladiators of Thay: Explore the tactical depth of high-level Dungeons & Dragons combat. Turn your captors against each other while you dodge traps and battle for your life against Demi-Liches, Mind Flayers, and the legendary Githyanki. Widescreen and More: Baldur's Gate II: Enhanced Edition features full widescreen support, remastered area artwork from original renders, and a host of other interface and gameplay improvements. The 1.3 Release: The latest update to Baldur's Gate II: Enhanced Edition fixes hundreds of gameplay issues and adds dozens of new enhancements such as adjustable font sizes, improved party pathfinding, and much, much more. Note: All translations are text only. Voice-overs are played in English. | Mid | [
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White Plains, Virginia White Plains is an unincorporated community located in Brunswick County, in the U.S. state of Virginia. Brick House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Virginia Category:Unincorporated communities in Brunswick County, Virginia | Low | [
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Bury 1-0 Walsall: Review I will be reverting to bullet points in my match reviews this season as I feel, especially with the addition of full match replays on iFollow, it makes the content ‘flow’ better and read less like a match report and more akin to observations on both teams that don’t necessarily have to follow a set chronology. Both sides lined up pretty much as I’d anticipated, with a toss-up in midfield for the hosts between Callum Reilly and Tsun Dai and for the Saddlers up top, with Simeon Jackson getting the nod over Amadou Bakayoko. Nicky Ajose operated fairly far apart from Jermaine Beckford and the latter acknowledged after the game that their partnership (such as it was) is only in its embryonic stage and that a deeper understanding would take time to forge. Ajose for his part looked a little behind most of his peers in terms of sharpness and it will be intriguing to see whether his place is retained on Thursday. Beckford offered plenty of off-the-ball running and took his headed goal well, especially considering the path of the ball was altered at close quarters. Walsall were almost always neat and tidy on the ball until it came to chance creation; as expected, the onus fell extremely heavily on Erhun Oztumer to conjure something out of nothing with limited movement laterally or ahead of him. That said, he was still able to pick a couple of superb passes, particularly in the second half. One of them had Craig Jones watching him rather than his man, marking the only real time they got in behind the backline. Speaking of Jones, he turned in a good performance otherwise, offering a similar thrust to Greg Leigh in the transition to attack whilst never neglecting the need to track back and stick to the task at hand. His body language does suggest however that his injury troubles are never too far away; with Phil Edwards out of contention until at least the short trip to the DW Stadium to face Wigan Athletic on Sunday, the right-back berth looks to be an area in need of some attention already. Both goalkeepers were excellent when they were called upon. More overtly, Mark Gillespie did brilliantly with both penalties, especially Beckford’s. He wasn’t at fault for the solitary goal he did concede and looks on early evidence to be an assured presence between the sticks. His counterpart Joe Murphy’s distribution was top-notch, notably when kicking the ball out of his hands and calmly passing it along the ground. The aforementioned Reilly had an encouraging debut for the Shakers, covering ground alongside Stephen Dawson with no shortage of grit, determination and an eye for a forward pass. His more experienced colleague did exactly what was expected of him, including winning a penalty and openly voicing his thoughts to the referee. Expect to see both of these in high frequency throughout the campaign. Tsun Dai delighted the home supporters with his 30-minute cameo from the bench, offering up a real mixture of skill, vision for a pass and most impressively of all, off-the-ball movement to get into the right areas in both attacking and defensive contexts; his utility is an excellent asset to the club and there now exists a growing number of ‘followers’ from Hong Kong tracking his rapid ascent to prominence Chris Maguire showed from dead balls (other than the spot kick) what Bury have been missing since the departure of Chris Hussey to Sheffield United last summer. Although his effort for the goal was deflected, the whip he was able to get on it from such a position will cause problems regardless if that standard is kept up during 2017/2018. The former Oxford forward grew into the match as it elapsed, offering a good platform for attacks in open play in the second half. Opposition manager Jon Whitney claimed after proceedings that his charges lacked a cutting edge up front, which will come as a surprise to precisely zero supporters of the West Midlands outfit. Their hosts had eight in the starting XI making their debuts (although in Ajose’s case, it’s actually his third loan spell at Gigg Lane) and in truth, didn’t produce anything scintillating, which is going to be par for the course whilst the squad knits together. Walsall had more cohesion and width but no real outlets and, relatively solid as they were as a back four, are going to need something more in attacking areas to put paid to the notion that it will be a year of real struggle. As for Lee Clark, he was mostly pleased with how the first match unfolded, especially how solid the new central defensive were in earning a clean sheet… but did seem to single out Zeli Ismail for some criticism in his post-match interview. The Albanian winger had looked bright in pre-season after returning from his own long-term lay-off and got into some good areas when he was summoned from the subs’ bench to replace Jay O’Shea, who seemed to take a knock a few minutes prior to the change. His end product was often found wanting because of poor decision-making, shaping to shoot when teammates were in space on the counter. His positivity with the ball did win him the second penalty and if O’Shea isn’t fit on Thursday, he might get the opportunity to start. The night before League One kicked off, the club announced the capture of Harry Bunn from Huddersfield Town is what is likely to be a club record fee (although the details of the deal were as ever undisclosed). Elliott Wheat-Bowen over on Talk of the Town wrote a deeply insightful piece on what fans can expect of the latest addition to the squad; there now exists an abundance of options in both wide and central areas behind the forwards; to that end, my next blogpost will be on the possible shapes, strategies and combinations Clark now has at his disposal to utilise over the course of the season. | Low | [
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Q: Timed out waiting for container port to open (localhost ports: [32773] should be listening) I am trying to use https://github.com/testcontainers/testcontainers-scala that is inherent from https://www.testcontainers.org/ as the following: final class MessageSpec extends BddSpec with ForAllTestContainer with BeforeAndAfterAll { override val container = GenericContainer("sweetsoft/sapmock").configure{ c => c.addExposedPort(8080) c.withNetwork(Network.newNetwork()) } override def beforeAll() { } feature("Process incoming messages") { When I run the test with the command sbt test, I've got the following exception: 15:22:23.171 [pool-7-thread-2] ERROR [sweetsoft/sapmock:latest] - Could not start container org.testcontainers.containers.ContainerLaunchException: Timed out waiting for container port to open (localhost ports: [32775] should be listening) at org.testcontainers.containers.wait.strategy.HostPortWaitStrategy.waitUntilReady(HostPortWaitStrategy.java:47) at org.testcontainers.containers.wait.strategy.AbstractWaitStrategy.waitUntilReady(AbstractWaitStrategy.java:35) at org.testcontainers.containers.wait.HostPortWaitStrategy.waitUntilReady(HostPortWaitStrategy.java:23) at org.testcontainers.containers.wait.strategy.AbstractWaitStrategy.waitUntilReady(AbstractWaitStrategy.java:35) at org.testcontainers.containers.GenericContainer.waitUntilContainerStarted(GenericContainer.java:582) The image is a local image: docker images REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE sweetsoft/sapmock latest f02be90356e7 3 hours ago 664MB openjdk 8 bec43387959a 11 days ago 625MB quay.io/testcontainers/ryuk 0.2.3 64849fd2d464 3 months ago 10.7MB The question is, why is it waiting for 32775 port? And for what is the port good for? Update Maybe this log will help: 15:47:47.274 [pool-7-thread-4] INFO org.testcontainers.dockerclient.DockerClientProviderStrategy - Found Docker environment with Environment variables, system properties and defaults. Resolved: dockerHost=unix:///var/run/docker.sock apiVersion='{UNKNOWN_VERSION}' registryUrl='https://index.docker.io/v1/' registryUsername='developer' registryPassword='null' registryEmail='null' dockerConfig='DefaultDockerClientConfig[dockerHost=unix:///var/run/docker.sock,registryUsername=developer,registryPassword=<null>,registryEmail=<null>,registryUrl=https://index.docker.io/v1/,dockerConfigPath=/home/developer/.docker,sslConfig=<null>,apiVersion={UNKNOWN_VERSION},dockerConfig=<null>]' 15:47:47.275 [pool-7-thread-4] INFO org.testcontainers.DockerClientFactory - Docker host IP address is localhost 15:47:47.277 [pool-7-thread-4] DEBUG com.github.dockerjava.core.command.AbstrDockerCmd - Cmd: com.github.dockerjava.core.exec.InfoCmdExec@51a07bb5 15:47:47.389 [pool-7-thread-4] DEBUG com.github.dockerjava.core.command.AbstrDockerCmd - Cmd: com.github.dockerjava.core.exec.VersionCmdExec@70fc9b37 15:47:47.392 [pool-7-thread-4] INFO org.testcontainers.DockerClientFactory - Connected to docker: Server Version: 18.09.6 API Version: 1.39 Operating System: Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS Total Memory: 7976 MB 15:47:47.395 [pool-7-thread-4] DEBUG com.github.dockerjava.core.command.AbstrDockerCmd - Cmd: ListImagesCmdImpl[imageNameFilter=quay.io/testcontainers/ryuk:0.2.3,showAll=false,filters=com.github.dockerjava.core.util.FiltersBuilder@0,execution=com.github.dockerjava.core.exec.ListImagesCmdExec@562a343] 15:47:47.417 [pool-7-thread-4] DEBUG org.testcontainers.utility.RegistryAuthLocator - Looking up auth config for image: quay.io/testcontainers/ryuk:0.2.3 15:47:47.417 [pool-7-thread-4] DEBUG org.testcontainers.utility.RegistryAuthLocator - RegistryAuthLocator has configFile: /home/developer/.docker/config.json (does not exist) and commandPathPrefix: 15:47:47.418 [pool-7-thread-4] WARN org.testcontainers.utility.RegistryAuthLocator - Failure when attempting to lookup auth config (dockerImageName: quay.io/testcontainers/ryuk:0.2.3, configFile: /home/developer/.docker/config.json. Falling back to docker-java default behaviour. Exception message: /home/developer/.docker/config.json (No such file or directory) 15:47:47.418 [pool-7-thread-4] DEBUG org.testcontainers.dockerclient.auth.AuthDelegatingDockerClientConfig - Effective auth config [null] A: Original java library has answer to your port question. https://www.testcontainers.org/features/networking/ Note that this exposed port number is from the perspective of the container. From the host's perspective Testcontainers actually exposes this on a random free port. This is by design, to avoid port collisions that may arise with locally running software or in between parallel test runs. Because there is this layer of indirection, it is necessary to ask Testcontainers for the actual mapped port at runtime. This can be done using the getMappedPort method, which takes the original (container) port as an argument In Scala library you can get this mapped port by calling container.mappedPort(yourExposedPort) Error is most likely related to this concept, you need to expose that port in advance, inside your docker image. Make sure that you either have expose 8080 command somewhere in your dockerfile or any image that is used to build yours have it | Low | [
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Novel, rapid, low-cost screen-printed (bio)sensors for the direct analysis of boar taint compounds androstenone and skatole in porcine adipose tissue: Comparison with a high-resolution gas chromatographic method. This is the first report on the fabrication, characterisation and application of an electrochemical (bio)sensor system for the simultaneous measurement of skatole and androstenone. A biosensor for androstenone was fabricated using a Meldola's Blue modified SPCE (MB-SPCE) by depositing NADH and the enzyme 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase onto the MB-SPCE surface; samples of adipose tissue were analysed using the biosensors in conjunction with chronoamperometry. Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of skatole at a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE vs. Ag/AgCl). An oxidation peak was observed around +0.55 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and differential pulse voltammetry was applied for quantification of skatole in adipose tissue (in-situ). Quantitative analysis was achieved using calibration plots obtained from fortified meat samples. The concentrations obtained by the electrochemical and gas chromatographic (GC) methods demonstrated a good positive correlation. The (bio)sensor system completed both measurements within 60 s, as compared to several hours for GC, and at a considerably reduced cost and complexity. Consequently, the novel (bio)sensor system should have applications for analysis of carcasses on the abattoir processing line. | High | [
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Two beluga whales captured from the wild and forced to spend their lives performing in a Chinese aquarium are to be flown to freedom in an Icelandic bay by their new British owner within weeks. Little Grey and Little White will be released into the world’s first beluga whale sanctuary — a remote bay in Iceland — in early April after being flown 6,000 miles from captivity at Changfeng Ocean World in Shanghai. “This will be the world’s first sanctuary created to rehabilitate captive cetaceans such as whales and dolphins,” said a spokesman for Britain’s Sea Life Trust, which is behind the project. It hopes that the sanctuary, on the island of Heimaey, will eventually become home to dozens more whales released from captivity. Little | Mid | [
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The couple that complained about the display, Rachel and Elisha Simon-Lee, met Monday night with the restaurant's owner, Steve Smith. "He had already taken the magazine down when we got there," said Rachel Simon-Lee, a media production specialist in St. Louis. "We had a very productive talk, things went better than we had expected." Smith was unavailable for comment, but company spokesperson Jolie Duhon confirmed that the cover had been taken down. "I'm glad there was a resolution and that the two parties had a chance to get to know each other better," Duhon said. | Low | [
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Oops, Javascript is disabled in your browser!We will not be able to serve you properly with Javascript disabled in your browser.Please enable Javascript support in your browser and refresh this page before you continue. Ok, everyone knows Patagonia makes quality gear that lasts forever. I have had a pair of these shorts for 5 years now and they are still in great shape. I wore them for 12 d… - Andrew, 04/26/14 I am a sucker for quality gear that is stylish and durable. So, yeah, I'm a big fan of Patagonia's board shorts. Not only do they fit comfortably (i.e. no chafing), they show… - Matthew, 11/18/14 Lawrence, KS Wore these nearly everyday on a trip in Croatia where I was rafting, kayaking, swimming etc. They served me well, look good, fit true to size and no issues at all. I would b… - J, 10/13/14 Richmond VA Great quick dry material, solid construction and styling. One issue, had to order 2" bigger in the waist than I needed so my booty and legs would fit the shorts. Took them to… - Crosby, 03/24/14 Sandpoint, ID Moosejaw Rewards You earn 10 points for every dollar you spend on Moosejaw.com or at our shops (5 points for discounted items). That's like getting 10% back to spend on MoosejawRewards.com. So if you get a $200 jacket at Moosejaw.com you can turn around and get a $20 tee at Moosejaw Rewards. You are signed up and earn points automatically when you make a purchase and give your email address. | Low | [
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Q: terminate all thread on close web socket in node.js i am making an RESTful web service & for that, i am use node.js. in my web service i need an socket to send some data one so socket can proceed on that data and response after every 30 seconds. so, i'm use "ws" node package that can accept data as message and i can proceed on that. now the issue is that... whenever i'm close my connection then old proccess will be continuously work. like i'm send variable i value on every 30 seconds that increment every time like first response is : 1 after 30 seconds : 2 after 30 seconds : 3 after 30 seconds : 4 after 30 seconds : 5 now if i will close the socket & reopen it then it will send me something like... first response is : 1 after 30 seconds : 6 after 30 seconds : 2 after 30 seconds : 7 after 30 seconds : 3 after 30 seconds : 8 after 30 seconds : 4 after 30 seconds : 9 after 30 seconds : 5 after 30 seconds : 10 after 30 seconds : 6 after 30 seconds : 11 after 30 seconds : 7 after 30 seconds : 12 after 30 seconds : 8 so, as you can see here, it first send new data 1 then continue old process from 5 so, it return 6 then 2 & then 7..... i think it's because of multi-threading concept of node.js. that hold old data as well as working with new one. so please any one help me how to solve it out. A: Actually there is no multi-threading in Node (there is under the hood but not in the JavaScript layer). So you cannot terminate any threads because you have only one thread that you can use and you can only terminate it with process.exit() which is not what you want. Without seeing even a single line of your code I can only speculate but it seems that you don't reset your setInterval functions. You also seem to be using some kind of shared global state for all of your sockets. There is nothing more I can tell you other than to stop your setIntervals and/or cancel your timeouts on socket disconnections and also to not use one global state for all of your sockets if that is not what you want. Next time add some code examples. | Mid | [
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Q: Losing static IP and and getting DHCP IP I have a Debian 7.1 machine that is our internal intrusion detection system running snort. It has started flaking on me and will pull a DHCP address even though I have it set to static. This happens every few hours. Here is my /etc/network/interfaces # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5). # The loopback network interface auto lo eth0 eth1 iface lo inet loopback # The primary network interface allow-hotplug eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 10.10.10.107 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 10.10.10.1 iface eth1 inet manual up ifconfig $IFACE 0.0.0.0 up up ifconfig $IFACE promisc down ifconfig down A: There is probably network-manager or wicd running. Disable/Uninstall it. You can temporarily shutdown network-manager with service network-manager stop. There could be also some dhclient programs in the background. Run ps ax | grep [d]hclient or pgrep dhclient so check if there are DHCP clients running. You can kill them via killall dhclient. Theoretically, there are other DHCP clients with different names, but it is unlikely that they are installed. | High | [
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Sorry, we're unable to recognize the ZIP code {{zip}} you entered, please make sure it's entered correctly.Click here to see current delivery zones. To enter a different zip code, please enter in the box to the upper left. Shop By Grand Marnier is a delicate blend of fine cognacs and distilled essence of tropical oranges with Marnier-Lapostolle's secret touch. Slow aging in French oak casks gives it incomparable roundness and subtlety. It has a complex nose of orange flowers combined with scents of candied zests and toffee. Bitter orange flavors are enhanced by the cognac with nuances of orange marmalade and hazelnuts. The finish is long and harmonious. (from Grand Marnier) | Low | [
0.505703422053231,
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Improved understanding of the role of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) products as mediators or products of cell injury and/or inflammation requires techniques for their accurate and precise quantification. The requirement for analyses of high sensitivity and selectivity, together with difficulties of data interpretation associated with ex vivo production, indicate that it is important to establish reference analytical methods for the the assay of those 5-LO metabolites that most reliably reflect in vivo production. Accordingly, we propose to develop analytical procedures based on mass spectrometry and to evaluate these methods with the assay of physiological fluids derived from an animal model and from normal human volunteers. we believe it is premature to propose expensive studies of patient populations at this stage but we anticipate subsequent application of our procedures to the investigation of human disease states by separate funding. The method for the analysis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and related compounds will incorporate solid phase extraction (including the use of coupled anti-LTB4 serum), HPLC purification and detection of the pentafluorobenzyl ester, trimethylsilyl ether derivatives by gas chromatography (GC)- electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (MS) with selective reaction monitoring. The peptido-leukotrienes will be extracted from biological fluids using C18-silica cartridges, purified by reverse-phase HPLC and determined by continuous- flow fast atom bombardment/tandem MS, with selected reaction monitoring. The alternative approach will also be followed of hydrogenation and reductive cleavage to yield 5- hydroxyeicosanoic acid, which will be determined by GC-electron capture negative in MS. The analytical procedures will be assessed by analysis of biological fluids from a well understood animal model, namely the rat subjected to endotoxin shock. Studies in normal human volunteers will involve the determination of 5-HETE, LTB4 and a stable metabolite (20-hydroxy LTB4) in blood plasma and other fluids. Sampling conditions will be adopted which minimize ex vivo production. The influence of ex vivo stimulation on the concentration of 20-hydroxy LTB, will also be assessed. As a further means of monitoring 5-LO activity without the interference of ex vivo production, we will determine LTE4 in urine. Finally, if marked inter-individual differences are apparent in urinary LTE4 levels of normal volunteers, direct assessments of LT production rates will be made following infusion of tritiated analogues of the leukotrienes. | Mid | [
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1.. Introduction ================ Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury may lead to the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The loss of intestinal barrier function is considered to be the initial triggering event that turns the gut into the "motor" of MODS \[[@b1-ijms-15-07883]\]. It is known that cell apoptosis is a significant contributor to increased intestinal permeability and there is clear evidence of cell apoptosis in intestinal mucosa after intestinal I/R injury \[[@b2-ijms-15-07883]--[@b4-ijms-15-07883]\]. Several signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, and HIF-1, have been reported to be involved in the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells after I/R injury \[[@b5-ijms-15-07883]--[@b7-ijms-15-07883]\]. However, the precise molecular mechanisms of this process are still not fully understood. Studies have shown that the *Notch* signaling pathway plays critical roles in intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis \[[@b8-ijms-15-07883]\]. In mammals, there are four transmembrane *Notch* receptors (*Notch1--4*), two *Jagged*-like ligands (*Jagged1*, *Jagged2*), and three Delta-like ligands (*DLL1*, *DLL3*, *DLL4*) \[[@b9-ijms-15-07883],[@b10-ijms-15-07883]\]. The interaction of these five ligands with *Notch* receptors will activate their proteolytic cleavage at two sites. The cleavage releases the *Notch* intracellular domain (NICD), which translocates to the nucleus and forms an activated transcriptional complex. The complex then activates the transcription of target genes, such as *Hes* (Hairy/Enhancer of split) and Hey (*Hes*-related with YRPW motif), which are two families of basic helix-loop-helix genes \[[@b11-ijms-15-07883]\]. Importantly, the second *Notch* receptor cleavage is mediated by the γ-secretase complex, and inhibition of this proteolytic activity will block the activation of *Notch* receptors \[[@b12-ijms-15-07883]\]. In hepatic I/R injury, interruption of *Notch* signaling resulted in increased intracellular ROS and increased apoptosis of hepatocytes. *Notch2* signal protected hepatocytes from I/R injury by *Hes5* dependent activation of STAT3, leading to the scavenging of ROS \[[@b13-ijms-15-07883]\]. *Notch* signaling protects myocardial cell, endothelial cell, and lymphocyte from apoptosis after injury \[[@b14-ijms-15-07883]--[@b16-ijms-15-07883]\]. *Notch* signaling was also reported to protect neuron and non-parenchymal cells from apoptosis in I/R injury \[[@b17-ijms-15-07883],[@b18-ijms-15-07883]\]. After intestinal I/R injury, intestinal epithelial cells undergo proliferation and apoptosis \[[@b2-ijms-15-07883]--[@b4-ijms-15-07883]\]. In our previous published study, we detected increased expression of *Notch* signaling components in intestinal epithelium after intestinal I/R injury and showed that *Notch* signaling was involved in the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells \[[@b19-ijms-15-07883]\]. However, little is known about the role of *Notch* signaling in the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells after intestinal I/R injury. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of *Notch* signaling pathway in the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells after intestinal I/R injury. 2.. Results =========== 2.1.. Intestinal I/R Injury Increased Apoptosis of Intestinal Epithelial Cells ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ We built the intestinal I/R model through occlusion of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 20 min in mice. Jejunum of mice were excised at 12 h after reperfusion. TUNEL examination was carried out to examine the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells after intestinal I/R injury. TUNEL staining results showed that the TUNEL-positive cells could be observed in the intestinal epithelial cells of sham operated mice. Importantly, I/R (12 h) significantly increased the number of TUNEL-positive cells compared with sham operation ([Figure 1A,B](#f1-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}). The TUNEL-positive cells increased 18.6-fold in the I/R (12 h) group compared with the sham group ([Figure 1B](#f1-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}). However, in the negative control group there was no TUNEL-positive cell ([Figure 1A](#f1-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}). This shows that all the TUNEL results are credible. 2.2.. The Notch Signaling Was Activated in a Mouse Model of Intestinal I/R -------------------------------------------------------------------------- To investigate the expression of *Notch* signaling components in intestinal epithelium after I/R, we generated a mouse model of intestinal I/R by occlusion of the SMA for 20 min. The clamps were removed, and I/R mice were killed at 12 h after reperfusion. According to published studies, *Notch* signaling components were expressed in intestine of mouse, including four ligands (*Jagged1*, *Jagged2*, *DLL1*, and *DLL4*), four *Notch* receptors (*Notch1*, *2*, *3*, and *4*), and four *Hes* genes (*Hes1*, *Hes5*, *Hes6*, and *Hes7*) \[[@b20-ijms-15-07883]\]. In our experiment, real-time PCR analysis was applied to screen the intestinal epithelium genes for ligands, *Notch* receptors (*Notch1*, *2*, *3*, and *4*) and target genes. As shown in [Figure 2A](#f2-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}, the mRNA levels of *Jagged1*, *DLL1*, *Notch2*, and the target gene *Hes5* were increased after I/R injury compared to the sham operation group. The mRNA expression of *Jagged1*, *DLL1*, *Notch2* and *Hes5* increased 2.44-, 1.84-, 1.94-, and 3.32-fold, at 12 h after I/R compared to sham operation, respectively ([Figure 2A](#f2-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}, *p* \< 0.01, I/R 12 h *vs.* Sham). At this point, the other *Notch* signaling components, such as *Notch1*, *3*, and *4*, exhibited no significant changes statistically (data not shown). Based on the mRNA expression of *Notch* signaling components, we focused on the protein expression of NICD2 and *Hes5* during the following experiments. The protein level of *Hes5* also increased after I/R injury ([Figure 2B,C](#f2-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}). The protein expression of *Hes5* was increased 3.27-fold after I/R injury, respectively ([Figure 2C](#f2-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}, *p* \< 0.01, I/R 12 h *vs.* Sham). As cleavage of *Notch2* is the indicator of *Notch* signal activation, then we investigated NICD2 protein expression. Western blot analyses showed a significant increase in the NICD2 level at 12 h after I/R, indicating the activation of *Notch* signaling ([Figure 2B,C](#f2-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}). Quantification of the Western blot results revealed a 2.32-fold increase of NICD2 compared with the sham operated mice ([Figure 2C](#f2-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}, *p* \< 0.01, I/R 12 h *vs.* Sham). 2.3.. Effects of DAPT on the Apoptosis of IEC-6 Cells ----------------------------------------------------- In order to investigate the functional role of the *Notch2* signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells, we used a culture system with IEC-6 cells receiving 4 h hypoxia, followed by 4 h reoxygenation (H/R), as reported previously \[[@b21-ijms-15-07883]\]. First, we examined if this culture system mimics the *in vivo* I/R model, we investigated the mRNA expression of *Jagged1*, *DLL1*, *Notch2*, and *Hes5* and the protein expression of NICD2, and *Hes5*. The real-time PCR results showed that H/R up-regulated the mRNA expression of *Jagged1*, *DLL1*, *Notch2*, and *Hes5* by 1.94-, 3.95-, 1.84-, and 5.82-fold compared to the control group, respectively (*p* \< 0.01, H/R *vs.* Control) ([Figure 3A](#f3-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}). In accordance with the *in vivo* real-time PCR results, at this point, the other *Notch* signaling components of IEC-6 cells, such as *Notch1*, *3*, and *4*, also exhibited no significant changes statistically (data not shown). Western blot results showed that H/R up-regulated the protein expression of NICD2 and *Hes5* by 1.7- and 4.43-fold compared to the control group, respectively (*p* \< 0.01, H/R *vs.* Control) ([Figure 3B,C](#f3-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}). These results indicated that the IEC-6 culture system mimics the *in vivo* I/R model. DAPT is one type of γ-secretase inhibitor that inhibits the activation of *Notch* signaling. DAPT was used to stimulate the IEC-6 cells to investigate the function of *Notch* signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. After DAPT was added to the culture medium of IEC-6 cells for 12 h, IEC-6 cells received H/R or not. After H/R, cell protein was extracted and western blot was applied to examine the the effect of DAPT on the signal transduction of IEC-6 cells. The Western blot results showed that DAPT down-regulated the protein expressions of NICD2 and *Hes5* ([Figure 4A,B](#f4-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}). Furthermore, we examined the effects of DAPT on the apoptosis of IEC-6 cells receiving H/R or not with flow cytometry. The flow cytometry results showed that H/R increased the early and late apoptosis of IEC-6 cells compared to control group ([Figure 4C](#f4-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}). Statistically, DAPT had no effect on the apoptosis rate of IEC-6 cells. However, DAPT and H/R together increased the apoptosis rate of IEC-6 cells significantly, especially the early apoptosis of IEC-6 cells ([Figure 4C](#f4-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}). The results above showed that down-regulation of *Notch2* signaling by γ-secretase inhibition contributed to IEC-6 cells apoptosis under an H/R condition ([Figure 4A--C](#f4-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}). The *Notch2*-*Hes5* signaling was up-regulated in intestinal epithelial cells under an H/R condition and promoted the survival of IEC-6 cells. 2.4. Effects of Silencing RNA for Hes5 on the Apoptosis of IEC-6 Cells ---------------------------------------------------------------------- To further investigate the effect of *Notch* signaling on intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, IEC-6 cells were transfected with siRNA for *Hes5*. Western blot results showed that the siRNA for *Hes5* significantly down-regulated the protein expression of *Hes5* ([Figure 5A,B](#f5-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}). Then flow cytometry was applied to examine the effect of siRNA for *Hes5* on the apoptosis of IEC-6 cells receiving H/R or not. The results showed that suppression of *Hes5* expression increased the apoptosis of IEC-6 cells. Importantly, under the H/R condition siRNA for *Hes5* further increased the apoptosis of IEC-6 cells significantly, especially the early apoptosis of IEC-6 cells ([Figure 5C](#f5-ijms-15-07883){ref-type="fig"}). The results above confirmed that protein expression of *Hes5* could promote the survival of intestinal epithelial cells under the condition of H/R. 3.. Discussion ============== In this study, we found that intestinal I/R stress caused increased apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. The mRNA and protein expression of *Notch* signaling components were significantly increased in intestinal epithelial cells after I/R injury. Our findings also demonstrated that the *Notch2*/*Hes5* signaling pathway was involved in the protection of intestinal epithelial cells from intestinal I/R injury. Intestinal I/R injury, which is associated with trauma, hemorrhage, and other shock states, is characterized by epithelial apoptosis, necrosis, and mucosal barrier dysfunction. Studies have shown that intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis is a significant contributor to mucosal barrier dysfunction. Immediate early genes, such as c-*fos* and c*-jun* are involved in the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells \[[@b22-ijms-15-07883],[@b23-ijms-15-07883]\]. Some other factors, such as p38 MAPK, IL-6, HGF, and KGF, were also reported to be involved in the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells after I/R injury \[[@b24-ijms-15-07883]--[@b27-ijms-15-07883]\]. However, the precise molecular mechanisms that accompany I/R within the intestinal epithelial cells need further investigation. The *Notch* signaling pathway plays critical roles in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis \[[@b8-ijms-15-07883]\]. Mutations in the *Notch* pathway components, such as the *Notch* DNA binding protein RBP-J or *Notch* receptors will disturb the normal differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells \[[@b28-ijms-15-07883]--[@b30-ijms-15-07883]\]. Inhibition of *Notch* signaling activation by γ-secretase inhibitors also lead to disturbed intestinal homeostasis \[[@b28-ijms-15-07883]--[@b30-ijms-15-07883]\]. The published studies have shown that the PCNA-positive cells increased at 1 to 6 h after reperfusion and TUNEL-positive cells increased later than PCNA-positive cells in a rat I/R model \[[@b22-ijms-15-07883],[@b23-ijms-15-07883],[@b31-ijms-15-07883]\]. Our previous studies have investigated the role of *Notch* signaling in the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells \[[@b19-ijms-15-07883],[@b32-ijms-15-07883]\]. In our previous study by our group, we showed that *Notch* signaling was activated and increased the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells through 6 h after reperfusion \[[@b19-ijms-15-07883]\]. However, in our previous study we did not investigate the *Notch* signaling expression later than 6 h after reperfusion. It is also not clear whether *Notch* signaling was involved in the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells after intestinal I/R injury. Thus, in this study we further investigated the function of *Notch* signaling in the apoptosis of the intestinal epithelial cells after I/R injury. In our study, real-time PCR analysis was firstly applied to screen the intestinal epithelium genes for ligands, *Notch* receptors (*Notch1*, *2*, *3*, and *4*) and target genes after intestinal I/R injury. Physiologically, *Jagged1* and *DLL1* were normally localized in the intestinal epithelial cells \[[@b20-ijms-15-07883],[@b33-ijms-15-07883]\]. In this study, we detected increased expression of *Jagged1* and *DLL1* after I/R injury. To confirm the activation of *Notch* signaling pathway, we further detected increased expression of *Notch2* and *Hes5*. real-time PCR and Western blot results showed that the expressions of *Notch2* and *Hes5* increased significantly 12 h after I/R injury. However, the other *Notch* signaling components, such as *Notch1*, *3*, *4*, exhibited no significant changes statistically. Thus, in the following experiments we focused on the expression of *Jagged1*, *DLL1*, *Notch2*, and *Hes5*. Accompanied with activated *Notch2* signaling, the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells also increased significantly. From the above, we aimed to investigate whether *Notch2* signaling was involved in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis after intestinal I/R injury. To further investigate the functional role of *Notch2* signaling in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, an IEC-6 cells culture system was applied. In some instances, it may be inappropriate to extend *in vitro* results to *in vivo* conditions; The results showed that the mRNA expression of *Jagged1*, *DLL1*, *Notch2*, and *Hes5* and the protein expression of NICD2 and *Hes5* were up-regulated in IEC-6 cells under the H/R condition. The results above suggested that the *in vitro* IEC-6 cells culture system could mimic the *in vivo* I/R model upon activation of *Notch2*/*Hes5* signaling pathway. Next, the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT, which inhibits γ-secretase activation of *Notch* receptors, was used to investigate the function of *Notch2* signaling on the apoptosis of IEC-6 cells receiving H/R or not. The results showed that the protein expressions of NICD2 and *Hes5* were down-regulated significantly. The apoptosis of IEC-6 cells was increased significantly when *Notch2* signaling was suppressed by DAPT. Next, siRNA for *Hes5* was used to suppress the expression of *Hes5* and examine the role of *Hes5* in the apoptosis of IEC-6 cells. The results showed that suppression of *Hes5* with siRNA significantly increased the apoptosis of IEC-6 cells. All these results suggested that the NICD2/*Hes5* signaling was involved in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis after intestinal I/R injury. In summary, our study showed that the *Notch2*/*Hes5* signaling pathway was activated and involved in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis after intestinal I/R injury. Further studies are needed to gain a more precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms of intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis after intestinal I/R injury. 4.. Experimental Section ======================== 4.1.. Animals ------------- Male, 6--8 week-old, specific pathogen-free, C57BL/6 mice were purchased from the Experiment Animal Center at Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. All the animal experiments were performed in compliance with the University's Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. Mice were randomly divided into two groups: control group (sham operation, *n* =7) and experimental group (I/R, *n* =7). For the I/R group, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded using an atraumatic microvascular clamp for 20 min. Then, we removed the clamps and closed the incisions \[[@b19-ijms-15-07883]\]. Mice were sacrificed at 12 h after reperfusion. The jejunums of mice were quickly removed and processed for histological evaluation, RNA extraction, or protein extraction. The control mice received identical operation procedures without occlusion of the SMA. 4.2.. Cell Culture ------------------ The intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6, originally purchased from the American type culture collection (Manassas, VA, USA), were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium (DMEM, Hyclone, Thermo Fisher, Rockford, IL, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 100 IU/mL penicillin and cultured overnight for ad*Hes*ion. Once grown, the IEC-6 cells were cultured at 37 °C in either normoxic (20% O~2~ and 5% CO~2~) or hypoxic (1% O~2~ and 5% CO~2~ in a hypoxia chamber) conditions (Thermo Fisher, Rockford, IL, USA). The γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT was added to the medium for 12 h, and the apoptosis of IEC-6 cells were investigated with flow cytometric analysis. Total protein was also obtained for Western blot analysis. 4.3.. Real-Time PCR Analysis ---------------------------- Total RNA was extracted following a standard isothiocyanate/chloroform extraction method using Trizol (Takara Co., Ltd., Dalian, China), and reverse transcription into first-strand cDNA was performed using the First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (FSK-100, TOYOBO CO., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) in the presence of the RNase inhibitor diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) \[[@b32-ijms-15-07883]\]. The amplified cDNA was used as the template DNA for PCR performed with specific primers. In the *in vivo* experiments, the following primers were used: *Jagged1* forward, 5′-CTTGGGTCTGTTGCTTGGTGA-3′ and reverse, 5′-ACATTGTTGGTGGTGTTGTCCTC-3′; *DLL1* forward, 5′-CGGCTTCTATGGCAAGGTCTG-3′ and reverse, 5′-TGTAGCCTCCGTCAGGGTTATCT-3′; *Notch2* forward, 5′-GCGAGCACCCATACCTGACA-3′ and reverse, 5′-TGGGCTGGTGGTCACATCTG-3′; and *Hes5* forward, 5′-AAGCTGGAGAAGGCCGACA-3′ and reverse, 5′-CAGGAGTAGCCCTCGCTGTAGT-3′; GAPDH forward, 5′-AGAAGGTGGTGAAGCAGGCA-3′ and reverse, 5′-AGGTGGAAGAGTGGGAGTTGC-3′. In the *in vitro* experiments the following primers were used: *Jagged1* forward, 5′-CGCCGTGCCCTTTGTGGAG-3′ and reverse, 5′-GGGCCAGACTGCAGGATAAAC-3′; *DLL1* forward, 5′-AGAGGGGCCAACGCTACATGTG-3′ and reverse, 5′-GGCGGAGGCTGGTGTTTCTG-3′; *Notch2* forward, 5′-GGGGGGACCTGCTCTGACTAC-3′ and reverse, 5′-ACGTGCCGCCATTGAAACAGGAG-3′; and *Hes5* forward, 5′-GAAGCCGGTGGTGGAGAAG-3′ and reverse, 5′-CGGCGAAGGCTTTGCTGTG-3′; GAPDH forward, 5′-GGGGCCAAAAGGGTCATCATCTC-3′ and reverse, 5′-AGGGGCCATCCACAGTCTTC-3′; Real-time PCR was performed as previously described \[[@b27-ijms-15-07883]\]. The standard conditions used for real-time PCR were as follows: 94 °C for 10 min, 30 s at 94 °C, 30 s at 60 °C, and 45 s at 72 °C for 45 cycles. 4.4.. Western Blot Analysis --------------------------- Tissues and cells were homogenized in cold RIPA buffer (PBS, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 1 μg/mL PMSF, 1.0 mM sodium orthovanadate, and 1× mammalian protease inhibitor cocktail; Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China). Protein was quantified by the Bradford method using the BCA assay reagent (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). Equal amounts of protein were loaded into SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred onto PVDF-Plus membranes. After blocking in 5% fat-free milk for 1 h at room temperature, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with the following primary antibodies: NICD2 (ab-52302, Abcam, UK), *Hes5* (sc-25395, Santa Cruz, Dallas, CA, USA), and GAPDH (sc-32233, Santa-Cruz, Dallas, CA, USA). The primary antibodies were detected with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG, or goat anti mouse IgG secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature and detected by the use of a chemiluminescence system (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) and imaging system (Kodak Gel Logic 4000R Imaging System, Carestream, Rochester, NY, USA). A semiquantitative densitometry analysis of the bands were performed using the Kodak Gel Logic 4000R Imaging System (Carestream, Rochester, NY, USA). Protein expression was normalized to the same sample's expression of GAPDH. 4.5.. Silencing Hes5 Using siRNA and in Vitro Transfection ---------------------------------------------------------- To inhibit the *Notch* signaling pathway, an *in vitro* transfection to silence *Hes5* expression was performed. siRNA were chemically synt*Hes*ized by Ribobio (Guangzhou, China). The sequences of the siRNAs targeting *Hes5* were as follows: siRNA1, sense 5′ GCAUUGAGCAGCUGAAACUdTdT 3′ and antisense 3′ dTdTCGUAACUCGUCGACUUUGA 5′; siRNA2, sense 5′ GCAGAUGAAGCUGCUUUACdTdT 3′ and antisense 3′ dTdTCGUCUACUUCGACGAAAUG 5′. After IEC-6 cells were cultured to 50%--60% confluency in 6-well plates, they were transfected with siRNA at a concentration of 50 nmol for each well using the Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen, Shanghai, China) in antibiotic-free and serum-free Opti-MEM medium, according to the manufacturer's instructions \[[@b19-ijms-15-07883]\]. An unrelated control siRNA (si-NC) was used in the experiment as the negative control. After 6 h, the medium was replaced with normal IEC-6 cell medium, and the cells were cultured for 48 h. Then, protein was extracted from the cells, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the protein expression of *Hes5*. Flow cytometric analysis was applied to investigate the effect of siRNA on the apoptosis of IEC-6 cells. 4.6.. Detection of Epithelial Apoptosis --------------------------------------- Tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, and 5 μm paraffin-embedded sections were prepared. Intestinal epithelial apoptosis was investigated through terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining using an *in situ* cell death detection POD kit (Roche, Penzberg, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. As a predealing process, the slides were incubated with 20 μg/mL proteinase K (pH 7.6) for 15 min at room temperature. Then slides were incubated with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 8 min and rinsed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 3% H~2~O~2~ and methanol. Rinse slides with PBS, add 50 μL TUNEL reaction mixture on sample and incubate for 60 min at 37 °C. Rinse slides three times with PBS and examine the samples under a fluorescence microscope. After this pilot evaluation, the slides were stained by DAB coupling. All slides were counterstained with hematoxylin. As a negative control, the terminal transferase was omitted. The TUNEL-positive cells were counted under a light microscope. In order to detect the apoptosis of IEC-6 cells, flow cytometric analysis was applied with Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (KeyGEN Biotech, Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. IEC-6 cells were cultured as above. Double staining for FITC-Annexin V binding and cellular DNA using propidium iodide (PI) was performed as previously described \[[@b34-ijms-15-07883]\]. The acquisition and analysis were performed using MoFlow (Beckman Coulter, Atlanta, GA, USA). 4.7.. Statistical Analysis -------------------------- All the results are presented as the means. The Student's *t* test was used for the comparisons of the mean values between two groups. ANOVA was used for comparisons of more than two groups. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS13.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). *p* \< 0.05 was considered significant. 5.. Conclusions =============== In this study, we found that intestinal I/R injury caused increased apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. The mRNA and protein expressions of *Notch* signaling components were significantly increased in intestinal epithelial cells after I/R injury. Our findings also demonstrated that the *Notch2*/*Hes5* signaling pathway was involved in the protection of intestinal epithelial cells from intestinal I/R injury. This work was supported through funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 81330013 and NSFC 81272078 to H.Y., NSFC 81270451 to W.D.X.), and program for Chang jiang scholars and innovative research team in University (IRT 13050 to H.Y.). The authors declare no conflict of interest. {#f1-ijms-15-07883} {#f2-ijms-15-07883} {#f3-ijms-15-07883} {#f4-ijms-15-07883} {#f5-ijms-15-07883} [^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work. | Mid | [
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Q: What is making my widget's infinite loop stop working? My widget is a blank background that switches between two colors with a 333ms delay between each switch. It works fine at first, but after 158 switches, it stops switching colors. The thing is, I don't rely on onUpdate. Everything's in an infinite while-loop which is first called when I put the widget on my home screen. What could be causing it to stop switching after 158 switches? Could changing the background color like this be too costly, and the OS disables my widget? ColorSwitchWidget.java: public class ColorSwitchWidget extends AppWidgetProvider { static void updateAppWidget(Context context, AppWidgetManager appWidgetManager, int appWidgetId) { RemoteViews views = new RemoteViews(context.getPackageName(), R.layout.color_switch_widget); boolean lightOn = true; while(true){ try{ Thread.sleep(333); } catch(InterruptedException e){ } if (lightOn) { views.setInt(R.id.RelativeLayout1, "setBackgroundColor", Color.argb(150, 255, 248, 231)); //color 1 lightOn = false; appWidgetManager.updateAppWidget(appWidgetId, views); } else { views.setInt(R.id.RelativeLayout1, "setBackgroundColor", Color.argb(220, 255, 248, 231)); //color 2 lightOn = true; appWidgetManager.updateAppWidget(appWidgetId, views); } } } @Override public void onUpdate(Context context, AppWidgetManager, appWidgetManager, int[] appWidgetIds) { for (int appWidgetId : appWidgetIds) { updateAppWidget(context, appWidgetManager, appWidgetId); } } @Override public void onEnabled(Context context) { } @Override public void onDisabled(Context context) { } } color_switch_widget_info.xml: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <appwidget-provider xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:initialKeyguardLayout="@layout/color_switch_widget" android:initialLayout="@layout/color_switch_widget" android:minHeight="40dp" android:minWidth="40dp" android:previewImage="@drawable/widget_icon_blink" android:resizeMode="horizontal|vertical" android:updatePeriodMillis="1800000" android:widgetCategory="home_screen"></appwidget-provider> The widget works... just not for very long. Is the infinite loop a poor choice? Edit: Found a workaround that doesn't use Thread.sleep(). I'm not sure if this will cause problems or memory issues, but it seems to work for now. final Handler myHandler = new Handler(); final Runnable blinkRunnable = new Runnable(){ int lightOff = true; public void run(){ if(lightOff){ lightOff = false; views.setInt(R.id.RelativeLayout1, "setBackgroundColor", Color.argb(220, 255, 248, 231)); //light "on" appWidgetManager.updateAppWidget(appWidgetId, views); myHandler.postDelayed(this, 333); } else{ lightOff = true; views.setInt(R.id.RelativeLayout1, "setBackgroundColor", Color.argb(150, 255, 248, 231)); //light "off" appWidgetManager.updateAppWidget(appWidgetId, views); myHandler.postDelayed(this, 333); } } }; //start the loop myHandler.post(blinkRunnable); A: The problem here is the fact that you don't run it on a custom thread. The method is called from the main thread, and when you pause the main thread(Thread.sleep()) Android thinks the application isn't responding. Use a new thread instead by creating a new class and letting it extend Thread | Low | [
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In around sixth grade, at the University of Michigan Basketball Camp, they had a shot doctor come in and give a talk. One of his driving points was keeping a free throw routine as simple as possible. Contrary to many other players, he placed the nail perfectly in between his feet and did not stagger those feet. Then, three dribbles and rise. As a result, that's been my free throw routine ever since, and I've had excellent results, as I shot 87% from the stripe my junior year. -Both feet up to the line -Wide stance -Body directly in middle of paint -3 comfortable dribbles -Fire | High | [
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MANILA, April 2 (Reuters) - The Philippines, the world's top rice buyer, said on Thursday it has secured Vietnam's commitment for continuous supply of the staple foood, which may include a 300,000-tonne importation, under an existing bilateral trade agreement. The announcement comes after Vietnam, the world's third-largest rice exporter, stopped signing new deals as it checks whether it has sufficient domestic supplies to cope during the coronavirus outbreak. Agriculture Secretary William Dar said he had received a letter from Deputy Minister Le Quoc Doanh of Vietnam's Ministry of Agriculture and Development expressing Hanoi's commitment to honour its existing supply contracts with Philippine importers. "The government of Vietnam always considers rice trading with the Philippines is not only of economic importance, but also of significance for our good diplomatic relations between the two nations," Le said in the letter, according to Dar. The letter was sent after Dar early this week said about 1.38 million tonnes of rice imported by Philippine traders have yet to be delivered, including 1.25 million tonnes ordered from Vietnam. Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc said on Tuesday his country needs to sell rice but exports must be controlled to ensure food security. Dar has sought to allay concerns about a tightening of domestic supply at a time when many parts of the country have been locked down to contain the spread of the coronavirus, while the world's top rice exporters have also been hit by the pandemic. "Le also said that Hanoi is also working on possible governmental agreement with Manila on rice trade," Dar said in a statement, without mentioning any volume. The Philippine government this week said it was looking to import 300,000 tonnes of rice to ensure sufficient domestic supply of the staple while it seeks to contain the spread of the coronavirus in the Southeast Asian country. (Reporting by Enrico dela Cruz; editing by Emelia Sithole-Matarise) | Mid | [
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The present invention relates to an identification coding for print ribbons and other ribbons or webs that have individual segments or panels that are different from other segments and must be positively identified for desired operations in a printer or other apparatus. In particular the coding is used between groups of colors on a color printing ribbon and also between individual frames of different colors, which gives individual controls for a wide variety of functions. The thermal print ribbons that are presently used in thermal printers are divided into different color dye carrying frames, panels, blocks or segments. Thermal printers require a sensing system, which is capable of identifying the location of the individual colored panel or frames of the web or ribbon used, as well as the start of each group or sequence of the color dye panels or frames. The ribbon is held against a platen that is rotatable, and the ribbon moves with the platen during printing, when a thermal printing head engages the ribbon and causes transfer of a colored dye onto a card or substrate positioned between the ribbon and the platen, and which is also moving with the platen. The printing sequence is carried out under a central control that receives signals indicating the presence of a card or other substrate on which the information is to be printed, and also receiving signals indicating what color frame of the ribbon is in position under the print head and for lining up or registering the card and ribbon. In the past, index marks had been used along the side edges of the ribbon for indicating when the sequence of different color frames starts and is repeated, and also to indicate the boundaries between adjacent frames of different colors of transferrable dye material. In operation the web is advanced until an index mark is detected to indicate that a transferrable color material is in position for printing. The ribbon or web is advanced and rewound under control of the printer controller for one group or sequence of repeatable frames, to obtain the desired image on the card using the dyes on the ribbon or web. The operation is carried out a predetermined number of times so the same sequence of frames is used for printing multiple color images. After an entire sequence of frames is used for printing a color image, the web is advanced until an index mark is sensed for the next sequence of colored frames, thereby bringing the beginning of a sequence of frames in position for printing. The present invention relates to an identification coding for a web or ribbon using laterally extended code markings between each of the color frames or segments on the ribbon that are sequenced along the ribbon length. The code is preferably in the form of readable printed dots, dashes or bars that extend laterally across the web or strip of ribbon at the start of the ribbon, between individual frames or segments, and also between repeating groups or sequences of frames. The code location and arrangement permits a wide range of identification marks to be sensed for determining the ribbon lot and dye set marks at the start of a ribbon and to indicate the color of a following frame or panel on the ribbon. These marks can be used to set the printhead controls, to adjust the printhead for ribbon density, type of color layers and similar known variables. Also, the code provides information to insure the correct ribbon or web is installed. The ribbon can also be identified by a discrete code to register the web or ribbon to a particular card printer. By using sensors to determine ribbon velocity or tension can be controlled to compensate for ribbon stretch, thus also permitting compensating or changing the ribbon tension for accommodating panel to panel variations. The code location permits determining when the leading edge of the known, repeating group, series or sequence of frames is sensed, as well. The code selected permits a variety of printing techniques for the application of the code and also permits a wide variety of sensors for decoding. Light signals are used in one embodiment using a known source of light, and known sensor arrays that provide digital signals to the controller indicating the information about the following frames. With present sensors the presence or absence of a mark in a particular location of the sensed image provides a digital indication of the applied code and the resolution is adequate to provide more information than that needed for color printers. In one form, the laterally extending code strips can be formed with white ink marks so a reflected light signal will be used. Sense and receive sensors can be on the same side of the ribbon. The operator can provide codes for many different conditions, since the laterally extending bands or marks provide a substantial space for such coded information. The coded information at the start of a ribbon can indicate whether the ribbon or web is compatible with the printer in which it is installed and thus different compatibilities of ribbons can be created to give different customers proprietary ribbon. A further aspect of having markings for each individual color panel or frame is to use the color signal, which may indicate a color having different densities from other colors, to provide a feedback to the printhead power control for adjustment of the printhead power to suit the color being printed. | Mid | [
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The Italian Oven Restaurants of DuBois and Johnstown are casual, family-friendly restaurants specializing in Italian Cuisine. Our décor has an Old World charm that is warm and inviting. We are open for lunch and dinner seven days a week. Our entire menu is also available for take out. The Italian Oven Restaurant offers four types of pasta with ten savory sauces on our Pasta Your Way selection. Also highlighting our menu are over 25 fabulous pasta dishes, along with your favorite Italian classics like Ravioli, Lasagna, Parmigiana & Piccata, fresh salads, signature soups, sandwiches and mouth-watering desserts complete the menu. We also offer a variety of beers and and wines and a limited cocktail selection at your table. Our employees pride themselves in providing outstanding food in a comfortable atmosphere at fair prices. They welcome the opportunity to serve our guests and are dedicated to exceeding your expectations. Stop in for Gift Cards of any denomination. Gift Cards from The Italian Oven make great gifts for friends, family or business associates. Our Gift Cards are valid in Johnstown and DuBois. | Mid | [
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“We recommended including Montgomery County in this nationwide effort because of the way the community has stepped up enforcement, treatment and prevention efforts to battle the opioid epidemic since overdose deaths began their rapid climb in 2015,” said Benjamin Glassman, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Ohio. “This focus will boost our efforts to dismantle the organizations that bring synthetic opioids into the area, track down the organization’s leaders and prosecute them for their crimes.” | High | [
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Q: .NET WebApi HttpClient not sending Windows Authentication credentials to same domain I am using multiple intranet APIs to try to build out some applications that have some services that are shared by all of the applications. A lot of these services can be called directly from the GUI using Javascript requests, however a couple of the services need to be called by the other server applications. All of the front ends and APIs are using Windows Authentication. Right now I've got it set to authorize any Windows authenticated user. Anonymous authentication is disabled. I'm using HttpClient to connect to the needed service from within the web code. Here's an example: HttpClient client = new HttpClient(new HttpClientHandler() { UseDefaultCredentials = true }); client.BaseAddress = new Uri(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["OtherServiceUrl"]); client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add( new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/json")); SomeResponseObject responseObject; HttpResponseMessage response = client.GetAsync("SomeController").Result; if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode) { responseObject = response.Content.ReadAsAsync<SomeResponseObject>().Result; } else { throw new ApplicationException("API request not successful"); } The good news is that this works just fine when I'm running the services locally. The bad news is that when I deploy to IIS, the call to the web service fails with a Unauthorized response. After a lot of fiddling around, I realized the only time that I get an Unauthorized response is when the domain of the target API is the same as the domain of the calling application. It worked on my local box because IIS express assigns a new port to each application. The matching domain situation occurred in IIS because I created both the calling application and the API as applications under the same site in IIS, so the two applications look like directories in the same domain. It's almost like HttpClient doesn't bother to send over the authentication from the calling web application if it notices that the domains match. I created a new site on the same server but bound to a different port and put the API there instead and tried again. Sure enough, that resolves the problem, the request from the API passes through just fine. I can put in a bunch of sub domains to handle all of these different services, or just rely on using different ports in order to make the domains for these services unique, but it seems odd to me that this limitation is in place. Does anyone know if there's a property I can set on the handler or client or something else I can do to allow applications running on the same IIS site to talk to each other via HttpClient when Windows Authentication is used? Thanks! Per Sachin's suggestion, I also tried adding this to the webconfig of the application that makes the API request via HttpClient: <system.net> <defaultProxy useDefaultCredentials="true" /> </system.net> Still no luck. A: Take a look at this: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/926642 In my case it was an identical scenario on Windows Server 2012, but the solution in the KB still applies. The loopback check will prevent credentials from being sent through httpClient when they're on the same host, which causes the 401. For me the only resolution was Method 2 - setting DisableLoopbackCheck in the registry. I understand that this is a security "feature" but it's certainly an impediment to using modern service-oriented architecture in a classic Windows environment. | High | [
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Town pay $170K for downtown water cleanup The town has paid downtown developers $170,000 to help with the cost of cleaning up groundwater contamination at the 140 West Franklin project site. The Town Council approved the settlement in a 6-2 vote Nov. 18, records show. Council members Matt Czajkowski and Lee Storrow voted against settling with Florida-based Ram Development Co. and 140 West Franklin LLC. Storrow said the council’s biggest concern was avoiding a potentially expensive lawsuit. It was a unique situation, and every council member made “an appropriate and thoughtful decision,” he said. “It was a difficult decision, and I thought (the town’s case had) merits. We had a strong case for settling, but I would have preferred a better settlement for the town,” he said. Unlimited Digital Access: Only $0.99 For Your First Month Get full access to The News & Observer content across all your devices. The final amount, negotiated by Town Attorney Ralph Karpinos, was $20,000 more than town attorneys called a “reasonable settlement” of $140,000 to $150,000 in a Nov. 11 report. The payment is in addition to roughly $312,000 the town paid to remove soil contaminated by at least two gas stations in the area prior to construction. 140 West Franklin LLC is leasing the town-own land for $1 a year for 99 years. The developers will be responsible for future expenses and liability, Karpinos said. According to a Feb. 5 report, a significant amount of water collected in an excavation pit at the construction site in 2011, where it was contaminated with “petroleum substances, solvents and other hazardous substances.” The developer pumped out the water and had it treated and disposed off-site. The state also requires the developer to test groundwater at the site and operate a treatment system for three years. The total cost of cleanup and maintenance is $410,281, Karpinos reported. Developers wanted the town to pick up the whole tab, saying a 2007 Development Agreement makes the town responsible for any contaminants at the site. Town attorneys argued the developers are responsible under the agreement and a related ground lease, because the contaminants showed up after Ram took control of the land. A report on the contamination was expected soon, Karpinos said in a February memo to the council. Town attorneys and Ram representatives reached the deal following several months of talks. Both sides knew there would be “considerable cost and expense” if the dispute went to court, Karpinos said. Read Next Chapel Hill Carrboro City Schools (CHCCS) Board of Education fills seat of former chair Margaret Samuels, who stepped down amid a recall effort over vote to make Glenwood Elementary a Mandarin magnet school. | Low | [
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INTRODUCTION ============ Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone that is synthesized in the pituitary gland, consists of 199 amino acids with a molecular mass of 23KD, and has more functions than all other pituitary hormones combined ([@b11-ajas-29-4-571]). The initial step in the action of PRL, similar to all other hormones, is binding to the extracellular domain of prolactin receptor (PRLR). PRL binding to PRLR leads to the phosphorylation of the associated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), which, in turn, phosphorylates multiple signalling pathways, e.g., signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) ([@b3-ajas-29-4-571]). These signalling pathways act together to contribute to the overall actions of PRL. Prolactin has more than 300 separate functions in vertebrates. The roles of prolactin in domestic animals has been extensively studied, which reveal that prolactin plays an important role in mammary gland development ([@b18-ajas-29-4-571]; [@b9-ajas-29-4-571]), milk production ([@b2-ajas-29-4-571]; [@b8-ajas-29-4-571]; [@b20-ajas-29-4-571]), and maintenance of lactation ([@b14-ajas-29-4-571]; [@b12-ajas-29-4-571]; [@b23-ajas-29-4-571]). It has also been reported that prolactin is required for follicular growth in mares, sheep and sow ([@b21-ajas-29-4-571]). In addition, prolactin also plays an essential role in metabolism, regulation of the immune system, reproductive behavior, and pancreatic development ([@b11-ajas-29-4-571]). Because prolactin has important physiological roles and functions, scientists have been investigating possible PRL mimics. During the past few decades, the use of anti-PRLR antibodies as PRL mimics has been densely reported. One approach is the use of antibodies raised against PRLR as PRL mimics. [@b7-ajas-29-4-571]; [@b6-ajas-29-4-571] initially reported that polyclonal anti-PRLR antibodies were capable of mimicking prolactin action on casein gene expression, DNA synthesis and tumour mammary gland explants. Since then, several similar studies have reported that some special anti-PRLR antibodies could exert PRL-like biological effects ([@b7-ajas-29-4-571]; [@b19-ajas-29-4-571]; [@b22-ajas-29-4-571]); another approach has been to prepare anti-idiotypic antibodies to PRL, which is based on the Network Theory of [@b13-ajas-29-4-571]. [@b1-ajas-29-4-571] reported that polyclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies to PRL could recognize PRLR, which suggested that common epitopes are shared by PRL and anti-idiotypic antibodies to PRL. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the only one that reported the use of anti-idiotypic antibody as PRL analogues; however, to date, whether anti-idiotypic antibody can mimic PRL's functions remains unclear. In the present study, we prepared a panel of monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies against PRL, and we have determined that one antibody, termed B7, could trigger intracellular signalling (JAK2-STAT5) in CHO-PRLR and Nb2 cells. In addition, B7 also can induce BaF3 proliferation. The current observations suggest that i) the anti-idiotypic approach is suitable to generate PRL mimic, and ii) an anti-idiotypic antibody to PRL (such as B7) has potential applications in animal production. Furthermore, the current study also implies that the anti-idiotypic antibody (B7) may be a useful reagent to explore the mechanism of PRLR activation because B7 could activate PRLR-mediated intracellular signalling. MATERIALS AND METHODS ===================== Anti-total JAK2 and anti-phospho--JAK2, anti-total STAT-5 and anti-phospho--STAT5 were purchased from Cell Signalling Technology (Boston, MA, USA). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit and anti-mouse antibodies were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ovine prolactin (oPRL) was purchased from Hua Sheng Medical and Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd (Jinan, China). ^125^I-oPRLwas prepared using chloramine T according to published procedures. The ImmunoPure Fab Preparation kit and Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) were obtained from Pierce (Rockford, IL, USA). Protein Assay Kit (BCA) kit and Cell Lysis Buffer were from Bi yuntian Biology Technological Institute (Shanghai, China). The cell culture medium and foetal calf serum (FCS) were obtained from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Unless stated otherwise, all other reagents were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). CHO and Ba/F3 that were stably transfected with rat PRLR cDNA (termed as Ba/F3-PRLR) that encoded amino acids 1--591 (long form) were prepared and provided by Hualong (Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., China), and it has been determined that the clone used in this work expressed 6800 receptors per CHO cell (termed as CHO-PRLR). CHO-PRLR cells were grown and maintained in F-12K medium containing 10% heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin. Nb2 cells were grown and maintained in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS, 50 U/mL penicillin and 50 μg/mL of streptomycin. Preparation of polyclonal anti-growth hormone antibodies -------------------------------------------------------- Rabbits were injected intradermally at multiple sites with 1 mg oPRL emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant and received similar booster injections of oPRL in incomplete Freund's adjuvant at two-week intervals. The rabbits were bled weekly after the first booster injection and 1 week after receiving the last injections. After four immunisations, immunized rabbits were shown to generate high-titre sera against oPRL, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) fragments were purified from each rabbit by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by protein-A affinity chromatography. Preparation of monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody to ovine prolactin -------------------------------------------------------------------- Female BALB/c mice (6 to 8 weeks old) were purchased from the Peking university laboratory animal centre. The mice were immunized intraperitoneally with 0.2 mg of rabbit anti-oPRL-F(ab′)~2~ emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant and received similar booster injections of anti-oPRL-F(ab′)~2~ emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant at two-week intervals. The animals were immunized four times. Three days after final immunization, splenocytes from mice immunized with anti-oPRL-F(ab′)~2~ were harvested and fused with sp2/0 myeloma cells at a 5:1 ratio using 50% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1500. After fusion, the cells were distributed in 96-well plates at 1×10^5^ cells per well in the hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine (HAT) selection medium. The culture supernatants of hybridomas selected on HAT medium were tested by ELISA to determine the presence of antibodies against anti-oPRL-F(ab′)~2~. Antibody-secreting hybridomas were subcloned four times via limiting dilution, and a number of monoclonal anti-oPRL-F(ab′)2 antibody-secreting cell lines were selected for expansion into mass culture and production of ascetic fluids. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays ---------------------------------- To test the rabbit anti-oPRL polyclonal antibodies, 96-well plates were coated with 0.1 μg per well of oPRL in PBS (PH 7.2) overnight at 4°C. The plates were subsequently washed four times with PBS in 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST), blocked with 2.5% non-fat powder in PBS and incubated with Rabbit antisera diluted to their optimum concentration in PBST. The plates were incubated for 1.5 h at 37°C, washed and reincubated with the HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. After 1 h, the plates were washed and incubated with the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate. The results were read at 450 nm in an automatic ELISA plate reader (Multiskan FC, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). To detect the monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies to PRL, 96-well plates were coated with purified anti-PRLR F(ab′)~2~ fragments or with F(ab′)~2~ fragments of control antibodies overnight at 4°C. The plates were then washed four times with PBS in 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST), blocked with 2.5% non-fat powdered in PBS and incubated with the culture supernatants from the hybridomas, and the wells were incubated at 37°C for 1 h. After washing, goat anti-mouse IgG-FC HRP secondary antibody was added, and after 1 h, the plates were washed and incubated with TMB substrate, and the results were read at 450 nm in an automatic ELISA plate reader (Multiskan FC, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., USA). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting ----------------------------------- CHO-PRLR cells were trypsinised and detached from the plate surface and adjusted to a density of 1×10^5^ cells/mL. The cells were then incubated with 100 μL in either a negative control medium or in one of the positive hybridoma supernatants for 1 h at 4°C. After three washes with PBST, cells were fixed and stained with FITC-labelled goat-anti-mouse IgG. After staining, the cells were incubated with FITC-labelled goat anti-mouse IgG for 1 h at 4°C in the dark. After incubation, the cells were washed and resuspended in 0.5 mL FACS buffer. All flow cytometric analysis was conducted on FACS Calibur cytometer (Becton Dickenson, New York, NJ, USA). The data were analysed using the Cell Quest software. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay --------------------------------------------- Competitive ELISAs were performed according to method of [@b16-ajas-29-4-571]. For the competition studies, ELISA plates were coated with 0.5 μg of F(ab′)~2~ fragments of Mab2s or control antibody overnight. The next morning, the plates were washed and blocked as described above. Then, a constant amount of rabbit anti-PRL antibody (Ab1, 1 mg/mL) was mixed with different dilutions of PRL and incubated for 1 h at 37°C prior to application of the blocked ELISA plate. The plates were washed again, and goat anti-mouse IgG (Fc fragment-specific)-HRP secondary antibody was added to the wells for 1 h at 37°C. After incubation for 1 h, the plates were washed and incubated with TMB substrate; results were read at 450 nm in an automatic ELISA plate reader (Multiskan FC, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., USA). In addition, a similar competitive ELISA was performed. The ELISA plates were coated with 0.5 μg F(ab′)2 fragments of rabbit anti-PRLR antibodies overnight. Then, a constant amount of Mab2s was mixed with different dilutions of PRL and incubated for 1 h at 37°C prior to application to the blocked ELISA plate. The subsequent treatments were performed as described as above. Competitive receptor-binding assay ---------------------------------- CHO-PRLR cells were cultured in serum-free F-12K medium containing 1% bovine serum albumin for 12 h. The cells were subsequently washed and incubated with 125I-PRL (5,000 CPM/well) together with increasing concentrations of unlabelled PRL and Mab2s or isotype-matched control antibody for 2 h. After the incubation, the cells were washed and detached from the plate. The cells were then counted in a gamma counter. The non-specific binding was determined in the presence of 5 μg unlabelled PRL. Western-blot analysis --------------------- CHO-PRLR and Nb2 cells were cultured in six-well plates as described as above. The cells were cultured in serum-free medium for 10 h prior to the experimental treatments. For the dose-dependent experiments, serum-starved CHO-PRLR and Nb2 cells were stimulated with the different concentration of B7 for the indicated time. For the time-course experiment, serum-starved CHO-PRLR and Nb2 cells were stimulated with the indicated concentration of B7 for different times. Unless otherwise noted, all treatments were performed at 37°C. At the end of the treatment, cells were solubilized in lysis buffer on ice for 30 min before centrifugation at 12,000×g for 10 min. The resulting supernatants were collected and concentrated by ultrafiltration. Samples were lysed directly in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) sample buffer and boiled for 5 min, and the protein concentration was determined by BCA Protein Assay according to manufacturer's instructions. Samples (60 μg protein per lane) were subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. The membranes were washed and blocked with 5% non-fat milk for nonspecific binding for 1 h at 37°C. After three washes, the membranes were incubated with the primary antibodies (anti-phospho-JAK2 anti-phospho-STAT5) according to the manufacturer's protocols. Following three washes, the membranes were incubated with HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (secondary antibody) for 1 h at 37°C. After three final washes, the blots were then developed using the ECL Plus chemiluminescent detection system according to the manufacturer's instructions. After ECL detection, the membranes were stripped of primary and secondary antibodies using the Restore Western Blot Stripping Buffer according to the manufacturer's instructions, and the blots were subsequently probed with antibodies against total JAK2 and total STAT5. Cell proliferation assay ------------------------ The \[^3^H\]thymidine incorporation assay was performed according to the method of ([@b5-ajas-29-4-571]). Briefly, Nb2 or Ba/F3-PRLR cells were grown and maintained in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS, 50 U/mL penicillin, and 50 μg/mL of streptomycin for 24 h. After washing with PBS, the cell suspensions were then prepared. The cell suspensions were added to the wells of 96-well round-bottomed tissue culture plates in a volume of 100 μL (1×10^6^ cells/mL), and the cells were stimulated with the indicated concentrations of PRL, Mab2s or control antibody in a final volume of 0.2 mL for 24 h at 37°C. Ligand-stimulated Nb2 or Ba/F3-PRLR cells were labelled for 4 h with 0.5 μCi of \[^3^H\]thymidine. Next, \[^3^H\]thymidine incorporation was determined by liquid scintillation counting. Statistical analysis -------------------- The data are presented as the mean values±standard error. RESULTS ======= Generation and characterisation of anti-idiotypic antibody to prolactin ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Employing the hybridoma technique, a panel of anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies to PRL was obtained. To determine whether Mab2s that can bind to PRLR on CHO-PRLR cells, flow cytometry analysis was performed, and nine mab2s exhibited strong positive signals. Among these, one Mab2 (designed B7) was selected for further characterization as described as below. B7 was classified as an IgG1 isotype using a commercial mouse mAb isotyping kit. Competitive ELISA was performed to assess whether B7 could mimic a PRL epitope (namely possesses an internal image nature, Ab2β). The results indicated that PRL could inhibit the interaction between the anti-PRL antibodies and anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody B7. As illustrated in [Figure 1](#f1-ajas-29-4-571){ref-type="fig"}, PRL inhibited polyclonal anti-PRL binding to B7 in a dose-dependent manner, and control antibody showed no effects. Moreover, PRL could also compete with B7 for binding to polyclonal anti-PRL antibodies in a dose-dependent manner ([Figure 2](#f2-ajas-29-4-571){ref-type="fig"}). These results indicate that B7 and PRL share a common epitope, which also suggest that B7 possesses an internal image nature (Ab2β). B7 specifically binds to PRLR on CHO-PRLR ----------------------------------------- To demonstrate further whether B7 could specifically bind to PRLR on CHO-PRLR, we performed a competitive receptor-binding assay. As shown in [Figure 3](#f3-ajas-29-4-571){ref-type="fig"}, unlabelled PRL displaced ^125^I-PRL from the cells as expected. B7 also displaced ^125^I-PRL in a dose-dependent manner; however, the control antibody elicited no effects. These results demonstrated that B7 specifically binds to PRLR expressed on target cells. JAK2-STAT5 signalling pathway induced by B7 ------------------------------------------- The abovementioned experiments demonstrated that B7 could specifically bind to PRLR. However, it is unclear whether B7 can trigger PRLR-induced intracellular signalling. Therefore, the western-blot was performed to check whether the agonistic effect of B7 exerted on CHO transfected with PRLR or not could mimic the signal transduction of PRL. As shown in [Figure 4](#f4-ajas-29-4-571){ref-type="fig"}, PRL strongly induced phosphorylation of JAK2-STAT5 in CHO-PRLR but not parent CHO cells. Similar to PRL, B7 also activates the JAK2-STAT5 pathway in CHO-PRLR but not parent CHO cells. However, the control antibody shows no effect. Next, the kinetics of JAK2-STAT5 activation by B2 or PRL was determined by western-blot analysis in CHO-PRLR cells, and representative results are shown in [Figure 5A and 5B](#f5-ajas-29-4-571){ref-type="fig"}, respectively. The dose--response of JAK2 activation by either PRL or B7 was similar to each other. PRL or B7 treatment resulted in the rapid phosphorylation of JAK2, and phosphorylation was detectable at 3 nM. The maximal activation in response to PRL or B7 was observed between 10 and 20 nM and subsequently began to decline. In addition, the time courses of JAK2 and STAT5 activation by PRL or B7 were also similar in CHO-PRLR cells. For each stimulator, JAK2 and STAT5 activation was observed as early as 5 min, maximised at 15 to 45 min, and declined dramatically thereafter. To confirm the agonistic effect of B7 further, we also evaluated JAK2-STAT5 signalling induced by B7 in Nb2 cells. As shown in [Figure 6A and 6B](#f6-ajas-29-4-571){ref-type="fig"}, the dose--response of Jak2 activation by either PRL or B7 was similar to each other. PRL or B7 treatment resulted in the rapid phosphorylation of JAK2, and phosphorylation was detectable at 3 nM. The maximal activation in response to PRL or B7 was observed between 10 to 20 nM, and subsequently began to decline. In addition, the time courses of JAK2 and STAT5 activation by PRL or B7 were also similar in CHO-PRLR cells. For each stimulator, JAK2 and STAT5 activation was observed as early as 5 min, maximised at 15 to 45 min, and declined dramatically thereafter. Effect of B7 on Nb2 and Ba/F3-PRLR cell proliferation ----------------------------------------------------- The \[^3^H\]-thymidine incorporation assay was performed to further assess agonistic activity of B7. As shown in [Figure 7A and 7B](#f7-ajas-29-4-571){ref-type="fig"}, both B7 and PRL promoted Nb2 and Ba/F3-PRLR cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The maximal proliferation effect of PRL was shown at 1 to 10 nM (Nb2) and 1 to 10 nM (Ba/F3-PRLR), and the maximal proliferation effect of B7 was shown at 1 to 5 nM (Nb2) and 1 to 10 nM (Ba/F3-PRLR), and at higher concentrations, the cell proliferation levels was observed to decline slightly. However, the control antibody exhibits no effect when compared with B7. DISCUSSION ========== In the current study, we produced a monoclonal, anti-idiotypic antibody to PRL, named B7, which can serve as a PRL mimic. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the use of an anti-idiotypic antibody to mimic PRL functions. In previous studies, the use of an anti-idiotypic antibody strategy to prepare the mimics of cytokine and growth factor has been extensively reported. This approach is based on the immune network theory of [@b13-ajas-29-4-571], who proposed that the immune system is a network of interacting idiotypes that is involved in the regulation of immune responses. According to this theory, if animals are immunized with a ligand (e.g., PRL), many anti-ligand (PRL) antibodies will be produced (termed as Ab1). If the antibodies (Ab1) are directed against the receptor-binding sites on the ligand (PRL), then a subpopulation of resulting anti-idiotypic antibodies using Ab1 as immunogens can recognise the same receptor. These Ab2 antibodies are referred to as Ab2β or "internal images" antibodies. Their classical feature is that the common epitope is shared by the anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2β) and the ligand ([@b16-ajas-29-4-571]). In the present study, a monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody to PRL (B7) was generated. Through a series of experimental analyses, we demonstrated that B7 can specifically binds to PRLR expressed on target cells. Then, we assessed its biological activities by determining whether it can trigger intracellular signal transduction. It is well known that the JAK2-STAT5 signalling is the most important PRLR-mediated signalling pathway. Therefore, we primarily tested JAK2/STAT5 signalling induced by B7 in this study using western blotting. We found that B7 could activate JAK2-STAT5 signalling in CHO-PRLR and Nb2 cells, and the dose- and time-dependent response profiles of JAK2-STAT5 activation by B7 ([Figures 5](#f5-ajas-29-4-571){ref-type="fig"} and [6](#f6-ajas-29-4-571){ref-type="fig"}) were similar to those observed for PRL. Furthermore, B7 also can induce Nb2 cell proliferation ([Figure 7](#f7-ajas-29-4-571){ref-type="fig"}). These results indicate that an anti-idiotypic antibody (such as B7) may be suitable as PRL mimics or a PRLR agonist. However, we also found some interesting phenomena, B25 and B19 (another two anti-idiotypic antibody to PRL in the present study) also satisfied the anti-idiotypic criteria based on competition analysis (data not shown), but they showed no or very weak agonistic activity in signalling compared with PRL or B7. The reason for this weak agonistic activity is unclear. We speculate the following: i) they partly mimic the epitope of PRL in the primary and secondary structures; therefore, they do not elicit "active" conformation changes in the receptor compared with PRL; ii) they induce conformational change(s) in the PRLR that do not support activation; iii) they do not satisfy other requirements for PRLR activation. The use of anti-PRLR antibody as PRL mimic were initially reported by [@b7-ajas-29-4-571], who prepared polyclonal antibodies against PRLR, and found that the polyclonal anti-PRLR antibodies were capable of mimicking prolactin action on casein gene expression and on DNA synthesis. However, the mechanism(s) by which the anti-PRLR antibodies displaying PRL-like activities remains unclear. In the present work, we concentrated our work on intracellular signaling induced by B7, and found that B7 could activate JAK2-STAT5 signaling, and the dose- and time-dependent response profiles of JAK2-STAT5 activation by B7 ([Figures 5](#f5-ajas-29-4-571){ref-type="fig"} and [6](#f6-ajas-29-4-571){ref-type="fig"}) were similar to those observed for PRL. It is well known that prolactin exerts its physiological roles mainly via Jak2/STAT5-mediated signalling pathway. Therefore, this study may partially reveal the action mechanism(s) of the prolactin's mimics (anti-PRLR antibody, anti-idiotypic antibody), which also suggests that an anti-idiotypic antibody (such as B7) may be an ideal mimic of PRL. The use of an antibody as a tool to explore the mechanism of hormone receptor activation has been reported. Li et al. (2013) prepared a monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody to GH, called CG-8F, which not only activates growth hormone receptor (GHR) but also shows different intracellular signalling pathway compared with GH. Furthermore, another study from same group reported that a monoclonal anti-GHR antibody, CG-172, also activates a different intracellular signalling pathway compared with GH, and these results led the authors to propose that the antibody is an attractive tool for exploring the mechanism of GHR activation ([@b15-ajas-29-4-571]). Therefore, except for serving as PRL mimics, B7 may have another potential application in which B7 also can be used as an important tool to explore the mechanism(s) of PRLR activation, because until now, the mechanism(s) of PRLR activation have been intensively studied but have not been thoroughly elucidated ([@b4-ajas-29-4-571]). In summary, the current observations indicate that B7 may possess PRL-like bioactivities, which can be used to regulate mammary gland development, milk production and maintenance of lactation. Furthermore, the current findings imply that if domestic animals (such as cows and dairy goats) are immunized with a particular anti-PRL antibody, some special anti-idiotypic antibodies that can mimic PRL will be generated by the animals, which may be useful to increase milk production in cows and dairy goats. Although this work indicates that an anti-idiotypic antibody, B7, may have the potential to become a mimic of PRL, this is only a fundamental and preliminary study in the field. Therefore, we will further evaluate the physiological roles of B7 in domestic animals in the next step. **CONFLICT OF INTEREST** We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript. {#f1-ajas-29-4-571} {#f2-ajas-29-4-571} {#f3-ajas-29-4-571} {#f4-ajas-29-4-571} {#f5-ajas-29-4-571} {#f6-ajas-29-4-571} ![Nb2 (A) and Ba/F3-PRLR (B) cell proliferation induced by B7. Nb2 or Ba/F3-PRLR cells were cultured and pre-treated as described in the materials and methods. The cells were then stimulated with varying concentrations of PRL, B7 or control antibody for 24 h. Then, ligand-stimulated Nb2 or Ba/F3-PRLR cells were labelled for 4 h with 0.5 μCi of \[^3^H\]thymidine. \[^3^H\] thymidine incorporation was then determined by liquid scintillation counting. The results are representative of at least three separate experiments. PRLR, prolactin receptor.](ajas-29-4-571f7){#f7-ajas-29-4-571} | Mid | [
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President Obama's key speech in Brussels on Ukraine and attempts to isolate Russia appears to be an exercise of omission, mutually-exclusive statements and unveiled double standards. Here's a quick look at what Obama told an audience of some 2,000 people in his damning 30-minute speech. “Each of us has the right to live as we choose.” But it's true only for those good pro-European protesters in Kiev, who used firebombs and batons to make their point. The bad pro-Russian residents of Crimea are not allowed to, right? “Together, we’ve condemned Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and rejected the legitimacy of the Crimean referendum.” That's right. Referendum = bad. Firebombs = good. Well, Obama says Russia invaded Ukraine while the US and the EU stayed at arm's length and allowed things to settle down. “Make no mistake, neither the United States nor Europe has any interest in controlling Ukraine.” And they absolutely didn't send troves of officials to Kiev to cheer up anti-government protesters. And when Deputy Secretary of State Victoria Nuland discussed with Ambassador Geoffrey Pyatt who should and who shouldn’t be in the next Ukrainian government, that was merely small talk between two observing diplomats. When it comes to invasions, President Obama has a lesson or two to teach Russians. “We did not claim or annex Iraq’s territory. We did not grab its resources for our own gain. Instead, we ended our war and left Iraq to its people in a fully sovereign Iraqi state that can make decisions about its own future.“ This sovereign nation has only token sovereignty over Kurd territories in the north. Terrorists roam free in some rural areas and want to carve an Islamist state of it. And deaths from car bombs are more frequent then deaths from car accidents. A decade of statecraft later, at least 7,800 civilians and 1,000 troops killed in 2013 alone. Mission accomplished. Obama mentioned another interventionist success story in his speech, that of Kosovo. “NATO only intervened after the people of Kosovo were systematically brutalized and killed for years.” Good point. Of course the alliance didn't bother to get a UN Security Council mandate and bombed the Serbian capital, killing hundreds of civilians in the process, in violation of international law. The same law which Obama accuses Russia of violating with Crimea. But that was even before Bush Jr., so who cares? “Kosovo only left Serbia after a referendum was organized – not outside the boundaries of international law but in careful cooperation with the United Nations, and with Kosovo’s neighbors.” That’s Mr. Obama’s version. What really happened was that Kosovo’s parliament unilaterally declared independence from Serbia and later adopted a constitution on Feb. 15, 2008. On the same day, the US and four European states recognized Kosovo as an independent country. Ah, right, the referendum. Maybe President Obama meant that 1991 referendum (deemed 'illegal' by Serbia), whose results were recognized by only one country, Albania? “We are confronted with the belief among some that bigger nations can bully smaller ones to get their way — that recycled maxim that might somehow makes right.” World's biggest bully preaching peace and love. And its flying killing robots are the messengers. And guards in secret CIA prisons are the keepers. And the NSA keeps an eye on those who won't listen. As the Romans used to say, quod licet Jovi, non licet bovi (what is allowed to Jupiter is not allowed to the bull). Well, there are no gods sitting in Washington, and some people just don't want to be treated as cattle. | Mid | [
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The editor is a Ext.form.ComboBox, so i thought this should work but it does not. My second approach: I added an listener to my editor (Ext.form.ComboBox), so i could expand my combobox when it gets focus. Again there is no problem of catching the desired event but if i try to expand the combobox i get the following error: >>this.list has no properties I dunno why i get this error. The store of my combobox is autoloaded, so i m pretty sure the list should exist. I tried playin around with mode, lazyRender and loaded the store explicitly but noting helps. | Low | [
0.527397260273972,
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tests-accessing variable testAliveAt | ts | ts := STurtles new breedNo: SBreedId turtleBreedNo. ts clear. ts create: 2. self assert: ts countAlive equals: 2. ts aliveAt: 1 put: false. self assert: ts countAlive equals: 1. | Low | [
0.49782608695652103,
28.625,
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{ "name": "FirebaseCore", "version": "5.1.6", "summary": "Firebase Core for iOS (plus community support for macOS and tvOS)", "description": "Firebase Core includes FIRApp and FIROptions which provide central configuration for other Firebase services.", "homepage": "https://firebase.google.com", "license": { "type": "Apache", "file": "LICENSE" }, "authors": "Google, Inc.", "source": { "git": "https://github.com/firebase/firebase-ios-sdk.git", "tag": "Core-5.1.6" }, "social_media_url": "https://twitter.com/Firebase", "platforms": { "ios": "8.0", "osx": "10.10", "tvos": "10.0" }, "cocoapods_version": ">= 1.4.0", "static_framework": true, "prefix_header_file": false, "source_files": "Firebase/Core/**/*.[mh]", "public_header_files": [ "Firebase/Core/Public/*.h", "Firebase/Core/Private/*.h" ], "private_header_files": "Firebase/Core/Private/*.h", "frameworks": [ "Foundation" ], "dependencies": { "GoogleUtilities/Logger": [ "~> 5.2" ] }, "pod_target_xcconfig": { "OTHER_CFLAGS": "-fno-autolink", "GCC_PREPROCESSOR_DEFINITIONS": "FIRCore_VERSION=5.1.6 Firebase_VERSION=5.11.0" } } | Mid | [
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Selection of quarter horses affected with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis by show judges. Thirty offspring of a Quarter Horse sire, affected by hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HPP), were examined electromyographically. On the basis of the detection of or lack of spontaneous activity with high frequency myotonic or pseudomyotonic discharges, the horses were diagnosed as being affected (14 horses) or unaffected (16 horses) with HPP. The show performance of these horses was evaluated for the first 3 to 9 years of their life by use of American Quarter Horse Association records. Horses affected with HPP performed significantly (P < 0.01) better in halter classes than did unaffected horses; mean halter points for the 2 groups were 11.9 and 0.4, respectively. The mean total performance points were not significantly different. None of the offspring had a successful racing record. | Mid | [
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Rapid paper chromatographic separation of [14C] angiotensen II from some metabolites: application to organ distribution. A rapid, inexpensive method for the separation of 5-1-isoleucyl[14C] angiotensin II (A-II) from its various metabolites has been devised. A-II was extracted from tissues with absolute methanol (recovery 96%) and paper chromatographed in a butanol-acetic acid-water (18:2:5) medium for two ascents at 60 degrees C. The resulting RF for A-II of 0.45 was then compared with the RF values of three A-II metabolites produced by enzymatic degradation of the 14C-A-II and [14C]isoleucine. Trypsin degradation produced the [14C]hexapeptide metabolite, chymotryptic degradation produced the [14C]tetrapeptide metabolite and carboxypeptidase A degradation produced the [14C]heptapeptide. Increases in temperature produced a continuous increase in RF values for all the substances examined but the resolution decreased above 60 degrees C. Similarly, increases in the temperature caused the appearance of secondary peaks with some but not all peptides. The tryptic digest (hexapeptide) and the chymotryptic digest (tetrapeptide) are apparently acid- and heat-stable under the experimental conditions. All of the peptides examined failed to produce secondary peaks when heated at neutral pH. The method was used to study the tissue distribution of 14C-A-II after intravenous injection. | Mid | [
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import React from 'react'; import { ReactWrapper, mount } from 'enzyme'; import { set } from 'lodash'; import { IScope, mock, noop } from 'angular'; import { Application } from 'core/application'; import { ApplicationModelBuilder } from 'core/application/applicationModel.builder'; import { INSIGHT_FILTER_STATE_MODEL } from 'core/insight/insightFilterState.model'; import { REACT_MODULE } from 'core/reactShims'; import { OVERRIDE_REGISTRY } from 'core/overrideRegistry'; import * as State from 'core/state'; import { IExecutionsProps, IExecutionsState, Executions } from './Executions'; describe('<Executions/>', () => { let component: ReactWrapper<IExecutionsProps, IExecutionsState>; let application: Application; let scope: IScope; function initializeApplication(data?: any) { set(application, 'executions.activate', noop); set(application, 'pipelineConfigs.activate', noop); if (data && data.executions) { application.executions.data = data.executions; application.executions.loaded = true; } if (data && data.pipelineConfigs) { application.pipelineConfigs.data = data.pipelineConfigs; application.pipelineConfigs.loaded = true; } component = mount(<Executions app={application} />); } beforeEach(mock.module(INSIGHT_FILTER_STATE_MODEL, REACT_MODULE, OVERRIDE_REGISTRY)); beforeEach( mock.inject(($rootScope: IScope) => { State.initialize(); scope = $rootScope.$new(); application = ApplicationModelBuilder.createApplicationForTests( 'app', { key: 'executions', lazy: true, defaultData: [] }, { key: 'pipelineConfigs', lazy: true, defaultData: [] }, { key: 'runningExecutions', lazy: true, defaultData: [] }, ); }), ); it('should not set loading flag to false until executions and pipeline configs have been loaded', done => { initializeApplication(); expect(component.state().loading).toBe(true); application.executions.dataUpdated(); application.pipelineConfigs.dataUpdated(); scope.$digest(); setTimeout(() => { expect(component.state().loading).toBe(false); done(); }, 100); }); }); | Mid | [
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Q: I get an error when ugrading magento from 1.5.1.0 to 1.6.2.0 Hi for the last two days I have been upgrading my magento site gradually from 1.4.0.0 to see if I can get this to the latest stable version 1.8.0.0 and I have come across an error that I can't seem to get past. the error is: a:4:{i:0;s:56:"Mage registry key "_resource_helper/core" already exists";i:1;s:1414:" I have been following a process to upgrading I have started from 1.4.0.0 backing up the directory and the database so I do have a working copy, then copied the new files in made sure they work on the frontend and the backend, then i clear the caches within the admin page then create a backup and then do the process again i got up to 5.1.0.0 with out any problems then i try to go to 1.6.2.0 and this error pops up. i have tried clearing the cache and this has not helped. I just have a few questions that I would like to ask and see if anybody has any answers. 1) Has this happened because I have gone from 1.5.1.0 to 1.6.2.0 straight away instead of going to 1.6.0.0 and then 1.6.2.0. 2) Is there a way to fix this problem or would it be best to restore the site from my backup and then upgrade to 1.6.0.0 or a secondary way 3) Is it something in my database that I can change or something in one of my files that I need to edit. A: I fixed my problem within a few steps of it breaking i restored my database and root directory back to the working version of 1.5.1.0 and then I downloaded 1.6.0.0 and then went through the steps I had previously done this then created another error about having problems with renaming a certain file i then went to this directory C:\inetpub\wwwroot\magento\app\code\core\Mage\Reports\sql\reports_setup\ and deleted its contents. then i deleted the cache of the magento and also the browser then my site was working again and i can access the admin panel and everything is working there. I then backed everything up and repeated the process with 1.6.1.0 and this worked as well so now i have currently got a working version of magento 1.6.1.0 thanks for the help and suggestions | Mid | [
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An estimate of the participation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the intracellular Ca2+ regulation in adult and newborn ferret hearts. The aim of the present study was to estimate the participation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the Ca2+ regulation of the contraction of newborn ferret heart. Cyclopiazonic acid has been used to block the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump in adult and newborn (1 month and 5-6 day old) ferret ventricles of intact and saponin-treated preparations. Cyclopiazonic acid induced a decrease of the amplitude of the caffeine contractures generated in saponin skinned fibers. The sensitivity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake to cyclopiazonic acid was similar in adult and newborn hearts. In intact preparations, cyclopiazonic acid (1-20 microM) induced a negative inotropic effect on the twitch with a prolongation in its kinetics. The maximal decrease in the amplitude of the twitch was larger in adult (92.4%) than in 1 month old (86.5%) and 5-6 day newborns (72.5%). Contrary to other species, where the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump is not functional in neonatal heart, it is proposed that ferret myocardium shows an early maturation of sarcoplasmic reticulum function. | Mid | [
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import Foundation class StepperTableViewCell: UITableViewCell { @IBOutlet var stepper: UIStepper! @IBOutlet var titleLabel: UILabel! override var textLabel: UILabel? { return titleLabel } @IBAction func stepperPressed(_ sender: UIStepper) { textLabel?.text = (sender.value > 0 ? "+" : "") + "\(sender.value)" let parent = self.parent as? OptionsTableViewController let indexPath = parent?.tableView?.indexPath(for: self) if indexPath?.section == 0 { parent?.delegate?.didSelectAudioDelay(Int(sender.value)) } else { parent?.delegate?.didSelectSubtitleDelay(Int(sender.value)) } } } | Low | [
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The designation will be between 33rd and Kingsway between Fraser and Nanaimo Street. Most likely around the King Edward node as the majority of Filipino stores are to be found there. Despite the fact that other ethnic neighbourhoods have deteriorated over the years, in the case of Little Italy and India majority of the residents fled to cheaper pastures, I think the case for “Pinoytown” is a strong one. The community is growing and is largely concentrated in East Vancouver. Therefore, it definitely doesn’t hurt to acknowledge the growing Filipino community in our city and the role they play in shaping our city as we move forward. In fact I think this can only help boost community morale. The only minority neighbourhood the city is really engaged and trying to salvage is Chinatown. The others have succumbed to market forces. Whatever happened to the first India Gate in Little India? | Mid | [
0.617224880382775,
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call( # comment am ) call( # comment am ) call(am # comment ) call(am, # comment pm ) call(b ) call( a ) call( a # b ) call( # ) call(a # b ) call(# b a) | Low | [
0.48237885462555,
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Fire Emblem: Three Houses has a robust cast of characters to befriend and recruit. From the very popular Edelgard and her right-hand man Hubert to your good ol’ dad Jeralt and the stern Seteth, Three Houses has a character tailored to all your needs. But the person stealing hearts isn’t one of the playable characters or even one of the important NPCs, like Lady Rhea. Nope, it’s a nameless, nearly faceless NPC: the gatekeeper. One of the many NPCs to talk to while exploring Garreg Mach Monastery, the gatekeeper greets you at the entrance, right near the marketplace. He updates you on the comings and goings of the knights, professors, and students. He’s always cheery, always enthusiastic, and always rooting for you. From his very first interaction, the gatekeeper charmed players. “My job is to stand here at this glorious entrance and leisurely watch the coming and goings of everyone,” he explains to the player. “Make folks smile, you know?” Okay, maybe he’s not so great at his job considering horrible things keep happening at the monastery every month, but damn it, if he doesn’t boost morale. Plus he’s working on the whole “letting bad guys get past the gate” thing. Every month, the gatekeeper has something new to chime in on — and offers heartwarming console in times of need. Sometimes he leans on the fourth wall, gives bits of foreshadowing, and once he chimes in about how he doesn’t have anyone special in his life. We’d be someone special for you, gatekeeper! His optimism and pluck (not to mention the fact that he’s voiced by Kyle McCarley, who voiced Alm in Fire Emblem: Shadows of Valentia) have endeared him quickly to fans, who really wish he could be recruited. At least let us invite him for some tea! Cue the fanart. Cue the fan edits. Cue the best content for our best boy. #FEThreeHouses gatekeeper npc PLEASE let me go with you pic.twitter.com/7MCdTkIa2l — max @ 3h (run 1) (@beantician) August 2, 2019 Heck, even in-game he has some enthusiasts. Gatekeeper — despite helping the player character through some pretty tough times and always being a pillar of love and support — is not recruitable. But fingers crossed. There is still the possibility of the gatekeeper being included as a playable character in the DLC. | High | [
0.6958698372966201,
34.75,
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Tag Archives: South Florida Law Blog A Two-Pronged Loan Modification Analysis Secrets from the trenches by Roy Oppenheim, Oppenheim Law – South Florida Law Blog A loan modification can be a ray of sunshine on a cloudy day for many homeowners facing foreclosure; especially when this year’s statistics show that homeowners are increasingly receiving loan modifications from their respective lenders. Although this is great news, it’s not much help unless you know how to make the loan modification work in your favor. Remember, banks are friends of fair weather that lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. Having a front row seat to the foreclosure crisis has proven that loan modifications, if not tailored to the homeowner’s particular financial constraints, can only help postpone the inevitable, a trip back into the trenches. Let’s face it; during a loan modification, the bank’s job is to conjure up an arrangement that gets the bank the most money possible while keeping you in your home. Usually the banks will tweak the interest rate until the monthly payment under the loan modification becomes affordable. Needless to say, don’t jump into a deal you can’t afford out of desperation! The best way to approach a loan modification is to use a two-pronged approach. Continue reading→ Originally conceived to recognize the social and economic achievements of American workers, Labor Day has, for many, just become another day off from work when we can go to the beach, invite friends and family over for a bar-b-que or just kick back, relax and read a good book. Just as Memorial Day kicks off Summer, Labor Day signals the end of it. For me, Labor Day is a time for reflection – to think about what I, and my team of dedicated attorneys and others do everyday in the trenches. Mahatma Gandhi once said: “You must be the change you wish to see in the world” For us at Oppenheim Law we endeavor every day to use the law in a positive way to effectuate change and to protect our clients’ constitutional rights to due process thereby ensuring that the system is fair and that no matter how big or powerful a bank or adversary may be, they too must follow the law; as no one is above this institution. For us, our work is a labor of love. In the last year, we have helped countless Floridians remain in their homes as we successfully defended against big banks’ efforts to steamroll them out of their homes. Labor Day has many meanings depending upon whom you speak. For those who have found themselves unemployed during the “Great Recession” it’s been a grim reminder of what they don’t have. Their labor has been simply trying to make it from one day to the next. For others, Labor Day is about family: Mothers go into labor and then they labor for years after giving birth to raise a family. In short, Labor Day isn’t a one-size-fit’s all event. It is a day to honor all Americans regardless of the work they do. So, on behalf of my family and staff I would like to take a moment to celebrate everyone’s achievements and to wish you all a safe and enjoyable Labor Day Weekend. In The Trenches, Roy Oppenheim Roy Oppenheim is Florida’s leading real estate and foreclosure defense attorney. He left Wall Street for Main Street and, in 1989, founded Oppenheim Law , Weston Title , and the South Florida Law Blog with his partner and wife, Ellen. His entrepreneurial spirit and passion for helping to defend homeowners led Roy to start “In the Trenches” where he speaks out for the people and their constitutional rights. COMMENTARY | It’s taken a while for America’s economic engine to gain some speed, but it finally appears that the nation is back on track after having derailed when the housing market crashed. Mortgage giant Fannie Mae, which keeps tabs of such things, has released its full-year forecast for both the economy and the housing market. The improving job market is helping to drive demand for new mortgages despite interest rates, which have steadily risen since May from near record lows. The jobless rate will probably decline for the rest of this year to a five-year low of 7 percent in the first quarter of 2014, according to Fannie Mae. It’s that kind of news that helps to fuel what I have described in the past as the real estate industrial complex. As the job market improves and people can afford to buy homes, they also need to hire people to either build those homes or fix up existing ones. Demand for homes is on the rise, which means those lots that have sat vacant for years will see new homes begin to spout. Contracts for future construction in South Florida shot up 38 percent in July, according to a report from McGraw Hill Construction. Electricians, plumbers, roofers, interior designers, those who sell fences and hurricane shutters — the list goes on and on — will all benefit. Just in the last few days alone both Lowe’s and Home Depot reported significantly improved earnings. Lowe’s second quarter net income rose 26 percent, beating Wall Street expectations. Home Depot also credited the housing recovery for its 17 percent earnings increase. Banks are starting to get their construction departments up and going after years of inactivity. Those to benefit at first will be the big builders that managed to survive the downturn. The smaller builders have since gone by the wayside. However, like any life cycle, there will be new players who come into the market and we will see a rebirth of the industry. With all of that said, Fannie Mae Chief Economist Doug Duncan leaves us with this one caveat: “The biggest risk to this forecast is the expected reduction in the Federal Reserve’s asset purchases, which would likely put additional upward pressure on interest rates and lead to some volatility in capital markets. Although the nature and timing of the tapering are still to be determined, we continue to expect the Fed will scale back its asset purchases and end the program by spring. In addition, we may see some fiscal tightening this fall as the debate over federal spending and the debt ceiling takes place.” As Bette Davis said in All About Eve, “Fasten your seat belts. It’s going to be a bumpy night.” The good news is at least the train is expected to keep running on track and hopefully on time. Real Estate and Foreclosure Defense Attorney, Roy Oppenheim Roy Oppenheim is Florida’s leading real estate and foreclosure defense attorney. He left Wall Street for Main Street and, in 1989, founded Oppenheim Law , Weston Title , and the South Florida Law Blog with his partner and wife, Ellen. His entrepreneurial spirit and passion for helping to defend homeowners led Roy to start “In the Trenches” where he speaks out for the people and their constitutional rights. If Floridians continue to get free houses because of the state’s five-year statute of limitation on debt collection, it could be the kick in the pants lenders need to expedite the more than 300,000 foreclosure cases clogging Florida’s courts. Too often, banks file foreclosure lawsuits, then let the cases linger. While the houses sit in limbo, homeowner association dues go unpaid and neighbors and neighborhoods suffer. In many cases, the delay is caused by the bank’s inability to prove that it owns the mortgage, because of lost or fraudulent documents. As The Post’s Kimberly Miller reported, the delays, and in some cases legal missteps, have cost some lenders the very property that served as collateral for the mortgage. Recently, the lender on a Boca Raton waterfront mansion in foreclosure since 2008 voluntarily dismissed the case in Palm Beach County court after the bank improperly tried to introduce a copy of the original mortgage it said had been lost in the initial filing. Attorney Roy Oppenheim, who represents the homeowner, said the move violated civil procedure because the bank did not amend its pleadings to include the note or notify the borrower and the court that it existed. Florida allows five years to sue on a debt. This common contract law applies to foreclosures. In the case of the Boca mansion, Mr. Oppenheim says, the bank can’t refile the foreclosure suit becausethe statute of limitations has expired since that initial filing in 2008. The bank wants the dismissal to be reversed. In similar cases, though, courts have ruled against the lender. The owner of the mansion, purchased in 2003 for $8.4 million with a mortgage of $6.8 million, may get the 13,000-square-foot home debt-free. It’s unclear how many foreclosure cases the statute of limitation affects, but it could be thousands. Palm Beach County has about 1,550 cases that are five years or older. The statute doesn’t apply automatically. Borrowers must raise it as a defense in court, and most borrowers don’t defend their foreclosures. Even if only a few win their homes debt-free, though, banks will wake up and pay attention. Rhonda Swan for The Post Editorial Board Real Estate and Foreclosure Defense Attorney, Roy Oppenheim Real estate attorney and foreclosure defense attorney, Roy Oppenheim left Wall Street for Main Street, foundingOppenheim Law along with his wife Ellen in 1989 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and is vice president of Weston Title and creator of the South Florida Law Blog, named the best business and technology blog by the South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Follow Roy on Twitter at @OpLaw or like Oppenheim Law on Facebook . | Mid | [
0.6246786632390741,
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This fragrance was created by the design house of Giorgio Armani with perfumer Antoine Maisondieu and released in 2017. A fresh and uplifting cologne for men. This aromatic fougere will bring you hours of enjoyment. | Low | [
0.399038461538461,
20.75,
31.25
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Q: How can I provide more context information when using ngx.log()? I would like to provide structured logging for our OpenResty application. We are aiming to implement MDC (Mapped Diagnostic Context) or something very similar. Currently, calling ngx.log(ngx.NOTICE, "foo") gives something like this: 2019/01/31 17:39:50 [notice] 16#16: *1 [lua] example_logging.lua:20: myfunc(): foo, client: 172.17.0.1, server: _, request: "GET /example HTTP/1.1", host: "localhost:8080" That is, logging automatically adds the key/value pairs for: server client request host Is there a mechanism that allows more key/value pairs to be added to this without modifying the calls to ngx.log() but instead inject the required data elsewhere? The application is using OpenResty 1.11.2.1-2. A: I suppose that it is not possible. ngx.log is just a tiny wrapper (1, 2) for ngx_log_error with hardcoded message format, and ngx_log_error format is not configurable either. Old but still relevant comment from OpenResty core developer: Well, ngx.log() is for error logging. And it just invokes nginx core's error logger, which does not support custom format, unlike the access logging. | Mid | [
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Q: Why does ruby-prof list "Kernel#`" as a resource hog? I'm using ruby-prof to figure out where my CPU time is going for a small 2D game engine I'm building in Ruby. Everything looks normal here aside from the main Kernel#` entry. The Ruby docs here would suggest that this is a function for getting the STDOUT of a command running in a subshell: Measure Mode: wall_time Thread ID: 7966920 Fiber ID: 16567620 Total: 7.415271 Sort by: self_time %self total self wait child calls name 28.88 2.141 2.141 0.000 0.000 476 Kernel#` 10.72 1.488 0.795 0.000 0.693 1963500 Tile#draw 9.35 0.693 0.693 0.000 0.000 1963976 Gosu::Image#draw 6.67 7.323 0.495 0.000 6.828 476 Gosu::Window#_tick 1.38 0.102 0.102 0.000 0.000 2380 Gosu::Font#draw 0.26 4.579 0.019 0.000 4.560 62832 *Array#each 0.15 0.011 0.011 0.000 0.000 476 Gosu::Window#caption= 0.09 6.873 0.007 0.000 6.867 476 PlayState#draw 0.07 0.005 0.005 0.000 0.000 476 String#gsub 0.06 2.155 0.004 0.000 2.151 476 GameWindow#memory_usage 0.06 4.580 0.004 0.000 4.576 1904 Hash#each 0.04 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.000 476 String#chomp 0.04 0.038 0.003 0.000 0.035 476 Gosu::Window#protected_update 0.04 0.004 0.003 0.000 0.001 3167 Gosu::Window#button_down? 0.04 0.005 0.003 0.000 0.002 952 Enumerable#map 0.03 0.015 0.003 0.000 0.012 476 Player#update 0.03 4.596 0.002 0.000 4.593 476 <Module::Gosu>#scale 0.03 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.000 5236 Fixnum#to_s 0.03 7.326 0.002 0.000 7.324 476 Gosu::Window#tick 0.03 0.003 0.002 0.000 0.001 952 Player#coord_facing 0.03 4.598 0.002 0.000 4.597 476 <Module::Gosu>#translate 0.02 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.000 952 Array#reject Any suggestions as to why this might be happening? I'm fairly confident that I'm not using it in my code - unless it's being called indirectly somehow. Not sure where to start looking for that sort of thing. A: I've solved my problem. Though it wasn't exactly clear to me given the ruby documentation I linked in the question, the source of the problem is how ruby-prof categorizes the usage of the #{} shortcut, also known as 'string interpolation'. I had semi-intensive debugging logic being executed within these shortcuts. Turning off my debugging text solves my problem. | Low | [
0.5237068965517241,
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Nanometer scale fabrication and optical response of InGaN/GaN quantum disks. In this work, we demonstrate homogeneously distributed In0.3Ga0.7N/GaN quantum disks (QDs), with an average diameter below 10 nm and a high density of 2.1 × 10(11) cm(-2), embedded in 20 nm tall nanopillars. The scalable top-down fabrication process involves the use of self-assembled ferritin bio-templates as the etch mask, spin coated on top of a strained In0.3Ga0.7N/GaN single quantum well (SQW) structure, followed by a neutral beam etch (NBE) method. The small dimensions of the iron cores inside ferritin and nearly damage-free process enabled by the NBE jointly contribute to the observation of photoluminescence (PL) from strain-relaxed In0.3Ga0.7N/GaN QDs at 6 K. The large blueshift of the peak wavelength by over 70 nm manifests a strong reduction of the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) within the QD structure, which also agrees well with the theoretical prediction using a 3D Schrödinger equation solver. The current results hence pave the way towards the realization of large-scale III-N quantum structures using the combination of bio-templates and NBE, which is vital for the development of next-generation lighting and communication devices. | High | [
0.6853932584269661,
30.5,
14
] |
Finding the best viewpoints in Rio We weren’t in Rio long, but with the help of local guides we managed to pack a LOT into our trip. One of the things Mo and I both love to do when travelling, is find ourselves a good view. Rio is full of them. Luckily for us, as we travelled around by car, we managed to catch a fair few. Here are some of the best places to gaze over this magnificent city: The view from Niteroi Lovers of architecture, Mo had made sure we visited Niteroi at some point in our trip. Our guide, Ederson, took us to the famous Contemporary Art Museum, but he also surprised us by driving us up to a viewpoint tucked away and free from crowds. We had only arrived in Rio that morning and looking out, even with the cloudy skies, we were blown away by its beauty. The view from Corcovado One of the most famous viewpoints not just in Rio, but possibly in the world. If you want to experience it at its finest you need to either hire a car, moped, cycle or get a lift to the top in time for when it opens at 8am. There is a train service that opens at half 8, but trust me even if you’re on the first train you’ll still be dealing with crowds. After racing into the lift. we were literally the first people to arrive at the Cristo Redentor and to be up there, with no other sound but the birds, watching the clouds start to rise and reveal the city… it was 100% worth the early start. I can’t imagine going at any other time. The view from Sugar Loaf After a full-day of exploring its was just after 3pm when we got to the cable car entrance to take us up to Sugar Loaf mountain. It was Saturday, and the queue was HUGE. Like REALLY huge. we weren’t impressed , but we wanted to watch the sunset from there, a spectacle a fellow queuer had told us was his favourite thing to do in Rio. He was an expat from Uruguay who had been living here for a couple of years and this was the one thing he wanted to do again before he left. Sadly, the large queue meant by the time we got to Sugar Loaf, we had totally missed the sunset anyway. It meant we got to see the city scape by night though, which was a great treat. The amazing thing about this place is how many cafes they’ve managed to put up on the top, great place to sit back, relax and look out for those cute little monkeys. The view from a favela Not the best of them all, but there was something special about our view from the Santa Marta favela. I think it was the atmosphere more than anything, I even wrote a short story about it. The great thing about the view from here, is when you look directly below… it was a patchwork of roofs, all with their own personality. And then as you bring your gaze up the pristine sands come into view and then it’s nothing but endless blue. *sigh* My personal favourite… The view from the water As this trip was a birthday treat from Mo, one afternoon he surprised me with a private yacht trip for the afternoon, knowing how much I love being on the water. The whole experience deserves its own blog post, but what I will say is after days of exploring by car it was as if it all came together once we took to the sea. We glided along the coast, out to Niteroi, past the beaches, discovered new places… and finally settled on a spot to watch the sun set between the mountains, over the city. You cannot afford to miss the sunset! Are there any other great places to see the city in Rio?? What’s your favourite part of discovering a new place? | Mid | [
0.6139954853273131,
34,
21.375
] |
The man who was arrested almost three weeks into a rape investigation for questioning made a reference to the laneway at the centre of the case as he was being driven past it in a patrol car, the arresting officer said. The alleged rape occurred on February 17, 2017 and after 5pm on March 6 the accused was arrested in the city. “I arrested him for sexual assault. He had limited English. I cautioned him. I tried to explain it in simple English. I felt he understood I was a police officer and he knew he was arrested for some sort of sexual offence. “I explained he was going to be brought to the Bridewell garda station. I believe he understood that. I explained an interpreter would be available. “As we passed (the lane where the alleged incident occurred) he pointed and said, ‘Here?’,” Sergeant John O’Connell testified at the Central Criminal Court in Cork. For the avoidance of doubt, prosecution senior counsel Tim O’Leary, asked the sergeant if he believed that the defendant was saying that word as a declaration or a question. Sgt. O’Connell understood it as a question. As a matter of routine, the defendant was searched in the garda station and placed in a cell. He was wearing a red coat with a white stripe and this was seized as part of the investigation. Most of Day 4 of the trial consisted of legal discussions in the absence of the jury. On the return of the four women and eight men of the jury Mr O’Leary SC said that if video recordings of the garda interviews of the defendant were to be played it would take several hours as the garda questions had to be translated for the defendant and his answers had to be translated for the gardaí so it was rather laborious. However, Mr O’Leary said that by agreement with the defence the written memo of the interviews could be read to them which would only take one hour. Mr O’Leary indicated that the prosecution evidence would close today, following the reading of that memo. The defendant, who is in his 20s, denies two counts of raping the young woman on February 17, 2017 in a laneway in Cork city, once by having sexual intercourse with her and once by oral rape. | Mid | [
0.586605080831408,
31.75,
22.375
] |
Andrew Breitbart’s coroner- the medical examiner that examined the right-wing media empire top dog’s body after he kicked it suddenly and scarily at the age of 43– has also died suddenly an under strange circumstances. With no great love myself for Andrew Breitbart, I- like many others- was horrified to see him stricken down in the middle of the street by an apparent heart attack at forty-freaking-three. The man’s views and ability to twist information or invent it in its absence was both appalling and mind-boggling to behold, but even grudgingly, no one could deny he was damn good at what he did, even if “what he did” was not exactly noble. And even if you did, like me, shout at the TV every time his pasty face and greasy hair appeared on it, there’s never much joy to be taken when a man with many young children and a young wife dies suddenly. By all accounts, Breitbart was a firecracker and electric- and even those who politically opposed him found that in one-on-one interactions, the media mogul was almost… likable. So when Breitbart was felled at an age that is shockingly young, his cause of death was a large mystery. On April 20th, it was revealed that what got the veteran blogger in the end was the intensely ordinary heart failure, an ailment that could possibly be expected given the long hours sitting to which many successful bloggers must commit- coupled with his breakneck schedule and many media appearances and it would seem that Breitbart was burning the candle at both ends. If you thought that Andrew Breitbart’s story ended there, however, it gets weirder. The coroner who examined Breitbart- 61-year-old Michael Cormier- himself died suddenly and under suspicious circumstances the very day Breitbart’s cause of death was released, April 20th. And it would appear that what killed Andrew Breitbart’s coroner died of arsenic poisoning, news sure to bring out conspiracy theorists who said all along that the Big Hollywood blogger’s sudden death at 43 itself was highly suspicious. LAPD Lt. Alan Hamilton concedes that not only did Breitbart’s coroner die of poisoning, but that foul play cannot yet be ruled out: “At this point, we haven’t ruled out foul play… It is one of the things being considered. We are waiting for the coroner’s results.” Authorities noted that Breitbart’s coroner may have been exposed to the toxin naturally, and that the poisoning may have been accidental. | Low | [
0.5338645418326691,
33.5,
29.25
] |
#include "Cmm.h" /* walk :: [(IORef a, b)] -> MutableByteArray# RealWorld -> State# RealWorld -> (# State# RealWorld, Int# #) is disguised as walk :: Any -> MutableByteArray# RealWorld -> State# RealWorld -> (# State# RealWorld, Int# #) to convince the RTS to let us call it. */ walk(P_ lpr, P_ mba) { W_ i; i = 0; W_ list_clos; list_clos = UNTAG(lpr); walkList: W_ type; type = TO_W_(%INFO_TYPE(%GET_STD_INFO(list_clos))); switch [INVALID_OBJECT .. N_CLOSURE_TYPES] type { case IND, IND_PERM, IND_STATIC: { /* indirection */ list_clos = UNTAG(StgInd_indirectee(list_clos)); goto walkList; /* follow it and try again */ } case CONSTR_STATIC: { /* [] */ goto walkNil; } case CONSTR_2_0: { /* pair_clos:next_clos */ P_ pair_clos, next_clos; pair_clos = UNTAG(StgClosure_payload(list_clos, 0)); next_clos = UNTAG(StgClosure_payload(list_clos, 1)); walkPair: // .. process the pair type = TO_W_(%INFO_TYPE(%GET_STD_INFO(pair_clos))); switch [INVALID_OBJECT .. N_CLOSURE_TYPES] type { case IND, IND_PERM, IND_STATIC: { /* indirection */ pair_clos = UNTAG(StgInd_indirectee(pair_clos)); goto walkPair; /* follow it and try again */ } case CONSTR_2_0: { /* (r,a) */ P_ ioref_clos; ioref_clos = UNTAG(StgClosure_payload(pair_clos, 0)); // fst walkIORef: type = TO_W_(%INFO_TYPE(%GET_STD_INFO(ioref_clos))); switch [INVALID_OBJECT .. N_CLOSURE_TYPES] type { case IND, IND_PERM, IND_STATIC: { ioref_clos = UNTAG(StgInd_indirectee(ioref_clos)); goto walkIORef; } case CONSTR_1_0: { P_ mutvar_clos; mutvar_clos = UNTAG(StgClosure_payload(ioref_clos, 0)); // retrieve the MutVar# walkMutVar: type = TO_W_(%INFO_TYPE(%GET_STD_INFO(mutvar_clos))); switch [INVALID_OBJECT .. N_CLOSURE_TYPES] type { case IND, IND_PERM, IND_STATIC: { mutvar_clos = UNTAG(StgInd_indirectee(mutvar_clos)); goto walkMutVar; } case MUT_VAR_CLEAN, MUT_VAR_DIRTY: { W_[mba + i] = TO_W_(mutvar_clos); i = i + 1; list_clos = next_clos; goto walkList; } default: { ccall barf("walk: unexpected MutVar# closure type entered!") never returns; } } } default: { ccall barf("walk: unexpected IORef closure type entered!") never returns; } } } default: { ccall barf("walk: unexpected product closure type entered!") never returns; } } } default: { ccall barf("walk: unexpected list closure type entered!") never returns; } } walkNil: return (0); } | Low | [
0.48775055679287305,
27.375,
28.75
] |
hen 723672 is divided by 21. 12 Calculate the remainder when 43875 is divided by 14501. 372 Calculate the remainder when 10046784 is divided by 3753. 3 Calculate the remainder when 2468626 is divided by 822728. 442 Calculate the remainder when 48411 is divided by 299. 272 What is the remainder when 101365 is divided by 1696? 1301 What is the remainder when 48643 is divided by 175? 168 Calculate the remainder when 15744204 is divided by 16. 12 What is the remainder when 316976 is divided by 105656? 8 Calculate the remainder when 5749630 is divided by 1149925. 5 What is the remainder when 9879593 is divided by 214773? 35 What is the remainder when 3682645 is divided by 253? 230 What is the remainder when 485269 is divided by 10? 9 What is the remainder when 69102 is divided by 8622? 126 Calculate the remainder when 1770449 is divided by 11644. 561 What is the remainder when 5761772 is divided by 1920572? 56 What is the remainder when 211478 is divided by 477? 167 Calculate the remainder when 4196520 is divided by 125. 20 Calculate the remainder when 16119499 is divided by 412. 411 Calculate the remainder when 844697 is divided by 84. 77 Calculate the remainder when 264804 is divided by 86. 10 Calculate the remainder when 3102078 is divided by 4164. 4062 Calculate the remainder when 162035048 is divided by 220. 208 Calculate the remainder when 122313397 is divided by 621. 616 Calculate the remainder when 2020956 is divided by 1078. 784 Calculate the remainder when 7724433 is divided by 6087. 30 Calculate the remainder when 89097 is divided by 256. 9 What is the remainder when 5897432 is divided by 26565? 2 What is the remainder when 133238 is divided by 129? 110 What is the remainder when 7885401 is divided by 3730? 181 What is the remainder when 2281655 is divided by 10? 5 Calculate the remainder when 13742821 is divided by 187. 4 What is the remainder when 14933 is divided by 4164? 2441 What is the remainder when 114414052 is divided by 542? 20 What is the remainder when 34513 is divided by 8323? 1221 What is the remainder when 321141 is divided by 1746? 1623 Calculate the remainder when 482537 is divided by 189. 20 What is the remainder when 7998573 is divided by 470494? 175 What is the remainder when 27743479 is divided by 9247811? 46 What is the remainder when 130551027 is divided by 21758502? 15 Calculate the remainder when 2942772 is divided by 134. 132 What is the remainder when 7250288 is divided by 1949? 8 Calculate the remainder when 9972488 is divided by 2226. 8 Calculate the remainder when 8881492 is divided by 34. 12 What is the remainder when 25653069 is divided by 657770? 39 Calculate the remainder when 189728579 is divided by 11813. 11799 What is the remainder when 191688 is divided by 17? 13 What is the remainder when 2208372 is divided by 138020? 52 What is the remainder when 14511 is divided by 1409? 421 Calculate the remainder when 4938936 is divided by 2516. 28 Calculate the remainder when 19725 is divided by 3167. 723 What is the remainder when 367505 is divided by 732? 41 Calculate the remainder when 822323 is divided by 68526. 11 Calculate the remainder when 756209 is divided by 967. 15 What is the remainder when 1252167 is divided by 313041? 3 Calculate the remainder when 50775059 is divided by 4452. 4451 What is the remainder when 823578 is divided by 370? 328 Calculate the remainder when 63002 is divided by 59528. 3474 What is the remainder when 141725 is divided by 112? 45 Calculate the remainder when 11597570 is divided by 17925. 95 Calculate the remainder when 167770733 is divided by 4054. 4051 What is the remainder when 67239098 is divided by 5154? 14 What is the remainder when 262647 is divided by 682? 77 What is the remainder when 96217822 is divided by 228? 226 What is the remainder when 298087746 is divided by 393? 390 What is the remainder when 1961939 is divided by 71? 67 Calculate the remainder when 180919 is divided by 5836. 3 Calculate the remainder when 769309 is divided by 384603. 103 Calculate the remainder when 2033808 is divided by 52. 36 Calculate the remainder when 48985 is divided by 14804. 4573 What is the remainder when 1318684 is divided by 69365? 749 What is the remainder when 2775355 is divided by 60? 55 What is the remainder when 80675 is divided by 823? 21 Calculate the remainder when 501527 is divided by 2668. 2611 Calculate the remainder when 1200660 is divided by 16. 4 Calculate the remainder when 78545794 is divided by 294179. 1 What is the remainder when 11724 is divided by 1688? 1596 What is the remainder when 1726506 is divided by 6666? 12 Calculate the remainder when 292699 is divided by 93241. 12976 Calculate the remainder when 38346867 is divided by 261. 225 What is the remainder when 119616579 is divided by 69? 42 What is the remainder when 605595 is divided by 385? 375 What is the remainder when 71211599 is divided by 2096? 2095 What is the remainder when 79704454 is divided by 3271? 3268 Calculate the remainder when 396027 is divided by 98877. 519 What is the remainder when 1052035 is divided by 1219? 38 What is the remainder when 18728080 is divided by 26? 20 Calculate the remainder when 18218446 is divided by 4473. 4390 What is the remainder when 4205622 is divided by 895? 17 Calculate the remainder when 13013517 is divided by 194. 191 What is the remainder when 1063600 is divided by 212693? 135 Calculate the remainder when 3301247 is divided by 20378. 11 What is the remainder when 1185 is divided by 361? 102 Calculate the remainder when 2285345697 is divided by 31. 29 Calculate the remainder when 1944923 is divided by 5638. 5451 What is the remainder when 404929 is divided by 85? 74 What is the remainder when 30997279 is divided by 3174? 3169 What is the remainder when 100249424 is divided by 9470? 4 What is the remainder when 57706732 is divided by 84? 76 What is the remainder when 218992 is divided by 645? 337 Calculate the remainder when 891311 is divided by 891274. 37 What is the remainder when 3722529 is divided by 130? 109 What is the remainder when 140489 is divided by 362? 33 What is the remainder when 804274 is divided by 210? 184 Calculate the remainder when 84366 is divided by 84350. 16 What is the remainder when 15797739 is divided by 532? 531 Calculate the remainder when 1772187 is divided by 886084. 19 What is the remainder when 6263 is divided by 4183? 2080 What is the remainder when 187314 is divided by 186903? 411 What is the remainder when 15562 is divided by 296? 170 What is the remainder when 340251 is divided by 28286? 819 What is the remainder when 76342117 is divided by 10? 7 Calculate the remainder when 948678 is divided by 10303. 802 What is the remainder when 277129 is divided by 277080? 49 What is the remainder when 2755115 is divided by 330? 275 What is the remainder when 3081541 is divided by 71663? 32 What is the remainder when 66444002 is divided by 280? 2 What is the remainder when 1042707 is divided by 39? 3 What is the remainder when 123671310 is divided by 464? 462 Calculate the remainder when 22500883 is divided by 972. 55 Calculate the remainder when 478216 is divided by 3429. 1585 Calculate the remainder when 1829462 is divided by 698. 4 What is the remainder when 9549234 is divided by 8406? 18 What is the remainder when 145904 is divided by 83? 73 Calculate the remainder when 593839493 is divided by 116. 113 What is the remainder when 767614 is divided by 5261? 4769 What is the remainder when 63370 is divided by 3003? 307 What is the remainder when 561905 is divided by 583? 476 Calculate the remainder when 319929 is divided by 17. 6 Calculate the remainder when 2898409 is divided by 170. 79 Calculate the remainder when 418633360 is divided by 6. 4 What is the remainder when 3556663 is divided by 1185551? 10 What is the remainder when 2637955 is divided by 873? 622 Calculate the remainder when 467731 is divided by 27284. 3903 Calculate the remainder when 3062933 is divided by 278403. 500 Calculate the remainder when 2208743 is divided by 7102. 21 Calculate the remainder when 36280 is divided by 71. 70 Calculate the remainder when 5677622 is divided by 1968. 1910 What is the remainder when 1624566 is divided by 406105? 146 Calculate t | Low | [
0.531322505800464,
28.625,
25.25
] |
Sign up for Email Alerts Sign up for Email Alerts Southern NJ CLC Officers Sworn-In February 19, 2016 The new officers of the Southern NJ Central Labor Council, President Robert Schiavinato (AFM) and Secretary-Treasurer Leon Jones (BAC), were sworn in yesterday by Congressman Donald Norcross (D-01) and New Jersey State AFL-CIO Secretary-Treasurer Laurel Brennan. During the meeting, council members and labor officials spoke glowingly of the new leadership team and their commitment to our union values. As a former President of the Southern NJ CLC, Congressman Norcross commended the new officers and spoke extensively about their leadership and dedication to the labor movement. Secretary-Treasurer Brennan, who previously served as Secretary-Treasurer of the Southern NJ CLC, expressed the importance of strong and dynamic CLC leadership and recognized those qualities in this new team. On behalf of the statewide labor movement, the New Jersey State AFL-CIO congratulates Brothers Schiavinato and Jones on their new leadership roles as well as Alfred Laubsch, Jr., the Business Manager of IBEW Local 30 and the newly appointed COPE Director for the Southern NJ CLC. This leadership team will continue to ensure a strong and united labor voice throughout Southern New Jersey that will advance the progressive mission of the labor movement to benefit all working families. | Low | [
0.480686695278969,
28,
30.25
] |
35 Aerospace Programs To Watch NASA’s successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope, will be the world’s most advanced space observatory. After an up-and-down development program that will cost the U.S. $8.8 billion, Webb will begin its mission in 2018, studying the origins of the universe and looking for signs of life on planets beyond the Solar System. 6465 PARIS 2017 Disrupting the Disruptor How Airbus plans to stay ahead of new challengers By JENS FLOTTAU,GRAHAM WARWICK18 min 9293 Q&A PARIS 2017 'The Market Would Absorb More’ Airbus Commercial President Fabrice Bregier speaks about aircraft demand, the difficult introduction of the A320neo and possible program upgrades 114115 CONNECTED AEROSPACE Mish Mesh Alternative paths mark startup plans for mesh network providers By John Croft10 min 4647 Q&A PARIS 2017 Transforming a Giant How do you steer a company with 145,000 employees and nearly $100 billion in annual sales into the future? New airliners, military trainers, fighters and an unprecedented services initiative are among Boeing’s top priorities. Chairman, President and CEO Dennis Muilenburg sat down at the company’s Chicago headquarters with Aviation Week Editor-in-Chief Joe Anselmo and Senior Editor Guy Norris. Big Payoff Boeing innovations help secure new futures for three fighters By James Drew7 min 108109 Q&A PARIS 2017 Get Smart After acquiring Goodrich in 2012 for $18.4 billion, United Technologies combined it with Hamilton Sundstrand to create the super-supplier UTC Aerospace Systems (UTAS). Today UTAS employs 41,000 people globally and counts on markets outside the U.S. for 60% of its $15 billion in annual sales. President David Gitlin met with Aviation Week Editor-inChief Joe Anselmo and Senior Business Editor Michael Bruno at the company’s headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina. | Mid | [
0.612826603325415,
32.25,
20.375
] |
" A security officer forced me to have sex in exchange for cooking oil and pulses," 22-year-old Pashmeena. PESHAWAR: Kashmala Bibi* says her cousin’s breasts were cut into pieces when five militants walked into their house and saw the woman breastfeeding her child. One of the insurgents then asked the other women around to eat the pieces. This is one of the many tales of horror recorded in a report titled “Impact of crisis on women and girls in Fata”. The report, released by human rights organisation “Khwendo Kor” (Sisters’ Home in Pashto) with financial support from UN-women, is based on case studies of women from the tribal belt living in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa’s IDP camps. Women in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Fata) are more susceptible to violence and abuse in a post-conflict scenario, whether or not they are part of the conflict, it says. Another stark revelation made in the report is that women in camps were forced to have sexual intercourse in exchange for food and non-food items. Girls and widows were at greater risk. The surveys from Nahqai and Jalozai camps further show that women were uncomfortable going to restrooms because there was little privacy as men constantly lurked around. “A security officer forced me to have sex in exchange for cooking oil and pulses when I was collecting food at the main entrance of the camp,” a 22-year-old woman Nighat* from the Jalozai Camp is quoted as telling the discussion group. The report claims that there was an increase in honour killings in which women were first raped and since the rape was considered a disgrace to the family, they were later murdered. Forced marriages, honour killings, exchange of women between tribes and marriages with first cousins resulting in disabilities of offspring have made the women in the tribal areas increasingly dependent. The role of women in society has decreased from 39% to 19%. Akhunzada Chattan, an MNA from the Bajaur tribal region, says that certain rituals practiced with the veneration of religion have deprived women of their rights. “In Bajaur, the area that I come from, usury is not something against which the cleric will stand up, but if a woman demands her share of property she is stigmatised as culturally blasphemous,” he says. The amendments to the Frontier Crimes Regulation have not significantly helped. Even now women first have to go through a jirga to seek justice. The jirga then decides how to proceed. “Women in Fata cannot directly appeal to any court of law,” says Chattan while speaking to The Express Tribune. Maryam Bibi, the woman behind the project, who belongs to Jani Khel (FR) Bannu, says the findings of the report are based on ground realities. “Although it is hard to digest the facts, this is what the women have to go through. Someone has to speak for change.” Facebook Conversations Reader Comments (72) Unbelievable! Shameful that a country is willing to go to war against America but cant protect its own citizens in FATA leaving people at the mercy of militants on the one hand, and the security apparatus on the other. In the ultimate analysis, more mouths than food set up the physically stronger men to deny the weaker women their share. It is the law of the jungle in its barest form. The answer is to bring in prosperity in which there is plenty for all. This can happen only through work, work and more work. Until Pakistan has an administration that understands and accepts this ethic, such instances are likely to multiply at an accelerating rate. There are no quick fix solutions. @Mehdi Hassan Zafari: This is not in contrast but these things are contrary to Islamic Laws, please study then speak, In Islam Woman are graded to a high respectable level. These people who are doing this no nothing about Islamic laws seems like. @Nadir, please read the news again an soldier also rapped a woman for food,not just the terrorists. It is shameful act, and 100% believe these militant were American/Indian/Israeli not Pakistani….. This act is used against Pakistan, and shameful act of Pakistanis that, they believe on Jewish media news against Pakistan….. “Kashmala Bibi* says her cousin’s breasts were cut into pieces when five militants walked into their house and saw the woman breastfeeding her child. One of the insurgents then asked the other women around to eat the pieces.” This is how it is in war. I have heard that tamil women in camps in Srilanka went through similar fate after the fall of LTTE recently. Recently in the Indian state of West Bengal there was rampant rape and murder of women in the countryside before the end of Left rule there. In Mugabe’s Zimbabwe i had heard of the story of a school teacher who had to sell sex to barter for necessities to meet the needs of her family ( she was a mother of two ) because Zimbabwe was reeling under hyperinflation and the value of money was almost nothing. More painful than death is a disgraceful life. Rape is even more traumatic for you feel like having been through death and then still living on a life of shame and disgrace. Here the victim after going through the cruelty suffer again for a prolonged period ( often even for life ) from a sense of stigma, social isolation, depression, sense of guilt and extreme hopelessness. Rape is potentially psychological, familial and social murder. it is a very very vague report … not supported by any statistics … how many cases ? how all is this substantiated ? Which is this organisation ? Human abuse is rampant and common in every war stricken area … please get your facts right … I am sure there would be such incidents, I don’t deny that and I fully deplore such feral behaviour on part of the militants there. Hello everyone. could anyone from those areas come forward and confirm what these people are writing. we belong to that areas and believe me its a shock.there is a strong family systems there and these things are to say nearly impossible. a single example or two cannot be made a base for highlighting the whole area. I would like to get some comments from our tribal people. this is absolute crap. Khwendo kor is an NGO in peshwar Arbab road I ve been there for 10 years in peshawar and we didnt see any of their activity. Jalozai camp is deserted since 4 years as people of that camp were send to afghanistan some 4 years before if i m not mistaken. complete fabrication. statistics and sources are extremly unathentic and the whole article is produced just a piece of negative creative imaginationRecommend We should collectively hang our heads in shame that this is happening in our country. These people need to be caught and punished. Unfortunately, a weak government more interested in keeping its hold on power than serving the people, a president who flies overseas when he coughs for medical treatment, a political party being handed over to a young man barely out of university as family heirloom. How can we ever progress to solve problems facing this nation. @Usafzai: Sir – you need to get your facts right. Since 2008 Jalozai is the biggest IDP camp and still hosting close to 6,000 families. Open your eyes and do something about the situation instead of living in denial. The civilian govt needs to take control in FATA after security forces take complete or even partial control of this region. The military should have learnt some important lessons from their failures in the past that it cannot perform dual functions of security and adminstration which has resulted in more chaos and resentment amongst the people of this disturbed area. PROPAGANDA by a “Foreign Funded NGO” to milk funds from the Western Donors (read Masters)…. A Report that suits the whims of the Foreign Masters (for negatively propagating FATA and Pakistan)… If anything, the conflict in FATA has never (repeat NEVER) taken this course… Both Militants and Security Forces know the “Grave Repercussions” of Crossing the “Red-Lines” i.e. “Never MESS with the Tribesmen’s Womenfolk”… For a conflict of such a huge scale as that of FATA, a case or two can not be ruled out… But compared with conflicts of similar scale anywhere else in the world, the frequency is negligible… Not to suggest that “a case or two” isn’t Worthy of attention, but to “Blow it Out of Proportion”… Well its “PROFESSIONAL DISHONESTY” on the part of the NGO…. After all those examples, in essence, what you are saying is that women deserve to be killed or that relatives are doing them a favor by killing them to restore their honor and save them from social death?. You are a disgusting person if you think that way.Recommend what is the point of such an article..shouldn’t it first be reported to the police and the NGOs and DCO & commissioner of the region first esp of the victims in the idp camps..i mean what this article would do to help the victims rather than,create anguish disgust and hatred amongst the already fragmented society Are you insane or just blind? Pakistani society treats women like crap. I cannot go out to any bazaar or market without worrying about someone groping me. And before you say ‘oh I’m probably dressed provocatively’, I’m not. I’m most often wear loose fitting clothes and am draped with a shawl. Your ignorance towards how morally corrupt our society is only adds to it. I’m not saying everyone is terrible. But there is RAMPANT sexual abuse and harassment. In fact, I can off the top of my head think of two people I know that were either raped or sexually abused in Pakistan. It’s because of people like you that there is so much stigma and people are afraid to talk. Open your eyes, do some research, better yet… volunteer with charities and the Edhi Foundation and you’ll see all the terrible things that humanity is capable of. @Baba Ji: One example isn’t enough for you? You want more? Really? Because I think even one case like this is one too many. No one is saying such things don’t occur in other countries– Germany, Yugoslavia, Russia, India, the United States… most countries have horrible crap happen in it. The point this is making is that this is happening in Pakistan as well. Shameful. But true as some comments: lets get some statistics. How many cases? Even 1-2 are too many. From the headline and article it seems this is widespread. The system is very tribal so if true then some of the local tribal people must know and help to solve the criminal acts. For the sake of argument if we believe that this is true (although not verified by any other independent source) it is a sad case of extreme government negligence and male chauvinism in the society. Gov officials raping women in exchange of food, and men harassing women going to public toilet, exchanging women like commodities to settle disputes and mistakes of male relatives. Also it is interesting to see some people chose to completely neglect that in this article and put blame only on militants whose very existence is direct result of former and present government’s policies. So end of the day it is government’s responsibility and fault. They can allocate resources and money to conduct operations but nothing for justice (where men trading females and harassing get punished) and education. Still we do not see any government with plans to counter this menace at root level and provide social justice and education to all Pakistanis. @Mehdi Hassan Zafari: “The people committing these crimes have no right to call themselves Muslims!” Dear Mehdi these people are government certified “Muslims” you can check their identity cards. Please don’t commit Blasphemy by saying that they have no right to call themselves Muslims. @Pakistani Hindu: And such people call themselves Muslims. Where are the Mullahs and others who consider only Hindus, Jews and Christians as enemies and considering these Muslim rapists as one of them. I call on all good Pakistanis to rise against such violence to women. Anyone has a link to the report. It does not seem credible.Cant wrap my head how they came up with this statistic: “The role of women in society has decreased from 39% to 19%.” The methodology based on “Discussion group” of unnamed females is also very suspect.Also mentioning ppl living in camps are uncomfortable going to the restroom is hardly a mind blowing expose, which makes me suspicious of the more serious accusations of the report. There are many atrocities going on in the operation in FATA you can look at Amnesty International or HRW & Beurea of Investigative Journalism which have pretty high quality dependable reports which are well sourced and properly documented. For instance there were cases of Rape and murder which occurred at the start of the Swat operation which were properly documented. They even got mentioned in wikileaks. A while back a much publicised report claimed the vast majority of ppl from S. Waziristan supported “drone” strikes. Turned out the very temporary “NGO” (Run by an ANP worker)after publishing the un sourced and frankly concocted report, closed up shop and their website, after that single report. The principle writer got a lucrative job at Bacha Khan university later . A Canadian journalist who followed up on it had serious reservation on its veracity. Recently in Libya there was a similar NGO report of thousands of Mass rapes which latter turned out to be false.Recommend @ Rajan We don’t blame Indians for no reason. Fix India first, if you look at the response of the people of Pakistan you’ll know that everyone condemns these acts. It is not like Bihar where young women are sent to the fields to dance naked so that the goddess of rain would be ashamed and make rain. It is obvious that it was actually the CIA/MOSSAD/RAW that did all these to bring a bad name to Islam. Actually all most all of the people living in FATA are Indian, American and Israeli agents in disguise. Zaid Hamid the great Pakistani Ghazi has even conducted a detailed physical examination of all the citizens of FATA and has declared that not a single one of these people are Muslims. How is it wrong to breast feed? In human life and in the animal world this how mammals feed their young. It is perfectly natural. Does it say anything in the Koran not to breast feed? Weren’t these men breast fed as babies? They were wrong for entering someone’s private home and acting as judges. @Shocked: I just don’t understand how you arrived to all that. In fact i went back and read my comment again after reading what you have suspected about me. I have said that such extreme crime are rampant in war situations. And that this is an unfortunate truth. Further i wanted to say that this has nothing to do with Af-Pak because this is a predictable crime for any war society. sohaib@ your army behind that situations .the main problem is our army.. taliban s supporting by army .they r start fake war .army just want to show usa that we r fighting pakistan army dont need the end of war .becoz that crupt gernels earning dollars.our gernales some months before asking to the nation that shamsi air base under control of pakistan .but some days before vacate from USA .pakistan army openly given permission to politicians for cruption Hello everyone. could anyone from those areas come forward and confirm what these people are writing. we belong to that areas and believe me its a shock.there is a strong family systems there and these things are to say nearly impossible. a single example or two cannot be made a base for highlighting the whole area. I would like to get some comments from our tribal people. this is absolute crap. Khwendo kor is an NGO in peshwar Arbab road I ve been there for 10 years in peshawar and we didnt see any of their activity. Jalozai camp is deserted since 4 years as people of that camp were send to afghanistan some 4 years before if i m not mistaken. complete fabrication. statistics and sources are extremly unathentic and the whole article is produced just a piece of negative creative imagination this is totally wrong news ..we belong to the same area ..this is fake news .dont believe on that No philosophy can change the fact that the insurgents and militants belong to ISAF forces and nNATO supported militants. there is found not a single evidence that Taliban are operating in pakistan. before the militants invaded fata, there could hardly be found such incidents in history.Why under taliban rule in afghanistan the cultivation of poppy was banned n stopped? how theft, gang rape, robbery was eliminated? how the business community did left their shops open without any locks?The people of afghanistan now severely missing the taliban rule.As having a strong word against the taliban, i appreciate all their actions what did they do for peace.We should not throw the filth of US LEADING FORCES IN AFGHANISTAN on Taliban.Recommend @Livid: Very sorry to cause you unnecessary grief. My dear you have merely read the words, but unfortunately, your mind did not understand the hidden sarcasm of my comment which is full of bitterness, mockery and anger for our chauvinistic society. I would suggest you to read again the comment from another perspective!Recommend barbarism has not much to do with religion… it is a product of power politics and lack of accountability…when we want to fix things, we do fix them… we have the infrastructure as well as the ability… but do we have the will? @Mohammad Zahid: So then, am I to assume that if your assertions are true then all was sweetness and light under the Taliban? This entire situation is the responsibility of Zionists and the Great Satan America? An interesting exercise in self delusion, this . . . Dear All I am from India and am not hiding or pretending to be from Pakistan.. Such crimes do happen everywhere in world including India and Pakistan as well.. The role of society and govt. should be to bring such animals to justice whosoever they are, whichever religion they belong to. I don’t feel such animals can belong to any religion or even families.. These are mad animals who need to be treated in same manner. I shudder to think anyone can do such henious crime in life but animals are everywhere we know.. | Mid | [
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Coffee giant Starbucks has committed $10m (£7m) to bringing a fully recyclable and compostable cup to the market within three years. The move came after a campaign from a coalition of environmental organisations pressured the company to honour a decade-old pledge to introduce 100 per cent recyclable coffee cups. A petition accompanying the Break Free From Plastic campaign has gathered nearly one million signatures. In a statement, Starbucks said: “No one is satisfied with the incremental industry progress made to date, it’s just not moving fast enough. “So today, we are declaring a moon shot for sustainability to work together as an industry to bring a fully recyclable and compostable cup to the market, with a three-year ambition.” What do people think of Starbucks charging 5p for coffee cups? The move marks the third such commitment made by Starbucks to move towards recyclable cups. “Because this is their third commitment, Stand.earth needs more details from Starbucks about its pledge,” said Todd Paglia, executive director of Stand.earth, the joint leaders of the campaign. "In 2008 Starbucks boldly told the world it would work on switching to a 100 per cent recyclable paper cup. Today public pressure has forced it to finally commit serious money to that effort,” said Sondhya Gupta, senior campaigner at SumOfUS, the other lead organisation. “This is a step forward but only part of the solution. We must keep up the pressure to make the company quickly get rid of plastic pollution in all its products and stop promoting a throw away culture.” The Independent’s Cut the Cup Waste campaign has been pushing for action of this nature from businesses and government to work towards better solutions for the problem of disposable coffee cup waste. Despite public support for a “latte levy” – a proposed charge added to coffee cups to discourage their use – ministers recently decided to ignore recommendations to introduce such a levy. Instead they said coffee outlets should offer voluntary discounts to customers who bring their own cups. Such discounts are already offered by coffee chains including Starbucks, and the company has also recently launched a trial of its own latte levy in select London outlets. The campaigners behind Break Free From Plastic emphasised the need to embrace a variety of solutions to deal with plastic waste from businesses such as Starbucks. “Starbucks' plastic pollution problem goes beyond its paper cup. The ‘Starbucks: Break Free From Plastic’ coalition remains committed to pushing Starbucks to increase the amount of reusable cups in stores, as well as reduce its plastic pollution by eliminating other single-use plastic items like straws, cutlery and other plastic packaging,” said Emily DiFrisco, director of digital strategy at the Plastic Pollution Coalition. | Mid | [
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Java Developer You can be a java developer that contributes to the changing insurance market. An InsureTech company based in central London wants a java developer like you to join their team and help their transition into becoming a pioneer of how health insurance is calculated and sold. You will not just be a java developer; you will be facilitating a devops culture in an agile environment where continuous integration, a microsercvices architecture and TDD are in the process of being implemented. You can be a java develop that is underwriting a platform where, B2B sales of health insurance become more efficient, simpler and accurate. This technology will permanently transform the health insurance market and you can be a java developer that is a part of this. Experience with java (or any other JVM language) AWS Restful API's Angularjs/HTML/CSS The culture of the company is relaxed and encouraging. They value employees having a work - life balance and hence working from home and Friday's working from home is a norm. If you want to be a java developer that wants to really progress as an engineer, interact with modern technologies and be an environment that pushes and challenges you to improve your skills, click apply! SThree UK and Ireland is acting as an Employment Agency in relation to this vacancy. | High | [
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Quick Links How would you like to share? Microglia are the housekeepers of the brain, gobbling up foreign bodies and protecting neurons from damage. In culture, these cells are well known for ingesting globs of amyloid-β, and in Alzheimer disease they surround amyloid deposits. One could be forgiven for assuming that microglia have a profound effect on the growth or clearance of senile plaques. But as reported in the October 18 Nature Neuroscience online, researchers in Germany have almost completely banished microglia from the brains of APP transgenic mice, and to their surprise they found absolutely no change in plaque size or number. “We expected that something would happen, and we were not biased either way, but nothing happened. The plaques just didn’t care whether microglia were around or not,” said Mathias Jucker, University of Tubingen, and co-leader of the study together with Frank Heppner, Charite-Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin. “My interpretation is that in the normal pathogenesis of amyloid formation in transgenic mice, microglia do not play any role,” Jucker told ARF. The findings may come as a surprise, given indications that microglia can be recruited to tackle Aβ deposits (see Boissonneault et al., 2009; ARF related news story on El Khoury et al., 2007), but it gets at the fundamental question of whether resident microglia in the brain have any effect on plaque dynamics—a heavily debated issue, according to Terrence Town, University of California, Los Angeles. “This is an elegant study. I think that it definitively tells us that microglia are not important in clearance or formation of amyloid plaques,” Town told ARF, though he emphasized also that the work does not rule out the possibility that peripheral macrophages might be involved in plaque turnover or that brain microglia could be spurred into action. “While CNS resident microglia may not be able to influence plaque progression in the absence of further manipulation, that does not mean that if we devise a therapeutic or genetic strategy to manipulate these cells that that would not have an effect on plaques,” he said. To ablate microglia from the brain, Jucker, Heppner, and colleagues made use of mice engineered to produce the “suicide” thymidine kinase from herpes simplex virus (HSVTK). The kinase converts some antiviral drugs, such as ganciclovir (GCV), into toxic nucleotide analogs that insinuate into growing DNA and kill dividing cells. Joint first authors Stefan Grathwohl and Roland Kälin crossed HSVTK mice with two AD mouse models—the APP/PS1 mouse, which has aggressive plaque pathology, and the APP23 mouse, which develops plaques more slowly. The HSVTK was driven by the CD11b promoter. This promoter restricts kinase expression to cells of the myeloid lineage including brain microglia, but the researchers generated chimeric mice carrying congenic wild-type bone marrow to keep peripheral myeloid cells alive. This ensured that only resident brain microglia were ablated in the crosses. Grathwohl and colleagues used two different GCV treatments to ablate brain microglia in the APP/PS1-TK mice. Given orally at five months to the chimeric mice, GCV led to a 30 percent reduction in microglia in the neocortex. The morphology or number of Aβ plaques did not change as a consequence. Using a micropump to deliver GCV directly into brain ventricles (for the ventricle infusions, APP/PS1-TK mice were not bone marrow chimeric), the researchers achieved a 90 percent reduction in brain microglia over two to four weeks. Again, they found no change in plaque dynamics. The researchers also adjusted the timing of the microglial decimation to before or after plaques emerged. “It didn’t matter whether we depleted the microglia first or whether we had amyloid depositing mice with plaques and then depleted the microglia; the plaques just didn’t care whether they had microglia or not,” said Jucker. It also didn’t matter which mouse model the researchers used. With the less aggressive APP23 crosses, the researchers also achieved about 95 percent ablation of brain microglia after pumping GCV into brain ventricles of 17- or 24-month-old mice. They found no change in congophilic-positive plaque load or the number and morphology of amyloid-associated dystrophic neurites. The latter observation argues against activated microglia being involved in neuronal damage. “This was a very carefully designed study. They used multiple approaches, two different mouse models of Alzheimer’s, and I think the results are compelling,” said Town. One major limitation to the study is the length of observation. Because GCV eventually becomes toxic, the researchers were only able to follow its effects for up to four weeks, leaving open the question of whether a longer microglial depletion would have some effect on plaques. “That’s a fair criticism,” said Jucker but he added that studies of microglial infiltration into the brain have seen effects within two weeks (see ARF related news story on Simard et al., 2006) and that plaques can pop up literally overnight (see ARF related news story on Meyer-Luehmann et al., 2008), “so I have trouble to believe that after, say, 16 weeks we would see anything different,” he said, though he is planning to investigate longer times. Town thinks that the researchers tried their best to see a positive effect. “The time points they chose to administer GCV tended to be during the initiation phase of Aβ deposition, so you would expect that if any phase of amyloidosis would be sensitive to this kind of manipulation, it would be then,” he said. “This is a very exciting study that gives us a lot of thought for what is really going on in the brain with amyloid, and I think we will be busy discussing this for a long time,” suggested Tony Wyss-Coray, Stanford University, California, who also wondered if resident microglia can be induced to attack amyloid. “The study shows that if you don’t do anything, then microglia are not involved in plaque turnover. But that doesn’t exclude that they could be clearing amyloid in human brains,” he suggested. Jucker said he doubts that happens in the absence of some other initiating event. “This goes back almost 20 years to the studies of Henryk Wisniewski,” said Jucker. Wisniewski found Aβ fibrils in brain microglia of AD patients only if the patients had also suffered a stroke (see Wisniewski et al., 1991), suggesting that some additional event was necessary to goad microglia into gobbling up Aβ. What that event might be in humans is unclear, though inflammatory responses aid microglia clearance of Aβ in transgenic mice (see, e.g., Wyss-Coray et al., 2001). And just recently, Pritam Das and colleagues at the Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, reported that they can induce massive gliosis and suppression of Aβ deposition by administering the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) to transgenic animals (see Chakrabarty et al., 2009). “We are excited about that because it shows that inflammation does not promote more amyloid or more Aβ, which was the hypothesis for a long time,” said Das. Immunotherapy is currently an active therapeutic strategy and that might stimulate microglia, as well. In vitro, too, microglia are well known for phagocytosing Aβ. Gary Landreth’s group at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, have identified specific receptors that mediate microglial responses to Aβ (see ARF related news story on Reed-Geaghan et al., 2009). “That would, of course, create hope that one could try to find the right receptor or target to activate these cells. If it is true that they are not doing anything in the brain, but they do in cell culture, they are targets I would want to pursue,” suggested Wyss-Coray. If it is true that microglia are normally oblivious to amyloid plaques, then why do they surround them? “My own theory is that they are making a glial scar,” suggested Das. “The microglia surround the plaques, and astrocytes come on top and cordon off the area, essentially protecting the rest of the brain. If the microglia cannot remove plaques, it makes sense that they would try to protect the rest of the brain from damage.” Though ablation of microglia did not result in neurodegeneration, noted Jucker, he did agree with Das’s speculation. Perhaps the next step is to question the role of the astrocytes, suggested Wyss-Coray. “A number of people, including us, have shown that astrocytes can degrade amyloid.” (See Wyss-Coray et al., 2003.) However, given their specialized role in modulating neurotransmission, ablating astrocytes without having catastrophic effects on the mice might be a tall order.—Tom Fagan Comments The demonstration by Grathwohl et al. that substantial depletion of microglia has no consequences for Aβ deposition is indeed intriguing. However, this finding must be taken in context of a good deal of data indicating that microglia do participate in the sequelae of events occurring in AD and in APP transgenic models, much of which come from studies enlisting elegant gene- or cell-ablation approaches such as those applied here. For instance, genetic ablation of Toll-like receptor 2 (Richard et al., 2008) or CCR2 (El Khoury et al., 2007) exacerbates plaque deposition. More importantly, many hypotheses about the roles of microglia in AD involve events downstream of amyloidogenesis, such as synaptic dysregulation or frank neurotoxicity. The sole parameter assessed in this paper that has any possible link to such downstream events was APP staining in dystrophic neurites. But no compelling claims had ever been made for a connection between microglial actions and these structures; the APP staining is likely a consequence of the transgene itself. It would be more relevant to survey markers of synapse integrity and function, as well as tau phosphorylation. Indeed, several lines of investigation indicate that microglia play tonic roles in normal synapse formation, modulation, and removal (Bessis et al., 2007; Wake et al., 2009). If this is the case, it is difficult to imagine that their activation in AD does not impact synaptic function in some way. There is also compelling evidence that one consequence of FAD mutations is dependent upon microglia; namely, microglia expressing mutant forms of presenilin-1 alter the fate of neural progenitor cells (Choi et al., 2008). Relatedly, it would certainly be important to characterize the behavioral profile of mice manipulated in the manner of Grathwohl et al. | Mid | [
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A distributed data store for sequential data – Facebook Code LogDevice, a distributed data store for sequential data, originally developed and currently deployed within Facebook is now available as an open source project. LogDevice offers durability, high availability, and total order of records under failures. It is designed for a variety of workloads, including event streaming, replication pipelines, transaction logs, and deferred work journals. LogDevice comes with a command-line administration tool called LDShell. We look forward to seeing what the open source community contributes, especially in relation to integration with cloud computing environments, monitoring systems, and configuration management. For more information about LogDevice, see our original post.For more information about this open source release, see the LogDevice site. | High | [
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The former All Star believes local rivalries would help boost crowds at league matches and ease the burden on players who are sometimes forced to travel long distances in the current format. "You're not getting good crowds at National League games between Derry and Cork or Kerry and Donegal. I think some of the trips are needless and local rivalries would work best. From what I've seen, if Dublin were with Meath, Kildare, Laois in a provincial league set-up, I think it would work better. "Last season we saw an O'Byrne Cup game between Dublin and Meath played on a Wednesday night with 8,000 people. "If you look at it from a player's perspective, you're asking amateur players to travel long distances on Sundays. And local rivalries -- provincial leagues -- played on Friday and Saturday nights under lights, would add a bit of spice and a bit of appetite." | Mid | [
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All over the interwebs, people are equating NoSQL with scalability. Yesterday, I wrote a blog post explaining that most NoSQL dbs aren't, in fact, scalable. The general consensus in the comments seemed to be that my article was missing substantiation — that without explaining why the dbs weren't scalable, I wasn't adding anything to the discussion. So, what does ”scalable database“ mean? There are two kinds of scalability: vertical and horizontal. Vertical scaling is just adding more capacity to a single machine. Virtually every database product is vertically scalable to the extent that they can make good use of more CPU cores[1], RAM, and disk space. With a horizontally scalable system, it's possible to add capacity by adding more machines. By far, most database products are not horizontally scalable. But, people have been scaling products like MySQL for years, so how'd they do it? Vertically is one way. 37signals has written about the mammoth (128GB of RAM and 8 x 15,000 RPM SAS drives) machines they run their dbs on — and that was over a year ago. I bet they've at least doubled the capacity in those machines by now. It's also common to see RDBMS-backed applications run one or more read-slaves. With master-slave replication, it's possible to scale reads horizontally. But, there's a trade-off there. Since most (all?) replication systems are asynchronous, reads from slaves may be somewhat stale. It's not uncommon for replication lag times to be measured in minutes or hours in the event of network partitioning (for example). So, read-sharding trades some consistency (the ”C“ in ACID) for aditional read capacity[2]. When an application needs more write capacity than they can get out of a single machine, they're forced to partition (shard) their data across multiple database servers. This is how companies like facebook and twitter have scaled their MySQL installations to massive proportions. This is the closest you can get to horizontal scalability with most database products. Sharding is a client-side affair — that is, the database server doesn't do it for you. In this kind of environment, when you access data, the data access layer uses consistent hashing to determine which machine in the cluster a specific piece of data should be written to (or read from). Adding capacity to (or alleviating “hot spots” from) a sharded system is a process of manually rebalancing the data across the cluster. So, while it's possible to add capacity to a mysql-backed application by adding machines, mysql itself is not horizontally scalable. On the other hand, products like cassandra, riak, and voldemort automatically partition your data. It's possible to add capacity to these systems by simply turning on a new machine and starting the service (actually, I only know this for certain about cassandra, but I'm reasonably certain it's true for the others). The database system itself takes care of rebalancing the data and ensuring that it is sufficiently replicated across the cluster. This is what it means for a database to be horizontally scalable[3]. [1] Many databases are not capable of making use of additional CPU cores. Many NoSQL dbs, such as redis, are event-driven and run in a single thread. [2] For the sake of completeness, I am aware of some tools (such as mysql-mmm) that monitor replication lag, and remove overly lagged shards from read rotation to help maintain consistency. [3] Truly distributed dbs like cassandra also provide other goodies like per-query consistency and availability settings. But, that's beyond the scope of this article. For more on that (and many other things on this topic), the dynamo paper is a good place to start. | Mid | [
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india Updated: Aug 05, 2019 19:30 IST The Rajasthan Assembly on Monday passed a bill providing for life imprisonment and a fine up to Rs 5 lakh to convicts in cases of mob lynching involving the victim’s death. The Rajasthan Protection from Lynching Bill, 2019 was tabled in the assembly on July 30 by law minister Shanti Dhariwal and came up for discussion on Monday. Rajasthan became the second Congress-ruled state after Madhya Pradesh to make a law against mob lynching. Under the new law, lynching offences will be tried by a sessions court and be cognizable, non-bailable and non-compoundable. According to the new law, a person who commits an act of lynching which causes the death of the victim will face rigorous life imprisonment and a fine of Rs1 lakh to Rs 5 lakh. In case of grievous hurt, the punishment will be jail up 10 years and a fine of Rs 25,000 to Rs 3 lakh and for other injuries, the punishment is a jail term of up to seven years and a fine of Rs one lakh. Obstructing arrest of the accused, creating hurdles in legal proceedings or threatening witnesses will attract a jail term of up to five years and penalty of Rs one lakh. The law prescribes a procedure for the appointment of a coordinator at the state and district levels as directed by the Supreme Court and witness protection. Mob lynching cases will not be investigated by an officer below the rank of a police inspector. Under the law, the state government in consultation with the chief justice of the high court will also set up designated courts to hear mob lynching cases. Victims will get compensation as per the Rajasthan Victim Compensation Scheme and will be rehabilitated in case they get displaced because of a mob lynching incident. But the new law came under fire from the BJP. “It is unfortunate that the government has brought a law to appease one particular community,” BJP spokesperson Pankaj Meena said criticizing the new law. Civil society activists also came out strongly against the manner in which the government had introduced the bill without any public consultation and Several civil society organizations have written to the CM office and law minister Shanti Dhariwal demanding a debate. Ramon Magsaysay Award winner and founder of Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) Aruna Roy and People’s Union for Civil Liberties’ Rajasthan unit chief Kavita Srivastava flagged the government for the way the bill was passed. Srivastava said “The bill was not in the business advisory on Monday but was introduced in the house. It seems they it was put late last night but was not uploaded on the website.” She said any bill should be scrutinized and publicly debated. “But no one has seen the bill and it was passed without debate. We demand they be referred to a select committee and our views should be heard.” | Mid | [
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Q: Add NSUnderlineStyle.PatternDash to NSAttributedString in Swift? I'm trying to add an underline to some text in my Swift app. This is the code I have currently: let text = NSMutableAttributedString(string: self.currentHome.name) let attrs = [NSUnderlineStyleAttributeName:NSUnderlineStyle.PatternDash] text.addAttributes(attrs, range: NSMakeRange(0, text.length)) homeLabel.attributedText = text But I get this error on the text.addAttributes line: NSString is not identical to NSObject How can I add an attribute contained in an enum to an NSMutableAttributedString in Swift? A: Here's a full example of creating a UILabel with underlined text: Swift 5: let homeLabel = UILabel(frame: CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: 100, height: 30)) let text = NSMutableAttributedString(string: "hello, world!") let attrs = [NSAttributedString.Key.underlineStyle: NSUnderlineStyle.patternDash.rawValue | NSUnderlineStyle.single.rawValue] text.addAttributes(attrs, range: NSRange(location: 0, length: text.length)) homeLabel.attributedText = text Swift 4: let homeLabel = UILabel(frame: CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: 100, height: 30)) let text = NSMutableAttributedString(string: "hello, world!") let attrs = [NSAttributedStringKey.underlineStyle: NSUnderlineStyle.patternDash.rawValue | NSUnderlineStyle.styleSingle.rawValue] text.addAttributes(attrs, range: NSRange(location: 0, length: text.length)) homeLabel.attributedText = text Swift 2: Swift allows you to pass an Int to a method that takes an NSNumber, so you can make this a little cleaner by removing the conversion to NSNumber: text.addAttribute(NSUnderlineStyleAttributeName, value: NSUnderlineStyle.StyleDouble.rawValue, range: NSMakeRange(0, text.length)) Note: This answer previously used toRaw() as used in the original question, but that is now incorrect as toRaw() has been replaced by the property rawValue as of Xcode 6.1. A: If you want an actual dashed line, you should OR | the raw values of both PatternDash and StyleSingle enums like below: let dashed = NSUnderlineStyle.PatternDash.rawValue | NSUnderlineStyle.StyleSingle.rawValue let attribs = [NSUnderlineStyleAttributeName : dashed, NSUnderlineColorAttributeName : UIColor.whiteColor()]; let attrString = NSAttributedString(string: plainText, attributes: attribs) A: In Xcode 6.1, SDK iOS 8.1 toRaw() has been replaced by rawValue: text.addAttribute(NSUnderlineStyleAttributeName, value: NSUnderlineStyle.StyleDouble.rawValue, range: NSMakeRange(0, text.length)) Or Easier : var text : NSAttributedString = NSMutableAttributedString(string: str, attributes : [NSUnderlineStyleAttributeName: NSUnderlineStyle.StyleSingle.rawValue]) | Mid | [
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of 23? True Let y be 4/(5/(-15)*-3). Suppose t + 5*j = 117, 590 = y*t + 5*j + 137. Is 32 a factor of t? False Suppose -o - 1727 = -3*x, -2780 = -5*x + o + 99. Is x a multiple of 24? True Let b = -29 + 24. Is 17 a factor of 4 - (3 + 742)/b? True Let r(p) = -p**3 - 2*p**2 - 6*p + 11. Let b be r(-6). Suppose -2*a + 0*n = -n - b, -5*a + 482 = -n. Is a a multiple of 14? False Is (-21*40/4)/(2/(-12)) a multiple of 14? True Suppose 2*j + 4*r + 1016 = -2*j, -5*r = -3*j - 738. Let t = j - -167. Does 13 divide (-12)/t - (-670)/14? False Does 26 divide (-7)/((-35)/(-1320))*-3? False Let u = 6 + -5. Is 7 a factor of (-8)/(2 - 3) + u? False Suppose 5*l - 4*u = 19, 4*u - 29 - 8 = -3*l. Let j(m) = 2*m - 8. Let d be j(l). Is 8 a factor of 35 + (-2 + d)/(-4)? False Let v(z) = -56*z. Does 24 divide v(-6)? True Suppose 3*g - 4*j + 0*j = 564, 0 = 2*j. Does 6 divide g? False Let x(w) = -4*w + 12*w + 13 + 10*w - w**2 + 34. Does 7 divide x(19)? True Let k(q) = -2*q**3 + 2*q**2 + 4*q + 512. Does 8 divide k(0)? True Let l be 224 + ((-18)/(-3) - 2). Let c = -132 + l. Is c a multiple of 16? True Let y(p) = 578*p**2 + 2*p + 9. Is y(-2) a multiple of 8? False Suppose 3*o - 357 + 40 = -2*z, 0 = o + 5*z - 84. Is 4 a factor of o? False Suppose i - 4*m - 346 = 0, 0 = 5*i + m - 275 - 1560. Is i a multiple of 35? False Let u = 544 - 512. Does 16 divide u? True Let y be (-40)/(4 - 8) + -5. Suppose -w + 3*k = -251, 2*w - 4*w - y*k + 535 = 0. Does 65 divide w? True Suppose 5*l + 184 = -166. Let m = 136 + l. Is 9 a factor of m? False Suppose -2699 = 5*a + m, 0*m + 1075 = -2*a - 5*m. Let t be (6/15)/(9/a). Does 6 divide 18/t - (-198)/8? True Suppose -390*a = -397*a + 3920. Does 35 divide a? True Let m(d) = -d + 2. Let x be m(0). Suppose r = -x*r + 21. Let b = r + 66. Is 11 a factor of b? False Suppose -1562 = -2*g - 2*g + 2*a, 5*g - 4*a - 1957 = 0. Suppose 5*c - g = 111. Does 10 divide c? True Let b be -1 + (1 - 3) + 7. Suppose 2*y = -p + 102, 0 = 5*y - y - b. Is 25 a factor of p? True Let m = 58 - 52. Suppose -g + m*g = -2*f + 10, -g - 5*f - 21 = 0. Is g a multiple of 4? True Let m = -737 - -1208. Does 48 divide m? False Let u be 1 - 1 - 216/8. Let y = 43 + u. Is y even? True Let n be (8/3)/(2/3). Let f(s) = 5 + s**2 - 4*s - 2*s + 3*s. Is 4 a factor of f(n)? False Let k(z) = -8*z - 14. Let i be k(-7). Suppose i*x - 18 = 40*x. Does 3 divide x? True Let y be (1 + -7)*(-4)/3. Suppose 2 = 2*n - y. Suppose -2*o = -i + n*i - 28, 3*i + 19 = o. Is 11 a factor of o? False Let b(x) be the first derivative of 5 + 1/4*x**4 + 36*x + 0*x**2 - 1/3*x**3. Is b(0) a multiple of 18? True Suppose -6*t + 2392 = 17*t. Is t a multiple of 13? True Suppose 3*i = -4*i. Suppose -5*b = -i*b - 325. Is b a multiple of 13? True Let u(p) = p + 14. Let z be u(-6). Suppose z*t - 179 = 221. Does 10 divide t? True Let r = 1 - 4. Suppose 3*p + 22 = 5*w, w - 10 = 4*w + 4*p. Is (r + 2 - w) + 35 a multiple of 12? False Suppose -3*g - 147 + 18 = 0. Let n = 65 - g. Does 27 divide n? True Suppose 11*m = 15*m. Let r = 5 + m. Suppose v = -r*a + 245, 2*a + 0*a = 3*v + 98. Does 16 divide a? False Suppose 0*t - t = -242. Suppose -3*s + 3*j = -174, -3*s + t = s + j. Does 12 divide s? True Let j(w) = -w**2 - 11*w + 5. Let f be j(-9). Let s = 84 + f. Does 22 divide s? False Suppose 0 = 5*x + 3*h + 2, -5*h - 13 = 3*x + 1. Let q(c) = c**3 + 8*c**2 + 4*c - 13. Let b be q(-6). Suppose x*l - b = 61. Is 11 a factor of l? False Suppose 4*w + 4 - 12 = 0. Suppose 2*m + 458 = 7*m - w*g, 0 = -m - 3*g + 78. Does 15 divide m? True Let y(z) = 3*z**2 + 6*z + 6. Let p(d) = -d**2 - 17*d - 20. Let l be p(-16). Let c be y(l). Does 7 divide ((-8)/3)/((-10)/c)? False Let w = 448 + -263. Let z = w + -74. Suppose -5*x + 3*k + 171 = 0, z = 3*x - 0*x + k. Is 6 a factor of x? True Let i = -105 + 223. Suppose -h = 3*r - 5*r - i, -4*h + 524 = 5*r. Does 30 divide h? False Let w(n) = n**2 + 14*n - 53. Let t be w(-18). Suppose 2*r - t - 55 = 0. Is 4 a factor of r? False Suppose 1382*k - 1373*k = 7434. Is 59 a factor of k? True Let t(o) = -o**3 + 9*o**2 + 10*o - 11. Let d = 56 - 49. Is t(d) a multiple of 33? False Let g = -1021 - -1623. Does 6 divide g? False Let a be ((-66)/15)/((-1)/(-15)). Let p = a - -175. Is p a multiple of 8? False Let n(m) = 92*m - 39. Does 13 divide n(6)? False Suppose -2*f - 780 = -7*f. Suppose -h = 4*c - 543, 0 = -c - h + f - 21. Let p = -83 + c. Is 14 a factor of p? False Is 11 a factor of ((334/4)/1)/(1/2)? False Let s be 1 + 1 + -2 + 25. Let m = -6 + 20. Let u = s + m. Does 9 divide u? False Suppose -3*t - 2*k + 756 = t, -3*k + 561 = 3*t. Suppose -3*p = -z - t, 53 = p - 0*p - 3*z. Is p a multiple of 5? True Let m(l) = -l**2 + 6*l - 9. Suppose 11*q = 13*q - 12. Let c be m(q). Let b(i) = -i**2 - 9*i + 10. Is 10 a factor of b(c)? True Let r = -1120 - -1587. Is 4 a factor of r? False Let v(w) = -203*w - 119. Is 11 a factor of v(-4)? True Let u = -20 + 23. Suppose 0 = 2*g + 2*f - 70, 7*g - 164 = u*g + 4*f. Suppose 0 = 2*o + 4*c - 10, -g = -4*o - 4*c + 2*c. Is 3 a factor of o? False Let z be 10562/(-16) + 12 + (-665)/56. Let a(k) = -k**2 - 3*k + 4. Let p be a(4). Is 11 a factor of z/p*(-16)/(-10)? True Suppose 0 = 3*y - 227 + 11. Suppose 5*l + 5*q = -y - 388, -5*l = q + 476. Let x = l - -147. Does 25 divide x? False Is 10 + 10/(40/(-12)) - -612 a multiple of 104? False Let r(n) be the first derivative of -n**4/4 - 10*n**3/3 - 9*n**2/2 + 11*n + 1. Let u be r(-9). Suppose -2*w + 73 = u. Does 9 divide w? False Let z = -51 + 44. Let x(r) = r**2 + r + 2. Does 22 divide x(z)? True Let c = 1935 - -193. Is 133 a factor of c? True Let b = -105 + 109. Let q = 145 - 79. Suppose -b*f + 5*f - q = 0. Does 22 divide f? True Let o be 8*18 + -1 - (0 + 3). Let p = -68 + o. Is 12 a factor of p? True Let p(r) = r. Let h(y) = -3*y**2 - 11*y - 1. Let l(x) = -h(x) - 2*p(x). Suppose -2*u - 2 = 0, -26*j + 23*j - 19 = u. Is l(j) a multiple of 11? True Let r(j) = j**3 - 5*j**2 + 4*j - 3. Let b be r(3). Let x be 2/(-1) - 36/b. Is 11 a factor of (3 - 2/x) + 47? False Is -1076*-3*(0 - 2/(-12)) a multiple of 29? False Let v = -106 - -110. Suppose 7*u + v*s - 288 = 3*u, -358 = -5*u - 3*s. Is u a multiple of 24? False Let k(z) = z**2 + 76. Let o be k(0). Suppose -b + 5*b - o = 0. Is b a multiple of 17? False Suppose -3*x - 3 = q - x, -4*x - 10 = -2*q. Suppose o - 43 = q. Is 11 a factor of o? True Let s = 5794 + -2010. Is 30 a factor of 22/(-77) + s/14? True Suppose -5*l + 0*d - 394 = 3*d, 5*l = -2*d - 396. Let j = l - -154. Suppose 2*m - j = 10. Does 15 divide m? False Let m be (5/((-10)/12))/((-24)/1328). Suppose a + 3*a - m = -5*l, a + 342 = 5*l. Does 17 divide l? True Let b(r) = 2*r**2 - 4*r. Let a = 26 + -16. Suppose a - 4 = 2*p. Is b(p) a multiple of 2? True Suppose x - 4*x = c, 2*x - 4*c - 14 = 0. Is 13 a factor of (x + -4)/9*(-213)/1? False Let z(g) = -g - 10. Let c be z(-10). Suppose 4*i + u = 19, -1 = 2*i - 3*u - c. Suppose 7*d - 3*d = -4*a + 24, -a = i*d - 27. Is d even? False Let d be (4*-5)/((-5)/10). Let r = 76 - d. Is 18 a factor of r? True Suppose -5*d + 24 = 3*f, 3*f + d - 5*d + 3 = 0. Suppose -276 = 3*p - 6*p + f*b, -p + 94 = -3*b. Does 7 divide p? True Suppose -4*x - 142 + 922 = 2*a, 0 = -5*a - 5*x + 1965. Is 5 a factor of a? False Let l(f) be the first derivative of 2*f**3 + 7*f**2/2 + 16*f + 6. Is l(-4) a multiple of 12? True Does 36 divide (-792)/(-32)*2*(0 + 56)? True Let b = 17 + -11. Let p be (-704)/14 - b/(-21). Let y = p + 77. Is y a multiple of 9? True Let t(o) = 3*o**2 - o - 9. Is t(-9) a multiple of 6? False Let k(i) = -3*i**3 + 3*i**2 + 3*i + 2. Let b be k(-3). Let w(o) = o**3 + 5*o**2 - 8*o - 8. Let f be w(-6). Suppose f*z + 37 - b = 0. Is 4 a factor of z? True Let r(o) = 11*o**2 + 3*o - 6. Is r(2) a multiple of 11? True Suppose 2*u + 856 = 3*g, u - 574 = -2*g - u. Does 14 divide g? False Let m(g) = -g**2 - 6*g - 3. Let d be m(-5). Suppose -3*r + 25 = d*r. Suppose 5*a + 80 = 2*p - 3, -3*p - r*a + 112 = 0. Is 9 a factor of p? False Suppose -x + 3*x - 295 = m, -m - 150 = -x. Is (1 + 4/(-12))*(x - 1) a multiple of 12? True Let l be (-2)/4*16/(-4). Let j be ((-167)/l)/(3/(-12)). Suppose 4*v = v - r + j, v - 2*r - 123 = 0. Is 26 a factor of v? False Let v = 13 + -10. Suppose -v + 6 = c. Suppose -255 = -3*u - 2*u - 4*n, c*n = 2*u - 102. Is 1 | Low | [
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Walker Rocks Walker Rocks () is a group of high rocks, about 3 nautical miles (6 km) in extent, lying 3 nautical miles (6 km) southwest of Mount Murray near the mouth of Mawson Glacier in Victoria Land. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in 1964 for Carson B. Walker, utility man at South Pole Station, 1961. Category:Rock formations of Victoria Land Category:Scott Coast | Mid | [
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Q: How to implement and use google cloud sql in my android app (eclipse) this would look like a dumb question and it may look like I didn't search out there for an answer but. The problem is that I am developing an android app and at a certain point I new about Google Cloud SQL and Google App Engine so I watched like 20-30 tutorial and started implementing, but now I'm stuck and can find no tutorial that shows a step by step simple android code. Here's what I've done and where I'm stuck right now: -my android app is working great no single error -created an app engine project -turned on Google Cloud SQL service and it's API service and paid for that -created an instance in the cloud -and "through the api console" created a table and a small database in my instance -generated an App Engine backed for my application package And here it's where I got stuck !!! I don't know how to use the generated files, how things work, how can I access the table in the cloud through my app, COULD FIND NO TUTORIAL explaining how does that happen, all tutorials out there just skip that step as if it's the easiest thing in the world. I just want to know how does things work together? where to right the methods, what do I have to do to get my data from the table in the instance which is in the cloud... I would appreciate even any link :) thank you. A: If you haven't got this figured out yet, this is what I did. In the developer console note your project number and your API key. Also make sure your cloud instance allows access to your project ID. Create an app engine connected project. File > New > Other > Android > App Engine Connected Android Project. Enter your project number and API key. Once you create the project, then right click the generated app engine project > Google > App Engine Setting and enter your project ID from the developer's console in the Application ID field. Right click the generate app engine project > Google > Generate Cloud Endpoint Client Library Right click the generate app engine project > Google > Deploy to App Engine Now you can call you cloud SQL database from the android app. but you have to do it as an AsyncTask. It did not work for me until I did this. Create an AsyncTask class and in the doInBackground connect to your DB. I did mine like this: public class Connect extends AsyncTask<Context, Integer, Long> { protected Long doInBackground(Context... contexts) { Connection connection; String query = "Some query"; try { Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://<your cloud IP address>/<database schema you want to connect to>", "<user>", "<password>"); Statement statement = connection.createStatement(); ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery(query); If you already created an android project, just right click that project > Google > Generate App Engine Backend and start from step 2. I hope this helps. A: You are almost there. The recommended mechanism for you would be to expose your App Engine hosted functionality via a REST service and invoke those services from your Android application. Google makes it easier for you to do that via the Cloud Endpoints functionality. This will help generate an Endpoints Service (think REST Service) for your Mobile Backend. It will also generate a set of Client classes (in .java for your Android application) that you can use easily to invoke the services from your Android client. Check out this in-depth tutorial that covers "How to build a mobile app with an App Engine backend" | Mid | [
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Hepco-Becker Centerstand Kit for V7 IIs & IIIs $288.23 Quantity Description Hepco & Becker center stands are made of high quality steel and manufactured to precise tolerances. They feature electroplated return springs and are finished in tough powder coating. All center stands come with the required installation hardware and instructions. And please note: unlike stand kits supplied by Moto Guzzi for various V7 models, This one fits with the standard US-spec side stand. It is not necessary to either remove the side stand or replace it with the Euro version. And people find this kit easy to install - another big plus! | High | [
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Kings Mountain gets muddy, walks out of Forestview with a clean sheet Tuesday Rainy conditions blanketed the area much of Tuesday, but it did little to slow the Mountaineers in their pursuit of a perfect conference slate. Few have proven as a worthy adversary for the Kings Mountain girls soccer team this season. And on Tuesday, not even Mother Nature could get between it and another Big South 3A victory. The Mountaineers remained undefeated in conference play, going on the road to claim a 4-0 win over Forestview. With the victory, they claimed a season sweep of their league foes, outscoring them 9-1. “When I got the call saying we were on, I said ‘Let’s go!,’” said Kings Mountain girls soccer coach Erik Price. “When I told them they would get to play in the mud, they started screaming. Most kids love to play in the mud and get dirty, so to play a game like this, they enjoyed it. And it felt better to win it.” Played on a pitch soaked by two days of rain, it was the Jaguars who came out as the aggressors, holding possession and getting some good shots on goal. Their best opportunity came off the leg of Morgan Hall in the fifth minute, her attempt batted away by Kings Mountain net minder Baylee Marr. The match would remain scoreless until the 38th minute, when an unlucky bounce on a shot by Kings Mountain’s Cassidy Calhoun skipped past Jaguar goalie Nicole Bolton gave the Mountaineers a 1-0 lead. “In games like this, with these type of field conditions, it is usually about who can catch the first break and it happened to go our way,” Price said. “Both teams worked hard, the ball was moving around. We knew we would not be able to play our normal style of ball possession, and played a lot of long balls … which is not normally how we play. But I’m proud of our girls for stepping up and rising to the challenge.” Things would go from bad to worse in the opening minutes of the second half. Sarah Campbell utilized her speed to get behind Forestview defensemen, then finished things off by putting the ball in the back of net to give Kings Mountain a 2-0 lead. According to Forestview girls soccer coach David McConnell, he perceived Campbell as being in an offside position and her goal should have been nullified. However, he accepted that an official was in a better position to cast judgment. “The second goal was unfortunate, just how it happened,” he said. “He was on the line, and you have to take his word for it. It’s how it happens sometimes, you just have to try to move on.” Despite holding a two-goal advantage, Kings Mountain could have taken its foot off the pedal. Instead, it opted to continue applying pressure and probing for opportunities. The Mountaineers added to their lead with a Sarah Drennan header off a free kick in the 65th minute, followed by an Emma Goff goal with a little more than 10 minutes remaining. “You never overlook Stuart Cramer, Forestview, Crest … they are three powerhouses in our conference,” Price said. “So to get a win in this fashion against Forestview, it means a lot. But there’s still much left for us to accomplish and many more tough games ahead.” Kings Mountain (12-4, 10-0-1 Big South 3A) hosts Crest on Friday in a battle of the top two teams in Big South 3A. Meanwhile, Forestview (11-4, 7-3) looks to rebound when it travels to Stuart Cramer on Thursday. Never miss a story Choose the plan that's right for you. Digital access or digital and print delivery. | Mid | [
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172 Ga. App. 90 (1984) 322 S.E.2d 100 DENT v. SMITH et al. LANGHORN v. SMITH et al. 68269, 68270. Court of Appeals of Georgia. Decided September 13, 1984. David A. Kendrick, for appellants. Robert C. Martin, Jr., for appellees. BIRDSONG, Judge. Summary Judgment Negligent Supervision of Child. Robert Smith and his wife were the parents of four children, three teenagers and one ten years of age. A couple of years before the injury giving rise to the complaint, the Smiths had given air rifles (BB guns) to their teenaged sons. Because of the inattention and lack of care in the use and maintenance of the guns by the two boys, Mr. Smith had removed the BB guns from the house and the boys had not had such guns for at least two years before the injury giving rise to this lawsuit. On the Friday before the injury was inflicted, Mr. Smith had observed several neighbor boys, together with one or more of his sons, firing BB guns from the Smith backyard into some trees, shooting at birds and squirrels. Mr. Smith ordered the boys away and denied permission for the boys to shoot from his yard. Mr. Smith also testified that though his sons did not have BB guns, he had seen BB guns periodically in his yard in the possession of neighbor children. Mr. Smith did not deny permission for the children to bring BB guns into the yard, but *91 he did require them to leave the guns outside the house. Therefore, on occasion, Mr. Smith had seen a BB gun leaning by the screen door at the side of the house. On the Monday morning following the Friday incident, Mrs. Smith went into the backyard to hang up clothes prior to going to work. She stumbled over an object which she did not see because she was holding the clothes basket. This turned out to be a BB gun that belonged to the victim's teenaged uncle. Mrs. Smith picked up the rifle and laid it on the chimney of an outdoor grill in the backyard near the clothesline. She paid no particular attention to the gun or its condition and left it on the chimney when she went into the house. At that time, all of her children were in school. Mr. Smith was at home on Monday afternoon, lying on his bed in the back bedroom watching TV. In the afternoon, after school, the victim, Michael Langhorn, came looking for Smith's daughter, Tiffany, apparently both of whom were at the time 8 to 9 years of age. Michael and Tiffany were schoolmates and constant companions. Mr. Smith knew the children were playing together in the backyard. However, there is no dispute that Mr. Smith did not know of the presence of a BB gun on his premises that day. Mrs. Smith had departed for work before the children arrived from school. There likewise is no dispute that someone unknown had moved the BB gun from the chimney of the outdoor grill to a position resting against the house at the back screen door. Tiffany stated that she saw the gun leaning against the side of the house. She picked it up and was looking at it when it discharged and the BB struck Michael in the eye, causing loss of vision. The only dispute is that Michael stated that Tiffany pointed the rifle at him, called his name and when he turned to look at her, she discharged the rifle, striking him in the eye. Both Smiths testified that Tiffany had never owned a BB gun, showed absolutely no interest in such a possession, and knew nothing about its operation. In substance, Tiffany corroborated this lack of interest and inexperience with guns. Based upon the foregoing occurrences, Michael Langhorn, by his next friend, his grandmother, brought suit against the Smiths for negligently making available to Tiffany a dangerous instrumentality and failing to supervise their minor child. Michael's mother, in a separate action, sought recovery for medical expenses expended in the care and treatment of Michael. The Smiths filed motions for summary judgment to both actions. The trial court granted summary judgment to the Smiths. The parties have agreed that both appeals are companion cases and the disposition of Michael's appeal would be dispositive as to his mother's appeal. We agree and will treat the appeals as one. Held: The basis of appellants' argument before the trial court and now *92 before this court is that the Smiths were negligent in leaving a BB gun where their eight-year-old daughter could get hold of it and further in not supervising her activities sufficiently to preclude an accident such as the one leading to this lawsuit. In the first place, we observe that one-half of that argument has some application to Mrs. Smith (leaving a gun where her daughter could gain access to it) and the other half to Mr. Smith (failing to exercise supervision over his daughter so as to preclude the negligent use of a dangerous instrumentality). There is no assertion that Mr. Smith was aware that a BB gun was present on his property or that Tiffany had it in her possession. Likewise, there is no evidence that Mrs. Smith was even at home when Tiffany and Michael were playing after school and when Tiffany gained possession of the BB gun. Assuming arguendo some degree of negligence on the part of one or the other parent, neither parent is chargeable with the negligence of the other merely because of their conjugal relationship. Faith v. Massengill, 104 Ga. App. 348, 354 (3) (121 SE2d 657), overruled on other grounds, Brady v. Lewless, 124 Ga. App. 858, 859 (186 SE2d 310). In the absence of evidence showing that Mr. Smith furnished or made available a dangerous instrumentality to a careless minor or one exhibiting dangerous proclivities, Mr. Smith was not negligent in failing to keep a constant and unremitting watch and restraint over his minor daughter. Id.; Atlanta &c. Charlotte Air-Line R. Co. v. Gravitt, 93 Ga. 369, 375 (20 SE 550); Scarboro v. Lauk, 133 Ga. App. 359, 361 (3) (210 SE2d 848). Faith v. Massengill, supra holds at p. 355: "[N]either the allegations of the petition which aver generally that the [father] was negligent in permitting the use of the gun and its easy accessibility to [his daughter] nor the allegations which contend that the [father] was negligent in remaining in the house and leaving [his daughter] unsupervised while in the yard and in failing to determine that the [daughter] had possession of the gun and was firing it, in the absence of allegations of knowledge of the actual circumstances on the part of the [father], stated a cause of action against the [father]." In this case, there is no allegation of knowledge of the actual circumstances on the part of either Mr. or Mrs. Smith. Mrs. Smith was at work. Neither knew how the gun came to be placed at the outer door. Mr. Smith was inside the house, and had no knowledge of the presence of the gun. Such facts preclude the assessment of parental negligence. Scarboro v. Lauk, supra. As to Mrs. Smith's leaving the gun on the grill chimney, the cases of Garner v. Salter, 168 Ga. App. 520 (309 SE2d 638) and Salter v. Roan, 161 Ga. App. 227 (291 SE2d 46), are dispositive of that issue in the instant case. "`Recovery has been permitted where there was some parental negligence in furnishing or permitting a child access to *93 an instrumentality with which the child likely would injure a third party. [Cits.] In cases of this sort the question is whether the facts of the case impose upon the parent a duty to anticipate injury to another through the child's use of the instrumentality. [Cits.]' Corley v. Lewless, 227 Ga. 745 (1), 748 (182 SE2d 766). "`The evidence is that appellant merely placed [a BB gun belonging to a neighbor's child on the chimney of an outdoor grill in the backyard while hanging out a wash and left the gun there when she went to work]. Without [the mother's] knowledge or direction [her daughter] got the [gun and fired it striking Michael in the eye]. There is no evidence that the child had any proclivity or propensity for playing with [a BB gun]. These circumstances do not establish parental negligence. "`Where a parent has no special reason to anticipate that a child, either through known dangerous proclivities or because of its possession of dangerous instrumentalities, may inflict harm on the person or property of others, mere failure to supervise the child's play activities is not a failure to exercise ordinary care on the part of the parent so as to subject [her] to liability . . . . [Cits.]' Barlow v. Lord, 112 Ga. App. 352 (1) (145 SE2d 272). "Since appellant had no reason to anticipate that [her daughter would take the gun and shoot another with it, she] had no duty to guard against it. Hatch v. O'Neill, 133 Ga. App. 624 (212 SE2d 11)." Salter v. Roan, supra, pp. 228-229. Under the facts of this case, we find no error by the trial court in granting summary judgment to both Mr. and Mrs. Smith. Summer-Minter Assoc. v. Giordano, 231 Ga. 601, 603 (203 SE2d 173). Judgments affirmed. Quillian, P. J., and Carley, J., concur. | Mid | [
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Accommodation in Gran Canaria - Club Vista Serena, Maspalomas Club Vista Serena in Gran Canaria has been an International Award Winning Resort for 16 consecutive years. We have been awarded for our excellent customer service, hospitality, housekeeping, maintenance, and overall quality for Accommodation in Gran Canaria. Club Vista Serena is situated in Maspalomas, a charming destination located on the island of Gran Canaria. Our resort offers holiday apartment rentals located in an absolutely serene setting with outstanding optional 4 star hotel service including breakfast or half board. It is an ideal place for those travelers looking for the perfect holiday getaway! Club Vista Serena is a friendly and relaxing resort where you will feel at home the moment you walk through our doors.On leaving reception, take a stroll through the beautiful and well kept gardens, and walk past the heated swimming pools (for adults and children) for you to enjoy all year round. Our convenient resort facilities also offer a mini-market and bar & restaurant. You won't have to do a thing. It's your choice, and our mission to make your holiday unforgettable! | Mid | [
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/* * Copyright (C) 2007 * Nobuhiro Iwamatsu <[email protected]> * * Copyright (C) 2007 * Kenati Technologies, Inc. * * board/MigoR/migo_r.c * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of * the License, or (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, * MA 02111-1307 USA */ #include <common.h> #include <netdev.h> #include <asm/io.h> #include <asm/processor.h> DECLARE_GLOBAL_DATA_PTR; int checkboard(void) { puts("BOARD: Renesas MigoR\n"); return 0; } int board_init(void) { return 0; } int dram_init (void) { gd->bd->bi_memstart = CONFIG_SYS_SDRAM_BASE; gd->bd->bi_memsize = CONFIG_SYS_SDRAM_SIZE; printf("DRAM: %dMB\n", CONFIG_SYS_SDRAM_SIZE / (1024 * 1024)); return 0; } void led_set_state (unsigned short value) { } #ifdef CONFIG_CMD_NET int board_eth_init(bd_t *bis) { int rc = 0; #ifdef CONFIG_SMC91111 rc = smc91111_initialize(0, CONFIG_SMC91111_BASE); #endif return rc; } #endif | Mid | [
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Graham Balcombe Graham Balcombe (8 March 1907 – 19 March 2000), born Francis Graham Balcombe in Manchester, was a pioneer of cave diving in the United Kingdom and a founder of the Cave Diving Group together with Jack Sheppard. Life and career Balcombe began rock climbing in the English Lake District in the 1920s as a Boy Scout. Balcombe continued his love affair with the Lakeland crags during an early posting to Reading, Berkshire, by joining a mountaineering group which later became the Tricouni Club. Balcombe was one of the most technically gifted rock climbers of the early 1930s, pioneering three Lakes climbing routes (Buttonhook HVS, Engineers Slabs, VS and Central Buttress Direct Finish HVS) that were technically far ahead of their time during a two-week period in 1934. In 1936 Balcombe lead a party of German climbers on a visit to the Lake district in what was to be his last significant contribution to the activity. Balcombe worked for the Post Office as a telecommunications engineer where he met Jack Sheppard. The pair became rock climbing partners and while based in Bristol became interested in the caves of the Mendip Hills, particularly Swildon's Hole which they believed connected to the Cheddar Caves. At the time, the limit of exploration was a flooded underwater passage or "syphon" (sump). Various attempts were made pass this obstacle, at first using explosives and then by diving. Initial attempts were unsuccessful and Balcombe's attentions moved to Wookey Hole where standard diving dress was used to explore upstream from the limit of the Show Cave at Chamber 3 as far as the Seventh Chamber. During the Second World War, Balcombe was stationed in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, where he continued to develop his diving equipment, which was put to use at local sites such as Alum Pot, Keld Head and Goyden Pot. After the war Balcombe co-founded the Cave Diving Group in 1946. He ran operations from his base in London and remained involved in cave diving up to his retirement from the activity in 1957. During his later life, Balcombe was made Honorary President of the Cave Diving Group, a role which he shared with Sheppard. His memoirs were published posthumously in 2007. See also Caving in the United Kingdom References External links An online interview with Graham Balcombe Category:1907 births Category:2000 deaths Category:British cavers Category:Cave diving explorers Category:English underwater divers Category:Place of death missing | High | [
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Q: Generating a key-pair and encrypt data with this in Mono C# I have RSA modulus and exponent, i want to generate a public key with this components. Then i want to encrypt a data with this public key. So i wrote this function: public static byte[] EncryptRSA(byte[] rsaModulus, byte[] exponent, byte[] data) { byte[] response = null; RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(); RSAParameters rsaPar = rsa.ExportParameters(false); rsaPar.Modulus = rsaModulus; rsaPar.Exponent = exponent; rsa.ImportParameters(rsaPar); response = rsa.Encrypt(data, false); return response; } but rsa.ExportParameters method takes long time. public RSACryptoServiceProvider () : this (1024) { // Here it's not clear if we need to generate a keypair // (note: MS implementation generates a keypair in this case). // However we: // (a) often use this constructor to import an existing keypair. // (b) take a LOT of time to generate the RSA keypair // So we'll generate the keypair only when (and if) it's being // used (or exported). This should save us a lot of time (at // least in the unit tests). } As you can see ExportParameters() method is performing RSA key-pair generation which is time consuming operation. After that i get exception "Private/public key mismatch" at importing RSA parameters. A: Simply replace the export with creating a new object: RSAParameters rsaPar = rsa.ExportParameters(false); with RSAParameters rsaPar = new RSAParameters(); That should still be slow in .net but should be fast in mono since it creates keys lazily. I also strongly recommend using OAEP padding instead PKCS#1v1.5 padding. The latter has weaknesses that can be exploited in practice unless you carefully work around them. So use rsa.Encrypt(data, true) not rsa.Encrypt(data, false). | High | [
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Fabrication and testing of multielectrode matrix of disordered Si nanowires for brain tissue sensing. In the field of neuroscience there is interest on manufacturing new recording devices. The relationship between individual action potentials of neurons and field potentials in multicellular records is complex. For this reason, there is a big interest in multielectrode arrays. This work describes the unconventional fabrication process of an alternative multielectrode and its use for sensing neuronal activity. It consists of a matrix of Si nanowires randomly distributed, coated with Ag nanoparticles, and with macrometric Ag back contacts. The Si nanowires are prepared by metal-assisted chemical etching of a Si wafer, which is an economical and highly reproducible technique. Recordings using the multielectrode array of randomly distributed Si nanowires look promising and comparable with recordings obtained with other multielectrode devices. | High | [
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Fires in the sky we saw for 30 days they shone Fate is on our side forever win the scottish throne [Chorus:] United,united, we stand United-united, forever and ever Into battle Kill and fight Forge a kingdom Scotland unite Malcom King You won the right Take the throne Scotland united It's the year 1018 march for your country to the battle of Carham We will spell history 3. The Dark of the Sun (4:33) Get your steel brothers We must fight Hakon tries to steal Scotish right Norwegian soldiers on our land Steal our Islands We must defend Their number's too great we can't win God in heaven Send a sign Kneel and pray - the sun turns black God with us - we must attack [Chorus:] In the dark of the sun [4 times] Alex king you did win the day You bet Hakon and Proud Norway We swept them off the battlefield In their blood they lie Death is dealed Their king died on foreign land United we were strong we did stand [Chorus:] In the dark of the sun The enemy's defeated run In the dark of the sun The battle has been won 4. William Wallace (Braveheart) (5:01) I don't wanna be a hero But I'll stand and never kneel Freedom is well wort a dying Come we'll fight with heart and steel Beat the English at Sterling brigde I will guard the Scotish throne I myself skinned Cressingham In his own blood he did drown [Chorus:] Fight - Freedom we fight Stand - Scotland's pride I am just a simple man I'm afraid to meet my end Braveheart they call me If they knew if they could see Edward's out to seek revenge His army's great his soldiers strong Come with me to fight at Falkirk Send them back where they belong I don't have the blood of kings But I'd die for Scotland's pride Even nobles follow me Into battle side by side [Chorus:] Fight - Freedom we fight Stand - Scotland's pride Nightmares haunt my lonley nights I must be strong and I must fight Braveheart they call me If they knew if they could see I am just a simple man I'm afraid to meet my end Braveheart they call me If they knew if they could see Vengeance burns a raging anger I have lost the fear to die Braveheart that's what I am I kill until my blood runs dry The lust for battle in my veins inspires me to take your life Braveheart that's what I am I kill until my blood runs dry The lust for battle in my veins inspires me to take your life Braveheart that's what I am I kill until my blood runs dry I kill until my blood runs I kill until my blood runs dry!! 5. The Bruce (The Lion King) (6:58) He came in the dark night Few men at his side Black Douglas' arm for the Bruce They could not loose Stab Red Conym down He won't wear a crown Fight and kill we will Win the Battle of Louden Hill The heart of a lion The blood of kings A sword like thunder Death he will bring [Chorus:] I am The Bruce - The King The Lion I am The Bruce - The Master of war March against me - pay in blood I rule forevermore The Bruce was crowned at Scone His glory shone Still the English are marching We'll meet them at Sterling One 'gainst three we stand Fight for your land The Battle of Bannockburn A lesson they did learn 6. The Battle of Flodden (4:06) Goodby my love, I leave my fate to the king I must be off to battle, fortune it may bring Fortune for the nobles Death and Pain, life will be sold Goodby my love, I must fight and I may die The king is calling, I must obey why do we have to kill The Reaper laughs, I hear him still Screams above the battlefield Steel and Blood a fate si sealed The harvester of Death is out Can't you hear him scream aloud [Chorus:] Into the battle, into the battle Can't you hear the screams from flodden hill September the 3rd of fifteen thirteen We met the English at Flodden Hill God knows we gave it all A damned day, I saw many fall I stood with my king and he fought like hell Pierced with arrows, he finally fell With the king fell Scotland's Pride A damned day, so many died 7. The Ballad of Mary (Queen of Scots) (5:00) My fingers touch the solid stones Strong and cold, they keep me from home Imprisoned like a wingless dove Far away from the land I love Lonely days count lonley years I have cried a thousand tears All that I tried to gain Is lost the effort was invane At Carberry hill I lost my crown My husband fled my luck went down In England's hands I fell 18 years a living hell The Scotish crown belongs to me Yet I'm bound I can not flee With iron claws England holds tight All is lost no chance to fight Silence - Silence Everywhere [Chorus:] Cold walls are my reward Lonelyness engulves my soul I've been true i gave my heart Stained tears i cried I long to be free again To walk in peace again Scotland cries her queen is lost Agony's her friend again 8. The Truth (3:50) Tonight I had a weird dream I saw a demon eating men he crushed Skulls to dust His eyes filled with a black lust The demon rules the battlefield Religion rules with pain and steel God is love Hell is open [Chorus:] Searching for the truth Searching for eternal life Searching for the truth You reach heaven but you're Headed for hell I've seen brother fighting brother I've seen friends kill each other Love is preached to manking Just believe death you'll find 9. Cry For Freedom (James the VI) (3:17) My king won another crown - for Scotland's pride That is what we thought but we were not right Now he rules in London - a faceless king Sold his ancient kingdom to the enemy Five laws You gave at Perth Betray the rights We gained by birth [Chorus:] Cry,cry,cry,cry for freedom The heritage of centuries - you did betray The blood of Bruce flowing in your vains How could you give away - what Braveheart died for Freedom may be lost now and forever more You gain a crown We pay the price You think you rule But we will rise 10. Killing Time (2:53) By God's Grace I'm the ing James the 7th Obey or death I bring I hunt the Convenanters down The Wigtownshire martyrs drown Sixteen eighty five The Black Year [Chorus:] Killing time Believe in me or you must die Killing time Hang the victims hang them high James Stewart reigns Blood on his hands His people tortured By his own commands Revolution sweet revenge Hunt the tyrant off the throne Sixteen eighty eight The fall of The House of Stewart [Chorus:] Killing time Kill the tyrant he must die Killing time Hang the victims hang them high 11. Rebellion (The Clans Are Marching) (4:05) Rumours know that rebellion will break out Bonnie Prince Charles is in the highlands to claim his crown no doubt He raised his Standart at Glenfinnen calling to our pride The Jacobites are gathering I'll be at their side Armed and ready stand My rights I must defend Steel is in my hand [Chorus:] The clan's are marching `gainst the law Bagpipers play the tunes of war Death or glory i will find Rebellion on my mind The town of Edinburgh fell soon in our hands Defeated the English at the Battle of Prestopans 12. Culloden Muir (4:08) I walk alone through burning towns My sword is in my hand But the battle has been lost And there is nothing to defend At Culloden in seventeen fourty six Scotlands fate was sealed We wrote a bloody history Wounds that never healed [Chorus:] Fight for death or glory Fight at culloden muir Die in pain and anger Die in pain and anger I still see Gillis MacBean Standing wounded from the fight Back to the wall he fought And thirteen Redcoats died But the Clans were beaten and destroyed Their wives are raped in shame Prince Bonnie's on the fight again The rising was invane We were a people free and brave Heroes stood tall But history is mercyless Now we are to doomed to fall | Low | [
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Saturday, December 14, 2013 Well, tail end of November snuck past us in a blur! After the wedding of Marq and Stephanie, we started to ramp up for Thanksgiving events. We started our Thanksgiving early with a get together with a camera shy Katie and Russ as they came over for an early Thanksgiving dinner on the Saturday before Thanksgiving. Once again we prepared a 12 pound bird in the convection oven that came out perfect! Later in the week, we went to Ashland Oregon to enjoy Thanksgiving with Eric's sister and brother-in-law. On the Wednesday before Thanksgiving, Eric took the day off to run some shopping errands. He even took a few moments to clean the living room carpet in the Motorhome so that it would have the long weekend to dry! At 1:30 however, Eric packed up the dogs in the car and headed over to Carol's office at CAL-FIRE to pick her up and get headed up to Mike and Karen's in Ashland. This trip, taken without the Moho, still included the three dogs, Lilly, Rosie and Charlie! We made a quick stop at Granzella's in Williams to pick up some sour dough bread and then again a stop for dinner in Redding to enjoy dinner at Applebee's which has become almost a right of passage, when ever we head up to Ashland for a visit. Thursday Thanksgiving day, we were able to enjoy a wonderful day with Karen and Mike preparing for Thanksgiving dinner. Thanksgiving dinner, as always, was a wonderful affair having Mike's brother Chuck and his wife Teri joining us for a delicious Thanksgiving Ham. As is typical, we all ate way too much! :-) On (Black) Friday, we pursued a couple of ad items that we had read about, but came up empty. None of us are the type to hang out starting at 2:00 AM looking for a great plunder. So we headed out Mid-morning to see what we could find. None of the items we were looking for were any longer available, but we did score a good deal on a flat panel TV set for the bedroom. We've been looking to replace that TV for a while, but we weren't in any hurry. Now, however, that deed is done. Stay tuned for some future blog posts about how that upgrade goes! Friday evening, we went with Karen and Mike to downtown Ashland to see the Santa Parade and the lighting of the Tree in the town square. Though it might be described by some as being Hokey, it was a lot of fun. We had one little frustration this holiday weekend. We had left Rosie alone in Karen and Mikes motorhome on Friday evening and Rosie just could not handle the separation. She became frantic and worked to escape the Motorhome in an effort to find us. In the process, she destroyed a mini blind in their rig, which now we are going to be replacing. Some good news that we got this weekend is that as we move into 2014, Kris and her partner Laura, will be getting married in Connecticut, probably sometime in August. Though we won't be able to take the Moho on that trip, we most definitely will be there! All in all, our Thanksgiving was a wonderful one, and it enabled us to get together with family members once again and enjoy some good times. Saturday, November 16, 2013 The wedding of Marquis Wraight and Stephanie Chambers at Incline Village Lake Tahoe was a wonderful event. The wedding was held on this Saturday afternoon in this east Lake Tahoe location which puts it in the State of Nevada. The lake side service was held on the Hyatt resort property which served as the central location for all of the weekends festivities. On Friday, and even Sunday, the weather was relatively warm and calm. The weather on Saturday though, was a little cool and breezy. None the less the location was beautiful as well as the bride and groom! There were about 100 witnesses for the wedding, which was officiated by a close friend of Marq and Steph's. Both Marq and Steph seemed comfortable and at ease with the proceedings. One of the fun things was us was taking a picture at the wedding printing it out on our Printer in Karen and Mikes room and putting it in a frame to then drop off at the gift table at the reception! The picture frame had a couple pictures which were downloaded from Stephanies facebook page, a picture from the wedding rehearsal dinner and a picture from the wedding! Here is a video of the wedding activities. On Sunday, Marq's parents, Karen and Mike as well as Marq's sister Kristin and her partner Laura went for a tour of the perimeter of Lake Tahoe and we tagged along! As was indicated, the weather on Sunday was beautiful. We had lunch at Camp Richardson which is on the southwest shore of Lake Tahoe and took a tour of Valhalla which is always an interesting resort to explore. Even though it is closed for the season, visitors are still able to venture in and explore this resort that dates back to the early 1900's. One of the recent announcements that occurred a couple weeks before the wedding, is that Laura and Kris will be tying the knot sometime soon. So, we took a few pictures of the girls that show just how much they love each other! Ah, we can't wait for that upcoming wedding that will be held in Connecticut. Our stay for this wedding weekend, in the City of Truckee was a wonderful one. We are so glad that we got to take the Motorhome to the Campground here and provide the ability to have the dogs stay in the motorhome while we were off on various weekend activities. Though we did take the two pitties on Sunday's trip around the lake. Friday, November 1, 2013 on Thursday the 31st of October Eric left work at 2:00 to get the motorhome, put some fuel on board and the go to Carols work to pick her up. Once we had everything hooked up, we headed to Truckee and the Coachland RV park. This will be our home base for the next four nights while we join the family for Marq (Eric's Nephew) and Stephanie Chambers wedding! We arrived in Truckee around 8:30 and got camp set up. The campground is very nice and mountaineseque. On Friday, we did a little exploring around Truckee. We've scouted out some locations for possible visiting later this weekend. The only place we visited significantly, was Jax at the Tracks Truckee Diner. The food there was delicious for a diner. We shared a Mushroom Swiss burger which was amazing. Later Friday, we went to the Hyatt at Incline Village to hook up with Karen and Mike, do a little catching up. Around 4:00 we followed along for the wedding rehearsal. After the wedding rehearsal, we enjoyed a family dinner together. We are looking forward to a very enjoyable rest of the weekend with the entire family! Monday, October 28, 2013 Well, this weekend was a busy one for us. Friday in itself was fairly low key. Eric did a few chores around the motor home in order to get ready for the trip to Tahoe this Thursday, for the wedding this weekend. Friday ended with Carol going out with Scott and Cheryl to celebrate her birthday and Eric staying home and working on Cleaning the grout on the tile of the motorhome which has been making Eric crazy recently. Saturday morning, Carol, Eric and Charlie went to Old Town Sacramento to join many other Chako supporters for the Annual Pit Bull Awareness day. There was a great turn out of Pit Bulls and their owners and everyone got along great with others in the community. Our walk on Saturday took us through all of Old Town Sacramento as well as a trip to the Downtown plaza and walk the dogs through the lower floor meeting and greeting many wonderful folks! As you may have noticed, the vast majority of Pitties were dressed up for the up coming Halloween celebration! After the parade Saturday Morning was over, we returned to home so that Carol and Charlie could rest up by taking a nap. Eric worked on sorting through the pictures taken at the Dog walk event. Saturday evening we hooked up with a number of friends from Carol's office and went to Plymouth and the 49er RV park to join in the trick-or-treat festivities. The word is out about 49er, there was a large crowd there of outsiders like our selves. We ran into the park owner Chuck who remembered us from when we were tenants there. Charlie, the intrepid trooper joined us again for the evenings festivities! All of the RVers did a great job of dressing up their rigs in preparation for the trick-or-theaters! This event is very popular with the RVing crowd as well. The park is already sold out for next year! Sunday we did our normal house cleaning and more getting ready for the trip to Tahoe later this week! Sunday evening, we joined most of the Chako team for a potluck and celebration of those that have fostered for over a year. It was a wonderful gathering of great folks that just love taking care of dogs! One of the dogs was a new little Chako Foster by the name of Sabrina who was recently pulled from the Sacramento County SPCA. Friday, October 25, 2013 It was once again that time of year again for the annual Waite Family Reunion. This years event was another wonderful event. Though it seems like the event gets larger every year (we know there were at least 65 in attendance) this years event was much more enjoyable because it was a bit more subdued than it has been in years past. Maybe it's because we are all getting a little older! :-) Though every years event is special, this years was especially nice because we got to see Whitney Conner who we haven't seen since she moved to Florida some number of years ago. Whitney came with her boyfriend Nick who was warmly received by the entire family. And, the two of them dove right into the whole Waite craziness by anchoring the winning team on the tug of war competition! Also, once again, the Pot luck at the end of Saturday night was a huge success! Another special aspect was that though Whitney had to go to work on Saturday afternoon, she and Nick returned Saturday night after she got off work and they enjoyed some time around the camp fire with the family! Here are some pictures and a video from this years family reunion. Before you know it, it will be time for another Waite family reunion in just 12 short months. Some other great news of something that happened recently is that Carol was recently promoted to Staff services Analyst for Cal-fire. Her husband Eric is so very proud of the way Carol has excelled in her career change from that of being a 25 year veterinary technician to that of entry level limited term Office Technician for Cal-fire and working her way up to an analyst position in just 3 short years. Carol, your husband is so very proud of you! Stay tuned folks, 'cause in less than a week, the rig is pulling out for our trip to Truckee for the wedding of Eric's nephew Marq Wraight to a wonderful young lady Stephanie Chambers! Followers Subscribe To Luvdoggiez Follow by Email About Me The two of us have been living full time in our RV since January of 2009. Our blog starts however with our trip to the Pacific North West which we charged out on in September of 2007, which was our dry run to living full time in the rv. We are currently joined by our two dogs Charlie and Rosie; but over time we have been joined by Lily, Roxy, and cats Spot and Angel. | Low | [
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The Social Science Teaching major Plan B-All Social Science requires a minimum of 126-129 total hours to graduate. This total includes Liberal Arts Core requirements (pages xxx-xxx), the Professional Education Requirements (page xxx), and the following specified major requirements to complete the minimum of 126-129 hours. Liberal Arts Core courses included in major program requirements are distinguished by italics. This major is intended for students who wish to teach in the State of Iowa in all areas of social science: American Government, American History, Economics, Geography, Psychology, Sociology, and World History. Area of study will count for one endorsement area. Because of the number of courses required for this major, it cannot be completed in eight semesters of normal work. It will require a longer time or additional work during summers. One area of study in the social sciences is required. That one area requires a minimum of 15 hours. The rest of the major would complete the Iowa All-Social Studies Endorsement which is as follows: American Government (9 hours), American History (9 hours), World History (9 hours), Economics (6 hours), Geography (6 hours) Psychology (6 hours), Sociology (6 hours).....57-60 hours 61-64 hours Upon completing 100 credit hours of college course work the student must have permission from the Undergraduate Coordinator, Social Science Program, to continue the Social Science-Teaching major based on minimum GPA requirements for full admission to the Teacher Education Program. Students unable to meet minimum grade point requirements for full admission to the Teacher Education Program and student teaching must seek an alternative degree. | Mid | [
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487 P.2d 448 (1971) Jess ALCALA, Appellant (Defendant below), v. The STATE of Wyoming, Appellee (Plaintiff below). No. 3873. Supreme Court of Wyoming. June 29, 1971. Rehearing Denied August 2, 1971. *449 John E. Stanfield, of Smith & Stanfield, Laramie, for appellant. *450 James E. Barrett, Atty. Gen., Richard A. Stacy, Frederic C. Reed, Asst. Attys. Gen., Cheyenne, for appellee. Before McINTYRE, C.J., and PARKER, McEWAN, and GRAY, JJ. Chief Justice McINTYRE delivered the opinion of the court. Jess Alcala has appealed to this court from a conviction of manslaughter in connection with the death of his wife, Emma Alcala. Counsel for the defendant concedes a person accused of crime cannot ordinarily expect a perfect trial. He also concedes most of his many assignments of error do not involve major error. He says, however, even if we do not find any one thing sufficient to constitute reversible error, we should consider that an accumulation of all departures from a fair standard adds up to sufficient prejudice for reversal in this case. Our review of the record convinces us that, on the whole, defendant had a fair trial and there was ample circumstantial evidence for a conviction of unlawful killing. Although the assignments of error are multitudinous, we need to take them one by one and point out why we consider them insufficient for reversal. Corpus Delicti and Connection of Accused with the Crime We begin with the contention that the state failed to properly establish the corpus delicti for a homicide conviction. This will afford an opportunity for a brief review of the facts and will deal with what we understand to be one of appellant's major contentions. Undisputed facts in the case reveal Mrs. Alcala disappeared from her home in Laramie and about thirty-six days later her body was discovered in Lake Sodergreen, approximately twenty miles southwest of Laramie. The body was wrapped in a tarp with rope tied around. Another rope connected the wrapped body of the deceased to a cement block. The block and body had been in the central part of the lake, but a current or some other force caused the body, with the block dragging, to be moved to a corner of the lake where it became partially exposed and was discovered. We recognize proof of defendant's connection with the crime as the operative agent, although essential for conviction, is not part of the corpus delicti. 1 Wharton, Criminal Evidence, § 17 (12 ed.) However, as stated in 23 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 916(4), p. 633: "* * * the facts and circumstances from which the corpus delicti is proved may connect accused with the commission of the offense, and the same evidence which tends to prove the one also may tend to prove the other, so that the existence of the crime and the guilt of accused may stand together inseparable on one foundation of circumstantial evidence. * * *" We think in this case some of the facts and circumstances are inseparable and they will therefore be discussed together. There was evidence that Alcala and his wife had been having domestic troubles and a considerable argument the night she disappeared. On the morning before his wife's disappearance, defendant visited a neighbor lady, Ofelia Cortez, who testified Alcala stated: "Well I am going to show her. Now, Ofelia, don't be surprised if you know when I am in jail, because when I catch up to her I am going to break every bone in her body. I will show her. I would have done this a long time ago, but I have got a lot of investment. I will show her and her cowboy friends." There was testimony that the rope which connected the body of the deceased to the cement block was similar in color, composition, construction and diameter to two ropes found in the defendant's possession. These ropes were described as relatively unusual in type. The ropes found on the body of the deceased were not unusual in *451 type. They were, however, shown to be similar to rope in the defendant's possession. There was evidence that Alcala owned a garbage trailer which was used for hauling trash. The trailer formerly had a tarp over it, but the tarp disappeared some time during the summer of 1969, when Mrs. Alcala was last seen alive. The defendant owned a boat and was known to make trips to Sodergreen Lake. Although two days after Mrs. Alcala's disappearance the defendant stated to others he had notified police of the situation, it was ten days after her disappearance before he reported it. Also, two days after the disappearance, when riding in an automobile with a daughter, Alcala stated he thought he saw his wife's car, which also had been missing. The car proved to be where he said, but police testified he could not have seen it from the point where he supposedly saw it. A photograph was introduced in evidence to substantiate this theory. A substantial part of the circumstantial case against the defendant consists of numerous untrue statements which he made to investigating officers concerning his actions around the time of his wife's disappearance. In several instances the police had learned facts from neighbors and other witnesses which made the defendant's first explanations suspect. The result was changes in the defendant's story. The state considers particularly damaging to Alcala the fact that when questioned about a shovel, apparently for soil tests, he claimed he could not find his shovel. Afterwards he reported he had found it. Later it was proved and defendant admitted he had purchased the proferred shovel the night before at a second-hand store. He also then admitted that, before taking it to the police, he "tried" it out in his back yard. Appellant seeks to rely on State v. Osmus, 73 Wyo. 183, 276 P.2d 469, where proof was held insufficient to show that a newborn infant had not died of natural causes. There, however, the mother was unmarried and her pregnancy had not been known to her family and friends. Thus, the defendant-mother had reason to conceal the birth of the child, and under such circumstances proof that the body had been disposed of did not prove that its death was the thing being concealed. Proof was held insufficient in Osmus because criminal conduct cannot be attributed to nonfeasant acts of a mother during the travail of childbirth, even though the child should die. The principle has no application here. In Bennett v. State, Wyo., 377 P.2d 634, 635, we said, to establish the corpus delicti in a prosecution for the killing of a newborn child these elements must concur: (1) That the infant was born alive; and (2) that death was caused by the criminal agency of the accused. With respect to homicide cases which do not involve the death of a newborn infant, this court indicated in State v. Lindsay, 77 Wyo. 410, 317 P.2d 506, 509, that proof of the corpus delicti consists of proof of the fact of death by the criminal agency of another. It is indeed quite generally accepted that corpus delicti in the ordinary criminal homicide case consists of these two elements: (1) Death; and (2) the criminal agency of another as a cause.[1] In the Bennett case we said circumstantial evidence may be used to prove both the corpus delicti and the connection of the accused with a crime. In Lindsay it was said proof of the corpus delicti may be made by any legal evidence; and the best proof thereof is the finding and inspection of the dead body. *452 In this particular case, Alcala came to us after his preliminary hearing, on a petition seeking alternatively writs of habeas corpus, prohibition and certiorari. We denied the petition and stated: "The file shows prima facie probable cause to believe that an offense has been committed and that defendant has committed it. "There is no necessity for the State to negate all possible circumstances which might excuse or explain accused's conduct but is obligated to present only sufficient facts to support a reasonable inference of accused's guilt. "It is not the purpose of the writs of habeas corpus, prohibition, or certiorari to interrupt orderly administration of criminal laws by a competent court acting within its jurisdiction." The evidence adduced at defendant's trial, although circumstantial, was sufficient to establish the corpus delicti and defendant's connection with the crime so as to make a case for the jury. As stated in Murdock v. State, Wyo., 351 P.2d 674, 678, even where the evidence is entirely circumstantial, if it reasonably tends to prove the guilt of the accused, a verdict based thereon carries the same presumption of correctness as other verdicts and should not be disturbed unless wholly unwarranted. Dr. Sakai, who examined the body of Mrs. Alcala, was of the opinion that the probable cause of death was asphyxia. While death by asphyxia is not necessarily caused by criminal agency, where there was a rather elaborate attempt to conceal the body by wrapping it and tying a cement block to it and depositing it in a lake, as in this case, there was sufficient evidence to warrant a conclusion that death was caused by criminal agency. The facts in People v. Miller, 71 Cal.2d 459, 78 Cal. Rptr. 449, 459, 455 P.2d 377, 387, were similar to those in the case we are dealing with, in that there was an attempt to conceal the body and, because of decomposition, the pathologist was unable to reach a definite medical opinion as to the cause of death. In that case the Supreme Court of California held no reasonable inference could be drawn other than that death was caused, not by accident, but by a criminal agency. It stated: "The criminal agency causing death may be proved by circumstantial evidence and the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom." Search and Seizure Officers had taken conflicting and untrue statements from the defendant concerning his wife's disappearance. Then, after viewing the body of the deceased and its wrappings at a funeral home, they determined Alcala should be arrested. It was in the evening, after the body was discovered, when officers went, without an arrest warrant or search warrant, to find and arrest the defendant. Although appellate courts often reject contentions of a defendant that his constitutional rights have been violated, it does not mean shortcut and substandard procedures by investigating and prosecuting officials are recommended. Many times questions on appeal would be avoided if more care was exercised by these officials. In this particular case, it can hardly be doubted that there was probable cause to believe defendant had committed a felony. Indeed, the legality of his arrest is not being challenged. This brings us then to a consideration of whether evidence obtained at the time of his arrest should have been excluded. When two officers found and arrested Alcala, he was standing outside of his home, in the driveway and to the rear. When the arrest was made, one of the officers called the other officer's attention to a yellow nylon rope and a homemade hook which were lying on the ground about three feet from the defendant. According to the testimony, the rope was an uncommon type of rope but alike in color, composition, construction and diameter to the rope which had been used to connect the body of the deceased to a cement block. *453 We consider it well settled that objects falling into the plain view of an officer who has a right to be where he is are subject to seizure and may be introduced in evidence. Belondon v. City of Casper, Wyo., 456 P.2d 238, 241; Harris v. United States, 390 U.S. 234, 88 S.Ct. 992, 993, 19 L.Ed.2d 1067; State v. McMillan, 206 Kan. 3, 476 P.2d 612, 616.[2] Appellant relies on Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 89 S.Ct. 2034, 2041-2043, 23 L.Ed.2d 685, because it limits the extent of a warrantless search which is incident to a lawful arrest. There is nothing in Chimel, however, which suggests a limitation on the rule that evidence coming into plain view of the officer can be taken and used for evidence, when the officer makes a lawful arrest and is where he has a right to be. Indeed, Chimel seems to imply that evidence in plain view at the time and place of a lawful arrest may be seized. Thus, the rope and hook which were lying on the ground, about three feet away, when Alcala was arrested, were properly taken by the officers and were admissible in evidence. When the arrest was made, defendant's boat was on a trailer about ten feet away. It was open, with the cover folded and in the back of the boat. The officers looked in the boat. They also climbed into it and took possession of a number of articles for evidence. One piece of rope (Exhibit 26) was in a tool box. Except for it, there is no indication the items seized were not in plain view when the officers looked into the boat. Although appellant complains that eleven items from the boat were seized, "including Exhibits 25 through 28," he does not attempt to show wherein any of this evidence was particularly damaging. Apparently it was not all offered in evidence. Exhibits 25 through 28 are pieces of rope. None of them seem to have special significance like the piece of yellow nylon rope found on the ground. As we view the record, Exhibits 25 through 28 were only cumulative in effect.[3] In any event, there is one important difference between Chimel and Alcala's case. The search in the Chimel case was in the defendant's home. No authority is cited to show that limitations with respect to a search incident to a lawful arrest apply with the same force to a defendant's open boat. Appellate courts, including ours, have long recognized a person's home is entitled to more sanctity and greater protection, when it comes to deciding what is a reasonable search, than one's boat or automobile. Gilkison v. State, Wyo., 404 P.2d 755, 757-758; Goddard v. State, Wyo., 481 P.2d 343, 344-345; State v. Blood, 190 Kan. 812, 378 P.2d 548, 555; United States v. One 1951 Cadillac Coupe, D.C.Pa., 139 F. Supp. 475, 477; and City of South Euclid v. Palladino, Ohio Mun., 193 N.E.2d 560, 564. It is true, as we pointed out in both Gilkison and Goddard, more latitude is allowed in searching a vehicle or movable object because it can be quickly moved out of the locality or jurisdiction, making it impractical to obtain a search warrant. That is not to say there is no other reason for a distinction. The Fourth Amendment of the federal constitution guarantees only against "unreasonable" searches and seizures. Hence, a search in one's home, as incident to a lawful arrest, might be unreasonable, while *454 a similar search made in an open boat mounted on a movable trailer might not necessarily be adjudged unreasonable. In a decision subsequent to the Chimel decision, in Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 1979-1981, 26 L.Ed.2d 419, it was held the search of an automobile without a warrant, as incident to a lawful arrest, was not unreasonable or unlawful. In that case there was no danger of the vehicle being moved out of the locality or jurisdiction because the arresting officers had taken it into custody. The court said, if an effective search is to be made at any time, either the search must be made immediately without a warrant or the car itself must be seized and held without a warrant. Alcala's attorney suggests an officer could have stood guard over the boat here involved, while the other officer went and obtained a search warrant. However, in Chambers, the court said, for constitutional purposes, it saw no difference between on the one hand seizing and holding the car before presenting the probable cause issue to a magistrate and on the other hand carrying out an immediate search without a warrant. The court concluded: "Given probable cause to search, either course is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment."[4] In the absence of authority that the search of something comparable to an open boat on a trailer is unreasonable, when such search is incident to a lawful arrest, we will not pretend to extend the scope of the holding in Chimel by applying its limitations to the boat in this case. Therefore, we must reject appellant's contention that Alcala's rights under the Fourth Amendment were violated by the search immediately following his arrest. Hearsay Appellant contends he was denied due process of law because hearsay evidence was admitted at his trial. This question is first raised in connection with the testimony of the pathologist who performed the autopsy on the body of Mrs. Alcala. The doctor testified he sent tissue samples to the FBI laboratory "to check whether there was any poison or barbiturates or anything which can be the cause of death." He was asked at the trial about the result of the examination and the defense objected because the witness had not himself performed the examination and his knowledge was based on hearsay. The trial judge overruled the objection stating, doctors are an exception with respect to the hearsay rule; and experts use the medical services of others.[5] The portion of the FBI report to which the pathologist, Dr. Sakai, referred related only to routine findings, i.e., factual matters. It expressed no opinion. Moreover, the FBI technician who made the tests and prepared the report subsequently testified. He was cross-examined extensively by counsel for the defense. Thus, defendant was not denied the right of confrontation, and he was not prejudiced by having the pathologist express an opinion based in part on the tests of the FBI. Another ruling complained of has to do with the court permitting, over the *455 objection of defendant, testimony by Mrs. Cortez concerning a conversation with Mrs. Alcala during the afternoon before Mrs. Alcala's disappearance. Mrs. Cortez testified: "* * * I told her how mad and concerned Jess was about her and that he had threatened her, and she said `This is not the first time; he has done this for years.'" A general rule is stated in 22A C.J.S. Criminal Law § 742, pp. 1103-1104, to the effect that declarations of the victim, which are not offered as proof of the truth contained therein, but as evidence of the fact that they were made, thus exhibiting a condition of mind, have been held to be admissible. As observed in 6 Wigmore, Evidence, p. 57 (3 ed.), statements of a person's own mental condition have long been the subject of an exception to the hearsay rule.[6] The witness who testified concerning the declaration of Mrs. Alcala is the same witness who testified that defendant had on the same day threatened to break every bone in the victim's body. According to the witness, she told Mrs. Alcala about this threat, and it was only proper for the court to receive evidence which tended to show the mental state or condition of mind of Mrs. Alcala when she learned of the threat. We have said the statement attributed to Mrs. Alcala denotes ill feeling and hostility. We fail to see in it anything damaging to the defendant except that it would tend to prove motive and malice, which would be essential for a conviction of second degree murder. Inasmuch as the state was trying Alcala on a charge of second degree murder, it was entitled to offer evidence of motive and malice. It was expressly held in Romero v. People, Colo., 460 P.2d 784, 788, that in marital homicide cases any fact or circumstance relating to ill-feeling, ill-treatment, jealously, prior assaults, personal violence, threats, or any similar conduct or attitude by the husband toward the wife are relevant to show motive and malice in such crimes. The case of State v. Kump, 76 Wyo. 273, 301 P.2d 808, 817, was like the Alcala case. There the court dealt with what was considered hearsay testimony concerning statements made by the decedent in her lifetime. The defendant was charged with second degree murder and convicted of manslaughter. The court held, in view of the fact the defendant was convicted of manslaughter only, the admission of hearsay evidence of threats and hostility, all showing malice, was not reversible error. The death certificate for Mrs. Alcala was received in evidence despite an objection by defendant that the exhibit contained a number of conclusions which were for the jury. There was no hearsay objection, but appellant now contends the exhibit constituted obvious hearsay evidence.[7] Section 35-48, W.S. 1957, provides that properly filed death certificates "shall be prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated." Also, the coroner who made the death certificate testified at Alcala's trial and was subject to cross-examination by counsel for the defense. Thus, defendant was not denied his right to be confronted by the witness and to cross-examine. In Capes v. State, Okl.Cr., 450 P.2d 842, 845, the introduction of a death certificate was held not to be prejudicial error, even though the person who executed it did not testify and apparently no statute authorized *456 its admission. In Alcala's case, Wyoming does have a statute authorizing acceptance of the death certificate as evidence, and the maker of the certificate testified. See Claim of Hill, Wyo., 451 P.2d 794, 796. Finally, as far as hearsay is concerned, appellant claims it was error to permit a detective to testify concerning the results of his investigation which involved the questioning of various individuals. We fail to find any basis in the record for such a claim. Specifically, the argument under this point is that Mrs. Alcala had been involved with an individual identified as David Clark (although counsel says there may be some uncertainty as to the last name), in fact had been drinking with an individual named "David" the night she was allegedly killed, that this individual was not called as a witness and that improper testimony was elicited from a detective concerning his talking with a "David Egman." The detective had testified that he had contacted Mr. Egman with the idea of the possibility of obtaining information about the activities of Mrs. Alcala on July 4, 1969. Asked, "And did your investigation reveal anything of significance or helpful in that regard," objection was made that this asked for hearsay. The objection was overruled and the witness answered, "No, it did not." We do not agree this constituted hearsay evidence; but in any event, the matter does not warrant discussion since defendant has neither presented authority nor cogent argument on this point. Colored Photographs Appellant contends it was error to admit Exhibits 18 and 19, which were colored photographs of Emma Alcala's body; and that this violated Alcala's rights under the due process clauses of the federal and state constitutions. We repeated in Dickey v. State, Wyo., 444 P.2d 373, 377-378, what had been previously held, that a trial court has a reasonable discretion in determining whether photographs are unnecessarily gruesome and inflammatory. We also quoted from a previous case the following: "* * * While some of these graphic depictions are not pleasant to look upon, and, in fact, are somewhat gruesome, we cannot say that they were not proper and necessary to be placed before the jury in order that they be enabled to get a proper perspective and an understanding of the testimonies that were given in connection with them. * * *"[8] State v. Alexander, 78 Wyo. 324, 324 P.2d 831, 837, certiorari denied 363 U.S. 850, 80 S.Ct. 1630, 4 L.Ed.2d 1733. With respect to Alcala's trial, it appears the state had eight colored photographs of decedent's body which, despite defendant's objection, were approved by the trial judge, before trial, for admission at the trial. Only five of these were offered at the trial, and three of them were excluded subject to further connection. The state made no further effort to introduce any of the three. Thus, only Exhibits 18 and 19 went to the jury. We find no abuse of discretion in admitting the two photographs in question. It would appear it was proper and necessary for them to be shown to the jury in order for it to get a proper perspective and understanding of testimonies that were given relative to the condition in which the body was found. Of course, it was not possible to show the body itself. If it had been, the result would doubtless have been more gruesome. Instructions Appellant claims on appeal that he was denied due process and a fair trial because of erroneous instructions which were given; and because of a refusal of instructions requested by defendant. In considering this claim, we confine ourselves to specific assignments of error listed in appellant's statement of points. We will not pretend to prosecute an independent search *457 of all the instructions for some error upon which appellant could possibly rely.[9] The first assignment in connection with the instructions is that the court erred in giving Instruction No. 5, as follows: "The rule which clothes every person accused with crime with the presumption of innocence, and imposes upon the State the burden of establishing their guilt, beyond a reasonable doubt, is not intended to aid any one who is in fact guilty of crime to escape, but is a humane provision of law, intended, so far as human agencies can, to guard against the dangers of any innocent person being unjustly punished; but the jury may well remember that to establish the guilt of a defendant beyond all reasonable doubt is not meant that such guilt shall be established to an absolute certainty. Absolute certainty in the establishment of any fact is rarely attainable and never required in courts of justice." This same instruction was approved by us in Kennedy v. State, Wyo., 470 P.2d 372, 376, reh. den. 474 P.2d 127. However, at the time appellant's brief was served a rehearing was being considered in the Kennedy case. Our holding was being reexamined in the light of a decision in Colorado, in Martinez v. People, Colo., 470 P.2d 26. Subsequently, the rehearing was denied in Kennedy, and we ruled again on the same instruction in Carrillo v. State, Wyo., 474 P.2d 123, 126, where we stated: "Even though we have again fully considered all of the reasoning and arguments underlying the divergent views, we remain unpersuaded that our holding in Kennedy was incorrect in view of the abundance of authority supporting it, and as a consequence the contention here made with respect to the use of the phrase under discussion * * * is rejected." Without pretending to advise trial courts with respect to use of the instruction being considered, we simply repeat that we are still unpersuaded that its use is erroneous. The second assignment of error with respect to the instructions is that, considered in their entirety, the instructions unfairly emphasized and erroneously stated principles of law to an extent and in a light highly favorable to the prosecution and extremely prejudicial to the defense. Of course, we cannot pass upon assignments of error which are stated in such general and broad language as this one is. We will say our review of the instructions as a whole convinces us they were fair and impartial, without favor or prejudice to either side in the case. Except for the citation of authority on such general propositions as the need for instructions to be impartial and not to strongly present the theory of one side and minimize that of the other side, appellant cites no authority to support his contention of partiality to the prosecution. We presume counsel found no case or authority to support his contention that the instructions on a whole unfairly emphasized principles in a light favorable to the state.[10] Counsel for appellant does ridicule and complain bitterly against Instruction No. 17 pertaining to circumstantial evidence. The instruction reads: "Circumstantial evidence is proper and competent to prove the commission of an offense. That is to say, the facts surrounding the commission of a crime may be proved and if these facts are of such a nature and so connected with each other and with the defendant and with the crime alleged that they can not be explained upon any reasonable theory excepting that of guilt of the defendant, then they are sufficient to warrant a verdict of guilty. *458 "Circumstantial evidence appeals to the common sense and common experience of mankind. These teach us that the known existence of some facts necessarily implies that other facts connected therewith exist. If you awake after a night's sleep and find the sun shining, you know the sun arose in the morning though you did not see it rise. If you find the whole earth drenched with water, you know that rain has fallen, though you did not see or hear it rain. Or if you find footprints on the snow you know that some person or animal has been there and also which it was, though you see nothing but the tracks. If you find a tree shattered in a particular way, you know that it has been visited by lightning. Sometimes circumstantial evidence is even more convincing than direct evidence, because direct evidence may depend upon the memory and observation and truthfulness of one witness, while circumstantial evidence may be supported by the testimony of several witnesses to facts which concur and agree or upon physical facts which can not be mistaken or can not speak falsely. "But to warrant a conviction on circumstantial evidence each fact necessary to the conclusion of guilt must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, and all the facts so proved must be consistent with each other and with the main fact sought to be proved, and the circumstances, taken all together, must be of a conclusive nature and producing in effect a reasonable and moral certainty that the accused, and no other person, committed the offense charged. The mere union of a limited number of independent circumstances, each of an imperfect and inconclusive character, will not justify a conviction. They must be such as to create and justify full belief according to the standard rules of certainty. It is not sufficient that they coincide with and render probable the guilt of the accused. The facts so proved must be incompatible with innocence and incapable of explanation upon any other reasonable theory than that of guilt." This instruction would not be our choice for an instruction on circumstantial evidence. But that is not to say it was prejudicial in any respect to the defendant. A jury of average intelligence can understand a simple instruction on circumstantial evidence when one is deemed necessary or desirable. Examples of circumstantial evidence, like the ones used in this instruction, would hardly seem necessary. However, it would be difficult to speculate as to which side, if either, is benefited or hurt by the examples. We can see the possibility of a defense attorney pointing to this instruction and arguing: It is incumbent upon the state to prove its case to the point that guilt of the defendant is as clear as the rising of the sun in the sky. Suffice it to say appellant has not shown us any persuasive reason or authority for holding the defendant prejudiced by Instruction No. 17, or any other particular instruction. The third assignment of error having to do with instructions is that the defendant was entitled to instructions setting forth his theory of the case and the evidence. We agree a defendant is indeed entitled to have the jury instructed on his theory of the case. We so held in Blakely v. State, Wyo., 474 P.2d 127, 129. However, there must first be competent evidence tending to substantiate defendant's theory. This is implicit in what we said in Blakely and also in what was said in State v. Hickenbottom, 63 Wyo. 41, 178 P.2d 119, 127-131. In Groom v. State, Okl.Cr., 419 P.2d 286, 291-292, it was stated: "Where the trial court has instructed within the law and evidence thus established, it is neither the court's duty nor its right to instruct on speculative theories of counsel unsupported either by the evidence or the law." *459 The same court had previously held, in Fennell v. State, Okl.Cr., 396 P.2d 889, 891, that it is not error to refuse to give a requested instruction in the absence of any substantial evidence to support the giving of the same. In Colorado, pronouncements have been made to the effect that the trial judge must give an instruction tendered by a defendant on his theory of the case only when there is evidence to support the defendant's theory. Land v. People, Colo., 465 P.2d 124, 125-126.[11] We have searched the record diligently in the case before us, and we can find no defense theory except a plea of "not guilty" and Alcala's claim that "he didn't do it." He did not testify at the trial; and no evidence was offered on his behalf which would establish a different theory of defense. The instructions given appear to be quite complete and adequate to cover a general denial of guilt. Appellant makes only a casual and general statement in his brief to the effect that the court rejected his various tendered instructions relative to burden of proof, the effect of the evidence, the effect of circumstantial evidence, and the fact that defendant did not have to present any evidence. We find these matters adequately covered in the instructions which were given and we assume appellant has no specific complaint or assignment with respect to such matters. There is a specific complaint because the court did not instruct on corpus delicti. The court's position was that the jury ought not be burdened with the term. In People v. Lawrence, 133 Cal. App. 683, 284 P.2d 949, 950-951, cert. den. 350 U.S. 997, 76 S.Ct. 549, 100 L.Ed. 862, reh. den. 351 U.S. 921, 76 S.Ct. 712, 100 L.Ed. 1452, the court dealt with a contention that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on the element of corpus delicti. The comment of the court was, the expression means nothing more than "the body of the crime" which in plain English, when related to a charge of burglary, means an unlawful entry. No error was found. In State v. Andrus, 250 La. 765, 199 So.2d 867, 881-882, it was considered well settled that to obtain a conviction in a criminal case the state must prove the corpus delicti, or the fact that a crime has been committed. However, the appellate court observed that the judge in general instructions to the jury charged that it was incumbent on the state to prove the offense charged to the satisfaction of the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. The conclusion was: "This was a charge to the jury that the State had to prove the corpus delicti, that is, that the offense of theft had been committed." In Alcala's case the trial judge adequately charged the jury that it was incumbent on the state to prove the offense charged to the satisfaction of the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. This necessarily means the state had to prove death as a result of the criminal agency of another. It was not necessary to use the term "corpus delicti." We agree with the trial judge that it was not necessary for the jury to be burdened with the term. Appellant has made a rather general assignment by saying the trial court erred in rejecting "the many" instructions requested by defendant which were correct statements of the law, were applicable to the facts in the case, and represented a theory of the defense. Of course, it is not error for the trial court to refuse to give a requested instruction, even if it states a correct principle applicable to the case, if the matter has been covered properly and sufficiently by other instructions given. That seems to be the situation in this case. We will not pretend to discuss individually each of "the many" instructions requested on behalf of the defendant which were not given. Suffice it to say we have *460 reviewed them carefully and find no cause for reversal in connection with their refusal. There is a contention that the court should not have defined the term "reasonable doubt," as done in Instructions 4 and 6. Although some courts have held that reasonable doubt needs to be defined and that it is fundamental error not to do so,[12] in this jurisdiction we have said several times that the term need not be defined,[13] inclining toward the view that a trial court would be well-advised to avoid instructions on reasonable doubt, but as observed in State v. Robinson, 235 Or. 524, 385 P.2d 754, 756, attempts to define the term are not error merely because a definition is not necessary. Insofar as Alcala's appeal is concerned, we are left with these considerations: (1) Are the instructions erroneous; (2) are they sufficiently prejudicial to defendant that a new trial must be ordered; and (3) were the objections made at the time of trial sufficient to point out wherein and why the defendant was erroneously prejudiced? We find nothing in either of the reasonable doubt instructions which could be prejudicial to the defendant. Also, we find nothing in the objections made at trial which were sufficient to point the trial court to any harmful or prejudicial effects of such instructions. There were general objections that the instructions were contrary to law, erroneous, redundant and misleading. An objection which merely says an instruction is contrary to law or erroneous or redundant or misleading is not good without it being pointed out wherein and why it is contrary to law or erroneous or redundant or misleading. See Drummer v. State, Wyo., 366 P.2d 20, 23-24; and State v. Chambers, 70 Wyo. 283, 249 P.2d 158, 162. Before leaving the matter of instructions we need to comment on appellant's claim that the court erred by giving Instructions 23 and 25. These instructions stated: "INSTRUCTION NO. 23 "It is the duty of each juryman, while the jury is deliberating upon their verdict, to give careful consideration to the views his fellow-jurymen may have to present upon the testimony in the case. He should not shut his ears and stubbornly stand upon the position he first takes, regardless of what may be said by the other jurymen. It should be the object of all of you to arrive at a common conclusion and to that end you should deliberate together with calmness. It is your duty to arrive upon a verdict, if that is possible. "You are instructed, however, that if any one of the jury after having considered all the evidence in this case, and after having consulted with his fellow-jurymen, should entertain a reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt, then the jury cannot find the defendant guilty." "INSTRUCTION NO. 25 "I believe it is my duty to remind you that this trial has, as a matter of course, *461 been attended with large expense to the parties, and that you should make every effort to agree. To aid you in the consideration of the case, I instruct you that although the verdict to which a juror agrees must, of course, be his own verdict, the result of his own convictions, and not a mere acquiescence in the conclusion of his fellow jurors, yet in order to bring twelve minds to a unanimous result, you must examine the question submitted to you with candor and with a proper regard and deference to the opinions of each other. You should consider that the case must at some time be decided; that you are selected in the same manner and from the same source from which any future jury must be selected; and there is no reason to suppose that this case will ever be submitted to twelve men and women more intelligent, more impartial, or more competent to decide it; or that more and clearer evidence will be produced on the one side or the other, and with this in view, it is your duty to decide the case, if you can conscientiously do so." Alcala's attorney claims the two instructions together amount to an "Allen" charge. We considered the so-called Allen instruction in Elmer v. State, Wyo., 463 P.2d 14, 20-21. It is true Instruction No. 25 appears to contain a portion of the language which was used in the Elmer case. It does not contain all of it. Instruction No. 23 may have something of the same purpose but different language. In our opinion the two instructions, as given in Alcala's trial, are definitely more favorable for the defense than was the single instruction, as given in Elmer. Moreover, in Alcala's case, both instructions were given along with other instructions in the case and at the same time. Whereas, in the Elmer case the Allen charge was given after the jury was reported in disagreement. The portion of the Allen charge which was given in the Elmer trial and omitted in Alcala's trial has been said to carry an implication that the minority should yield to the opinion of the majority. It is clear, however, that no such implication can be attributed to the instructions in Alcala's trial. We are unpersuaded that our ruling with respect to the Allen charge was wrong in Elmer. It therefore follows, a fortiori, that we cannot condemn the two instructions in this case, which counsel claims amount to an "Allen" charge. Leading Questions It is charged on appeal that the defendant's right to a fair trial was violated by consistent use of leading, suggestive and improper questions by the prosecution; that the trial court failed to take affirmative action in this regard; and that there were many erroneous evidentiary rulings by the trial court. We find this to be another general and vague assignment of error which appellant has not substantiated. As we view the record, it simply does not reflect unusual or prejudicial irregularities in trial procedures of the nature asserted. It is difficult to ascertain specifically what appellant's contentions are in this assignment. No authority is cited in support of any specific argument. Appellant, under this assignment, makes no affirmative showing of error, and he has not attempted to establish prejudice. We will not pretend to make an independent inquiry of our own to find some possible error in the field suggested for our search. Defendant's Statements With reference to two statements which had been obtained from the defendant prior to the discovery of Mrs. Alcala's body and defendant's arrest, he argues that as a general rule where the State introduces in evidence the confession of an accused it is bound by exculpatory portions therein unless they are shown by the evidence to be untrue, insisting that the exculpatory portions of his statements were not proven to be false, and citing 23 C.J.S. *462 Criminal Law § 842, p. 293. He also points out that in Texas and Oklahoma it has been held that where the prosecution uses a statement of the accused which is both inculpatory and exculpatory the trial judge is obligated to instruct the jury that the defendant is entitled to acquittal unless the exculpatory portions are disproved. In our view defendant's position is without merit since, as shown by the authority on which he relies, falsity of exculpatory statements may be shown by circumstantial evidence; and in the instant situation his general denial of having anything to do with the death of his wife was discounted by the presentation of such evidence. We are aware of the holdings by the Texas court, adopted in Oklahoma, as to the obligation of a court to instruct concerning exculpatory statements, which matter has been the subject of Annotation, 116 A.L.R. 1459. However, such rule has lacked acceptance elsewhere. State v. Casaus, 73 N.M. 152, 386 P.2d 246, 248; State v. Parker, 33 N.J. 79, 162 A.2d 568, 575. Moreover, counsel's reference to instructions on this subject seems to be thrown in merely as a matter of emphasis since no request was made for an instruction on the subject as required under Rule 31, W.R.Cr.P. Sufficiency of Evidence The final argument made on behalf of appellant is that a judgment of acquittal should have been entered because the evidence was insufficient to sustain a conviction. We have already pointed out, in connection with our discussion about proof of the corpus delicti, that the evidence was sufficient to establish the corpus delicti and to make a case for the jury. We see no reason to say more on that subject. There was ample evidence, even though circumstantial in nature, to support the verdict of the jury. Conclusion We are unpersuaded that any one shortcoming here constitutes reversible error. It may be that reversal could be required in a case where there is a series of errors, no one of which is sufficiently prejudicial alone. However, that could occur only when the accumulated effect constitutes prejudice and the conduct of the trial is other than fair and impartial. Such a situation is not borne out by an analysis of the record in this case. As we said at the outset, our review of the record here convinces us that, on the whole, defendant had a fair trial and there was ample circumstantial evidence for a conviction of manslaughter. Affirmed. GRAY, Justice (dissenting). The all-important question and issue in this case is the defendant's contention that the State failed to prove by sufficient evidence the corpus delicti. If there is merit in that contention, and I am persuaded that there is, the conviction cannot stand. As a general proposition, while we have been less than consistent with respect to the elements that must be established in order to prove the corpus delicti, I agree with the majority that the almost universally accepted rule is to the effect that it consists of (1) death and (2) the criminal agency of another. We adhered to that rule in the early case of Dalzell v. State, 7 Wyo. 450, 53 P. 297, 298. It must also be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Bennett v. State, Wyo., 377 P.2d 634, 635. I agree also that such proof may be made by direct or circumstantial evidence or by a combination of the two and in unusual circumstances proof of the corpus delicti is often interwoven and considered with that connecting the accused with the crime. Markoff v. State, 52 Wyo. 457, 75 P.2d 773, 778. That case, however, is not as broad as the rule stated in 23 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 916(4), upon which the majority relies, which to me because of the circumstances here has no application inasmuch as the State's own evidence which fixed the cause of death as probable asphyxia brought about a separation in its proof. Evidence of death by any other *463 cause was foreclosed and as shall be pointed out the pieces of evidence upon which the State relies were of little probative value in establishing that the asphyxia resulted from a "criminal agency." In addition, an examination of the cases shown in the footnotes as supporting the rule almost without exception dealt with cases wherein there were extrajudicial confessions or admissions to corroborate the proof pertaining to criminal agency. Here there was no extrajudicial confession or admission of the guilt of the defendant. Other than the limitation of the order of proof laid down in Konopisos v. State, 26 Wyo. 350, 185 P. 355, 356, that extrajudicial confessions or admissions "should not be allowed to go to the jury until other evidence sufficient to go to the jury on the question of the corpus delicti has been introduced by the state," such order of proof is largely discretionary with the trial court. Where as here, however, the State relies entirely upon circumstantial evidence which it contends established the "criminal agency," such proof must be clear, convincing and competent, sufficient to exclude uncertainties beyond a reasonable doubt. It cannot be established by speculation, suspicion, surmise or guess, State v. Osmus, 73 Wyo. 183, 276 P.2d 469, 484; or even upon probabilities, Smith v. State, 40 Wyo. 128, 274 P. 1074, 1079; State v. Rideout, Wyo., 450 P.2d 452, 454-455. It is also well recognized that the establishing of the corpus delicti will not be presumed, State v. Doyle, 201 Kan. 469, 441 P.2d 846, 860-861; 23 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 916(2), p. 626; and the presumption is that the death resulted from innocent, noncriminal causes, Reyes v. State, 151 Neb. 636, 38 N.W.2d 539, 544. With the foregoing concepts in mind, I will comment briefly upon the evidence which the State asserts established the corpus delicti. Turning first to the probative value of the purported threat of violence to the decedent made by the defendant several hours before the alleged time of death, it is a well recognized rule that such threats, although competent on the issue of malice or intent, are not admissible or competent in making proof of the corpus delicti. Decker v. Commonwealth, 278 Ky. 145, 128 S.W.2d 600, 602; 40 C.J.S. Homicide § 201, p. 1102. With respect to the evidence relating to the concealment of the body, it is true, of course, many cases are to the effect that this is a strong incriminating circumstance along with other facts in the case. See Annotation 2 A.L.R. 1227 and the later cases as disclosed by the Later Case Service. A review of those cases, however, will disclose that with few exceptions the corpus delicti was established by other evidence and the ultimate issue reduced itself to the identity of the accused as the criminal agency. Notwithstanding the rule in other jurisdictions, we viewed such evidence as a "suspicious circumstance" in the case of State v. Osmus, supra, 276 P.2d at 477-478, and held that it did not prove that the death was caused by criminal agency. The fact that the defendant failed for several days to notify the police of the disappearance of the decedent, which perhaps may also be regarded as a suspicious circumstance, is of little if any probative value inasmuch as the delay is explained to some extent by the State's evidence and there was no legal duty imposed upon the defendant to report the matter to the police. That defendant may have lied to the police with respect to the incident concerning the shovel might well have had a direct bearing upon the defendant's credibility had the defendant taken the stand. However, it had no probative value on the matter under discussion so far as I can determine and the State's argument does not inform or enlighten me. Reverting now to the State's theory that the probable cause of death was asphyxia, the State in its brief concedes that its medical testimony did not prove "the criminal agency associated with the death," and consequently I do not dwell upon the testimony *464 of Dr. Sakai except to say that it by no means excluded the admitted fact that asphyxia could result from many causes, natural and unnatural, innocent or criminal, and could result by someone placing a pillow over the nose of decedent, of which there was no proof; or on the other hand by a person rendered unconscious by alcohol or a combination of barbiturates and alcohol who somehow got a pillow under the nose. In this connection the State's evidence without contradiction shows that decedent was intoxicated on several occasions, had been drinking shortly before the claimed time of death, and also that decedent had barbiturates in her possession. Another infirmity in the State's proof of criminal agency is that it builds inference upon inference in order to sustain its claim and this cannot be done. Tate v. People, 125 Colo. 527, 247 P.2d 665, 672; Hartman v. State, 185 Tenn. 350, 206 S.W.2d 380, 385; Foster v. State, 180 Tenn. 164, 172 S.W.2d 1003, 1006. There is no direct evidence that the defendant concealed the death of his wife by placing the body in the lake. The State contends it was proved by the circumstantial evidence tending to show that the rope binding the body was alike in color, composition, and size to rope found in defendant's possession; that the body was wrapped in a tarpaulin and defendant at one time had a tarpaulin for his trailer which had not been seen by a neighbor that summer; an inner wrapping of a quilted pad which could have come from a warehouse connected by a door to defendant's barbershop; and that defendant had a boat and was seen on the lake the day the body was discovered. From this the jury would first have to draw an inference that defendant owned or obtained the wrappings found on the body; then an inference based upon that inference that he placed the body in the lake; and then an inference upon those inferences that the death resulted from criminal agency by the placing of a pillow over the nose and mouth of the decedent. Certainly such evidence was wholly insufficient to prove criminal agency and did not meet the presumption that the death resulted from innocent, noncriminal causes. Cases dealing with death caused by asphyxia are few and far between, but as indicated above such cause of death was before us in the Osmus case, which I have already mentioned, and in the three cases of Coca v. State, Wyo., 423 P.2d 382; Lujan v. State, Wyo., 423 P.2d 388; and Borrego v. State, Wyo., 423 P.2d 393. In those last three cases there was medical testimony that the asphyxia was "due to vomitus in the breathing airway and that vomiting might be caused by extreme emotional disturbance, trauma, disease, or certain other circumstances." Coca v. State, supra, 423 P.2d at 383. It will be noted that we did not accept such medical testimony standing alone as establishing the cause of death. Nevertheless, in view of the evidence of the violence perpetrated upon the body of the deceased, we held there was sufficient evidence to justify a finding that the vomitus was caused by such violence. Here, of course, just as in the Osmus case, there was no evidence of violence. I realize, of course, that the majority attempts to distinguish the instant case from the Osmus case but to me the effort is not convincing. The critical question there of the failure of the State to prove the criminal agency it undertook to prove is identical to the critical question in the instant case. From the foregoing I can only conclude that the holding of the majority to the effect that the attempt to conceal the body, together with the testimony that the death was caused by asphyxia, was sufficient to meet the burden of the State to prove criminal agency beyond a reasonable doubt is, in order to meet the exigencies of this case, the adoption of rules which are contrary to the rules we have heretofore observed and prescribed. I say this for the reason that in support of its determination it cites People v. Miller, 71 Cal.2d 459, 78 Cal. Rptr. 449, 455 P.2d 377, 387. California appears to be at least one state that has departed from the requirement that the corpus delicti be established "beyond a reasonable *465 doubt." In that state all that is required is for the State to make out a prima facie case "that the deceased met his death by means of an unlawful act of another," People v. Ives, 17 Cal.2d 459, 110 P.2d 408, 411; or as stated in People v. Small, 7 Cal. App.3d 347, 86 Cal. Rptr. 478, 482, to establish a "reasonable probability that the criminal act of another was the cause of death." Also bearing upon this matter is a recital by the majority from an order entered in an original proceeding here wherein the defendant sought relief from a determination by the justice of the peace that there was probable cause for requiring defendant to answer and defend the criminal charge in the district court. I fail to see the significance of that. Under Rule 7(b), W.R. Cr.P., the commissioner may require an accused to answer and defend an accusation in the district court if it appears "that there is probable cause to believe that an offense has been committed and that the defendant has committed it." To me there is a substantial difference between the State's burden to produce evidence sufficient to support a determination of "probable cause to believe" and the burden cast upon the State in the trial to prove beyond a reasonable doubt not only the death by criminal agency but the identity of the accused as the criminal agent. In any event, the order also recites that the matter was not considered "in depth" and the paramount reason for summarily denying the petition was the impending trial within a very few days. Additionally, of course, the function of the trial court in assessing the sufficiency and probative value of the evidence at the trial is entirely different from the function of the commissioner at the preliminary hearing. At the trial stage the State must meet its burden of proving the corpus delicti beyond a reasonable doubt and if the evidence offered in proof thereof is not sufficient affirmatively to establish by clear and convincing evidence that death resulted from the criminal agency of another it is the trial court's duty to so hold and to dismiss the information. State v. Doyle, 201 Kan. 469, 441 P.2d 846, 858; Azbill v. State, 84 Nev. 345, 440 P.2d 1014, 1018. It may be that this case demonstrates a need for reexamination of previous holdings of this court on the question of the proof necessary to establish the corpus delicti and the adoption of a broader concept than has heretofore been taken. To do so other than prospectively, however, it seems to me results in a manifest injustice for the reason that the trial strategy of counsel for defendant in not putting the defendant on the stand and in not presenting evidence was predicated upon his insistence that the State had failed to meet its burden of establishing the corpus delicti under legal principals to which we have adhered. The error with respect to proof of the corpus delicti was compounded by the refusal of the trial court to instruct on corpus delicti. I disagree with the majority's view that it was unnecessary to give such an instruction. As I previously stated, the State's proof of the corpus delicti was the all-important question and issue in this proceeding. The trial court gave as its reason for denying the instruction requested by defendant that it would only confuse the jury to undertake to instruct on the "technicalities associated with corpus delicti." While we have not heretofore passed upon the precise question, the prevailing rule is to the contrary. 4 Warren on Homicide, § 322, pp. 23-24 (Perm.Ed.), says: "The court should charge the jury that proof of the corpus delicti is essential to the conviction of defendant, and that this must be proved beyond any reasonable doubt, and that this is the rule whether the evidence is direct and positive or merely circumstantial. * * *" See also 41 C.J.S. Homicide § 355, p. 122. In the early case of Territory v. Monroe, 2 Ariz. 1, 6 P. 478, 479, it was said: "* * * It would be folly to argue that a conviction for murder could be sustained when the corpus delicti is not *466 proven. It was a question which it was the duty of the jury to pass upon, and if not proven, it was their duty to acquit, and it was the duty of the court to so charge them, and the refusal of the request to make such charge was manifest error." Pumpkin v. State, Okl.Cr., 295 P.2d 819, 825, flatly says, "The court should have clearly defined the meaning of corpus delicti." Where, as here, the trial court and this court were fully aware of the defendant's contentions throughout the proceedings and the State's proof of the corpus delicti was indeed questionable, the least that should have been done if the case was to go to the jury was to give a careful and specific instruction with respect to the corpus delicti. The general instructions did not purport to cover this critical issue. In this connection I might say it seems quite inconsistent to me for the majority to accept the proposition that to use the term "corpus delicti" in an instruction would only confuse the jury and then condone the giving of at least three separate instructions on the meaning of reasonable doubt, which we have unequivocally denounced in the four cases cited in footnote 13 of the majority opinion as tending to confuse the jury for the reason that the term carries its own definition. Under our previous pronouncement it was prejudicial error for the trial court on its own volition to give all of those instructions. Perhaps I need not extend this opinion further but I do not concur in the intimation that Dr. Sakai was free to use the FBI report as a basis for his opinion without its being in evidence, Lujan v. State, supra, 423 P.2d at 392, and which was not prepared under his supervision and direction. Neither do I concur in the discussion concerning the admissibility of a statement assertedly made by decedent to Mrs. Cortez the day before Mrs. Alcala's disappearance. It is contrary to what was said concerning such statements in State v. Kump, 76 Wyo. 273, 301 P.2d 808, and in fact was double hearsay, People v. Lew, 68 Cal.2d 774, 69 Cal. Rptr. 102, 441 P.2d 942, 944. With respect to Instruction 17, I would agree that had the second full paragraph thereof not been given it would appear not to have been harmful to the defendant. However, the State fails to point out the source thereof and I take it cannot do so. It seems clearly erroneous to me. It may be possible, of course, as the majority says that it could benefit an accused in an argument to the jury but defendant's criticism that "The Court might just as well have added a fifth example: `If you find a woman's body wrapped in a tarpaulin, weighted by a cinder block and floating in a lake, you know she was murdered by her husband though you did not see the blow struck or hear her scream of pain and horror'" would seem to be just as reasonable and more probable. There is at least a doubt as to whether or not it was prejudicial and that doubt should be resolved in favor of the defendant. Also, in connection with circumstantial evidence the trial court by Instruction No. 18, after stating that such evidence should "exclude every reasonable hypothesis consistent with innocence," went on to say that it was unnecessary "that it should dissipate mere conjectures and speculative doubts, for metaphysical and demonstrative certainty is not essential to proof by circumstances." From what followed, the thrust of that language might not have been harmful but under the circumstances of the case it seems to me it was prejudicially erroneous for the court not to have given at defendant's request the instruction set forth in Osmus, 276 P.2d at 483-484, which was said to be "highly and peculiarly appropriate in a case such as that at bar." The instruction was in keeping with and particularly pertinent to defendant's defense that the State had failed to prove the corpus delicti. With respect to Instructions 23 and 25, I would agree, if it were not for the errors discussed above, that the giving of these two instructions was not so prejudicial as to necessitate reversal. Although it is true that these instructions eliminated some of the language of the Allen Instruction, *467 which was before us in Elmer v. State, Wyo., 463 P.2d 14, and which was given as a supplemental instruction, it can hardly be questioned that the tenor and purpose of Nos. 23 and 25 was to get before the jury other ingredients of the Allen Instruction which mounting authorities condemn as being coercive and erroneous. It seems to me that the caveat we gave in Elmer against future use of such instructions, whether original or supplemental, was made clear but apparently it has not been so understood. I would now make it clear beyond question that henceforth instructions such as Nos. 23 and 25, even though containing some language not subject to criticism, should not be given and will not be condoned. For the foregoing reasons I would hold that the trial court erred in denying defendant's motion for judgment of acquittal and reverse the judgment. ON PETITION FOR REHEARING BY THE COURT. Petition for rehearing having been filed by appellant, and petition for stay of execution having also been filed by appellant, with a request that, in the event a rehearing is denied, then and in that event a stay of execution be granted for sufficient time for appellant to petition the United States Supreme Court, in forma pauperis, to grant a writ of certiorari; such petitions having been duly considered; and it having been determined that the petition for rehearing is without merit in that the points raised were carefully and fully considered by the court in the disposition heretofore made; but that appellant's request for stay of execution should be granted: It is ordered that the petition for rehearing be and the same is hereby denied. It is further ordered, however, that appellant, Jess Alcala, be and he is hereby granted a stay of execution for a period of six months from the date hereof, or until the United States Supreme Court has acted unfavorably in regard to appellant's petition for writ of certiorari, in the event of such action before six months from the date hereof, conditioned upon appellant's appearance bond in the amount of $15,000 being kept in full force and effect throughout such stay of execution. GRAY, J., dissented in the original opinion and would grant the petition for rehearing. NOTES [1] See People v. Cullen, 37 Cal.2d 614, 234 P.2d 1, 6; Romero v. People, Colo., 460 P.2d 784, 787; State v. Doyle, 201 Kan. 469, 441 P.2d 846, 853; State v. Hamilton, 1 N.C. App. 99, 160 S.E.2d 79, 81; Mayberry v. State, Okl.Cr., 449 P.2d 912, 914; State v. Fischer, 232 Or. 558, 376 P.2d 418, 419; The Corpus Delicti of Murder, 48 Va.L.Rev. 173; and VII Wigmore, Evidence, Section 2072, p. 401 (3rd Ed. 1940). [2] For other cases see State v. Camper, Mo., 353 S.W.2d 676, 679; People v. Manzi, 38 Misc.2d 114, 237 N.Y.S.2d 738, 741; People v. Willard, 238 Cal. App.2d 292, 47 Cal. Rptr. 734, 743; and State v. Allred, 16 Utah 2d 41, 395 P.2d 535, 537. [3] It is stated in 5A C.J.S. Appeal & Error § 1731, p. 1012, the admission of improper and objectionable evidence is harmless error where the fact thereby sought to be shown is fully and clearly established by other evidence which is competent. Under note 7, a host of cases is cited in support of the statement. The principle is applicable insofar as Exhibits 25 through 28 in Alcala's trial are concerned. [4] In the Chambers opinion the court quoted from and followed Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 69 L.Ed. 543, 45 S.Ct. 280. Then, in footnote 8 in Chambers it was stated, nothing said last term in Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 89 S.Ct. 2034, 23 L.Ed.2d 685, purported to modify or affect the rationale of Carroll. Of course the rationale of Carroll is applicable to Alcala's boat because it was in close proximity to the arrest; it was movable because it was on a trailer; and the contents of the boat could be readily disposed of by members of the defendant's family or other persons. [5] Cases which hold an expert may express an opinion based on facts testified to by another expert or upon tests made by other experts include: Christiansen v. Hollings, 44 Cal. App.2d 332, 112 P.2d 723, 731; Pine v. People, 168 Colo. 290, 455 P.2d 868, 870-871; and State v. Coltharp, 199 Kan. 598, 433 P.2d 418, 424. [6] Case authority for this rule includes: Hutchins v. State, Wyo., 483 P.2d 519, 521; Bustamonte v. People, 157 Colo. 146, 401 P.2d 597, 601; People v. Matlock, 51 Cal.2d 682, 336 P.2d 505, 510, 71 A.L.R.2d 605; Lowrey v. State, 87 Okl. Cr. 313, 197 P.2d 637, 651; and Sapp v. State, 87 Tex.Cr.R. 606, 223 S.W. 459, 468. [7] In State v. Moore, Wyo., 356 P.2d 141, 144, it was held an argument on appeal that a question called for hearsay may not be heard when such objection was not interposed at the trial. [8] Cases are cited in the Dickey opinion which have made similar pronouncements. [9] See Spriggs v. Copenhaver, Wyo., 459 P.2d 203. [10] This presumption is warranted under the authority of Drummer v. State, Wyo., 366 P.2d 20, 26; and Valerio v. State, Wyo., 429 P.2d 317, 319. [11] See also Sterling v. People, 151 Colo. 127, 376 P.2d 676, 678, cert. den. 373 U.S. 944, 83 S.Ct. 1554, 10 L.Ed.2d 699. [12] Williams v. U.S., C.A.N.C., 271 F.2d 703; Com. v. Farst, Pa.O. & T., 9 Lebanon 330; Com. v. Schuck, 401 Pa. 222, 164 A.2d 13; and Com. v. Itterly, Pa.Quar.Sess., 61 Lack.Jur. 81. Several cases have come out of Oklahoma, where the Criminal Court of that State held it is erroneous to attempt to define reasonable doubt. The matter was subsequently put at rest, however, in Young v. State, Okl.Crim., 373 P.2d 273, 278, when that court expressly said it would carefully examine the instruction on reasonable doubt with reference to the whole record; and if it should appear the effect was not one of injury to the defendant, the court would not reverse the cause solely on the basis of such instruction. [13] State v. Goettina, 61 Wyo. 420, 158 P.2d 865, 882; Claussen v. State, 21 Wyo. 505, 133 P. 1055, 1056, affirmed on rehearing 135 P. 802; State v. Eldredge, 45 Wyo. 488, 21 P.2d 545, 547-548; and State v. Velsir, 61 Wyo. 476, 159 P.2d 371, 377-378. | Mid | [
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var $ = require('../internals/export'); // `Math.RAD_PER_DEG` constant // https://rwaldron.github.io/proposal-math-extensions/ $({ target: 'Math', stat: true }, { RAD_PER_DEG: 180 / Math.PI }); | Low | [
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--- abstract: | The nearby elliptical galaxies NGC4621 and NGC4697 each host a supermassive black hole with $M_\bullet > 10^8 M_\odot$. Analysis of archival [*Chandra*]{} data and new NRAO Very Large Array data shows that each galaxy contains a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus (LLAGN), identified as a faint, hard X-ray source that is astrometrically coincident with a faint 8.5-GHz source. The latter has a diameter less that 0.3 (26 pc for NGC4621, 17 pc for NGC4697). The black holes energizing these LLAGNs have Eddington ratios $L(2-10~keV) / L(Edd) \sim 10^{-9}$, placing them in the so-called quiescent regime. The emission from these quiescent black holes is radio-loud, with $log~R_X = log~\nu L_{\nu}(8.5~GHz) / L(2-10~keV) \sim -2$, suggesting the presence of a radio outflow. Also, application of the radio–X-ray–mass relation from Yuan & Cui for quiescent black holes predicts the observed radio luminosities $\nu L_{\nu}(8.5~GHz)$ to within a factor of a few. Significantly, that relation invokes X-ray emission from the outflow rather than from an accretion flow. The faint, but detectable, emission from these two massive black holes is therefore consistent with being outflow-dominated. Observational tests of this finding are suggested. author: - 'J. M. Wrobel, Y. Terashima, and L. C. Ho' title: 'Outflow-Dominated Emission from the Quiescent Massive Black Holes in NGC4621 and NGC4697' --- Motivation ========== Dynamical studies have established that supermassive black holes, with masses $M_\bullet \sim 10^6 - 10^9 M_\odot$, occur in the nuclei of most nearby galaxies with stellar bulges [e.g., @kor04]. Yet few of these massive black holes are observed as luminous active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Rather, the Palomar spectroscopic survey by @ho97 showed that the majority have either no AGN signatures or only the weak AGN signatures that define them as low-luminosity AGNs (LLAGNs; $L(H\alpha) \le 10^{40}$ ergs s$^{-1}$). Also, Chandra surveys of selected Palomar LLAGNs [@ho01; @ter03] commonly find X-ray nuclei with $L(2-10~keV) = 10^{38} - 10^{42}$ ergs s$^{-1}$, leading to $L(2-10~keV) < 10^{42}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ as an X-ray definition of a LLAGN. For the black hole masses involved, such H$\alpha$ and X-ray luminosities are highly sub-Eddington, that is, much less than the Eddington luminosity $L(Edd) = 1.3 \times 10^{38} (M_\bullet / M_\odot )$ ergs s$^{-1}$. Understanding the radiative quiescence of these massive black holes has important implications for accretion physics, fuelling and feedback mechanisms, and black-hole growth over cosmic time [@ho04; @pel05]. Early theoretical models for weakly-radiating massive black holes invoked radiatively-inefficient inflows [e.g., @nar95], jets/outflows [e.g., @fal00], and combinations of the two [e.g., @yua02a]. The models predicted that continuum emission could emerge in the radio and hard X-ray regions. For LLAGNs, these frequency regions offer strong tests of the models because they benefit from high contrast against the stellar emission, little or no obscuration, and subarcsecond angular resolution and astrometry. Significantly, a study of Palomar LLAGNs using [*Chandra*]{}, the Very Large Array (VLA), and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), found that the majority are radio loud, defined as $log~R_X = log~\nu L_{\nu}(5~GHz) / L(2-10~keV) = -4.5$ or higher [@ter03]. Since LLAGNs may possess radiatively-inefficient accretion flows [e.g., @yua02b] and radio continuum emission is outflow-dominated [e.g., @fal99; @nag05], this suggests that such accretion flows can produce outflows more efficiently than standard geometrically thin accretion disks [@liv99; @mei01]. Moreover, such radio continuum outflows might have sufficiently stable “astrometric footprints” to constrain the proper motions of their galaxy hosts in the extragalactic frame [e.g., @bie00], especially for galaxy hosts which lack interstellar water masers. Building upon the work by @ter03, @ho03b and @ter05 searched in the radio and X-ray regions for LLAGN signatures from the weakest accretors, namely nearby Palomar nuclei showing no or very weak $H\alpha$ [@ho03a]. Those targets were mainly disk galaxies and the new [*Chandra*]{} detections of them correspond to X-ray nuclei with $L(2-10~keV) < 10^{38}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ [@ho03b; @ter05]. With their typical $M_\bullet < 10^8 M_\odot$, these accretors are feeble emitters with Eddington ratios $L(2-10~keV) / L(Edd) < 10^{-7}$. Still, @ter05 obtained VLA detections of radio nuclei at the levels predicted from the radio-loudness relation [@ter03], proving that the trait of radio loudness holds below $L(2-10~keV) = 10^{38}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ and continuing to emphasize the potential importance of radio outflows from these modest-mass black holes. Encouraged by these X-ray/radio trends, a next step is to search for continuum signatures of LLAGNs in nearby elliptical galaxies, with their typically higher $M_\bullet$. Archival and published data from [*Chandra*]{} and the VLA are used in § \[data-old\] to identify two candidate LLAGNs in nearby elliptical galaxies. New high-resolution observations of these candidates with the VLA[^1] [@tho80] are reported in § \[data-new\]. The implications of the new VLA imaging are explored in § \[astrometry\] regarding the astrometry, and in § \[photometry\] regarding the photometry. § \[summary\] closes with a summary of this work and suggestions for future directions. Prior Data {#data-old} ========== A Palomar elliptical galaxy and a southern elliptical galaxy were selected. NGC4621 is an absorption-line nucleus with an H$\alpha$ upper limit from @ho03a. NGC4697 has modest LINER characteristics (Pinkney et al. 2005; J. Pinkney, priv. comm.). For each galaxy, Table 1 lists its surface-brightness-fluctuation distance and scale, as well the mass and Eddington luminosity of its black hole. Table 2 gives the centroid positions of the galaxies from NED/2MASS. VLA --- At the NED/2MASS centroid positions, the galaxies are neither confused nor detected at 1.4 GHz, and thus are less than 2.5 mJy at 45 resolution [@con98] and less than 1 mJy at 5 resolution [@whi97]. From VLA data at 5 GHz and 5 resolution, NGC4621 is less than 0.5 mJy [@wro91] and NGC4697 is less than 0.6 mJy [@bir85]. From VLA data at 8.5 GHz and 10 resolution, NGC4621 has a candidate LLAGN that is unresolved and has a low-resolution flux density of 0.153$\pm$0.014 mJy [@wro00b]. From VLA data at 8.5 GHz and about 3 resolution, @kra02 reported an upper limit for NGC4697; but the sensitivity values claimed were not plausable given the exposure time so the VLA archival data were analyzed following the strategies outlined in § \[data-new\] and leading to a 4 $\sigma$ upper limit of 0.164 mJy for these low-resolution data. Chandra ------- X-ray data for the galaxies were retrieved from the [*Chandra*]{} archives. These galaxies were observed with the ACIS-S3 back-illuminated CCD chip. The data were reprocessed and then analyzed with the CIAO version 3.2 software package. Background levels were low and stable. The UT observation date and net exposure times appear in Table 2. Corrections were made for known aspect offsets[^2]. Figures 1 and 2 show the resulting images in the full (0.5-8 keV), soft (0.5-2 keV) and hard (2-8 keV) energy ranges. Several X-ray sources are seen in the central regions of each galaxy. This work focuses on the nearest and brightest X-ray sources to the NED/2MASS centroid positions marked in Figures 1 and 2. For those X-ray sources, the WAVDETECT tool was used to measure their positions in the full energy range; the parameters used in the detection procedure are given in @ter03. The X-ray positions of these candidate LLAGNs are given in Table 2 along with the diameter of the position error circle, 1.2 at the 90% confidence limit[^3]. These X-ray positions are also marked in Figures 1 and 2. Spectra were extracted from circular regions centered at the X-ray positions of the candidate LLAGNs. Extraction radii of 2.5 pixels (1.2) and 3 pixels (1.5) were used for NGC4621 and NGC4697, respectively, to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio and to minimize the contribution from adjacent emission. Spectra of the background were taken from an off-nuclear region in the same field of view and subtracted from the source spectra. Each spectral bin contains 12 and 10 counts for NGC4621 and NGC4697, respectively. Thus a Gaussian approximation of a Poisson distribution is not appropriate and a chi-squared method cannot be used for parameter estimation. Instead, the $C$ statistic, a likelihood defined by using a Poisson distribution, was employed [@cas79]. Spectral fits were performed by using XSPEC version 11.3. The spectra were fitted with a power-law model modified by the total absorption along the line of sight, thus including contributions both from the Galaxy and intrinsic to the elliptical galaxies. The best-fit parameters and errors appear in Table 1. Quoted errors are at the 90% confidence level for one parameter of interest. Table 1 also gives the $C$ statistic per number of spectral bins, an indicator of the quality of the fit. The fitted absorption columns are consistent with the Galactic values of 2.2 and 2.1 $\times 10^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$ for NGC4621 and NGC4697, respectively [@dic90]. The spectra and best-fit models are shown in Figure 3. In addition to the candidate LLAGNs, Figures 1 and 2 show several faint X-ray sources as well as hints of extended soft X-ray emission. To provide further information about the extended emission and the population of discrete sources in each galaxy, adaptively-smoothed images were made over the central 3 in the soft (0.5-2 keV) energy band. These images appear in Figure 4. New Data {#data-new} ======== Under proposal code AW671, the VLA was used in the A configuration to observe NGC4621 at 8.5 GHz using phase calibrator J1254+1141 and NGC4697 at 8.5 GHz using phase calibrator J1246-0730. Phase calibrator positions were taken from the Goddard VLBI global solution 2004 f, [^4] and had one-dimensional errors at 1 $\sigma$ better than 1 mas. The switching time between a galaxy and its phase calibrator was 460 s, while switching angles were about 3 or less. The [*a priori*]{} pointing positions for NGC4621 and NGC4697 were taken from @wro00b and @sar01, respectively. Data were acquired in dual circular polarizations with a bandwidth of 100 MHz. Observations were made assuming a coordinate equinox of 2000. The UT observation date and net exposure times appear in Table 2. Observations of 3C286 were used to set the amplitude scale to an accuracy of about 3%. Twenty-two of 27 antennas provided data of acceptable quality, with most of the data loss attributable to EVLA retrofitting activities. The data were calibrated using the 2006 December 31 release of the NRAO AIPS software. No self-calibrations were performed. No polarization calibration was performed, as only upper limits on the galaxies’ linear polarization percentages were sought. The AIPS task [imagr]{} was used to form and deconvolve images of the Stokes $I\/$ emission at 8.5 GHz from each galaxy. The images, made with natural weighting to obtain the lowest 1 $\sigma$ noise levels, appear in Figures 1 and 2. Each galaxy image was searched within the NED/2MASS error circle for emission above 4 $\sigma$, leading to the detection of an unresolved source, with diameter less that 0.3. Quadratic fits in the image plane yielded the peak flux densities appearing in Table 1, along with their errors that are quadratic sums of the 3% scale error and $\sigma$. Those fits also yielded the radio positions listed in Table 2 along with their 90% position-errors obtained from the quadratic sum of a term due to the signal-to-noise ratio of the detection and a term due to the phase-referencing strategies, estimated to be $\sigma = 0.1\arcsec$ (the errors in the phase calibrator positions were negligible). The radio positions are marked in Figures 1 and 2. [imagr]{} was also used to form naturally-weighted images of Stokes $Q\/$ and $U\/$ from each galaxy. Those images showed the same values for $\sigma$ as their Stokes $I\/$ counterparts but led to no detections. Implications from the Astrometry {#astrometry} ================================ Each of these nearby elliptical galaxies have been detected in the new high-resolution VLA images shown in Figures 1 and 2. Each high-resolution radio detection occurs within the error circle for the galaxy centroid position. Thus each galaxy harbors a bona fide LLAGN that has been localized at radio frequencies with subarcsecond accuracy. The position of the high-resolution radio detection of NGC4621 is consistent with the previous radio detection at low resolution, which was taken to mark a candidate LLAGN. NGC4697 has no prior radio detection and thus no prior radio astrometry. Candidate LLAGNs have been identified in the high-resolution [*Chandra*]{} images derived from archival data and shown in Figures 1 and 2. The position of the candidate LLAGN in NGC4697 is consistent with that reported for Source 1 by @sar01. NGC4621 has no prior X-ray astrometry. Formally, the X-ray positions of these two candidate LLAGNs are consistent with the centroid positions of the host galaxies from NED/2MASS. For NGC4621 and NGC4697, the separations between the high-resolution radio and X-ray positions are about 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. The quadratic sum of the 1 $\sigma$ error in the radio astrometry (0.1) and the X-ray astrometry (0.3) is about 0.32, leading to normalized separations of $0.6\arcsec / 0.32\arcsec \sim 1.9$ for NGC4621 and $0.5\arcsec / 0.32\arcsec \sim 1.6$ for NGC4697. These normalized separations are less than 3, implying valid radio/X-ray matches for both galaxies [@con78]. Thus the X-ray positions of the candidate LLAGNs are consistent with the positions of their high-resolution radio detections, meaning that NGC4621 and NGC4697 each host a bona fide LLAGN that has been identified at both X-ray and radio frequencies. The X-ray sources are therefore referred to as LLAGNs in Table 2 and Figure 3. Implications from the Photometry {#photometry} ================================ X-Ray Properties ---------------- From Table 1, the X-ray luminosities of the LLAGNs in NGC4621 and NGC4697 conform to the luminosity limit of $L(2-10~keV) < 10^{42}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ for the X-ray definition of a LLAGN [@ter03]. The tabulated photon indices conform to the range of values, 1.6 to 2.0, shown by other LLAGNs [@ter03]. The X-ray photometry given in Table 1 for the LLAGN in NGC4697 is consistent with that reported for Source 1 by @sar01 and @sor06a. Also, the latter study analyses data from 2000 and from 2003-2004, and finds no evidence for significant spectral or luminosity changes over that long term. NGC4621 and NGC4697 each host a supermassive black hole with $M_\bullet > 10^8 M_\odot$, for which the characteristic Eddington luminosity is $L(Edd) > 10^{46}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ (Table 1). In stark contrast, the observed X-ray luminosities are lower by about 9 orders of magnitude, and using them as a proxy for a bolometric luminosity, the black holes energizing the LLAGNs in NGC4621 and NGC4697 are found to have Eddington ratios $L(2-10~keV) / L(Edd) \sim 10^{-9}$ (Table 1). Such ratios are very sub-Eddington. Radio and Circumnuclear Properties ---------------------------------- For the LLAGN in NGC4621, the flux density at 8.5 GHz measured at a resolution of about 10 (880 pc) in 1999 (§ \[data-old\]) is higher than that measured at a resolution of 0.3 (26 pc) in 2006 (Table 1). This difference could arise from time variability and/or from source resolution effects in NGC4621. Variability on typical timescales of a few days has been established at 8.5 GHz for other LLAGNs [@and05]. A difference due to source resolution effects in NGC4621 could be linked to jet-like emission driven by the LLAGN, or to the stellar substructures on scales of about 2 (180 pc) that are traced either kinematically [@wer02] or photometrically [@kra04]. But a stellar origin seems unlikely for two reasons. First, the Palomar spectrum shows only an old stellar population [@ho03a]. Second, if the flux-density difference arises from star formation, then converting it to 1.4 GHz with a spectral index of -0.7 implies a star-formation rate of about 0.0045 $M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ [@yun01], for which the H$\alpha$ luminosity [@ken98] would be about 6 times higher than its observed upper limit [@ho03a]. The left panel of Figure 4 shows a population of discrete X-ray sources, presumably low-mass X-ray binaries. There also appears to be soft X-ray emission on a scale of a few kiloparsecs, but this faint emission may partly arise from blends of discrete sources and, based on Figure 4, it will be difficult to characterize the diffuse gas potentially available for accretion onto the black hole. For the LLAGN in NGC4697, the flux-density upper limit at 8.5 GHz measured at a resolution of about 3 (170 pc) in 2000 (§ \[data-old\]) is consistent with the detection at a resolution of 0.3 (17 pc) in 2006 (Table 1). NGC4697 has a probable stellar cluster centered on a dusty disk with a diameter of 7 (400 pc) [@sor06a]. The right panel of Figure 4 shows evidence for soft X-ray emission on a scale of a few kiloparsecs, consistent with prior reports by @sar01 and @sor06a. This diffuse emission is characterized by a “temperature” of 0.33 keV and a central gas density of 0.02 cm$^{-3}$; this gas, as well as the gas released by the stellar populations, is potentially available for accretion within the black hole’s sphere of influence of diameter 0.76 (44 pc) [@sor06a; @sor06b]. The right panel of Figure 4 also shows a population of discrete X-ray sources, identified as low-mass X-ray binaries in prior studies [@sar01; @sor06a]. Radio Loudness -------------- The study of Palomar LLAGNs using [*Chandra*]{}, the VLA, and the VLBA found that the majority are radio loud, defined as $log~R_X = log~\nu L_{\nu}(5~GHz) / L(2-10~keV) = -4.5$ or higher [@ter03]. That study involved radio sources with flat or inverted spectra, so the cited definition applies equally well at 8.5 GHz as at 5 GHz. As shown in Table 1, the emission from the quiescent black holes in NGC4621 and NGC4697 is radio-loud, with $log~R_X = log~\nu L_{\nu}(8.5~GHz) / L(2-10~keV) \sim -2$. Since radio continuum emission is outflow-dominated [@nag05], this suggests the presence of a radio outflow on scales less that 26 pc in NGC4621 and less than 17 pc in NGC4697 (§ \[data-new\]). Baring strong projection effects, the length scale of the 8.5-GHz emission from NGC4697 would place it inside the black hole’s sphere of influence [@sor06a; @sor06b]. The Radio–X-ray–Mass Relation ----------------------------- A relationship among radio luminosity, X-ray luminosity and black-hole mass was discovered by @mer03 and @fal04 for accretion-powered systems. For LLAGNs in particular this so-called fundamental plane (FP) relation supports the idea that they are massive analogs of black hole X-ray binaries in the low/hard state, with Eddington ratios of about $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-3}$. Within this framework, general models for the central engine of a LLAGN [e.g., @yua02b] contain (1) a cool, optically-thick, geometically-thin accretion disk with a truncated inner radius; (2) a hot, radiatively-inefficient accretion flow (RIAF) interior to the truncation radius; and (3) an outflow/jet. Application of such models to black hole X-ray binaries in the low/hard state can lead to strong tests involving both spectral and timing properties. For example, the coupled accretion-jet model of @yua05a was successfully tested in this way. The outflow emission in that model was treated using the internal-shock picture widely applied to gamma-ray bursts. For the low/hard binary tested, the outflow dominated the radio and infrared emission, the thin disk dominated the UV emission, the hot RIAF dominated the X-ray emission, and all three components contributed to the optical emission. In addition, the @yua05a model was shown to be consistent with the FP relation [@yua05b]. Cast in the notation of Table 1, the FP relation of @mer03 is $log \nu L_\nu(5~GHz) = 0.60 log L(2-10 keV) + 0.78 log (M_\bullet/M_\odot) + 7.33$, with a scatter of $\sigma = 0.88$. Given this large scatter, the relation can be use to estimate the 8.5-GHz luminosity $\nu L_\nu(8.5~GHz)$ expected for NGC4621 and NGC4697 from their black hole masses and X-ray luminosities (Table 1). These FP-based predictions are $\nu L_\nu(8.5~GHz) \sim 4.0 \times 10^{36}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ for NGC4621 and $\nu L_\nu(8.5~GHz) \sim 1.4 \times 10^{36}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ for NGC4697. Although these predictions have uncertainties of almost an order of magnitude, both are about that amount below the galaxys’ observed $\nu L_\nu(8.5~GHz)$ listed in Table 1. The black holes in NGC4621 and NGC4697 are very sub-Eddington, featuring ratios of about $10^{-9}$ (Table 1). For other similar systems, departures from the FP relation have been suggested [e.g., @fen03; @mar05]. Within the context of the coupled accretion-jet model [@yua05a] described above, the very sub-Eddington ratios for NGC4621 and NGC4697 place them in the model’s so-called quiescent regime [@yua05b]. Moreover, the black holes in NGC4621 and NGC4697 are able to generate radio emission which, as argued in the previous subsection, is plausibly jet-like. Thus the “if the jet persists” caveat for the quiescent regime seems to be fulfulled, and motivates application of the radio–X-ray–mass relation for the quiescent regime [@yua05b]. Cast in the notation of Table 1, that quiescent relation is $log \nu L_\nu(8.5~GHz) = 1.23 log L(2-10 keV) + 0.25 log (M_\bullet/M_\odot) - 13.45$, and the black hole masses and X-ray luminosities in Table 1 yield the predicted radio luminosities $\nu L_{\nu}(8.5~GHz)$ appearing in Table 1. Those predicted radio luminosities agree, to within a factor of a few, with the observed radio luminosities, also listed in Table 1. Significantly, the radio–X-ray–mass relation for the quiescent regime invokes X-ray emission from the outflow rather than from an accretion flow. Also, @yua05b note that their index for the quiescent relation, 1.23, is in general agreement with earlier pure outflow models [e.g., @hei04]. In the coupled accretion-jet model [@yua05a], the outflow/jet generates synchrotron emission which is optically-thick near 8.5 GHz and optically-thin at hard X-rays. In the model’s quiescent regime [@yua05b], the emission from the outflow dominates over that from any thin disk and any hot RIAF. Specifically, the spectral energy distribution of the outflow curves smoothly across the electromagnetic spectrum, and photon indices near 2, like those observed (Table 1), seem achievable in the hard X-rays [@yua05b]. For comparison, Comptonization in a RIAF acts as a natural thermostat, limiting the electron temperature to about 100 keV. At the very low accretion rates associated with the quiescent regime, any feeble RIAF would generate 100-keV bremsstrahlung emission which has a photon index of 1.3 in the [*Chandra*]{} band. Such an index is not consistent with the measured value for NGC4621 but is just consistent with the measured value for NGC4697 (Table 1). In the latter case, some bremsstrahlung contribution to the 2-10 keV luminosity could account for the model’s slight overprediction of the 8.5-GHz luminosity. Summary and Future Directions {#summary} ============================= Analysis of [*Chandra*]{} data and VLA data shows that the nearby elliptical galaxies NGC4621 and NGC4697 each contain a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus (LLAGN), identified as a faint, hard X-ray source that is astrometrically coincident with a faint 8.5-GHz source. These frequency regions benefit from high contrast against the stellar emission, little or no obscuration, and subarcsecond angular resolution and astrometry. The massive black holes energizing these LLAGNs have Eddington ratios $L(2-10~keV) / L(Edd) \sim 10^{-9}$, placing them in the quiescent regime. These quiescent black holes are radio-loud emitters, suggesting the presence of a radio outflow. Application of the radio–X-ray–mass relation from Yuan & Cui for quiescent black holes predicts the observed radio luminosiites $\nu L_{\nu}(8.5~GHz)$ to within a factor of a few. Importantly, that relation invokes X-ray emission from the outflow rather than from an accretion flow. In the radio and X-ray regions, the faint, but detectable, emission from these two massive black holes is therefore consistent with being outflow-dominated. Clearly, the spectral energy distributions of the LLAGNs in NGC4621 and NGC4697 need to be measured across the electromagnetic spectrum. Deep VLA observations at frequencies of 1-50 GHz would test the Yuan & Cui prediction of optically-thick emission from the LLAGNs, as well as enable searches for faint, jet-like structures adjacent to the LLAGNs. Also, short-term variability on timescales of a few days has been found at 8.5 GHz for other LLAGNs [@and05]. For each of the LLAGNs in NGC4621 and NGC4697, evidence for short-term, correlated variability between the radio source and the X-ray source would strengthen the case for their common, outflow origin. Finally, more cases like NGC4621 and NGC4697 are needed to better define the population of quiescent LLAGNs, and the improved sensitivity of the Expanded VLA will help enormously on this front [@ulv06]. We acknowledge the valuable feedback from an anonymous referee. [*Facilities:*]{} , . Anderson, J. M., & Ulvestad, J. S. 2005, , 627, 674 Bietenholz, M. F., Bartel, N., & Rupen, M. P. 2000, , 532, 895 Birkinshaw, M., & Davies, R. L. 1985, , 291, 32 Cash, W. 1979, , 228, 939 Condon, J. J., & Dressel, L. L. 1978, , 221, 456 Condon, J. J., Cotton, W. D., Greisen, E. W., Yin, Q. F., Perley, R. A., Taylor, G. B., & Broderick, J. J. 1998, , 115, 1693 Dickey, J. M., & Lockman, F. J. 1990, , 28, 215 Falcke, H., & Biermann, P. L. 1999, , 342, 49 Falcke, H., & Markoff, S. 2000, , 362, 113 Falcke, H., Koerding, E., & Markoff, S. 2004, , 414, 895 Fender, R. P., Gallo, E., & Jonker, P. G. 2003, , 343, L99 Heinz, S. 2004, , 355, 835 Ho, L. C.. 2004, Coevolution of Black Holes and Galaxies, ed. L. C. Ho (Cambridge: CUP), 292 Ho, L. C., Filippenko, A. V., & Sargent, W. L. W. 1997, , 112, 315 Ho, L. C., et al. 2001, , 549, L51 Ho, L. C., Filippenko, A. V., & Sargent, W. L. W. 2003a, , 583, 159 Ho, L. C., Terashima, Y., & Ulvestad, J. S. 2003b, , 589, 783 Kennicutt, R. C., Jr. 1998, , 36, 189 Kormendy, J. 2004, Coevolution of Black Holes and Galaxies, ed. L. C. Ho (Cambridge: CUP), 1 Krajnovic, D., & Jaffe, W. 2002, , 390, 423 Krajnovic, D., & Jaffe, W. 2004, , 428, 877 Livio, M., Ogilvie, G. I., & Pringle, J. E. 1999, , 512, 100 Markoff, S. 2005, , 618, L103 Meier, D. L. 2001, , 548, L9 Merloni, A., Heinz, S., & Di Matteo, T. 2003, , 345, 1057 Nagar, N. M., Falcke, H., & Wilson, A. S. 2005, , 435, 521 Narayan, R., Yi, I., Mahadevan, R. 1995, , 374, 623 Pellegrini, S. 2005, , 624, 155 Pinkney, J., et al. 2005, , 596, 903 Ravindranath, S., Ho, L. C., & Filippenko, A. V. 2002, , 566, 801 Sarazin, C. L., Irwin, J. A., & Bregman, J. M. 2001, , 556, 533 Soria, R., et al. 2006a, , 640, 126 Soria, R., et al. 2006b, , 640, 143 Terashima, Y., & Wilson, A. S. 2003, , 583, 145 Terashima, Y., Ho, L. C., & Ulvestad, J. S. 2005, The Interplay among Black Holes, Stars and ISM in Galactic Nuclei, IAUS 222, eds. T. Storchi-Bergmann et al. (Cambridge: CUP), 61 Thompson, A. R., Clark, B. G., Wade, C. M., Napier, P. J., 1980, , 44, 151 Tremaine, S., et al. 2002, , 574, 740 Ulvestad, J. S., Perley, R. A., McKinnon, M. M., Owen, F. N., Dewdney, P. E., & Rodriguez, L. F. 2006, , 38, 135 Wernli, F., Emsellem, E., & Copin, Y. , 396, 73 White, R. L., Becker, R. H., Helfand, D. J., & Gregg, M. D. 1997, , 475, 479 Wrobel, J. M., & Heeschen, D. S. 1991, , 101, 148 Wrobel, J. M., & Herrnstein, J. R. 2000, , 533, L111 Yuan, F., Markoff, S., & Falcke, H. 2000a, , 383, 854 Yuan, F., Markoff, S., Falcke, H., & Biermann, P. L. 2000b, , 391, 139 Yuan, F., Cui, W., & Narayan, R. 2005, , 620, 905 Yuan, F. & Cui, W. 2005, , 629, 408 Yun, M. S., Reddy, N. A., & Condon, J. J. 2001, , 554, 803 [lcccc]{} \[tab1\] $D$ (Mpc) & 18.2 & 1 & 11.7 & 2\ $s$ (pc arcsec$^{-1}$) & 88 & 1 & 57 & 2\ $M_\bullet$ ($10^8 M_\odot$) & 2.7 & 3 & 1.7 & 2\ $L(Edd)$ ($10^{46}$ ergs s$^{-1}$) & 3.5 & 3 & 2.2 & 2\ $N_{\rm H}$ ($10^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$) & $<$18. & 4 & $<$8.4 & 4\ $\Gamma$ & 1.8$^{+0.8}_{-0.3}$ & 4 & 1.6$^{+0.5}_{-0.3}$ & 4\ $C$ statistic per number of spectral bins & 5/8 & 4 & 17/12 & 4\ $F(2-10~keV)$ ($10^{-14}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$) & 2.1$^{+1.2}_{-1.0}$ & 4 & 1.7$\pm$0.7 & 4\ $L(2-10~keV)$ ($10^{37}$ ergs s$^{-1}$) & 6.6 & 4 & 2.2 & 4\ $L(2-10~keV) / L(Edd)$ ($10^{-9}$) & 1.9 & 4 & 1.0 & 4\ $S(8.5~GHz)$ (mJy) & 0.098$\pm$0.018 & 4 & 0.092$\pm$0.017 & 4\ Observed $\nu L_{\nu}(8.5~GHz)$ ($10^{35}$ ergs s$^{-1}$) & 3.3 & 4 & 1.3 & 4\ $log~R_X=log~\nu L_{\nu}(8.5~GHz)/L(2-10~keV)$ & -2.3 & 4 & -2.2 & 4\ Predicted $\nu L_{\nu}(8.5~GHz)$ ($10^{35}$ ergs s$^{-1}$) & 1.5 & 5 & 3.5 & 5\ [llcllcccc]{} \[tab2\] NGC4621 ... & Galaxy centroid &K& 12 42 02.32 & 11 38 48.9 & 2.1 & & & 1\ & LLAGN &X& 12 42 02.25 & 11 38 49.5 & 1.2 & 2001 Aug 1 & 24837 & 2\ & LLAGN &R& 12 42 02.256 & 11 38 48.93 & 0.43 & 2006 Apr 21 & 6630 & 2\ NGC4697 ... & Galaxy centroid &K& 12 48 35.91 & -05 48 03.1 & 2.1 & & & 1\ & LLAGN &X& 12 48 35.87 & -05 48 02.6 & 1.2 & 2000 Jan 15-16 & 39260 & 2\ & LLAGN &R& 12 48 35.897 & -05 48 02.38 & 0.43 & 2006 Apr 21 & 6060 & 2\ [^1]: Operated by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, which is a facility of the National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. [^2]: http://cxc.harvard.edu/cal/ASPECT/fix\_offset/fix\_offset.cgi [^3]: http://cxc.harvard.edu/cal/ASPECT/celmon [^4]: http://gemini.gsfc.nasa.gov/solutions/2004f\_astro/ | High | [
0.6666666666666661,
33,
16.5
] |
From 65619185a42bd52bb4a4894c1714d78d96ed4175 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jeremy Tan <[email protected]> Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2020 18:57:58 +1000 Subject: [PATCH 1/2] tottfgpos.c: fix incorrect sizing of the scripts array latn contains 58 entries (29 pairs), meaning the size was too small to fit the 0 marker at the end of the array --- fontforge/tottfgpos.c | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/fontforge/tottfgpos.c b/fontforge/tottfgpos.c index 5de5164ed1..e12a0b8a79 100644 --- a/fontforge/tottfgpos.c +++ b/fontforge/tottfgpos.c @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ int use_second_indic_scripts = false; /* scripts (for opentype) that I understand */ /* see also list in lookups.c mapping script tags to friendly names */ -static uint32 scripts[][59] = { +static uint32 scripts[][61] = { /* Adlam */ { CHR('a','d','l','m'), 0x1e900, 0x1e95f }, /* Ahom */ { CHR('a','h','o','m'), 0x11700, 0x1173f }, /* Anatolian */ { CHR('h','l','u','w'), 0x14400, 0x1467f }, From fde85b13382595cb3ab889e38570b4944edad808 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jeremy Tan <[email protected]> Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2020 19:00:04 +1000 Subject: [PATCH 2/2] python.c: fix type specifier on long input/return values int is guaranteed to be at least 16 bits, while long is at least 32 bits. So for uint32/int32 values, parse longs with the "l"/"k" specifier and cast return values to long. The cast is necessary as on amd64 a long is 64 bits --- fontforge/python.c | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------- 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) diff --git a/fontforge/python.c b/fontforge/python.c index 5344b0f60f..6c9675fa4e 100644 --- a/fontforge/python.c +++ b/fontforge/python.c @@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_UnicodeAnnotationFromLib(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject char *temp; long val; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&val) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&val) ) return( NULL ); if ( (temp=unicode_annot(val))==NULL ) { @@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_UnicodeNameFromLib(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) char *temp; long val; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&val) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&val) ) return( NULL ); if ( (temp=unicode_name(val))==NULL ) { @@ -798,10 +798,10 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_UnicodeBlockStartFromLib(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject /* Use this function with UnicodeBlockNameFromLib(n) & UnicodeBlockEndFromLib(n). */ long val; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&val) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&val) ) return( NULL ); - return( Py_BuildValue("i", unicode_block_start(val)) ); + return( Py_BuildValue("l", (long)unicode_block_start(val)) ); } static PyObject *PyFF_UnicodeBlockEndFromLib(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { @@ -809,10 +809,10 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_UnicodeBlockEndFromLib(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *a /* Use this function with UnicodeBlockStartFromLib(n), UnicodeBlockNameFromLib(n) */ long val; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&val) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&val) ) return( NULL ); - return( Py_BuildValue("i", unicode_block_end(val)) ); + return( Py_BuildValue("l", (long)unicode_block_end(val)) ); } static PyObject *PyFF_UnicodeBlockNameFromLib(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { @@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_UnicodeBlockNameFromLib(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject * char *temp; long val; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&val) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&val) ) return( NULL ); if ( (temp=unicode_block_name(val))==NULL ) { @@ -853,24 +853,24 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_UnicodeNames2GetCntFromLib(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObjec static PyObject *PyFF_UnicodeNames2GetNxtFromLib(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { long val; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&val) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&val) ) return( NULL ); - return( Py_BuildValue("i", unicode_names2getUtabLoc(val)) ); + return( Py_BuildValue("l", (long)unicode_names2getUtabLoc(val)) ); } static PyObject *PyFF_UnicodeNames2NxtUniFromLib(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { long val; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&val) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&val) ) return( NULL ); - return( Py_BuildValue("i", unicode_names2valFrmTab(val)) ); + return( Py_BuildValue("l", (long)unicode_names2valFrmTab(val)) ); } static PyObject *PyFF_UnicodeNames2FrmTabFromLib(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { long val; char *temp; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&val) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&val) ) return( NULL ); if ( (temp=unicode_name2FrmTab(val))==NULL ) { return Py_BuildValue("s", ""); @@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_UnicodeNames2FromLib(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *arg long val; char *temp; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&val) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&val) ) return( NULL ); if ( (temp=unicode_name2(val))==NULL ) { return Py_BuildValue("s", ""); @@ -899,7 +899,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_UnicodeNames2FromLib(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *arg static PyObject *PyFF_isligature(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { long codepoint; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&codepoint) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&codepoint) ) return( NULL ); return( Py_BuildValue("i", is_LIGATURE(codepoint)==0?1:0) ); @@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_isligature(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { static PyObject *PyFF_isvulgarfraction(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { long codepoint; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&codepoint) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&codepoint) ) return( NULL ); return( Py_BuildValue("i", is_VULGAR_FRACTION(codepoint)==0?1:0) ); @@ -917,7 +917,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_isvulgarfraction(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { static PyObject *PyFF_isotherfraction(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { long codepoint; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&codepoint) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&codepoint) ) return( NULL ); return( Py_BuildValue("i", is_OTHER_FRACTION(codepoint)==0?1:0) ); @@ -926,7 +926,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_isotherfraction(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { static PyObject *PyFF_isfraction(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { long codepoint; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&codepoint) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&codepoint) ) return( NULL ); return( Py_BuildValue("i", (is_VULGAR_FRACTION(codepoint)==0 || \ @@ -957,28 +957,28 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_FracChartGetCnt(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *UNUSED(a static PyObject *PyFF_LigChartGetNxt(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { long val; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&val) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&val) ) return( NULL ); - return( Py_BuildValue("i", Ligature_get_U(val)) ); + return( Py_BuildValue("l", (long)Ligature_get_U(val)) ); } static PyObject *PyFF_VulChartGetNxt(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { long val; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&val) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&val) ) return( NULL ); - return( Py_BuildValue("i", VulgFrac_get_U(val)) ); + return( Py_BuildValue("l", (long)VulgFrac_get_U(val)) ); } static PyObject *PyFF_OFracChartGetNxt(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { long val; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&val) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&val) ) return( NULL ); - return( Py_BuildValue("i", Fraction_get_U(val)) ); + return( Py_BuildValue("l", (long)Fraction_get_U(val)) ); } /* If you have a unicode ligature, or fraction, these routines return loc n. */ @@ -987,7 +987,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_OFracChartGetNxt(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { static PyObject *PyFF_LigChartGetLoc(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { long codepoint; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&codepoint) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&codepoint) ) return( NULL ); return( Py_BuildValue("i", Ligature_find_N(codepoint)) ); @@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_LigChartGetLoc(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { static PyObject *PyFF_VulChartGetLoc(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { long codepoint; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&codepoint) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&codepoint) ) return( NULL ); return( Py_BuildValue("i", VulgFrac_find_N(codepoint)) ); @@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_VulChartGetLoc(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { static PyObject *PyFF_OFracChartGetLoc(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { long codepoint; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|i",&codepoint) ) + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"|l",&codepoint) ) return( NULL ); return( Py_BuildValue("i", Fraction_find_N(codepoint)) ); @@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_LigChartGetAltVal(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"ll",&nthCode, &altN) ) return( NULL ); - return( Py_BuildValue("i", Ligature_alt_getV(nthCode,altN)) ); + return( Py_BuildValue("l", (long)Ligature_alt_getV(nthCode,altN)) ); } static PyObject *PyFF_LigChartUGetAltVal(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { @@ -1074,7 +1074,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_LigChartUGetAltVal(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"ll",&nthCode, &altN) ) return( NULL ); - return( Py_BuildValue("i", LigatureU_alt_getV(nthCode,altN)) ); + return( Py_BuildValue("l", (long)LigatureU_alt_getV(nthCode,altN)) ); } static PyObject *PyFF_VulChartGetAltVal(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { @@ -1082,7 +1082,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_VulChartGetAltVal(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"ll",&nthCode, &altN) ) return( NULL ); - return( Py_BuildValue("i", VulgFrac_alt_getV(nthCode,altN)) ); + return( Py_BuildValue("l", (long)VulgFrac_alt_getV(nthCode,altN)) ); } static PyObject *PyFF_VulChartUGetAltVal(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { @@ -1090,7 +1090,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_VulChartUGetAltVal(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"ll",&nthCode, &altN) ) return( NULL ); - return( Py_BuildValue("i", VulgFracU_alt_getV(nthCode,altN)) ); + return( Py_BuildValue("l", (long)VulgFracU_alt_getV(nthCode,altN)) ); } static PyObject *PyFF_OFracChartGetAltVal(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { @@ -1098,7 +1098,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_OFracChartGetAltVal(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"ll",&nthCode, &altN) ) return( NULL ); - return( Py_BuildValue("i", Fraction_alt_getV(nthCode,altN)) ); + return( Py_BuildValue("l", (long)Fraction_alt_getV(nthCode,altN)) ); } static PyObject *PyFF_OFracChartUGetAltVal(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { @@ -1106,7 +1106,7 @@ static PyObject *PyFF_OFracChartUGetAltVal(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *arg if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"ll",&nthCode, &altN) ) return( NULL ); - return( Py_BuildValue("i", FractionU_alt_getV(nthCode,altN)) ); + return( Py_BuildValue("l", (long)FractionU_alt_getV(nthCode,altN)) ); } static PyObject *PyFF_Version(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *UNUSED(args)) { @@ -1542,8 +1542,8 @@ return( ret ); } static PyObject *PyFF_scriptFromUnicode(PyObject *UNUSED(self), PyObject *args) { - long u; - if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"i",&u) ) + unsigned long u; + if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args,"k",&u) ) return( NULL ); uint32 script = ScriptFromUnicode(u, NULL); | Low | [
0.505747126436781,
33,
32.25
] |
Molecular mechanisms involved in differentiated thyroid cancer invasion and metastasis. The majority of patients with thyroid cancer have an excellent prognosis, however patients with extensive local invasion and distant metastasis frequently do not respond to standard treatments and have worsened prognosis. Understanding the specific mechanisms involved in thyroid cancer invasion and metastasis is critical in order to develop new treatments specifically targeted for these patients. The genetic basis for thyroid cancer initiation and development is well characterized, with the majority of studies implicating activation of the RAS-RAF-ERK and PI3K/PDK1/Akt signaling pathways. Over the last several years, data from a concerted effort to define the pathways involved in invasion and metastasis suggest that reactivation of embryonic pathways involved in cell movement, to include epithelial to mesenchymal transition and collective cell migration, may be involved in cancer cell migration and invasion. The previously identified thyroid oncogenes, BRAF, RET/PTC and Ras, appear to be important regulators of this process. The molecular mechanisms that control cell migration during embryological development, such as epithelial to mesenchymal transition, appear to be reactivated in invading thyroid cancer cells. Elucidation of the signal-transduction networks and molecules that are involved in thyroid cancer invasion may lead to novel therapeutic targets. | High | [
0.687898089171974,
27,
12.25
] |
TV5-GMA7 merger report denied anew MANILA, Philippines – Two of the country’s major broadcast firms denied fresh rumors of a deal that would result in an industry-changing merger. In separate statements, officials said that while discussions on the possible acquisition by Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC), operator of TV5 of GMA Network Inc. were ongoing, no deal has been reached yet. This was contrary to an article by newspaper columnist Ricky Lo published Monday. ADVERTISEMENT In his column, Lo said ABC chair Manuel V. Pangilinan “virtually confirmed” the two companies’ merger, following a co-marketing deal between both firms with US-based cable TV provider Dish Network. “To the best of our knowledge, the source of this information is claiming to have been misquoted,” GMA Network said. “We humbly suggest that if the Exchange wants to verify the source of the information, they can do so with Mr. Pangilinan, who Mr. Lo attributed the information to have come from,” it added. In a separate statement, TV5 president Ray C. Espinosa said the co-marketing deal with Dish network did not mean that ABC had merged with the larger, more profitable GMA7. GMA7 is owned by the Gozon, Duavit and Jimenez families, while TV5 is a unit of MediaQuest Holdings, a subsidiary of the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Co. (PLDT) Beneficial Trust Fund. | Low | [
0.482213438735177,
30.5,
32.75
] |
October 28, 2010 Young backup players will sit... for now Rookie free agent Phil Costa could get his first start this week, but only because the two players in front of him -- Kyle Kosier and Montrae Holland -- are injured. The Cowboys are not throwing in the towel, so they're not ready to throw their young players onto the field just to get them experience. "I think we should use everything we’ve got on every play to win every down," Cowboys owner Jerry Jones said. "It’s important to this team every time we get a chance to win within the context of the game or in the context of the possession. We would not, in any way, compromise a chance to win the game by playing a player to evaluate or to give him experience." For now, backup quarterback Stephen McGee will be just that, and other young players like Sam Young and Sean Lee will continue to bide their time as backups unless there are injuries. Rookie defensive end Sean Lissemore could play for the first time this week as a replacement for Jason Hatcher. Lissemore was working on the first-team kickoff team Thursday. Rookie safety Barry Church could get more playing time if Terence Newman's injury forces safety Alan Ball to play cornerback. But barring injury, the starters will continue to be just that, and young players will not play for the sake of playing. At least not until the Cowboys officially are eliminated from contention. "You don’t do anything but try to win the game. I’m emphatic about that," Jones said. "We will get enough opportunity, usually through injury, to see the [young] players. We’re getting to look at several of our young players, that’s happening to us right now." | Mid | [
0.606315789473684,
36,
23.375
] |
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