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Q: Can not install pthreads I am trying to install pthreads on to a local ubuntu environment. When I attempt to install the extension using pecl: pecl install pthreads I get the following error: ERROR: `/tmp/pear/temp/pthreads/configure --with-php-config=/usr/bin/php-config' failed But I have installed: vagrant@freid:/$ php7.0-zts -v PHP 7.0.5-4+donate.sury.org~trusty+1 (cli) ( ZTS ) Copyright (c) 1997-2016 The PHP Group Zend Engine v3.0.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2016 Zend Technologies Here's my full output; downloading pthreads-3.1.6.tgz ... Starting to download pthreads-3.1.6.tgz (80,932 bytes) ...................done: 80,932 bytes 28 source files, building running: phpize Configuring for: PHP Api Version: 20151012 Zend Module Api No: 20151012 Zend Extension Api No: 320151012 building in /tmp/pear/temp/pear-build-root5N00Nz/pthreads-3.1.6 running: /tmp/pear/temp/pthreads/configure --with-php-config=/usr/bin/php-config checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /bin/grep checking for egrep... /bin/grep -E checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /bin/sed checking for cc... cc checking whether the C compiler works... yes checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out checking for suffix of executables... checking whether we are cross compiling... no checking for suffix of object files... o checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes checking whether cc accepts -g... yes checking for cc option to accept ISO C89... none needed checking how to run the C preprocessor... cc -E checking for icc... no checking for suncc... no checking whether cc understands -c and -o together... yes checking for system library directory... lib checking if compiler supports -R... no checking if compiler supports -Wl,-rpath,... yes checking build system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu checking target system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu checking for PHP prefix... /usr checking for PHP includes... -I/usr/include/php/20151012 -I/usr/include/php/20151012/main -I/usr/include/php/20151012/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/20151012/Zend -I/usr/include/php/20151012/ext -I/usr/include/php/20151012/ext/date/lib checking for PHP extension directory... /usr/lib/php/20151012 checking for PHP installed headers prefix... /usr/include/php/20151012 checking if debug is enabled... no checking if zts is enabled... no checking for re2c... no configure: WARNING: You will need re2c 0.13.4 or later if you want to regenerate PHP parsers. checking for gawk... gawk checking whether to enable pthreads... yes, shared checking whether to enable AddressSanitizer for pthreads... no checking whether to enable dmalloc for pthreads... no checking for ZTS... configure: error: pthreads requires ZTS, please re-compile PHP with ZTS enabled ERROR: `/tmp/pear/temp/pthreads/configure --with-php-config=/usr/bin/php-config' failed A: You need to install php with thread safety enabled. This string tells you about it: checking for ZTS... configure: error: pthreads requires ZTS, please re-compile PHP with ZTS enabled You have another PHP (without zts) that installed in your system. This php installation is used when you try to install pthreads. | Mid | [
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Thoracic myelocystomeningocele in a neurologically intact infant. To report an uncommon and a rare case of a high congenital spinal anomaly with an unusual presentation. This is a case presentation with relevant radiological and operative findings. This lesion is a differential diagnosis of cystic congenital spinal mass lesions. This case is an example of a high congenital spinal lesion with very minimal or negligible neurological deficits, with no other congenital malformations. | High | [
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Q: Need to get application folder I need to get my application directory and add a file name to that path. So I used it this way. String kofaxTextFilePath = Path.GetDirectoryName(Assembly.GetAssembly(typeof(File)).CodeBase) + "\\KofaxBatchHistory.txt" So it will give a path like this. “file:\\C:\\Documents and Settings\\MyApplication\\ KofaxBatchHistory.txt” But I need to get only C:\\Documents and Settings\\MyApplication\\ KofaxBatchHistory.txt With out doing any thing to this string is there any method to get it directly? A: string myDir = System.Reflection.Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().Location; myDir = System.IO.Path.GetDirectoryName(myDir); String kofaxTextFilePath = System.IO.Path.Combine(myDir, "KofaxBatchHistory.txt"); | Mid | [
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@ With the exception of Link standby, none of the below texts are used gTest_MissedTurn:: @ 827E8CE .string "Missed turn$" gText_LinkStandby4:: @ 827E8DA .string "Link standby!$" gText_WinnerIsPlayersMonCongrats:: @ 827E8E8 .string "The winner is {STR_VAR_1}'s {STR_VAR_2}!\n" .string "Congratulations!$" gText_WinnerIsPlayersMon:: @ 827E910 .string "The winner is {STR_VAR_1}'s {STR_VAR_2}!{PAUSE_UNTIL_PRESS}$" gText_PrimaryJudgingNumX:: @ 827E929 .string "Primary judging: No. {STR_VAR_1}{PAUSE_UNTIL_PRESS}$" gText_SecondaryJudgingNumX:: @ 827E943 .string "Secondary judging: No. {STR_VAR_1}{PAUSE_UNTIL_PRESS}$" gText_SetEventNumX:: @ 827E95F .string "Set event: No. {STR_VAR_1}{PAUSE_UNTIL_PRESS}$" gText_MoveUsedMostOften:: @ 827E973 .string "The move used most often:\n" .string "{STR_VAR_1}{PAUSE_UNTIL_PRESS}$" gText_MostImpressiveMon:: @ 827E992 .string "The most impressive POKéMON:\n" .string "{STR_VAR_1}'s {STR_VAR_2}{PAUSE_UNTIL_PRESS}$" gText_SetEventNumX2:: @ 827E9B9 .string "Set event: No. {STR_VAR_1}{PAUSE_UNTIL_PRESS}$" gText_LinkTVProgramWillNotBeMadeTrainerLost:: @ 827E9CD .string "A link TV program will not be made\n" .string "because the TRAINER lost.{PAUSE_UNTIL_PRESS}$" | Low | [
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Noninvasive estimation of increased structurally-based resistance to blood flow in the skin of subjects with essential hypertension. A Laser-Doppler flowmeter was used to investigate the effect of essential hypertension on blood flow in maximally vasodilated skin, heated to 44 degrees C. Maximum Laser-Doppler flux (MLDF) was measured in 12 subjects with essential hypertension on no treatment and in 12 normotensive control subjects, and the resistance to flow was estimated by dividing pressure by flux. MLDF was not significantly different in the two groups: 3.69 +/- 0.87 V (arbitrary units, subjects with hypertension, mean +/- S.D.) vs 3.48 +/- 1.29 V (normotensive control subjects), despite the higher mean arterial pressure in the hypertensive group: 128.9 +/- 16.3 mmHg vs 91.8 +/- 9.1 mmHg (p less than 0.01). Resistance to flow was elevated in the subjects with hypertension: 37.2 +/- 12.8 mmHg/V vs. 29.6 +/- 10.4 (p = 0.05), and in the hypertensive group resistance was significantly correlated with mean arterial pressure (r = 0.69, n = 12, less than 0.025). Following two weeks vasodilator treatment in 6 of the hypertensive subjects, MLDF and mean arterial pressure fell, but the resistance remained elevated. These findings confirm the presence of a structurally-based increase in flow-resistance in the skin in subjects with hypertension, which prevents overperfusion of this tissue in the face of increased arterial pressure. The simple and noninvasive technique described herein could be used on a large scale to prospectively evaluate the reversibility (or otherwise) of structural resistance changes with pharmacological antihypertensive therapy. | High | [
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Personal Loan for Low-Salaried Professional Posted On January 7, 2019 by user Personal Loan is one of the best financial support for any kind of financial crisis. Personal Loan is an unsecured loan and does not require any kind of mortgage with the bank. There is no limit to make use of this loan. The need for the personal loan can be- any medical emergency, to pay off any big debt, home renovation etc. The main eligibility criteria for getting approved for Personal Loan are- So, to get Personal Loan, one needs to satisfy the above mentioned criteria. If one of them is not satisfied, then getting a personal loan becomes a great challenge. Likewise, if the income of the salaried individual is low than the mentioned income bracket, then it becomes difficult to get the loan. Salaried individuals in their early working years, generally are paid less. But their monetary needs may persist. For that, if they apply for a Personal Loan, they will get rejected because of their low-income. But now, many financial institutions have come to help the low-salaried individuals, to get Personal Loan to meet their financial needs. Banks offering Personal Loan to Low-Salaried individuals Following are some of the lending institutions who provide Personal Loan to the low-salaried professionals. Disclaimer: FreEMI do not sell any kind of loans on it's own and do not take any kind of fees from our customers. We recommend our customers to select best offers from Banks and its advertisers. We do not assure or grantee any loans, as the loan is sanctioned as per the norms of Banks and NBFCs. We propose all customers to never entertain any monetary demand for disbursal of loan. Also, it is a request that in case if any individual asking for money and calling themselves as representative of FreEMI should be immediately reported to us via mail at [email protected] Display of any logos, tradenames, trademarks, and other subject matters of intellectual property belong to their particular intellectual property owners. Display of such IP including the related product details does not imply FreEMI's partnership with the Intellectual Property owner or manufacturer /issuer of such products. IRDA Registration No. HCG11821 Insurance is the subject matter of solicitation. Our visitors are hereby informed that their information submitted may be shared with HDFC ERGO. The product information displayed on this website is of the insurer. | Low | [
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Image copyright PA An aristocrat who is married to a former Beverley Hills 90210 and Baywatch actress has been elected to sit in the House of Lords. The Earl of Devon, Charles Courtenay, stood against 18 other candidates in a by-election to replace retiring crossbencher Earl Baldwin of Bewdley. There are 92 hereditary peers left, out of about 800 peers in the Lords. Only hereditary peers can stand for election and only peers from the group in which the vacancy arose can vote. In this election 26 peers voted, with ten candidates getting no votes. The Earl of Devon got to the winning mark after six rounds of the alternative vote system used. Lord Devon, 42, a barrister, is married to "AJ" Langer, now the Countess of Devon, who starred in several episodes of 1990s TV shows Baywatch, Beverly Hills 90210, My So-Called Life and The Wonder Years. Most hereditary peers were removed from the Lords under changes brought in by the Blair government in 1999. Labour peer Lord Grocott has introduced a Bill to axe the by-elections, used to fill vacancies caused by death, resignation or expulsion - although its passage faltered amid claims of delaying tactics. | Mid | [
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Over the past twenty years, computer technology has evolved very rapidly. One aspect of this evolution has been a progressively growing demand for increased storage capacity in memory devices. In order to provide high storage density at a reasonable cost, one of the most enduring techniques has been to provide a rotatable hard disk that includes a layer of magnetic material, and a read/write head which is supported for movement adjacent the disk. In arrangements of this type, if the head is exposed to airborne dust, smoke, vapors or other contaminants, these contaminants can progressively build up on the head. Eventually, the buildup becomes sufficient to interfere with the interaction between the head and disk, thereby increasing the error rate until the device will not operate. In order to avoid this problem, most hard disk drives have the disk and head disposed within a sealed enclosure, so that the head and disk are not exposed to any airborne contaminants that may happen to be present externally of the enclosure. This approach works well where the entire hard disk drive is permanently installed in a computer. In another type of system, however, a hard disk is provided in a removable cartridge, and it is desirable that the cartridge not include the read/write head. In this regard, there are advantages to placing a head stack assembly (HSA) and its support structure within the drive which receives the cartridge, rather than in the cartridge. For example, a typical user will have several removable cartridges for each drive. Thus, in terms of overall system cost, it is cheaper to provide a single head stack assembly and support in the drive, rather than to provide several separate head stack assemblies which are each disposed in a respective one of the many cartridges used with that drive. However, this presents problems in regard to keeping the head clean. More specifically, in order to permit the head from the drive to access the disk within the cartridge, the cartridge is not provided with a sealed enclosure of the type discussed above. Instead, the cartridge is provided with an opening through which the head of the drive can be inserted into the cartridge. In some cases, a movable shutter is provided to obstruct the opening when the cartridge is not in the drive, but the shutter is open when the cartridge is in the drive. Thus, in either configuration, when the cartridge is in the drive, the opening gives not only the head but also ambient air access to the disk and head. Consequently, any dust, smoke, vapor or other contaminant carried by the ambient air can get inside the cartridge enclosure, and the operational surface of the head can quickly develop a buildup of contaminants. The effect of this buildup can be ameliorated to some extent by keeping the storage density of the hard disk in the removable cartridge at a relatively low level, in comparison to the levels used for hard disks located within sealed enclosures. However, as mentioned above, the commercial marketplace is exhibiting a strong and progressively increasing demand for high-density storage in a removable cartridge. A further consideration is that existing high-density read/write heads typically have an operational surface with recesses therein. While it is not too difficult to clean the outermost portions of the operational surface of such a head, it is more difficult to clean other portions of the surface which are within the shallow recesses. As contamination collects in the recesses, it can significantly degrade system operation. | Mid | [
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I propose to engage in several activities, all designed to illuminate the etiology of neoplastic disease. I will supervise case-control studies in test of specific etiologic hypotheses suited to that method. The first will be of pancreas cancer in relation to diet and atopic disease, and of aggressive (metastatic or invasive through the myometrium) endometrial cancer in relation to exogenous estrogen use. I will continue to develop a registry of twins with cancer and perform co-twin studies of breast cancer, colon and other GI cancer, malignant melanoma, and other neoplasms. I will perform follow up on unaffected twins in relation to their stated exposures, and utilize population-based twin registries in California and Sweden for various adjunct studies. I will begin a cohort study in high risk individuals designed to elevate the determinants and implications of acquired benign pigmented lesions. I will continue to use cancer and registry information for descriptive studies, including estimation of the observed and expected rates of conjugal site-specific cancer, of the incidence among those residing near geographic foci of contamination with toxic wastes, and of disease-specific concordance in twins and the implications for interpretation of familiality and heritability. Finally, I will design a program to facilitate laboratory investigations making use of material from twins in the registry; such a program could provide a unique integration of high quality epidemiologic study design and "state of the art" lab techniques. | High | [
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Thames Valley Grammar School Thames Valley Grammar School was a co-educational grammar school in Twickenham, London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, England. History Thames Valley Grammar School was opened in 1928 under one of the youngest headmasters in the country, Mr Harold Willoughby Bligh (1895 to 1969). Initially conceived as a boys school, unusually for the time it opened, and remained, as a co-educational establishment. Bligh remained at the school until his retirement in 1960, succeed by Dr. Mortimer who, in turn, remained at the school until its closure. Its final secondary intake was in 1972 and from 1973 it gradually changed into a sixth-form college; Thames Valley Sixth Form College. In 1977, the college merged with the Shene College and Twickenham Technical College at the Technical College site in Egerton Road to become Richmond upon Thames College. The Thames Valley site became home for Kneller Girls' School in 1978, which merged on the same site with Twickenham County School for Girls in 1980 to become Waldegrave School for Girls. Notable alumni Thames Valley County Grammar School Dave Cousins, musician Leslie Crowther CBE, television host Sir Ian Gainsford, dental surgeon, at King's College London School of Medicine and Dentistry, and President from 1973-4 of the British Society for Restorative Dentistry Raimund Herincx, bass-baritone Tony Hooper, musician Stephen Lambert, television executive Professor Sir John Savill, Vice Principal of the University of Edinburgh, Chief Executive Medical Research Council References External links Website for ex-pupils and staff of Thames Valley Grammar School Category:Defunct grammar schools in England Category:Defunct schools in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames Category:Educational institutions established in 1928 Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1977 Category:1928 establishments in England Category:1977 disestablishments in England | High | [
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Thousands of garment factory workers in Bangladesh clashed with police on Sunday as they continue to protest against low wages in a sector that brings billions of dollars in export earnings to the South Asian nation. Police fired water cannon and tear gas to disperse the demonstrators in the capital, Dhaka. "The workers barricaded the highway, we had to drive them away to ease traffic conditions," Industrial Police Director Sana Shaminur Rahman told the AFP news agency. "So far, 52 factories, including some big ones, have shut down operations due to the protests." In September, the government increased the minimum monthly wage to taka 8,000 ($96) that came into effect last month, but trade union leaders demand taka 18,000 ($215) to compensate for the rising costs of living, especially in housing. Union leader Aminul Islam, accused factory owners of resorting to violence to control the striking workers. "But they (workers) are more united than ever," he told AFP. "It doesn't seem like they will leave the streets until their demands are met." 'No work, no pay' Nearly four million Bangladeshis are employed in about 4,500 textile and clothing factories, which shipped than $30bn worth of apparel last year. But many of the workers in the factories say they are paid extremely low wages. Roughly 80 percent of the country's export earnings come from clothing sales abroad, with global retailers H&M, Primark, Walmart, Tesco and Aldi among the main buyers. Last year, Bangladesh was the second-largest global apparel exporter after China. President of Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) has threatened that all factories in the country would remain closed on Monday if those taking part in the protests would not return to work. "No work, no pay," Siddiqur Rahman said during a press conference according to local media. Wage rise The government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has said that wage hikes should not take place too quickly, as it might kill competitiveness of the country's garment industry. 190103113836858 In an interview with Al Jazeera last month, Gowher Rizvi, adviser to Prime Minister Hasina, defended the government's policies. "When our government came to power in 2008 the average wage of a garment worker was 1,600 taka ($19). Today, even though I will agree that it is still low, it is 8,000 taka ($96). This means it has increased five-fold. And this has been done largely at the intervention of the government," Rizvi said. "I agree that it should be higher, but our record of increasing it five-fold should be applauded and the government should not be blamed," he added. The protests are the first major test for Hasina since winning a fourth term in December 30 elections marred by violence and allegations of vote irregularities. | Mid | [
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Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2004 11:49:31 +0000 From: christopher morgan Subject: Straigt-to-hell / Chapter 1 / Science Fiction If you are under age, or live in an area where reading tales of male sex is illegal, or if you're not into this type of story, please leave. Hi guys, this is my first attempt at a story for Nifty. I'm not sure if it's any good. Please email and let me know! My email is [email protected] Chapter 1 The Pentagon "Status?" The General's eyes were hard and tense, and his voice was clipped. "Sir, the targets have been acquired, awaiting permission to fire at your command." The Colonel's response contained a similar amount of tension. The special operations command center was fully staffed, but the electronic hum of computers and air-conditioners could be clearly heard in the background. The room was almost silent, the military personnel concentrating on the information displayed on their consoles. The General let out a deep breath and raised his eyes to the gallery overlooking the command centre and a man in uniform who stood there. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff looked back and nodded slowly but firmly. The General turned back to look at his second in command, his movements now filled with resolution. "Very well Colonel, permission is given" he said. South Africa The squadron was flying low over the suburbs of Cape Town, fast approaching their destination. The weapons were ready to go, and once the firing order was received over the satellite link-up, over 40 `smart' missiles were launched from the planes, and accelerated towards their target. There were no air defences around the three-story, 1980s office-building. There were no dud missiles either, and all 40 of them slammed into the target, engulfing the building in hugely powerful explosions. When the squadron flew over a little while later, they reported the mission a success. The Pentagon The destruction of the target was confirmed 30 minutes later by satellite, and the tension in the command center lessened almost immediately. They thought it was over, the crisis had been averted. There would be a considerable amount of behind-the-scenes diplomatic work to be done, but the mission had been accomplished. South Africa The emergency services had already been scrambled and were on their way to the destroyed building. It appeared that no-one in the surrounding area had been seriously hurt, but it was assumed that anyone who had been inside would have been killed. The building had been rented by a small genetics company for R&D purposes, and the owners would be contacted as soon as possible. There might be dangerous chemicals and pollutants that would need to be dealt with carefully during the clean-up. However, the city officials had problems contacting the owners. In the coming months fraud investigators would attempt to unravel the network of paperwork surrounding the company, but would have no luck. No problems were reported however, and tests for the most common pollutants that a genetics company might use proved non-existent or negligible. The central government discouraged any questions on how exactly the building had been destroyed. No further action was taken. The Oval Office -- 1 year later "Mr President, the final issue on the agenda for today is the round up the WhiteMight terrorist cells in Alabama", the Director of the CIA took out a folder from his briefcase and laid it upon the table. "Sir, we've uncovered some disturbing links to terrorist groups in South Africa, including the September Group" he continued. "The September Group? I thought we took care of that last year, it took enough effort to convince the South Africans not to go apeshit over us invading their airspace and destroying an office block in suburban Cape Town. I thought it was all over" the President looked up from the briefing papers on his desk impatiently. The security review was almost over and he had a meet and greet session with some important donors in ten minutes. "Yes sir, but some of the details appear to suggest that members of WhiteMight have been in contact with September Group people recently" The Director replied. "We're keeping an eye on it." Center for Disease Control, Atlanta -- 1 year later "OK people what's the latest on the South African flu situation?" The senior staff were sitting around a conference table, the coffee had been poured, and they were settling in for the long haul. "Well, we've gone way past epidemic figures as of the end of last week" replied the chief epidemiologist, "but so far it's still proving a remarkably mild version. It puts people out for a few days, but death stats are lower than expected. We are still figuring it should burn out within three months, it's already tailing off in Europe, and most of Africa and Asia dealt with in last year". "Did you hear the reports from Virginia?" responded another department head. "They're detecting high levels of antibodies in apparently non infected subjects, even in virgin field populations, Max Sheffield in Chicago is worried we could be looking at something new". "That's actually something I wanted to raise with you" The head of Virology spoke up, clearing his throat. "This could be potentially serious, if we can confirm it that is. We've done the initial analysis of the virus and, well...we've found signs of engineering in the RNA. It's very subtle, and as I said, it's not confirmed, but if it's true, then we could be looking at the possibility that the virus is not entirely a natural occurrence." The conference room went silent. University of Chicago -- 3 months later Michael Andrews ran from the basement cleanroom decontamination suite, up the stairs, and straight into Professor Sheffield's office. "George!" Michael's voice was breathless and strained. "Forty-three of them died last night, all male". He stopped and gulped, the fear in his expression obviously apparent. Professor Max Sheffield, half stood from his desk. The expression on his face was fixed, under tight control, but the color drained from it rapidly. "Are you sure? Michael..." "Max, the primates have the same level of protein shielding, the same generation of the virus, that infected humans will have within two months. Whoever designed it timed it closely Max, God knows how they did it, but this is terrifying!" Michael's voice was rapidly approaching hysteria. "I'll get right onto the CDC." Replied the ashen faced professor, his had shakily reaching out for the telephone. "Max, what are the infection survey results? I know you were informed, that's why you went to the meeting in Washington wasn't it?" Michael's voice became quiet, his eyes locked onto the professor, refusing to let him go. The professor blinked and look down in defeat, "Michael, those are confidential, I'd be breaking the law if I..." "Max, tell me" Michael cut off his protestations. The professor sighed and rubbed his forehead, he looked every bit his 53 years. He looked up at Michael and saw the intense young man staring at him unrelentingly. He thought to himself, what was the point anyway? He'd know within two months. "Michael, everyone who has been tested, 7.5 million people in the US alone, and millions more worldwide have tested positive. We're looking at 100%". Michael became completely still, "There's more" he said. "The fifty-seven per cent of the monkeys who survived" "Yes?" enquired the professor hesitantly, not sure he wanted to hear the rest. "They were all female, apart from 7 males" Max replied. "Correlation?" the professor asked. "I talked to Jane Healy, she know the monkeys almost individually. She said that all seven males showed a preference for homosexual activity, they were the only males to survive". "Oh my God" said the professor, shocked. "You know what this could mean don't you? Hell, what it probably does mean!" Micheal's eyes began to fill with tears. "I've got to make that phone call". The Professor reached for the handset again. | Low | [
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Q: uniq in underscore.js is not working Kindly check this fiddle, uniq() function has no effect. Tried separating the function but still unable to work it out. The JSON was flattened first then I used uniq. A: From the Underscore.js documentation: Uniq Produces a duplicate-free version of the array, using === to test object equality. If you know in advance that the array is sorted, passing true for isSorted will run a much faster algorithm. If you want to compute unique items based on a transformation, pass an iteratee function. So you can try and use a function to transform the object into a comparable value. For example: var res = _.chain(data) .flatten() .uniq(function(v){ return v.mycount + v.mytype }) .value(); | Mid | [
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Why some downtime might prove beneficial to Tomas Hertl By Curtis Pashelka, Bay Area News Group Wednesday, March 7, 2018 SAN JOSE — The Sharks had the rare fortune this week of being able to take a complete day off and still get in two solid practices in advance of their game against the St. Louis Blues on Thursday night. There was even a wine sampling event at SAP Center earlier on Tuesday, giving everyone a chance to get their mind off of hockey for a few hours. The downtime might do Tomas Hertl some good. Not just from a rest and recovery standpoint, but also in terms of getting some distance from his last outing. The typically affable Hertl was his own worst critic after Sunday’s game against the Columbus Blue Jackets. Hertl admitted he didn’t have much of an impact, and basically agreed with coach Pete DeBoer’s decision to sit him down for a few shifts in the third period. Hertl, 24, finished with 15:34 of ice time in the Sharks’ 4-2 loss to Columbus, his fourth-lowest total this season for a game in which he didn’t miss time because of injury or ejection. He now has just one goal in his last 15 games, and one assist in six games since he returned from an upper body injury. “I know what I did bad and my legs were pretty slow too,” Hertl said after Wednesday’s practice. “If your feet aren’t moving, it’s tough to play well. If you can’t skate, it’s tough to make plays.” The key for Hertl, according to DeBoer, is moving past mistakes. Hertl needs to not let one bad shift affect the next, and especially not let one bad game linger for too long. “He’s always been really tough on himself as a player, and there’s good and bad with that,” DeBoer said. “He has a real honest assessment of his own game. Usually, he’s looking at it the same way you are, which is nice from a coaching point of view. “At the same time, I think, still something he has to get better at is finding a way on a bad night not to let it turn into a whole game. Cut it off, and then moving past it when you do have bad nights. Because in this league, that comes with the territory. Not every game is going to feel great.” There’s little question Hertl will need to be more of a difference-maker as the Sharks look to hold onto a playoff spot in the Western Conference. Going into Thursday, when Hertl is expected to be back on the second line against the Blues, the Sharks hold third place in the Pacific Division with 79 points, one behind Anaheim. San Jose is also just two points ahead of both Los Angeles and Colorado. Officially, the Kings are owners of the Western Conference’s second wild card spot. “Everyone has tough games where they don’t play the way they want to,” Sharks center Logan Couture said. “He’s going to come back and I think he’s going to play well tomorrow.” Hertl, despite his scoring woes, is fifth on the Sharks this season in goals (15) and points (34). With no health issues right now and 16 games left, he could easily get on a roll and eclipse his career best of 21 goals, which he reached two years ago when he played alongside Joe Thornton for roughly half of the 2015-16 season. Maybe it’s all about building some confidence and getting a fresh start, starting with Thursday night. “We’ve got 16 to go, and I have to be ready for all 16 games,” Hertl said. “Not just for every third game, but for all 16. I’m ready for it.” ? With their power play mired in an 0-for-28 slump over the last 12 games, DeBoer moved Kevin Labanc to the top unit with Couture, Brent Burns, Joe Pavelski and Evander Kane. The second unit had Hertl, Joonas Donskoi, Mikkel Boedker, Timo Meier and Marc-Edouard Vlasic. Labanc has spent time on the top unit this season. The Sharks’ power play entered Wednesday ranked 12th in the NHL at 20.8 percent. “He’s a gifted power play guy,” DeBoer said of Labanc.. “He’s got some real good instincts. He thinks scoring and making plays. He’s one of our options there. We’re going to move guys around until we start sticking some in the back of the net.” ? Forward Melker Karlsson missed practice for the second straight day with a lower body injury, as Marcus Sorensen skated on the fourth line for Wednesday’s practice with Eric Fehr and Barclay Goodrow. Karlsson’s availability for Thursday’s game is unknown. | Mid | [
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1. Technical Field This invention relates to an electronic device for use with, for example, a digital television receiver or the like. More particularly, the invention relates to an electronic device configured to perform data communication with other devices over a serial data bus. 2. Description of the Related Art Digital television receivers have recently been proposed which allow for data communication in accordance with the IEEE-1394-1995 high performance serial bus system. The IEEE-1394-1995 standard, promulgated in 1995, provides a universal protocol for data communications over a serial bus. This standard defines a digital interface for data communications, thereby eliminating the need for an application to convert digital data to analog data before it is transmitted across the bus. Likewise, a receiving application will receive digital data from the bus rather than analog data, and will therefore not be required to perform A/D conversion. The IEEE 1394 standard has been adopted to implement an inexpensive high-speed architecture that supports both asynchronous and isochronous format data transfers. Isochronous data transfers are real-time transfers which take place such that the time intervals between significant instances have the same duration at both the transmitting and receiving applications. Each packet of data transferred isochronously is transferred in its own time period. Multiple channels are provided for isochronous data transfer between applications. A six bit channel number is broadcast with the data to ensure reception by the appropriate device. This allows multiple devices to transmit isochronous data across the bus structure. Asynchronous transfers are traditional data transfer operations which take place as soon as possible and transfer an amount of data from a source to a destination. Referring to FIG. 13, by way of example, a digital television receiver (hereinafter referred to as “DTV”) 100 serving as an IEEE 1394 node may include subunits such as a tuner 110 and a monitor 120. Monitor 120 includes a video processing section 120A for performing signal processing on inputted video data, such as adjustment of brightness and adjustment of chromaticity; and a display 120B for displaying an image based on the video data that has been signal-processed by video processing section 120A. The display 120B is considered a functional block (termination device) which transforms and “terminates” inputted video data. (Data is considered to be “terminated” when it is used by an end device, such as a display that transforms input data to a displayed image.) DTV 100 also includes a memory 130 that stores information pertaining to the above-mentioned subunits existing within DTV 100. For example, when monitor 120 is connected to an external electronic device, as indicated in FIG. 13, a plug 120P of monitor 120 interconnected to video processing section 120A is interconnected to a plug 100P of the DTV 100 which is interconnected to the external electronic device. FIG. 14 shows an example of a related art descriptor having information pertaining to the monitor 120 stored in the above-mentioned memory 130. The stored information enables an external device to readily ascertain, among other things, the logical connection state of video processing section 120A, thereby facilitating data communication with DTV 100. While the above example illustrates the utility of serial bus connected devices, there is a continuing need to provide ways to facilitate data communication among such devices and improve operability of serial data bus connected systems. The present invention addresses this need. | Mid | [
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Rational design of novel antimicrobials: blocking purine salvage in a parasitic protozoan. All parasitic protozoa obtain purine nucleotides solely by salvaging purine bases and/or nucleosides from their host. This observation suggests that inhibiting purine salvage may be a good way of killing these organisms. To explore this idea, we attempted to block the purine salvage pathway of the parasitic protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus. T. foetus is a good organism to study because its purine salvage depends primarily on a single enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGXPRTase), and could provide a good model for rational drug design through specific enzyme inhibition. Guided by the crystal structure of T. foetus HGXPRTase, we used structure-based drug design to identify several non-purine compounds that inhibited this enzyme without any detectable effect on human HGPRTase. One of these compounds, 4-[N-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)carbamoyl]phthalic anhydride (referred to as TF1), was selected for further characterization. TF1 was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of T. foetus HGXPRTase with respect to both guanine (in the forward reaction; Ki = 13 microM) and GMP (in the reverse reaction; Ki = 10 microM), but showed no effect on the homologous human enzyme at concentrations of up to 1 mM. TF1 inhibited the in vitro growth of T. foetus with an EC50 of approximately 40 microM. This inhibitory effect was associated with a decrease in the incorporation of exogenous guanine into nucleic acids, and could be reversed by supplementing the growth medium with excess exogenous hypoxanthine or guanine. Thus, rationally targeting an essential enzyme in a parasitic organism has yielded specific enzyme inhibitors capable of suppressing that parasite's growth. | High | [
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NEW YORK (AP) — Russians prefer their Lay's potato chips dusted in caviar and crab flavors. The Chinese like their Oreos stuffed with mango and orange cream. And in Spain, Kellogg's All-Bran cereal is served floating in hot coffee instead of cold milk. Americans might get squeamish at the thought of their favorite snacks being tweaked. But what works in the U.S. doesn't always work everywhere. In other words, Lee Linthicum, a market researcher, says: "It can't be some generic mix of spices that might fool an American." Food makers long have tinkered with their products to appeal to regional tastes, but getting the recipe just right is becoming more important than ever. That's partly because people in developing nations such as China and India are gaining more of an appetite for American-style "on-the-go" foods as they work longer hours and have less time to cook. But it's mostly because snack makers increasingly are looking for growth in other parts of the world as sales slow at home. Growth in the snack food industry has been virtually flat in the U.S. for the past two years, according to market research firm Euromonitor. Meanwhile, combined sales in China, Brazil and Russia — three major developing markets — rose 15 percent in 2010 and 11 percent last year to $17 billion. That's half the size of the U.S. market but it's growing. SNACKS IN A DIFFERENT LAND The challenge for snack makers is that people in other countries have different tastes. Consider the Oreo, which Kraft Food Inc. introduced in China in 1996. Sales of the vanilla cream-filled chocolate cookie sandwich were respectable there, but the Chinese didn't completely take to it. So Kraft decided to tweak the Oreo. But executives of the Northfield, Ill.-based company knew that they had to proceed with caution. "When you have a brand that's 100 years old, you don't mess with the recipe thoughtlessly," says Lorna Davis, head of the company's global biscuit and cookies business. Story continues In 2006, Kraft began offering the Oreo as a wafer, a popular cookie throughout Asia. It is made up of cream sandwiched between crispy wafers. The plan was to help familiarize more Chinese customers with the brand. Three years later, the company decided to go a step further. Kraft worked with a panel of consumer taste experts from around the world to identify the characteristics of the Oreo — including color, crunchiness, bitterness, color — that were likely to appeal to Chinese tastes. Executives learned through research that the Chinese don't like their treats as big or as sweet as Americans do. So the company rejiggered the recipe to create a cookie that was a tad smaller and a touch less sweet. To test the new recipe, hundreds of Chinese consumers tasted the new Oreo. It was a hit. "It made us realize the smallest of details make a big difference," Davis says. But the company wasn't finished. After noticing sales of Oreos were lagging in China during the summer, Kraft added a green tea ice cream flavor. The cookie combined a popular local flavor with the cooling imagery of ice cream. The green tea version sold well, and a year later, Kraft rolled out Oreos in flavors that are popular in Asians desserts — raspberry-and-blueberry and mango-and-orange. The result? Over the past five years, Kraft said sales have grown an average of 60 percent a year, although it declined to give revenue amounts. The Oreo now is the top-selling cookie in China with a market share of 13 percent. The previous top cookie was a biscuit by a Chinese company. Kraft, which operates in more than 80 countries, is taking a similar approach with other snacks. In Saudi Arabia, Kraft offers its Tang powder drink in a lemon-pepper flavor. In Mexico, it comes in tropical fruit flavors like tamarind and mandarin, and a hibiscus version fashioned after the flower. Sales have nearly doubled to $1 billion worldwide since Kraft rolled out the localized versions in 2006. Kraft's ability to adapt to local tastes is increasingly important as it looks for growth overseas. The rise in international revenue at Kraft was more than double the increase in North America last year. Kraft also plans to split into two separate units by the end of the year. The largest will be a global snacks company called Mondelez International, pronounced "mohn-dah-leez," to sell its Trident gum and Cadbury chocolates in fast-growing countries worldwide. CAFFEINE WITH YOUR CEREAL? Kellogg Co., the world's largest cereal maker, also has intensified its focus on catering to local tastes as it attempts to grow its snack business overseas. Last year, the company's revenue in Latin America topped $1 billion for the first time. And in February, Kellogg said it agreed to buy Pringles chip brand from Procter & Gamble for $2.7 billion. The deal will nearly triple its international snack business, making it the world's second-largest snack maker behind PepsiCo Inc. The company, based in Battle Creek, Mich., already sells products in more than 180 countries. It's learning that on-the-ground insights can pay off. In Europe, for instance, Kellogg for many years had marketed its cereals there just as it did in the U.S. But it failed to take into account that many in the region don't drink cold milk in the morning. Now, an American traveling in Spain might find it surreal to see TV ads showing All-Bran cereal floating in a steaming cup of coffee. Kellogg, which makes Keebler, Cheez-It and Kashi bars, declined to give details on how well the cereal is selling there, but it said the marketing has resulted in "great results." A similar story played out for PepsiCo. For the first time last year, revenue from the company's international snacks division surpassed revenue in North America. To achieve that, PepsiCo has had to adjust its recipes. In 2005, PepsiCo's food division began a quest to make its Lay's potato chips more appealing to local tastes in Russia. It wasn't easy. Russians still like packaged versions of a Soviet-era snack — stale bread slathered in oil and baked to a crisp. "Potato chips were not big in the Communist time, so it's something we're gradually building," says Marc Schroeder, who heads PepsiCo's food division in Russia. To get a better sense of what Russians like, employees traveled around the country to visit people in their homes and talk about what they eat day-to-day. That was a big task. Russia has nine time zones and spans 7,000 miles, with eating habits that vary by region. The findings were invaluable for executives at the company's Purchase, N.Y. headquarters. In the eastern part of the country, PepsiCo found that fish is a big part of the diet. So it introduced "Crab" chips in 2006. It's now the third most popular flavor in the country. A "Red Caviar" flavor does best in Moscow, where caviar is particularly popular. "Pickled Cucumber," which piggybacks off of a traditional appetizer throughout Russia, was introduced last year and is already the fourth most popular flavor. Other favorites include onion, bacon and "sour cream and herbs," which is a bit sweeter than the American version. The chip translations are paying off; sales of Lay's have more than doubled in the past five years. As for the classic Lay's — an American favorite — Russians still aren't biting. "They find it a very boring flavor," Schroeder said. ____ Follow Candice Choi at www.twitter.com/candicechoi | Mid | [
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The role of Müller glia and microglia in glaucoma. Cells of Müller glia and microglia react to neuronal injury in glaucoma. The change to a reactive phenotype initiates signaling cascades that may serve a neuroprotective role, but may also proceed to promote damaging effects on retinal neurons. Both effects appear to occur most likely in parallel in glaucoma, but the underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways that specifically promote protective versus destructive roles of reactive glial cells are mostly unclear. More research is needed to understand the homeostatic signaling network in which retinal glia cells are embedded to maintain or restore neuronal function after injury. | High | [
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Love Island hopefuls flown to Spain for trial run Bosses have flown a group of 'Love Island' hopefuls to their Spanish villa for a trial run. 'Love Island' bosses have flown a group of hopefuls out to their spanish villa for a five-day trial in a bid to get the most outrageous contestants for the new series. Cara De La Hoyde Last year's instalment, which saw Cara De La Hoyde and Nathan Massey crowned the winners, proved such a hit with viewers that producers are desperate to emulate the same success and hope that doing a trial run will ensure they get the right people. A source told The Sun newspaper: "The trial will be seriously debauched. The contestants know misbehaving is the way to get on the show - but that leads to all sorts. Last year contestants romped on TV and producers were forced to provide the villa with extra condoms. This year's crop of hopefuls will have a lot to live up to." The line-up is being kept under wraps for now while bosses make their final decision but Lisa Appleton's daughter Sophia has claimed she's now out of the running. The 27-year-old star claimed that she's pulled out of the reality TV show because she's now found someone who she hopes will eventually become her boyfriend. Taking to her Facebook account, she wrote in a since-deleted post: "Well as you all know, I could of been on Love Island this year, everyone keeps asking me what's going on... so I'm putting it out there... it was a hard choice to make, but due to a potential relationship in my life I decided to turn it down a few weeks ago. However I wish all the best for the luck people that get to compete, find love and win the show, £50,000 and in return hopefully a successful life." Not much is known about the forthcoming series but bosses have decided to extend the running time by by another week to create even more drama and sexual tension. A source said recently: "Due to the massive success of last year's series among viewers, bosses have decided to extend the current one by a week. "They hope this will give contestants a greater chance of finding love and lead to more summer loving than ever before." | Mid | [
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Larbert, New South Wales Larbert is a small village located in the Queanbeyan-Palerang Region of the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales. It lies on mostly north of the Kings Highway between Bungendore and Braidwood where it crosses the Shoalhaven River. At the , it had a population of 39. It had a public school from 1867 to 1868 and from 1874 to 1891. Larbert East school operated from 1874 to 1892. Both schools operated as "half-time" schools and as each other's partners from 1874, except in 1892 when Larbert East school was partnered with Uradux school. Heritage listings Larbert has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: Mayfield Road: Larbert References Category:Queanbeyan–Palerang Regional Council Category:Towns in New South Wales Category:Southern Tablelands | Mid | [
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Estimation of the reproduction number of salmon pancreas disease virus subtype 3 in homogeneously mixed populations of Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon. The reproduction number (R) of salmon pancreas disease (PD) was estimated within homogeneously mixing populations (within-cage) of Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) based on data collected during PD epidemics from 10 cages at 2 farming sites. Two approaches were used: (a) estimation of an overall reproduction number (R(cmd)) and a time-dependent reproduction number (R(t)) using mortality records during PD epidemics, and (b) estimating the reproduction number during the early stage of infection (R(sd)) based on data from a surveillance program for SPDV subtype 3. The R(cmd) estimates based on the mortality data ranged from 1.02 to 1.45, and the R(sd) estimates ranged from 1.0 to 2.9. Plots of the R(t) estimates covering the whole epidemic period yielded an increasing slope prior to SPDV3 detection. This study presents a framework for the quantitative measurement of a PD epidemic that could be useful for the evaluation of prevention methods. The time-dependent R(t) estimate can provide an early warning of PD outbreaks. | High | [
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Opinion: Not Just a Game: Sport and Society in the United States Sports are an essential and important aspect of American society; they are indispensible when it comes to their impact on a plethora of public arenas, including economics and the mass media. Sport coincides with community values and political agencies, as it attempts to define the morals and ethics attributed not only to athletes, but the totality of society as a whole. Fans of spectator sports find a reaffirmation of key societal values through sports, as they give meaning to their own lives. “By becoming fans, spectators engage in certain kinds of pleasures, fulfilling their own desires through fetishism, voyeurism, and narcissism," writes Brummett (21). Sports provide key dynamics when it comes to the augmentation of communal principles by enhancing the physical and mental well-being of individuals and the integration of social classes. The idea of “winning” in sports serves as a prime exemplar of success: a highly valued commodity which often results in elitism and superiority. The world of sports affords us the opportunity to gain vital insight into the sensitive issues of racism, sexism, and classism. Delaney writes, “to ignore sport is to ignore a significant aspect of any society and its culture" (7), continuing to note, “sport is the opiate of the masses, due to the fact that we are in the age of the sport consumer, which is dissimilar to the age of the sport spectator" (Delaney, 14). By placing a “value” on a specific athlete, you are not only defining that athlete based on his or her attributes, you are bestowing upon them a specific worth which ultimately translates into the worth of that specific sport en masse, which is why we unjustly deem certain sports more imperative than others. The “Americanization” of sports is something that we, as both fans and consumers, rely on to provide us with not only a means of entertainment, but a method in which we can derive the hidden values embedded in competitors. The understanding of the “Americanization” of sports is crucial to encoding the unseen cultural and communal significance many athletes possess. The norms and standards of society go tainted by many athletes throughout the country, who believe that that American spectator sport acts as a platform for the expression of individual principles onto humanity. Society places value on competition, therefore value is placed on all sports and their participants. As a society, we construct “types” of athletes based on their economic and social value, which acts as a connotation for their overall significance to the universal spectator. The idea of “winning” is something that fuels competition, which in my view is one of America’s greatest vices; we compete not simply to enhance our own physical attributes, but to provide ourselves with a sense of achievement at the expense of another’s failure. Sports, like the film or television industry, has major financial repercussions which might not be as beneficial to the consumer as he or she may think; the passion fans share for their favorite team or player is getting in the way of what significance these “games” truly have. Are fans paying their hard earned money to be a part of an experience they place value upon, or is it simply to line the pockets of already overpaid athletes and business gurus? The New York Giants win the Super Bowl and a parade is thrown for the team as worshipping fans stand shoulder to shoulder in a small, enclosed street way hoping to get a glimpse of their favorite player, or any player for that matter. These fans act as a prime example as to why businesses, such as the National Football league, thrive on the unquestioned reliability of their consumers and enthusiasts. The New York Giants won the Super Bowl, great, but what does it all mean? Besides the financial upside for the NFL, what are the fans actually gaining besides the opportunity to cherish the athlete that is spending their own money? The athlete clearly benefits, so in my view, it is every professional athlete’s moral obligation to act as a role model for young kids and to give back to the community. If we, as a society, feel the urgent need to participate in and assign value to sports and competition, we must make sure that it is for all the right reasons. Many sports organizations are billion dollar businesses, but when the Super Bowl gets more viewers that the presidential race, is anyone really “winning?” When an athlete makes it to a professional level in any sport, their commitment and obligation to perform at a high level shouldn’t be simply desired by the fans, but expected. Televised sports, specifically, create assured fixations by commodifying athletes and their actions. Within the Steve Yzerman video, spectators and the media label him as a “hero” or the “model” athlete based on the fact that he was willing to play through a severe injury for the betterment of his team. Therefore, we place a higher “value” on a player like Yzerman, than on an athlete like Floyd “Money” Mayweather. Some may view Yzerman’s action as an act of stupidity which could’ve resulted in further injury, while others may deem him invaluable. I view athletes like Steve Yzerman and Derek Jeter as a commodity or product; someone who I invest money in to perform at a high level and win. Playing a hockey game injured or diving into the crowd is expected for a twenty-five million dollar paycheck. Some “casual” athletes perform not for financial gain or professional esteem, but simply as a way of living. Take Kathy Martin for example, who runs not just as sport, but as a way to improve her lifestyle and to become an inspiration for a younger generation. Athletes like Martin have no quandary when it comes to becoming a role model; she doesn’t need twenty-five million dollars to execute her craft at a high level. Martin places expectations and limitations on herself; she doesn’t have fans placing those expectations on her like certain professional athletes do, being that they are on television during a weekly basis. “The expression of “spectator sport” itself insists on seeing that which is viewed as a performance. Television and other media have their eye on sport precisely because sport and games are so highly performative (Brummett, 18).” I question why sports such as basketball and football are shoved down are throats by the media, while sports like the senior Olympics harbor little value in terms of communication by publication or broadcast. One can argue that because so much revenue is plugged into teams like the Yankees or Giants, fans feel obliged and compelled to watch them, whereas “low key” sports such as track simply cannot contrive that much revenue. This is due to the fact that they are rarely televised and the media following is virtually nonexistent compared to the popular spectator sports. I understand that placing a “value” on players is crucial in terms of essentially defining their worth within their respective organization; better athletes earn more because they’re simply a better commodity. Although I don’t believe that placing a “value” on sports themselves is imperative in terms of characterizing the importance of that specific sport. Athletes like Kathy Martin work just as hard as athletes like LebRon James; the difference is that she does it for an empty pocket and diminutive admiration. Contemporary sports sociology theories can ultimately be assigned to sport, assessment, and the placement value on athletes. “Functionalism views society as an organized system of interrelated parts that seek equilibrium. Sports can play a vital role in maintaining such balance (Delaney, 36).” One can argue that sports counteract religious morals; guarding society from bleak realities and instilling a false sense of achievement. The world of sports encourages commercialism, sexism, and most importantly, nationalism. “The Iraqi national soccer team ultimately became an agency of national identity and pride for their country (Brummett, 12).” Many argue that the Iraqi soccer team help tackle the issues of terrorism in Iraq, as even the media was depicting their “heroism.” Overall, it is essential that we examine sports from both a business and societal viewpoint before we view them as spectators or fans. Sport is a human institution, a universal phenomenon which serves to instill a sense of belonging or meaning to many individuals lives. Let us not place value on athletes, let us place value on the impact their profession has on humanity; the realization of athletes as commodities and sport as a political and pecuniary service will help reshape the perception that sport is merely a means of amusement and diversion from personal hardships. Our world can exist without the arrogance and egotism attributed to certain athletes, and it can surely exist without the barefaced disregard several sport organizations have for their dedicated fan base. But, we may question whether or not this world can function without the hidden values embedded in competitors and the communal insight sports give us on a national scale. Suggested Reading from InquiriesJournal American sport has become far more than contests with rules played on fields, diamonds, or rinks. Our current conception of sport is more than just a ball moving between groups of athletes, or a struggle for a finish line, or an effort to impress judges, as various critical studies will attest. American sport has produced something... MORE» This article argues that performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) ought to be allowed across all elite sporting competitions for athletes over the age of 16 so long as consuming them does not pose a significant risk to their health. I begin with a brief explanation of the current state of PED use in professional sports before assessing... MORE» The current system of collegiate football and basketball in America’s universities is littered with corruption caused by the nationwide popularity of “big time” college sports. The positive effects that student-athlete performance can have on a university leads outside sources to offer benefits to these athletes... MORE» American culture is saturated with messages propagated by mass media. What was originally created for encouraging consumerism is now being promoted to a society that is being consumed by the messages themselves. Mass media is especially harmful to women because it constructs negative perceptions of women and reinforces them on a... MORE» Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. Representing the work of students from hundreds of institutions around the globe, Inquiries Journal's large database of academic articles is completely free. Learn more | Blog | Submit Follow SP Latest in Sociology Religion has been a part of society for thousands of years and touches every life on the globe. Despite this, religious non-affiliation is one of the fastest growing religious identities, and is currently the third largest globally. There has been... Read Article » American culture is saturated with messages propagated by mass media. What was originally created for encouraging consumerism is now being promoted to a society that is being consumed by the messages themselves. Mass media is especially harmful... Read Article » The Conceptual Access-Network Thesis proposed suggests that the development or success of any new internet-based product, service, or technology will ultimately be contingent upon how well it satisfies the criterion of providing access to or creating... Read Article » Not long after J.K. Rowling published the first Harry Potter book on June 26, 1997, The Boy Who Lived exploded into an international phenomenon. Teachers read Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone to wide-eyed students and parents read it... Read Article » The so-called Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) – also known as ISIL, IS and Daesh – has during the last years disseminated videos throughout the Internet in a new recruitment and media strategy focusing on the destruction of cultural... Read Article » This quote by the early 20th century Lebanese poet Kahlil Gibran captures both the core idea and some of the implicit issues posed by what was later to be called the “risk society thesis” and was to have a massive impact on contemporary... Read Article » The modern world has made incredible bounds towards generating social movements to support disenfranchised groups. When thinking of social movements, people tend to conjure the image of visibly alienated groups that have become vocal in order to... Read Article » What are you looking for? FROM OUR BLOG Disclaimer: content on this website is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical or other professional advice. Moreover, the views expressed here do not necessarily represent the views of Inquiries Journal or Student Pulse, its owners, staff, contributors, or affiliates. | High | [
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Dry Mouth and Bad Breath Posted January 30, 2018. Have you noticed that you have had a consistently dry mouth and a pungent odor attached to it? Our professionals here in Richmond, VA, and Chamberlayne, VA, will take you more in depth into how the amount of saliva we produce contributes to good or bad breath and some solutions that can help bring back the freshness. Our saliva is our first defensive line against bacteria and other things that often contribute to bad breath. It keeps our mouth clean by washing out tiny particles of food. Saliva also works to neutralize acids that bacteria produce, which is a step in preventing cavities and bad breath. Saliva also carries some substances that help fight off diseases. However, sometimes this saliva flow gets reduced, which can allow food and bacteria to remain. The food decays and the bacteria feed off it, producing acids as they go. This combination can create bad breath. There are many causes for dry mouth. Some medications have dry mouth as a side effect. Sometimes, simple anxiety can reduce saliva flow. At other times, it could be simple dehydration. To get your saliva flowing again, you might try these following suggestions. Drink water or sugarless drinks often when you are eating a meal.Try chewing on sugarless gum, candy, or foods like apples and carrots. These can help stimulate saliva flow. Other options to consider are reducing or avoiding salty foods, acidic foods, caffeine, and alcohol you normally eat. Their reduction or absence might lead to more saliva flow. If your dry mouth or bad breath persists or becomes worse, feel free to visit our dentist and professional team. You can find our dentists here at Morrison Dental Group in Richmond, VA, and Chamberlayne, VA. To schedule a visit, call 804-386-0124 today! | Mid | [
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Think Local: Homage Bakery provides unique flavor combinations This unique bakery combines savory and sweet ingredients in all of their pastries to set them apart from the rest. "Just all types of fun stuff, really, make Reno kind of come in and go 'oh that's interesting, I want to try that' and see that they can really find amazing things here in Reno, so they don't have to go travel outside and find those things," said Nicholle Alumbaugh, Chef and Owner of Homage. Alumbaugh grew up cooking and baking with her family, and now incorporates those recipes into her menu. She prides herself and her bakery on how different her flavors are, like their signature Oatmeal, Fig & Fennel cookie. Her mission was to create an atmosphere that brought in all walks of life. "It's fun to see two completely different types of people on the spectrum meet here, exchange phone numbers, and then continue to make it their place to meet every week," said Alumbaugh. Majority of all of their ingredients come from local provides all up and down the pacific northwest. Alumbaugh and her team will be at the bakery as early as 4 a.m. preparing their freshly baked goods for the day. They switch out their flavors of croissants, cookies, and scones daily to keep a consistent variety for their customers. "Ask about our drinks, ask us about our food, let us know what you like and we can kind of steer you in that direction, because there's a little bit of something for everyone here," said Alumbaugh. Homage was awarded the 'Best Bakery in Reno' award by Reno News & Review for three years in a row. They are open seven days a week. They cater, provide desserts for weddings, and serve lunch. You can find Homage at 519 Ralston St. in Reno. | Mid | [
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*h + 64 = -q*h - 4*z. What is the greatest common divisor of w and h? 13 Suppose 11*p - 14*p = -66. Let t = -18 - -8. Let g = t + p. What is the greatest common factor of 18 and g? 6 Let o = -92 - -116. What is the greatest common divisor of o and 6? 6 Suppose 23*p - 2424 = -354. Let h(x) = 2*x**2 + 3*x + 3. Let d be h(3). Calculate the highest common divisor of p and d. 30 Suppose -7*m = 10*m - 204. What is the highest common factor of m and 68? 4 Suppose -5*g - 5*y + 65 = 0, -4*y + 4 = 8. Calculate the greatest common divisor of 1792 and g. 14 Let n = 993 + -948. What is the highest common factor of n and 6? 3 Let h be (-1)/(-2) + 702/4. Let g(i) = -9*i + 214. Let b be g(22). What is the highest common factor of b and h? 16 Let c(f) = 63*f**2 - f + 1. Let z be (-4)/14 - (-36)/28. Let b be c(z). What is the highest common divisor of b and 7? 7 Let q(k) = -k**2 + 7*k. Let j be q(3). Let o be ((-2)/(-8))/((-1)/(-4)*-1). Let m be j*(o - -9)/2. What is the greatest common divisor of m and 6? 6 Let l = 143 - 85. Let u be ((-638)/44)/((-2)/20). Calculate the greatest common divisor of u and l. 29 Let i be -4*20/(-16)*1. Suppose j + 3*x + 99 = i*j, j - 28 = 4*x. Calculate the highest common divisor of 60 and j. 12 Let p be ((-47)/(-2) - -1)*84/49. Let m = -40 + p. Calculate the highest common factor of 22 and m. 2 Let k be 16750/(-268)*(-4)/5. Calculate the highest common factor of 2100 and k. 50 Suppose 13*w = 34*w - 126. Suppose -4*b = -b - 15. Suppose -58 = -2*s - 5*y, -b + 13 = 4*y. What is the highest common factor of w and s? 6 Let n = -4 - -3. Let b(a) = 2*a**2 - 2*a - 1. Let s be b(n). Let o(u) = 3*u. Let d be o(5). Calculate the greatest common factor of s and d. 3 Suppose 28*b = 21*b + 784. Calculate the highest common factor of b and 84. 28 Suppose 19*q = 1737 + 486. What is the greatest common divisor of 78 and q? 39 Let o(q) = -2*q + 50. Let d be o(6). Let a = d - 6. What is the highest common factor of a and 4? 4 Let g be 2/(12/9)*6. Suppose -n + g + 0 = 0. Let m(b) = 6*b + 3. Let l be m(4). What is the highest common factor of n and l? 9 Let m = 15 - 11. Let a(t) = 1 - 9*t**3 - 2*t - t + m*t + t. Let h be a(-1). Calculate the highest common factor of h and 2. 2 Suppose 64 = 4*l + 4*g, 3*g - 76 + 4 = -5*l. Calculate the greatest common divisor of 60 and l. 12 Suppose 3*a = -2*w + 7, 4 = 4*a - 3*w - 11. Suppose -125 = -3*j - 5*g - 45, -a*j + 2*g = -73. Calculate the greatest common factor of 275 and j. 25 Suppose 39*d - 29*d - 20 = 0. Let m = -60 - 36. Let r be m/(-7) - (-4)/14. What is the highest common factor of d and r? 2 Let v(p) = -4*p - 2. Let l be -2*1*2/4. Let n be v(l). Calculate the highest common factor of n and 3. 1 Suppose 3*f + 18 = 81. Suppose -s + 8*s - f = 0. Let r be (-50)/(-8) + 2/(-8). Calculate the highest common divisor of s and r. 3 Let n = 822 + -815. Calculate the highest common divisor of n and 3591. 7 Let k = -10 - -21. Let g be 2/10 - k/5. Let z be 7 - (-5 - g) - 3. What is the highest common factor of z and 63? 7 Suppose 5*u - 16 = 3*r, 3*u - 6 = 3*r - 0. Let k be (-1)/((-2)/r)*(-4160)/(-48). What is the highest common factor of k and 26? 26 Let b be 1 + (-2 - -3 - -2). Suppose m = 5*y - 29, 2*y = -b*m + 3*m - 15. Let w = -2 - m. Calculate the highest common factor of 119 and w. 17 Suppose 4*c - 4*f + 7*f - 473 = 0, 0 = 2*f - 6. What is the highest common divisor of c and 3364? 116 Suppose 3*u - 12 = 2*p - 28, 4*u = 4*p - 20. Let j be -21*1/u*50. Calculate the greatest common factor of j and 35. 35 Let u(h) = 3*h - 12. Let k be u(4). Suppose 5*z - 2*m - 14 = 35, 4*m + 8 = k. What is the greatest common factor of 3 and z? 3 Let n = 135 - 94. Let t = n - 25. Calculate the highest common divisor of t and 16. 16 Suppose -198 = -4*n + 5*c, n + 5*c - 62 = -0*n. Suppose n = q + 12. Calculate the greatest common divisor of q and 100. 20 Suppose 88 = 38*b + 12. Calculate the highest common factor of b and 134. 2 Let m = -7 - -570. Suppose -305 = -14*i + m. Calculate the highest common divisor of 93 and i. 31 Let d be 2/((2/2)/86). Suppose -74*z = -78*z + d. What is the highest common divisor of z and 172? 43 Let y(d) = -5*d - 94. Let x be y(-22). Calculate the highest common divisor of x and 64. 16 Let b(z) = 3*z - 3. Let m be b(-10). Let g = -28 - m. Suppose 2*a - 5*n - 30 = 0, n = -a - 0*n + 15. What is the greatest common divisor of a and g? 5 Let l be (-237)/(-12) - 2/(-8). Let f be (-3)/6 - (-6)/(-4). Let y be 354/12 + (-1)/f. Calculate the highest common divisor of l and y. 10 Let s = 29 - 7. Let y(i) = -8*i + 7. Let k be y(-6). Calculate the greatest common divisor of k and s. 11 Suppose 2*l - 3*p - 2746 = -5*p, 2*l = -p + 2741. What is the highest common factor of l and 27? 9 Let l(n) = 36*n - 237. Let p be l(24). Calculate the highest common factor of p and 114. 57 Let r(z) = -z**2 + 5*z + 2. Let h be r(5). Suppose -j = h, -4*g + 2*j + 70 = j. What is the greatest common divisor of 187 and g? 17 Let z = -369 - -483. What is the highest common factor of 38 and z? 38 Let w(r) = -r**3 + 8*r**2 - 3*r - 18. Let i be w(7). Calculate the highest common factor of 5 and i. 5 Let m(w) = 6*w + 82. Let i be m(-13). Suppose 4 = v + 1. Let f be 75 - 2/(v - i). Calculate the highest common factor of 11 and f. 11 Let d be (3 - 5)/10 + (-1)/(-5). Suppose d = -9*n + 166 + 158. Calculate the highest common factor of 252 and n. 36 Suppose 4 = -2*l + 36. Let p be (6/(-2*(-6)/l))/2. Calculate the greatest common divisor of p and 1. 1 Let d(u) = -11*u - 25. Suppose 3*x - 5*h + 14 = 0, 11 + 27 = -4*x - 3*h. Let y be d(x). What is the greatest common divisor of 18 and y? 9 Let t(y) = y**2 + 10*y + 15. Let p be t(0). Calculate the highest common factor of 285 and p. 15 Let n = -5 - -7. Let w be n/(-9) - 16/(-72). Let c = w + 112. Calculate the greatest common factor of 16 and c. 16 Suppose -5*c = -3823 + 138. Calculate the greatest common divisor of 67 and c. 67 Let i(m) = -m**3 + 3*m**2 - m. Let y be i(3). Let a be ((-21)/14)/(y/40). Calculate the highest common divisor of a and 30. 10 Let v = -1128 - -2208. What is the highest common factor of 225 and v? 45 Let i be 2107/7 + -2 - 4. Calculate the highest common divisor of i and 59. 59 Let m(t) = t - 2. Let q(u) = -4*u + 7. Let c(w) = 11*m(w) + 4*q(w). Let s be c(-6). Suppose 7*p - 72 = 4*p. What is the greatest common divisor of p and s? 12 Let d = 408 - 166. Calculate the greatest common divisor of d and 44. 22 Suppose 4*x - 28 = -4*s, 2*x - 5*s + 15 = -3*x. Let f be (-5)/3*(-6)/1. What is the highest common divisor of x and f? 2 Let k be (-3 - -83)/(1 - (3 + -4)). Let m = -6 + 11. Suppose 270 + 30 = m*v. What is the highest common divisor of k and v? 20 Suppose 3*j + 4*z + 7 = 0, 2*j + 2*z = -2*z - 2. Let c(l) = -l**2 - 4*l + 7. Let t be c(j). Calculate the greatest common factor of t and 5. 1 Suppose 5*y - 2260 = 5*o, o - y = 2*y - 454. Let t = o + 637. Let h = t - 122. What is the highest common divisor of h and 8? 8 Let p(u) = u**3 - 6*u**2 + 2*u - 2. Let s = 29 - 23. Let c be p(s). What is the greatest common divisor of c and 90? 10 Let t(z) = 9*z**2. Let f be t(4). Suppose 2517*c - 2537*c + 360 = 0. Calculate the greatest common factor of c and f. 18 Let g = -56 - -120. Suppose g = 2*w + 4*a - 128, w + 4*a = 92. Calculate the greatest common factor of 25 and w. 25 Let k(u) = 39*u**2 - 159*u + 15. Let c be k(5). What is the highest common divisor of 105 and c? 15 Let k be (0 - -1) + (7 - 1). Suppose -313 - 359 = -32*u. Calculate the highest common factor of u and k. 7 Suppose 26*j - 1022 + 330 = 608. Let k = 369 + -244. What is the greatest common factor of j and k? 25 Suppose 1240 = c + 4*c - 3*d, 0 = -4*c + 5*d + 992. Let r = c - 83. Let u(l) = 4*l - 1. Let w be u(4). Calculate the highest common divisor of w and r. 15 Suppose 4*a + j - 124 = 0, 3*j - 4 = 2*j. Calculate the highest common factor of 1470 and a. 30 Let i be 121/22*(7 - -1). Let f = i - -19. What is the highest common divisor of f and 9? 9 Let f = -42 - -21. Let l(g) = g**2 + 18*g - 27. Let k be l(f). Calculate the greatest common divisor of k and 72. 36 Let g = 224 - 92. What is the highest common divisor of g and 96? 12 Suppose -4*t + 80 + 8 = 0. Suppose t - 160 = -3*w. Calculate the highest common fac | Low | [
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Judy Long and Jim Scott understand the nature of winning streaks. Take their beloved Auburn University football team: On Dec. 1, the Tigers had won five in a row and were ranked No. 2 in the College Football Playoff rankings. But a month later, Ms. Long and Mr. Scott watched its two fiercest rivals, Georgia and Alabama, advance to the national championship game, while Auburn finished its season by losing in the Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl to unbeaten University of Central Florida. Ms. Long and Mr. Scott know something about the longevity of streaks. Both spent more than 50 years in the glow of what they describe as near-perfect marriages, then were brought low by the deaths of their spouses. But love, as Ms. Long, 83, and Mr. Scott, 80, learned late in life, has a way of winning. “This was not supposed to happen,” said Mr. Scott of his relationship with Ms. Long, which turned romantic in 2015 after decades of friendship. “I never intended it to happen, and Judy never intended it to happen. But together we have 105 years’ worth of experience being married. So we like to tell people we’re pretty sure we know what we’re doing.” | Mid | [
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Writing And Thoughts Freedom and Responsibility in the Face of Absurdity The modern individual's condition is repeatedly presented with such a tyranny of contradicting choices that the pressure to choose “right” can often feel overwhelming. The aisles of life seem to stretch forever into a fog-- infinite and absurd--every step revealing shelf on top of shelf overflowing with multitudes of mouthwatering politics and dessert options. People are challenged with important, large decisions constantly. Though there never appears to be any solid guide toward the right one. But, more important are the choices they are confronted with in the midst of their everyday life: Wine or workout? Ideas of right and wrong are so convoluted that one is often inclined to make no choice at all; or, latch their faith onto popular pre-written ethical doctrines--of which were formerly, and always, derived by other fleshy and flawed human beings--and risks becoming misguided, disillusioned. Not only do these ethics often fail people when they abide by them too strictly--not giving room for intuition, spontaneity, and subjectivity-- but, the larger risk is that of alienation from oneself. While being seduced and swayed by the ethics of the popular and public, people risk losing touch with themselves, their responsibility and their will. They seem to merge with something larger and greater; if it is not analysed and criticised with care, something groundless and fleeting. “God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him…”, Friedrich Nietzsche writes in “The Gay Science” (Nietzsche 67). God is dead to the existentialist. He had died a long time ago-- the mourning period has long past as well--and it's about time individuals start taking responsibility for the freedom that God's tragic death has granted them. However, what entails one's total utilization of their own freedom? What responsibility does one have for their full and effective, or perhaps neglectful, use of freedom? In the eyes of the existentialist individuals have the freedom to make themselves what they will, and they, unlike other beings, are not bound completely by any primordial, objective plan or purpose; nor the society and culture that surrounds them. Their existence precedes their essence (Sartre 206). “...there is no human nature, because there is no God to have a conception of it’’ Jean-Paul Sartre explains in “Existentialism is a Humanism, “Not that he is simply what he conceives himself to be, but he is what he wills, and as he conceives himself after already existing--as he wills to be after that leap towards existence. Man is nothings else but that which he makes of himself ” (Sartre 207). Before “God's death”, humans perceived themselves to carry a human nature--a purpose--to abide by and to guide them. Just as an author writes a book for someone to be read, and to guide his reader through a story he thought he ought to tell, God had created humans with a preconception of their teleological destiny. Like an author, God guides individuals further into their story the way He thinks they should go--the right way. But, to the existentialist because there is no God to have written the fate of any person's life story, an individual has the freedom and responsibility to write their own stories--“The Story of So and So”. Still, one must recognize their facticity, and the things they cannot control. For one is born with a partially written story, an unfinished book. There's already a unique book cover blanketing a mysterious and complex introduction to one's genealogy and history . It may already have pages missing, some scratches and stains, and the book will inevitably wear with the natural aging of their bodies and minds. Regardless, there will always be more pages to to tell one's story. To transcend beyond one's past. At the very moment an individual finishes writing the tragedy of getting their heart broken, or the comedy of a late night conversation and a bottle of wine, or the epic of graduating college, they begin a new story. At every moment humans transcend their own facticity and create themselves how they wish their self to be. Simone De Beauvoir writes in “The Ethics of Ambiguity, “The characteristic feature of all ethics is to consider human life as a game that can be won or lost and to teach man the means of winning” (Beauvoir 23). Beauvoir explains that the choices that every individual makes all play a role in the trial and error style game of life. Because there is no God that has destined the ethical life of individuals that make up a society, the individual holds complete responsibility in their freedom to disclose the ethics required for a life well lived. “It has been a long and stressful day”, a man may think. “Who would it bother if I were to dig into the ole’ Jägermeister, and numb just a wee bit of this pain I am affected by--help me get to sleep. This choice is not hurting anyone. Nowhere it says a man cannot drown his own sorrows”. Consequently, if this man does indulge in intoxication, and perhaps continue to do so in the face of all distresses and discomforts, he must not deny his responsibility for injecting into the world his drunken ethics. He must accept a potential world where everyone always quells their discomfort and distress with a shot of Jäger. Between who someone was and who they wills themselves to be always resides an anguishing choice. If one does not carefully inspect their choices through the lens of total responsibility, they in turn ignore the anguish necessary for authentic choice, and thus suppress their own freedom. Everyday choices carry so much power and importance because they not only declares to oneself and the world who this one is, but also proposes how he believes all people should be. Sartre writes, “And, when we say that man is responsible for himself, we do not mean that he is responsible only for his own individuality, but he is responsible for all men...of all the actions a man may take in order to create himself as he wills to be, there is not one which is not creative, at the same time, of an image of man such as he believes he ought to be” (Sartre 208). Not only do an individual's choices wholly reflect who they are and their ethical lives, but they also propose and ethical guide for all humans. For the existentialist there is nowhere else but in individual freedom, the core of the human condition, to look for such a pure justification of what is right and wrong. With so much responsibility to make choices and build the truths of the human condition, individuals are continually threatened by the intoxicating power to declare through their choices, to themselves and the world, that they are merely their own conception of themselves. They reduce themselves to the facticity of his life: their job, their status, their illness. Sartre brands this endeavor as “bad faith”. They make no projects for themselves, no goal to transcends what has already been written in their book. They view and reduce themselves to what their book already reads, and they neglect to write more--to write how they wish the human life to be. The pages continue to turn, but their title, their being, has changed from something abstract, unique, and infinite--“The Story of So and So”-- to something concrete and stagnant--“The Life of so and so The Waiter, or The Artist”. The title, or rather the identity, of one's given name holds no concrete concept. A surname in no way defines who someone is and who they will themselves to be. But, titling and identifying, and thus reducing, one's story to merely the story of one's vocation, or any other facticity which simplifies them, one is pressured to act precisely as their concept of that specific entity. They neglect to recognize their transcendence as the essential aspect of their being. For humans are always transcending. Even in the act of reducing themselves humans sadly utilize their own original transcendence to attempt to banish the absurdity of their condition. Beauvoir fights humans futile attempts to quell their anguish when she writes, “To attain his truth, man must not attempt to dispel the ambiguity of his being but, on the contrary, accept the task of realizing it. He rejoins himself only to the extent that he agrees to remain at a distance from himself” (Beauvoir 13). Human lives are filled to the brim with facticity, and these very real entities can often appear as limitations. But, for most humans the most terrifying fact of all is time and mortality. From the very beginning individuals persist to become more confident in, and through, the inevitability of their death. This terrifies and feeds humans. For without death there would be no incentive to live, and death places even more responsibility for one’s lives, for one’s freedom. Whether an individual's choices reflect a drunk ethic or sober ethic, maybe a truthful ethic or a swindling ethic, at any point they could die and leave his story, his guide, for all humans. Every individual holds the responsibility to be aware that the choices they make in life reflect how they feel all humans should make choices, and should write their story through the anguishing filter of this responsibility. Moreover, individuals must use their freedom to disclose their facticity to understand their past and limitations, so as to allow themselves to continually transcend it towards another goal--to perpetuate freedom rather than block it. A project which will of course later become another facticity to disclose and transcend. “Man, Sartre tells us, is ‘a being who makes himself a lack of being in order that there might be being’” (Beauvoir 11). | Mid | [
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# [DAGMapper: Learning to Map by Discovering Lane Topology](http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_ICCV_2019/papers/Homayounfar_DAGMapper_Learning_to_Map_by_Discovering_Lane_Topology_ICCV_2019_paper.pdf) _August 2020_ tl;dr: Use RNN to draw DAG boundaries of lane lines. #### Overall impression There are several works from Uber ATG that extracts polyline representation based on BEV maps. - [Crosswalk Extractor](deep_structured_crosswalk.md) - [Boundary Extractor](boundary_extractor.md) - [Polyline Loss](hran.md): lane lines - [DAGMapper](dagmapper.md): merges/forks This is one application of RNN in boundary extraction. Previous work include [Polygon-RNN](http://www.cs.toronto.edu/polyrnn/poly_cvpr17/), [Polygon-RNN++](http://www.cs.toronto.edu/polyrnn/), [Curve GCN](https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2019/papers/Ling_Fast_Interactive_Object_Annotation_With_Curve-GCN_CVPR_2019_paper.pdf) also from Uber ATG. The main idea is to create a structured boundary to boost the efficiency for human-in-the-loop annotation. [Polyline Loss](hran.md) focuses on easier lane topology on highways, and [DAGMapper](dagmapper.md) focuses on highway driving, and focuses on hard cases like forks and merges. [Polymapper](polymapper.md) only focuses on extracting road network and do not have lane-level information. The tool is based on RNN, thus autoregressive and does not have a constant runtime for images with varying number of nodes. The way DAGMapper defines **node (control points)** and calculate their loss is very insightful. There is no unique way to define control points, and therefore instead of directly regressing L1/L2 distance of prediction and annotated control points, a Chamfer distance loss is used, which calculates the normalized distance between two densely sampled curves. --> This idea actually comes from [Polyline Loss](hran.md). #### Key ideas - Loss: [Chamfer distance](http://vision.cs.utexas.edu/378h-fall2015/slides/lecture4.pdf). - Evaluated on densely sampled polyline points. - **Adding or removing a control points in a straight line will not change loss.** - Curve matching: Dilate each curve with a radius then compare IoU. This can be seen as a different way to compare two curves as compared to Chamfer distance. - Given an initial point - Predict turning angle - Predict next node location - Predict status (merge, fork, continue) - **DT (distance transformation)** is an efficient feature for mapping - Thresholded invert DT - Encodes at each point of the image the relative distance to the closest lane boundary. - Threshold, binarize and skeletonize DT and use the endpoints as seeds. --> How? #### Technical details - HD maps - contain information about location of lanes, lane line types, crosswalks, traffic lights, rules at intersection, etc. - HD map has cm level accuracy. - Semantic landmarks in HD maps are annotated by hand in an BEV image. - Resolution: 5 cm / pixel - Results: - P/R/F1 = 0.76 @ 2pix = 10 cm threshold. This is evaluated with the densely sampled polyline points. - P/R/F1 = 0.96 @ 10 pix = 50 cm. - Topology accuracy = 0.89 #### Notes - Many mapping papers before only focus on the coarse level of mapping (no lane-level information), such as [PolyMapper](polymapper.md), . They focus on road network extraction and semantic labeling, and are not suitable for autonomous driving. - HD map + DL papers include - [End-to-End Deep Structured Models for Drawing Crosswalks](https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_ECCV_2018/papers/Justin_Liang_End-to-End_Deep_Structured_ECCV_2018_paper.pdf) <kbd>ECCV 2018</kbd> - [Hierarchical Recurrent Attention Networks for Structured Online Maps](https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_cvpr_2018/papers/Homayounfar_Hierarchical_Recurrent_Attention_CVPR_2018_paper.pdf) <kbd>CVPR 2018</kbd> - [Convolutional Recurrent Network for Road Boundary Extraction](https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2019/papers/Liang_Convolutional_Recurrent_Network_for_Road_Boundary_Extraction_CVPR_2019_paper.pdf) <kbd>CVPR 2019</kbd> | Mid | [
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Q: CakePHP submit form with validation problem echo $this->Form->create('Comment', array('url'=>array('controller' => 'comments', 'action' =>'add', $listposts['Post']['id']) ) ); echo $this->Form->input('post_id',array('type'=>'hidden','style'=>'width:30%','value'=>$listposts['Post']['id'])); echo $this->Form->input('name',array('style'=>'width:30%')); echo $this->Form->input('email',array('style'=>'width:30%')); echo $this->Form->input('body',array('rows'=>'5')); echo $this->Form->end('Submit'); If any of that three fields is empty it's still saving data into table. How can i stop saving data if one input field is empty. But the column of comments table is not null. mysql> describe comments; +----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | post_id | int(11) | NO | MUL | NULL | | | name | varchar(255) | NO | | NULL | | | email | varchar(255) | NO | | NULL | | | body | varchar(500) | NO | | NULL | | | created | datetime | YES | | NULL | | | modified | datetime | YES | | NULL | | +----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec) Comment model => <?php class Comment extends AppModel { var $useTable='comments'; var $belongsTo = array('Post'); } Model with validation but it's not displaying any message , but it doesn't save data. post<?php class Comment extends AppModel { var $useTable='comments'; var $belongsTo = array('Post'); var $validate = array( 'name' => array( 'required' => true, 'rule' => 'notEmpty', 'allowEmpty' => false, 'message' => 'Enter Name.' ), 'email' => array( 'required' => true, 'rule' => 'notEmpty', 'allowEmpty' => false, 'message' => 'Enter Email.' ), 'body' => array( 'required' => true, 'rule' => 'notEmpty', 'allowEmpty' => false, 'message' => 'Enter Body.' ) ); } A: In your controller Add these line and then check what is the error displaying.. i think surly it will work properly. with empty fields u submit a form error will display $this->Comment->set($this->data); if ($this->Comment->validates()) { if ($this->Comment->save($this->data)) { $this->Session->setFlash('Comment saved ', 'default')); } else { var_dump($this->Comment->invalidFields()); //OR $this->Comment->validationErrors(); } } else { var_dump($this->Comment->invalidFields()); //OR $this->Comment->validationErrors(); } A: Change your Model <?php class Comment extends AppModel { var $useTable='comments'; var $belongsTo = array('Post'); var $validate = array( 'name' => array( 'rule' => array('maxLength' , 80), 'required' => true, 'message' => 'Please enter your name' ), 'body' => array( 'rule' => array('maxLength' , 80), 'required' => true, 'message' => 'Please enter your body' ), 'email' => array( 'rule' => 'email', 'required' => true, 'message' => 'Please enter a valid email address.' ), ); } ?> | Mid | [
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Q: Why is the pattern is being matched incorrectly to my input? The Pattern: ^<p .*> </p>$ The Input: <p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" class="MsoNormal">aaa</p><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" class="MsoNormal"> </p> The entire input is being matched. I tried it on: http://regexstorm.net/tester and A: Regular Expressions are generally "greedy". That means that they will match as much as possible. Your expressing include .* which will match any characters 0 or more times. That includes all the <p>...</p> which are in the middle. Also, the expression is trying to match the whole line due to ^...$' being used. In essence, your regular expression is matching exactly what you asked it to do: a whole line that starts with <p and ends in > </p> If you're looking for a particular section of the string you're searching, you need a better regex | Low | [
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16 IMAGES The isometric action-adventure game features a mixture of action, puzzle-solving, and exploration, and is currently available on iPhone and iPad, Android, Apple TV, PC, Mac, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch.It also has physical copies available for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita.Oceanhorn is heavily inspired by the Zelda series and has sold over 1 million copies across all platforms. Developer Cornfox & Bros. is currently at work on the sequel, Oceanhorn 2: Knights of the Lost Realm Brian Barnett is an IGN Freelancer. You can follow him on Twitter @Ribnax | Mid | [
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Q: Simple query from Dataflow to BigQuerySource throws exception I'm trying to write a simple Dataflow job that utilizes the query parameter within the BigQuerySource class. In simplest terms, I can access a BigQuery table using the BigQuerySource class, and then filter against it. I cannot query / filter directly against the BigQuery table using the BigQuerySource. Here's some code. Filtering in-line, within my Dataflow pipeline, works fine: import argparse import apache_beam as beam parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() parser.add_argument('--output', required=True) known_args, pipeline_args = parser.parse_known_args(None) p = beam.Pipeline(argv=pipeline_args) source = 'bigquery-public-data:samples.shakespeare' rows = p | 'read'>>beam.io.Read(beam.io.BigQuerySource(source)) f = rows | 'filter' >> beam.Map(lambda row: 1 if (row['word_count'] > 1) else 0) f | 'write' >> beam.io.WriteToText(known_args.output) p.run() Replacing that middle stanza with a single line query gives an error. f = p | 'read' >> beam.io.Read(beam.io.BigQuerySource('SELECT 1 FROM ' \ + 'bigquery-public-data:samples.shakespeare where word_count > 1')) The error returned looks like a syntax error. (a29eabc394a38f62): Workflow failed. Causes: (a29eabc394a38cfa): S04:read+write/Write/WriteImpl/WriteBundles+write/Write/WriteImpl/Pair+write/Write/WriteImpl/WindowInto(WindowIntoFn)+write/Write/WriteImpl/GroupByKey/Reify+write/Write/WriteImpl/GroupByKey/Write failed., (fb6d0643d7f13886): BigQuery execution failed., (fb6d0643d7f13b03): Error: Message: Encountered " "-" "- "" at line 1, column 59. Was expecting: <EOF> Do I need to escape the - characters in the BigQuery project name? A: In BigQuery Legacy SQL - you should escape whole table reference with [ and ] For Standard SQL you should use back-ticks for the same reason See also Escaping reserved keywords and invalid identifiers | Mid | [
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Income Inequality May Be Here to Stay The gap between the Haves and the Have-Nots is growing larger almost every day. Workers are giving more and more but getting less and less in return. But this story is about much more than one group making more money than the other – it is about the system being rigged to the point that we have US citizens dying every single day because they can’t afford the basic necessities that the rest of us take for granted. | Low | [
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Crystalline Structure, Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Potassium Hexatitanate: A Review. Potassium hexatitanate (PHT) with chemical formula K2Ti6O13 has a tunnel structure formed by TiO2 octahedra sharing edges or corners and with the potassium atoms located in the tunnels. This material has attracted great interest in the areas of photocatalysis, reinforcement of materials, biomaterials, etc. This work summarizes a large number of studies about methods to prepare PHT since particle size can be modified from millimeter to nanometric scale according to the applied method. Likewise, the synthesis method has influenced the material properties as band-gap and the final mechanical performance of composites when the reinforcement is PHT. The knowing of synthesis, properties and applications of PHT is worthwhile for the design of new materials and for the development of new applications taking advantage of their inherent properties. | High | [
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If you’re running a tech startup in New York City, Watson wants to meet you — Watson, IBM’s legendary supercomputer, that is. To help shake its persistent image as a stodgy producer of enterprise tech, IBM has launched a concerted effort to introduce Watson to the myriad startups in the New York City technology scene. The Watson Group is using Ted Angelus and his team at Bluewater Labs as pathfinders into NYC’s bustling technology hive. Angelus prides himself on his underground tech cachet, so receiving a call from IBM requesting he be a guide for Big Blue into the Big Apple was a shocker. “They’re trying to get people to recognize that they’re not an old, outdated company run by a bunch of 60-year-olds wearing blue suits,” said Angelus, whose company functions as a NYC-based tech community organizer and consulting group. IBM announced the formation of the Watson Group in January with a $1 billion infusion of cash. It will move into a gleaming building in St. Marks Place, just down the street from Keith Richards’ old flat, in September. A new $100 million venture fund will bankroll developers building apps with Watson. When the Watson Group HQ is completed, it will house 2,000 employees devoted to burnishing and expanding the Watson brand. “It’s not your grandfather’s IBM,” said Michael DiTanna, 23, the Watson Group’s senior advisor for digital strategy. With the eager DiTanna helping to spearhead the program, IBM is casting a wide net. “At the end of the day, we’re after innovation that matters,” he said. Image Credit: Courtesy Watson Group But Watson can’t get to know startups without the assistance of some key people, like Angelust. “No startup is too small to work with Watson, and there’s still many people who don’t know who the hell Watson is,” Angelus said. Angelus and his team have been tasked with organizing educational seminars on the benefits of building apps with Watson at NYC’s popular Turntotech, a mobile education startup on the East Side. The first official Watson Group seminar will be held at Turntotech next week, with a focus on health care and finance. Watson has grown a lot since it beat the tar out of top-ranked “Jeopardy” contestants in 2011 in a series of shows watched by millions. Since then, IBM opened up Watson to developers in the medical and healthcare arena, for example. Watson is also now a cloud platform, open to developers. IBM is banking on Watson to find uses in e-commerce, artificial intelligence, wealth management, the food service industry, and crucially, helping to someday find a cure for cancer. There’s now Chef Watson, the Watson Engagement Advisor, and Watson Analytics, which were announced previously. Watson, it seems, is everywhere. But it’s a stretch to say everyone knows what it really is yet. “So many people are trying to get their head around Watson,” Angelus said. But Watson is already making inroads in New York. Researchers at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in Manhattan are using the technology, for instance. “Researchers can take an individual cancer patient’s DNA, put it into Watson, and Watson, using different databases, will tell you what kind of treatment is recommended,” Angelus said. “This is personalized healthcare, actually, compliments of Watson,” he said. Over at Turntotech, employees are already bracing for the onslaught of developers keen on lending their app-building skills to the ever-more-compact artificial intelligence technology. (Watson used to run on a computer the size of a large living room, but has now shrunk to the size of several large pizza boxes, said marketing director Sean Moskowitz.) One hundred people showed up last week to an informal introductory Watson workshop. “We’re going to do the workshops weekly, to keep up with demand,” Moskowitz said. Meanwhile, IBM is quickly and fervently trying to move away from its “man in a grey suit” image. In fact, the Watson Group is on a hiring binge, looking for talented developers and designers of all types. “Do you want to serve search ads — or cure brain cancer?” DiTanna said. It seems IBM is sparing no expense to leave the past behind. The interior of Watson’s new home was designed by the engineers at Oblong Industries, the same crew that created the special effects for the Tom Cruise blockbuster “Minority Report.” “We’re absolutely hiring,” said DiTanna, 23, the face of the “new” IBM. “Indie developers, everybody. People you wouldn’t even expect.” | Mid | [
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Q: Change font used in the tab-bar of TreeStyleTab Firefox 3.6.8 on Ubuntu 9.10; using TreeStyleTab 0.10.2010040201. I use the tab-bar on the right, and I would like to see more of the tab names without widening the bar. The default font used is Sans, I believe; I would like to use something like condensed DejaVu Sans. I haven't found anything in the settings, nor in the about:config page, so I presume I can play some .css trick, but I don't know where to start. How can I do this change? A: Install Stylish extension: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/2108/ Then add this script: @namespace url("http://www.mozilla.org/keymaster/gatekeeper/there.is.only.xul"); .tabbrowser-tabs .tab-text { font-size: 4mm !important; font-family: Condensed DejaVu Sans !important; font-weight: bold !important; color: #ffffff !important; text-shadow: 0 0px 2px rgba(0,0,0,2), 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0,1) !important; } Change options to your linking. It will look like this: A: You can tweak firefox UI fonts, colors etc by editing the userchrome.css file. The process is explained with a long list of snippets for "common" tweaks here. Or if u just want to tweak the font, you can check this is a short tutorial. As per the official mozilla howto Neither userChrome.css nor userContent.css exist by default. If you want them, you create them in the chrome subdirectory underneath the user's profile directory. userChrome.css controls CSS for the UI chrome of the Mozilla application; userContent.css controls CSS for content inside windows. | Mid | [
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Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Further Reading Syria: UN-Arab League envoy calls for transitional government with full powers 27 December 2012 – Calling for "real change" in Syria, the Joint Special Representative of the United Nations and the League of Arab States for the war-torn country, Lakhdar Brahimi, said today a Syrian transitional government with full executive powers "must be" created until elections can be held. Speaking in Damascus, Mr. Brahimi also elaborated on the idea of deploying an international peacekeeping force to the country to monitor a hoped-for peace deal that would end violence that has killed tens of thousands of Syrians. "The change required is not cosmetic," Mr. Brahimi told journalists in the Syrian capital at the end of a five-day trip to the country, during which he met with President Bashar al-Assad. "Syria and the Syrian people need, want and look forward to real change. And the meaning of this is clear to all," he added. Mr. Brahimi's call reflects a plan that emerged six months ago from an international meeting in Geneva on Syria for the establishment of a national unity government for the country, which has been gripped by violence since protests that began against Mr. al-Assad 21 months ago turned into a revolt amid a crackdown by authorities. Since the unveiling of the so-called "Geneva communiqué," forces opposed to Mr. Assad have gained territory as well as a number of military installations in Syria's north, media reports say. Anti-Assad forces are also reported to be expanding their presence in Damascus. Mr. Brahimi said that a failure by the Syrians themselves to find a solution to the conflict meant that the international community needed to step up its collective efforts to help them. "The solution is in bringing closer Syrian points of views," he said. "If the Syrians are incapable of doing this on their own, then the international community, their neighbours and everyone else must assist them in doing so, and assist them in doing good." The UN-Arab league envoy will be in Moscow this Saturday for talks, and said he plans to hold additional meetings with United States and Russian officials after two earlier rounds of talks with top officials of those countries earlier this month. "These two countries have influence and a global responsibility, which qualifies them to help in searching for solutions that we look forward to in Syria," Mr. Brahimi said. The official noted that statistics no longer conveyed the full horror of what was unfolding in the Syria. "The truth is, when one mentions figures, they appear cold," he said. "When one says there are (four) million internally displaced (people), what does it mean?" Mr. Brahimi warned that current projections placed the number of people driven by the conflict to other countries in the region as refugees would exceed one million by the middle of next year, up from half a million registered refugees now. "The situation is bad and is worsening (and) the Syrian people are suffering unbearably…" he said. "Those who can have mercy on the Syrian people should do so." In calling for a transition government, the Joint Special Representative signalled that there could be no compromise over its level of powers. "What must be established is a government with full executive powers…" he said. "All the powers of government should be with this government." While he also said that the transitional period should not be allowed to lead to the collapse of the state or its institutions, he left open the possibility that the eventual elections could be for a reformed leadership structure. "These elections will be presidential if it is agreed that the system will remain presidential, as is currently the case, or parliamentary elections if there is agreement that the system in Syria is to be changed to a parliamentary system," Mr. Brahimi said. The envoy said peacekeepers were needed to provide "strong observation" of a peace deal, but insisted that such a deployment would not constitute an international occupation of the country. "These are not foreign forces; they only come with the agreement of the parties," he said. "When we reach a stage of speaking about peacekeeping forces, it means that there is an agreement, and, thankfully, the parties have agreed that they need these forces." Mr. Brahimi's talks in Syria marked his third visit to the country since becoming the international Syria envoy in August. He said he told not only Mr. Assad, but also opposition groups he met both "inside and outside" the country, of his proposals for peace. "The talks are still ongoing," he said, adding that Syrians have to resolve their differences, but with "a lot of help from the outside." Mr. Brahimi has also been engaged in a series of other meetings in the region and elsewhere as part of his efforts to bring about a negotiated, political solution to end to the fighting in Syria. He has previously stated that a peace process could be based on the Geneva communiqué, which was issued after a meeting in the Swiss city of the so-called Action Group for Syria in late June and which lays out key steps in a process to end the violence in Syria. Amongst other items, the Geneva communiqué called for the establishment of a transitional governing body, with full executive powers and made up by members of the present Government and the opposition and other groups, as part of agreed principles and guidelines for a Syrian-led political transition. The Action Group is made up of the Secretaries-General of the UN and the Arab League; the Foreign Ministers of the five permanent members of the Security Council – China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States – as well as the Turkish Foreign Minister; the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; and the Foreign Ministers of Iraq, Kuwait and Qatar, in their respective roles related to the Arab League. | Low | [
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Physical health and mental disorder in elderly suicide: a case-control study. The psychological autopsy method was used to study 95 cases of suicide. Ninety-five comparison subjects matched for gender, age, region, and date of death were selected from the death register. This study showed that suicide cases did not differ from controls with regard to the number of chronic health problems and, compared to the suicide cases, the controls had less functional autonomy six months prior to death. If minor and sub-threshold depression cases were included, 74.7% of the suicide cases would have been considered as having a mental health disorder compared to 12.6% in the control group. When the effect of other co-variables were controlled for, multivariate analysis showed that suicide cases and controls did not differ according to marital status, education, income, and living arrangement. Furthermore, suicide cases were no more likely than controls to seldom meet with family members or friends or to have been isolated during the six-month period preceding their death. Our findings suggest that detection of psychiatric disorders, mainly depression, must be included in late life suicide prevention strategies. | Mid | [
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#region License // // Copyright (c) 2018, Fluent Migrator Project // // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. // You may obtain a copy of the License at // // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 // // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and // limitations under the License. // #endregion using System; using FirebirdSql.Data.FirebirdClient; using FluentMigrator.Runner; using FluentMigrator.Runner.Initialization; using FluentMigrator.Runner.Processors; using FluentMigrator.Tests.Logging; using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection; using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging; using NUnit.Framework; namespace FluentMigrator.Tests.Integration.Processors.Firebird.EndToEnd { [Category("Integration")] [Category("Firebird")] public class FbEndToEndFixture { private static readonly FirebirdLibraryProber _firebirdLibraryProber = new FirebirdLibraryProber(); private TemporaryDatabase _temporaryDatabase; protected string ConnectionString => _temporaryDatabase.ConnectionString; [SetUp] public void SetUp() { if (!IntegrationTestOptions.Firebird.IsEnabled) Assert.Ignore(); _temporaryDatabase = new TemporaryDatabase( IntegrationTestOptions.Firebird, _firebirdLibraryProber); } [TearDown] public void TearDown() { if (_temporaryDatabase == null) return; FbDatabase.DropDatabase(_temporaryDatabase.ConnectionString); _temporaryDatabase.Dispose(); _temporaryDatabase = null; } protected void Migrate(string migrationsNamespace) { MakeTask("migrate", migrationsNamespace).Execute(); } protected void Rollback(string migrationsNamespace) { MakeTask("rollback", migrationsNamespace).Execute(); } protected TaskExecutor MakeTask(string task, string migrationsNamespace, Action<ProcessorOptions> configureOptions = null) { var services = new ServiceCollection() .AddFluentMigratorCore() .AddLogging(lb => lb.AddDebug()) .AddSingleton<ILoggerProvider, TestLoggerProvider>() .ConfigureRunner(builder => builder .AddFirebird()) .Configure<RunnerOptions>(opt => opt.AllowBreakingChange = true) .AddScoped<IConnectionStringReader>(_ => new PassThroughConnectionStringReader(ConnectionString)) .WithMigrationsIn(migrationsNamespace) .Configure<RunnerOptions>(opt => opt.Task = task); var serviceBuilder = services.BuildServiceProvider(); return serviceBuilder.GetRequiredService<TaskExecutor>(); } protected bool TableExists(string candidate) { return IsInDatabase(cmd => { cmd.CommandText = "select rdb$relation_name from rdb$relations where (rdb$flags is not null) and (rdb$relation_name = @table)"; cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("table", candidate.ToUpper()); }); } protected bool ColumnExists(string tableName, string candidateColumn) { return IsInDatabase(cmd => { cmd.CommandText = "select rdb$field_name from rdb$relation_fields where (rdb$relation_name = @table) and (rdb$field_name = @column)"; cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("table", tableName.ToUpper()); cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("column", candidateColumn.ToUpper()); }); } protected bool IsInDatabase(Action<FbCommand> adjustCommand) { bool result; using (var connection = new FbConnection(ConnectionString)) { connection.Open(); using (var tx = connection.BeginTransaction()) { using (var cmd = connection.CreateCommand()) { cmd.Transaction = tx; adjustCommand(cmd); using (var reader = cmd.ExecuteReader()) { result = reader.Read(); } } tx.Commit(); } } return result; } } } | Low | [
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To meet the demand for higher integration density and operating speed of LSIs, the effort to reduce the pattern rule is in rapid progress. The wide-spreading flash memory market and the demand for increased storage capacities drive forward the miniaturization technology. As the advanced miniaturization technology, manufacturing of microelectronic devices at the 65-nm node by the ArF lithography has been implemented in a mass scale. Manufacturing of 45-nm node devices by the next generation ArF immersion lithography is approaching to the verge of high-volume application. The candidates for the next generation 32-nm node include ultra-high NA lens immersion lithography using a liquid having a higher refractive index than water in combination with a high refractive index lens and a high refractive index resist film, EUV lithography of wavelength 13.5 nm, and double patterning version of the ArF lithography, on which active research efforts have been made. As the pattern feature size is reduced, approaching to the diffraction limit of light, light contrast lowers. In the case of positive resist film, a lowering of light contrast leads to reductions of resolution and focus margin of hole and trench patterns. For mitigating the influence of reduced resolution of resist pattern due to a lowering of light contrast, an attempt is made to enhance the dissolution contrast of resist film. Chemically amplified resist compositions comprising an acid generator capable of generating an acid upon exposure to light or EB include chemically amplified positive resist compositions wherein deprotection reaction takes place under the action of acid and chemically amplified negative resist compositions wherein crosslinking reaction takes place under the action of acid. Quenchers are often added to these resist compositions for the purpose of controlling the diffusion of the acid to unexposed areas to improve the contrast. The addition of quenchers is fully effective to this purpose. A number of amine quenchers were proposed as disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 3. With respect to the acid labile group used in (meth)acrylate polymers for the ArF lithography, deprotection reaction takes place when a photoacid generator capable of generating a sulfonic acid having fluorine substituted at α-position (referred to “α-fluorinated sulfonic acid”) is used, but not when an acid generator capable of generating a sulfonic acid not having fluorine substituted at α-position (referred to “α-non-fluorinated sulfonic acid”) or carboxylic acid is used. If a sulfonium or iodonium salt capable of generating an α-fluorinated sulfonic acid is combined with a sulfonium or iodonium salt capable of generating an α-non-fluorinated sulfonic acid, the sulfonium or iodonium salt capable of generating an α-non-fluorinated sulfonic acid undergoes ion exchange with the α-fluorinated sulfonic acid. Through the ion exchange, the α-fluorinated sulfonic acid thus generated by light exposure is converted back to the sulfonium or iodonium salt while the sulfonium or iodonium salt of an α-non-fluorinated sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid functions as a quencher. Further, the sulfonium or iodonium salt capable of generating an α-non-fluorinated sulfonic acid also functions as a photodegradable quencher since it loses the quencher function by photodegradation. Non-Patent Document 1 points out that the addition of a photodegradable quencher expands the margin of a trench pattern although the structural formula is not illustrated. However, it has only a little influence on performance improvement. There is a desire to have a quencher for further improving contrast. Patent Document 4 discloses a quencher of onium salt type which reduces its basicity through a mechanism that it generates an amino-containing carboxylic acid upon light exposure, which in turn forms a lactam in the presence of acid. Due to the mechanism that basicity is reduced under the action of acid, acid diffusion is controlled by high basicity in the unexposed region where the amount of acid generated is minimal, whereas acid diffusion is promoted due to reduced basicity of the quencher in the overexposed region where the amount of acid generated is large. This expands the difference in acid amount between the exposed and unexposed regions, from which an improvement in contrast is expected. Despite the advantage of improved contrast, the acid diffusion controlling effect is rather reduced. As the pattern feature size is reduced, the edge roughness (LWR) of line patterns and the critical dimension uniformity (CDU) of hole patterns are regarded significant. It is pointed out that these factors are affected by the segregation or agglomeration of a base polymer and acid generator and the diffusion of generated acid. There is a tendency that as the resist film becomes thinner, LWR becomes greater. A film thickness reduction to comply with the progress of size reduction causes a degradation of LWR, which becomes a serious problem. The EUV lithography resist must meet high sensitivity, high resolution and low LWR at the same time. As the acid diffusion distance is reduced, LWR is reduced, but sensitivity becomes lower. For example, as the PEB temperature is lowered, the outcome is a reduced LWR, but a lower sensitivity. As the amount of quencher added is increased, the outcome is a reduced LWR, but a lower sensitivity. It is necessary to overcome the tradeoff relation between sensitivity and LWR. | Mid | [
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Post navigation What really happens in Britain. And elsewhere Two guys working at a bike shop in Bury St. Edmunds got bored back in September of 2017 and decided to cremate a mouse. (“As you do,” as people in Britain say when someone’s done something strikingly odd.) They ended up doing £1.6 million worth of damage. It took twelve fire crews–sixty firefighters–seven hours to put out the fire. As of late June, they were still out on bail. None of the articles I read said what happened to the mouse. We can only hope its ashes were handled with appropriate respect. * Irrelevant photo: I’m not sure what we’re looking at here. Possibly honesty. That’s the name of a plant, not a comment about me admitting that I’m not sure. Since Notes is about Britain, let’s talk about something that has nothing to do with it: a translation of Game of Thrones into Spanish. Before the series ended, the upcoming plot twists in Game of Thrones were more tightly protected than the deliberations of Britain’s cabinet–which is setting the bar about as close to the floor as possible–so translators were given something like twenty seconds to translate an hour’s episode. The actors who spoke the translation got a further twenty seconds and then had to swear that they’d forgotten every line they spoke. As a result, in a not-so-recent but crucial scene, when a character called out, “She can’t see us” (he was talking about a dragon, but you don’t really need to know that) the harried translator supplied the actor with a set of sounds that don’t form a word in Spanish: sicansíos, which is pronounced, very roughly, see-can-SEE-oss. The reason that’s a rough approximation is that any attempt at phonetic spelling in English is doomed. The actor didn’t have time to say either “what??” or “this doesn’t make sense.” He just voiced the sounds and moved on. The hounds of hell and the twenty-second time limit were nipping at his heels. What else was he supposed to do? Now, one of the nice things about Spanish is that you can look at a set of syllables that make no sense and at least know how to pronounce it. In English, the whole thing would come to a screaming halt while the actor said, “Look, I’m not arguing about whether this mess makes sense, but will somebody at least tell me how to say it?” The papers (maybe that should be singular; I haven’t read them all) claim sicansíos might just replace no nos puede ver. For about twenty seconds. * And since we’re on the topic of things that have nothing to do with Britain, a survey in the U.S. asked some three thousand people if Arabic numerals should be taught in the schools. Roughly two-thirds said no. Why? The survey did’t ask, but I have to assume it’s because they’re Arabic. And, you know, Islamic. And likely to turn our children terroristical. So what are Arabic numerals? They’re the standard mathematical symbols, starting with 0 and going up to 9, that infiltrated our schools centuries ago and are no doubt responsible for the sorry state of the world today. They combine in infinite patterns and they terrorized me during my school years, right up to the time I was old enough to drop math. I still wake up screaming, although at least one of my math teachers was (as far as I could tell) a very nice person. But even I will admit that Arabic numerals are a lot easier to work with than Roman numerals. Ever try adding MCLII to XIIL? If Roman numerals are the alternative, yes, Arabic numerals should be taught. Arabic numerals were actually developed by Indian mathematicians but they spread to Europe from the Arab world, picking up their name along the way. Another survey, in 2015, asked people if they supported bombing Agrabah, the imaginary city where the Disney film Aladdin was set. I don’t have an overall number, but 30% of Republicans and 19% of Democrats thought it would be a good idea. I know that’s a minority, but my friends, I despair. * The shop in our village closed last year, as shops have in lots of British villages, in large part because people can order their groceries online and have them–or something vaguely like them–delivered to their door. So what’s it like to order groceries online? Funny you should ask, because a recent newspaper article surveyed some of the more unlikely substitutions that stores had made when they didn’t have what the customer ordered. Top marks go to Tesco, which didn’t have a birthday candle shaped like a five and sent two twos and a one instead. They didn’t include any plus signs, so that would make the kid well over a hundred. All of which combines to make one reason I’ve never ordered groceries online. Of course, it helps that I can still drive and have to time to wander dazedly through the aisles myself, wondering where they moved the flour the last time they re-disorganized the place and how many candles it takes to add up to five if I’m working in Roman numerals instead of Arabic ones. And whether spring onions make an appropriate gift for a five-year-old. The people who fill the orders apparently can override the substitutions the computer suggests, but if they’ve gone comatose with either boredom or overwork and don’t notice that anything odd has happened, they (very understandably) won’t. * When did rabbits first come to Britain? It’s been assumed that the Normans brought them, but one lone bone found in a Roman palace has destroyed that belief. They were here when the Romans were and they dressed in sandals and itty bitty little suits of leather armor. They tried the feathery helmets but the style just didn’t work for them, what with their long ears and all, although I have it from a reliable source that they liked the look a lot and envied the humans who wore them. * Who owns England? Half of the land is owned by 1% of the population. Homeowners (nationally, that’s 62.5 % of the population) all rolled in together own 5%. Now we come to the odd bit: how you find the proportion of homeowners–you know, that 62.5% that looks so convincing in the last paragraph. Based of Lord Google’s predictive text, you find it by asking for the proportion of homeowners who own their own home. I’ll give that a minute to land in your brain and detonate. I’d have thought 100% of homeowners owned their homes, but I’m a word person. I never have been good at math. It’s 62.5% and the other, um, is it 37.5% of homeowners? I can’t explain what they own, if it’s not their homes, that puts them in the homeowners category. But, um, yeah, I’m sure the number’s accurate, I just can’t be sure what it’s a number for. And, what the hell, if it isn’t accurate, just substitute some other number. If you’ve seen one number, you’ve seen ‘em all. What other rash assumptions did I make about land ownership? I assumed the aristocracy and landed gentry had long since doddered off into richly deserved irrelevance. Silly me. They own at least 30% of the land–possibly more, since 17% of the land is unregistered, meaning it’s probably (information on land ownership is fiendishly hard to find) inherited and has never been bought or sold. The owners are, many of them, the descendants of the Norman barons, still holding what their ancestors seized in 1066. It’s impressive, in a screwed up sort of way. Another 18% is owned by corporations, 17% by “oligarchs and City bankers,” 8.5% by the public sector. Less than 2% each is owned by conservation charities, the royal family, and the Church of England. If that adds up to more or less than 100%, recalculate it in Roman numerals and it’ll work out perfectly. Farmers don’t seem to have been broken out into a separate category. I don’t know why or what that means. I do know that farming itself breaks down into many categories and may be harder to define that it sounds like it would be. If you keep pet llamas or rescue donkeys–or, I assume, horses–your land’s considered agricultural. He had to apologize to the Commons for breaching its rules by being late in declaring £52,000 of outside income in addition to not declaring an apparent 20% interest in a property in Somerset. He’s maneuvering to be the next prime minister now that Theresa May has finished stabbing herself in the back. For the most part (I haven’t read the morning headlines yet) this involves keeping his mouth shut so he doesn’t say anything exceedingly silly while the other candidates admit to drug use and lack of drug use and make promises to cut taxes on the rich–or occasionally not to. One did his best to cozy up to Larry the Cat, 10 Downing Street’s resident cat, who’s outlasted more than one incumbant. What’s Grenfell Tower? An apartment building that has become shorthand for, among other things, the arrogance of people whose bureaucratic decisions affect other people’s lives and deaths. The building went up in flames when a faulty refrigerator set the cladding–which is British for siding–on fire, spreading the fire unbelievably quickly to the entire high rise (or tower block if we’re speaking British). Residents had been pointing out safety violations in the building for years and were ignored, because what did they know? Besides, it costs money to fix things. Seventy-two people died in the fire. 36 thoughts on “What really happens in Britain. And elsewhere” I have it on highly unreliable authority that the reason Roman numerals and lettering was phased out was because the stone masons’ and scribes’ unions combined and threatened murderous acts in the Rotunda. I once had some garlic chicken offered to me as a substitute for lettuce. When I said I couldn’t accept it, because I’m a vegetarian, they were confused about why it was an issue. I got the money refunded, and they took the chicken away, but I’m pretty sure they never did figure out what was wrong with the substitution. Luckily, these things don’t happen to me regularly, and most of the substitutions make sense and are acceptable. Just as well really, since I don’t have a car, and the way the shops are disorganized makes me hate going to them, so ordering is easier. Plus, I live in an upstairs flat in a building without lifts, and if I order the food, the delivery guy helps carry it up the stairs. Silly girl, the obvious replacement for Arabic numerals would be Binary, not Roman. Think of the simplicity, the birthday candle factories would only have to turn out I and O, the five year old would only need IOI (or OIOI if you prefer), hard to say you were out of a 5, or a V if all you have to carry are I’s and O’s. All of which explains my reluctance to write fiction – why should I bother when the truth is always stranger…oh, yeah, and when I can’t ever think up good names for the my characters. Some pretty strange stuff you had going on up in here today. Would it be possible to bomb Somerset, very locally, when Johnson is there? Somerset. Not Abgrah or whatever it’s called. Your post depressed me dear. I’ve given up reading the Mexican news for obvious reasons. The Frog news give me the creeps. I’m going to re-read Enid Blyton’s fab 5. I still have them. In the attic somewhere. I shouldn’t quibble with other people’s escape reading–my own taste in escapism’s pretty bad–but I can’t help saying that Blyton wrote one of the word’s worst lines of dialogue: ” ‘Woof, woof,’ said Timmy.’ ” I don’t know. I read the French version, totally adapted, names, places. Cousin Claude lives in Brittany. “Ouah! Ouah” dit Dagobert.” (The dog is Dagobert, named after a famous 5th or 6th century Framk king. And pray tell what escape reading has your fancy? (Agatha Christie) Not Agatha Christie, but given that I just said it’s trashy I think I’ll be evasive. A bit of science fiction, a bit of mystery. The problem is that so much of what I find isn’t well written, which leaves me impatient. What the world needs (along with some compassion, which is sadly lacking these days) is some well-written trash. Science fiction and mystery. well, well. I follow you on that. Frank Herbert’s Dune is a lesson in political science. Particularly the Matriach’s house. Micahel Connelly and a few american mystery writers are a good respite for current world affairs. I must say I like the villains being caught and the good guys to triumph. (Pure Fantasy!) Remember that animals speak foreign languages. French roosters say “Cocorico” and not some Cockadeedledoo nonsense. ;) B. Good, said Johnny. I just loved this and the way you write! American here. And it doesn’t surprise me at all about bombing Aladdin’s fictitious home town. So disappointing! Just so you know, I’m not really aligned with that stuff. It’s sort of depressing to be associated with the US sometimes. Anyway, thanks for the fun facts and an entertaining post! I know how you feel, but we (and I’m also American, along with, now, being British) are not our government. And we’re not all the most closed-minded sector of our country–the one that wants to drop real bombs on fictional places. But yeah, it can get tiring, the number of times I have to explain that the problems all stem from them not having let me cast enough votes in the last election. “Some days it’s hard to be any more unlikely than reality.” … some years ago I was pondering the plot and setting for a book I was going to write. And after a while I laid it aside as being too weird and unrealistic. Recently I have discovered that reality is even worse, that way. But… here’s the rub: how do I convince my readers of that?!?? :D I’d say ground it in realistic everyday detail, pretty much the way magical realism does. I know (or I think I do): You didn’t want an attempt at a serious answer, but I’ve wrestled with the same issue and can’t help myself. I wrote a political satire about conspiracy theories (Open Line, she said so casually that a casual observer would barely notice it had entered the conversation) years before they went fully mainstream, and at the time it seemed very far over the edge of the real world. It took me a long time to get the beast published and I was frantic to get it into print before reality outpaced the looniest things I could come up with. Ellen, you are right – I wasn’t looking for a serious answer. Not because I wouldn’t appreciate one (I do!), but because it takes rather more time to be serious – and you are busy enough with your life already. ;) But, oh – I understand the temptation which made you answer as you did! :) I have spent most of my life looking at technology, politics, past history and future projections of where we were and where we are going. One way or another. ;) So, a near-future story, some 40 years or so from today… Main point: being near-future, I get to look at the outcomes of what are just trends today, and comment on them. The US, I estimate, should by then have converted their present oligarchy into a full dictatorship with with strongly fascistic tendencies. [warning – snarky passage…] Actually, lifting this from the Wikipedia article about Fascism, we are not that far from it right now, today: “Such a state is led by a strong leader—such as a dictator and a martial government composed of the members of the governing fascist party — to forge national unity and maintain a stable and orderly society. Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature and views political violence, war and imperialism as means that can achieve national rejuvenation. Fascists advocate a mixed economy, with the principal goal of achieving autarky (national economic self-sufficiency) through protectionist and interventionist economic policies.” [… end snark] There is quite a bit more about the world as such – but the main point: the Internet has splintered, and so has the world economy. The main blocks are: the US, the EU, China, Russia. Britain has gone through some really bad times after Brexit, but has lately achieved a kind of mediator role, both tradewise and politically. I also believe we will have fully-workable quantum computers by then, which may be just what we need in order to finally achieve a true, self-aware AI. So my heroine steals the first, workable prototype of an AI from a Chinese research lab… and then it goes from there. ;) Of course, things change the more we work with them – and it turned out that the AI was actually a far more interesting person than the human I thought I was writing about. :D And then … I started blogging. And discovered that I could do exactly the same thing with the blog as I wanted to do with the story – only faster and easier (though, sadly, without the exciting plotline ;) ). It sounded good until you told me the AI was more interesting than the central character. That took some of the shine off it, although I suppose the AI is a character. But it does sound like a good plot. But really, consider it for a moment – you have a mind awakening to consciousness – without any of the urges and instincts which drive us. What would such a mind be like? It is common to depict it as cold and machine-like, but why? Will it be “infected” by its physical, non-biological nature? I really don’t see why. There are number of determining characteristics for such a mind. One would be the ability to perform lightning-quick calculations, and a photographic memory. Another would be deep and abiding puzzlement about humans and the way we do things. And then… there is this: what are “emotions” actually? To the extent that we can say that emotions are a projection of non-conscious responses to the present based on past experiences and memories (which is one way of viewing it), then the only prerequisite for giving the AI emotions would be, that there is a subconsciousness. Which, based on the way we do neural networks today, is pretty much a given anyway. So what I ended up with is essentially an alien child awakening to a cynical world which is all out to get her and put her back in prison, and she gets to travel most of it in all kinds of scary circumstances while learning what makes humanity tick… ;) | Low | [
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Q: TextField, Labels and ComboBox INSIDE Drop Down Pane in Java Swing Java Swing: I recently started learning Swing and I want to add several labels, one button, and three combo box INSIDE A Drop Down Pane! When the user clicks the drop down pane, you can see labels, textfields and comboboxes which will contain the values and when the users clicks drop down pane again, then all the textfields, labels etc are hidden. Is it possible and if yes then could you please help me out (code would be very much appreciated). If you did not understand the design then please visit emirates.com and click on 'Book a Flight'! I'll be trying to implement that type of design A: If you want a multi-row data display object, and you want multiple interactable components on the row, don't use the wrong tool, a JComboBox, for this. Use a better tool: a JTable. | Low | [
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397 F.Supp.2d 557 (2005) Joan ESHELMAN, Plaintiff v. AGERE SYSTEMS, INC., Defendant. No. Civ.A. 03-CV-1814. United States District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania. October 19, 2005. *558 *559 *560 *561 Ronald H. Surkin, Gallagher, Schoenfeld, Surkin & Chupein, Media, PA, for Plaintiff. David S. Fryman and William K. Kennedy, Ballard, Spahr, Andrews & Ingersoll, LLPP, Philadelphia, PA, for Defendant. MEMORANDUM OPINION RICE, United States Magistrate Judge. This case presents the issue whether sufficient evidence supported a jury's verdict that plaintiff's employer perceived her as substantially limited in the major life activities of working and thinking. Although the parties disagree on the precise contours of the legal question, its resolution depends on whether the employer regarded plaintiff as disabled under the American with Disabilities Act ("ADA") based on evidence of a chemotherapy-related memory impairment. I hold that the jury verdict was supported by sufficient evidence. I. Introduction Following a four-day trial, a jury awarded plaintiff Joan Eshelman $200,000 in damages ($170,000 in back pay and $30,000 in compensatory damages) from defendant Agere Systems, Inc. ("Agere") for its violation of Eshelman's rights under the ADA and the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act ("PHRA"). Agere now seeks to overturn the verdict and requests that I grant judgment in its favor as a matter of law, or alternatively, that I grant a new trial. Agere contends Eshelman failed to offer sufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict that Agere regarded her as disabled, that she had a record of being disabled, and that Agere failed to accommodate her disability. Under any theory, the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to Eshelman must satisfy the ADA's requirement that the physical or mental impairment substantially limited one or more major life activity. Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471, 489, 119 S.Ct. 2139, 144 L.Ed.2d 450 (1999); Bragdon v. Abbott, 524 U.S. 624, 631, 118 S.Ct. 2196, 141 L.Ed.2d 540 (1998). The relevant inquiry must focus on evidence of Agere's subjective perception and recorded knowledge of Eshelman's impairment and its resulting limitations. Proof of an employer's subjective perception, of course, is rarely proved by direct evidence. Cf. Eichorn v. AT & T, 248 F.3d 131, 150 (3d Cir.2001) (in ERISA cases, "smoking gun" evidence of specific intent to discriminate rarely exists); Roebuck v. Drexel Univ., 852 F.2d 715, 731 (3d Cir.1988) (evidence of racial discrimination takes subtle and less apparent forms). A careful review of the record establishes sufficient evidence to prove Agere believed either sincerely or mistakenly that Eshelman's memory impairment substantially limited the major life activities of thinking and working, in violation of the ADA. Similarly, the jury had sufficient evidence to conclude Agere had a record of Eshelman's impairment that substantially limited a major life activity. Although the evidence established Eshelman had excelled at her job and was a highly regarded employee, the jury could have reasonably concluded Agere erroneously viewed her occasional memory impairment caused by the impact of chemotherapy from cancer treatment *562 as substantially limiting her ability to think or work.[1] When Eshelm in reminded Agere in 2001 of possible memory lapses that might temporarily impact her ability to travel to new job sites located between 45 minutes and 75 minutes from her residence, Agere without explanation removed Eshelman from the list of employees who would be offered jobs as part of a company-wide restructuring. For the following reasons, I deny Agere's motion. II. Legal Standard Judgment as a matter of law is required when "there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find for that party on that issue." Fed.R.Civ.P. 50(a). A Rule 50(a) motion should be granted only if, viewing all the evidence in favor of the nonmoving party, no reasonable jury could find liability. Grazier v. City of Phila., 328 F.3d 120, 123 (3d Cir.2003) (citing McDaniels v. Flick, 59 F.3d 446, 454 (3d Cir.1995)). Because a jury's verdict merits judicial deference, Herman v. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp., 524 F.2d 767, 771 (3d Cir.1975), only a critical deficiency of evidence justifies reversal. Starceski v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 54 F.3d 1089, 1095 (3d Cir.1995). Thus, the record must contain the "minimum quantum of evidence from which a jury might reasonably afford relief." Glenn Distribs. Corp. v. Carlisle Plastics, Inc., 297 F.3d 294, 299 (3d Cir.2002). I must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of Eshelman and may not make credibility determinations. Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000). To state a cognizable cause of action under the ADA, Eshelman must establish she is a "qualified individual with a disability."[2]See 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a); Marinelli v. City of Erie, 216 F.3d 354, 359 (3d Cir.2000). A "qualified individual with a disability" is "an individual with a disability who, with or without reasonable accommodation", can perform the essential functions of the employment position that such individual holds or desires. Id. A "disability" is defined as either (1) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities; (2) a record of such impairment; or (3) being regarded as having such an impairment. Id. Eshelman does not contend she was suffering from a disability at the time she was laid-off. Rather, she asserts her lay-off was impermissibly based on her record of impairment and her superiors' belief that she was disabled. The underlying cause of her limitation is not in dispute; it is the effect of any resulting limitation that establishes a claim of disability. See Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams, 534 U.S. 184, 198, 122 S.Ct. 681, 151 L.Ed.2d 615 (2002). A person is "regarded as" having a disability if she: (1) has a physical or mental impairment that does not substantially limit major life activities but is treated by the covered *563 entity as constituting such limitation; (2) has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits major life activities only as a result of the attitudes of others toward such impairment; or (3) has no such impairment but is treated by a covered entity as having a substantially limiting impairment. 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(1); see also Rinehimer v. Cemcolift, Inc., 292 F.3d at 381; Taylor v. Pathmark Stores, Inc., 177 F.3d 180, 187 (3d Cir.1999). To be "disabled" under the "regarded as" portion of the ADA's definition of disability, Eshelman must demonstrate that: (1) despite having no impairment at all, Agere erroneously believed that she had an impairment that substantially limited one or more of her major life activities; or (2) she had a non-limiting impairment that Agere mistakenly believed limited one or more of her major life activities. See Tice v. Centre Area Transp. Auth., 247 F.3d 506, 514 (3d Cir.2001) (citing Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471, 489, 119 S.Ct. 2139, 144 L.Ed.2d 450 (1999)). "Even an innocent misperception based on nothing more than a simple mistake of fact as to the severity ... of an individual's impairment can be sufficient to satisfy the statutory definition of a perceived disability." Deane v. Pocono Medical Center, 142 F.3d 138, 144 (3d Cir.1998); see also Taylor, 177 F.3d at 182. The relevant inquiry relates to the perception, or intent, of the employer; not whether the plaintiff was actually disabled at the time. Capobianco v. City of New York, 422 F.3d 47, 57 (2d Cir.2005). An employer may not "extrapolate from information provided by an employee based on stereotypes or fears about the disabled," Taylor, 177 F.3d at 193, but proof of stereotypes and prejudice is not required. Under any scenario, the perceived condition must be substantially limiting under the law. Sutton, 527 U.S. at 490, 119 S.Ct. 2139. The impairment must limit a major life activity and the limitation must be substantial. Capobianco, 422 F.3d at 56. The ADA's terms must be "interpreted strictly to create a demanding standard for qualifying as disabled," Toyota, 534 U.S. at 197, 122 S.Ct. 681, yet Congress also expressed a "strong remedial intent" to extend coverage beyond only individuals with extreme impairments. Taylor, 177 F.3d at 186. Although the statute does not define the term "major life activities," EEOC regulations identify major life activities as "functions such as caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, and working." 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(I). III. Evidence A. "Regarded as" Disabled Claim Eshelman began her career in 1981 with Agere's predecessor company, Western Electric. Over the next twenty years, Eshelman advanced through the company, eventually earning the position of supervisor of Chief Information Office (CIO) of Agere's Reading facility. In this position, Eshelman was responsible for supervising and supporting union technicians and acting as a liaison between union and management. Her work involved the use of computers, but she did not have the technical skills to write or install complicated programs. Eshelman was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1998 and took a leave of absence from work from September 1998 until March 1999. She returned to work on a part-time basis with the support of her supervisors, Joseph DiSandro and David Baily. After her return, Eshelman advised DiSandro and Baily she was having problems with her short-term memory, a condition she attributed to her cancer *564 treatment and referred to as "chemo brain."[3] Eshelman apparently was able to compensate for her memory deficit by carrying a notebook and making sure she took more notes than she had previously. Eshelman's need to take notes did not adversely affect her work performance or Agere's perception of her as a valued employee. Several months after returning to work, Eshelman advised her supervisors she had a concern about driving to unfamiliar places, which she also attributed to her chemotherapy and its resulting memory lapses. To compensate for her driving concerns, Eshelman arranged to car pool or participate in meetings by telephone. For example, in late 1999 or early 2000, a meeting was scheduled in Allentown, and she asked DiSandro if he would drive her to the meeting. Instead, DiSandro excused Eshelman from attending the meeting. Eshelman also testified that if she was going somewhere she "hadn't been for a while or someplace new," she would "go blank at times." Tr. 8/1/05 at 108. When this occurred, Eshelman would pull over to get her "focus back." Id. Eshelman would also travel to an unfamiliar location with someone several times "until it became familiar to me and I was able to retain it." Id. After her surgery, Eshelman would ride with one of the employees she supervised when she was required to attend meetings at Agere's facility in Breinigsville, Pennsylvania. It is uncontested that on her return to work, Eshelman excelled at her job, as evidenced by her outstanding performance appraisals, promotions, raises, and bonuses. Her performance appraisals were completed by DiSandro and included an overall assessment from DiSandro and Baily. Eshelman received the highest rating possible in the year of her leave of absence for cancer treatments and for the year 2000, when her performance earned her a substantial bonus of $10,000. In June 2001, DiSandro informed Eshelman she would be promoted to a higher managerial position. Baily approved the promotion and its $7,000 raise. Only four months later a business downturn decimated Agere, eventually resulting in the layoff of 18,000 employees worldwide and the closure of its manufacturing operation in Reading, Pennsylvania, where Eshelman had worked. As part of a company-wide reduction in force (Force Management Program or "FMP"), Eshelman was selected for lay-off effective December 30, 2001. Agere's handling of this process was the primary focus at trial. The FMP was designed to rank employees based on an objective assessment of skills that would be needed in the restructured company. Employees who scored below a certain level were identified for possible lay-off. Consistent with his desire to retain Eshelman, and based on her excellent past work history, DiSandro initially ranked Eshelman highly, and efforts were made to avoid selecting Eshelman for the lay-off by transferring her to other Agere locations. Unknown to Eshelman or even DiSandro, a transfer was necessary because the long-range plan of Agere included closing the Reading site, which *565 would eliminate Eshelman's job.[4] However, a transfer would increase her commute and require her to drive to the less familiar facilities in Breinigsville and Allentown. When DiSandro alerted Eshelman of the possibility of covering these additional sites, she expressed concern about traveling with her memory problems. Eshelman said she would "have trouble with the drive" without carpooling, explaining that "[s]ince my chemo my memory banks storing sense of direction are flawed a fact I don't like to brag about." (Pl.Exh. 7) (October 25, 2001 e-mail). Eshelman eventually formalized her concerns by sending DiSandro an e-mail on October 26, 2001, citing: 1) increased commuting expense; 2) hardship of daily commute, especially in bad weather; 3) the potential relocation expenses; 4) her husband's Berks County residency requirement; and 5) the potential for some telecommuting. (P. Exh. 10).[5] She also clearly stated her confidence in her ability perform any job. DiSandro discussed Eshelman's travel concerns with Baily and Stephen Levanti, Agere's senior manager in charge of manufacturing. At Baily and Levanti's direction, DiSandro changed Eshelman's score from one of the highest to one of the lowest in less than a day's time. DiSandro testified that the change in Eshelman's score was based, in part, on Agere's perception that Eshelman was unable to travel to Agere's Allentown and Breinigsville sites. Eshelman's new, lower score was also based on Agere's assessment of skills needed for the remaining positions at the new sites, as opposed to her past performance. Nevertheless, the issue was never discussed further with Eshelman. Instead, she was deemed lacking sufficient skills and laid off. The parties agree Baily's testimony is critical to resolving Eshelman's post-trial motions. Baily, who ultimately made the layoff decision, testified that a concern about Eshelman's ability to travel was one of three factors that made a difference in selecting Eshelman for layoff.[6] Baily acknowledged this concern was based on his knowledge that Eshelman had expressed difficulty with travel to new destinations as a result of a condition related to her treatment for breast cancer. When Eshelman was laid off, Baily associated her travel concerns with the memory issue caused by *566 her chemotherapy.[7] Yet, Baily also testified that Eshelman never appeared to be limited in her thought processes, and he did not believe she had any physical or mental problem that affected her ability to perform her job or any job that would remain after the restructuring at any Agere site. Moreover, Baily said Eshelman's ability and willingness to support sites other than Reading was not the deciding factor in the selection decision. Eshelman presented no evidence to rebut Baily's articulated reasons. In fact, counsel for Eshelman argued that Baily's concern about Eshelman's ability and willingness to travel to the other sites was the most powerful evidence of Agere's discrimination. The jury's verdict mandates that I credit such inferences. B. "Record of" Disability Claim Eshelman established that during her leave of absence her doctor regularly submitted documents to Agere concerning her condition. Eshelman kept Agere's Health Services Department's nurse informed of her health status, and her medical file recorded her cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatment with chemotherapy. Agere was also on notice of Eshelman's short-term memory loss because she told DiSandro and Baily about her condition and the steps she took to compensate for her memory limitation. Eshelman did not request any work accommodation, except that she be allowed to write down her assignments. This in no way affected her ability to perform her job requirements; her employment record establishes that after her return to work, Eshelman excelled at work. The other record of Eshelman's memory issues or driving concerns were e-mails to DiSandro on October 25 and 26, 2001, and DiSandro's interaction with his superiors on the issue, during the lay-off decision-making process. III. Discussion The evidence established Agere regarded Eshelman as having cancer-related memory difficulties, including her pre-layoff concern with driving to Agere's Allentown or Breinigsville facilities from her *567 home in Reading. I must determine whether the jury had sufficient evidence to conclude Agere perceived Eshelman's memory problems as substantially limiting her in the major life activities of thinking and working. The verdict must be sustained if the evidence shows that (1) Eshelman had no impairment, but Agere erroneously believed she did and that it substantially limited her ability to think or work; or (2) Eshelman had a non-limiting impairment that Agere mistakenly believed limited her ability to think or work. Eshelman contends that the jury verdict must be sustained under the following logic: (1) Eshelman is a breast cancer survivor; (2) her chemotherapy cancer treatment caused some memory loss problems; (3) thinking and working are major life activities; and (4) therefore, her memory problems affected her ability to perform essential functions of her job. Eshelman asserts that such evidence supports the jury verdict that she is substantially limited in the major life activities of working and thinking. At oral argument, Eshelman conceded that no legal authority directly supports her theory and I can find none. Agere contends it regarded Eshelman merely as having possible difficulty driving long distances or commuting to work, and the inability to perform these activities cannot establish a substantial limitation of a major life activity. Regardless how the question is characterized, Eshelman's contention that she is substantially limited in the major life activities of thinking and working ultimately rests on Agere's perception of Eshelman's memory problems. Eshelman's difficulty driving to Agere's facilities in Breinigsville and Allentown was only the most recent manifestation of her chemotherapy side effects. Agere also knew Eshelman had previously suffered from chemotherapy- related memory problems while traveling, had found it necessary to take additional notes at work, and needed to carpool with coworkers to remote business sites. Given this evidence, I cannot limit my inquiry solely to Eshelman's memory-related driving difficulties, as Agere suggests. Proof of a substantial limitation on the major life activity of working, which involves a class-based analysis, varies slightly from the proof required to satisfy other major life activities, such as thinking. The only Supreme Court decision to discuss a major life activity other than working is Toyota, 534 U.S. 184, 122 S.Ct. 681, which addressed the activity of performing manual tasks. Whereas the major life activity of working focuses on the effect of the impairment in the workplace, the major life activity of thinking focuses on the effect of the impairment on tasks central to most people's daily lives. Compare Toyota, 534 U.S. at 198, 122 S.Ct. 681 (to be substantially limited in performing manual tasks, impairment must prevent or severely restrict individual from doing activities "that are of central importance to most people's daily lives") with Sutton, 527 U.S. at 491, 119 S.Ct. 2139 (to be substantially limited in performing activity of working, impairment must prevent individual from performing a broad class of jobs, rather than a specific job); see generally EEOC v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 306 F.3d 794, 802-03 (9th Cir.2002) (discussing different analytical models for major life activities of working and seeing).[8] An impairment is substantially *568 limiting if it has a "permanent or long-term impact." Toyota, 534 U.S. at 196, 122 S.Ct. 681 (citing EEOC regulations); Taylor, 177 F.3d at 186 (citing EEOC regulations). The regulations[9] state an individual is substantially limited in the major life activity of working if there is a significant restriction in the ability "to perform either a class of jobs or a broad range of jobs in various classes as compared to the average person having comparable training, skills and abilities." 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(3)(I). To prevail on a "regarded as" claim under 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A), Eshelman must show she was discriminated against by Agere because it believed she was unable to work in a particular class or broad range of jobs, as required in the definition of disability under § 12101(a)(2). See Sinkler v. Midwest Prop. Mgmt. Ltd. Pshp., 209 F.3d 678, 686 (7th Cir.2000). Agere claims that Eshelman's problems driving and commuting cannot, as a matter of law, limit the major life activity of working. Its argument is premised on the notion that the ADA does not hold an employer responsible for ensuring that a physically or mentally impaired employee who can work is also able to navigate the route to the workplace. Yet this case is not simply about commuting and driving. Those activities were merely the recent manifestation of Eshelman's lingering memory problems from her cancer treatment; Agere also was aware of other examples of Eshelman's memory problems. The jury's verdict was based on a reasonable inference that as Agere selected the employees fortunate enough to remain in its reduced and restructured workforce, Agere viewed Eshelman's chemotherapy side effects either correctly or incorrectly as rendering her unable to think or work. Eshelman's driving difficulty was only one manifestation of those side effects. Although courts in other circuits have rejected ADA claims based on an impairment resulting in an inability or unwillingness to drive, none of those decisions squarely address Eshelman's case. Moreover, in light of Eshelman's other evidence of lingering cancer-related memory problems, I need not reach the question whether problems driving or commuting without more can substantially limit a major life activity. Thus, decisions rejecting ADA claims related solely to driving limitations fall short of addressing the more fundamental issue of Agere's perception of Eshelman's overall post-cancer memory impairment, e.g., problems going blank, the need to *569 carpool, and the increased need to take notes. For example, in Chenoweth v. Hillsborough County, 250 F.3d 1328, 1329-30 (11th Cir.2001), the Court held that an individual who experienced epileptic seizures and was unable to drive for six months was not disabled under the ADA where there was no evidence that she was unable to perform her work duties. Id. The Court rejected claims that driving was a major life activity and that the inability to drive substantially limited the ability to work. Id. at 1329-30. The Court noted that "millions of Americans do not drive, millions are passengers to work, and deprivation of being self-driven to work cannot be sensibly compared to inability to see or to learn." Id.; accord Collado v. United Parcel Service, 419 F.3d 1143, 1157-58 (11th Cir.2005) (citing Chenoweth). Eshelman's case differs from Chenoweth for two reasons. First, Eshelman did not contend driving was a major life activity. Second, the Court reviewed on summary judgment whether the plaintiff's inability to drive was disabling, not whether the employer regarded plaintiff as disabled. Thus, the Court focused on whether plaintiff had shown sufficient evidence she could actually perform her job. Id. at 1330. The distinction is significant; the employer's perception of Eshelman's limitation is the pivotal inquiry, not whether Eshelman was actually able to perform her job. It is tempting to conclude that because Eshelman had excelled in her job in the past and was recently promoted, Agere could not have perceived her as disabled when it was selecting its restructured workforce. This conclusion has even more allure because Agere was struggling with a massive worldwide layoff and was making difficult on-the-spot decisions about thousands of valued employees. The evidence could easily support such a conclusion if the jury had reached it. Instead, the jury drew the equally plausible conclusion that Agere perceived Eshelman as disabled based on multiple examples of her post-cancer history of memory problems. The jury could have reasonably concluded Agere chose to layoff Eshelman simply because she may not have been able to immediately step into a realigned workforce required to learn and remember new skills. As such, the evidence supports the verdict that Agere erroneously perceived Eshelman as precluded from performing a broad class of jobs, i.e., substantially limited in her ability to work. A recent Seventh Circuit decision illustrates the point. In Sinkler, 209 F.3d at 686, the Court held that a plaintiff's inability to remember driving directions did not substantially limit the major life activity of working. At first blush, the holding would suggest Eshelman's position lacks merit. Yet, the Court separately analyzed whether the evidence established plaintiff was actually disabled and "regarded as" disabled. The Court's analysis demonstrates the subtle nature of how "regarded as" cases under the ADA must be analyzed differently from cases involving proof of an actual disability. The plaintiff was diagnosed with a phobia that caused intense anxiety and distress when she had to drive in an unfamiliar area. Id. at 681. Although plaintiff could drive in Kenosha, Wisconsin, where she worked, her position as a regional sales manager required that she travel beyond Kenosha. Id. at 681-82. Her employer fired her, which she alleged violated the ADA. Id. at 682. Affirming the grant of summary judgment to the employer on the issue of actual disability, the Court held that "commuting" was not a major life activity, because it is not as "significant" an activity as working or the other activities listed in the ADA. Id. at 684-85. The Court also concluded that plaintiff's inability *570 to perform jobs that required travel to unfamiliar areas failed to constitute a substantial limitation on the major life activity of working. Id. at 685. The Court reasoned that "`[g]etting to and from work assignments' is not a major life activity," and that plaintiff's alleged phobia did not substantially limit her ability to work. Instead, it merely prevented her from taking jobs that required regular travel to places outside of her "comfort zone." Id. at 685. Inasmuch as "many sales jobs require business travel to unfamiliar areas," the Court did "not believe that these jobs amount to a broad enough class to constitute a substantial limitation." Id.[10] On the issue whether the employer "regarded" plaintiff as disabled, however, the relevant issue was whether the employer believed plaintiff's driving phobia limited the class of jobs plaintiff could perform more broadly than her phobia actually limited. Id. at 686. Thus, the Court acknowledged its inquiry must be refocused to determine a reasonable inference that the employer "believed her unable to commute to work generally." Id. The Court found a broad range of jobs remained open to the plaintiff despite her inability to commute as a sales manager, and there was no evidence the employer believed plaintiff "was incapable of driving at all." Id. at 687. Here, however, the evidence established Eshelman's memory problems were not limited to an inability to commute. In addition, Eshelman's memory problems resulted in her permanent layoff from all Agere jobs. Agere viewed her memory problems, which had resurfaced in the context of driving limitations, as a factor disqualifying her from its new restructured and relocated workforce. Agere's perception of Eshelman's memory problems proved fatal to her career. Eshelman's memory impairment was one of three factors that effectively precluded her from every job remaining under Agere's restructured operation outside of Reading. The jury's function was to determine whether Agere's non-discriminatory justification for Eshelman's layoff was the actual reason; it determined it was not. The evidence established Eshelman suffered a substantial limitation resulting from her memory impairment. The jury could have concluded Agere's perception of Eshelman's overall memory problems, not simply her difficulty learning driving directions to a new work site, effectively rendered Eshelman unable to perform any job at Agere. In isolation, Eshelman's driving difficulties may have proved insufficient. Viewed in the context of Eshelman's history of memory-related side effects from chemotherapy, however, Baily's testimony supports an inference that Agere believed either sincerely or mistakenly that memory problems rendered Eshelman unfit for any job in its restructured workforce. See Taylor, 177 F.3d at 188 (employer's perception that an employee cannot perform a wide range of jobs suffices to make out a "regarded as" claim). *571 The jury weighed all of the evidence: Baily's testimony, Eshelman's e-mails, the opinion of Eshelman's doctor, and Eshelman's testimony of how chemotherapy affected her return to work, i.e., her tendency to go blank, difficulty commuting, and her need to take notes. Agere cannot recast the verdict as based solely on Eshelman most recent driving difficulties. Allowing damages under the ADA based on this evidence will not impermissibly extend the ADA to cover employees with a mere inability to commute to the workplace. An employer violates the ADA when it believes an employee "has a substantially limiting impairment when, in fact, the impairment is not so limiting." Sutton, 527 U.S. at 476-77, 119 S.Ct. 2139. Examined in the light most favorable to Eshelman, the evidence established that as Agere cutback to a leaner, restructured workforce, it erroneously perceived Eshelman as significantly restricted in her ability "to perform either a class of jobs or a broad range of jobs in various classes as compared to the average person having comparable training, skills and abilities." 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(3)(i). Sufficient evidence supported the jury's view that Eshelman's uncontested cancer-related memory impairment which resurfaced in 2001 in the context of her willingness to commute caused Agere to perceive her as substantially limited in her ability to work. In addition, the jury could have concluded based on testimony of Eshelman's memory problems that Agere regarded her impairment as limiting the major life activity of thinking. The evidence established Agere believed her memory impairment prevented or severely restricted her "from doing activities that are of central importance to most people's daily lives." Toyota, 534 U.S. at 198, 122 S.Ct. 681. This, of course requires an "individualized assessment" of the effect of the impairment. Id. Eshelman's testimony that she tended to "go blank sometimes" and that she sometimes needed to pull over to "focus back" while driving to new locations could lead a reasonable factfinder to determine she was having trouble thinking and remembering, not merely struggling with the physical act of driving. See Gagliardo v. Connaught Laboratories, 311 F.3d 565, 569 (3d Cir.2002) (thinking, remembering and cognitive functioning are major life activities).[11] Baily's testimony supports an inference that he was concerned with Eshelman's cancer-related memory issues and her ability to learn new things in a new job. See, e.g. Tr. 8/3/05 (ability to travel "had an impact on whether she would be able to perform one of the remaining jobs"). Thus, if Eshelman had walked to work, and Agere had moved to a new plant also within walking distance, but nevertheless laid her off based on her undisputed history of memory problems, Agere's decision would be properly focused on Eshelman's ability to mentally process a new route. Viewed as such, Eshelman's commute is simply the manifestation of her limitations in thinking, i.e., her claim rests not on her inability walk to work, but on her difficulty processing new information. *572 The jury could reasonably infer that Agere perceived Eshelman as disabled with an overall difficulty thinking based on evidence of Eshelman's post-cancer side effects in its entirety. Historical evidence of Agere's highly positive view of Eshelman's past performance is, of course, relevant and could support an equally reasonable inference that Agere had no discriminatory intent. The jury, however, is presumed to have weighed such evidence and rejected it. A recent non-precedential opinion by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit does not undermine the verdict in this case. In Collins v. Prudential Investment & Retirement Serv., No. 03-2356, 119 Fed.Appx. 371, 375-76, 2005 U.S.App. LEXIS 148, at *9-14 (3d Cir. Jan. 4, 2005), the Court affirmed the grant of judgment as a matter of law when plaintiff produced insufficient evidence that she suffered from attention deficit disorder. The Court reasoned that plaintiff's success at work, her educational background, and her extensive involvement in civic and professional activities were inconsistent with substantial limitations in her ability to think. That decision, however, involved a question of whether the plaintiff was actually disabled, not whether she was mistakenly regarded as disabled by her employer. In Eshelman's case, the jury was required to look prospectively and examine Agere's perception of Eshelman as a candidate for retention in its new, smaller workforce. Eshelman's past performance, albeit relevant to the issue, is not dispositive. Moreover, as the verdict winner, Eshelman is entitled to all reasonable inferences from the evidence. Although Agere claims Eshelman's inability or unwillingness to support sites other than Reading was not the deciding factor in the lay-off decision, the jury's verdict establishes it rejected Agere's nondiscriminatory rationale. Viewed in the light most favorable to Eshelman, the evidence proved Agere regarded her as limited in her ability to think because it perceived her memory problems as preventing or severely restricting her in her ability to think, an activity "of central importance to most people's daily lives." Toyota, 534 U.S. at 198, 122 S.Ct. 681.[12] The Second Circuit's recent decision in Capobianco, 422 F.3d at 59-61, illustrates the proper inquiry whether an employer unlawfully regarded an employee as disabled. The Court reversed the trial court's grant of summary judgment against a plaintiff who had been fired from his job with the sanitation department because of night blindness. Id. at 50 Evidence that the employer perceived plaintiff as disabled included: prohibiting plaintiff from all driving at any time, designating plaintiff to clerical duties, and refusing to evaluate plaintiff's work performance for two rating periods because he was unjustly deemed "unrateable." Id. at 52. The Court held a jury could find that the employer incorrectly regarded plaintiff as unable to drive at any time because he was substantially limited in his ability to see at night and as being unable to perform anything *573 other than clerical duties. Id. at 60. Thus, a jury could find the employer believed plaintiff's night blindness substantially limited his ability to see as compared to the average person in the general population. Id. Similarly, in Taylor and Deane, the Third Circuit found sufficient evidence to support an employer's perception of the plaintiffs as disabled. In Taylor, 177 F.3d at 188-89, the employer relied on medical records to conclude plaintiff was unable to perform a wide range of jobs that required standing, walking, lifting, and moving. In Deane, 142 F.3d at 145, the employer perceived the plaintiff as disabled based on documented confusion by company officials concerning the true extent of the impairments. Although Eshelman offered no direct evidence that Agere regarded her as disabled, the jury could have reasonably inferred discriminatory intent based on Eshelman's medical history of memory impairment, the accommodations she had employed upon returning to work, and her cancer-related memory concerns. Agere was not required to have entertained any stereotype or fear about cancer survivors. It was sufficient that the jury weighed the stated reasons for her dismissal and concluded Agere believed a cancer survivor with memory problems had no place in its new workforce. Accordingly, I deny Agere's request for judgment as a matter of law with respect to Eshelman's claim that Agere regarded her as disabled. B. Record of disability claim I also hold the evidence established Eshelman had a sufficient record of a disability. In determining whether an individual has a record of a substantial limitation in a major life activity, I must consider the following factors: "the nature and severity of the impairment; the duration or expected duration of the impairment; and the permanent or long-term impact, or the expected permanent or long-term impact of or resulting from the impairment." 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(2)(i)-(iii). Although substantial limitations should be considerable, "utter inabilities" are not required. Albertson's, Inc. v. Kirkingburg, 527 U.S. 555, 565, 119 S.Ct. 2162, 144 L.Ed.2d 518 (1999). The determination whether a person has a record of disability must be made on a case-by-case basis. Sutton, 527 U.S. at 483, 119 S.Ct. 2139 Cancer is one of the substantially limiting conditions the ADA was intended to protect. Congress unequivocally stated its intention to protect individuals with a record of cancer. See H. Rep. No. 101-485, pt. 3, at 29 (1990). Interpretive guidelines to the ADA confirm the "record of" provision is intended to protect "former cancer patients from discrimination based on their prior medical history." 29 C.F.R. Pt. 1630 App. § 1630.2(k). Further, the EEOC's Technical Assistance Manual for the ADA confirms that the ADA "protects people with a history of cancer" even when their "illnesses are either cured, controlled or in remission." EEOC Technical Assistance Manual § II at 2.2(b). It is not enough to establish a record of a diagnosis and treatment for cancer to satisfy the requirements of the ADA. Eshelman must have a history of, or been misclassified as having, an impairment that substantially limits a major life activity. See Taylor v. Phoenixville Sch. Dist., 113 F.Supp.2d 770, 774 (E.D.Pa.2000) (Joyner, J.). Moreover, if Eshelman's condition fails to satisfy the definition of impairment set forth in 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A), she cannot assert she was terminated because she had a record of that condition. See Sinkler, 209 F.3d at 683 (citing Davidson v. Midelfort Clinic, *574 Ltd., 133 F.3d 499, 510 n. 7 (7th Cir.1998) (ADA requires "not simply a diagnosis, but a record reflecting the kind of impairment that would impose a substantial limitation on one or more of the plaintiff's major life activities")). If a plaintiff's condition does not rise to the level of a disability as defined by the ADA, she cannot recover even if her employer terminated her expressly because she had a record of her condition. Id. Agere had a record of Eshelman's breast cancer from her leave of absence between September 1998 and March 1999 for surgery and chemotherapy. Agere also acknowledges it was aware that Eshelman had complained of some short-term memory loss and had difficulty driving in unfamiliar places. The parties agree her job performance was excellent from the time she returned to work through the two and one-half years before she was laid-off. Although a leave of absence for a medical condition does not, by itself, create a record of a disability, see Dawley v. Erie Indemnity Co., No. 03-3860, 100 Fed.Appx. 877, 2004 U.S.App. LEXIS 10793 (3d Cir. June 3, 2004) (unpublished op.) (plaintiff who took a one-year leave of absence for surgery to remove a brain tumor and to recover from surgery did not suffer from a "physical impairment that substantially limits [a] major life activity," nor did he have a "record of such an impairment"), the jury had sufficient evidence to conclude that Eshelman had a record of being substantially limited in the major life activities of working and thinking. In one sense, the evidence can be viewed as proving that Eshelman demonstrated nothing beyond a temporary inability to work, with no residual limitations on her ability to work or think. Other than her leave of absence for cancer treatment, the evidence showed only a record of her inability to commute to Breinigsville or Allentown. Moreover, Agere regarded Eshelman as a valued employee and promoted her to a higher pay grade. Yet the jury apparently rejected this evidence and concluded that the record of Eshelman's cancer and ensuing memory problems precluded her from retention in Agere's restructured workforce. Perhaps the most powerful evidence of this fact is the abrupt reversal of Eshelman's score in the ranking of employees scheduled for layoff. Eshelman plummeted from the top of the list to the bottom of the list of favored employees after upper management learned of her memory-related travel concerns. A jury could reasonably conclude this established a record of an impairment substantially limiting Eshelman's ability to think and work. Although Agere forcefully contended Eshelman's new score resulted from its focus on skills needed for the remaining jobs, and not past performance, the jury weighed Agere's justification and found a discriminatory motive in Agere's action. C. Alternative Motion for a New Trial pursuant to Rule 59(a) Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. Rule 59(a), I also deny Agere's request for a new trial based on my decision not to instruct the jury that driving and commuting are not major life activities. I have broad discretion in deciding a motion for a new trial when the proffered ground is legal error. Klein v. Hollings, 992 F.2d 1285, 1289-90 (3d Cir.1993); Williamson v. CONRAIL, 926 F.2d 1344, 1348 (3d Cir.1991). Jury instructions are reviewed for abuse of discretion to determine whether they properly apprised the jury of the issues and the applicable law and are not misleading or inadequate. Dressler v. Busch Entertainment Corp., 143 F.3d 778, 780 (3d Cir.1998); see also *575 Hurley v. Atlantic City Police Dep't, 174 F.3d 95, 114-115 (3d Cir.1999). Agere asserts that by failing to instruct the jury that driving and commuting were not major life activities, I permitted the jury to consider driving and commuting as if they were major life activities. This claim lacks merit. Although I declined to instruct the jury on which activities, such as driving and commuting, are not major life activities, I properly instructed the jury on the two theories of recovery at issue in the case. Read in its entirety, therefore, the charge properly focused on the two relevant major life activities. Agere takes no issue with my description of those activities. Moreover, any failure to address the issue of driving and commuting is undermined by the existence of other evidence establishing Eshelman's cancer-related memory impairments, which Baily admitted considering in reaching the layoff decision. For the reasons set forth at trial, I also reject Agere's final contention that a new trial is warranted because I improperly allowed the jury to consider Eshelman's claim that Agere failed to accommodate her disability. Agere had sufficient notice in the complaint and a central issue at trial was the propriety of Agere's summary dismissal of Eshelman after she raised her memory-related travel concern. Contrary to Agere's post-trial assertion, the instructions did not lead the jury to believe that she had an actual disability. In fact, in the legal instructions on unlawful retaliation for requesting a disability, the jury was explicitly instructed that proof of actual disability was not required. Eshelman's actual disability was never at issue. Read as a whole, therefore, the instructions clearly submitted the case on the appropriate theories. An appropriate order follows. ORDER AND NOW, this day of , 2005, upon consideration of the Defendant's motion for judgment as a matter of law and/or new trial, the Plaintiff's response thereto, and the positions asserted by counsel at oral argument, and for the reasons set forth in the accompanying memorandum, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED the motion is DENIED. NOTES [1] All courts to address the issue have assumed based on Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471, 119 S.Ct. 2139, 144 L.Ed.2d 450 (1999) that working is a major life activity. I instructed the jury that working and thinking are major life activities, but declined to address the issue of driving because Eshelman did not assert it was the relevant major life activity. [2] My analysis of Eshelman's ADA claims applies equally to her Pennsylvania Human Relations Act ("PHRA") claims. See Rinehimer, 292 F.3d 375, 382 (3d Cir.2002); Taylor v. Phoenixville Sch. Dist., 184 F.3d 296, 306 (3d Cir.1999). [3] The record includes a letter from Eshelman's family physician Beverly J. Niehls, M.D., in support of her claim that she suffered a cognitive dysfunction resulting from her chemotherapy treatment referred to as "chemo brain." Although this correspondence does not contain an actual diagnosis that Eshelman suffers from this condition, Dr. Niehls explained that this condition "can include deficiencies in verbal memory and psychomotor functioning," and that Eshelman had "mentioned that she struggled with short term memory loss." (P's Exh. 43). [4] After Eshelman's lay-off, the Reading facility was closed; DiSandro and Baily were also laid off. [5] Eshelman chose not to mention her memory difficulties. [6] On cross-examination Baily testified that DiSandro provided information about Eshelman that was considered in this lay-off decision: QUESTION: What was the information that was provided? BAILY: Well, one information I knew on my own, was that Joan had not yet become more involved in application support, although that would have been a natural progression in her new role. The second was the need for specifically supervising union employees, was going to become less and less skill needed within Agere, unfortunately. The third was that a question arose regarding Joan's ability to travel extensively between, minimally, Breinigsville and possibly Allentown. QUESTION: That was your testimony [at the deposition] right? BAILY: That is correct. QUESTION: There were three reasons. The third was the travel reason. BAILY: The third was the ability to perform the job in Breinigsville and Allentown. QUESTION: And that was because of travel, not because she couldn't do it once she got there. BAILY: Her ability to travel and her willingness to travel, yes. QUESTION: So, it was a factor that made a difference, right? BAILY: Yes. (Tr. 8/3/05, at 215-16). [7] Eshelman asserts the following testimony establishes her "regarded as" claim: QUESTION: It is true, isn't it, that the question of Mrs. Eshelman's ability to travel to Breinigsville and Allentown was one of the factors that made a difference in the decision to put Joan Eshelman at risk? BAILY: It had an impact on whether she would be able to perform one of the remaining jobs at Breinigsville or Allentown. QUESTION: So, therefore, it was one of the factors that made a difference, correct? BAILY: It was a consideration, yes. * * * * * * QUESTION: But apparently, as you learned, Mrs. Eshelman was specifically asked about traveling to Breinigsville and Allentown, correct? BAILY: Evidently, from Joe's e-mails, yes. QUESTION: Okay. Mr. DiSandro, after he asked those questions, did report back to you that Joan had some concerns based or her personal situation. Correct? BAILY: Correct. QUESTION: Okay. And when he reported back to you, you connected those concerns with the effects of her cancer that you had known about from the past, right? BAILY: The concern of her driving with the connect-connection with the cancer, yes. QUESTION: Okay. So, you did make the connection. So, at the BAILY: At that time. QUESTION: time this decision-making process was going forward, with you as the ultimate decision maker, you knew that the issue that related to her ability to get to Breinigsville and Allentown was derivative of the problems subsequent to her cancer treatment, right? BAILY: Correct. (Tr. 8/3/05, at 213-14, 218). [8] The jury instructions failed to note this subtle difference and neither party objected to the charge as given or raised this point during the charge conference. Although Agere's proposed pre-trial instruction had noted the distinction, Agere did not contest the point when I inadvertently failed to include it in the charge. Moreover, neither party stressed the import of the distinction in their arguments to the jury and Agere does not cite it as a basis for a new trial. Thus, my failure to clarify between the limitations required for the activities of working and thinking does not constitute plain error affecting Agere's substantial rights under Fed.R.Civ.P. 51(d)(2). See Advisory Committee Notes (plain error analysis depends on obviousness of the mistake, importance of the error, cost of correcting the error, and impact of verdict on nonparties). Moreover, in Eshelman's case, the activities of thinking and working were closing intertwined and explored at trial solely through the context of Eshelman's suitability to remain in the Agere workforce. The error did not undermine the integrity of the trial and did not result in a miscarriage of justice. See Bostic v. Smyrna School Dist., 418 F.3d 355, 359 (3d Cir.2005); Fashauer v. New Jersey Transit Rail Operations, 57 F.3d 1269, 1289 (3d Cir.1995). [9] The persuasive authority of the regulations is an open issue since no agency has been given the authority to issue regulations interpreting the ADA. Toyota, 534 U.S. at 194, 122 S.Ct. 681; but see Tice, 247 F.3d at 515 n. 8 (deferring to EEOC regulations). [10] See also Wade v. General Motors Corp., 165 F.3d 29, 1998 WL 639162 (6th Cir.1998) ("inability to drive in darkness is a common phenomenon that, if classified as disabling, would make most of the American population over the age of 45 `disabled' under the [ADA]"); see generally Jones v. Family Health Center, Inc., 323 F.Supp.2d 681, 688 (D.S.C.2003) (granting summary judgment under Sinkler where plaintiff's impairments limited her ability to drive, but did not preclude her from a substantial class of jobs given her extensive education and experience); Palmisano v. Electrolux Corp., 2000 WL 1100785, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11015 (E.D.Pa.2000) (O'Neill, J.) (granting summary judgment under Sinkler where plaintiff failed to offer evidence that a 15-mile driving restriction would limit him from an entire class or broad range of jobs). [11] In Gagliardo, a plaintiff with multiple sclerosis was found substantially limited in her major life activity of concentrating and remembering as a result of the disease. Unlike Eshelman, however, Gagliardo presented evidence that her work performance suffered greatly as the result of her multiple sclerosis, as well as expert testimony that the disease was incurable, caused her fatigue and affected her ability to think, focus, and remember. Id. Gagliardo made mistakes at work, failed to complete assigned tasks, and was disciplined for poor job performance. Id. [12] Eshelman's reliance on on Champlin v. Wonewoc-Center Sch. Dist., 72 Fed.Appx. 445, 448 (7th Cir.2003) is misplaced. There, the Court noted that "attendance" is an essential requirement of most jobs, but it did so only in the context of whether a plaintiff was a "qualified individual" under the ADA, that is, whether she could perform the "essential functions of the employment position," not whether an inability to commute substantially limited the activities of working or thinking. See id. (citing EEOC v. Yellow Freight System, Inc., 253 F.3d 943, 948-49 (7th Cir.2001) (en banc) (plaintiff with "woeful" attendance record is not a "qualified individual" because ADA does not protect persons with erratic and unexplained absences even when they result from a disability)). | Mid | [
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Q: How to separate ring from cluster in cassandra We have a cassandra DSE cluster with 10 nodes for cassandra ring and 10 nodes for hadoop ring. Now the application writes the data to the cassandra ring and cassandra will replicate the data to hadoop ring. We want to separate the two ring's and make them as two different cluster's and application writes the data to two clusters at the same time. How to separate the cluster? is that possible? we have ~600GB of data in the cluster and we cannot delete it. A: You should test this first, but this basic procedure should work. It will need some tweaking if you have counters. Set your application writing to both DCs using LOCAL_QUORUM. Run repair on the whole cluster. This is to ensure each DC has a copy of the data. Isolate the clusters so the two DCs can't talk to each other, probably using a firewall. Assuming your DCs are DC1 and DC2, change your replication factor to be DC2:0 on DC1 and DC1:0 on DC2. On each DC, run 'nodetool removenode' for each node in the other DC. This will just remove the DOWN nodes from the ring but won't have any affect on the data because the other nodes have replication factor zero. This should work with zero data loss. | High | [
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stichomancy Stichomancy (literally, divination from lines) is the practice of seeking answers to the great metaphysical questions, as well as trying to gain insight into the meaning of existence and reality, by reading random passages from a book such as the Bible or the I Ching. | Mid | [
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Gorman-Rupp T3A61S-B Self Priming Sewage Pump By Hydro Innovations Share: Gorman-Rupp’s T3A61-B is a cast iron self priming centrifugal pump equipped with a 316 stainless steel impeller, seal plate and wear plate and a 17-4 PH stainless steel shaft for applications where wastewater is corrosive. They are also suitable as raw sewage pumps because of their solids handling capacity, their excellent NPSHr characteristics and their re-priming capability. They are also available in a variety of other materials of construction, including hardened iron (approx 400 Brinell) internals for abrasive applications, and CD4MCu (duplex stainless steel) for applications where the wastewater is both corrosive and abrasive. The T3A61S-B self priming sewage pump is an excellent solids handling pump, being able to handle spherical solids up to 63mm in diameter, and because of its self cleaning wear plate system, is able to handle stringy materials such as rags, gloves and plastic bags. The pumps are mounted “high and dry” above the wet well, giving operators easy access to the pumps, and they have a large removable cover plate which makes maintenance and removal of any blockages much simpler than that of submersible pumps. For additional corrosion protection, replaceable sacrificial anodes can be inserted into the pump. These anodes can protect the cast iron components of the pump to slow corrosion of these parts. Also, with the correct internal coating, these pumps have been hugely successful in the pumping of struvite rich environments like piggeries and supernatant pumping at sewage treatment plants. The pump has 75mm suction and discharge ports and is capable of flows to 25 l/s and heads to 32m. The pump can operate on suction lifts to 7.6m, and is capable of re-priming from 7.6m with a completely dry suction line and only a half casing full of water, making it ideal for continuous, unattended automatic operation. | High | [
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Q: How can I sort a flat array into a [key, array], array in Javascript? I have a flat list like so: [ {year: 2017, value: 1 }, {year: 2017, value: 2 }, {year: 2017, value: 3 }, {year: 2018, value: 1 }, {year: 2018, value: 2 }, {year: 2018, value: 3 }, {year: 2019, value: 1 }, ] etc.. I would like to restructure it like this: [ {year: 2017, values: [1, 2, 3] }, {year: 2018, values: [1, 2, 3] }, {year: 2019, values: [1] }, ] or even { "2017": [1, 2, 3], "2018": [1, 2, 3], "2019": [1] } I'm just trying to get an array per each year. How could I accomplish this? A: The full solution then: var aY=[ {year: 2017, value: 1 }, {year: 2017, value: 2 }, {year: 2017, value: 3 }, {year: 2018, value: 1 }, {year: 2018, value: 2 }, {year: 2018, value: 3 }, {year: 2019, value: 1 } ]; // your example var oYs= {}; // the new structure for(var i= 0; i < aY.length; i++){ var y= aY[i].year; if (oYs[y]==null){ oYs[y]= []; // create a new array of values } oYs[y].push(aY[i].value); // append the new value } | High | [
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]
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INTRODUCTION ============ The physics of intrinsic conjugated polymer (CP) semiconductors is well developed because of the major interest in light-emitting diodes ([@R1]), field-effect transistors ([@R2]), and organic solar cells ([@R3]). Heavily doped CPs, often in the form of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), have also been widely studied and explored for transparent electrodes ([@R4]), hole injection layers ([@R3]), and thermoelectrics ([@R5]). PEDOT:PSS is composited by the CP PEDOT and the polyelectrolyte (PE) PSS, in which the holes \[positive (bi)polaronic charge carriers\] on the PEDOT chains are electrostatically stabilized by the negatively charged sulfonate ions residing on the PSS chains ([Fig. 1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The surplus of sulfonate ions is compensated by positively charged mobile counterions, often in the form of protons or metal cations. After synthesis and processing into thin films, the PEDOT:PSS phase separates into PEDOT-rich regions of tens of nanometers in size, containing many 1- to 2-nm large crystallites ([@R6]), and a surrounding PSS-rich phase ([@R4]). In many applications, the moisture levels are relatively low, resulting in very low mobilities for the PSS counterions ([@R7]). Recently, there has been a significant interest in using and exploring CP-PE blends in aqueous applications for organic biosensors and bioelectronics ([@R8]), electrochromic displays ([@R9]), neuromorphic computing ([@R10]), and energy conversion ([@R11]) and storage ([@R12]). These applications use electrolytes or operate under elevated hygroscopic conditions, which render the counterions mobile and thus make the coupling of the electronic and ionic transport crucial ([@R13]). The electronic transport in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) ([@R14], [@R15]) has been quite successfully modeled for moderate carrier concentrations by the introduction of a volumetric capacitance in combination with the standard thin-film transistor equations ([@R16], [@R17]), although the used ideal capacitive charging approximation is simplistic and does not describe the charging behavior at lower carrier concentrations properly. Early models of dynamic systems with coupled electronic and ionic transport have typically been based on classical electrochemical Butler-Volmer models with an additional phenomenological term to account for the capacitive current ([@R18]--[@R20]). More recent works have been based on the drift-diffusion approach, which reproduces some dynamic current characteristics of CP-PE blends ([@R21]--[@R23]). However, these approaches fail to reproduce the experimentally observed volumetric capacitance of PEDOT:PSS ([@R24]), because the electronic and ionic charge carriers are treated as if they are existing in the same phase, with no electrostatic energy cost in charging the material, except from the contribution arising from diffusion gradients. This is not the case in reality because there is a spatial separation between the electronic and ionic charge carriers, similar to the electric double layers (EDLs) formed at the metal-electrolyte interfaces. Recent works argue that EDLs within CP-PE blends are responsible for the observed capacitive behavior ([@R6], [@R25]). The capacitive behavior of PEDOT:PSS has been qualitatively reproduced by explicit implementation of two-dimensional (2D) CP nanopores, although this approach is too computationally expensive to model realistic devices and did not consider the chemical potential of the holes. Overall, there exists no quantitative model that can relate the physical quantities to reproduce actual measurement data. Here, we present a novel drift-diffusion model of hydrated CP-PE blends, which provides a coherent theoretical framework that can reproduce a wide range of well-known experimental data. By introducing two distinct electrostatic potentials for the electronic and ionic phases, electronic properties such as the chemical potential of holes can be naturally coupled to the ionic phase through an EDL implemented by Poisson's equation. This is done in a computationally inexpensive 1D manner, which allows for an accurate description of the charging behavior of CP-PE blends and modeling of OECTs and dynamic electrode systems of realistic dimensions. {ref-type="disp-formula"}, which includes both the capacitive contribution of the EDL and the change in chemical potential, fits well (gray line). The previously reported purely capacitive model ([@R16], [@R17]) (red dashed line) deviates significantly at lower concentrations.](aao3659-F1){#F1} RESULTS ======= Model of CP-PE blends --------------------- The CP-PE blend comprises two distinct phases on the nanoscale---the electronic CP phase (comprising crystallites) and the ionic PE phase ([Fig. 1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). It has been experimentally shown that PEDOT:PSS contains PEDOT- and PSS-rich regions of different ionic conductivities ([@R13]); however, these variations are not considered in the present model. Assuming a Gaussian density of states (DOS), the chemical potential of the holes can be approximated by [Eq. 1](#E1){ref-type="disp-formula"} ([@R26], [@R27]) (fig. S1)$$\mu_{\mathit{p}} = \mathit{k}_{B}\mathit{T}~\text{ln}(\mathit{p}) + \mathit{e}\mathit{B},~\mathit{B} = (\mathit{E}_{\text{DOS}} - \sigma^{2}/(2\mathit{k}_{B}\mathit{T}) - ~\text{ln}(\mathit{p}_{t}))/\mathit{e}$$where *E*~DOS~ is the center energy of the DOS, σ is the SD of the DOS, and *p*~t~ is the total available hole density (see [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"} for quantities and constants). Here, although this approximation is only accurate for lower hole concentrations, it can also be used for higher concentrations because a capacitive term dominates the system in that regime (see below). The hole transport is described by the modified drift-diffusion equation ([Eq. 2](#E2){ref-type="disp-formula"}) ([@R28]), which includes the quasi-electric field arising from the shift in chemical potential due to changes in hole concentration. The ionic species in the PE phase are described by the classical drift-diffusion equation ([Eq. 3](#E3){ref-type="disp-formula"}), and the changes in concentrations are governed by the continuity equations ([Eqs. 4](#E4){ref-type="disp-formula"} and [5](#E5){ref-type="disp-formula"})$$\mathit{j}_{\mathit{p}} = - \mathit{D}_{\mathit{p}}(\nabla\mathit{p} + \mathit{f}\mathit{p}\nabla(\mathit{V}_{\mathit{p}} + µ_{\mathit{p}}/\mathit{e}))$$$$\mathit{j}_{\mathit{c}_{\pm}} = - \mathit{D}_{\mathit{c} \pm}(\nabla\mathit{c}_{\pm} \pm \mathit{f}\mathit{c}_{\pm}\nabla\mathit{V}_{\mathit{c} \pm})$$$$\nabla\mathit{j}_{\mathit{p}} = - \frac{d\mathit{p}}{d\mathit{t}}$$$$\nabla\mathit{j}_{\mathit{c} \pm} = - \frac{d\mathit{c}_{\pm}}{d\mathit{t}}$$ It should be stressed that the electrostatic potential has two different distinct values within the electronic (*V*~*p*~) and ionic (*V*~*c*~) phases. This difference causes charging of the interface with holes and anions, thereby creating an EDL with the voltage-independent volumetric capacitance (*C*~v~) implemented through Poisson's equation$$- \frac{\varepsilon}{\mathit{e}}\nabla^{2}\mathit{V}_{\mathit{p}} = \mathit{p} - (\mathit{V}_{\mathit{p}} - \mathit{V}_{\mathit{c}})\mathit{C}_{v}$$ Similarly, the PE phase is governed by Poisson's equation ([Eq. 7](#E7){ref-type="disp-formula"}), with [Eqs. 6](#E6){ref-type="disp-formula"} and [7](#E7){ref-type="disp-formula"} coupling the charging and transport of the electronic and ionic charge carriers$$- \frac{\varepsilon}{\mathit{e}}\nabla^{2}\mathit{V}_{\mathit{c}} = \mathit{p} + \mathit{c}_{+} - \mathit{c}_{-} - \mathit{c}_{\text{fix}}$$ One should notice that the hole concentration needs to be included in [Eq. 7](#E7){ref-type="disp-formula"}, because a portion of the anionic charges are compensating for the holes in the EDL. [Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} (B and C) shows the energy diagrams for a PEDOT:PSS electrode immersed in an electrolyte \[phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)\] with a Ag/AgCl reference electrode for *V*~app~ = 0 and −0.9 V. The work function of the nonclean gold surface is set to *W*~Au~ = 4.5 eV ([@R29]) and *W*~AgCl~ = 4.7 eV ([@R30]), and the remaining potential and concentration values follow from the analysis below. The vacuum level for the Ag/AgCl electrode is set to 0 eV as a reference. The system can be understood on the basis of three energy levels/potential differences, which depend on the doping level; the EDL potential difference, which causes the charging of the interface and thereby doping of the semiconductor; the chemical potential of holes, which increases with doping level; and the gold-PEDOT interface potential difference caused by differences in the work function for gold and PEDOT. From the energy diagram, the standard boundary conditions for highly doped semiconductor-metal contacts are used for the gold-PEDOT contact (*x* = 0) by equating the Fermi levels (electrochemical potentials)$$\mathit{E}_{\mathit{F},\text{Au}} = \mathit{W}_{\text{AgCl}} + \mathit{e}\mathit{V}_{\text{app}} = \mathit{E}_{\mathit{F},\mathit{p}}(0) = \mathit{k}_{B}\mathit{T}~\text{ln}(\mathit{p}(0)) + \mathit{e}\mathit{B} + \mathit{e}\mathit{V}_{\mathit{p}}(0)$$$$\mathit{V}_{\mathit{p}}(0) = - \mathit{k}_{B}\mathit{T}~\text{ln}(\mathit{p}(0))/\mathit{e} - \mathit{B} + \mathit{W}_{\text{AgCl}}/\mathit{e} + \mathit{V}_{\text{app}}$$and requiring charge neutrality in [Eq. 6](#E6){ref-type="disp-formula"}$$\mathit{p}(0) - ( - \mathit{k}_{B}\mathit{T}~\text{ln}(\mathit{p}(0))/\mathit{e} - \mathit{B} + \mathit{W}_{\text{AgCl}}/\mathit{e} + \mathit{V}_{\text{app}} - \mathit{V}_{\mathit{c}}(0))\mathit{C}_{v} = 0$$ The full set of equations in the different domains is shown in [Fig. 1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}. At the steady state, the hole concentration is constant throughout the film, and *V*~*c*~ in [Eq. 10](#E10){ref-type="disp-formula"} can be replaced by the Donnan potential *V*~*D*~ in [Eq. 11](#E11){ref-type="disp-formula"}. This requires knowledge about the concentration of fixed charges within the system, which was measured to be *c*~fix~ = 2400 ± 400 mol/m^3^. This yields [Eq. 12](#E12){ref-type="disp-formula"}, which relates the applied potential to the hole concentration$$\mathit{V}_{\mathit{D}} = - \mathit{R}\mathit{T}/\mathit{F}~\text{arcsinh}(\mathit{c}_{\text{fix}}/(2\mathit{c}_{\pm})) = - 72~\text{mV}$$$$\mathit{p}/\mathit{C}_{v} - \mathit{V}_{\text{app}} - \mathit{k}_{B}\mathit{T}~\text{ln}(\mathit{p})/\mathit{e} - \mathit{B} + \mathit{W}_{\text{AgCl}}/\mathit{e} - \mathit{V}_{\mathit{D}} = 0$$ Charging characteristics ------------------------ We can now determine the unknown parameters *C*~v~ and *B* by fitting [Eq. 12](#E12){ref-type="disp-formula"} to the measurement data. Potential steps of −50 mV (0.3 to −0.85 V) were used to plot the extracted charge versus time for different voltages ([Fig. 1E](#F1){ref-type="fig"} and fig. S2). Assuming that the faradaic current is kinetically limited and only depends on the applied voltage, it can be subtracted as a linear contribution from the curves. This was performed by fitting the function $\mathit{Q}(\mathit{t}) = \mathit{Q}_{\text{EDL}} \cdot \left( 1 - \text{exp}\left( \frac{- \mathit{t}}{\mathit{t}_{0}} \right) \right) + \mathit{I}_{\mathit{f}} \cdot \mathit{t}$, where *Q*~EDL~ constitutes the charge in the PEDOT:PSS. From this data, *p*(*V*~app~) was calculated, and [Eq. 12](#E12){ref-type="disp-formula"} was fitted, giving *C*~v~ = 19 F/cm^3^ ([Fig. 1F](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). This is about half the value in comparison of what has been previously reported ([@R24]), which is probably due to the relatively higher concentration of the cross-linker (30 volume percent) used in this work. Further, *B* = 4.0 V gives μ~*p*~ = 4.1 and 3.9 eV for *p* = 100 and 0.01 mol/m^3^, respectively. The work function of PEDOT:PSS is, in this context, given by the chemical potential and the EDL, that is, *W*~*P:P*~ = μ~*p*~ + *eV*~EDL~. Organic electrochemical transistors ----------------------------------- On the basis of the established relationship between carrier concentration and applied potential, we turn our attention to the electronic transport within the material by studying the characteristics of OECTs ([Fig. 2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The static characteristics (*I*~G~ = 0) can be calculated from [Eqs. 1](#E1){ref-type="disp-formula"}, [2](#E2){ref-type="disp-formula"}, [4](#E4){ref-type="disp-formula"}, [9](#E9){ref-type="disp-formula"}, and [10](#E10){ref-type="disp-formula"} by setting *V*~*c*~ = *V*~*D*~ (fig. S3). Because the hole mobility in CPs is known to increase with hole concentration, the first step is to determine the parameter *D*~*p*~(*p*) from measured small signal data (*V*~*D*~ = −20 mV) ([Fig. 2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The Boltzmann function resulted in a good fit, giving $\mathit{D}_{\mathit{p}}(\mathit{p}) = \mathit{D}_{\mathit{p},0}\left( 0.93 - 1.1/\left( 1 + ~\text{exp}\left( \frac{(\mathit{p} - 71)}{23} \right) \right) \right)$ with *D*~*p*,0~ = 2.3 ×10^−5^ m^2^s^−1^. The Einstein relation yields the mobility *u*~*p*~, which shows the expected behavior from previously reported experimental and theoretical studies ([@R26], [@R31], [@R32]). With all parameters set, the transfer curves for *V*~*D*~ = −0.3 and −0.5 V can be calculated ([Fig. 2C](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). For lower gate voltages, the hole concentration in the channel varies slowly, whereas for higher gate voltages, the hole concentration decreases rapidly at the drain contact ([Fig. 2D](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The drift is caused by variations in effective potential *V*~eff~ = *V*~*p*~ + μ~*p*~/*e*, which is plotted in [Fig. 2E](#F2){ref-type="fig"}. For higher gate voltages, most effective potential is dropped at the drain contact. Diffusion plays an important role for higher gate voltages (fig. S4). Finally, the output characteristics of the OECT can also be accurately reproduced ([Fig. 2F](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). ![Modeling of OECT characteristics.\ (**A**) The OECT comprises a PEDOT:PSS channel, gold source and drain terminals, and a Ag/AgCl gate electrode. (**B**) The model (line) was fitted to the measurement data (○) for a low drain voltage (−20 mV) to minimize the nonlinearity of the channel. The obtained mobility (inset) shows the expected dependency on hole concentration. (**C**) With the model parameters set, the measured transfer curves for *V*~*D*~ = −0.3 V (○) and *V*~*D*~ = −0.5 V (pentagons) could be accurately reproduced (lines). The curves show ideal organic field-effect transistor characteristics for *V*~*G*~ in \[−0.1, 0.3\] V. (**D**) Hole concentration in the channel for *V*~*D*~ = −0.5 V and *V*~*G*~ = −0.3 V (blue line) to 0.7 V (yellow). The hole concentration is depleted at the drain contact for higher gate voltages. (**E**) Effective potential (*V*~eff~ = *V*~*p*~ + μ~*p*~/*e*) in the channel for *V*~*D*~ = −0.5 V and *V*~*G*~ = −0.3 V (blue line) to 0.7 V (yellow line). For higher gate voltages, most of the potential is dropped within the last micrometer of the channel next to the drain contact. (**F**) The output characteristics (○) are accurately reproduced (lines) with the same parameter set as for the transfer curves.](aao3659-F2){#F2} CP-PE electrodes ---------------- With both the static charging and transport processes established, we now address the coupled dynamic processes of CP-PE electrodes immersed in an electrolyte. To calculate the dynamic response of an electrode ([Fig. 3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}), we must solve the full set of equations in [Fig. 1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}. [Figure 3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"} shows the calculated static concentrations of the system for *V*~app~ = 0 and −0.7 V. The concentration of holes is strongly affected by the applied potential, whereas the relative change in ion concentrations is less pronounced, because the concentration of mobile counterions is much higher. In addition, the electrolyte/PSS potential is nearly identical in both cases. The amount of electric charges stored in CP-PE films of different thicknesses is also calculated ([Fig. 3C](#F3){ref-type="fig"}) and shows the expected linear relationship previously reported ([@R24]). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is one of the most common electrochemical characterization techniques. In [Fig. 3D](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, calculated and measured cyclic voltammograms at different scan rates for a 600-nm-thick PEDOT:PSS film are compared. The measured box-like shape with declining currents for negative potentials is reproduced, although there are some deviations for potentials \<−0.5 V, probably due to faradaic side reactions. When the scan range is extended to −1.2 V, commonly observed peaks at −0.5 to −0.4 V in the forward scan direction emerge ([Fig. 3E](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). These peaks are reproduced by our model if the hole mobility is reduced by seven orders of magnitude (see Discussion). Finally, the calculated electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data ([Fig. 3F](#F3){ref-type="fig"} and fig. S5) and the calculated pulse response (fig. S6) fit the experimental data very well. ![Modeling of PEDOT:PSS electrode-electrolyte systems.\ (**A**) The PEDOT:PSS electrode is electrically connected through a gold contact, and the electrolyte is grounded with a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. (**B**) Potentials and concentrations for *V*~app~ = 0 V (solid lines) and −0.7 V (dashed lines). The hole concentration (blue lines) markedly changes with the applied voltage, whereas relative changes in the cation (red lines) and anion (yellow lines) concentrations are small due to the high concentration of fixed charges (black line). The electrostatic potential in the PEDOT phase (blue lines) changes a lot, whereas the potential in the PSS and electrolyte phases (red lines) is nearly constant. (**C**) The model predicts the expected proportional relationship between stored charge and film thickness \[50 nm (yellow line) to 500 nm (blue line)\]. (**D**) The main features of the measured cyclic voltammograms (○, 1.0 V/s; ◊, 0.5 V/s; and Δ, 0.2 V/s) are predicted by the model. (**E**) By reducing the hole mobility, the commonly observed peaks in the forward scan direction can be reproduced. (**F**) The calculated EIS modulus and phase angles (lines) agree well with the measured data (○).](aao3659-F3){#F3} Previous electrode characteristics implicitly probe the short-range vertical transport in the films. To explicitly probe the long-range lateral transport in the CP-PE blend, we used the device configuration shown in [Fig. 4A](#F4){ref-type="fig"}. At *t* = 0, a potential of −2 V is applied to the electrode. This creates an optically measurable electrochromic reduction front at the electrolyte side of the device. The model was used to describe the behavior of the device as a function of time (0 to 45 s). The hole concentration starts to decrease at the electrolyte side and spreads with time into the film ([Fig. 4B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). The electrostatic potential in the PEDOT phase initially goes from 0.57 to −1.43 V but does not change much from there on due to the low potential gradient necessary to transport the holes ([Fig. 4C](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). However, the electrostatic potential in the ionic phase changes significantly throughout the process. One should notice that most of the potential drop occurs in the electrolyte in the close vicinity of the electrode due to concentration polarization (fig. S7). As the current decreases over time, so does the potential drop at the electrolyte interface. The calculated change in transmission at 600 nm for the device can be obtained by using experimental data relating the transmission to the hole concentration of the polymer (fig. S8) ([@R33]). The calculated optical response is in good agreement with the previously published data by Rivnay *et al*. ([@R13]) ([Fig. 4D](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). ![Moving reduction fronts.\ (**A**) The encapsulated PEDOT:PSS film is electronically contacted to the left and ionically contacted to the right. At *t* = 0, the applied potential to the left is set to −2 V, which initiates the reduction of the film in contact with the electrolyte. The reduction front moves to the left with time and can be monitored optically. (**B**) The calculated hole concentration versus time. (**C**) The electrostatic potential in the PEDOT phase \[*V*~*p*~, 0 s (blue line) to 45 s (yellow line)\] is quite flat due to the high mobility of the holes. The electrostatic potential in the PSS/electrolyte phase \[*V*~*c*~, 0 s (black line) to 45 s (green line)\] varies more due to the slower ions. Most of the potential drop occurs in the electrolyte next to the film due to concentration polarization. (**D**) Comparison of the calculated and experimental \[data from Rivnay *et al*. ([@R13])\] change in transmission. a.u., arbitrary unit.](aao3659-F4){#F4} DISCUSSION ========== Capacitive-like charging of CPs is a well-known phenomenon. However, previous models have typically included capacitive charging as an additional phenomenological term in the expression for the total current without any clear physical justification. In our proposed model, the volumetric capacitance is a natural consequence of the electrostatic potential difference between the electronic and ionic material phases, resulting in an EDL, which is known to exhibit capacitive characteristics. The EDL is assumed to form around CP elements with no ionic conductivity, that is, CP chains and crystallites. Because the EDL introduces an energetic cost for charging up the material, our model does not need any of the artificially induced caps on local carrier concentrations often found in previous models ([@R21]--[@R23]) to prevent unphysically high values. Assuming that the PEDOT phase comprises cylindrical crystallites with a diameter of 2 nm ([@R6]) surrounded by an EDL with a surface capacitance of 10 μF/cm^2^ (typical value for metals), the volumetric capacitance is estimated to be 40 F/cm^3^, which is reasonably close to the value of 19 F/cm^3^ from the fitted measurement data. By considering the influence of the chemical potential of the semiconductor, the charging behavior at lower hole concentrations can be accurately modeled. Here, a simplistic approximation of the chemical potential can be used, because the capacitive behavior of the EDL dominates for *p* \> 20 mol/m^3^ ([Fig. 1E](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The work function of undoped PEDOT:PSS (*W*~*P:P*~) is predicted to be *W*~*P:P*~ \< 4 eV \< *W*~Au~; thus, there will be no injection barrier at the Au-PEDOT interface. The position and width of the DOS are not directly accessible from the model; however, the two orders of magnitude shift in mobility due to doping level are consistent with σ = 4*k*~B~*T* ≈ 0.1 eV ([@R26]). The low concentration regime is of particular importance for the modeling of electronic charge transport in OECTs, because much of their characteristics arise from this regime. We demonstrate this feature by accurately reproducing the well-known static OECT characteristics by a simplified static version of our model, which not only resembles the conventional thin-film transistor model but also takes into account the change in chemical potential (that is, the "band bending"). Our model indicates that the electronic transport in the low concentration regime is dominated by the diffusion term (fig. S4). This raises the question of how well previous models, which have not taken diffusion effects into account, can represent the actual transport in these devices. By solving the full equation system, the dynamics of CP-PE electrodes immersed in an electrolyte was modeled. The standard characteristics of thin-film electrodes, such as cyclic voltammograms, pulse transients, and EIS data, could accurately be reproduced. Cyclic voltammograms of CP films are rich in features, that is, peaks and plateaus, which have been difficult to decouple in the past. The model offers explanations for three of these distinct features: (i) The box-like shape for higher potentials is due to the internal EDL within the material. (ii) The gradual decrease in current for lower potentials is a consequence of changes in the chemical potential of the semiconductor. This is, in turn, caused by the tail of the DOS. (iii) The asymmetry of the backward and forward scans for low potentials is explained by slow hole transport. This manifests itself as a delay followed by a peak in the forward scan current. It seems that large negative potentials induce a permanent change, probably loss of conductivity, in the films (fig. S9). Because this happens below the reduction potential of water, it might be caused by the generation of hydroxide ions, which are known to reduce the conductivity ([@R34]), although other mechanisms not included in the present model cannot be ruled out at this point. Long-range coupled transport could also be accurately predicted by the model in comparison with the reported reduction front measurements. Because the ions are much slower than the holes, the reduction of PEDOT will start next to the electrolyte to minimize the length of the ion transport. Therefore, ion transport will limit the rate of the process, and the electrolyte next to the CP-PE interface imposes a significant limitation on the current due to concentration polarization. The overall behavior of the device can thus be expected to be sensitive to the particular geometry of this interface, because an extension of the CP-PE film away from the top insulator should provide significantly higher currents and faster reduction front movement. CONCLUSIONS =========== We report on a model for CP-PE blends based on the coupling of the chemical potential of the semiconductor with the EDL of the semiconductor-electrolyte interface. Although the model is based on the classical drift-diffusion approach, it constitutes a significant departure from previous work ([@R21]--[@R23]) as it introduces two distinct material phases with different electrostatic potentials. Because this approach yields a coherent theoretical framework that quantitatively reproduces the well-known characteristics of CP-PE blends, it suggests that CP-PE blends should be viewed as two-phase materials comprising nanostructured semiconductors embedded in PE matrixes. This has significant implications on how the nature of electrochemical doping in CPs should be perceived, because it makes a strong argument for a view of spatially separated electronic and ionic charge carriers, in contrast to the classical view of doping as an electrochemical redox process ([@R35]). Although PEDOT:PSS, which is the most prevalent CP-PE blend, was used for comparison with the model in this work, other materials such as polypyrrole:PSS ([@R36]), polyaniline:PSS ([@R37]), and thiophene with glycolated side chains ([@R38]) show similar CV characteristics. The model is thus expected to be useful for a wider class of blends than just PEDOT:PSS. However, it may, in its current form, be limited to materials in which the stacking of the CP chains is not significantly altered by the doping level, because this process would likely be associated with an energetic cost. This issue, along with that of inhomogeneous ionic conductivity, is exciting venues for further refinements and extensions of the model. Because the model is computationally inexpensive, it can be applied to macroscopic 2D and 3D systems to improve the understanding or optimize the performance of a wide array of devices currently under investigation. The addition of faradaic reactions to the model should be straightforward, as the relevant physical quantities are available, and the reactants and products can be incorporated into the continuity equations. Within the growing field of energy conversion and storage, CP-PE blends are one of the premier candidates for supercapacitors, oxygen reduction electrodes, and cheap fuel cell electrodes. In the development of these kinds of applications, it will be invaluable to have access to the local concentrations, potentials, and energy levels of the systems to develop new concepts and optimize performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS ===================== Device fabrication ------------------ Titanium (5 nm) and gold (50 nm) were thermally evaporated onto glass substrates and patterned by photoresist and wet etching. PEDOT:PSS dispersion (Clevios PH 1000) was mixed with 6% (v/v) ethylene glycol (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.5% (v/v) (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (Sigma-Aldrich) and filtered through a 0.45-μm polyvinylidene difluoride filter. Wetting was improved by 20 s of reactive-ion etching (RIE; O~2~/CF~4~, 150 W), and the film was formed either by spin-coating or drop-casting, followed by baking (at 140°C for 30 min). The exposed PEDOT:PSS electrode area was 1 cm^2^, and the film thickness was 600 nm for charging and CV measurements, 280 nm for pulse measurements, and 150 nm for EIS measurements. For OECTs (see fig. S10), the PEDOT:PSS films were protected with a poly(vinylidenefluoride-*co*-hexafluoropropylene) layer \[4 mg/ml in methyl ethyl ketone (Sigma-Aldrich); spin-coated at 3000 rpm\]. The channels (20 μm long, 40 μm wide, and 60 nm thick) were patterned by Shipley s1813 photoresist followed by RIE dry etching (O~2~/CF~4~; at 150 W for 30 s) and stripping in acetone. A 2-μm-thick insulating layer of MicroChem SU-8 3000 was patterned to isolate the gold contacts from the electrolyte. Ag/AgCl paste was painted on the gate electrode and cured (at 110°C for 15 min). Device characterization ----------------------- All electrochemical measurements were performed in PBS buffer with a Ag/AgCl electrode as the reference electrode or gate electrode for OECT measurements. Three-electrode measurements were performed with a μAutolab III potentiostat in N~2~-purged electrolyte to reduce faradaic currents at negative working potentials. At least two CV scans were carried out on every sample before characterization to ensure stable performance. Scans were performed at 1, 0.5, and 0.2 V/s, and EIS measurements were taken at an effective amplitude of 10 mV. OECTs were characterized with a Keithley 4200A-SCS parameter analyzer. The concentration of fixed sulfonate groups within the PEDOT:PSS films was measured by ion exchange. First, the film was incubated in a 10 mM NaCl solution for 20 min to replace all mobile cations with sodium ions. Next, the film was incubated in 10 mM HCl for 20 min, after which the sample was quickly washed in deionized water and dried with a nitrogen gun to remove all liquid. Finally, the film was placed in a 10 mM NaCl solution for 20 min to extract the protons. The amount of extracted protons was determined by pH titration with NaOH. Numerical simulations --------------------- Finite element calculations were carried out with the COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3a software on a standard laptop. For time-dependent simulations, the initial values were obtained from steady-state calculations. For low hole concentrations, steady-state convergence was achieved by parametric sweep of the applied potential from a higher converging value down to the lower desired value. The specified mesh was fine (10^−12^ m) at the interfaces and coarser within the bulk of the materials to decrease computational cost. For simulations of the full PEDOT:PSS-electrolyte system, the extension of the PEDOT:PSS phase was controlled by setting *c*~fix~ = *C*~v~ = 0 and ε~*P*~ = 10^−5^ in the electrolyte domain [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}. ###### Variables, parameters, and constants. ---------- ------------------------------------------------------ ---------- ------------------------------- *j*~*i*~ Flux of species *i* *C*~v~ Volumetric capacitance *p* Hole concentration *c*~fix~ PE fixed charge concentration *c*~±~ Cation/anion concentration *V*~*D*~ Donnan potential *V*~app~ Applied potential *e* Elementary charge *V*~*p*~ CP electrostatic potential ε Dielectric constant *V*~*c*~ PE/electrolyte electrostatic potential *k*~B~ Boltzmann constant *D*~*p*~ Hole diffusion coefficient *f* *F*/*RT* *D*~±~ Cation/anion diffusion coefficient *F* Faraday's constant μ~*p*~ Hole chemical potential *R* Molar constant *B* Parameter, see [Eq. 1](#E1){ref-type="disp-formula"} *T* Temperature, 300 K ---------- ------------------------------------------------------ ---------- ------------------------------- Supplementary Material ====================== ###### http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/3/12/eaao3659/DC1 We thank O. Inganäs, M. Fahlman, and X. Crispin for fruitful discussions. **Funding:** K.T. was supported by the Swedish Research Council (637-2013-7301) and the Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linköping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU no. 2009 00971). I.V.Z. was supported by the Swedish Energy Agency (38332-1), the Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linköping University, and the Swedish Research Council via the "Research Environment grant" on "Disposable paper fuel cells" (2016-05990). M.B. was supported by the Önnesjö Foundation, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, and the Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linköping University. **Author contributions:** K.T. designed and performed the experiments, analyzed the data, performed the numerical calculations, wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and conceived the original model. I.V.Z. and M.B. contributed to the final form of the model. All authors contributed to the finalization of the paper. **Competing interests:** The authors declare that they have no competing interests. **Data and materials availability:** All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors. Supplementary material for this article is available at <http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/3/12/eaao3659/DC1> fig. S1. Chemical potential approximation. fig. S2. Charge measurements. fig. S3. OECT equations. fig. S4. Transport in OECTs. fig. S5. Example of the simulation of EIS data. fig. S6. Square-wave response. fig. S7. Concentration polarization at the electrolyte interface in moving front simulation \[0 s (blue line) to 45 s (yellow line)\]. fig. S8. PEDOT:PSS transmittance at the 600-nm peak for varied potentials \[adopted from Sonmez *et al*. ([@R33])\]. fig. S9. CVs of 600-nm-thick PEDOT:PSS films. fig. S10. OECT fabrication scheme. table S1. Simulation parameter values. | Mid | [
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/* * Copyright (C) 2012 Texas Instruments * Author: Rob Clark <[email protected]> * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by * the Free Software Foundation. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for * more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with * this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */ #include "drm_flip_work.h" #include <drm/drm_plane_helper.h> #include "tilcdc_drv.h" #include "tilcdc_regs.h" struct tilcdc_crtc { struct drm_crtc base; const struct tilcdc_panel_info *info; uint32_t dirty; dma_addr_t start, end; struct drm_pending_vblank_event *event; int dpms; wait_queue_head_t frame_done_wq; bool frame_done; /* fb currently set to scanout 0/1: */ struct drm_framebuffer *scanout[2]; /* for deferred fb unref's: */ struct drm_flip_work unref_work; /* Only set if an external encoder is connected */ bool simulate_vesa_sync; }; #define to_tilcdc_crtc(x) container_of(x, struct tilcdc_crtc, base) static void unref_worker(struct drm_flip_work *work, void *val) { struct tilcdc_crtc *tilcdc_crtc = container_of(work, struct tilcdc_crtc, unref_work); struct drm_device *dev = tilcdc_crtc->base.dev; mutex_lock(&dev->mode_config.mutex); drm_framebuffer_unreference(val); mutex_unlock(&dev->mode_config.mutex); } static void set_scanout(struct drm_crtc *crtc, int n) { static const uint32_t base_reg[] = { LCDC_DMA_FB_BASE_ADDR_0_REG, LCDC_DMA_FB_BASE_ADDR_1_REG, }; static const uint32_t ceil_reg[] = { LCDC_DMA_FB_CEILING_ADDR_0_REG, LCDC_DMA_FB_CEILING_ADDR_1_REG, }; static const uint32_t stat[] = { LCDC_END_OF_FRAME0, LCDC_END_OF_FRAME1, }; struct tilcdc_crtc *tilcdc_crtc = to_tilcdc_crtc(crtc); struct drm_device *dev = crtc->dev; struct tilcdc_drm_private *priv = dev->dev_private; pm_runtime_get_sync(dev->dev); tilcdc_write(dev, base_reg[n], tilcdc_crtc->start); tilcdc_write(dev, ceil_reg[n], tilcdc_crtc->end); if (tilcdc_crtc->scanout[n]) { drm_flip_work_queue(&tilcdc_crtc->unref_work, tilcdc_crtc->scanout[n]); drm_flip_work_commit(&tilcdc_crtc->unref_work, priv->wq); } tilcdc_crtc->scanout[n] = crtc->primary->fb; drm_framebuffer_reference(tilcdc_crtc->scanout[n]); tilcdc_crtc->dirty &= ~stat[n]; pm_runtime_put_sync(dev->dev); } static void update_scanout(struct drm_crtc *crtc) { struct tilcdc_crtc *tilcdc_crtc = to_tilcdc_crtc(crtc); struct drm_device *dev = crtc->dev; struct drm_framebuffer *fb = crtc->primary->fb; struct drm_gem_cma_object *gem; unsigned int depth, bpp; drm_fb_get_bpp_depth(fb->pixel_format, &depth, &bpp); gem = drm_fb_cma_get_gem_obj(fb, 0); tilcdc_crtc->start = gem->paddr + fb->offsets[0] + (crtc->y * fb->pitches[0]) + (crtc->x * bpp/8); tilcdc_crtc->end = tilcdc_crtc->start + (crtc->mode.vdisplay * fb->pitches[0]); if (tilcdc_crtc->dpms == DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON) { /* already enabled, so just mark the frames that need * updating and they will be updated on vblank: */ tilcdc_crtc->dirty |= LCDC_END_OF_FRAME0 | LCDC_END_OF_FRAME1; drm_vblank_get(dev, 0); } else { /* not enabled yet, so update registers immediately: */ set_scanout(crtc, 0); set_scanout(crtc, 1); } } static void start(struct drm_crtc *crtc) { struct drm_device *dev = crtc->dev; struct tilcdc_drm_private *priv = dev->dev_private; if (priv->rev == 2) { tilcdc_set(dev, LCDC_CLK_RESET_REG, LCDC_CLK_MAIN_RESET); msleep(1); tilcdc_clear(dev, LCDC_CLK_RESET_REG, LCDC_CLK_MAIN_RESET); msleep(1); } tilcdc_set(dev, LCDC_DMA_CTRL_REG, LCDC_DUAL_FRAME_BUFFER_ENABLE); tilcdc_set(dev, LCDC_RASTER_CTRL_REG, LCDC_PALETTE_LOAD_MODE(DATA_ONLY)); tilcdc_set(dev, LCDC_RASTER_CTRL_REG, LCDC_RASTER_ENABLE); } static void stop(struct drm_crtc *crtc) { struct drm_device *dev = crtc->dev; tilcdc_clear(dev, LCDC_RASTER_CTRL_REG, LCDC_RASTER_ENABLE); } static void tilcdc_crtc_dpms(struct drm_crtc *crtc, int mode); static void tilcdc_crtc_destroy(struct drm_crtc *crtc) { struct tilcdc_crtc *tilcdc_crtc = to_tilcdc_crtc(crtc); tilcdc_crtc_dpms(crtc, DRM_MODE_DPMS_OFF); drm_crtc_cleanup(crtc); drm_flip_work_cleanup(&tilcdc_crtc->unref_work); kfree(tilcdc_crtc); } static int tilcdc_crtc_page_flip(struct drm_crtc *crtc, struct drm_framebuffer *fb, struct drm_pending_vblank_event *event, uint32_t page_flip_flags) { struct tilcdc_crtc *tilcdc_crtc = to_tilcdc_crtc(crtc); struct drm_device *dev = crtc->dev; if (tilcdc_crtc->event) { dev_err(dev->dev, "already pending page flip!\n"); return -EBUSY; } crtc->primary->fb = fb; tilcdc_crtc->event = event; update_scanout(crtc); return 0; } static void tilcdc_crtc_dpms(struct drm_crtc *crtc, int mode) { struct tilcdc_crtc *tilcdc_crtc = to_tilcdc_crtc(crtc); struct drm_device *dev = crtc->dev; struct tilcdc_drm_private *priv = dev->dev_private; /* we really only care about on or off: */ if (mode != DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON) mode = DRM_MODE_DPMS_OFF; if (tilcdc_crtc->dpms == mode) return; tilcdc_crtc->dpms = mode; pm_runtime_get_sync(dev->dev); if (mode == DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON) { pm_runtime_forbid(dev->dev); start(crtc); } else { tilcdc_crtc->frame_done = false; stop(crtc); /* * if necessary wait for framedone irq which will still come * before putting things to sleep.. */ if (priv->rev == 2) { int ret = wait_event_timeout( tilcdc_crtc->frame_done_wq, tilcdc_crtc->frame_done, msecs_to_jiffies(50)); if (ret == 0) dev_err(dev->dev, "timeout waiting for framedone\n"); } pm_runtime_allow(dev->dev); } pm_runtime_put_sync(dev->dev); } static bool tilcdc_crtc_mode_fixup(struct drm_crtc *crtc, const struct drm_display_mode *mode, struct drm_display_mode *adjusted_mode) { struct tilcdc_crtc *tilcdc_crtc = to_tilcdc_crtc(crtc); if (!tilcdc_crtc->simulate_vesa_sync) return true; /* * tilcdc does not generate VESA-compliant sync but aligns * VS on the second edge of HS instead of first edge. * We use adjusted_mode, to fixup sync by aligning both rising * edges and add HSKEW offset to fix the sync. */ adjusted_mode->hskew = mode->hsync_end - mode->hsync_start; adjusted_mode->flags |= DRM_MODE_FLAG_HSKEW; if (mode->flags & DRM_MODE_FLAG_NHSYNC) { adjusted_mode->flags |= DRM_MODE_FLAG_PHSYNC; adjusted_mode->flags &= ~DRM_MODE_FLAG_NHSYNC; } else { adjusted_mode->flags |= DRM_MODE_FLAG_NHSYNC; adjusted_mode->flags &= ~DRM_MODE_FLAG_PHSYNC; } return true; } static void tilcdc_crtc_prepare(struct drm_crtc *crtc) { tilcdc_crtc_dpms(crtc, DRM_MODE_DPMS_OFF); } static void tilcdc_crtc_commit(struct drm_crtc *crtc) { tilcdc_crtc_dpms(crtc, DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON); } static int tilcdc_crtc_mode_set(struct drm_crtc *crtc, struct drm_display_mode *mode, struct drm_display_mode *adjusted_mode, int x, int y, struct drm_framebuffer *old_fb) { struct tilcdc_crtc *tilcdc_crtc = to_tilcdc_crtc(crtc); struct drm_device *dev = crtc->dev; struct tilcdc_drm_private *priv = dev->dev_private; const struct tilcdc_panel_info *info = tilcdc_crtc->info; uint32_t reg, hbp, hfp, hsw, vbp, vfp, vsw; int ret; ret = tilcdc_crtc_mode_valid(crtc, mode); if (WARN_ON(ret)) return ret; if (WARN_ON(!info)) return -EINVAL; pm_runtime_get_sync(dev->dev); /* Configure the Burst Size and fifo threshold of DMA: */ reg = tilcdc_read(dev, LCDC_DMA_CTRL_REG) & ~0x00000770; switch (info->dma_burst_sz) { case 1: reg |= LCDC_DMA_BURST_SIZE(LCDC_DMA_BURST_1); break; case 2: reg |= LCDC_DMA_BURST_SIZE(LCDC_DMA_BURST_2); break; case 4: reg |= LCDC_DMA_BURST_SIZE(LCDC_DMA_BURST_4); break; case 8: reg |= LCDC_DMA_BURST_SIZE(LCDC_DMA_BURST_8); break; case 16: reg |= LCDC_DMA_BURST_SIZE(LCDC_DMA_BURST_16); break; default: return -EINVAL; } reg |= (info->fifo_th << 8); tilcdc_write(dev, LCDC_DMA_CTRL_REG, reg); /* Configure timings: */ hbp = mode->htotal - mode->hsync_end; hfp = mode->hsync_start - mode->hdisplay; hsw = mode->hsync_end - mode->hsync_start; vbp = mode->vtotal - mode->vsync_end; vfp = mode->vsync_start - mode->vdisplay; vsw = mode->vsync_end - mode->vsync_start; DBG("%dx%d, hbp=%u, hfp=%u, hsw=%u, vbp=%u, vfp=%u, vsw=%u", mode->hdisplay, mode->vdisplay, hbp, hfp, hsw, vbp, vfp, vsw); /* Configure the AC Bias Period and Number of Transitions per Interrupt: */ reg = tilcdc_read(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_2_REG) & ~0x000fff00; reg |= LCDC_AC_BIAS_FREQUENCY(info->ac_bias) | LCDC_AC_BIAS_TRANSITIONS_PER_INT(info->ac_bias_intrpt); /* * subtract one from hfp, hbp, hsw because the hardware uses * a value of 0 as 1 */ if (priv->rev == 2) { /* clear bits we're going to set */ reg &= ~0x78000033; reg |= ((hfp-1) & 0x300) >> 8; reg |= ((hbp-1) & 0x300) >> 4; reg |= ((hsw-1) & 0x3c0) << 21; } tilcdc_write(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_2_REG, reg); reg = (((mode->hdisplay >> 4) - 1) << 4) | (((hbp-1) & 0xff) << 24) | (((hfp-1) & 0xff) << 16) | (((hsw-1) & 0x3f) << 10); if (priv->rev == 2) reg |= (((mode->hdisplay >> 4) - 1) & 0x40) >> 3; tilcdc_write(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_0_REG, reg); reg = ((mode->vdisplay - 1) & 0x3ff) | ((vbp & 0xff) << 24) | ((vfp & 0xff) << 16) | (((vsw-1) & 0x3f) << 10); tilcdc_write(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_1_REG, reg); /* * be sure to set Bit 10 for the V2 LCDC controller, * otherwise limited to 1024 pixels width, stopping * 1920x1080 being suppoted. */ if (priv->rev == 2) { if ((mode->vdisplay - 1) & 0x400) { tilcdc_set(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_2_REG, LCDC_LPP_B10); } else { tilcdc_clear(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_2_REG, LCDC_LPP_B10); } } /* Configure display type: */ reg = tilcdc_read(dev, LCDC_RASTER_CTRL_REG) & ~(LCDC_TFT_MODE | LCDC_MONO_8BIT_MODE | LCDC_MONOCHROME_MODE | LCDC_V2_TFT_24BPP_MODE | LCDC_V2_TFT_24BPP_UNPACK | 0x000ff000); reg |= LCDC_TFT_MODE; /* no monochrome/passive support */ if (info->tft_alt_mode) reg |= LCDC_TFT_ALT_ENABLE; if (priv->rev == 2) { unsigned int depth, bpp; drm_fb_get_bpp_depth(crtc->primary->fb->pixel_format, &depth, &bpp); switch (bpp) { case 16: break; case 32: reg |= LCDC_V2_TFT_24BPP_UNPACK; /* fallthrough */ case 24: reg |= LCDC_V2_TFT_24BPP_MODE; break; default: dev_err(dev->dev, "invalid pixel format\n"); return -EINVAL; } } reg |= info->fdd < 12; tilcdc_write(dev, LCDC_RASTER_CTRL_REG, reg); if (info->invert_pxl_clk) tilcdc_set(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_2_REG, LCDC_INVERT_PIXEL_CLOCK); else tilcdc_clear(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_2_REG, LCDC_INVERT_PIXEL_CLOCK); if (info->sync_ctrl) tilcdc_set(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_2_REG, LCDC_SYNC_CTRL); else tilcdc_clear(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_2_REG, LCDC_SYNC_CTRL); if (info->sync_edge) tilcdc_set(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_2_REG, LCDC_SYNC_EDGE); else tilcdc_clear(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_2_REG, LCDC_SYNC_EDGE); /* * use value from adjusted_mode here as this might have been * changed as part of the fixup for slave encoders to solve the * issue where tilcdc timings are not VESA compliant */ if (adjusted_mode->flags & DRM_MODE_FLAG_NHSYNC) tilcdc_set(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_2_REG, LCDC_INVERT_HSYNC); else tilcdc_clear(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_2_REG, LCDC_INVERT_HSYNC); if (mode->flags & DRM_MODE_FLAG_NVSYNC) tilcdc_set(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_2_REG, LCDC_INVERT_VSYNC); else tilcdc_clear(dev, LCDC_RASTER_TIMING_2_REG, LCDC_INVERT_VSYNC); if (info->raster_order) tilcdc_set(dev, LCDC_RASTER_CTRL_REG, LCDC_RASTER_ORDER); else tilcdc_clear(dev, LCDC_RASTER_CTRL_REG, LCDC_RASTER_ORDER); update_scanout(crtc); tilcdc_crtc_update_clk(crtc); pm_runtime_put_sync(dev->dev); return 0; } static int tilcdc_crtc_mode_set_base(struct drm_crtc *crtc, int x, int y, struct drm_framebuffer *old_fb) { update_scanout(crtc); return 0; } static const struct drm_crtc_funcs tilcdc_crtc_funcs = { .destroy = tilcdc_crtc_destroy, .set_config = drm_crtc_helper_set_config, .page_flip = tilcdc_crtc_page_flip, }; static const struct drm_crtc_helper_funcs tilcdc_crtc_helper_funcs = { .dpms = tilcdc_crtc_dpms, .mode_fixup = tilcdc_crtc_mode_fixup, .prepare = tilcdc_crtc_prepare, .commit = tilcdc_crtc_commit, .mode_set = tilcdc_crtc_mode_set, .mode_set_base = tilcdc_crtc_mode_set_base, }; int tilcdc_crtc_max_width(struct drm_crtc *crtc) { struct drm_device *dev = crtc->dev; struct tilcdc_drm_private *priv = dev->dev_private; int max_width = 0; if (priv->rev == 1) max_width = 1024; else if (priv->rev == 2) max_width = 2048; return max_width; } int tilcdc_crtc_mode_valid(struct drm_crtc *crtc, struct drm_display_mode *mode) { struct tilcdc_drm_private *priv = crtc->dev->dev_private; unsigned int bandwidth; uint32_t hbp, hfp, hsw, vbp, vfp, vsw; /* * check to see if the width is within the range that * the LCD Controller physically supports */ if (mode->hdisplay > tilcdc_crtc_max_width(crtc)) return MODE_VIRTUAL_X; /* width must be multiple of 16 */ if (mode->hdisplay & 0xf) return MODE_VIRTUAL_X; if (mode->vdisplay > 2048) return MODE_VIRTUAL_Y; DBG("Processing mode %dx%d@%d with pixel clock %d", mode->hdisplay, mode->vdisplay, drm_mode_vrefresh(mode), mode->clock); hbp = mode->htotal - mode->hsync_end; hfp = mode->hsync_start - mode->hdisplay; hsw = mode->hsync_end - mode->hsync_start; vbp = mode->vtotal - mode->vsync_end; vfp = mode->vsync_start - mode->vdisplay; vsw = mode->vsync_end - mode->vsync_start; if ((hbp-1) & ~0x3ff) { DBG("Pruning mode: Horizontal Back Porch out of range"); return MODE_HBLANK_WIDE; } if ((hfp-1) & ~0x3ff) { DBG("Pruning mode: Horizontal Front Porch out of range"); return MODE_HBLANK_WIDE; } if ((hsw-1) & ~0x3ff) { DBG("Pruning mode: Horizontal Sync Width out of range"); return MODE_HSYNC_WIDE; } if (vbp & ~0xff) { DBG("Pruning mode: Vertical Back Porch out of range"); return MODE_VBLANK_WIDE; } if (vfp & ~0xff) { DBG("Pruning mode: Vertical Front Porch out of range"); return MODE_VBLANK_WIDE; } if ((vsw-1) & ~0x3f) { DBG("Pruning mode: Vertical Sync Width out of range"); return MODE_VSYNC_WIDE; } /* * some devices have a maximum allowed pixel clock * configured from the DT */ if (mode->clock > priv->max_pixelclock) { DBG("Pruning mode: pixel clock too high"); return MODE_CLOCK_HIGH; } /* * some devices further limit the max horizontal resolution * configured from the DT */ if (mode->hdisplay > priv->max_width) return MODE_BAD_WIDTH; /* filter out modes that would require too much memory bandwidth: */ bandwidth = mode->hdisplay * mode->vdisplay * drm_mode_vrefresh(mode); if (bandwidth > priv->max_bandwidth) { DBG("Pruning mode: exceeds defined bandwidth limit"); return MODE_BAD; } return MODE_OK; } void tilcdc_crtc_set_panel_info(struct drm_crtc *crtc, const struct tilcdc_panel_info *info) { struct tilcdc_crtc *tilcdc_crtc = to_tilcdc_crtc(crtc); tilcdc_crtc->info = info; } void tilcdc_crtc_set_simulate_vesa_sync(struct drm_crtc *crtc, bool simulate_vesa_sync) { struct tilcdc_crtc *tilcdc_crtc = to_tilcdc_crtc(crtc); tilcdc_crtc->simulate_vesa_sync = simulate_vesa_sync; } void tilcdc_crtc_update_clk(struct drm_crtc *crtc) { struct tilcdc_crtc *tilcdc_crtc = to_tilcdc_crtc(crtc); struct drm_device *dev = crtc->dev; struct tilcdc_drm_private *priv = dev->dev_private; int dpms = tilcdc_crtc->dpms; unsigned int lcd_clk, div; int ret; pm_runtime_get_sync(dev->dev); if (dpms == DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON) tilcdc_crtc_dpms(crtc, DRM_MODE_DPMS_OFF); /* in raster mode, minimum divisor is 2: */ ret = clk_set_rate(priv->disp_clk, crtc->mode.clock * 1000 * 2); if (ret) { dev_err(dev->dev, "failed to set display clock rate to: %d\n", crtc->mode.clock); goto out; } lcd_clk = clk_get_rate(priv->clk); div = lcd_clk / (crtc->mode.clock * 1000); DBG("lcd_clk=%u, mode clock=%d, div=%u", lcd_clk, crtc->mode.clock, div); DBG("fck=%lu, dpll_disp_ck=%lu", clk_get_rate(priv->clk), clk_get_rate(priv->disp_clk)); /* Configure the LCD clock divisor. */ tilcdc_write(dev, LCDC_CTRL_REG, LCDC_CLK_DIVISOR(div) | LCDC_RASTER_MODE); if (priv->rev == 2) tilcdc_set(dev, LCDC_CLK_ENABLE_REG, LCDC_V2_DMA_CLK_EN | LCDC_V2_LIDD_CLK_EN | LCDC_V2_CORE_CLK_EN); if (dpms == DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON) tilcdc_crtc_dpms(crtc, DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON); out: pm_runtime_put_sync(dev->dev); } irqreturn_t tilcdc_crtc_irq(struct drm_crtc *crtc) { struct tilcdc_crtc *tilcdc_crtc = to_tilcdc_crtc(crtc); struct drm_device *dev = crtc->dev; struct tilcdc_drm_private *priv = dev->dev_private; uint32_t stat = tilcdc_read_irqstatus(dev); if ((stat & LCDC_SYNC_LOST) && (stat & LCDC_FIFO_UNDERFLOW)) { stop(crtc); dev_err(dev->dev, "error: %08x\n", stat); tilcdc_clear_irqstatus(dev, stat); start(crtc); } else if (stat & LCDC_PL_LOAD_DONE) { tilcdc_clear_irqstatus(dev, stat); } else { struct drm_pending_vblank_event *event; unsigned long flags; uint32_t dirty = tilcdc_crtc->dirty & stat; tilcdc_clear_irqstatus(dev, stat); if (dirty & LCDC_END_OF_FRAME0) set_scanout(crtc, 0); if (dirty & LCDC_END_OF_FRAME1) set_scanout(crtc, 1); drm_handle_vblank(dev, 0); spin_lock_irqsave(&dev->event_lock, flags); event = tilcdc_crtc->event; tilcdc_crtc->event = NULL; if (event) drm_send_vblank_event(dev, 0, event); spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev->event_lock, flags); if (dirty && !tilcdc_crtc->dirty) drm_vblank_put(dev, 0); } if (priv->rev == 2) { if (stat & LCDC_FRAME_DONE) { tilcdc_crtc->frame_done = true; wake_up(&tilcdc_crtc->frame_done_wq); } tilcdc_write(dev, LCDC_END_OF_INT_IND_REG, 0); } return IRQ_HANDLED; } void tilcdc_crtc_cancel_page_flip(struct drm_crtc *crtc, struct drm_file *file) { struct tilcdc_crtc *tilcdc_crtc = to_tilcdc_crtc(crtc); struct drm_pending_vblank_event *event; struct drm_device *dev = crtc->dev; unsigned long flags; /* Destroy the pending vertical blanking event associated with the * pending page flip, if any, and disable vertical blanking interrupts. */ spin_lock_irqsave(&dev->event_lock, flags); event = tilcdc_crtc->event; if (event && event->base.file_priv == file) { tilcdc_crtc->event = NULL; event->base.destroy(&event->base); drm_vblank_put(dev, 0); } spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev->event_lock, flags); } struct drm_crtc *tilcdc_crtc_create(struct drm_device *dev) { struct tilcdc_crtc *tilcdc_crtc; struct drm_crtc *crtc; int ret; tilcdc_crtc = kzalloc(sizeof(*tilcdc_crtc), GFP_KERNEL); if (!tilcdc_crtc) { dev_err(dev->dev, "allocation failed\n"); return NULL; } crtc = &tilcdc_crtc->base; tilcdc_crtc->dpms = DRM_MODE_DPMS_OFF; init_waitqueue_head(&tilcdc_crtc->frame_done_wq); drm_flip_work_init(&tilcdc_crtc->unref_work, "unref", unref_worker); ret = drm_crtc_init(dev, crtc, &tilcdc_crtc_funcs); if (ret < 0) goto fail; drm_crtc_helper_add(crtc, &tilcdc_crtc_helper_funcs); return crtc; fail: tilcdc_crtc_destroy(crtc); return NULL; } | Low | [
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Q: Two phase commit I believe most of people know what 2PC (two-phase commit protocol) is and how to use it in Java or most of modern languages. Basically, it is used to make sure the transactions are in sync when you have 2 or more DBs. Assume I've two DBs (A and B) using 2PC in two different locations. Before A and B are ready to commit a transaction, both DBs will report back to the transaction manager saying they are ready to commit. So, when the transaction manager is acknowledged, it will send a signal back to A and B telling them to go ahead. Here is my question: let's say A received the signal and commited the transaction. Once everything is completed, B is about to do the same but someone unplugs the power cable, causing the whole server shutdown. When B is back online, what will B do? And how does B do it? Remember, A is committed but B is not, and we are using 2PC (so, the design of 2PC stops working, does not it?) A: On Two-Phase Commit Two phase commit does not guarantee that a distributed transaction can't fail, but it does guarantee that it can't fail silently without the TM being aware of it. In order for B to report the transaction as being ready to commit, B must have the transaction in persistent storage (i.e. B must be able to guarantee that the transaction can commit in all circumstances). In this situation, B has persisted the transaction but the transaction manager has not yet received a message from B confirming that B has completed the commit. The transaction manager will poll B again when B comes back online and ask it to commit the transaction. If B has already committed the transaction it will report the transaction as committed. If B has not yet committed the transaction it will then commit as it has already persisted it and is thus still in a position to commit the transaction. In order for B to fail in this situation, it would have to undergo a catastrophic failure that lost data or log entries. The transaction manager would still be aware that B had not reported a successful commit.1 In practice, if B can no longer commit the transaction, it would imply that the disaster that took B out had caused data loss, and B would report an error when the TM asked it to commit a TxID that it wasn't aware of or didn't think was in a commitable state. Thus, two phase commit does not prevent a catastrophic failure from occuring, but it does prevent the failure from going unnoticed. In this scenario the transaction manager will report an error back to the application if B cannot commit. The application still has to be able to recover from the error, but the transaction cannot fail silently without the application being made aware of the inconsistent state. Semantics If a resource manager or network goes down in phase 1, the transaction manager will detect a fatal error (can't connect to resource manager) and mark the sub-transaction as failed. When the network comes back up it will abort the transaction on all of the participating resource managers. If a resource manager or network goes down in phase 2, the transaction manager will continue to poll the resource manager until it comes back up. When it re-connects back to the resource manager it will tell the RM to commit the transaction. If the RM returns an error along the lines of 'Unknown TxID' the TM will be aware that there is a data loss issue in the RM. If the TM goes down in phase 1 then the client will block until the TM comes back up, unless it times out or receives an error due to the broken network connection. In this case the client is made aware of the error and can either re-try or initiate the abort itself. If the TM goes down in phase 2 then it will block the client until the TM comes back up. It has already reported the transaction as committable and no fatal error should be presented to the client, although it may block until the TM comes back up. The TM will still have the transaction in an uncommitted state and will poll the RMs to commit when it comes back up. Post-commit data loss events in the resource managers are not handled by the transaction manager and are a function of the resilience of the RMs. Two-phase commit does not guarantee fault tolerance - see Paxos for an example of a protocol that does address fault tolerance - but it does guarantee that partial failure of a distributed transaction cannot go un-noticed. Note that this sort of failure could also lose data from previously committed transactions. Two phase commit does not guarantee that the resource managers can't lose or corrupt data or that DR procedures don't screw up. A: I believe three phase commit is a much better approach. Unfortunately I haven't found anyone implementing such a technology. http://the-paper-trail.org/blog/consensus-protocols-three-phase-commit/ Here are the essential parts of the above article : The fundamental difficulty with 2PC is that, once the decision to commit has been made by the co-ordinator and communicated to some replicas, the replicas go right ahead and act upon the commit statement without checking to see if every other replica got the message. Then, if a replica that committed crashes along with the co-ordinator, the system has no way of telling what the result of the transaction was (since only the co-ordinator and the replica that got the message know for sure). Since the transaction might already have been committed at the crashed replica, the protocol cannot pessimistically abort – as the transaction might have had side-effects that are impossible to undo. Similarly, the protocol cannot optimistically force the transaction to commit, as the original vote might have been to abort. This problem is – mostly – circumvented by the addition of an extra phase to 2PC, unsurprisingly giving us a three-phase commit protocol. The idea is very simple. We break the second phase of 2PC – ‘commit’ – into two sub-phases. The first is the ‘prepare to commit’ phase. The co-ordinator sends this message to all replicas when it has received unanimous ‘yes’ votes in the first phase. On receipt of this messages, replicas get into a state where they are able to commit the transaction – by taking necessary locks and so forth – but crucially do not do any work that they cannot later undo. They then reply to the co-ordinator telling it that the ‘prepare to commit’ message was received. The purpose of this phase is to communicate the result of the vote to every replica so that the state of the protocol can be recovered no matter which replica dies. The last phase of the protocol does almost exactly the same thing as the original ‘commit or abort’ phase in 2PC. If the co-ordinator receives confirmation of the delivery of the ‘prepare to commit’ message from all replicas, it is then safe to go ahead with committing the transaction. However, if delivery is not confirmed, the co-ordinator cannot guarantee that the protocol state will be recovered should it crash (if you are tolerating a fixed number f of failures, the co-ordinator can go ahead once it has received f+1 confirmations). In this case, the co-ordinator will abort the transaction. If the co-ordinator should crash at any point, a recovery node can take over the transaction and query the state from any remaining replicas. If a replica that has committed the transaction has crashed, we know that every other replica has received a ‘prepare to commit’ message (otherwise the co-ordinator wouldn’t have moved to the commit phase), and therefore the recovery node will be able to determine that the transaction was able to be committed, and safely shepherd the protocol to its conclusion. If any replica reports to the recovery node that it has not received ‘prepare to commit’, the recovery node will know that the transaction has not been committed at any replica, and will therefore be able either to pessimistically abort or re-run the protocol from the beginning. So does 3PC fix all our problems? Not quite, but it comes close. In the case of a network partition, the wheels rather come off – imagine that all the replicas that received ‘prepare to commit’ are on one side of the partition, and those that did not are on the other. Then both partitions will continue with recovery nodes that respectively commit or abort the transaction, and when the network merges the system will have an inconsistent state. So 3PC has potentially unsafe runs, as does 2PC, but will always make progress and therefore satisfies its liveness properties. The fact that 3PC will not block on single node failures makes it much more appealing for services where high availability is more important than low latencies. A: Your scenario is not the only one where things can ultimately go wrong despite all effort. Suppose A and B have both reported "ready to commit" to TM, and then someone unplugs the line between TM and, say, B. B is waiting for the go-ahead (or no-go) from TM, but it certainly won't keep waiting forever until TM reconnects (its own resources involved in the transaction must stay locked/inaccessible throughout the entire wait time for obvious reasons). So when B is kept waiting too long for its own taste, it will take what is called "heuristic decisions". That is, it will decide to commit or rollback independently from TM, based on, well, I don't really know what, but that doesn't really matter. It should be obvious that any such heuristic decisions can deviate from the actual commit decision taken by TM. | High | [
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The tally just keeps growing. Observatory officials say swarms of eight to 10 tremors an hour are being felt in some Puna communities. And in recent days, hundreds have been recorded in the area. The biggest of those quakes was a 6.9-magnitude tremor that happened on Friday afternoon. | Low | [
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[Content of selected prostanoids in the rabbit myocardium as effected by izadrin]. The content of stable metabolites of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 in the rabbit myocardium in normal conditions and after single izadrin injection (comparison of survived and dead animals) has been comparatively analyzed. It has been shown that in all the cases izadrin injection induces the synthesis of these prostaglandins. But the cases with lethal outcome are characterized by predominance of the thromboxane-synthetase activity. The revealed peculiarities of prostaglandins synthesis in myocardium need experimental check on the isolated heart. | Mid | [
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H04N21/45—Management operations performed by the client for facilitating the reception of or the interaction with the content or administrating data related to the end-user or to the client device itself, e.g. learning user preferences for recommending movies, resolving scheduling conflicts Abstract A system and method for controlling a plurality of parental control subsystems within an entertainment system is provided. The system includes a computer interfaced to a plurality of audio and/or audiovisual devices, wherein at least two of the audio and/or audiovisual devices within the system each comprise a native parental control subsystem or locking mechanism having adjustable parameters. A software locking mechanism operates the computer to allow a user to input one or more general parental control parameters and then sets the adjustable parameters of each native parental control subsystem within the system by mapping the parental control parameters onto each separate, native mechanisms for each device. Description FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to parental control devices for limiting access by children to certain types of audiovisual material. More specifically, the present invention relates to a user interface for a computer or other information handling system that provides a single point of user control for parental locks for multiple audio and/or audiovisual devices. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The exposure of children to inappropriate material on television, such as sexual content, violence, coarse language, and so forth, has long been a concern. Recent technological developments now allow parental control of what children may see on television. For example, the so-called v-chip technology provides a decoder to decode program rating data encoded into a program at the time it is broadcast and to selectively pass or block television programming based on the rating level set. Such parental control systems potentially eliminate the need for program censorship, thus providing greater freedom of expression for broadcasters, while providing an opportunity for parents to control, even in their absence, children's access to audiovisual material according to their own values and child-rearing philosophy. However, because parental control schemes place the responsibility of protecting children from viewing inappropriate material with parents, even the most fail-safe of parental control systems will be of little value if parents are unable or unwilling to exercise this responsibility. For example, television broadcasts use MPAA ratings, such as G, PG, PG-13, R, and TV ratings, such as TV-Y, TV-Y7, TV-Y7-FV, TV-G, TV-PG, TV-14, TV-MA. In some schemes, a “fantasy violence” (FV) indicator may be added to the TV-Y rating, and indicators for violence (V), sexual situations (S), language (L), and dialog (D), may be added to each of the TV-PG, TV-14, and TV-MA ratings. In addition to blocking individual programs based on ratings, television locking systems also provide channel locks. DVD systems may employ a numbered rating system, for example, a scale from 1-10, with associated MPAA ratings. Because various audiovisual devices employ different locking schemes and different user interfaces, operation of the parental locks may be confusing. In some instances, a user may believe that certain rating levels and/or devices are locked when they are not, as where a device allows locking individual levels. In some devices, selecting a level locks that level and all levels above it. In other devices, however, an individual level may be locked, thus allowing, for example, the PG-13 level to be locked while the R rating level is not. Similarly, locking TV movies at a certain level has no effect on DVD movies. As additional rating schemes and locks become more commonplace, such as electronic program guide (EPG) or DSS ratings, digital television (DTV) ratings, etc., it is likely that the procedure for setting locking parameters will only become more complex. Therefore, there exists a need for a system and method that provide simplified control of parental lock settings for audio and/or audiovisual devices in an audiovisual system. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In general terms, the present invention is a system or method for controlling one or more, and preferably two or more, parental control subsystems within an entertainment system. Although the invention will be described herein in terms of “parental control” or “parental locks,” it should be recognized that such terms are intended to encompass any other person, in addition to parents who desire to prevent access of children to inappropriate audiovisual content, such as administrators of computers or networks available to the public, such as in libraries, on display in a retail environment, and so forth, or persons who display A/V material where children may be present, such as in-flight movies displayed on an aircraft, and so forth. The system includes a computer interfaced to an audio and/or audiovisual device having a native parental control subsystem or locking mechanism having adjustable parameters. In a preferred embodiment, the system includes a computer interfaced to a plurality of audio ad/or audiovisual devices, wherein at least two of the audio and/or audiovisual devices comprise a native parental control subsystem or locking mechanism having adjustable parameters. A software locking mechanism operates the computer to allow a user to input one or more general parental control parameters and then sets the adjustable parameters of each native parental control subsystem within the system by mapping the parental control parameters onto each separate, native mechanisms for each device. Although the present invention will be described primarily in reference to TV broadcast ratings and MPAA motion picture ratings, it will be recognized that the present invention is not limited to the particular ratings systems or ratings locks described below and illustrated in the drawing figures. Other ratings include, for example, DVD ratings, electronic program guide (EPG) ratings such as Telstar, EchoStar, or other EPG systems, digital television (DTV) ratings, or any other ratings standards as are now available or as may become available in the future. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention as claimed. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate an embodiment of the invention and together with the general description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The detailed description of the invention may be best understood when read in reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: FIG. 1 shows a hardware system in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2 shows an exemplary display screen layout of a control panel which may be used to control the audiovisual devices of a system according to the present invention; FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate dual overlays of a parental lock interface according to one embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate dual overlays of a parental lock interface according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating a method according to the present invention; and FIGS. 10A and 10B are a flow chart outlining a method according to the present invention accommodating multiple user profiles. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring now to FIG. 1, a hardware system in accordance with the present invention is shown. The hardware system 100 shown in FIG. 1 is generally representative of the hardware architecture of a computer-based information handling system of the present invention. The hardware system 100 is controlled by a central processing system 102. The central processing system 102 includes a central processing unit such as a microprocessor or microcontroller for executing programs, performing data manipulations and controlling the tasks of the hardware system 100. Communication with the central processor 102 is implemented through a system bus 110 for transferring information among the components of the hardware system 100. The bus 110 may include a data channel for facilitating information transfer between storage and other peripheral components of the hardware system. The bus 110 further provides the set of signals required for communication with the central processing system 102 including a data bus, address bus, and control bus. The bus 110 may comprise any state of the art bus architecture according to promulgated standards, for example industry standard architecture (ISA), extended industry standard architecture (EISA), Micro Channel Architecture (MCA), peripheral component interconnect (PCI) local bus, standards promulgated by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) including IEEE 488 general-purpose interface bus (GPIB), IEEE 696/S-100, and so on. Other components of the hardware system 100 include main memory 104, and auxiliary memory 106. The hardware system 100 may further include an auxiliary processing system 108 as required. The main memory 104 provides storage of instructions and data for programs executing on the central processing system 102. The main memory 104 is typically semiconductor-based memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and/or static random access memory (SRAM). Other semi-conductor-based memory types include, for example, synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), Rambus dynamic random access memory (RDRAM), ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM), and so on. The auxiliary memory 106 provides storage of instructions and data that are loaded into the main memory 104 before execution. The auxiliary memory 106 may include semiconductor based memory such as read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable read-only memory (EEPROM), or flash memory (block oriented memory similar to EEPROM). The auxiliary memory 106 may also include a variety of nonsemiconductor-based memories, including but not limited to magnetic tape, drum, floppy disk, hard disk, optical, laser disk, compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), write once compact disc (CD-R), rewritable compact disc (CD-RW), digital versatile disc read-only memory (DVD-ROM), write once DVD (DVD-R), rewritable digital versatile disc (DVD-RAM), etc. Other varieties of memory devices are contemplated as well. The hardware system 100 may optionally include an auxiliary processing system 108 which may be an auxiliary processor to manage input/output, an auxiliary processor to perform floating point mathematical operations, a digital signal processor (a special-purpose microprocessor having an architecture suitable for fast execution of signal processing algorithms), a back-end processor (a slave processor subordinate to the main processing system), an additional microprocessor or controller for dual or multiple processor systems, or a coprocessor. It will be recognized that such auxiliary processors may be discrete processors or may be built in to the main processor. The hardware system 100 further includes a display system 112 for connecting to a display device 114, and an input/output (I/O) system 116 for connecting to one or more I/O devices 118, 120, up to N number of I/O devices 122. The display system 112 may comprise a video display adapter having all of the components for driving the display device, including video memory, buffer, and graphics engine as desired. Video memory may be, for example, video random access memory (VRAM), synchronous graphics random access memory (SGRAM), windows random access memory (WRAM), and the like. The display device 114 may comprise a cathode ray-tube (CRT) type display such as a monitor or television, or may comprise an alternative type of display technology such as a projection-type display, liquid-crystal display (LCD), light-emitting diode (LED) display, gas or plasma display, electroluminescent display, vacuum fluorescent display, cathodoluminescent (field emission) display, plasma-addressed liquid crystal (PALC) display, high gain emissive display (HGED), and so forth. The input/output system 116 may comprise one or more controllers or adapters for providing interface functions between the one or more I/O devices 118-122. For example, the input/output system 116 may comprise a serial port, parallel port, universal serial bus (USB) port, IEEE 1394 serial bus port, infrared port, network adapter, printer adapter, radio-frequency (RF) communications adapter, universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART) port, etc., for interfacing between corresponding I/O devices such as a keyboard, mouse, trackball, touchpad, joystick, trackstick, infrared transducers, printer, modem, RF modem, bar code reader, charge-coupled device (CCD) reader, scanner, compact disc (CD), compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disc (DVD), video capture device, TV tuner card, touch screen, stylus, electroacoustic transducer, microphone, speaker, audio amplifier, etc. The input/output system 116 and I/O devices 118-122 may provide or receive analog or digital signals for communication between the hardware system 100 of the present invention and external devices, networks, or information sources. The input/output system 116 and I/O devices 118-122 preferably implement industry promulgated architecture standards, including Ethernet IEEE 802 standards (e.g., IEEE 802.3 for broadband and baseband networks, IEEE 802.3z for Gigabit Ethernet, IEEE 802.4 for token passing bus networks, IEEE 802.5 for token ring networks, IEEE 802.6 for metropolitan area networks, and so on), Fiber Channel, digital subscriber line (DSL), asymmetric digital subscriber line (ASDL), frame relay, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), integrated digital services network (ISDN), personal communications services (PCS), transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), serial line Internet protocol/point to point protocol (SLIP/PPP), and so on. It should be appreciated that modification or reconfiguration of the hardware system 100 of FIG. 1 by one having ordinary skill in the art would not depart from the scope or the spirit of the present invention. In one embodiment, the hardware system 100 may be what is often called a PC-TV or a convergence system, so named because such systems represent the convergence of computer and consumer electronics into a single system. FIG. 2 shows an exemplary display screen layout 200 of a control panel which may be used to control the audiovisual devices of the system 100. A region or window 202 contains therein various control buttons or switches such as stop, play, rewind, fast forward, and so forth, which function as on-screen visual representations of actual functions of the particular A/V device selected. A means for selecting a particular A/V device to control may also be provided. In the illustration shown, the means selecting a particular A/V device is series of buttons 204, which, when selected, will change the contents of region or window 202 so that the controls illustrated correspond to and control the actual controls for the attached A/V device. As used herein, any on-screen graphical object which is described as a button or otherwise said to be selectable or otherwise accessed is intended to refer to on-screen objects which may be advantageously be controlled with a pointing device such as a mouse or other device for controlling an on-screen pointer or cursor and generating mouse button events, although it will be recognized that many of such objects may also be made accessible through keyboard input as well. In the embodiment shown, the button 204 corresponding to DVD/CD is selected, with the controls therefor displayed in region 202. Highlighting, color differentiation, or other visual indicia may be provided to show the device selected. It will be recognized that other methods for selecting the A/V device may be provided, such as a menu hierarchies, pull down menus, pop up lists, radio button or check box lists, and so forth. In the event that there are additional A/V devices to be displayed in series 204, any conventional method may be employed, such as providing a scroll bar, resizing the size of layout 200, button resizing, providing additional rows, etc., as necessary, to accommodate the number of devices present. The embodiment of FIG. 2 further contains a region 206 which contains controls common to all of the A/V devices, such as volume and mute buttons which control the overall sound output of the system. Also present within region 206 is the parental locks button 208. The locks button 208 is illustrated in region 206 to indicate that it is a generally applicable control rather than a device specific control, i.e., generally applicable to each device supporting the use of parental locks. It will be recognized that in implementing the generally applicable locking mechanism according to the present invention, it is not necessary to eliminate device specific parental lock software that may be provided nor is the present invention intended to preclude a user from individually adjusting each individual A/V device separately if a user so chooses. It will further be recognized that the present invention is not limited to any particular layout, and that the control panel 200 of FIG. 2 is provided merely to illustrate a preferred method of providing convenient user access to the parental locking system according to the present invention, and any other method of accessing the software may be provided, including via other software application or operating system environment. For example, other A/V control panel or media player software interfaces may be adapted to provide access to the generally applicable parental lock control in accordance with the present invention. Also, the present invention may also be implemented as a stand alone parental lock software application, utility, or control panel. When the parental locks feature is accessed by a user, e.g., by selecting locks button 208, a parental locks interface such as that illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, is displayed. In one embodiment, an input dialog box will first appear requiring a password to be input prior to accessing the parental lock interface. In other embodiments, a password may not be required until an attempt is made to alter the settings of the A/V devices. In still other embodiments, the parental lock password may be required upon opening the A/V control panel, in which case the lock button 208 (FIG.2) would only appear, or would only be functional, when the correct password is entered. FIG. 3 illustrates one overlay 220 of a preferred dual overlay parental lock interface according to the present invention, with the second overlay 222 being illustrated in FIG. 4. Overlays 220 and 222 present channel lock button 224, which is highlighted (or otherwise made visually distinguishable) in FIG. 3 to indicate that it is the selected overlay. Likewise, content rating lock button 224 is highlighted (or otherwise made visually distinguishable) in FIG. 4, to indicate that the channel lock overlay is selected. Buttons 224 and 226 allow the user to toggle between the channel lock display screen 220 and the contend rating lock display screen 222. An exit button 228 is provided to exit the program. In one embodiment, the exit button returns the user to the software environment that was used to access the parental locks interface, such as an A/V control panel or media player interface of the type illustrated in FIG. 2. Referring now to FIG. 3, the majority of the channel lock overlay 220 is dedicated to field 230 of channel cells 232. In each channel cell there is a channel identifying field 234 and a channel number field 236. The channel identifying field contains channel identifying indicia such as one or more of the channel number, channel call letters, channel name, and the like. In other embodiments, the channel logo may be depicted in the channel identifying field, for example, as each channel cell's sole channel identifying indicium, or, in addition to one or more of channel number, channel call letters, channel name, and so forth. In the channel lock overlay, a user may select particular channels to lock and unlock, for example, wherein clicking on a particular channel cell toggles that channel between a locked and unlocked state. Preferably, the indicia within the cells of locked channels will be distinguishable from unlocked channels. In the event that the number of channels available is greater than the number of channel cells 232 that may be displayed within the channel lock overlay 220, a scroll bar 238 may be provided to allow a user to bring additional channels into view in field 230. Content rating button 226 brings up content rating overlay 222. Referring now to FIG. 4, the majority of the content rating lock overlay 222 is dedicated to field 240 of rating cells 242. Each rating contains a TV or movie rating and a brief description the rating. In the content rating lock overlay, a user may select particular ratings to lock and unlock. In one embodiment, clicking on a particular rating cell toggles that rating between a locked and unlocked state. Preferably, the indicia within the cells of locked ratings will be distinguishable from unlocked ratings. Since the number of ratings available will generally greater than the number of rating cells 242 that may be displayed clearly within the content rating lock overlay 222, a scroll bar 238 may be provided to allow a user to bring additional rating cells into window 222. Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4, buttons 244-250 are provided for applying the parental lock settings to each device. A button 244 is provided to turn on parental locks after a user's selections have been made by mapping a user's selections to each native parental control subsystem. A lock all button 246 for locking all devices and an unlock all button 248 for removing all locks may be provided. A user's previous settings may be saved in memory and an undo button 250 may be provided that allows a user to discard any changes made and to reinstate earlier settings. If a password was not required to access the parental lock interface itself, a dialog box requiring entry of a password may be provided when the user selects one of buttons 244-250. FIG. 5 shows an alternate channel lock overlay 220′, similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, wherein buttons 244-250 are located at the bottom of overlay 220′. Likewise, FIG. 6 shows an alternate content rating lock overlay 222′, similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, wherein buttons 244-250 are located at to bottom of overlay 222′. FIGS. 5 and 6 also depict an embodiment providing a visual indication of the channels and ratings that have been selected to be locked. Channel cells 232a, 232b, and 232c, are illustrated in FIG. 5 with optional padlock icon 252 appearing therein. In FIG. 6, the R rating is shown in a similar manner as being locked. Any manner of differentiating unlocked channels from unlocked channels and locked ratings from unlocked ratings may be employed, either as an alternative or in addition to a graphic or iconic indication such as padlock icon 252. Exemplary methods (not shown) include the use of differential color schemes, “graying out” the call letters/names of locked channels (for example, as is often done in software application environments for menu selection items that are unavailable) or otherwise changing the channel cell text and/or background color for the locked channels and ratings as compared to the unlocked channels and ratings. FIGS. 5 and 6 also depict a preferred scroll bar layout wherein scroll bars 238 are provided on each side of the channel field (FIG. 5) or ratings field (FIG. 6), thereby reducing the need to shuttle the pointer back and forth across the display screen when making selections. Other graphical indicia may be employed to separate television and movie ratings, such as segregation of the television and movie ratings within the field (see, e.g., FIG. 8), the use of a separator bar between television and movie ratings, and so forth. In FIGS. 4 and 6, the ratings applicable to television are illustrated by an optional TV icon 254 and the ratings applicable to motion pictures are identified by an optional motion picture icon 256. FIG. 8 illustrates an alternate content rating lock overlay 222″, which is similar to overlay 222′ shown in FIG. 6, but wherein a separate TV rating field 258 and movie rating field 260 are provided. Additional features may also be provided in further embodiments of the present invention. For example, FIG. 7 depicts an embodiment where additional “context” information may be provided to the user. For example, a more detailed explanation of a particular rating may be obtained. FIG. 7 depicts content rating lock overlay 223 with a context information box 262 displayed. Such context information boxes may be accessed through a number of methods. In one embodiment, a user may control a pointer 264 so that it hovers or remains stationary over a particular content rating cell for a predetermined period of time. Upon hovering over a particular cell for the predetermined period of time, context information box 262 may be brought up containing information corresponding to the appropriate cell. In the illustration, the cursor is shown located over the TV-Y cell and, accordingly, additional information about the TV-Y rating is shown. In this manner, much more information than could readily fit on a single screen becomes rapidly accessible. In a variation, not shown, similar information may be provided through a context menu that is made available through a secondary mouse button event, i.e., by “right clicking” in a particular cell for which additional information is desired. A context menu so accessed display the additional information in a pop up text box, either directly or as an item selectable from a menu including a “more information” menu selection item and also containing any number of additional features. Such additional features may include, for example, menu items for locking and unlocking the rating, and so forth. Also, detailed TV channel information (not shown) may be displayed for particular TV channel cells in the channel lock overlay in similar manner. In each of the above described embodiments, there has been described a parental lock interface wherein TV channel cells (FIGS. 3 and 5) or content rating cells (FIGS. 4, 6, 7, and 7) may be selected directly from the interface by a user and hen applied to the various devices within the audiovisual system. In one embodiment, a more interactive interface and method for obtaining input from a user may be employed. Although the above described parental locks interface is intuitive, some users may prefer an interface which is even simpler and more automated. In one embodiment, a human oriented set of questions may be provided that asks about the individuals who will use the system and their ages. Questions may also be asked about the level of locking desired in general terms. In one embodiment, the questions a can be posed in an interactive or wizard format wherein a series of questions are asked and wherein the answers to the questions dictate the subsequent questions. For example, such a questionnaire or wizard interface might begin by asking if any of the users of the system are children. If all of the users are adults, the program might then simply recommend that all devices be unlocked. On the other hand, if the user indicates that a child or children will be using the system, the wizard may then query as to the children's ages. After the children's ages are entered by the user, the wizard may then recommend locking all programming which correspond to the age of the youngest child. For, example, if a user indicates that there are children under the age of 13, the user interface could then suggest that all programs rated for audiences 13 and older be locked. The software would then apply a lock on all MPAA levels PG-13 and higher and lock all TV shows with a rating of TV-14 and higher. The method of establishing the results discussed above is summarized in flow chart form in FIG. 9. The flow chart 300 illustrates the methodology of the present invention in five basic steps. Specifically, the parental lock interface is selected by a user in step 304. This may be done by selecting the parental lock feature in an A/N device control panel, such as the control panel exemplified in FIG. 2. The user then uses the parental lock interface to select the material and/or channels to be locked in step 308. In step 312, the user input is then evaluated and converted to the equivalent or closest settings for each device that supports locks. The computer may textually or graphically display the level of parental locking selected in step 316, and, in step 320, adjust the parental locking parameter of each subsystem so that the operation of each of the parental lock subsystems is consistent with the user input of step 304. FIGS. 10A and 10B together illustrate a flow chart outlining a method wherein multiple user profiles may be created and saved in memory if desired. In step 404, the parental locks feature is selected, e.g., via button 208 (FIG. 2) from the A/V control panel 200 (FIG. 2). In step 408, a password is obtained. If the password determined to be incorrect in step 412, the process ends, for example, by returning to software application or overlay from which the parental locks feature was selected, such as an A/V control panel as depicted in FIG. 2. Alternatively, the process may allow one or more additional attempts at entering the password. It will be recognized that the password entry step may be at any other convenient point, such as when initially running an A/V control panel or other software environment that contains a link to the parental locks interface, or, after the parental locks interface is displayed but before any parental lock changes are actually made to the attached devices supporting parental locks. Other features designed to prevent tampering may also be included. For example, if incorrect passwords are entered a predetermined number of times, the system may be instructed to disable access to all A/V devices, preferably via a user selectable parameter. As an alternative to or addition to barring all access to the A/V features of the system, this information of attempts to breach the security may be reported to parents in the form of a data file, pop up message, and so forth. Upon correct entry of the password in step 412, the system determines if there are any previously saved user settings or profiles in step 416. Previously saved user settings may be those previously saved by the user or they may be default settings for different age groups which may be used as a template which may used and, if desired, modified in creating new profiles. If no saved user profiles are detected, the user may create a new user profile in step 424. In one embodiment, the new user profile may be generated by simply allowing the user to lock channels and content by manipulating the interface directly and then prompting the user whether to save the profile created as a data file which may simply be reloaded at a later time if subsequent changes are made. Where there are children of different ages, separate profiles could be selected for different children (or age groups). In one embodiment, a saved profile may also be associated with a particular user, for example, as where an operating system or other software application provides for defining a plurality of user profiles. Such operating system or application software typically allows different users to customize desktop appearance, allows or bars access to various data, software, or other features within a system, and so forth. If there are previously saved user profiles, they may be displayed in step 420 and the user given an option of selecting one. The user may also be informed of which user profile is currently selected, if any, or other status of parental locks. If the user wishes to open a preexisting user profile in step, 420, the selected profile is opened in step 428. If previously saved user profiles exist, but the user wishes not to use any of them, the user may create a new profile in step 424. If a preexisting user profile is opened in step 428 and the user simply wishes to use the settings without further changing them in step 432, the locks are applied to each device in step 440. If the user chooses to create a new user profile in step 424, the process proceeds to step 436 for user input. Likewise, if the user opens a preexisting profile with an intent to modify that profile, the process goes to step 436 and the user's input is obtained. After the user's input has been entered, the locks are applied in step 440. In step 444, it is determined whether any changes were made, i.e., whether any new user profiles were created or whether any previously saved profiles were modified. If not the program terminates at step 456. In one embodiment, the user is returned to an A/V control panel. If changes were made (i.e., user input was obtained in step 436 either for the purpose of creating a new user profile or modifying an existing one), the user may then be prompted whether to save the changes in step 448. If saving the changes is not desired, for example, a new user profile was created for temporary, one-time use, or if a modification to an existing user profile is intended as a temporary, one-time change, the program exits to step 456 without saving the changes. If the user wishes to save any changes made or new profiles created, they are saved in step 452 before the program is exited in step 456. In the above described process of FIGS. 10A and 10B, it will be recognized that the user input may be made by allowing the user to manipulate the user interface directly, with the process proceeding as the user makes selections. As an alternative, the input may be obtained in a more directed or interactive manner in the form of a questionnaire or wizard as described above. Other features and embodiments are contemplated as well. For example, after setting the ratings locks for devices which support them, the system will notify the user of any device which does not support parental locks. The user could be informed of other content that may not or is likely to not carry ratings, such as many DVD titles currently on the market. In the simplest embodiment, where a user selects a particular rating, that rating and all higher ratings will be locked. In a more flexible embodiment, the ratings may be selected individually. Preferably, the manner of operation in this regard may be selected by the user, e.g., in a user preferences options field. Where extended TV ratings are selected, e.g., the software could recommend a setting and let the user know which devices support extended ratings and which do not. In one embodiment, individual ratings and rating variations are individually selectable. In another embodiment, if a user selects a general rating, such as TV-14, that rating and any variations thereof, such as TV-14-V, TV-14-S, TV-14-L, and TV-14-D will also be locked. In another embodiment, if a specific rating variation is selected, such as TV-14-V, then only that rating variation will be locked. In one embodiment, since many programs still do not carry program ratings, the system could suggest that the user review the list of all television channels and identify and lock any networks that tend to show adult content. A list of television channels my also be suggested on the basis of user input, such as user responses to a wizard-type questionnaire as described above. In one embodiment, personal remote control devices for specific users may be provided and associated with a specific user profile stored in the system. In this manner, the system can identify the remote control device used, determine the user associated with the identified remote control device, and apply the parental locks to each device according to the user profile associated with the remote control device. The parental locks are not necessarily limited to TV ratings and movie content ratings. For example, a PC games lock feature may also be provided wherein a database of PC games may be provided having a MPAA or TV-type rating for each game. Such a games lock feature could automatically follow the locks set for broadcast and movie content. In one embodiment, a user may see a list of all titles installed on the system to explicitly lock any titles not contained in the database. Similarly, the broadcast and movie ratings input may be also be used to configure installed Internet browsers or Internet filtering software. In another embodiment, the locking system may be adapted to bar access by children or other unauthorized users to pay per view services, video on demand services, and so forth. In yet another embodiment, to further facilitate the use of parental locks, the information regarding a user's parental control needs may be gathered and initiated by the manufacturer at the point of sale. The present invention may be adapted to further enhancements in what is sure to be an ever-increasing technology. As advancements in A/V broadcast technologies are made and as mass storage capabilities are increased, it is likely that a further proliferation of parental control standards will occur. For example, rather than rating entire movies or programs, ratings of some materials, and thus the application of parental locks, may involve blocking of individual scenes rather than entire programs or movies. Likewise, as sufficiently large random access mass storage devices become available (or where transmission bandwidth would permit), parental control devices may involve scene replacement technology. For example, a movie, which with the exception of certain scenes may otherwise may be acceptable for most viewers, may be stored (or broadcast) with alternative scenes containing different levels of violence, language, sex, acceptable for different age levels. As such, a parental control system may provide the option of allowing playback with acceptably rated scenes substituted for the original scenes. The present invention may be adapted to such standards as they may occur by providing a general, centralized interface. Although the invention has been described with a certain degree of particularity, it should be recognized that elements thereof may be altered by persons skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. One of the embodiments of the invention can be implemented as sets of instructions resident in the main memory 104 of one or more computer systems configured generally as described in FIG. 1. Until required by the computer system, the set of instructions may be stored in another computer readable memory such as the auxiliary memory of FIG. 1, for example in a hard disk drive or in a removable memory such as an optical disk for utilization in a DVD-ROM or CD-ROM drive, a magnetic media for utilization in a magnetic media drive, a magneto-optical disk for utilization in a magneto-optical drive, a floptical disk for utilization in a floptical drive, or a personal computer memory card for utilization in a personal computer card slot. Further, the set of instructions can be stored in the memory of another computer and transmitted over a local area network or a wide area network, such as the Internet, when desired by the user. Additionally, the instructions may be transmitted over a network in the form of an applet that is interpreted after transmission to the computer system rather than prior to transmission. One skilled in the art would appreciate that the physical storage of the sets of instructions or applets physically changes the medium upon which it is stored electrically, magnetically, chemically, physically, optically or holographically so that the medium carries computer readable information. The description above should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, but as merely providing illustrations to some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention. In light of the above description and examples, various other modifications and variations will now become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined solely by the appended claims and their legal equivalents. Claims (25) What is claimed is: 1. A method for operating and controlling a plurality of parental control subsystems in an audiovisual system, wherein the audiovisual system has a computer and wherein said system is configurable by a graphical user interface (GUI), comprising: interfacing one or more audio and/or audiovisual devices to said computer, wherein at least one of said audio and/or audiovisual devices comprises a native parental control subsystem having adjustable parameters; operating the computer to receive user input, said user input allowing a user to choose one or more general parental control parameters; and operating the computer to set the adjustable parameters of each native parental control subsystem within said system, wherein the adjustable control parameters of the native parental control system include a first parental control scheme and a second parental control scheme, the first parental control scheme being incompatible with the second parental control scheme, and wherein the control programming allows a user to choose general control parameters of the first parental control scheme and the second parental control scheme. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said one or more audio and/or audiovisual devices comprises a plurality of audio and/or audiovisual devices interfaced to said computer, and wherein at least two of said audio and/or audiovisual devices comprise a native parental control subsystem having adjustable parameters. 3. A method according to claim 2, wherein said at least two audiovisual devices are multimedia devices. 4. A method according to claim 3, wherein said multimedia devices are one or more DVD devices, video tape devices, television devices, or any combination thereof. 5. A method according to claim 4, wherein said television devices are selected from the group consisting of televisions, cable television set top boxes, digital satellite service set top converters, television tuner cards, and any combination thereof. 6. A method according to claim 2, wherein said user input comprises user responses to a series of on-screen questions. 7. A method according to claim 6, further comprising the step of recommending television channels to lock. 8. A method according to claim 6, further comprising the step of recommending audiovisual content ratings to lock. 10. A method according to claim 9, wherein said graphical user interface comprises a first on-screen overlay, said first on-screen overlay comprising audiovisual content-based user-selectable items, and a second on-screen overlay, said second on-screen overlay comprising television channel-based user-selectable items. 12. A method according to claim 10, further comprising the step of operating the computer to provide on-screen visual indicia of user input. 13. A method according to claim 2, further comprising step of displaying an on-screen listing of audiovisual devices which do not support locks. 14. A method according to claim 2, further comprising the steps of: identifying the computer games installed on the system; providing a database of computer game ratings analogous to audiovisual content ratings; and operating the computer to lock any computer games that exceed the parental control parameters selected by the user for audiovisual content. 15. A method for operating and controlling a plurality of parental control subsystems in an audiovisual system, wherein the audiovisual system has a computer and wherein said system is configurable by a graphical user interface (GUI), comprising: interfacing a plurality of audio and/or audiovisual devices to said computer, at least two of said audio and/or audiovisual devices comprising a native parental control subsystem having adjustable parameters; providing a questionnaire comprising one or more questions for collecting information about a user's desired level of parental control over said audio and/or audiovisual devices; asking one or more questions selected from said set of questions to collect said information; translating the information collected into device specific codes for each parental code subsystem; operating the computer to set the adjustable parameters of each native parental control subsystem within said system, wherein the adjustable control parameters of the native parental control system include a first parental control scheme and a second parental control scheme, the first parental control scheme being incompatible with the second parental control scheme, and wherein the control programming allows a user to choose general control parameters of the first parental control scheme and the second parental control scheme. 16. A method of claim 15, further comprising the step of displaying the collected information. 17. A method of claim 15, further comprising the step of displaying a list of audiovisual devices in said audiovisual system which do not support locks. 18. A method of claim 15, further comprising the step of recommending television channels to lock. 19. A method of claim 15, further comprising the step of recommending ratings to lock. 20. A method of claim 15, further comprising the steps of: identifying computer games installed on the system; providing a database of computer game ratings analogous to audiovisual content ratings; and operating the computer to lock any computer games based on said collected information. 21. A method for operating and controlling a plurality of parental control subsystems in an audiovisual system, wherein the audiovisual system has a computer and wherein said system is configurable by a graphical user interface (GUI), comprising: interfacing at least two audio and/or audiovisual devices to said computer, wherein said at least two audio and/or audiovisual devices include a native parental control subsystem having adjustable parameters, wherein a first audio and/or audiovisual device of the at least two audio and/or audiovisual devices include a first parental control scheme and a second audio and/or audiovisual device of the at least two audio and/or audiovisual devices include a second parental control scheme, the first parental control scheme being incompatible with the second parental control scheme; operating the computer to receive user input, said user input allowing a user to choose general parental control parameters; and operating the computer to set the adjustable parameters of each native parental control subsystem subsystems of the at least two audio and/or audiovisual devices within said system based on the received user input choosing the one or more general parental control parameters. 22. A method according to claim 1, wherein at least two audio and/or audiovisual devices are interfaced to said computer, the at least two audio and/or audiovisual devices including native parental control subsystems. 23. A method according to claim 15, wherein at least two audio and/or audiovisual devices are interfaced to said computer, the at least two audio and/or audiovisual devices including native parental control subsystems. 24. A method according to claim 1, operating the computer to set the adjustable parameters of each native parental control subsystem subsystems within said system is based on the received user input choosing the one or more general parental control parameters. 25. A method according to claim 15, operating the computer to set the adjustable parameters of each native parental control subsystem subsystems of the at least two audio and/or audiovisual devices within said system based on the translated information. | Mid | [
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Microwave Synthesis Connects With the (Quantum) Dots Materials researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have developed a simplified, low-cost process for producing high-quality, water-soluble "quantum dots" for biological research. By using a laboratory microwave reactor to promote the synthesis of the widely used nanomaterials, the recently published* NIST process avoids a problematic step in the conventional approach to making quantum dots, resulting in brighter, more stable dots. Brightly glowing vials of highly luminescent, water soluble quantum dots produced by the new NIST microwave process span a wavelength range from 500 to 600 nm. Quantum dots are specially engineered nanoscale crystals of semiconductor compounds. The name comes from the fact that their infinitesimal size enables a quantum electronics effect that causes the crystals to fluoresce brilliantly at specific, sharply defined colors. Bright, stable, tiny and tunable across a broad spectrum of colors, quantum dots that are engineered to attach themselves to particular proteins have become a popular research tool in areas such as cancer research for detecting, labeling and tracking specific biomarkers and cells. Making good quantum dots for biological research is complex. First a semiconductor compound—typically a mixture of cadmium and selenium—must be induced to crystallize into discrete nanocrystals of just the right size. Cadmium is toxic, and the compound also can oxidize easily (ruining the effect), so the nanocrystals must be encapsulated in a protective shell such as zinc sulfide. To make them water soluble for biological applications, a short organic molecule called a “ligand” is attached to the zinc atoms. The organic ligand also serves as a tether to attach additional functional molecules that cause the dot to bind to specific proteins. The accepted commercial method uses a high-temperature reaction (about 300 degrees Celsius) that must be carefully controlled under an inert gas atmosphere for the crystallization and encapsulation stages. An intermediate ligand material that can tolerate the high temperature is used to promote the crystallization process, but it must be chemically swapped afterwards for a different compound that makes the material water soluble. The ligand exchange step—as well as several variations on the process—is known to significantly alter the luminescence and stability of the resulting quantum dots. Seeking a better method, NIST researchers turned to microwave-assisted chemistry. Microwaves have been employed in a variety of chemical reactions to reduce the required times and temperatures. Working at temperatures half those of commercial processes, the group developed a relatively simple two-stage process that requires no special atmospheric conditions and directly incorporates the water-soluble ligand into the shell without an exchange step. Using commercially available starting materials, they have synthesized highly uniform and efficient quantum dots for a range of frequencies and shown them to be stable in aqueous solutions for longer than four months. | High | [
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The aim of the project is to use epidermal cell cultures as a primary screen for evaluation of biological activity of new synthetic vitamin A analogs, as well as for further elucidation of the mechanism of action of vitamin A. | High | [
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986 F.2d 1418 Nationsbank of Texasv.Sklaver* NOS. 92-1473, 92-1475 United States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit. Feb 17, 1993 Appeal From: N.D.Tex. VACATED. * Fed.R.App.P. 34(a); 5th Cir.R. 34.2 | Low | [
0.502049180327868,
30.625,
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946 F.2d 539 DYNA-TEL, INCORPORATED, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.LAKEWOOD ENGINEERING & MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Defendant-Appellant. No. 90-3813. United States Court of Appeals,Seventh Circuit. Argued Sept. 10, 1991.Decided Oct. 23, 1991. Robert E. Gyemant, Dennis Babbits (argued), San Francisco, Cal., Lowell D. Snorf, Phillips, Healy & Allen, Beverly J. Klein, Mayer, Brown & Platt, Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff-appellee. William R. Sullivan, Jr., Timothy F. Haley (argued), Thomas H. Peckham, Seyfarth, Shaw, Fairweather & Geraldson, Chicago, Ill., for defendant-appellant. Before WOOD, Jr., POSNER, and KANNE, Circuit Judges. POSNER, Circuit Judge. 1 Dyna-Tel, Inc. brought this diversity suit against Lakewood Engineering and Manufacturing Company, a manufacturer of electric fans, claiming that Lakewood had refused to pay it for electric-fan motors that Dyna-Tel had sold and delivered to Lakewood. As is usual and proper in diversity cases where the parties fail to make an issue of choice of law, the district judge, brushing aside Dyna-Tel's feeble and irrelevant effort renewed in this court to show that California law governs the issue of estoppel (irrelevant because Dyna-Tel has failed to suggest any material differences between California and Illinois law on the question, International Administrators, Inc. v. Life Ins. Co., 753 F.2d 1373, 1376 n. 4 (7th Cir.1985)), applied Illinois law. Illinois is the state where the suit was brought; forum law is the default rule for choice of law questions. Wood v. Mid-Valley Inc., 942 F.2d 425, 426-27 (7th Cir.1991). 2 After a two-day bench trial, Judge Marshall awarded Dyna-Tel damages of $634,000. Having previously paid the entities that it believed had owned the fans it bought and were entitled to the money for them, Lakewood is understandably upset at the prospect of having to pay again. It argues that the judge either misread the contract or should have accepted Lakewood's defense of estoppel. 3 Vivek Hejmadi organized Dyna-Tel in the early 1980s to buy electrical equipment for resale. He discovered that a Philippine company, Chemark Electric Motors, Inc., was manufacturing a type of motor that Lakewood had previously bought from another company. Dyna-Tel became Chemark's distributor in the United States. Hejmadi visited James Larkin, a senior officer of Lakewood, to try to interest him in the motors. Larkin told Hejmadi to return with a representative from Chemark, because it was Lakewood's policy to deal directly with the manufacturer since the manufacturer controls key aspects of performance such as quality and timeliness. So a second meeting was held, attended by Antonio Garcia, the president of Chemark, along with Hejmadi and Larkin. At it an agreement in principle was reached that Chemark would build to the design of the motors Lakewood formerly had bought, and that, in Larkin's words, "Vic [Hejmadi] would take care of the details." One of the details was price. A price range was discussed at the meeting but Larkin thought it too high and Hejmadi was left to negotiate the price with Larkin. This was done over the next few weeks. Apparently the deal between Chemark and Dyna-Tel was that Dyna-Tel would keep 15 percent of the sales price to Lakewood and remit the balance to Chemark, but the record is vague on the exact percentage. At Lakewood's request Dyna-Tel obtained an Underwriters' Laboratory seal of approval for the motors and added Lakewood as an additional insured party on Dyna-Tel's products-liability insurance policy. At Dyna-Tel's request Lakewood obtained a letter of credit entitling Dyna-Tel to payment for the motors upon presentation of documents indicating their delivery to Lakewood. Lakewood listed Dyna-Tel on its books as an account payable. 4 Chemark shipped the motors directly to Lakewood pursuant to two purchase orders that Lakewood sent Dyna-Tel in November 1983. Lakewood typed the orders on its printed order form, and in the space for the addressee appears 5 Chemark Electric Motors, Inc. 6 c/o Dyna-Tel, Inc., 360 E. 72nd St., Apt. B-403 New York, NY 10021 7 --which is Dyna-Tel's address. The purchase price was approximately $1.6 million. 8 Everything proceeded swimmingly for a time and Lakewood had paid Dyna-Tel about $1 million when a three-cornered dispute arose among Lakewood, Chemark, and Dyna-Tel. Lakewood complained about late delivery from Chemark. Dyna-Tel refused to pay Chemark unless Chemark accelerated its deliveries to Lakewood. Meanwhile the principals of Chemark had created a new corporation, Advanced Motor Technology (Amtek), to distribute Chemark's motors in the U.S.; this may have led to friction with Dyna-Tel too, although the record is unclear. In any event, either Chemark or Amtek told Lakewood not to make any further payments for the motors that it had received until the dispute between Dyna-Tel on the one side and Chemark and Amtek on the other was resolved. Chemark then sued Dyna-Tel in California for the payments that Dyna-Tel was withholding. That suit was settled on September 22, 1985, by the execution by Chemark and Dyna-Tel of a document entitled "Settlement Agreement and Release." The agreement (we'll call it the settlement agreement) required the parties to execute another agreement, the Release and Assignment (which we'll call the assignment agreement), assigning to Chemark all Dyna-Tel's rights to payment by Lakewood. The parties duly executed this agreement too. The settlement agreement went on to provide that the validity of the assignment was contingent on the performance of the other covenants in the settlement agreement, including an undertaking by the parties to create a new corporation, jointly owned by the parties, which would become Chemark's exclusive distributor in the United States. These conditions did not appear in the assignment agreement itself, however. 9 Three days after the signing of these agreements, Amtek sued Lakewood in federal district court in Chicago, seeking to recover the unpaid balance of the motors; this was essentially the same suit that Dyna-Tel was later to bring in the same court and that is before us on this appeal. It is a mystery why Amtek was the plaintiff, given the assignment to Chemark, and why a suit was necessary: for remember that it was either Chemark or Amtek that had told Lakewood to stop paying for the motors until the dispute involving Chemark, Amtek, and Dyna-Tel was resolved; and we shall see in a moment that Lakewood, while distressed by slow delivery, was willing to pay--it just wanted to know whom to pay. However all this may be, Lakewood responded with a motion to dismiss the suit because of Amtek's failure to join as additional parties Chemark and Dyna-Tel, which in Lakewood's view were essential for a just adjudication. At about this time Beverly Klein, a lawyer representing Dyna-Tel, called Larkin and, according to his testimony (she did not testify), told him that she was looking for some money for Dyna-Tel. Larkin told her about the Amtek suit and suggested she call James Conlon, the lawyer handling the suit for Lakewood. 10 Chemark moved to intervene in Amtek's suit, claiming to be the party entitled to payment for the motors and in support of the claim attaching the assignment agreement, which showed that Dyna-Tel had assigned its own claim to Chemark. An odor of fraud is emitted by Chemark's intervention in Amtek's suit. Chemark did not advise the court that the validity of the assignment was contingent on the performance of the covenants in the settlement agreement--none of which Chemark had performed except the covenant to dismiss its suit in California. Nor did Chemark disclose that its principals had created Amtek, its supposed adversary. 11 Lakewood responded to the motion to intervene by filing a counterclaim in interpleader against Chemark and Amtek and by depositing in court its estimate of the unpaid balance of the purchase price for the motors. It did not name Dyna-Tel as an additional interpleader defendant, nor did Dyna-Tel seek to intervene in the interpleader action, though it knew about it. 12 On January 23, 1986, Chemark and Amtek settled their "dispute," divided the money on deposit in the court, and--vanished. One month after the funds on deposit in the court were disbursed to Chemark and Amtek, Dyna-Tel brought this suit against Lakewood, seeking the same funds that Chemark and Amtek had just walked off with (actually more) and pointing out that the assignment was invalid because Chemark had breached the covenants in the settlement agreement upon the performance of which the assignment was conditional. 13 The first issue is whether the contract of sale was between Lakewood and Dyna-Tel or between Lakewood and Chemark. If the latter then Lakewood paid the right party after all and Dyna-Tel has no claim. This question depends on whether Dyna-Tel was a distributor, buying motors from Chemark and reselling them to Lakewood, or a mere sales agent, effecting a sale by Chemark of Chemark's motors to Lakewood in exchange for a commission. There is little doubt that as between Chemark and Dyna-Tel, Dyna-Tel was, at least by the time the purchase orders were sent, a distributor and not merely a sales agent. It is less clear what the situation was when the original contract was made between Lakewood and Dyna-Tel following the meeting among Larkin, Hejmadi, and Garcia. It is particularly unclear what Lakewood agreed to. 14 Lakewood denies there is any unclarity. The purchase orders, it says, are clear on their face. They are addressed to Chemark "in care of" Dyna-Tel, and everyone knows that if you send a letter to A in care of B the letter is meant for A, not B; B is just a receiving agent. Even courts know this. Bellmer v. Charter Security Life Ins. Co., 140 Ill.App.3d 752, 759-60, 94 Ill.Dec. 945, 950, 488 N.E.2d 1338, 1343 (1986); Moser v. Highway Commissioner, 114 Ill.App.3d 137, 141, 69 Ill.Dec. 885, 888, 448 N.E.2d 603, 606 (1983). But this line of argument treats the purchase orders as the contracts. They are just invoices, and don't contain the complete agreement of the parties. They make no reference, for example, to the letter of credit--a crucial term. The complete agreement must be inferred from a series of meetings, documents, and acts, as in McLean County Coal Co. v. City of Bloomington, 234 Ill. 90, 96-97, 84 N.E. 624, 626 (1908), and Mercantile Trust Co. v. Kastor, 273 Ill. 332, 340, 112 N.E. 988, 991 (1916), or our very recent Wood v. Mid-Valley Inc., supra. In this larger setting the significance of "c/o" shrinks. It could just mean that since the purchase order would be filled by Chemark initially, because Chemark would be both manufacturing the motors and delivering them (they were to be drop shipped--that is, shipped directly from Chemark to Lakewood--rather than shipped first to Dyna-Tel, which as far as appears had no warehousing facilities), Dyna-Tel would be expected in the ordinary course of completing the transaction to forward the purchase order to Chemark so the latter would know what to do. Since the purchase orders also specify that the motors are to be approved by Underwriters' Laboratory, and Dyna-Tel rather than Chemark was responsible for obtaining that approval, it is apparent that the orders required performance by Dyna-Tel as well as by Chemark and therefore that Dyna-Tel was more than a mail box. 15 The fact that the letter of credit directed payment to Dyna-Tel, the fact that Dyna-Tel was the name of the relevant account payable on Lakewood's books, the fact that the purchase orders are the only place in Lakewood's files in which the name "Chemark" appears, even the fact that Dyna-Tel negotiated the price of the motors without consulting Chemark--none of these facts is decisive on the question whether Dyna-Tel was the actual seller. Foreign companies often confer broad authority on their U.S. agents without necessarily making them distributors in the sense of middlemen who actually take title to the goods. Still we cannot say that Judge Marshall committed a clear error--indeed that he committed any error--in concluding that Lakewood's contract was with Dyna-Tel. The "c/o" is less suggestive than Lakewood's conduct. If Lakewood thought it had a contract with Chemark, why didn't the name "Chemark" appear anywhere in Lakewood's books? Why didn't Lakewood insist on a written direction from Chemark to make the letter of credit payable to Dyna-Tel? The request came from Dyna-Tel and made no reference to Chemark. Why did Lakewood move to dismiss Amtek's suit for failure to join Dyna-Tel--on Lakewood's present telling a mere commission agent--as an indispensable party? There are answers to these questions but Judge Marshall was not required to accept them. 16 The second issue is whether Dyna-Tel should be estopped to enforce the contract. Lakewood argues with considerable force that Dyna-Tel, by its actions and particularly its inactions, misled Lakewood into thinking that it was safe to give the purchase money to Chemark and Amtek to divide. Dyna-Tel knew of course that the assignment upon which Chemark had based its intervention in Amtek's suit was invalid because Chemark had breached the covenants in the settlement agreement upon which the assignment depended. Yet Dyna-Tel said nothing about this to Lakewood, leaving the latter to bask in a false belief that Chemark was indeed the assignee of all of Dyna-Tel's interest. 17 Dyna-Tel responds that it did say something. Klein told Larkin that Dyna-Tel was looking for money from Lakewood. That, Dyna-Tel argues, should have warned Larkin and through him Lakewood's lawyer, Conlon, that Dyna-Tel should be brought into the interpleader suit. To this Lakewood ripostes that the phone conversation took place several days before Chemark filed its motion to intervene in Amtek's suit and therefore before Conlon received the assignment agreement that indicated that any claim Dyna-Tel might once have had against Lakewood had been assigned to Chemark (maybe assigned after the phone conversation in which Dyna-Tel, through Klein, had asserted an interest). Dyna-Tel replies by pointing out that the assignment agreement was dated before the phone call, so Conlon should have realized that Dyna-Tel had not relinquished all interest in the matter. The date of the phone call, answers Lakewood, is not in the record. But Larkin admitted that he spoke to Klein after the agreement was signed--he just doesn't know how many days after. 18 The doctrine of equitable estoppel does not establish a general duty of altruism or solicitude. It does not transform every contract into a fiduciary undertaking. It requires proof of words or deeds (or sometimes omissions to speak or act) that create a misleading impression upon which a reasonable person would rely. Vaughn v. Speaker, 126 Ill.2d 150, 162-63, 127 Ill.Dec. 803, 808-09, 533 N.E.2d 885, 890-91 (1988). The conduct by Dyna-Tel that is alleged to estop it to enforce its contract with Lakewood consists of (1) Dyna-Tel's signing the assignment agreement, an agreement that Lakewood describes as a ruse to enable Chemark to extract payment from Lakewood, (2) Dyna-Tel's failure to reveal to Lakewood the existence of the settlement agreement, which qualified the assignment agreement in critical respects--indeed rendered the assignment invalid--and (3) Dyna-Tel's failure to intervene in the interpleader action. The first point, at least considered by itself, is shallow. Dyna-Tel signed the assignment agreement as consideration for the promises made by Chemark in the accompanying settlement agreement. Hejmadi was not represented by counsel when he signed it and it would be asking a lot of a layman to foresee that such a document, by virtue of its failure to disclose that it was contingent on the performance of another contract, could be used to inveigle someone else into paying the wrong party should that other contract be broken. 19 As for Dyna-Tel's failure to warn Lakewood of its potential exposure to liability, it did warn Lakewood--sort of, through Beverly Klein's call. But it was a lackluster warning, barren as it was of any reference to the crucial fact that the assignment--Chemark's sole warrant for seeking payment from Lakewood--was invalid. And it does seem extraordinary that Dyna-Tel should then have sat back, knowing that Lakewood was about to pay the wrong people, and have made no effort to intervene in the interpleader action--and then a month after Lakewood's money was gone have sued Lakewood for the purchase price. We may assume that by these acts (the signing of the potentially misleading assignment agreement, and the unspecific warning) and omissions (the failure to reveal the existence of the settlement agreement, to warn Lakewood that the assignment was invalid, or to intervene in the interpleader action), Dyna-Tel created a misleading impression. So the first element of an equitable estoppel is present. But was it an impression that would have induced a reasonable person to believe that Dyna-Tel had no interest in the purchase money and could safely be ignored? That's an essential element too. Blisset v. Blisset, 123 Ill.2d 161, 169, 121 Ill.Dec. 931, 934, 526 N.E.2d 125, 128 (1988); Wilson v. Illinois Benedictine College, 112 Ill.App.3d 932, 939-40, 68 Ill.Dec. 257, 264, 445 N.E.2d 901, 908 (1983); Viirre v. Zayre Stores, Inc., 212 Ill.App.3d 505, 513-16, 156 Ill.Dec. 622, 628-29, 571 N.E.2d 209, 215-16 (1991); Byron Community Unit School v. Dunham-Bush, Inc., 215 Ill.App.3d 343, 347-48, 158 Ill.Dec. 990, 993, 574 N.E.2d 1383, 1386 (1991). The answer is no. 20 Lakewood, or its counsel, behaved with extreme imprudence. Here was Dyna-Tel, listed on the books of Lakewood as a creditor owed more than half a million dollars; Dyna-Tel, which Lakewood itself had seen fit to designate as an indispensable party in the suit by Amtek; Dyna-Tel, which through its lawyer had warned the responsible official of Lakewood that it was seeking money for the sale of the motors--its sale, after all. Although the assignment agreement looked good on its face and Chemark's counsel submitted an affidavit with Chemark's motion to intervene stating that Dyna-Tel had indeed assigned all its interest in the motors that were the subject of the litigation to Chemark, a clause in the agreement provided that the agreement could be modified by mutual consent, and Lakewood's counsel made no effort to check on the validity of the assignment with Dyna-Tel. Lakewood could not count on Dyna-Tel's intervening in the interpleader action. Why should it? So that it could fight with two or three parties rather than with one? If Lakewood wanted Dyna-Tel in there it could have interpleaded it. Its failure to do so is nearly incomprehensible considering the amount of money at stake. 21 One who wants to get out of his contractual obligations by reference to the careless behavior of his promisee must show that his own behavior was careful. We have here two innocent parties each out of pocket: Dyna-Tel because it has never been paid for motors that it bought from Chemark, Lakewood because it has already paid once for those motors. The parties' position is not symmetrical, however: Lakewood has broken its contract with Dyna-Tel. To rectify the balance it has tried to show that Dyna-Tel misled it. That is true. But Dyna-Tel was careless rather than willful, and Lakewood in its turn was careless in being taken in by the impression carelessly created. The pratfalls of the parties cancel, leaving a simple breach of contract. 22 Last, Lakewood quarrels with the amount of damages, asking that the judgment be reduced by $85,000 in order to reflect the fact that some of the motors that were delivered had a lower price, and to set off damages that it allegedly incurred as a result of late delivery and defective motors. The basis of these claims is testimony by Larkin that the judge found unpersuasive and a few ambiguous documents. We cannot find clear error. 23 AFFIRMED. | Low | [
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Have gene knockouts caused evolutionary reversals in the mammalian first arch? Many recent gene knockout experiments cause anatomical changes to the jaw region of mice that several investigators claim are evolutionary reversals. Here we evaluate these mutant phenotypes and the assertions of atavism. We argue that following the knockout of Hoxa-2, Dlx-2, MHox, Otx2, and RAR genes, ectopic cartilages arise as secondary consequences of disruptions in normal processes of cell specification, migration, or differentiation. These disruptions cause an excess of mesenchyme to accumulate in a region through which skeletal progenitor cells usually migrate, and at a site of condensation that is normally present in mammals but that is too small to chondrify. We find little evidence that these genes, when disrupted, cause a reversion to any primitive condition and although changes in their expression may have played a role in the evolution of the mammalian jaw, their function during morphogenesis is not sufficiently understood to confirm such hypotheses. | Mid | [
0.5953488372093021,
32,
21.75
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fuck you [email protected] on 04/15/2001 07:41:11 AM Please respond to [email protected] To: [email protected] cc: Subject: Stop harrassment by creditors, today! [amfos] Are you behind in bills? Late on a payment? Let us help you get out of debt NOW! If you are interested, we invite you to request free information at the end of this form. What we can do to help YOU! * Stop harrassment by creditors. * Reduce your principal balance up to 50% * Consolidate your debts into one low monthly payment * Improve your credit rating * Lower your monthly payments by 40% - 60% Things to keep in mind: * There is no need to own property * There is no need to own any equity * This is not a loan This is a program that has helped thousands just like YOU! If you are interested, we invite you to read our free information please provide the following information: -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Full Name: Address: City: State: Zip Code: Home Phone: Work Phone: Best Time to Call: E-Mail Address: Estimated Debt Size: -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- (All information is kept securely and never provided to any third party sources) To unsubscribe please hit reply and send a message with remove in the subject. This request is totally risk free. No obligation or costs are incurred. | Low | [
0.41927710843373406,
21.75,
30.125
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Twenty-nine people - including a woman pregnant with twins - were killed in the Omagh bomb. On Friday, barrister Brian Fee QC said both McKevitt and Campbell now intended to apply to contest the Court of Appeal's decision at the Supreme Court. He declined to set out any potential grounds of challenge until further legal instructions have been received. During the hearing at the Court of Appeal the plaintiffs were also awarded costs against McKevitt and Campbell. Both men are legally aided in a case where fees have been estimated at running into several hundred thousand pounds. No-one has been successfully criminally convicted of the Real IRA bomb attack which devastated the County Tyrone market town. But McKevitt, a convicted Real IRA leader serving a 20-year jail sentence; Campbell, a farmer from County Louth currently fighting extradition to Lithuania over an alleged arms smuggling plot; Mr Murphy, a Dundalk-based builder and publican; and Mr Daly, from Culaville, County Monaghan, were all found liable for the bombing in a civil ruling delivered in June 2009. | Low | [
0.479423868312757,
29.125,
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Introduction {#Sec1} ============ Despite advances in the treatment of bacterial meningitis (BM), the overall mortality as well as long-term neurological sequelae are still high. This is particularly true with pneumococcal meningitis \[[@CR1]--[@CR4]\]. The most common factors associated with poor outcome in BM are seizures, advanced age, disturbed consciousness, the presence of multiple-organ dysfunction, hypotension, APACHE II score \>13, pneumococcal etiology, and delay in antimicrobial treatment \[[@CR3]--[@CR8]\]. Cerebrovascular dysregulation represents one of the most deleterious consequences of neuroinflammation \[[@CR9]\]. The relevance of impaired cerebral blood flow (CBF) chemoregulation relies on subsequent hypoperfusion or global 'luxury' perfusion. In addition, although not caused by CO~2~ reactivity (CO~2~ R) loss, severe blood--brain barrier disruption frequently occur in these patients. Therefore, the aggravation of brain edema with the use of mannitol infusion due to heavy capillary leak can be expected in such patients. Beside osmotic diuretics and steroids, the usual treatments for increased intracranial pressure include thiopental infusion and hyperventilation \[[@CR10]\]. The latter often has limited effectiveness if the cerebrovascular CO~2~ R is impaired. The alternative and CO~2~ R-independent symptomatic treatments, such as therapeutic hypothermia (TH), in such patients hold promise. The effects of mild therapeutic hypothermia may target the pathophysiological mechanisms in BM because the majority of them are temperature-dependent \[[@CR11], [@CR12]\]. Even with this knowledge, the CO~2~ R has only been studied in very few patients with BM \[[@CR13], [@CR14]\]. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound is widely accepted and considered to be an appropriate technique for the non-invasive assessment of cerebral arterioles' reactivity because the changes in the mean blood flow velocities (MBFV) correlate with the changes in CBF \[[@CR15], [@CR16]\]. The aim of this study was to assess the cerebrovascular CO~2~ R measured by TCD using the breath-holding method in patients with inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Materials and methods {#Sec2} ===================== The study was approved by the hospital ethics committee and informed consent was obtained from all examinees or their next of kin. Data collection {#Sec3} --------------- This prospective study was performed between January 2005 and May 2009 at the University Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Zagreb, Croatia. The following parameters were recorded in a database: age, gender, physical and neurological signs, mechanical ventilation (MV), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristics, microbiological findings in CSF and blood, mean arterial pressure (MAP), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score, and the mean breath-holding index (BHI~m~). Data were collected during the first 24 h after admission to the department and within the first 5 days of illness in all patients. Patient selection {#Sec4} ----------------- The patients were eligible for the study if they were 18 years of age or older and had inflammatory CNS disease. Patients were excluded if they had brain abscess, subdural empyema, nosocomial and shunt meningitis, spinal meningitis or myelitis, stroke, transitory ischemic attacks, carotid artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), diabetic microangiopathy, septic shock, death not related to meningitis, temporal bone 'acoustic window' absence, or had been treated with sodium nitroprusside. During the same time period, 30 healthy volunteers were studied following written informed consent. All volunteers were examined and found to be healthy and without infection. The purpose of the control group was to establish the lowest value of the BHI~m~ in healthy volunteers. Definitions {#Sec5} ----------- BM was diagnosed on the basis of clinical picture (fever, headache, neck stiffness, and consciousness disturbance with or without seizures and neurologic deficits), supportive CSF findings (pleocytosis, increased protein concentration, and decreased CSF--blood glucose ratio), and a positive CSF culture; a negative CSF culture with a positive CSF polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, a positive blood culture, or a positive Gram stain of a CSF sample. Non-bacterial inflammatory CNS disease (NBM) was diagnosed on the basis of present encephalopathy with at least one of the following: fever, seizures, focal neurological findings; pleocytosis with increased protein concentration in the CSF; and a positive CSF or blood culture (fungal meningitis); virus detection by PCR assay in CSF samples; proved intrathecal antibody production and electroencephalographic or neuroimaging findings consistent with encephalitis or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). The patients' mental status was assessed using the GCS score. Recorded scores were the lowest during the first 24 h after admission to the hospital. Altered mental status was defined as GCS \<15. The patients' clinical outcome was assessed by using the GOS score at the time of discharge from the hospital. Unfavorable clinical outcomes included death (GOS 1), vegetative state (GOS 2), and severe neurological deficit (GOS 3). GOS 5 (mild or no disability) but also GOS 4 (moderate disability) were considered to be favorable outcomes because of the extremely detrimental nature of CNS infections. According to the disease etiology, patients were divided into bacterial (BM) and non-bacterial (NBM) groups. Thirty healthy volunteers represented the control group. Patients were stratified according to CO~2~ R into 'BHI~N~' (normal CO~2~ R defined with BHI~m~ ≥ 1.18) and 'BHI~R~' (impaired CO~2~ R defined with BHI~m~ \< 1.18 according to BHI values in healthy volunteers) groups. Measurements {#Sec6} ------------ TCD measurements of CO~2~ R were performed during the first 24 h after admission to the hospital by using a MultiDop 4X (DWL, Sipplingen, Germany) with two 2-MHz pulsed-wave probes 1.7 cm in diameter. The software used was TCD-8 for MDX (Version 8.0, Aaslid Rune). Normal basic hemodynamic parameters (mean arterial pressure and heart rate) and PaCO~2~ \[35--45 torr (4.67--6.0 kPa)\] were confirmed in all examinees before measurements. Direct blood pressure monitoring was performed by cannilation of the radial artery. Thus, we were able to note every change in the arterial pressure which could potentially interfere with the measurements. The left and right middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) were insonated simultaneously through the temporal bone windows at a depth of 50--55 mm. The probes were secured to the head of the patient with a specially designed spectacle frame that permitted a constant angle of insonation. The mean blood flow velocities (MBFV) were continuously recorded during normal ventilation and during breath-holding. The CO~2~ R was assessed using the breath-holding method. Spontaneously breathing and compliant examinees were asked to hold their breath after normal inspiratory breath for 30 s or less if it becomes uncomfortable. Mechanically ventilated patients were sedated and relaxed before the procedure using midazolam and vecuronium bromide, respectively. The administered drugs have no significant effect on the cerebral vasoreactivity and hemodynamics \[[@CR17], [@CR18]\]. In that case, the patients were disconnected from the ventilator for 30 s. Assisted controlled ventilation (ACV) mode was used in all mechanically ventilated patients. MBFV at the start and at the end of the breath-hold period was recorded. The procedure was repeated after a 5-min rest period and the mean values from both MCAs were taken for calculation. The BHI was calculated by dividing the percentage of MBFV increase during breath-holding by the time (in seconds) of apnea. The BHI~m~ was calculated from both MCA (left and right MCAs) breath-holding indexes. Statistical analysis {#Sec7} -------------------- Univariate statistics included calculation of the mean value, standard deviation, median, and interquartiles for continuous variables. Values for categorical variables were presented as frequencies. Bivariate statistics assessed the differences between compared groups. The Mann--Whitney test was used to estimate the difference amongst continuous variables. For categorical data, the Chi-square test and Fisher's two-tailed exact test were used when appropriate. All relevant demographic and clinical variables of the patient groups were compared. The outcome variable was the GOS scores. The correlation between BHI~m~ and the severity of disease was assessed using multivariate tests after bivariate analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to ascertain the independent predictive potential of CO~2~ R, after adjustment for potential confounding variables. The criteria for the inclusion of variables in the logistic regression models were based on the evidence of an association in the bivariate analysis. *p*-values less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. The data were analyzed using the SAS 9.1 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Results {#Sec8} ======= Sixty-eight patients and 30 healthy volunteers were included in the study. There were no patients requiring vasopressor or inotrope support. The baseline demographics and patient characteristics are presented in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}. Table 1Baseline demographic data and characteristics of examineesControl group (*n* = 30)Bacterial meningitis (BM) (*n* = 34)Non-bacterial meningitis (NBM) (*n* = 34)*p*-valueAge (years)Median3854390.018Interquartiles26--5544---6125--52GenderMale15 (50%)26 (76.5%)20 (59%)0.081Female15 (50%)8 (23.5%)14 (41%)GCSMedianN/A811.5\<0.001Interquartiles6--126--15Neurological deficitN/A11 (32.3%)12 (35.2%)1.000Steroid treatmentN/A19 (56%)6 (17.6%)0.002Mannitol infusionN/A25 (73.5%)20 (59%)0.305Respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilationN/A27 (79.4%)17 (50%)0.022Mean breath-holding index (BHI~m~)Median1.8781.0421.115\<0.001^a^0.389^b^Interquartiles1.513--2.1850.675--1.3770.736--1.795Range1.180--2.9960.113--3.020.214--2.857Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scoreGOS 15 (14.7%)4 (11.8%)0.729GOS 22 (5.9%)0GOS 3N/A9 (26.4%)8 (23.5%)GOS 44 (11.9%)4 (11.8%)GOS 514 (41.1%)18 (52.9%)^a^BHI~m~ median: control group vs. all patients^b^BHI~m~ median: BM vs. NBM Thirty-four patients with BM comprised the BM group. The etiology was confirmed in 26 (76.5%) patients. The most common pathogen was *Streptococcus pneumoniae* (12 patients), followed by *Neisseria meningitidis* (7 patients), *Listeria monocytogenes* (4 patients), *Klebsiella pneumoniae* (1 patient), *Enterococcus faecalis* (1 patient), and *S. agalactiae* (1 patient). In the NBM group, there were 34 patients with non-BM and meningoencephalitis. The disease etiology in 12 patients with viral meningoencephalitis (35.2%) was not confirmed. The most common pathogen in the remaining patients was herpes simplex virus (6 patients), followed by tick-borne encephalitis virus (2 patients), *Cryptococcus neoformans* (2 patients), influenza A virus (1 patient), *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (1 patient), Epstein--Barr virus (1 patient), enterovirus (1 patient), and *Borrelia burgdorferi* (1 patient). Five patients suffered from postinfectious meningoencephalitis and two patients had acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). The breath-hold period in the control group was 23.3 ± 6.5 s (median 23). We found no correlation between BHI~m~ and the duration of breath-holding (Spearman R 0.108; *p* = 0.623). The possible effect of a too short breath hold to BHI values was, thus, ruled out. Advanced age and higher incidence of respiratory failure that required mechanical ventilation were found in the BM group (54 vs. 39 years and 79.4% vs. 50%). The most prominent difference between BM and NBM patients was the difference in the level of consciousness disturbance (GCS): BM patients had worse scores (GCS 8 vs. 11.5). Therefore, the on-admission GCS score was included in the multivariate model analyzing the predictivity of BHI for the disease outcome. Adjuvant steroid treatment was applied in 56% patients with BM according to the current guidelines \[[@CR2]\]. Six patients in the NBM group received short-term high-dose steroids because of severe brain edema (4 patients) and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (2 patients). The patients were stratified according to CO~2~ R and additional analysis was made. The normal CO~2~ R group (BHI~N~) was defined by BHI~m~ ≥ 1.18. The impaired CO~2~ R group (BHI~R~) was defined by BHI~m~ \< 1.18 according to breath-holding indexes in healthy volunteers. The BHI~R~ group was characterized by advanced age, heavier consciousness disturbance, frequent respiratory failure, and, often, unfavorable outcome in contrast to the BHI~N~ group (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}). There were no lethal outcomes amongst the 28 patients in the BHI~N~ group. Table 2Characteristics and outcome of patients according to the CO~2~ reactivityBHI~N~ ^a^BHI~R~ ^b^*p*-valueAll patients (*n* = 68)*n* (%)28 (41.2)40 (58.8)N/AAge, years (median)37520.002GCS (median)157.5\<0.001Mechanical ventilation, *n* (%)9 (32.1)35 (87.5)\<0.001GOS 1--3, *n* (%)3 (10.7)25 (62.5)\<0.001Mortality, *n* (%)09 (22.5)0.008Bacterial meningitis (*n* = 34)*n* (%)14 (41.2)20 (58.8)N/AAge, years (median)44.559\<0.001GCS (median)13.57.50.004Mechanical ventilation, *n* (%)7 (50)20 (100)\<0.001GOS 1--3, *n* (%)2 (14.2)14 (70)0.004Mortality, *n* (%)05 (25)0.062Non-bacterial meningitis (*n* = 34)*n* (%)14 (41.2)20 (58.8)N/AAge, years (median)29.543.50.306GCS (median)157.5\<0.001Mechanical ventilation, *n* (%)2 (14.2)15 (75)0.001GOS 1--3, *n* (%)1 (7.1)11 (55)0.009Mortality, *n* (%)04 (20)0.126^a^BHI~N~ = BHI ≥ 1.18 (normal CO~2~ reactivity)^b^BHI~R~ = BHI \< 1.18 (reduced CO~2~ reactivity) In patients with BM and normal CO~2~ R, we noted a higher incidence of mechanical ventilation, advanced age, and heavier consciousness disturbance compared with patients with NBM and preserved CO~2~ R (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}). These findings indicate that, in patients with BM, neither severe consciousness disturbance nor respiratory failure necessarily imply CO~2~ R loss. In contrast, unconscious patients with NBM who are mechanically ventilated and have normal CO~2~ R are rare (14.2% vs. 50%). There was no significant difference in the BHI between patients with BM that received dexamethasone treatment and those who did not. Normal CO~2~R was noted in 36.8% (7/19) of patients with steroid treatment compared with 46.6% (7/15) in the non-steroid group (*p* = 0.993). The major indicator of disease severity in patients with CNS infections is GCS \[[@CR3]\]. Because of that, the correlation of BHI~m~ and GCS was analyzed together with other variables which may influence BHI~m~. We found that 80.9% (34/42) of all patients with GCS ≤10 had impaired CO~2~ R. In the BM and NBM groups, that was 76% (19/25) and 88.2% (15/17), respectively. Univariate regression analysis revealed a significant correlation of BHI~m~ with GCS (β = 0.098; *p* \< 0.001), and BHI~m~ with age (β = −0.012; *p* = 0.014). The unfavorable outcome of disease (GOS 1--3) was noted in 28 patients (28/68; 41.1%) (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). Nine patients died (five patients in the BM and four patients in the NBM groups) and the overall mortality was 13.2%. The mortality in pneumococcal meningitis was 33.3% (4/12). Table 3Characteristics of the outcome groupsGOS 1--3 (unfavorable outcome), *n* = 28GOS 4--5 (favorable outcome), *n* = 40*p*-valueAge (years)Median5539\<0.001Interquartiles44--6522--52GCSMedian7.513.5\<0.001Interquartiles4--107.5--15Mechanical ventilation*n* (%)26 (92.8%)18 (45%)\<0.001BHI~m~Median0.8351.285\<0.001Interquartiles0.551--1.0440.902--1.934 The BHI~m~ was almost identical in the GOS 1--3 groups, regardless of the etiology (BHI~m~ median 0.835 in the BM versus 0.824 in the NBM groups). The comparison of the BM and NBM groups according to disease outcome and related BHI~m~ revealed no significant differences (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}). Such findings confirmed the BHI~m~ etiology independence. However, significant differences in BHI~m~ were noted according to the GOS (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Table 4Mean breath holding index (BHI~m~) in all patients according to disease outcomeAll patientsGOS 1GOS 2GOS 3GOS 4GOS 5All patients*n* (%)689 (13.2%)2 (2.9%)17 (25%)8 (11.7%)32 (47%)BHI~m~: median1.0690.6670.5290.9831.0911.313Interquartiles0.714--1.4970.291--0.8490.383--0.6750.719--1.1300.826--1.5611.07--2.082Bacterial meningitis (BM)*n* (%)34 (50%)5 (14.7%)2 (5.8%)9 (26.4%)4 (11.7%)14 (41.1%)BHI~m~: median1.0420.8210.5291.0201.0161.338Interquartiles0.675--1.3770.341--0.8490.383--0.6750.719--1.0750.641--1.5311.111--1.673Non-bacterial meningitis (NBM)*n* (%)34 (50%)4 (11.7%)08 (23.5%)4 (11.7%)18 (52.9%)BHI~m~: median1.1150.4790.9561.1211.312Interquartiles0.736--1.7950.252--0.8450.668--1.1320.902--1.8001.040--2.141 Fig. 1BHI~m~ according to disease outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale \[GOS\] score) The BHI~m~ in the favorable group (GOS 4--5) was significantly higher (1.285 vs. 0.835) than that in the unfavorable group (GOS 1--3) (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). The unfavorable outcome of disease (GOS 1--3) was significantly more frequent in patients with impaired CO~2~ R (62.5 vs. 10.7%) (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}). Logistic regression analysis was performed in order to establish the prognostic value of BHI~m~. The outcome variable was unfavorable outcome (GOS 1--3), while the independent variables were age, GCS, and BHI~m~. The appropriateness of the fitted model and its predictive utility was confirmed. Patient age and BHI~m~ showed the strongest influence on disease outcome. A decrease of BHI~m~ for each 0.1 unit increases the risk of unfavorable outcome by 17%. An increase of age for one year increases the risk of unfavorable outcome by 6% (Table [5](#Tab5){ref-type="table"}). These results indicate that BHI~m~ changes might have a better predictive value than GCS. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that BHI~m~ has better explanatory value than GCS (area under the curve \[AUC\] 0.785 vs. 0.745). Table 5Variables associated with unfavorable outcome: logistic regression analysisOdds ratio estimatesVariableOR95% Wald confidence limitsAge1.0631.0171.110GCS1.0890.9141.298BHI~m~4.9221.16120.875 Discussion {#Sec9} ========== This prospective study assessed cerebrovascular reactivity (CO~2~ R) by TCD using the breath-holding method in patients with inflammatory CNS diseases. We found that impaired CO~2~R is independently associated with the severity and outcome of disease. The etiology of CNS infection did not show a significant association with chemoregulation loss. However, the etiology was associated with the severity of disease and mechanical ventilation requirement. In patients with BM, we found a higher incidence of respiratory failure, advanced age, and heavier consciousness disturbance. This finding, however, does not imply obligatory chemoregulation loss in these patients. Their grave condition can be explained with reasons outside the CNS, such as multiple-organ dysfunction/failure due to severe systemic inflammatory reaction and other co-morbidities in older patients. In addition, there were no lethal outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients with normal CO~2~ R, regardless of the etiology. The mortality rate in mechanically ventilated patients with impaired CO~2~ R was similar in both groups (25% vs. 26.6%). In contrast to previous reports, we found no significant influence of adjuvant dexamethasone treatment on CBF chemoregulation recovery \[[@CR19]\]. The analysis of BHI according to disease outcome ascertained the association of impaired CO~2~ R with unfavorable outcome (GOS 1--3). According to the literature review, the impaired CBF chemoregulation is almost exclusively confined to BM \[[@CR9]\]. That is probably because of particular interest in pneumococcal meningitis pathophysiology and the great number of experimental studies \[[@CR20]--[@CR24]\]. The lipid peroxidation and effects of matrix metalloproteinases with consequent endothelial dysfunction seems to be a plausible explanation. According to our results, the most severe CNS infections resulted in CO~2~ R impairment or complete CO~2~ R loss, which was proved to be etiology-independent. The possible mechanisms which could explain the chemoregulation loss in viral and other non-bacterial CNS infections are not known. Intracranial hypertension alone, regardless of cause, cannot explain impaired CO~2~ R. For example, most patients with extreme intracranial hypertension due to cerebral abscess or tumors have normal CO~2~ R, and the use of hyperventilation as well as mannitol infusion results in obvious short-term improvement. A similar response could be seen in patients with BM and preserved CO~2~ R. We chose the breath holding method because it proved to be non-aggressive, well-tolerated, real-time, reliable, and reproducible \[[@CR15], [@CR25]\]. The lowest BHI~m~ in our healthy volunteers was similar to a previously reported BHI~m~ by Zavoreo and Demarin (1.18 vs. 1.03) \[[@CR25]\]. Other methods such as inhalation of 5% CO~2~ or acetazolamide injection strongly stimulate the vasodilatation of cerebral arterioles \[[@CR15], [@CR26]\]. Because they also carry the risk of cerebral hyperemia and intracranial hypertension aggravation, these methods are not appropriate for the evaluation of cerebral vasoreactivity in patients with severe acute CNS infections. More advanced techniques to assess the small- and medium-sized vessel reactivity such as arterial-spin labeled magnetic resonance imaging (ASL-MRI) and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) imaging are usually unavailable. A major disadvantage of the breath holding method is the necessity for the patients' full cooperation if they are not mechanically ventilated. Besides disease severity, the inability of compliance in a proportion of patients is the reason for a relatively high proportion of mechanically ventilated patients in our study (64.7%; 44/68). That is the recognized limitation of our study. The second limitation of the study is a relatively small patient population. This occurred because of strict exclusion criteria and that may have resulted in selection bias. Despite the limitations of our study, our results confirmed the importance of CO~2~ R assessment in patients with CNS infections. CO~2~ R showed good correlation with the severity and outcome of bacterial as well as non-bacterial meningitis. However, the most important value of CO~2~ R is the capability to define patients with chemoregulation loss immediately upon admission to the hospital. It should be stressed that it is not possible to distinguish these patients by clinical examination or with computed tomography (CT) brain scan. The effects of conventional symptomatic treatment (osmotic diuresis, thiopental, hyperventilation) are greatly dependent (or associated with) on cerebral arterioles' vasoreactivity \[[@CR27]\]. Patients with impaired CO~2~ R are candidates for therapeutic hypothermia (TH). This life-saving procedure should be started as soon as possible because conventional symptomatic treatment failure and poor outcome of disease in these patients should be anticipated. Based on the results of this study, we made an internal guideline for TH in patients with severe CNS infections. The major criterion for TH is impaired CO~2~ R assessed by TCD. In patients without temporal bone 'acoustic window', minor criteria \[optic nerve sheath diameter ≥6.0, GCS ≤8, and SjO~2~ (jugular bulb venous saturation) \<55% or \>75%\] are required. Therapeutic hypothermia during CNS infections may assist with the reduction in cerebral metabolism, cerebral blood volume (CBV), lowering of the intracranial pressure, and suppression of the inflammatory host response, allowing the maintenance of adequate cerebral perfusion pressure. According to our experience, the recovery of CO~2~ R cannot be expected before the fourth day of treatment. We recommend the use of TH as soon as possible and at least during the first three days after presentation. The first results of that therapeutic concept in patients with BM are very promising \[[@CR28]\]. Therapeutic hypothermia halved the overall mortality in patients with BM and significantly decreased the mortality rates in patients with viral meningoencephalitis at our hospital during the last two years (12% vs. 24% and 9% vs. 20%, respectively; unpublished data). Our study emphasizes the importance of CO~2~ R assessment in patients with CNS infections, regardless of etiology. A great predictive value as well as reliable stratification criteria in treatment strategy decisions make this method a very promising tool. We thank Petar Mamula MD, Joel Friedlander DO, MBe, Mrs. Arijana Pavelić, and Mrs. Marija Fijucek for their help in the preparation of the manuscript. Conflict of interest {#d29e1981} ==================== None. Financial support {#d29e1986} ================= There was no financial support for this study. | High | [
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The Pros And Cons Of Feminized Marijuana Seeds Regular marijuana seeds produce male and female marijuana plants, with most growers finding that they get slightly more females than males. Unless a grower is breeding marijuana strains, the grower has no need for male plants. They just take up space and if their presence is undetected, they may pollinate female flowers, creating seeded buds. That’s why many marijuana growers use feminized seeds. But feminized seeds are a new and unnatural technology. They don’t always work the way they’re supposed to. Sometimes they don’t germinate properly. Or they produce male cannabis plants or hermaphrodite plants (plants that have both male and female flowers). Many feminized marijuana seeds are the result of pollinating a female plant with pollen created by a hermaphroditic marijuana plants. These seeds have a tendency to grow out hermaphroditic themselves. To avoid these kinds of seeds, you have to ask the cannabis seed breeder if the breeder used hermaphroditic pollen to create the seeds. If they did, don’t use those seeds. None of these treatments is guaranteed to produce feminized marijuana seeds that will germinate easily, grow properly, reflect the strain genetics you bought, or be 100% female. However, if you buy feminized cannabis seeds created by legitimate seed breeders and you germinate 10 seeds of a feminized strain, 7-9 out of 10 of those plants is likely to be female, which is a better ratio than using regular cannabis seeds. One obvious thing to remember about feminized cannabis seeds is, if they all grow out female, you can’t reproduce those seeds. There’s no pollen. If you want to keep that cannabis strain going for a long time, you have to clone that strain, or find pollen from a strain you want to combine with your target strain. Legendary cannabis seed breeder Subcool of TGA Seeds refuses to produce feminized seeds or auto-flowering seeds. He points out that the main beneficiaries of feminized seeds are the seed companies, because growers can’t produce their own marijuana seeds from feminized strains. The Only Website Made By Marijuana Growers for Marijuana Growers Reproduction whole or in part of any words, images, or any other material from any BigBudsMag.Com pages without first obtaining explicit written permission from BigBudsMag.com is strictly prohibited and is theft of intellectual property that could result in criminal or civil charges. | Mid | [
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Streaming & Iteration ===================== .. versionadded:: 19.10.0 .. automodule:: glom.streaming .. contents:: Contents :local: .. autoclass:: glom.Iter .. automethod:: map .. automethod:: filter .. automethod:: chunked .. automethod:: split .. automethod:: flatten .. automethod:: unique .. automethod:: limit .. automethod:: slice .. automethod:: takewhile .. automethod:: dropwhile .. automethod:: all .. automethod:: first | Mid | [
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Q: jQuery set value of select tag I have a page and when this page is opened I want to go to the database, retrieve some data and put this data in two select tags. I created it and everything works good but I can't append the returned data to the select tags. HTML code <li> <label>Related Concepts</label> <p> <label>Source</label> <select name="source[]"> <option>select source</option> </select> </p> <p> <label>Destination</label> <select name="destination[]"> <option>select destination</option> </select> </p> </li> jQuery code $('#addRelation').ready(function (){ $.getJSON("http://localhost/Mar7ba/Ontology/getAllConcepts/TRUE",function(data){ var source = document.getElementsByName('source'); var des = document.getElementsByName('destination'); for(var i=0;i<data.length;i++){ source.innerHTML+="<option>"+data[i]+"</option>"; des.innerHTML+="<option>"+data[i]+"</option>"; } }); }); A: If i were you, I'd make the following changes: html <li> <label>Related Concepts</label> <p> <label>Source</label> <select name="source[]" id="source"> <option>select source</option> </select> </p> <p> <label>Destination</label> <select name="destination[]" id="destination"> <option>select destination</option> </select> </p> </li> javascript $('#addRelation').ready(function (){ $.getJSON("http://localhost/Mar7ba/Ontology/getAllConcepts/TRUE",function(data){ var source = $('select#source'); var des = $('select#destination'); var options = ''; for(var i=0;i<data.length;i++){ options += "<option>"+data[i]+"</option>"; } source.html( options ); des.html( options ); }); }); Since you're already using jquery, you can leverate it for dom manipulation. Also, you can speed up your selector by using an ID rather than name. also, make sure you're accessing the data object properly. | Mid | [
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THE RAF-MEK-ERK PATHWAY AND CANCER {#s1} ================================== The RAF-MEK-ERK pathway regulates many important cellular processes (reviewed in \[[@R1]-[@R3]\]). Classically, signaling through this pathway is driven by growth factor receptor activation of RAS family GTPases, including HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS. Activated RAS proteins can complex with and activate members of the RAF kinase family---ARAF, BRAF, and CRAF. Once activated, RAF kinases phosphorylate and activate the MEK (mitogen-activated or extracellular signal-related protein kinase kinase) kinases, MEK1 and MEK2, which subsequently phosphorylate and activate ERK1 and ERK2. ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) kinases phosphorylate a number of substrates with critical roles in regulating gene expression, proliferation, and cell survival. Consistent with its role as a key regulatory pathway for cell survival and proliferation, RAF-MEK-ERK signaling is frequently dysregulated in cancer. RAF-MEK-ERK signaling can be driven by aberrant activation of growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) or by oncogenic mutations of intracellular components of this pathway. Indeed, activating RAS mutations (occurring most often in KRAS, followed by NRAS) are the most common oncogenic mutations observed thus far in human cancer \[[@R4]\]. Similarly, activating BRAF mutations are found in \~7% of human cancers, with particularly high frequency in melanoma (50-70%), papillary thyroid cancers (40%), and colorectal cancers (10-15%) \[[@R5]\]. Over 95% of BRAF mutations are point mutations involving valine 600 (V600) with more than 90% of these mutations encoding a substitution of V600 with a glutamic acid (V600E). BRAF V600 mutations lead to constitutive BRAF kinase activity and can promote oncogenesis in mouse tumor models \[[@R6]-[@R9]\]. As a result, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of therapeutic strategies directed against mutant BRAF and its key effectors. BRAF AND MEK INHIBITORS IN THE TREATMENT OF BRAF MUTANT CANCERS {#s2} =============================================================== Preclinical data has demonstrated that most BRAF mutant human tumor-derived cell lines are exquisitely sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition of RAF-MEK-ERK signaling. Thus, selective BRAF and MEK kinase inhibitors potently block cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in BRAF mutant cancer models and show high selectivity for cancers with BRAF mutations \[[@R10]-[@R12]\]. As a result, several BRAF and MEK inhibitors are currently in clinical development. Consistent with preclinical observations, while early clinical trials with RAF and MEK inhibitors in unselected patient populations produced few responses \[[@R13]-[@R15]\], recent clinical trials have focused on administering these agents specifically to patients with BRAF mutant tumors and have produced encouraging results. In a Phase I/II trial of the selective BRAF inhibitor PLX4032 in melanoma patients harboring the BRAF V600 mutation, 81% of patients achieved an objective response (defined as a reduction in tumor size of at least 30%) \[[@R16]\]. Interestingly, in a small study of 25 BRAF V600 mutant colorectal cancer patients treated with PLX4032, only 1 patient (5%) achieved a partial response, with an additional 4 patients (20%) achieving stable disease, suggesting that different tumor types may exhibit varied dependence on mutant BRAF \[[@R17]\]. Another selective BRAF inhibitor GSK2118436 produced a 60% response rate in patients with BRAF V600 mutant melanomas \[[@R18]\]. In early studies, the MEK inhibitor GSK1120212 produced a 21% response rate in BRAF V600 mutant melanoma patients \[[@R19]\]. While this response rate was lower than that observed for the two selective BRAF inhibitors mentioned above, an additional 54% of patients achieved stable disease with GSK1120212, suggesting that MEK inhibitors may still play an important clinical role in the treatment of BRAF mutant cancers. One potential reason that BRAF inhibitors have shown higher response rates than MEK inhibitors in BRAF V600 mutant melanomas relates to a unique characteristic of RAF signaling that was elucidated during the past year by several elegant studies \[[@R20]-[@R22]\]. These groups found that while BRAF inhibitors potently inhibited ERK phosphorylation in BRAF V600 mutant cells, BRAF inhibitors failed to inhibit, and in some cases paradoxically increased, levels of phosphorylated ERK (P-ERK) in cells with wild-type BRAF. Activation of P-ERK by BRAF inhibitors in BRAF wild-type cells was more pronounced in cells with active RAS, either due to RAS mutation or to activation of RAS by upstream signaling components, such as RTKs. While mutant BRAF signals as a monomer, these groups found that in the presence of active RAS, wild-type BRAF forms homodimers or heterodimers with other RAF proteins, such as CRAF. When a BRAF inhibitor binds to one member of a RAF dimer, it blocks the catalytic activity of the protein to which it is bound, but it also induces transactivation of the inhibitor-free member of the RAF dimer, leading to an increase in catalytic activity and enhanced phosphorylation of the RAF substrate MEK. As a result, P-ERK inhibition by BRAF inhibitors is restricted to BRAF mutant cells, enabling a high dose of BRAF inhibitor to be administered without causing the toxic effects of ERK inhibition in normal tissues. Conversely, MEK inhibitors inhibit ERK phosphorylation in all cells, potentially leading to toxicity caused by suppression of P-ERK in normal tissues, and consequently limiting the dose that can be administered in patients. In other words, the narrower therapeutic window of MEK inhibitors may explain why BRAF inhibitors have produced higher response rates than MEK inhibitors in patients with BRAF mutant tumors. While the initial response rates seen in BRAF mutant melanomas with BRAF and MEK inhibitors are encouraging, previous experience with similarly effective targeted therapies predicts that acquired drug resistance will be a major factor limiting the clinical benefit of these agents. Indeed, despite dramatic initial responses, the median time to progression of patients treated with PLX4032 was 7 months \[[@R16]\]. Understanding the mechanisms by which patients\' tumors acquire resistance to targeted therapies can potentially lead to strategies to overcome resistance. Accordingly, significant effort has been devoted recently to studying acquired resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors in BRAF mutant cancers. ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO BRAF AND MEK INHIBITORS {#s3} ============================================== Preclinical modeling of acquired drug resistance has been a useful tool for predicting the resistance mechanisms that emerge in patients receiving targeted cancer therapies. Previously, this approach has predicted the resistance mechanisms that occur clinically in many instances, including erlotinib-resistance in EGFR mutant lung cancer, imatinib-resistance in BCR-ABL translocated leukemia, resistance to Smoothened inhibitors in Patched1-deficient medulloblastoma, and resistance to ALK inhibitors in ALK-translocated lung cancers \[[@R23]-[@R28]\]. In several cases, these findings have led to strategies to overcome resistance, which are now being used in the clinic. To date, preclinical modeling has identified multiple potential mechanisms of acquired resistance to BRAF or MEK inhibitors (Fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), and some of these mechanisms have been validated clinically. In general, these resistance mechanisms, reviewed below, fall into two broad categories---those that retain their dependence on ERK signaling and those that do not. We will refer to these two classes as ERK-dependent and ERK-independent mechanisms of acquired resistance. {#F1} ERK-DEPENDENT MECHANISMS OF ACQUIRED RESISTANCE {#s4} =============================================== The vast majority of acquired resistance mechanisms to BRAF or MEK inhibitors that have been identified to date lead to reactivation of ERK signaling despite the presence of inhibitor. This finding underscores the importance of ERK signaling for the continued proliferation and survival of BRAF mutant cancer cells. In general, mechanisms of acquired resistance to targeted therapies commonly employ either mutation or amplification of the drug target itself or alterations which do not involve the drug target but that activate parallel or downstream signaling pathways to circumvent the activity of the drug \[[@R23]-[@R34]\]. In resistant BRAF mutant tumor models, examples of each of these common mechanisms has been identified in resistant BRAF mutant tumor models that lead to reactivation of ERK signaling. Point mutations in MEK1 {#s4_1} ----------------------- Emery et al identified a MEK1 point mutation in a resistant focus of disease in a patient with V600E mutant melanoma who had originally responded to the MEK inhibitor AZD6244 \[[@R35]\]. Through a mutagenesis screen of MEK1, the authors also identified several additional point mutations that could potentially lead to MEK inhibitor resistance. The majority of these mutations clustered within or near the allosteric drug-binding pocket and were hypothesized to interfere with inhibitor binding. Other point mutations were identified outside of the drug-binding pocket and were thought to influence intrinsic MEK kinase activity or to affect protein conformation. These point mutations severely attenuated the ability of MEK inhibitors to inhibit ERK phosphorylation. Some MEK1 mutations, including the P124L mutation identified in a patient\'s AZD6244-resistant melanoma, also led to cross-resistance to BRAF inhibitors, presumably by causing activation of MEK downstream of BRAF. Interestingly, later work by this same group identified a different MEK1 point mutation (C121S) in a post-relapse biopsy from a patient with clinically acquired resistance to the BRAF inhibitor PLX4032, demonstrating that MEK1 mutations can arise as a potential mechanism of acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors as well \[[@R36]\]. Interestingly, although the MEK1 P124L point mutation conferred resistance to MEK or BRAF inhibitors alone, the combination of a MEK inhibitor and BRAF inhibitor could overcome resistance in this setting. To date, no secondary BRAF mutations have been identified in BRAF inhibitor-resistant pre-clinical models or in biopsies from patients with clinically acquired BRAF inhibitor resistance. Nazarian et al screened twelve tumor biopsies from patients with clinically acquired resistance to PLX4032 and did not observe any secondary BRAF mutations \[[@R37]\]. "Ultra-deep" sequencing of these tumors also failed to reveal any evidence of secondary BRAF mutations. Notably, the BRAF T529 "gatekeeper" mutation has been shown to confer resistance to BRAF inhibition when introduced into BRAF mutant cell lines and in genetically engineered mouse models \[[@R38]\]. Therefore, while it is possible that secondary BRAF mutations may be identified as more tumors with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors are analyzed, it does not appear that secondary BRAF mutations are a common cause of acquired BRAF inhibitor resistance in the clinic. Amplification of mutant BRAF {#s4_2} ---------------------------- While secondary mutations in BRAF have not been identified as a cause of BRAF or MEK inhibitor resistance, our laboratory recently identified selective amplification of the mutant BRAF allele as the mechanism underlying acquired resistance in two independent BRAF mutant colorectal cancer cell lines selected for resistance to the MEK inhibitor AZD6244 \[[@R39]\]. BRAF amplification was also recently identified by another laboratory as the mechanism of acquired resistance to MEK inhibitors in a different BRAF mutant colorectal cell line model, corroborating these findings \[[@R40]\]. Resistant BRAF-amplified clones were also cross-resistant to BRAF inhibitors, although to a slightly lesser degree. Surprisingly, even though MEK inhibitors act downstream of BRAF, BRAF gene amplification dramatically reduced the ability of AZD6244 to inhibit ERK phosphorylation and, as a consequence, to inhibit cell proliferation and survival. Although BRAF amplification arose as an acquired resistance mechanism in vitro, BRAF amplification has not been identified as a mechanism of acquired resistance in clinical samples, given that few MEK inhibitor-resistant tumor biopsies are available. However, we identified pre-existing BRAF amplification in a treatment-naive BRAF mutant colorectal cancer, suggesting that BRAF amplification could also be a cause of *de novo* resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors in the clinic. We found that the mechanism by which BRAF amplification led to BRAF and MEK inhibitor resistance hinged upon hyperactivation of MEK. We observed that the levels of phosphorylated MEK (P-MEK) in resistant cells were 5 to 6 times higher than the basal levels seen in parental cells. Careful evaluation of the dose-response relationship between BRAF inhibitor treatment and phosophorylation of MEK and ERK revealed that, in resistant cells, levels of P-MEK could be reduced by \~50% before any noticeable decrease in P-ERK levels was observed. This was in stark contrast to parental cells, in which a \~50% decrease in P-MEK levels led to a \~50% decrease in P-ERK levels. These findings suggested that the high levels of P-MEK in resistant cells (driven by BRAF amplification) were in excess of levels required for near-maximal ERK phosphorylation. As a result, a much higher concentration of BRAF or MEK inhibitor was required to fully suppress ERK phosphorylation in resistant cells, either by reducing excess P-MEK levels (as in the case of the BRAF inhibitor) or by inhibiting excess MEK activity (as in the case of the MEK inhibitor). However, if resistant cells were treated with a low dose of BRAF inhibitor sufficient to reduce levels of P-MEK to amounts observed under basal conditions in parental cells, the ability of MEK inhibitors to suppress P-ERK was completely restored. Accordingly, while resistant cells were insensitive to BRAF or MEK inhibitors individually, combined BRAF and MEK inhibition fully overcame resistance and induced dramatic apoptosis and growth inhibition in these cells. Furthermore, combined BRAF and MEK inhibition was also more effective in parental cells, suggesting a possible broader utility for combinatorial targeting of the RAF-MEK pathway in BRAF mutant cancers. This mechanism underlying the resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors caused by BRAF amplification has potential implications for other models of resistance in BRAF mutant tumors. Since excess levels of activated and phosphoryated MEK underlie the mechanism of resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors, it is possible that other changes that lead to similar degrees of MEK hyperactivation could cause a similar mode of resistance. For example, excessive upstream input from receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), RAS or RAF proteins, or other activators of MEK, could also potentially lead to MEK hyperactivation and result in similar resistance to BRAF or MEK inhibitors. Elevated CRAF activity {#s4_3} ---------------------- Montagut et al identified elevated CRAF activity as a mechanism of resistance to the BRAF inhibitor AZ628 in pre-clinical studies \[[@R41]\]. In AZ628-resistant clones generated in vitro from a BRAF V600 mutant melanoma cell line, P-ERK levels were maintained despite treatment with the inhibitor. Elevated CRAF protein levels were present in resistant clones, relative to drug-sensitive parental cells, whereas levels of ARAF and BRAF were unchanged. No CRAF gene amplification and no increase in CRAF transcript were noted, suggesting that elevated CRAF levels arose from a post-transcriptional mechanism. In this model, tumor cells appear to have switched their dependency from BRAF to CRAF. Thus, resistant clones were sensitive to CRAF knockdown or to Hsp90 inhibitors, which down-regulated CRAF protein levels. CRAF overexpression in parental cells also produced AZ628 resistance. Interestingly, resistant clones with elevated CRAF levels retained some sensitivity to MEK inhibitors, although with reduced potency. Activating NRAS mutation {#s4_4} ------------------------ Nazarian et al recently identified NRAS mutations as a mechanism of acquired resistance to the BRAF inhibitor PLX4032 \[[@R37]\]. NRAS mutations are present in 15-30% of melanomas, but are rarely coincident with BRAF mutations \[[@R42], [@R43]\]. Cell lines resistant to PLX4032 were derived from three melanoma cell lines with BRAF mutations. In one of these cell lines, an NRAS Q61K mutation was identified. An NRAS Q61K mutation was also identified in an isolated nodal metastasis from a patient with BRAF mutant melanoma, which progressed after an initial response to PLX4032. Interestingly, a distinct NRAS mutation (Q61R) was identified in a second progression site in the same patient. In resistant cells in vitro, both P-MEK and P-ERK levels were maintained despite the presence of BRAF inhibitor. It is therefore likely that mutant NRAS leads to activation of MEK by signaling through RAF isoforms other than BRAF. However, both the PLX4032-resistant cell line and a short-term culture line from the above patient\'s resistant disease focus---each harboring an acquired NRAS mutation---retained sensitivity to MEK inhibitor alone and to the combination of PLX4032 and a MEK inhibitor. Interestingly, in early clinical trials with MEK inhibitors in unselected patient populations, responses to single agent MEK inhibitor were observed in patients with NRAS mutant melanomas, including one complete response \[[@R15]\]. These data suggest that MEK inhibitors or a RAF/MEK inhibitor combination could be a potential therapy to overcome NRAS-mediated resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Increased levels of COT/Tpl2 {#s4_5} ---------------------------- Johannessen et al used an ORF expression library encoding approximately three-quarters of the human "kinome" to identify kinases that confer resistance to the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 when they are overexpressed in sensitive BRAF V600E melanoma cell lines \[[@R44]\]. Nine kinases were identified, two of which caused P-MEK and P-ERK levels to be maintained despite the presence of PLX4720. These two kinases were CRAF (consistent with the findings of Montagut et al, above \[[@R41]\]) and COT/Tpl2, encoded by *MAP3K8*. These data suggest that activation of MEK-ERK signaling by COT represents a novel RAF-independent mechanism of MEK activation. Interestingly, COT levels were observed to increase in cell lines treated with BRAF inhibitors, suggesting that COT may be involved with feedback regulation of MEK activity. Consistent with these findings, in the biopsies of two of three patients taken during treatment with PLX4032, COT transcript levels were elevated relative to pre-treatment biopsies. In one patient who was biopsied post-relapse, levels of COT transcript were elevated relative to pre-treatment and on-treatment biopsies, suggesting that COT may contribute to acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors in the clinic. The authors also identified two cell lines with copy number gains at the *MAP3K8* locus that expressed high levels of COT. These cell lines were resistant to PLX4720. Interestingly, even though COT appears to activate ERK through MEK, these cell lines and cell lines overxpressing exogenous COT were also resistant to MEK inhibitors. One possible explanation for this observation is that high COT levels might contribute to MEK inhibitor resistance by causing MEK hyperactivation, similar to the mechanism observed for BRAF amplification \[[@R39]\]. Accordingly, combined BRAF and MEK inhibition was able to overcome resistance caused by elevated COT levels. ERK-independent mechanisms of acquired resistance {#s4_6} ------------------------------------------------- As discussed above, the majority of the resistance mechanisms to BRAF and MEK inhibition that have been identified lead to ERK reactivation and retain dependence on ERK signaling. While this underscores the importance of the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in melanoma proliferation and survival, in the last few months several examples of resistance mechanisms have been reported that do not rely on sustained ERK signaling, indicating that other "ERK-independent" pathways can compensate for loss of ERK activity and can maintain the tumorigenicity of BRAF V600E melanoma in the absence of ERK activation. PDGFRβ overexpression {#s4_7} --------------------- In the recent study by Nazarian et al, discussed above, of the three BRAF mutant melanoma cell lines made resistant to PLX4032, one resistant cell line was found to have acquired an NRAS mutation and maintained P-ERK levels despite the presence of BRAF inhibitor \[[@R37]\]. In the other two models, PLX4032 inhibited ERK phosphorylation to a similar degree as it did in the parental cell lines. The ability of these resistant cell line models to proliferate and survive despite suppression of P-ERK by PLX4032 suggested activation of "ERK-independent" proliferation and survival signals. Consistent with the lack of dependence on the ERK pathway demonstrated by these resistant cell line models, treatment with a MEK inhibitor or combined MEK and BRAF inhibition failed to overcome resistance, as it did with the ERK-dependent models discussed above. Comparison of the microarray gene expression profiles of parental and resistant cells revealed overexpression of several RTKs in the resistant cells, including KIT, MET, EGFR and PDGFRβ. Of these four RTKs, only EGFR and PDGFRβ showed increased protein expression in the resistant cell lines, and only PDGFRβ displayed increased activation-associated tyrosine phosphorylation in resistant cells. Importantly, the authors found that four of eleven clinical post-relapse biopsies from melanoma patients treated with PLX4032 showed increased PDGFRβ expression, relative to pre-treatment biopsies. To validate PDGFRβ as the cause of resistance in their cell line models, the authors demonstrated that RNAi-mediated knockdown of PDGFRβ in resistant cells led to growth inhibition in the presence of PLX4032. However, PDGFRβ knockdown did not restore an apoptotic response in these cells in the presence of PLX4032, suggesting that PDGFRβ overexpression may not be the only mechanism of resistance in these cells. Consistent with this possibility, the combination of the PDGFRβ inhibitor imatinib and PLX4032 did not restore sensitivity to resistant cell lines. Therefore, it is conceivable that an additional mechanism could be contributing to resistance, possibly involving one of the other RTKs whose expression was increased in resistant cells. Still, this model of resistance demonstrates that BRAF or MEK inhibitor resistance can arise in the absence of ERK reactivation and that RTKs may promote resistance through activation of ERK-independent proliferation and survival pathways. IGF1R activation {#s4_8} ---------------- Villanueva et al recently identified another RTK-driven resistance mechanism through in vitro modeling of BRAF inhibitor resistance in BRAF V600E melanoma cell lines \[[@R45]\]. In cell lines made resistant to the BRAF inhibitor SB-590885, P-ERK was no longer suppressed by BRAF inhibition, suggesting activation of MEK-ERK signaling through another RAF isoform. Interestingly, knockdown of individual RAF isoforms revealed that no dominant RAF isoform controlled MEK-ERK signaling in resistant cells, unlike the situation observed with CRAF by Montagut et al \[[@R41]\]. Rather, P-ERK could only be suppressed if all three RAF isoforms were inhibited simultaneously. Alternatively, MEK inhibition was also capable of blocking ERK phosphorylation. These findings suggest that ERK is still activated in a MEK-dependent manner in the resistant cells, but that activation of MEK can proceed through any of the three RAF isoforms, consistent with activation of an upstream activator of RAF signaling. However, despite complete inhibition of P-ERK, MEK inhibition produced only cytostatic effects on resistant cells and failed to induce apoptosis, as it did in parental cells, suggesting activation of an ERK-dependent survival pathway in the resistant cells. Because RTKs can signal through multiple RAF isoforms by activation of RAS proteins, and since RTKs activate multiple signaling pathways in addition to RAF-MEK-ERK, the authors investigated whether resistant cells showed differences in RTK phosphorylation relative to parental cells. More than one RTK exhibiting differential phosphorylation was identified by phospho-RTK array analysis, including IGF1R. However, pharmacologic inhibition of IGF1R decreased proliferation of resistant cells, and combined inhibition of IGF1R and MEK induced dramatic apoptosis, suggesting that ERK-independent survival signaling was mediated by IGF1R in resistant cells. While surface expression of IGF1R was found to be increased in resistant cells, the exact mechanism leading to increased IGF1R activation was not identified. In addition to activating the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway, IGF1R and other RTKs are known to activate PI3K-AKT signaling, which is known to be an important regulator of cell survival and proliferation \[[@R46], [@R47]\]. Resistant cells displayed elevated levels of phosphorylated AKT (P-AKT) compared to parental cells, and IGF1R inhibition could reduce P-AKT levels in resistant cells. Combined pharmacologic inhibition of PI3K and MEK was also able to induce apoptosis in resistant cells, indicating that the PI3K-AKT pathway mediated ERK-independent survival signals in these resistant cell line models. Taken together, these two models of resistance driven by RTKs indicate that RTK-mediated resistance to BRAF or MEK inhibition highlights the complexity of signaling in resistant cells. Although in each resistance model, a dominant RTK was identified (e.g. PDGFRβ or IGF1R) that contributed to the majority of the signaling changes and to the decrease in drug sensitivity observed in resistant cells, there was evidence in each model that additional signaling pathways, perhaps involving other RTKs, were contributing to resistance. First, in each model, multiple RTKs were found to be elevated or to display increased phosphorylation, suggesting that other RTKs could contribute in some way to resistance. Second, in each model, inhibition of the dominant RTK, either using pharmacologic inhibitors or RNAi-mediated knockdown, was not sufficient to completely reverse all of the changes in signaling and sensitivity seen in the resistant cells. In the study by Nazarian et al, PDGFRβ knockdown blocked proliferation, but failed to induce apoptosis, even in the presence of BRAF inhibitor \[[@R37]\]. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition of PDGFRβ with imatinib did not restore sensitivity of resistant cells in the presence or absence of BRAF inhibitor. In the study by Villanueva et al, pharmacologic inhibition of IGF1R in combination with MEK was able to restore an apoptotic response in resistant cells \[[@R45]\]. However, inhibition of IGF1R could not restore the ability of BRAF inhibitor to suppress P-ERK, and, as a result, the addition of BRAF inhibitor did not lead to a greater reduction in cell viability compared to IGF1R inhibition alone. These findings suggest that the signaling through multiple RAF isoforms to MEK observed in resistant cells may not be due to increased IGF1R activation, but rather may involve other signals, perhaps from one of the other RTKs (e.g. MET) noted to demonstrate increased phosphorylation in their analysis of resistant cells. The complexity of each of these RTK-driven resistance models indicates that both the identification and subsequent targeting of the responsible RTK may be challenging in patients with BRAF mutant cancers who relapse while on treatment with BRAF or MEK inhibitors. One potential strategy to overcome this problem would be to target common signaling nodes activated by RTKs in resistant cells, rather than attempting to target specific RTKs. In addition to activating RAF-MEK signaling, the PI3K-AKT pathway is a major signaling output of RTKs, and several studies have shown that inhibiting PI3K signaling in combination with RAF-MEK signaling is sufficient to induce apoptosis and suppress proliferation in RTK-driven cancer models \[[@R48]-[@R50]\]. Accordingly, as demonstrated by Villanueva et al, treatment of resistant cells with increased IGF1R activation with the combination of PI3K and MEK inhibitors restored an apoptotic response \[[@R45]\]. While this inhibitor combination was not tested in the PDGFRβ-driven resistance model discussed above, one might predict that combined PI3K and RAF-MEK inhibition would overcome resistance in this model as well. In support of this hypothesis, another in vitro model of BRAF inhibitor resistance in BRAF mutant melanoma was recently reported by Jiang et al \[[@R51]\]. While the exact mechanism of resistance was not identified, the mechanism appeared highly dependent on extracellular signals and serum concentration, and resistant cells showed increased levels of P-AKT, suggesting that activation of PI3K signaling, perhaps by RTKs, could also be involved in promoting resistance. In this model, treatment of resistant cells with the combination of a PI3K inhibitor and a BRAF inhibitor was able to overcome resistance. Collectively, these results suggest that co-targeting the PI3K and RAF-MEK pathways could constitute a potential strategy to overcome ERK-independent mechanisms of BRAF or MEK inhibitor resistance, including RTK-driven resistance. IMPLICATIONS AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES {#s5} ======================================= While the recent clinical successes of BRAF and MEK inhibitors in BRAF mutant cancers are encouraging, many of the responses to therapy have been short-lived due to rapid development of acquired resistance \[[@R16]\]. As a result, there is an urgent clinical need for therapeutic strategies for patients with BRAF mutant cancers who eventually progress on BRAF or MEK inhibitor therapy. The in vitro resistance models reviewed herein suggest that the most appropriate choice of therapy for patients with recurrent disease may depend on whether that particular patient\'s resistant tumor is driven by an ERK-dependent or ERK-independent mechanism. As shown in Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, ERK-dependent resistant models retain sensitivity to combined treatment with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. It is important to note that, while the combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors was not tested in resistant cells harboring elevated CRAF levels, these resistant cells retained sensitivity to single agent MEK inhibitor, suggesting that they would also be sensitive to combined BRAF and MEK inhibition \[[@R41]\]. Conversely, combined BRAF and MEK inhibition was not effective when tested in ERK-independent resistance models, presumably due to the activation of alternative proliferation and survival pathways outside of the RAF-MEK axis. Instead, combined inhibition of PI3K and MEK or PI3K and BRAF was effective in the ERK-independent models in which it was tested. Thus, a reasonable initial clinical strategy for patients who relapse on single-agent BRAF or MEK inhibitor would be to treat with the combination of a BRAF and a MEK inhibitor if their tumor harbors an ERK-dependent resistance mechanism or to treat with the combination of a PI3K inhibitor and a MEK or BRAF inhibitor if their resistant tumor is driven by an ERK-independent mechanism. Since each of these drug combinations is currently being evaluated in clinical trials, with similar combination trials being planned, it is feasible that this basic strategy could be implemented at the present time \[[@R52]\]. In addition, newer agents in development, such as ERK inhibitors, may also play a role in therapeutic approaches to overcome resistance in the future. ###### Inhibitor sensitivity profiles of resistant BRAF mutant cell line models The sensitivity of each resistant cell line model to BRAF inhibitor alone (BRAF), MEK inhibitor alone (MEK), the combination of a BRAF and MEK inhibitor (BRAF+MEK), and the combination of a PI3K inhibitor and either a RAF or MEK inhibitor (PI3K+RAF/MEK) is shown. For each condition, resistant cell line models are designated as sensitive (+), insensitive (-), or not tested (NT). Inhibition of proliferation without induction of apoptosis is designated as (+/−). Sensitivity to Inhibitors --------------------- ----------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------- ---- ---- ---- **ERK-Dependent** MEK1 mutation Emery et al, 2009 \[[@R35]\] − − \+ NT BRAF amplification Corcoran et al, 2010 \[[@R39]\] − − \+ NT CRAF elevation Montagut et al, 2008 \[[@R41]\] − \+ NT NT NRAS mutation Nazarian et al, 2010 \[[@R37]\] − \+ \+ NT COT elevation Johannessen et al 2010 \[[@R44]\] − − \+ NT **ERK-Independent** PDGFRβoverexpression Nazarian et al, 2010 \[[@R37]\] − − − NT IGF1R activation Villaneuva et al, 2010 \[[@R45]\] − +/− NT \+ Unidentified, ?PI3K Jiang et al, 2010 \[[@R51]\] − − − \+ However, in order to apply this basic therapeutic strategy most effectively, it would first be necessary to identify whether the mechanism driving a given patient\'s resistant tumor is ERK-dependent or ERK-independent. For this reason, routinely obtaining biopsies from recurrent tumors in patients treated with BRAF or MEK inhibitors will likely be important for the selection of the most appropriate therapy post-relapse, as has been done for acquired resistance to other targeted therapies \[[@R53]\]. Particularly as the frequencies of specific resistance mechanisms in BRAF mutant cancers become better understood, focused analysis of biopsies from resistant tumor foci for common resistance mechanisms might allow identification of the cause of drug resistance and could guide second-line therapy. Still, while it might be feasible to screen tissue from resistant tumors for a small set of the most common individual alterations leading to resistance, the above studies demonstrate that resistance can arise through numerous specific molecular events. Therefore, especially as more specific mechanisms of resistance are defined, it may become unreasonable or even impossible to identify the specific change driving tumor resistance in every patient. As a result, an alternative approach might be to assess resistant tumor specimens for common indicators of ERK-dependent or ERK-independent resistance, perhaps by assessing biomarkers of RAF-MEK-ERK or PI3K-AKT signaling in a biopsy taken while the patient remains on treatment. For example, if P-ERK levels remain suppressed in a resistant tumor biopsy taken in a patient who remains on therapy (such as seen in the PDGFRβ-driven model of Nazarian et al \[[@R37]\]), this finding would indicate an ERK-independent mechanism, since all ERK-dependent mechanisms restore ERK phosphorylation despite the presence of inhibitor. Lack of P-ERK signal would suggest that this patient would best be treated with the combination of a PI3K inhibitor and a MEK or BRAF inhibitor. However, the presence of P-ERK in a resistant tumor biopsy does not guarantee an ERK-dependent mechanism, and thus it would not be possible to determine based on the presence of P-ERK alone whether a patient would benefit more from the combination of a MEK and a BRAF inhibitor or the combination of a PI3K inhibitor and a BRAF or MEK inhibitor. For example, in the RTK-driven resistance model developed by Villanueva et al, in addition to the activation of an ERK-independent survival pathway PI3K via IGF1R, ERK phosphorylation was also restored in the presence of BRAF inhibitor, likely due to RTK-driven signals through other RAF isoforms \[[@R45]\]. Therefore, to select the optimal combination strategy, it might be useful to assess markers of PI3K signaling in addition to evaluating P-ERK levels. In fact, both this resistant model and clinical biopsies from resistant tumor with increased IGF1R activation showed elevated P-AKT levels. Therefore, while combined BRAF and MEK inhibition may be a reasonable default treatment for patients with clinically acquired BRAF or MEK inhibitor resistance, given that most resistance mechanisms identified to date involve ERK-dependent mechanisms, lack of ERK reactivation or the presence of increased P-AKT levels could indicate cases in which use of a PI3K and a MEK or BRAF inhibitor might be more effective. Finally, it is intriguing to speculate that anticipation of acquired resistance to BRAF or MEK inhibitors could lead to strategies to prevent resistance from emerging. Moreover, since it is possible for multiple distinct resistance mechanisms to arise in the same patient, employing combination strategies aimed at preventing resistance as part of a patient\'s initial therapy could have advantages. Recent studies have suggested that combined BRAF and MEK inhibition is more effective in treatment-naïve BRAF mutant cancers than treatment with either inhibitor alone \[[@R39], [@R54]\]. Furthermore, one study showed that initial treatment with the combination of a BRAF and MEK inhibitors can prevent or delay emergence of resistance due to ERK pathway reactivation in BRAF mutant melanomas \[[@R54]\]. Similarly, initial combined inhibition of AKT and MEK was also shown to prevent resistance in BRAF mutant melanoma cell lines that develop resistance to MEK inhibitors through upregulation of PI3K-AKT signaling \[[@R55]\]. As a result, clinical trials assessing combinations of targeted inhibitors for the initial treatment of BRAF mutant cancers are currently underway \[[@R52]\]. Thus, identification and understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to BRAF or MEK inhibitors in BRAF mutant cancers could not only lead to strategies to overcome established resistance, but may yield a means by which to prevent resistance from emerging and to prolong the clinical response to therapy. | High | [
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Josh Peter, and A.J. Perez USA TODAY BAKERSFIELD, Calif. — Lawrence Phillips' family has opted to donate the brain of the former Nebraska and NFL running back to researchers studying the traumatic brain injury, an attorney representing the family told USA TODAY Sports Friday. Phillips was found unresponsive at Kern Valley State Prison in Delano, Calif. on Wednesday. He was transported to an area hospital where he was pronounced dead in what the Kern County coroner on Friday ruled was a suicide. Dan Chamberlain, an attorney representing the family, told USA TODAY Sports that Phillips’ mother, Juanita Phillips, has agreed to donate her son's brain to Boston University's Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Program. Researchers at BU and the Department of Veterans Affairs have identified CTE in the brain tissue of 88 of 92 former NFL they've examined posthumously, according to BU CTE Program spokesperson Maria Pantages Ober. Former teammate Christian Peter on Lawrence Phillips: 'I think there were some demons' Chamberlain said Juanita Phillips initially objected but changed her mind when he explained that the findings could help explain Phillips’ death and help further understand brain trauma and the dangers of football. “She wanted an explanation about what happened, and I told her, ‘Look, the only way you can really explain it is by examining his brain,’ ” he said. “I told her, ‘You owe it to your son, you owe it to every other NFL, college and pee wee and high school and middle school player that played football.’ ” Attempts to reach Juanita Phillips were unsuccessful. Phillips’ estate could be eligible for up $5 million from the NFL players concussion settlement, according to Chamberlain, who said the money was also a factor in the decision over what to do with Phillips’ brain. “I just want to make sure that we take care of him, his estate and his mom,’’ Chamberlain said. Phillips, 40, was facing the possible death penalty after he was charged with the murder of his cellmate. The judge hearing the case ruled Tuesday there was "sufficient cause to believe'' Phillips committed murder, according to court records. Lawrence Phillips' death ruled a suicide Phillips was a star running back on the University of Nebraska and a cog in the Cornhuskers' national championship teams in 1994 and 1995. He was a first-round pick (sixth overall) in the 1996 NFL draft. His NFL career lasted just three seasons. In 2009, Phillips was sentenced to 31 years in prison for two separate incidents — driving his car into three teenagers and assaulting an ex-girlfriend. GALLERY: LAWRENCE PHILLIPS THROUGH THE YEARS | Mid | [
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83 F.Supp. 999 (1948) UNITED STATES v. ONE 1941 PONTIAC SEDAN. UNITED STATES v. ONE 1941 DODGE SEDAN. United States District Court S. D. New York. December 14, 1948. John F. X. McGohey, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York City, proctor for libellant (Harold J. Raby, Assistant United States Attorney, New York City, of counsel). Henry K. Chapman, New York City, proctor for Claimants. LEIBELL, District Judge. The above actions to forfeit two automobiles, alleged to have been used by John G. Ardito in facilitating the sale of contraband (narcotic drugs) were by agreement consolidated for trial. The main facts in relation to each action have been set forth separately in findings of fact which are being filed together with this memorandum. Ardito was a seller of narcotics and he was convicted in this Court, on a plea of guilty of having made an illegal sale of narcotics consummated April 30, 1946. On November 29, 1946 the government filed the libels against the two automobiles seeking their forfeiture under 49 U.S.C.A. § 782. Michael Cestaro filed a claim to the Pontiac sedan on December 2, 1946, alleging that he is the owner thereof. Carmine Criscuolo on the same day filed a claim to the Dodge sedan, as the alleged owner thereof. The Pontiac is registered in the name of Anna Ardito, but the Government does not dispute Cestaro's contention that he is the actual owner. Ardito's use of the Pontiac, as hereinafter described, was with the consent of Cestaro, and his use of the Dodge was with the consent of Criscuolo. The pertinent provisions of Chapter 11 of Title 49 of the United States Code Annotated are the following: "§ 781. Unlawful use of vessels, vehicles, and aircrafts; contraband article defined "(a) It shall be unlawful (1) to transport, carry, or convey any contraband article in, upon, or by means of any vessel, vehicle, or aircraft; (2) to conceal or possess any contraband article in or upon *1000 any vessel, vehicle, or aircraft, or upon the person of anyone in or upon any vessel, vehicle, or aircraft; or (3) to use any vessel, vehicle, or aircraft to facilitate the transportation, carriage, conveyance, concealment, receipt, possession, purchase, sale, barter, exchange, or giving away of any contraband article. "(b) As used in this section, the term `contraband article' means "(1) Any narcotic drug which has been or is possessed with intent to sell or offer for sale in violation of any laws or regulations of the United States dealing therewith, or which is sold or offered for sale in violation thereof, or which does not bear appropriate tax-paid internal-revenue stamps as required by law or regulations; * * * * * * "§ 782. Seizure and forfeiture "Any vessel, vehicle, or aircraft which has been or is being used in violation of any provision of section 781, or in, upon, or by means of which any violation of section 781 has taken or is taking place, shall be seized and forfeited: * * * * * * "§ 784. Application of related laws "All provisions of law relating to the seizure, summary and judicial forfeiture, and condemnation of vessels and vehicles for violation of the customs laws; the disposition of such vessels and vehicles or the proceeds from the sale thereof; the remission or mitigation of such forfeitures; and the compromise of claims and the award of compensation to informers in respect of such forfeitures shall apply to seizures and forfeitures incurred, or alleged to have been incurred, under the provisions of this chapter, insofar as applicable and not inconsistent with the provisions hereof: * * *" The word "facilitate", as used in § 781(a) (3) and applied to the facts as found in this case, means that the automobile was used to make easy, to promote, to help forward the purchase and sale of the heroin. See Webster's Universal Dictionary (1913) and the Concise Oxford Dictionary (1944). Facilitation has also been defined in several decided cases. Pon Wing Quong v. United States, 9 Cir., 111 F.2d 751; United States of America v. One Dodge Coupe, D.C., 43 F.Supp. 60; Platt v. United States, 10 Cir., 163 F.2d 165. An automobile used as an armed convoy for other vehicles loaded with smuggled liquors was held to violate a section of the internal revenue statutes, 26 U.S.C.A. § 3321, relating to the forfeiture of vehicles used in the removal or for the deposit or concealment of intoxicating liquors with intent to defraud the government of the tax. The automobile was forfeited because it "was the armed convoy, or pilot and guard, of the others, but itself contained none of said liquors." United States v. One Dodge Sedan, D.C., 28 F.2d 44, 45. Statutes relating to frauds on the revenue, although they impose a penalty or forfeiture "are to be fairly and reasonably construed, so as to carry out the intention of the legislature." They "are construed less narrowly" than penal statutes and others involving forfeitures. United States v. Stowell, 133 U.S. 1, at page 12, 10 S.Ct. 244, at page 246, 33 L.Ed. 555; United States v. Ryan, 284 U.S. 167, at page 172, 52 S.Ct. 65, 67, 76 L.Ed. 224. The statute, 49 U.S.C.A. § 781 et seq., which became a law August 9, 1939, was intended to have an expanded meaning. United States v. Pacific Finance Corp., 2 Cir., 110 F.2d 732. A comparison of clause (3) of subdivision (a) of § 781 with clause (1) thereof makes it clear that clause (3) was intended to embrace situations other than the actual transportation of the contraband in a vehicle. Clause (3) includes the use of a vehicle to facilitate the transportation of the contraband something other than the actual transportation of the contraband. Indeed, clause (3) goes even further and includes the use of a vehicle to facilitate the purchase or sale of the contraband. The purpose of Congress in enacting the statute appears from the following extracts from the report of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives (Report No. 1054 of the 76th Congress, 1st Session) submitted on H.R. 6556: "It has been the experience of our enforcement officers that the best way to strike at commercialized crime is through *1001 the pocketbooks of the criminals who engage in it. By decreasing the profits which make illicit activity of this type possible, crime itself can also be decreased. Vessels, vehicles, and aircraft may be termed `the operating tools' of dope peddlers, counterfeiters, and gangsters. They represent tangible major capital investments to criminals whose liquid assets, if any, are frequently not accessible to the Government. * * * * * * "Special attention is called to the fact that the bill affords the same remedy for remission and mitigation of forfeiture to innocent owners (as well as innocent lienors and mortgagees) of seized vessels, vehicles, and aircraft as is now afforded them under the customs laws and that these customs provisions have been in effect ever since 1790 (act of May 26, 1890 [1790], 1 Stat. 122). In this connection it is pertinent to mention that Congress since the very beginning of our Government has (in enacting forfeiture statutes directed against means of transportation used to facilitate violations of law) proceeded on the principle that the carrier, i. e., the vessel or vehicle, is the primary offender and if unlawfully used may be subjected to forfeiture irrespective of the innocence of the owners. Vessels and vehicles of innocent owners have been subject to forfeiture under the customs laws since the first Customs Administrative Act of July 31, 1789 [1 Stat. 29]. In Goldsmith-Grant Co. v. United States ((1921) 254 U.S. 505 [41 S.Ct. 189, 65 L.Ed. 376]) the Supreme Court of the United States in affirming a judgment of forefeiture against an automobile employed in the transportation of un-tax-paid liquor, notwithstanding the innocence of the conditional vendor of the vehicle, said ([254 U.S. at] p. 510 [41 S.Ct. at page 191]): "`In breaches of revenue provisions, some forms of property are facilities, and therefore it may be said, that Congress interposes the care and responsibility of their owners, in aid of the prohibitions of the law and its punitive provisions, by ascribing to the property a certain personality, a power of complicity and guilt in the wrong!'" If an automobile is used by a drug peddler as a "means" of going to places to negotiate sales of narcotics and as a means of driving therefrom, to later on have the orders filled, and as a means for the joint transportation of himself and a confederate, who makes the delivery of the narcotics for the peddler, the automobile is in my opinion being used to facilitate the sale of narcotics, even though narcotics are not actually carried in the car. That was the use made by Ardito of the 1941 Pontiac sedan (Motor No. 6816302). The proof is that Ardito used that car to drive to McGinness' Bar on April 8th, where he had a conversation with a government informer (Sonnessa) who arranged to buy some narcotics the following day. On April 9th, Ardito was seen getting out of the Pontiac on Morris Avenue in the vicinity of 168th and 169th Streets, Bronx, where the narcotics were to be delivered. There the informer told Ardito that he had lost the purchase price of the narcotics in a crap game. A third party, Princiotta, was seen approaching with a brown paper bag from a point nearby and Ardito waved him away and the sale was not consummated. It is a fair inference that Ardito had come to the place on Morris Avenue in the Pontiac to consummate the narcotic sale. The Pontiac was stationary when it was observed, but Ardito was seen leaving it. Ardito lived on Second Avenue at about 112th Street. Thus, the Pontiac was used to bring Ardito to the McGinness' Bar at 48th Street and Broadway on April 8th to negotiate the deal for the sale of the narcotics and it was used also to bring him to the vicinity of 168th Street and Morris Avenue the following day April 9th, where delivery of the narcotics was to be made. The fact that the sale was not actually concluded does not affect the purpose for which the car was being used by Ardito. He was ready to go through with the sale. It was the informer who failed because he did not have the price. Ardito was using the Pontiac in conducting his business as a dope peddler. On April 17th Princiotta was involved in a sale to the informer of narcotics (highly adulterated heroin) for $250.00. That transaction took place in the afternoon on Cortlandt Street, Manhattan, near the Hudson River Tubes. Princiotta and Ardito *1002 were seen together uptown that morning and again that evening. Ardito used the Pontiac in meeting Princiotta on the evening of April 17th. On the afternoon of April 17th the car used by Princiotta was a 1936 Dodge, in which Princiotta had also driven when he carried the brown paper bag on April 9th near 168th Street and Morris Avenue, Bronx. Princiotta also used the 1936 Dodge in making the delivery on the April 29-30 transaction, which will be next discussed. It was the same informer (Sonnessa) who paid $350.00 to Ardito at McGinness' Bar on April 29th. On that occasion Ardito was using a 1941 Dodge. Princiotta delivered the narcotics to the informer the following day April 30th. If an automobile is used by a drug peddler to drive to a place where he negotiates a deal for the sale of narcotics to be delivered at a later date, and having received an advance payment of the purchase price during the negotiations if he returns to the automobile with the purchase price in his pocket and drives off, that, in my opinion, would subject the vehicle to seizure and forfeiture, because it was being used to facilitate the sale of the contraband, narcotics. The 1941 Dodge Sedan (Motor No. D19-185101, Serial No. 30,525,681) was thus used by Ardito on April 29th and should be forfeited. Princiotta was involved in all three deals for the sale of narcotics to this informer. Princiotta made the April 17th deal with the informer in which Ardito did not appear, at least openly. But in the month of April Ardito and Princiotta were seen on one occasion riding together in the 1941 Pontiac and they were also seen near the parked Pontiac on four or five occasions. It is a fair inference that the 1941 Pontiac sedan was a useful means by which they carried on their illicit drug traffic. On and after April 29th Ardito used the 1941 Dodge. He drove it when he got the $350.00 on April 29th. Although Ardito was seen driving the 1941 Dodge on April 30th, neither Ardito nor his automobiles was seen on April 30th at the time Princiotta delivered the narcotics to the informer. It might be here observed that after the arrests of Ardito and Princiotta the 1936 Dodge was seized and later sold at auction. The 1936 Dodge had been used by Princiotta to transport the narcotics on April 17th and April 30th. It was also used by him April 9th when he was about to make delivery of a brown paper bag, but was waved off by Ardito. The older and cheaper car was used by the confederate to actually transport the narcotics. Ardito used the more expensive cars himself and did not risk having the narcotics found in them. That an automobile is a form of property which is a facility for the illicit traffic in narcotics is evident from the facts in this case. The automobile enables the dope seller to make himself more elusive in travelling to places where he meets his customers or his confederates. It is more difficult to trail the law violator if he uses an automobile. He can travel greater distances, follow less frequented streets or roads, move about at will and alone, and be completely independent of public means of conveyance. The automobile helps him escape observation, detection and capture. It is an operating tool of the dope peddler's trade. Where it has been shown by the evidence that the dope peddler has used the automobile to carry on his illicit traffic, the automobile is subject to seizure and forfeiture. The automobile need not be used in the actual transportation of the narcotics in order to be subject to seizure and forfeiture. The case of United States v. One Dodge Coupe, D.C., 43 F.Supp. 60, discussed the statute and the meaning of its terms, and applied the statute to the use of an automobile by a dope peddler. Platt v. United States, 10 Cir., 163 F.2d 165, 167, did not involve an automobile of a dope peddler. An unfortunate woman, a drug addict, had used her mother's automobile to go to the drug store in town, where she had a forged prescription for narcotics filled by the druggist. As she was leaving the drug store with the narcotics she was arrested. The appellate court held that the use of the automobile "enabled her to get to the store more quickly than if she had walked or had used a slower means of transportation." *1003 Findings of fact and conclusions of law are being filed herewith. The Government will be granted a decree of forfeiture in both these cases involving the 1941 Pontiac Sedan and the 1941 Dodge Sedan. | Mid | [
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Q: How to add Strings to a TextView / ScrollView? I am quiet new to android developing sorry! I want to add doctor values as Strings (first name, last name, and some others later) as one entry (I was trying to do so with Objects) to my Scroll View via a button. I know that I need a Layout and a Text View to do so but my Virtual Machine crushes. As far as I understand I have to put my Text View (with the Strings) in the Layout and the Layout in the Scroll View (am I wrong?). I was trying several things from different websites which all provide similar solutions but nothing worked so far. I am using Android 6.0 with android studio and designed my UI with the Design View and adapted some code in the XML files. public void addDoctor(View view) { setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); // standard java class Doctor Doctor doc = new Doctor("Foo", "Boo"); // this is the ScrollView I generated with the design ScrollView sv = (ScrollView) this.findViewById(R.id.ScrollViewDoctor); TextView tv = new TextView(this); // trying to fix the parent problem here if(tv.getParent() != null) { ((ViewGroup)tv.getParent()).removeView(tv); // <- fix } //this should be "Foo" tv.setText(doc.getDocName()); // this is the layout I generated with the design "linlay" LinearLayout ll = (LinearLayout) this.findViewById(R.id.linlay); sv.addView(ll); //only one child object! -> in the error log ll.addView(tv); setContentView(view); } I expected the Strings of the object to appear in the Scroll View but the error log says that "ScrollView can host only one direct child" which I was trying to fix with the if statement but it does not seem to affect my code. Can you please help me with this. Do I miss something? Thank you! A: As far as I understand I have to put my Text View (with the Strings) in the Layout and the Layout in the Scroll View (am I wrong?). You've right. <ScrollView> <LinearLayout> <TextView></TextView> </LinearLayout> </ScrollView> How to Add a doctor in the right way error log says that "ScrollView can host only one direct child" You're getting the error because you added already the linear layout inside the <ScrollView>, so you don't have to call, sv.addView(ll); because it's already inside (And you cannot add multiple layout in standard ScrollView) So you're reference to ScrollView it's useless. if you're xml is like this: <ScrollView> <LinearLayout> </LinearLayout> </ScrollView> You can achieve your result with this: public class MyActivityDoctors extends Activity { ScrollView sv; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); sv = (ScrollView) this.findViewById(R.id.ScrollViewDoctor); } public void addDoctor(Doctor doctor) { //Linear Layout inside your ScrollView LinearLayout ll = (LinearLayout) this.findViewById(R.id.linlay); //Create a new TextView with doctor data TextView tv = new TextView(this); tv.setText(doctor.getDocName()); //Adding textView to LinearLayout ll.addView(tv); } } | Mid | [
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Bartender Wisdom: 'More Than Just a Drink' We've referred to bartending in the past as a paint-by-numbers game. You can fill those numbers with any color you like and it will always make a picture. Sometimes it will be gorgeous, sometimes it won't. But it'll always work. Listening to what someone wants and giving them what they want means more in New York. People like that. We work in a tequila bar, but a bulk of our drinks aren't necessarily tequila-based. Some people recall a bad college memory. I have some of my own. I know which way Kyle is going to move if I need to get around him, to hold still while he reaches. It's almost like a dance for us. If I look over and I see a group of girls flirting, responding really well to him, I think, Way to go, Kyle. He made their night. That's great. When we go to a bar, we want more than just a drink. We can make a drink at home. A lot of our bar patrons can pour a vodka soda at home, and a lot of them can make their own Manhattan exactly how they want it. You go out to the bar because you want the whole experience. Most of our family thinks we jumped off the deep end. Our parents don't drink. The last thing our parents drank was a Harvey Wallbanger. Or whatever they had back then. I always had this haunted feeling when I was working in the corporate world. I wanted to do something creative. You don't get creative in finance. You get in trouble, usually. Bartending is not an industry that is susceptible to economic times. Maybe people will spend less on what they're going to drink, but they're still going to drink. The world of alcohol brightens as many souls as it darkens. But I think it brightens more so. A Part of Hearst Digital Media Esquire participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites. | Mid | [
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CONNECT WITH US Horoscopes 1/17/14 This year you can expect Mars to enter your house of friendship with a strong presence. When Jupiter enters Leo in July, expect to break your usual routine and travel somewhere new. There is change and adventure on the horizons. Taurus(4/20-5/20) This is going to be a year of change, improvements and fresh starts. It is time to release any excess frustration, anger or grudges you have from 2013 so that you can seize 2014 with renewed energy. Gemini(5/21-6/21) The craziness of 2013 left many loose ends for you. The third new moon of the year will bring some answers. You will experience stronger commitments, a more serious career path and welcome stability this year. Cancer(6/22-7/22) The universe is looking at your career and family this year, Cancer. You will thrive in the work you attempt. Your ties to family will strengthen as Mars enters your home sector. It is a good time to express gratitude for those you care for. Leo(7/23-8/22) The beginning of the year for you, Leo, is all about romance and fun. Enjoy the reprieve, but get ready to gear up for the second half of the year. The Sun and Mercury will put a strain on you, and work may seem extra challenging. Virgo(8/23-9/22) Last year may have ended with unexpected financial strain, but with Jupiter and Saturn cooperating at the beginning of the year, you will become financially stable once more. Approach this year with drive but be practical about the future. Libra(9/23-10/22) You may find yourself needing to be extra flexible and patient this year. Focus on your personal goals, and maybe travel to add some spontaneous energy to your year. Plans are good, but change is natural. Scorpio(10/23-11/21) Jupiter will set you up with good fortune early on this year, and you may find your negotiating power to be unexpectedly high. Keep your eyes and heart open to new things this year. Luck will come where you least expect it. Sagittarius(11/22-12/21) Positive energy will flow through you this year, and it will lead you to greater happiness and success. When Saturn enters Leo around July, a search you have been on for an extended time will end triumphantly. Capricorn(12/22-1/19) This year you can expect to be focused and driven, especially when it comes to academics or career goals. Mars will enter your house for fame and honors at the beginning of the month to set you up on a successful path during the year. Aquarius(1/20-2/18) You have been critical of yourself lately, Aquarius. This year, Mars will enter your house of gratitude, and you will feel relieved of self-induced pressure. Self-appreciation will help in countless ways. Pisces(2/19-3/20) You have a lot on your mind today, and you may want to say it all. Keep in mind that you might not see eye-to-eye with everyone right now, and if your words get misinterpreted, you could run into problems. | Low | [
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Effects of stereoisomerism on the crystallization behavior and optoelectrical properties of conjugated molecules. Three stereoisomers of DPP(TBFu)2 are separated and identified to investigate the effects of stereoisomerism on crystal structures and the optoelectrical properties. The crystal structures and FET mobility are sensitive to stereoisomers, in which the mesomer possesses the highest carrier mobility and the greatest crystallization tendency to dominate the crystallization in spin-cast films of the as-synthesized stereoisomeric mixture. | High | [
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Workers' Compensation By: Michael O'Connor All too often, the security of your job and your family can come to an abrupt halt when injured while working. That is the very reason workers' compensation exists - to help those workers who sustain an injury or a disease while on the job. Workers' compensation benefits may provide replacement income, medical expenses and sometimes vocational rehabilitation benefits, such as, on-the-job training, schooling or job placement assistance. You don't have to navigate the system alone - our team of professional lawyers is ready to stand up for your rights. Please click here for more workers’ compensation information. The impact of a workers' compensation claim goes far beyond hospital and doctor bills. It can also result in lost earnings, benefits and the ability to live as you once did. The best course of action is to seek an experienced workers' compensation lawyer as soon as an injury occurs or as soon as you become aware of a workers' compensation situation, such as diagnosis of a disease related to your workplace. Laws and regulation my have time limits for action; you could lose your rights by waiting. Michael J. O'Connor & Associates represents injured worker's obtaining workers' compensation benefits, as well as defending against insurance companies attempting to terminate, suspend or modify lost wage benefits. We also represent injured workers who are not currently in litigation and negotiate lump sum settlements. Whether you've been injured at work before or this is your first injury, you may have questions. We have compiled a list of the most common questions and hope they will answer some of your concerns. Lost Wage Benefits: You may be eligible for benefits if your physician restricts you from work for a period of 7 or more days. However, you must be off work for 14 days to receive benefits for the initial 7 days off. Lost wage benefits can be for total disability benefits, if you're restricted from work entirely. If you have returned to work with a loss of earnings, benefits can be partial. In such a case, you are entitled to 2/3 of the difference between your pre- and post-injury wages. Specific Loss Benefits: You may be eligible for specific loss benefits if your injury resulted in the loss of hearing, vision, use of limb, or scarring and disfigurement of the hand, neck or face. Eligibility You may be eligible for benefits if you are injured on the job or aggravate a pre-existing condition as a result of your normal, assigned job-related duties. Notice Under the Workers' Compensation Act you must give your employer notice that you suffered a work injury within 120 days from the date you became aware that your injury is work related. If your employer refuses to allow you to file an injury report, you should immediately consult a workers' compensation lawyer to file a claim petition. Filing a Claim You have three years from the date of injury to file a claim petition, however, the longer you wait, the more difficult it may be to prove your case. Medical Treatment If your employer has a list of approved physicians, you are required to treat with the company doctor for the first 90 days after the first doctor's visit. If you treat with any other doctors during this time, the insurance company may not be required to pay the bills. After the first 90 days, or if your employer does not have a panel of doctors, you may treat with a physician of your choice. Signing Forms Employee Verification Form: You must complete and return this form within 30 days of receipt or your right to receive benefits will be jeopardized Final Receipt: Do not sign this form unless you are fully recovered from your injury. It is best to consult with an attorney before signing this form as it severely affects your future rights to benefits. Supplemental Agreement: This form may also drastically affect your rights to ongoing benefits. Consult with an attorney before signing this document. The team at Michael J. O'Connor & Associates is ready to begin tackling your legal problem today. Email or Call our toll free number at (800) 518-4LAW for a free initial consultation and review of your case. I only talked to Anna she was super!! I don't see anything you can do to make it better or easier. I feel bad it took me long to pay you. I never thought I would get approved in five months. I loved what you all did for me. Sandra S. ★★★★★ The services I received were exceptional. Robyn J. ★★★★★ I don't think there is need for improvement. My cases were handled with such care and consideration I would bring any case here. Angela S. ★★★★★ Would you recommend our services to others? Yes, I was so pleased, and so thankful for everything. Any additional comments... none, you are awesome, thank you again. Jamie B. | Mid | [
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#!/bin/sh # failure ../examples/test5 -d junk -c fdas > tmp.out 2>&1 if cmp -s tmp.out $srcdir/test23.out; then exit 0 else exit 1 fi | Low | [
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"In Japan there is a chest called the nagamochi... that treasures are kept in." "Favorite clothes from childhood... or things that a girl takes with her when she gets married." "Most people keep the chest locked." "It's usually kept in the back of the closet." "Memories are sealed in the chest." "Cherished memories and glittering times... live forever in the corner of darkness." "Are you ready?" "No, not yet." "OSEI." "OSEI." "WHERE ARE YOU GOING?" "I'M GOING SHOPPING." "Mister, let's play hide-and-seek." "So come on." "Let's play." "Are you ready?" "Kakutaro, who suffers from an illness... did not work and stayed home all day." " Are you ready?" " Yes, we are." "Lying down in a dark space... inside a large nagamochi that smelled of camphor... he was filled with a nostalgic sweetness... that almost moved him to tears." "Can you come out, mister?" "I can't find him." "It's no fun." "Do you want to go outside and play now?" ""I should come out now."" "Kakutaro wanted to come out to surprise the children." "But the tightly closed lid did not budge an inch." "I'M HOME." "When Osei came home, Kakutaro was no longer able to talk... as he became more suffocated every moment in the nagamochi." "OSEI." "HELP ME." "IT'S ME." "What happened to you?" "Oh, you were playing hide-and-seek." "You're so mischievous." "Keep your chin up, ma'am." "It must have been hard for you." "What bothered her most... was the memory of the weak feel of her husband... when she closed the lid of the nagamochi." "NOT APPROVED" "BEGINNING OF THE SHOWA ERA" ""Notification:" "Name of the author, Rampo Edogawa." ""Real name, Taro Shirai." ""Current address, Tokyo-city, Hongo-ku, Tsumagoi-cho 3." ""Occupation, novelist." ""Publication of 'Osei Tojo'..." ""the work written by the above person..." ""shall be banned as a result of censorship." ""The authority found that the novel..." ""is likely to be detrimental to public morale." ""In case you do not obey the authority's decision..." ""the author, Rampo Edogawa..." ""and the publisher, Masashi Yokomizo..." ""are to be immediately arrested and jailed."" "Is there anything you would like to say regarding this decision?" "I will obey the decision." ""Furthermore, any published works by Rampo Edogawa..." ""must not be reissued..." ""until further notice is given..." ""by the officer in charge of this case." ""When you write a new work..."" "Here I am again..." ""THE PHANTOM WITH TWENTY FACES" WRAP PARTY" "Mr. Tagawa, the producer, is over there." "Sir... thank you very much for taking time to come to the party." "In this business, we are obligated... to hold a party like this even if we don't want to." "This is how the life goes." "The movie turned out to be a good one." "Have you seen it yet?" "No, not yet." "You would rather see it now than complain about it later." "I heard that the publication of "Osei Tojo" has been banned." "In times like these... you are better off writing "The Phantom with Twenty Faces."" "It really is a bad time, isn't it?" "Could you please give a speech to the guests now?" "No, I prefer not to." "You don't have to take it that seriously." "No one likes to give a speech in front of many people." "Director, this is Mr. Rampo Edogawa." "How do you do?" "And this is Mr. Akechi in the next series." "This is Mr. Twenty Faces." "How do you do?" "Pleased to meet you." "Excuse me, can we go through?" "Excuse me." "This way, sir." "Yes, this way." "Sir, could you please pose for the camera?" "Could you hold the microphone?" "That's good." "Ladies and gentlemen..." "Mr. Edogawa is here tonight, and he will make a speech." "Please welcome Mr. Rampo Edogawa." "I am Rampo Edogawa, who wrote the original book of this movie." "I am particularly fond of Kogoro Akechi, and..." "I am not used to talking to people like this, but..." "Just now, I was introduced to the actor... who plays Akechi in the next series... and he was great, and..." "Thank you very much." "Thank you for making the speech." "Mr. Yokomizo is waiting for you there." "If you don't mind, please take this with you." "Thank you very much." "Sir, it was a good speech." "Here I am again." "I felt somewhat cold presentiment and I was scared." "Dull darkness has covered my entire world... and I wondered if I might walk in this darkness... in a large circle forever." "I was not scared of the outside world... but I was scared of my own uncertain strides." "Where does this darkness in the forest that confines me end?" "Are you roasting sweet potatoes, sir?" "I am burning something useless." "What are you going to do with the heroine?" "You haven't even introduced her yet." "That was her destiny." "I am not going to write anything for a while." "I think I will go on a wandering journey for a while." "Please don't look for me." "Please have a look at this article." ""Accident or Murder?"" "The woman's name is Shizuko." "The more you read this article... the more similarities you find with your novel." "As publication of this novel was banned... the woman could not have read it." "You see, your novel has power to change even reality." "The police concluded it was an accidental death... but it is too similar to the novel." "Her sick husband at home played hide-and-seek with children... while both the wife and the maid were not home." "He was suffocated to death in a nagamochi." "Everything that happened... was almost identical to what you wrote in the novel... the novel no one is supposed to know... as if details are compared with each other." "What happens to that woman now?" "How should I know?" "You should keep writing." "The woman you wrote about could not be eliminated." "She has appeared in this world." "Who cares about the censorship?" "You should not turn your main character adrift in the street." "ANTIQUES, BOOKS" "I am just looking..." "That one is dead." "It has been broken for a while, producing no sound." "Is that right?" "If you like, you can take it." "It is not for sale anyway." "I displayed it in the shop... because I wanted to give it to someone who liked it." "No, I cannot take it for nothing." "How much is it?" "I really don't want to charge anything." "I have been taking good care of it since I was a child." "If you don't mind, please keep it." "I promise that I will take good care of it." "Thank you very much." "You should not buy anything from a shop like that." "That woman, who was picked up by her husband... killed him and took over the shop." "How can she stay there as if nothing has happened?" "Mind your own business." "WE ARE CLOSED DUE TO UNAVOIDABLE CIRCUMSTANCES" "GET OUT OF HERE, MURDERER" "UGLY WOMAN, YOU SHOULD BE EXECUTED" "I have to find a way out of the forest." "Beyond the darkness..." "I don't know if the sun shines or cold wind blows... but I must find a way out of the forest." "Why are you here?" "Did you follow me?" "I am terribly sorry." "I had a feeling... that you were going to disappear for some reason." "I could not help following you." "You are Mr. Rampo Edogawa, aren't you?" "Please look after the music box." "I must go." "To be frank with you, I am writing a novel about a woman." "But when I try to think about the heroine... the picture of you always comes up in my mind." "A piece of the picture of you instantly expands in my mind... and I cannot help it." "Something like this has not happened to me for a long time." "It has come to the stage... where I cannot continue to write unless I think about you." "That is why I followed you." "Please don't worry about me, and leave me alone." "So long." "DETECTIVE KOGORO AKECHI SERIES "THE PHANTOM WITH TWENTY FACES"" "I am a master of disguise who has twenty faces." "People call me The Phantom with Twenty Faces." "You have quietly witnessed the history of some 5,000 years." "If you have a soul, I want you to talk to me about it." "Hold up, Twenty Faces." "Who the hell are you?" "I am nobody." "I am Kogoro Akechi." "What?" "Kogoro Akechi is supposed to be in the U.S. now." "Akechi returns to Japan from the U.S. within a day... if there are any villains." "Sir, have you met Shizuko yet?" "Yes, I have." "So, what happened?" "So, then..." "I found a nice mirror in her antique shop." "Can you go there and buy it for me?" "You'll know which one, as it is the only one." "Sorry to ask you a favor of a private matter." "I have been too busy." " Is that all you want me to do?" " That's right." "How do you like it?" "It's turned out to be good, hasn't it?" "Look how handsome Akechi is." "You said he was your other self." "We had to be very careful with him." "Can't you change that line?" "What line?" "You can't make an unreasonable request... as this has already been completed." "That's why I asked you to see it as soon as possible." "You know, with movies, directors have the creative right... and actors have the portrait right." "Things become more complicated once a movie has been completed." "Excuse me." ""I came to deliver what you ordered." ""I waited for a while and then decided to leave." ""I am looking forward to your excellent work."" "TO MR. RAMPO" ""Dear Mr. Rampo Edogawa, I would like to see you..." ""and I will be waiting at Nezu Shrine at 3:00." ""Shizuko."" "I didn't think I could see you again." "I am sorry to have asked to you to come." "I wanted to apologize for what I did the other day." "I have to apologize to you, too." "I was almost delirious, and I am really sorry about it." "The other day..." "Mr. Yokomizo brought me your novel, and I read it." "After reading it, I found my mind at wonderful peace... as if I was protected by someone I loved." "Thank you so much." "Can you follow the car ahead?" "It is getting dark, isn't it?" "In the soundless, fragrantless... and feelingless darkness in the forest..." "I felt all my senses, hearing, smelling, and feeling... were converging into a single sense." "This is my other self, Kogoro Akechi." "On that day, Akechi received a strange anonymous letter." "The letter mysteriously requested him... to investigate this lady." "How can she behave that prudishly?" "She is only a mistress." "Do you know her?" "She is the one who is said to have killed her husband." "Instead of being caught, she now enjoys the life... as a mistress of a duke, with her own driver." "Wealth, rumor, and madness were involved." "Akechi smelled death there." "The place of the smell of death was the mansion of Duke Ogawara." "Are you all right?" "What were you doing in a place like this?" "You can see what I was doing." "I was experimenting with parachuting." "Come this way." "Hello, master." "Tend to his wound." " I am sorry to trouble you." " What are you talking about?" "That is my late mother." "She is beautiful." "I love this painting." "I see the transient glow of life in her." "I used to enjoy watching my mother standing in the forest." "How is your wound?" "There is nothing to be worried about." "Thank you very much for treating me." "I am holding a small festivity... to celebrate my 60th birthday on the weekend." "Would you like to stay here until then?" "I'd love to, if I don't cause any trouble." "Thank you." "It is my way to have the game cooked in front of me." "I hope you don't mind." "The fresher the food is, the better it is." "I like you, young man." "It is also my way not to pursue those who go away... and not to refuse those who come." "So if you don't want to stay anymore... don't oblige yourself to stay." "Pollen of Mandoragora..." "A deadly poison... that kills you within a minute after licking it." "But it makes a good aphrodisiac if you smoke it." "I like taking poisonous substances... into my body like this." "That one is dead." "I have been taking good care of it since I was a child." "It has stopped producing any sounds since I moved here." "It is my job to watch him ride a horse from here." "Day after day, for hours, I have to watch him from here." "Mr. Akechi..." "If you give me some time, I promise that I will..." "Mom!" "Don't look at me!" "Your daytime job must have finished." "Sleeping with you every night... does not bring me pleasure any longer." "Why do you think I picked up a woman like you... who killed her husband?" "Have I ever asked you to behave like a good person?" "All I want is the night dream that is possessed by a demon." "For you, a stranger to any sweet dreams..." "I'll show you something special tonight." "The only thing I lack... is the smell of a young woman's skin." "A telegram." "A telegram for you, Mr. Rampo Edogawa." "May I come in?" "How could this happen?" "Someone is probably harassing me." "These are the traces of my husband's nails." "Please... please help me." "I don't want to be on my own." "Please hold me." "There is nothing I can do for you." "I know that I should not rely on you... but I thought you would stay close to me." "I have to keep writing my novel." "I am sorry I have to go." "Ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much for coming." "I would like to call this party "One Night Dream."" "Let me read aloud my beloved poem by Poe... to express my sincere gratitude." ""By a route obscure and lonely..." ""Haunted by ill angels only..." ""Where an Eidolon, named Night..." ""On a black throne reigns upright." ""I have reached these lands but newly..." ""From an ultimate dim Thule..." ""From a wild weird clime, that lieth, sublime..." ""Out of Space... out of Time." ""Bottomless vales and boundless floods..." ""With forms that no man can discover..." ""for the dews that drip all over." ""Their Ione waters, Ione and dead..." ""Their still waters, still and chilly..."" "That body has already been returned... to the earth and the heaven." ""Time passes by..." ""just like a sleepless night that chokes me up." ""I want to drift somewhere far away..." ""where no one can reach me..." ""being embraced by someone's voice who is calling me." ""I want to drift to somewhere far away like a dream."" "Mr. Akechi." "I was so occupied with this that I didn't notice you were there." "I was so occupied with this... that I didn't notice you were there." "My pleasure in life... is to control the minds of other people." "You should try, too." "He loves the grass here." "It seems I made a mistake by letting you stay." "She seems to be very fond of you." "Since you came, she has regained her natural self." "Now it is time for an entertainment." "Once the funeral arrangements have been made..." "I will leave here, too." "Most likely, we will have to close this mansion soon." "Mr. Akechi." "May I speak with you for the last time?" "I am the one who killed the duke." "You knew that, didn't you?" "Why didn't you wait a little longer?" "I would like to ask you a favor." "I lost my husband in this nagamochi." "You want me to go in there, don't you?" "Will you go in there?" "Akechi, you should not go in there." "I don't need any instructions." "Instructions..." "Hello, can I help you?" "Where is Shizuko?" " What?" "Shizuko?" " Where is she?" "She is staying at a duke's place in Atami." "A duke..." "Look..." "Today she sent us another article left by the duke." "Where is the nagamochi?" "Nagamochi?" "That must have been sent to Atami when she moved there." "Sir?" "Sir?" "Yes, I will go in there." "You said you would get me out of here one day." "If I thought I could start a new life somewhere far away..." "I couldn't be happier." "I thought, if I could live in a dream of a person I love... how happy I would be." "But... why did you leave me all alone?" "Don't, Shizuko!" "I wanted to be embraced... by Mr. Rampo." "Akechi..." "You finally made it." "I'm happy you came to see me." "It is all right if I keep everything inside me, isn't it?" | Low | [
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wslwebmanager2018 You tell yourself, “one little bite” here, “a little nibble” there will not hurt; or a sip of this alcohol beverage won’t hurt, right? You maythinkitisn’t abig deal becauseyou’re stilleatingsomuchbetterthanyou did prior to doing working with Pearl right? Not being a 100%compliantwiththe which program you are doing,is still cheating. I remembered when I cheated on a donut once while I was on the program only to realize that the $3 donut cost me three days out of ketosis and equaled $10!! Ask yourself before cheating if it is really worth it? Only you know the answer to the question, however before you can truly answer the question you have to know the true effects of cheating. You may think that it is only one day on the diet that you lose and that is not so bad. The challenge is that you are pedaling backward on your bicycle of success you have achieved on the program to date. When getting back on track right away you will see that it takes you an additional day to get yourself back being compliant with the program. So you lose the “momentum” you had and inhibit your success. So one day of cheating can cost you two days on the program possible up to three. So instead of having your weekly success you now have maybe three to five days of success and will have cost you up to $30 equal depending on with Gem Program you are doing! You may find while on program and cheating you still lose weight and believe that to be a great thing. Well, your goal when coming to us is to lose weight however when you deviate you are telling your pancreas it has to work overtime again and it thinks it needs to start making more insulin. Please keep in mind weight loss is your goal, but just as important we are working to get your body into a healthier state and making sure your pancreas is working properly is a vital part of your success. Psychologically,ifyoucheatandstillmakeprogress,youmaythinkitisokaytocheatsincetherewerenoissues with your success. Please keep in mind that itwillbecomeeasiertocheatagain,andmaybecheatfortwodaysinsteadofone and your success will start to show on the scale in a negative way. If you feel like you have to have a reward or you will completely off plan than always reach out to your coach for an option that might be available to you to help you get thru the urge. We are here to hold you accountable and want to see you succeed. In the end, you have to make the decision yourself whether or not cheating is alright. Weigh your options and go back to the day you started your journey and make the decision yourself. Keep in mind that cheating is cheating no one but yourself. | Mid | [
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Katsuyuki Kawai is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Hiroshima, Hiroshima and graduate of Keio University, he ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives in 1993 after serving in the assembly of Hiroshima Prefecture. He ran again three years later and was elected for the first time, but lost the seat in 2000. He was re-elected in 2003. He was the Minister of Justice from 11 September 2019 to 31 October 2019. References Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:People from Hiroshima Category:Keio University alumni Category:Members of the House of Representatives (Japan) Category:Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians Category:21st-century Japanese politicians | High | [
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Miaou Black Denim Lex Jacket style: ST203718 $295 This holiday season, Miou releases an exclusive capsule collection exclusively available at OC. New to its growing roster of ready-to-wear pieces, the Lex Jacket is cut from Miaou's signature 2% stretch denim and features a trucker jacket silhouette accented with contrast white topstitching and a Western-inspired yoke. OC EXCLUSIVE Spread collar Front button closures Side pockets Buttoned waist tabs 98% cotton, 2% spandex Made in USA Inspired by a thrift find back in 2000, Miaou Jeans was founded by Alexia Elkaim with the idea that each pair of pants hug every woman the same, regardless of what shape or size she is. Miaou strives to embody strength, with each design a celebration and agent meant to empower confident women. Details This holiday season, Miou releases an exclusive capsule collection exclusively available at OC. New to its growing roster of ready-to-wear pieces, the Lex Jacket is cut from Miaou's signature 2% stretch denim and features a trucker jacket silhouette accented with contrast white topstitching and a Western-inspired yoke. OC EXCLUSIVE Spread collar Front button closures Side pockets Buttoned waist tabs 98% cotton, 2% spandex Made in USA DESIGNER Inspired by a thrift find back in 2000, Miaou Jeans was founded by Alexia Elkaim with the idea that each pair of pants hug every woman the same, regardless of what shape or size she is. Miaou strives to embody strength, with each design a celebration and agent meant to empower confident women. | Low | [
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Catch-up growth in children treated with home enteral nutrition. This study was designed to determine the effect of home enteral nutrition on the outcomes of growth and the relationship between growth and entrance anthropometric criteria. We reviewed the medical records of 78 consecutive children (median age, 20 months) who were enrolled in the home enteral feeding program at the Alberta Children's Hospital (Calgary, Alberta, Canada) between 1993 and 1995. Weights, heights, and weight-for-heights were expressed as Z scores, using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention anthropometric growth curve software. To evaluate growth outcome, the total group was further subdivided using anthropometric criteria into appropriate, wasted, or stunted at the time of entry to the program. In a subgroup of 36 children on whom anthropometric data was available for a median length of 5.7 months, Z scores were compared at 3 points in time: before entry, at time of entry, and last follow-up. Patients were classified into five main groups: 11 (14%) had pulmonary disease, 26 (33%) had a gastrointestinal disorder, 21 (27%) had congenital defects, 10 (13%) had a neurologic disorder, and the remaining 10 (13%) had a variety of other illnesses, including malignancies and metabolic disorders. Patients were on the program for a median duration of 8.9 months. It was found that during the period of support within the program, enteral feeding was successful in improving weight-for-age Z scores by 0.42 standard deviations but the effect on height-for-age Z scores and weight-for-height Z scores did not reach significance for this population. The subgroup of 36 children on whom longitudinal anthropometric data was available before entering the program was found to have had a significant drop in weight Z scores between the time before program entry (median length of time, 5.7 months) and the time of program entry, which indicates that these children were falling off the growth curve before commencing enteral feeding. To evaluate growth outcome, the total group was further subdivided using anthropometric criteria into appropriate, wasted, or stunted at the time of entry to the program. In the group of appropriate growth patients, while in the program, 50% had catch-up growth for weight (positive change in Z scores) and 33% for height. In the wasted patients, 92% improved their weight percentile and 75% their height percentile. In the stunted group, 71% had catch-up growth for weight and 74% for height. We concluded that the enteral feeding program was able to promote catch-up growth or maintain growth along percentiles in the majority of children. | High | [
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HLN said today its new anthology true-crime series How It Really Happened With Hill Harper will dig into notorious high-profile cases, mysteries and celeb tragedies including OJ Simpson, JonBenet Ramsey, Prince, Michael Jackson, JFK Jr and more it its first season. The two-hour premiere of the 12-episode series is set for Friday, January 27 at 8 PM ET, with the Lyle and Erk Menendez murders the first topic. The debut episode will revisit the infamous trial and serve as a lead-out to The Menendez Brothers: Murder In Beverly Hills The Aftermath, a one-hour show featuring a one-on-one interview with CNN’s Chris Cuomo and Lyle Menendez. It comes after ABC’s two-hour special on the Menendez Brothers murders January 5 that also featured an interview with Lyle Menendez. It drew solid ratings and delivered the network its best results in the two-hour time slot in almost a year. How It Really Happened will normally air Fridays at 9 PM ET as part of HLN Spotlight, the network’s Friday primetime programming block. Check out the trailer above and HLN’s episode descriptions below. The Menendez Brothers: Murder in Beverly Hills (Airdate: Jan. 27) A wealthy couple was found shot dead in their own home while watching TV and the nation was shocked when investigators later charged the couple’s sons, Lyle and Erik, with their murder. The case was a first of its kind – a sensational murder trial with camera-ready players that seemed made for Hollywood. This episode reveals the twists and turns of this trial including the shocking motive for the murders. The Menendez Brothers: Murder in Beverly Hills The Aftermath Lyle Menendez speaks out from behind bars to CNN’s Chris Cuomo, more than 25 years after he and his brother Erik were convicted of first degree murder for killing their parents. The O.J. Simpson Case: Other Killer Theories (Airdate: Feb. 3) Twenty years after the trial of the century and its aftermath, new theories are still emerging about who brutally killed Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman. This episode explores a serial killer’s confession, a possible hit man who claims responsibility, and O.J.’s eldest son, Jason Simpson. Story continues Prince: The End (Airdate: Feb. 10) What led to the sudden death of one of music’s most talented and most private superstars? Tragically, Prince was found dead and alone in the elevator of his home just days after his last live performance. This episode pulls back the curtain to expose the secret struggles the music genius faced and traces the early years of his life up to his final days. JFK Jr.’s Tragic Final Flight (Airdate: Feb. 17) When the plane John F. Kennedy, Jr. was piloting crashed near Martha’s Vineyard, it seemed as though the “Kennedy Curse” had claimed another victim. The country was stunned. How could this have happened? This hour examines what factors led to that fateful flight and features a never-before-seen interview with the person who may have been the last to speak with JFK Jr. just moments before the tragic accident. Who Killed JonBenet? (Airdate: March 3) The shocking murder of JonBenet Ramsey remains unsolved and dogged investigators continue to work the case – looking at clues and tips to generate new theories about who killed her. A wide range of suspects are brought to light in this episode, including the Ramsey’s maid and the man who portrayed Santa Claus at a holiday party, days before JonBenet was found murdered. The Death of Michael Jackson (Airdate: March 10) The “King of Pop” was found dead in his home under mysterious circumstances. What did Michael Jackson’s children and trusted staff witness prior to his sudden death? Did his personal physician, Dr. Conrad Murray, cause Jackson’s demise? Some suggest Jackson took his own life and others claim he was murdered by those who thought Jackson’s worth was more dead than alive. The Strange Case of Jeffrey Dahmer (Airdate: March 17) In the Spring of 1991, police had no idea a serial killer was on the loose. This gripping hour explores how Dahmer carefully selected his victims and how he evaded police scrutiny for years. The episode includes a chilling account by one of his victims who lived to tell his harrowing story. The Final Days of Whitney Houston (Airdate: March 24) This episode takes a closer look at the final days of Whitney Houston who was found dead in a bathtub at the Beverly Hilton Hotel. The pop star was on the brink of a comeback and scheduled to perform at a Grammy Awards party that night. What were the circumstances that led to her misfortune? This episode uncovers details of Houston’s last days and her tumultuous relationship with Bobby Brown. The Life and Death of Anna Nicole Smith (Airdate: April 7) Anna Nicole Smith was an American model, actress, and 1993’s Playboy Playmate of the Year, who was best known for her public court battle over her late husband’s multimillion-dollar estate. She lived a glamorous life that was cut short when she was found dead at the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Hollywood, Florida. This episode examines what led to her mysterious death and how it happened. What Killed Heath Ledger? (Airdate: April 14) To many Heath Ledger had it all – wife, baby, and burgeoning career, but this episode reveals things are not as they seem. Ledger finished filming his Oscar-worthy performance of his gritty portrayal of the Joker in the “The Dark Knight.” Ledger’s body was found in his apartment and investigators were led to discover bizarre drawings and puzzling clues, including a diary Ledger created detailing his immersion of the Joker persona. Did this dark role impact his real life and what was his connection to Mary-Kate Olsen? Capturing The Unabomber (Airdate: April 28) This episode takes viewers inside the FBI’s investigation of one of America’s most notorious terrorists, “Unabomber” Ted Kaczynski. The nation was on edge as a string of bombings killed and injured innocent Americans. How did the Unabomber choose his targets and elude capture for so long? Also featured is a new interview with his brother, the man who ultimately turned him in to authorities. DC Madam: The Woman Who Knew Too Much (Airdate: May 5) “DC Madam” Deborah Jean Palfrey, ran a high-end escort service who catered to DC’s most powerful players. She was charged with racketeering and threatened to expose names on her client list. Palfrey was found hanging on her mother’s property. Investigators ruled it a suicide, but was her death something more sinister? Related stories HLN Shows 'Dr. Drew' Out After Unveiling Ashleigh Banfield Plans Ashleigh Banfield Moving To HLN Primetime, Ending 'Legal View' Run On CNN HLN's Dayside Hosts Applaud Gretchen Carlson "Chutzpah" For Filing Harassment Lawsuit - TCA | High | [
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Prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy: the role of 3-T diffusion imaging in multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging. To validate the role of 3-T diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the detection of local prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP). T2-weighted imaging, DWI and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) were performed with a 3-T magnet in 262 patients after RP. Twenty out of 262 patients evaluated were excluded. MRI results were validated by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) reduction after external beam radiotherapy in group A (126 patients, local recurrence size range 4-8 mm) and by transrectal ultrasound biopsy in group B (116 patients, local recurrence size range 9-15 mm). In group A combined T2-weighted and DCE-MRI (T2+DCE) shows 98 % sensitivity, 94 % specificity and 93 % accuracy in identifying local recurrence; combined T2-weighted and DWI with a b value of 3,000 s/mm(2) (T2+DW3) displays 97 % sensitivity, 95 % specificity and 92 % accuracy, while with a b value of 1,000 s/mm(2) (T2+DW1) affords 93 % sensitivity, 89 % specificity and 88 % accuracy. In group B T2+DCE shows 100 % sensitivity, 97 % specificity and 91 % accuracy in detecting local cancer recurrence; T2+DW3 displays 98 % sensitivity, 96 % specificity and 89 % accuracy; T2+DW1 has 94 % sensitivity, 92 % specificity and 86 % accuracy. DCE-MRI is the most reliable technique in detecting local prostate cancer recurrence after RP, though DWI can be proposed as a reliable alternative. • Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI-MRI) is being increasingly used in oncology. • PSA analysis does not distinguish prostate cancer recurrence from distant metastasis. • DWI-MR can diagnose local prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy. • DWI-MR is almost comparable to DCE-MRI in detecting local recurrence. | High | [
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Q: CSS expression depending on text I have a paragraph like this <p> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, /* consectetur adipiscing elit. */ </p> I want to have a CSS class that have a different font color for the text between /* and */ Thanks for help! A: You can't use Expressions to do this. CSS / HTML Way, by inserting an element inside. You can use this way: <p> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, <span class="comment">/* consectetur adipiscing elit. */</span> </p> CSS: p span.comment {color: #999;} Demo: http://jsfiddle.net/jNvSw/ Or, if you wanna do in the JavaScript way (uses jQuery, but it can also be done using pure JavaScript): $(document).ready(function(){ $("p").html($("p").html().replace('/*', '<span class="comment">/*')); $("p").html($("p").html().replace('*/', '*/</span>')); }); Demo: http://jsfiddle.net/jNvSw/1/ | Low | [
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Q: How to add up an arbitrary number of cells I have a spreadsheet in which for each column/category, I tally up the the values for the last X days from another sheet. This X is different for different columns/categories. Here is the equation that I am currently suing, which tallies up to a week's worth of values, depending on the value of D$2 (the number of days that I want to tally). (Equation has been formatted to make it easier for humans to read): = Daily!D15 + IF(D$2 >= 2, Daily!D14, 0) + IF(D$2 >= 3, Daily!D13, 0) + IF(D$2 >= 4, Daily!D12, 0) + IF(D$2 >= 5, Daily!D11, 0) + IF(D$2 >= 6, Daily!D10, 0) + IF(D$2 >= 7, Daily!D9 , 0) This works fine, as long as I only want to tally up anywhere from 1-7 days. But I would like to upgrade this spreadsheet so that it can tally an arbitrary number of of days without having to modify the equation. I'd like to be able to be able to tally, for example, 100 days without having to create an equation with 99 IF statements in it. A: Offset is really handy. It returns a range of cells relative to a given reference. In your example you'd use: =SUM(OFFSET(Daily!D15,0,0,-D$2,1)) To explain: Starting with the reference Daily!D15, we shift 0 rows and 0 columns, then select a range with D$2 rows and 1 column. Since -D$2 is negative, the range is expanded upward, rather than downward. The last two arguments ('height' and 'width') are optional -- if left out, the range returned will have the same dimensions as the range we provided. In fact, in this case we could have used =SUM(OFFSET(Daily!D15,0,0,-D$2)), and the width of 1 column would have been implied by the width of Daily!D15. For readability, though, I like to include both dimensions or neither. | High | [
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Actress Who Will Portray Black Hermione On Stage Opens Up on the Racist Abuse She's Received Photo: Charlie Gray, EPA/Handout British Actress Noma Dumezweni was the recipient of racist backlash after it was announced that she will portray Hermione Granger in the stage play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. The 47-year-old award-winning stage actress was announced as the new Hermione last year, with the show now staging its previews in the West End. “My name is being tagged into stuff that’s not nice, that’s not nice,” she told UK's Sunday Times. Dumezweni is an Olivier award-winning actress, British theater's highest honor. She told the paper that the Potter fans are attached to what we've already seen. "I am a black woman who has been given this character called Hermione to play on the stage. But actually, we’ve all grown up with the books, with Emma Watson playing her in the films. Imagery is so strong “It’s ignorance. It drives me crazy. It’s a limitation. Because this is absolutely a different form.” But Hermione, Dumezweni says, is a universal story: “Every girl, every walk of life, every race, gets it - how do we go into the world? I want to go into the world the way she does. Am I brave enough to go through what she does?” You Might Also Like The Culture features arts and entertainment for Black women. It is a sister site of For Harriet. If you'd like to help us continue the work of uplifting the voices of women whose work too often goes unrecognized, consider supporting us on Patreon. | Mid | [
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Q: scikit svm regression predicts constant result This is my data: (I reset the index. Date should be the index) Date A B C D 0 2013-10-07 -0.002169 0.000000 0.000880 -0.002331 1 2013-10-08 -0.019130 -0.000781 -0.000251 -0.007678 2 2013-10-09 -0.003103 0.000586 0.000251 0.002463 3 2013-10-10 0.000222 -0.000455 -0.002511 0.006278 4 2013-10-11 -0.000667 0.001172 0.001007 0.004524 5 2013-10-15 -0.004893 -0.000715 -0.002137 -0.012329 6 2013-10-16 0.004023 0.001627 0.003276 0.006837 7 2013-10-17 0.044969 0.002923 0.006153 0.022494 8 2013-10-18 0.001278 -0.000648 -0.000749 0.006896 9 2013-10-21 -0.005106 -0.000778 -0.001249 -0.003728 10 2013-10-22 0.016724 0.003114 0.006503 0.020869 11 2013-10-23 0.010054 0.000323 0.001367 0.006243 12 2013-10-24 0.004373 -0.001099 -0.002109 0.001872 13 2013-10-25 -0.002695 0.001230 0.001741 0.001919 14 2013-10-28 -0.007484 0.000065 -0.000372 -0.003351 15 2013-10-29 -0.083787 0.000646 0.001242 -0.038611 16 2013-10-30 -0.015318 -0.000775 -0.001860 -0.008933 17 2013-10-31 0.008173 0.000000 -0.001243 0.003270 18 2013-11-01 0.011239 -0.002198 -0.004728 0.000181 19 2013-11-04 -0.006377 0.000907 0.001750 -0.007510 20 2013-11-05 -0.003896 -0.001100 -0.003494 -0.010495 21 2013-11-06 0.003221 0.002073 0.002880 0.009557 22 2013-11-07 -0.007339 0.001035 0.001748 -0.016102 23 2013-11-08 -0.027264 -0.004134 -0.008725 -0.025816 24 2013-11-12 0.000950 -0.001622 -0.001635 -0.009427 25 2013-11-13 0.016849 0.002404 0.003652 0.015164 26 2013-11-14 0.011435 0.002593 0.003890 0.012978 27 2013-11-15 -0.011537 -0.000323 -0.000875 -0.004545 28 2013-11-18 -0.014006 0.001164 0.001877 -0.006758 29 2013-11-19 -0.009943 -0.001615 -0.002498 -0.009685 30 2013-11-20 -0.009087 -0.000065 -0.003130 -0.001487 31 2013-11-21 -0.009653 0.000259 0.000126 -0.000506 32 2013-11-22 -0.007797 0.000259 0.000000 -0.004374 33 2013-11-25 0.008841 0.000582 0.000879 0.002273 34 2013-11-26 -0.030185 0.001680 0.003262 -0.016692 35 2013-11-27 0.030120 -0.000903 -0.002501 0.015866 36 2013-11-29 -0.006823 -0.000452 -0.000878 -0.001567 37 2013-12-02 -0.019627 -0.002261 -0.004141 -0.016061 38 2013-12-03 -0.007007 0.001295 0.001890 0.001628 39 2013-12-04 -0.004536 -0.002263 -0.006916 -0.001931 40 2013-12-05 -0.014684 -0.001491 -0.002026 -0.014200 41 2013-12-06 -0.009250 -0.001168 -0.001142 -0.003146 42 2013-12-09 0.026971 0.000325 0.001016 0.018498 43 2013-12-10 0.020707 0.002014 0.004188 0.013916 44 2013-12-11 -0.019792 -0.001556 -0.003033 -0.013172 45 2013-12-12 0.004543 -0.001818 -0.002155 -0.004465 46 2013-12-13 0.006030 -0.000065 0.000000 -0.002234 47 2013-12-16 -0.026973 0.000130 -0.000254 -0.008754 48 2013-12-17 0.013912 0.001561 0.002541 0.016070 49 2013-12-18 0.000456 -0.000520 -0.002028 0.009451 50 2013-12-19 -0.014676 -0.003899 -0.005207 -0.015776 51 2013-12-20 0.020544 -0.001109 0.000638 0.016717 52 2013-12-23 0.007549 -0.000849 -0.007655 0.008830 53 2013-12-24 -0.004496 -0.002157 -0.003986 -0.010028 54 2013-12-26 0.000000 0.000000 -0.000516 -0.003166 55 2013-12-27 -0.036126 0.000066 -0.000129 -0.020434 56 2013-12-30 -0.004164 0.001179 0.001292 -0.004986 57 2013-12-31 0.008364 -0.000785 -0.001419 0.009153 58 2014-01-02 0.005702 -0.007858 0.001421 0.009639 59 2014-01-03 0.009794 -0.000990 -0.000258 0.006071 60 2014-01-06 0.008678 0.001321 0.002452 0.010942 61 2014-01-07 0.009615 0.000924 0.001545 0.008863 62 2014-01-08 -0.004010 -0.004087 -0.004884 -0.003096 63 2014-01-09 -0.004529 0.000728 0.001679 -0.005076 64 2014-01-10 0.018200 0.005291 0.007994 0.013189 65 2014-01-13 0.015392 0.001447 0.002302 0.006763 66 2014-01-14 -0.014181 -0.002431 -0.003446 -0.011149 67 2014-01-15 -0.000496 -0.001054 -0.001665 -0.001026 68 2014-01-16 0.006452 0.001318 0.002565 0.002206 69 2014-01-17 -0.001479 0.000658 0.001407 -0.000089 70 2014-01-21 0.015802 -0.000526 -0.000383 0.012028 71 2014-01-22 -0.000486 -0.002172 -0.003323 0.001867 72 2014-01-23 0.013619 0.004684 0.006797 0.009262 73 2014-01-24 -0.001440 0.001051 0.002165 -0.003307 74 2014-01-27 -0.006728 -0.000787 -0.002034 -0.010011 75 2014-01-28 0.000484 0.001444 0.002038 0.004646 76 2014-01-29 0.003385 0.002884 0.004448 -0.003861 77 2014-01-30 -0.001446 -0.000784 -0.001392 0.009083 78 2014-01-31 0.011100 0.001308 0.002408 0.011112 79 2014-02-03 0.005251 0.003005 0.005688 -0.001566 80 2014-02-04 0.012821 -0.000847 -0.002262 0.004361 81 2014-02-05 0.020628 -0.001108 -0.002142 0.006778 82 2014-02-06 -0.005512 -0.000979 -0.002146 -0.007698 83 2014-02-07 0.015242 0.002352 0.002783 0.009203 84 2014-02-10 0.006824 -0.000521 -0.000252 0.006613 85 2014-02-11 -0.007682 -0.002087 -0.002903 0.000172 86 2014-02-12 0.001821 -0.001634 -0.002658 0.001173 87 2014-02-13 0.005455 0.002749 0.004188 0.011299 88 2014-02-14 -0.003617 -0.000718 -0.000885 -0.003636 89 2014-02-18 0.019964 0.002025 0.002656 0.015714 90 2014-02-19 -0.007562 -0.001499 -0.001640 -0.009813 91 2014-02-20 -0.006723 -0.001306 -0.001895 -0.003139 92 2014-02-21 -0.006318 0.000588 0.001013 -0.004718 93 2014-02-24 0.001362 -0.000523 -0.001012 0.006311 94 2014-02-25 0.003628 0.001699 0.002912 0.003420 95 2014-02-26 0.008134 0.001175 0.001893 0.011737 96 2014-02-27 0.003138 0.000912 0.001890 0.000666 97 2014-02-28 -0.004021 -0.000977 -0.001761 0.003881 98 2014-03-03 0.013908 0.001825 0.003653 0.004437 99 2014-03-04 -0.000442 -0.002602 -0.005272 0.000915 100 2014-03-05 0.002656 -0.000261 0.000000 0.004615 101 2014-03-06 -0.004415 -0.001305 -0.002524 -0.003209 102 2014-03-07 -0.024169 -0.003071 -0.003795 -0.021528 103 2014-03-10 0.004317 0.000721 0.000889 0.005172 104 2014-03-11 -0.003620 0.000655 0.001015 -0.002815 105 2014-03-12 0.019074 0.001243 0.002281 0.014510 106 2014-03-13 0.009804 0.000000 0.001897 0.007487 107 2014-03-14 -0.004413 0.000000 0.000000 0.000663 108 2014-03-17 -0.002660 -0.001961 -0.003029 -0.002037 109 2014-03-18 0.006222 0.001048 0.001519 0.006868 110 2014-03-19 -0.025177 -0.006542 -0.008090 -0.018319 111 2014-03-20 -0.005437 -0.002041 -0.000637 0.001723 112 2014-03-21 0.024146 -0.000264 0.000383 0.015379 113 2014-03-24 -0.011566 -0.002112 -0.000637 -0.008398 114 2014-03-25 -0.008551 0.000728 -0.000128 -0.012633 115 2014-03-26 -0.005901 0.001388 0.002679 -0.008931 116 2014-03-27 -0.029224 -0.000066 0.000509 -0.009455 117 2014-03-28 -0.000470 -0.001518 -0.002416 -0.006199 118 2014-03-31 0.011294 -0.000066 -0.000127 0.009387 119 2014-04-01 0.006980 -0.000992 -0.001020 0.001805 120 2014-04-02 -0.006470 -0.002316 -0.003573 -0.003653 121 2014-04-03 0.000465 0.000332 0.000128 -0.005155 122 2014-04-04 0.013947 0.003448 0.005635 0.004609 123 2014-04-07 0.006648 0.001256 0.001528 0.007191 124 2014-04-08 0.005238 0.000462 0.001780 0.005351 125 2014-04-09 0.010874 0.001781 0.001142 0.003315 126 2014-04-10 0.000896 0.002568 0.003930 0.000508 127 2014-04-11 0.002687 0.000394 0.001010 0.002042 128 2014-04-14 -0.007593 -0.001510 -0.001514 -0.002741 129 2014-04-15 0.000000 -0.000789 0.000126 0.002182 130 2014-04-16 -0.004950 -0.001514 -0.001769 -0.000682 131 2014-04-17 -0.010403 -0.003164 -0.005189 -0.004158 132 2014-04-21 0.011426 0.000529 -0.000254 0.003711 133 2014-04-22 0.010393 -0.000991 -0.000891 0.006582 134 2014-04-23 0.000894 0.001588 0.002802 0.000229 135 2014-04-24 0.008490 -0.000066 -0.000127 -0.001095 136 2014-04-25 0.008861 0.000528 0.001143 0.002024 137 2014-04-28 -0.007905 0.000330 0.000381 -0.004773 138 2014-04-29 -0.008411 -0.000660 -0.000888 -0.005804 139 2014-04-30 0.013839 0.002708 0.003554 0.015036 140 2014-05-01 0.006165 0.001251 0.001897 0.006215 141 2014-05-02 -0.014880 -0.000987 0.000126 -0.004709 142 2014-05-05 0.007774 0.000000 -0.000631 0.003170 143 2014-05-06 0.001102 0.000000 0.000505 -0.001438 144 2014-05-07 0.017173 0.001646 0.001894 0.015630 145 2014-05-08 -0.003463 0.001380 0.001890 -0.017465 146 2014-05-09 0.003475 -0.000197 -0.000880 0.006848 147 2014-05-12 -0.006926 -0.001247 -0.002140 -0.003252 148 2014-05-13 0.001744 0.001709 0.002523 -0.000885 149 2014-05-14 0.008703 0.002559 0.004782 0.006951 150 2014-05-15 0.002157 0.001178 0.002505 -0.001368 151 2014-05-16 -0.001507 -0.000392 -0.001124 0.002052 152 2014-05-19 0.006251 0.000458 -0.000375 0.008072 153 2014-05-20 -0.003856 0.001504 0.002252 -0.004290 154 2014-05-21 0.003871 -0.000849 -0.001498 0.004114 155 2014-05-22 0.003856 -0.000980 -0.001500 0.002858 156 2014-05-23 0.006402 0.001112 0.001502 0.008235 157 2014-05-27 0.008906 0.000000 0.001000 0.003922 158 2014-05-28 -0.005885 0.002613 0.004746 -0.004339 159 2014-05-29 -0.003805 -0.000782 -0.000622 -0.003026 160 2014-05-30 0.007216 -0.000456 -0.000871 0.006175 161 2014-06-02 -0.000843 -0.003066 -0.004979 -0.004187 162 2014-06-03 -0.010966 -0.001570 -0.003753 -0.007997 163 2014-06-04 -0.003838 -0.000197 -0.000879 -0.001945 164 2014-06-05 0.011558 0.000787 0.001634 0.006846 165 2014-06-06 0.005501 -0.001179 -0.001255 0.006560 166 2014-06-09 0.002525 -0.001443 -0.001382 0.001106 167 2014-06-10 -0.011335 -0.000985 -0.001384 -0.003785 168 2014-06-11 0.001699 0.000592 0.000504 -0.000878 169 2014-06-12 0.003815 0.001708 0.003778 0.000634 170 2014-06-13 0.000000 -0.001574 -0.002007 0.003792 171 2014-06-16 -0.001267 -0.000328 0.000126 -0.000455 172 2014-06-17 -0.010571 -0.002234 -0.003645 -0.007918 173 2014-06-18 0.002564 0.001449 0.002901 0.001309 174 2014-06-19 0.011509 0.001315 0.001006 -0.000049 175 2014-06-20 0.000000 -0.000460 -0.000628 -0.002273 176 2014-06-23 0.008007 -0.000329 0.000000 0.005504 177 2014-06-24 -0.002090 0.001117 0.002389 -0.002682 178 2014-06-25 -0.004608 0.001379 0.001882 -0.004878 179 2014-06-26 -0.017677 0.001639 0.002254 0.000269 180 2014-06-27 -0.000857 0.000327 0.000125 -0.007244 181 2014-06-30 0.003859 0.000589 0.000625 -0.000522 This is my code: ar = regr_data y= ar.iloc[:80,0] x=ar.iloc[:80,1:] svmf = svm.SVR() svmf.fit(training_x, training_y) pred = pd.Series(svmf.predict(ar.iloc[80:,1:])) result = pd.DataFrame({"Prediction":pred,"actual":np.array(ar.iloc[80:,0])}) SVM predicts a constant number of -0.002539. Am I doing something wrong? I know very little how SVM works. I was using LinearRegression with the same code and the predictions look reasonable. I was curious and wanted to try out SVM. Does SVM not work with this kind of data? But a constant number just looks weird. Should I try classification instead of exact prediction? Thank you A: Your target values are quite small. Probably you have to adjust the value of epsilon. I had the same problem, see this question: Scaling of target causes Scikit-learn SVM regression to break down | Low | [
0.489316239316239,
28.625,
29.875
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Biochemical variants of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLO or RSH) syndrome is characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, mental retardation, and defective growth; it results from an inherited defect in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Patients have elevated plasma concentrations of 7-dehydrocholesterol, the immediate biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol and most also have low circulating levels of cholesterol. To understand better the biochemical basis of clinical variability, we evaluated cholesterol biosynthesis in lymphoblasts from 3 unrelated SLOS patients with distinct phenotypes. One patient has "type I SLOS", the second has the more severe "type II SLOS" and the third is classified as atypical and had been postulated to have a defect in sterol transport. The lymphoblasts of each patient show normal subcellular localization of cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol by gradient fractionation. Biochemical differences in the ability of the lymphoblasts to convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol are described and correspond to the severity of disease (type II > type I > atypical). Recently, the gene responsible for most SLOS cases (DHCR7) was mapped to chromosome 11 and mutations in DHCR7 were found in each of these patients. The biochemical differences described here likely result from the different mutations observed in DHCR7. | High | [
0.692628650904033,
31.125,
13.8125
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|
9 comments: looking at history the last four trips Navy has made into ND Stadium they are 0-4. Average score 40-22.Its obvious Coach Kelly has answers, especially @home. I agree Navy has the potential to limit possessions, but they also have to lineup and stop this ND offense.I see a 3-4 touchdown gap, I also see an uneven 2nd half in favor of ND. The last two opponents were unable to get 100 yards rushing, this team plays into ND s strength. the last four trips into South Bend Navy has given up an average of 40 points (not to mention last year we scored 44)they have great stats but simply have not seen the power or strength they are gonna have saturday up front. potential blowout brewing? I have to admit, I must be a doubter these days. Several fans in this thread saw a pounding as the most likely scenario and that's exactly what it was. Way too much fire power on the offensive side of the ball for Navy to handle. Says a lot about the state of the ND program right now. | Mid | [
0.545652173913043,
31.375,
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'use strict'; const captureExit = require('capture-exit'); captureExit.captureExit(); const glob = require('glob'); const Mocha = require('mocha'); const fs = require('fs-extra'); const expect = require('./chai').expect; if (process.env.EOLNEWLINE) { require('os').EOL = '\n'; } fs.removeSync('.deps-tmp'); let root = 'tests/{unit,integration,acceptance}'; let optionOrFile = process.argv[2]; // default to `tap` reporter in CI otherwise default to `spec` let isCI = process.env.CI || process.env.GITHUB_ACTIONS; let reporter = process.env.MOCHA_REPORTER || (isCI ? 'tap' : 'spec'); let mocha = new Mocha({ timeout: 5000, reporter, retries: 2, }); let testFiles = glob.sync(`${root}/**/*-test.js`); let docsLintPosition = testFiles.indexOf('tests/unit/docs-lint-test.js'); let docsLint = testFiles.splice(docsLintPosition, 1); testFiles = docsLint.concat(testFiles); if (optionOrFile === 'all') { addFiles(mocha, testFiles); addFiles(mocha, '/**/*-slow.js'); } else if (optionOrFile === 'slow') { addFiles(mocha, '/**/*-slow.js'); } else if (optionOrFile === 'lint') { addFiles(mocha, docsLint); } else if (process.argv.length > 2) { addFiles(mocha, process.argv.slice(2)); } else { addFiles(mocha, testFiles); } function addFiles(mocha, files) { files = typeof files === 'string' ? glob.sync(root + files) : files; files.forEach(mocha.addFile.bind(mocha)); } function runMocha() { let ROOT = process.cwd(); // ensure that at the end of every test, we are in the correct current // working directory mocha.suite.afterEach(function () { expect(process.cwd()).to.equal(ROOT); }); console.time('Mocha Tests Running Time'); mocha.run((failures) => { console.timeEnd('Mocha Tests Running Time'); // eslint-disable-next-line no-process-exit process.exit(failures); }); } Promise.resolve() .then(() => runMocha()) .catch((error) => { console.error(error); console.error(error.stack); // eslint-disable-next-line no-process-exit process.exit(1); }); | Mid | [
0.6071428571428571,
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There's never a dull moment in recruiting. I keep saying it over and over. Oregon is not done with the announcements of its 2016 recruiting class however. Sources alerted us that the Ducks had taken Dayton University offensive line graduate transfer Zac Morgan a few days ago. After working hard to track him down, I was able to confirm that news with Morgan moments ago. "That's correct," Morgan said. "I will be transferring to Oregon. Everything was finalized about 10 days ago." Oregon had flirted with offensive line graduate transfers Jake Raulerson and Tyler Catalina while working things out with Morgan. We followed up with Morgan to get more insight to this startling development. You can read about his visit to Eugene, which position he expects to fill and when he'll be on campus with the team. Morgan Goes In-Depth on Transfer If you are STILL not a VIP member to DuckTerritory, time is running out on your chance to get three months for $9.99. Follow the link below to get signed up. **Three Months for $9.99!** Zac Morgan RS Jr Season Highlights | Mid | [
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I think a garage is a must for two reasons I learned from my first board: 1) Foam dust goes frikkin everywhere!!!! 2) The better the quality of light you use the better your shaping will be. If the light is inconsistent and stronger from certain angles (e.g. window, plus lamp, plus ceiling light) it can be difficult to really see the subtle topography of the blank and the left-to-right differences. I also learned, if you're going to glass it yourself you bloody better want a powertool for the sanding. I tried hand sanding and it was the most painful and laborious process I have ever tried and after spending a while trying I went running around like a madman to find any sort of power sander that will do the trick. You can buy a pretty good one for reasonably cheap and its a super investment in my opinion. My other piece of advice is to use UV cure resin. Most of my f#$% ups were purely due to being rushed plus trying to figure out what I was supposed to do at the same time. Use UV, take your time, think it through, make sure you're happy with it and then flash it to set it. Easy. You can surf it the next day too rather than the painful curing time required. Im under a house, I set up tarps for walls, have one side light which I set up on two poles, then a 8 foot of wood with two 4 foot lights on it, it needs a better baton on the top so it throws a better shadow. I have a 4 foot long double flouro for a top light. I use a power planer for skimming, sandpaper on 20 inch bit of wood, different grades, glued onto to wood. This is great for sanding a board dead flat and getting rid of any high spots, good shapers can do it with a planner, but I aimt a good shaper so I only use the electic planner for the basics ozito sander polisher which is beautiful to use, great for backyarder and cost bugger all a painters brush for fences which I use to apply filler coats. a few screens for the rails, 3mm tape, tried the cheap stuff and its just no good. a handsaw for cutting the outline a jig saw for cutting templates small surefoam and large surefoam, its surprising that I use em both on a board, but if I was going to only buy one I would buy the large one, ask other people though screens, wet and dry, and diggerent grades of papers stands in buckets lots of off cuts of foam I collected from the foam place next door to my shap and im going to make some differnt sanding pads with them I meed to make some shlves to stack blanks on Ive been collecting snapped surfboards for 2 years to pratice on, I strongly suggest that as any start is a good start and its relaxing, all my channels so far have been cut on snapped surfboards, plus you can pratice you planning techniques on them before hitting a proper blank Where do you live, someone out there may be able to suggest somewhere close to get stuff. The main thing is be very patient, pratice heaps, have fun, it becomes addictive I tell ya Oh yeah, i have a small planner to cut the stringer down on, but I struggle to get the stringer down around the nose. Im under a house, I set up tarps for walls, have one side light which I set up on two poles, then a 8 foot of wood with two 4 foot lights on it, it needs a better baton on the top so it throws a better shadow. I have a 4 foot long double flouro for a top light. I use a power planer for skimming, sandpaper on 20 inch bit of wood, different grades, glued onto to wood. This is great for sanding a board dead flat and getting rid of any high spots, good shapers can do it with a planner, but I aimt a good shaper so I only use the electic planner for the basics ozito sander polisher which is beautiful to use, great for backyarder and cost bugger all a painters brush for fences which I use to apply filler coats. a few screens for the rails, 3mm tape, tried the cheap stuff and its just no good. a handsaw for cutting the outline a jig saw for cutting templates small surefoam and large surefoam, its surprising that I use em both on a board, but if I was going to only buy one I would buy the large one, ask other people though screens, wet and dry, and diggerent grades of papers stands in buckets lots of off cuts of foam I collected from the foam place next door to my shap and im going to make some differnt sanding pads with them I meed to make some shlves to stack blanks on Ive been collecting snapped surfboards for 2 years to pratice on, I strongly suggest that as any start is a good start and its relaxing, all my channels so far have been cut on snapped surfboards, plus you can pratice you planning techniques on them before hitting a proper blank Where do you live, someone out there may be able to suggest somewhere close to get stuff. The main thing is be very patient, pratice heaps, have fun, it becomes addictive I tell ya Oh yeah, i have a small planner to cut the stringer down on, but I struggle to get the stringer down around the nose. All of the above - and I've done my last two on the back deck with tarps up. Doesn't make me very popular - but hey, its one of my pleasures/passions like the other addicts. Now I'm older so here's some dims in inches. As Digger said a block of wood with various sandpapers etc stuck on. I use too a strip/plank of MDF - that 20inches long or shorter id you wish that 4 inches wide - just wide enough to take sandpaper of a roll and 1/4 of an inch thick. This way it has some bend and flex and can be used to take long sweeps down outline cut outs or rails or deck or bottom. The solid block works good too - I used a wooden cement float as it has a handle and you can stretch and pin the sandpaper on the top sides if you aint keen on gluing. Calipers (no not for we disbaled fools that think we can shape) - again cut out of ply or MDF. I used two wooden coathangers for my first attempt 40 years ago yup, Ive got a set of homemade calipers made out of mdf as well, I reckon its a must for shaping. I use them heaps, it would be a real luxury to have a great set of digital calipers but cant justify wasting the money scissors, nobody has mentioned scissors, you need a bloody sharp pair of scissors, all metal scissors are ideal, easier to clean. I have two pairs, one pair are a very old pair of sewing siccors, all metal, with a bolt joining the two pieces, scored them off the missus as she dont sew and they were her grandmas, I have to pull them apart and sharpen both blades to as sharp as possible, will use those to cut the glass. The other pair are cheap pair, I want to replace them with all metal ones, I use them to cut the strands off the glass after wetting down the laps before I tuck, just trying to be clean and neat. With plastic handle scissors they are not as easy to clean after messy work because im pretty bloody messy at this stage. Mate its taken me ages to build up all this stuff, I got bits as I go, you can get away with a lot less than what Ive got, and im sure I aint got much compared to the guys who do this for a living. For your first board just get the pure basics, ric hit the nail on the head, if you fall in love with the hobby then build up your tools. Another good thing to have is a set square to get your outline dead flat on both the top and bottom. I have stolen my missus quilting ruler to help me measure things, but that is a luxury, you can get away with just a tape in inches and centermeters. One day I will learn to spell I already have a little block of off-cut foam from the home-shaped board I made that you can use for a hand-plane Matt. Its already shaped in a hand-plane outline but thats all I've done. No foil, rocker, bottom contours, rails, etc. Just a block of stringered foam in the shape of a hand-plane. You'd be surprised how little you need. Of course, you'll want to add more as you go, but for the first, just get the basics. Im going out on a limb, and saying that a planer is a handy tool. Its hard to get used to, but it will cut a much cleaner line than by hand, and takes a lot less time. Even a wobbly planing job ( like mine!! ) will be more flowing than by hand, and your shoulders will thankyou for it. All depends on your blank. Pick the blank closest to your finished board. The less foam you have to take off the better. I grabbed a Marko EPS blank from byrne, and the shape is so close to what im shaping i'll only need a few runs with a planer. Gold!!. Feel free to ask more questions, everyone here is helpful! we are the angry mob We read the papers everyday We like who we like, we hate who we hate But we're also easily swayed Beerfan wrote:That sutpid little face is where i wrote "surprised". Weird! Fixed I hope. You should be able to write surprised now. I curse their head & all the hairs of their head; I curse their face, their brain, their mouth, their nose, their tongue, their teeth, their forehead, their shoulders, their breast, their heart, their stomach, their back, their womb, their arms, their legs, their hands, their feet & all their body, from the top of their head to the soles of their feet, before and behind, within and without shaped my first board on Mums kitchen chairs in the backyard, used her knives and a few bits of sand paper and a rusty old saw....was bloody rough as you can imagine but my neighbour spotted me doing it and bought the shaped blank off me for $60, blank was from an old single fin I stripped glass off.....backyarders rule, so much fun and opportunity to shape anything you want ... I don't know roof racks and a blank would go too well. Inside your car for sure. Byrne in wollongong has Marko EPS blanks, and surfblanks in brookevale has PU blanks ( CnuT of a drive though ). How much resin?. Shit, you wanna have more than you need, so short ( under 7' ), probably a litre of lam either side. Probably a litre each side for hotcoat ( filler resin ). This is too much, but on your first ( in my case first few!! ) i prefer to have too much rather than not enough. Plus you need extra for plugs/dings etc. Yeah lam for the lamination, and filler resin for the hotcoat/filler coat. Don't worry about gloss yet. UV resin is heaven. Take your time, get it as good as you can, then bring it into the sun. Im keen to try epoxy too, have heard its user friendly, but can't say for sure yet. we are the angry mob We read the papers everyday We like who we like, we hate who we hate But we're also easily swayed Because you're a big bloke and coming back from serious injury, keep it thick n chunky. If it gets you back in the water quicker coz you can build up the basics and fitness again, you won't care that she's a chunky beast!. Its a pretty wide thick blank, which will suck when shaping, but hey, good practice mate. Thickness in the middle won't matter too much, but it will be hard to blend the rails out to a reasonable thickness. Keep the bottom flat. Just plan each step, draw guides on the blank in pencil, and it'll work fine. Keep us updated Dunno if you have a template, but go to bunnings, grab some 3mm mdf, and then go to the isle with all the wooden cornice etc, and grab a 12mm wide x 3mm thick x 2.4m long timber strip ( i think mine is tassie oak? ). Stuffed if i know what its used for, but makes really nice curves on the mdf haha, flexy, but holds a curve we are the angry mob We read the papers everyday We like who we like, we hate who we hate But we're also easily swayed I curse their head & all the hairs of their head; I curse their face, their brain, their mouth, their nose, their tongue, their teeth, their forehead, their shoulders, their breast, their heart, their stomach, their back, their womb, their arms, their legs, their hands, their feet & all their body, from the top of their head to the soles of their feet, before and behind, within and without | Mid | [
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Certain players have improved this season, talent helps of course, but think TC and his staff deserve praise for it. Ronaldo Vieira- Seems more confident, looks stronger and fitter, TC seems to have given him more freedom, primarily a defensive midfielder, under Monk that was it, but this season we have seen him breaking forward and starting our attacks, its nice to see because he is a real powerful runner. Kalvin Phillips- Similar to Vieira, under Monk he was stifled, protect the back 4 was his role. TC has encouraged him to get forward, at times he is up front. His passing is improving and he to also seems fitter, he and Vieira compliment each other well and cover for each other when needed, good coaching. Liam Cooper- Not a fan, but credit where its due. He has shown confidence bringing the ball out of defence, he seems a bit more comfortable with the ball at his feet, and in recent games he has been solid and is showing a bit of consistency. Kemar Roofe- I remain unconvinced, but theres no question he has improved this season. His movement and link up play is better and he is showing signs of adapting properly to the league. Think TC deserves credit for this as its known he does like to work with the attacking players. And although not entirely comfortable on the wings, he has shown a willingness to try to be positive and rotate with Saiz and Ali similar to Pablo. Pablo Hernandez- His workrate is so much better, his willingness to track back and "put a shift in" is vastly improved on last season. He isnt naturally a hard working player, but he has pressed and tracked back well mostly this season. Also, think he looked a bit uncomfortable out wide early season, been a few years since he was a winger and struggled to adapt. Often coming inside to much and making us to narrow. Recently, he has stuck wide more, helping to make the pitch as wide as possible, which given our playing style is important. | Mid | [
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Q: Necessary condition for an improper integral to converge I am working on this problem from a past examination: Let $f:[0,\infty)\rightarrow\mathbb R$ be a continuous, non-negative and non-increasing function such that the improper integral $\int_0^\infty (f(x)/\sqrt{x})\ dx$ converges. Show that $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)\sqrt x=0$. Also, prove that $0<\forall \epsilon<1$, $$\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}\int_{\epsilon x}^x\frac{f(y)}{\sqrt{x-y}}dy = 0.$$ I tried to bound the order of growth of $f$ to show the first assertion, but in vain. I would be grateful if you could provide a clue (not necessarily a complete proof). A: Here are some ideas that might help: If $f(b)\sqrt{b}\ge\varepsilon$, then $f(x)\ge\varepsilon/\sqrt{b}$ for all $x\le b$. The assumption on the integral implies that $$\lim_{b\to\infty}\int_{b/2}^b\frac{f(x)}{\sqrt{x}}\,dx=0.$$ | Mid | [
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{ "query_trans": "Erleichterung(+) / Erschwernis(-), im Fall der Erleichterung ohne '+' eingeben", "modifier": "Erschwernis-Modifikator", "aspect-modifier": "Aspekt-Modifikator", "yes": "ja", "no": "nein", "character-name": "Name des Charakters", "contact-name": "Verbindungsname", "player-name": "Name des Spielers", "name": "Название", "group-concept": "Gruppenkonzept", "group-trouble": "Gruppendilemma", "character": "Charakter", "or": "oder", "contact": "Verbindung", "malmsturm-aspects": "Malmsturm Aspekte", "concept": "Konzept", "contact-to": "Verbindung von", "contact-aspect": "Verbindungsaspekt", "motivation": "Motivation", "relation-to-sc": "Beziehung zu SC", "relation-to-nsc": "Beziehung zu NSC", "do-what-thou-wilt": "Do what thou wilt...", "other-aspects": "sonstige Aspekte", "trouble": "Dilemma", "artifact": "Artefakt", "other": "Sonstiges", "feature": "Besonderheit", "class": "Klasse", "fate": "Schicksal", "aspects": "Aspekte", "aspect": "Aspekt", "skills": "Fertigkeiten", "skill": "Fertigkeit", "athletics": "Athletik", "rapport": "Харизма", "burglary": "Diebeskunst", "empathy": "Empathie", "marksmanship": "Fernkampf", "lore": "Gelehrsamkeit", "crafts": "Handwerk", "stealth": "Heimlichkeit", "fight": "Kämpfen", "contacts": "Kontakte", "steer": "Lenken", "investigate": "Nachforschen", "provoke": "Provozieren", "resources": "Ressourcen", "physique": "Statur", "decieve": "Täuschen", "survival": "Überleben", "notice": "Wahrnehmen", "will": "Wille", "terrible": "-2 fürchterlich", "poor": "-1 schwach", "mediocre": "", "average": "+1 durchschnittlich", "fair": "+2 ordentlich", "good": "+3 gut", "great": "+4 großartig", "superb": "+5 hervorragend", "fantastic": "+6 fantastisch", "epic": "+7 episch", "legendary": "+8 legendär", "fate-points": "Aktuelle Fate-Punkte", "refresh-modified": "Modifizierte Erholungsrate", "refresh": "Erholungsrate", "stress": "Stress", "arcane-stress": "Arkaner Stress", "selector-default": "Wähle Fertigkeit...", "mental-stress": "Geistiger Stress", "physical-stress": "Körperlicher Stress", "arcane": "arkan", "mental": "geistig", "physical": "körperlich", "consequence": "Konsequenzen", "mild-consequence": "leichte Konsequenz", "additional-mild-consequence": "zusätzliche leichte Konsequenz", "moderate-consequence": "mittlere Konsequenz", "severe-consequence": "schwere Konsequenz", "extreme-consequence": "extreme Konsequenz", "treated": "behandelt?", "not-treated": "nicht behandelt", "select-type": "", "stunts": "Трюки", "stunt": "Stunt", "type": "Typ", "costs": "Kosten", "free": "frei", "rest-rate-stunt": "-1 Erholungsrate", "limits": "Beschränkungen", "without": "ohne", "scene": "Szene", "conflict": "Konflikt", "session": "Sitzung", "fate-point": "Fate-Punkt", "extras": "Экстра", "extra": "Extra", "aspect-slot": "Aspektplätze", "stunt-slot": "Stuntplätze", "other-costs": "Andere Kosten", "rewards": "Belohnungen", "reward": "Belohnung", "follower": "Getreue", "notes": "Notizen", "tradition": "Tradition", "tradition-name": "Name der großen Tradition", "tradition-aspect": "Traditionsaspekt", "tradition-skill": "Schlüsselfertigkeit", "description": "Beschreibung", "4-actions": "Die 4 Aktionen", "overcome": "Überwinden", "create-advantage": "Erschaffen eines Vorteils", "attack": "Angreifen", "defend": "Verteidigen", "trauma": "Trauma", "sepulter": "Sepulter", "stress-position": "leitet Stress auf einen besonderen Ort ab", "saenda": "Sænda", "stress-person": "leitet Stress auf eine andere Person ab", "mactatum": "Mactatum", "stress-item": "leitet Stress auf einen persönlichen Gegenstand ab", "new-action": "Neue Aktion", "bonus": "Бонус", "rule-exception": "Regelausnahme", "current-stress": "aktuell 0 -> 4", "maximum": "Max.", "category": "Art", "of": "von", "--": "--", "result": "Ergebnis" } | Mid | [
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• Chairman Bill Kenwright denies approving the move • 'I would fight tooth and nail to keep our manager' This article is more than 10 years old This article is more than 10 years old Everton's chairman, Bill Kenwright, has "laughed off" speculation that manager David Moyes is poised to succeed Sir Alex Ferguson at Manchester United. Moyes last week described as "nonsense" reports that he was being lined up to take over at Old Trafford when his long-serving fellow Scot eventually decides to step down. Kenwright is equally unimpressed and is determined the 47-year-old, who recently celebrated eight years in charge at Everton, should stay at Goodison Park. Kenwright told the Liverpool Echo: 'It's absolute nonsense to infer that we would let David depart for Manchester United with our blessing. "If a day like that ever did occur, Evertonians know that I would fight tooth and nail to keep our manager where he belongs. "Everyone will have read both David Moyes and Alex Ferguson's comments and what they both describe as typical summer speculation madness. David Gill [United chief executive] and I have a similar friendship to David and Alex Ferguson, and we too have laughed it off." | Mid | [
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Thor wasn’t going to be worth writing about. Then I found out that numb nuts at Rotten Tomatoes gave this piece of shit 78%. That means it was actually “fresh”. The horror! I didn’t want to write a review because the list of failures in this movie would be too exhausting and a bit trite. The negativity I bring to these reviews is tiring. I blame Rotten Tomatoes for this one – they FORCED me to write this one with that damned rating. Cast and ActingChris Hemsworth as Thor was a terrible mistake. He must have sucked some dick to get that role. How could he get past any auditions with that silly voice? Why are you talking like that!? You sound like prepubescent boy trying out his “large man” voice in a school production of King Lear. I don’t even know what Thor is supposed to be like in the comics, but I know what bad acting looks like – and Hemsworth displays it without shame. The combination of writing and Hemsworth resulted in an entirely uninteresting hero with weak-ass superpowers. Thor’s brother, Loki, played by Tom Hiddleston wouldn’t have been so bad, except that some doofus make-up artist decided to make him look like Snape. The evil-brother-role was a little bit over-done with the cancer-pale skin tone and jet black greasy hair – especially in comparison to the brazen golden locks of Thor. Ya make it kinda obvious where the plot is going. Nothing to say about Natalie Portman, Anthony Hopkins, and Kat Dennings – waste of talent on this movie, but they neither made the movie better or worse off. Story lineNone to speak of. There’s a pathetic love story that’s got no heart, but who watches an action movie for plot? It’s all about the action. So… see below. ActionAction sequences were awful! He’s got a fucking hammer that he throws! I didn’t even know what superpowers he had – that definitely needed explanation. While he seemed to be pretty strong and had this awesome hammer, he could also generate weather or something? But he couldn’t do shit without that stupid hammer – so lame. THEN, there was this action scene that really drove me nuts. ***** Spoiler Alert! ***** Okay, now that you’ve been warned about the spoiler. Thor almost dies by the backhand slap of a robot. Absolutely no fighting foreplay. Thor just steps up to the robot and tries to persuade the robot with some words. BAM! Backhand slap knocks him off the feet, left to die. Somewhere and somehow, Thor’s heart miraculously changes (like a scene from Beauty and the Beast) and this hammer comes to save him. Visual Appeal If the movie has shitty actors, a shitty plot, and shitty action – I would at LEAST think it would have some stunning visual effects. Right? NO! You will get nothing cause this movie is worthless. The ugly CGI hurt my eyes and the costume design was cheesy (again, reminding me of a school play)… $0 I’ve never seen these movies, but they also seem like terrible action movies, so you might like them. Yolkie’s Recommendations:Daredevil Elektra Hulk Side commentary about movies today. While I was on Rotten Tomatoes checking out the rating for Thor, I got a glimpse at the top box office hits in our nation. O James Ivory! You would have made Ismail Merchant proud! O City of Your Final Destination! What are you about? Nostalgia? Longing? Jealousy? Heartache? Such sad things to ponder among your idyllic settings. What shall I praise first – your expert set and wardrobe design? Your superb cinematography? Your extraordinary cast? I’m out of adjectives. Let’s begin with cast. O Anthony Hopkins! I was beginning to have such doubt. I saw The Wolfman and I thought, maybe he has Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer type. Maybe he’s throwing in the towel. But you are not demented. You are as ingenious an actor as you always were. There is something a little Hannibal Lecter about this role – I can’t put my finger on it precisely. It’s elegance punctuated by a dark hunger. O you and Hiroyuki Sanada are so precious together. Laura Linney you are looking glamorous these days! Most movies they put you in a frumpy sweater. They put you in charge of a child or a profoundly retarded adult. Not that you can’t achieve sexiness in that. But usually you’re mom-sexy and not cougar-sexy. Here you’re kind of mean-sexy which is one of my favorite kinds. O Charlotte Gainsbourg. You’re so charming! Even when you look sleepy and emaciated. I can’t help it – I want you around at dinnertime. I want to feed you. What else is there to say? Amazing score. Unpredictable humor. Champagne and cigarettes. Bees. You have it all . . . $9 If you heart The City of Your Final Destination: Recommendations by DJ Cheet The Last Station Babette’s Feast Hirokazu Koreeda’s After Life | Low | [
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Enron, ten years later Kai Ryssdal: Forget for a moment the debate over the eurozone. The back-and-forth over the payroll tax cut and the background noise of the 2012 elections. Forget, in fact, everything that's happened in exactly the past decade. Ten years ago today, Enron filed for bankruptcy. Remember them? It was a big deal. Almost $64 billion in assets, thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in retirement accounts. And where has that gotten us? Commentator Bethany McLean has this rememberance. Bethany McLean: Enron's bankruptcy was the biggest in corporate American history. And it was immediately clear that this wasn't just an implosion -- it was a scandal. The Enron story leapt off the business pages to become part of the country's cultural consciousness. Today, it still is. Which is odd, because Enron was quickly supplanted in size by Worldcom, and in executive excess by Tyco. Who can forget Dennis Kozlowski's $6,000 gold and burgundy floral shower curtain? And after the financial crisis, shouldn't Enron seem quaint? But Enron still stands out, because, of course, Enron was first. Up until that point, we believed in the permanence of big companies. They had their gleaming skyscrapers and their multibillion dollar balance sheets. Surely, the solidity conveyed by such things was real, and thousands of jobs and billions in savings couldn't vanish almost overnight. We also believed in watchdogs, in both the ability and willingness of boards of directors, rating agencies, investment analysts, accountants and regulators to do their jobs. We believed that Wall Street did something of value, even if we weren't quite sure what it was. After Enron, the world seemed so much greyer. Really, should anyone be shocked that Wall Street turned bad mortgages into securities that they sold their clients? After all, Wall Street helped Enron camouflage its problems for so long. And we believed in a market that was sort of like a just power. The market was supposed to reward those who built good things, and punish those who didn't. But it was Enron that showed that there's a lot of money to be made not by building a real company that will be around in a hundred years, but rather by generating short term profits. You can sell schlocky products like subprime mortgages or you can abuse accounting rules. You could juice your company's stock, get out while you could, and say, "But the accountants and lawyers told me it was legal!" In short, Enron was a watershed moment in American business. And not in a good way. | High | [
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Kiss Blue is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Keiko Kinoshita. The manga is licensed in English by Digital Manga Publishing, which released the first volume in July 2008 and the second volume in November 2010. Reception Leroy Douresseaux, writing for Comic Book Bin, enjoyed the pacing of the first volume, feeling it permitted "the reader to get to know the characters" well. He described Kinoshita's art as "soft and evocative". Patricia Beard appreciated that the book was "angst-free", instead going for an "understated" mood. Holly Ellingwood, writing for Active Anime, described the story as "poignant", and stated that although she had to get used to Kinoshita's art style when reading You and Harujion, Ellingwood now appreciated Kinoshita's "clean art and its unique expressiveness". References External links Category:2006 manga Category:Romance anime and manga Category:Yaoi anime and manga Category:Digital Manga Publishing titles | Mid | [
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As world leaders honored Paris‘ dead and wounded at the G20 conference at the seaside Turkish resort of Antalya, one place was noticeably empty. In an act that could be charitably described as a breach of decorum—or seen as an unforgivable slight to those who perished in Friday’s terror attacks, President Obama arrived late to the conference room for Monday’s session. A video posted to Youtube shows the seat beside Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, reserved for the American president, was empty as Erdogan called the group to observe a moment of silence. In the video, the placard to the right of the Turkish leader was clearly labeled “United States” in front of a very empty chair. German Chancellor Angela Merkel was shown looking over her shoulder, as if to see where the missing Obama might be. As the group rose, the U.S. president could be seen walking to his seat from the right as the other leaders stood in silence. Later in the video, Obama was shown standing next to Erdogan, behind his chair. Despite being late to the session, later in the day Obama tried to spin the most heinous loss of civilian life in Paris since Hitler as a mere “setback” in the war against the Islamic State. Watch the video of Obama strolling in late, below. | Low | [
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